Passage 1:Henry Moore (cricketer)Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in NewZealand.Life and familyHenry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849. He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet SarahMontagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch. One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted. Their greatgrandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805. One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria.Moore went to NewZealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch. He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son. In May 1884she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died.In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine. In 1897 he married Alice Fish ofGeraldine. They moved to England four years before his death in 1916.Cricket careerMoore was a right-handed middle-order batsman. In consecutive seasons,1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively. His 76 came in hisfirst match for Canterbury, against Otago. He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with CharlesCorfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a "very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence". Canterbury were all out for 133, butwent on to win the match. His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6. The New Zealand crickethistorian Tom Reese said, "Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving." Canterburywon again.Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34.4. Also in 1877–78, he was amember of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians. In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a SouthCanterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team.Passage 2:Wale AdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black RhodesProfessor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School ofInterdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow. He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University ofPennsylvania. Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites andcultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa.Education backgroundWale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in MassCommunication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Ibadan. He also has an MPhil. and aPh.D. in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge.CareerAdebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapersand magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher. He was later appointed as an assistantprofessor in the African American and African Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA. He became a full professor at UC Davis in2016.Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies.WorksHis published worksinclude:Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria:Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-MilitaryNigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including.The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa:Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance andthe Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: CriticalInterpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)(co-edited withEbenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).AwardsRhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University toFaculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies.Passage 3:Milton RosmerMilton Rosmer (4 November 1881 – 7 December 1971) was a British actor, filmdirector and screenwriter. He made his screen debut in The Mystery of a Hansom Cab (1915) and continued to act in theatre, film and television until 1956. In1926 he directed his first film The Woman Juror and went on to direct another 16 films between 1926 and 1938.He began his acting career as a stage actor andappeared as Francis Tresham in "The Breed of the Treshams" (1903) opposite John Martin-Harvey.Milton Rosmer died in Chesham, Buckinghamshire in1971.Partial filmographyActorScreenwriterBalaclava (1928)DirectorThe Perfect Lady (1931)P.C. Josser (1931)Many Waters (1931)After the Ball (1932)ChannelCrossing (1933)The Secret of the Loch (1934)What Happened to Harkness? (1934)Emil and the Detectives (1935)Everything Is Thunder (1936)The Great Barrier(1937)The Challenge (1938)Passage 4:Maria Marten, or The Murder in the Red BarnMaria Marten, or The Murder in the Red Barn is a 1935 British film melodramafilm starring Tod Slaughter and Eric Portman. It was directed by Milton Rosmer. It is based on the true story of the 1827 Red Barn Murder where a 25 year oldmother is shot dead by her lover (Squire William Corder) and her stepmother claims to have dreamt of the murder the night of the event, before the youngwoman's body was discovered. The film is also known as Murder in the Red Barn (short UK title).The film is based on the popular 19th-century melodramas aboutthe case and is highly theatrical, with an opening in which all the characters are introduced by a Master of Ceremonies in front of a painted backdrop, but is alsoslightly more lavishly produced and cinematically inventive than the later films directed by Tod Slaughter's producer George King. Slaughter gives a full-throatedover-the-top performance in a calculatedly melodramatic style, encouraging the audience to vicariously share in his villainy; this approach became his trademarkand gives his films a cult status of their own peculiar kind.PlotWilliam Corder seduces then murders innocent country maiden Maria Marten in the red barn beforeburying her body beneath the barn floor. She gets murdered because she becomes pregnant and too annoying for William. Her gypsy lover Carlos is hunted downas a suspect, but brings Corder to justice.CastTod Slaughter as Squire William CorderSophie Stewart as Maria MartenD. J. Williams as Farmer Thomas MartenEricPortman as Carlos, the gypsyClare Greet as Mrs. MartenGerard Tyrell as Timothy WinterbottomAnn Trevor as Nan, the maidStella Rho as Gypsey CroneDennisHoey as Gambling WinnerQuentin McPhearson as Matthew SennettAntonia Brough as Maud SennettNoel Dainton as Officer Steele of the Bow StreetRunnersExternal linksMaria Marten, or The Murder in the Red Barn at IMDbPassage 5:Maria Marten (1928 film)Maria Marten is a 1928 British silent drama filmdirected by Walter West starring Trilby Clark, Warwick Ward and Dora Barton. It is based on the real story of the Red Barn Murder in the 1820s, and is one of fivefilm versions of the events. The film shifted the action to fifty years earlier to the height of the Georgian era. This was the last of the silent film adaptations of theMaria Marten story, and its success paved the way for the much better 1935 sound film remake starring Tod Slaughter. A 35mm print of the 1928 silent filmexists in the British Film Institute's archives.PlotWhen his secret lover Maria Marten tells him she is pregnant with his child and asks him to marry her, thevillainous Squire Corder murders her and buries her body in the red barn. The dead woman's ghost later visits her mother in a dream, and leads her to find herdaughter's body, incriminating the squire.CastTrilby Clark as Maria MartenWarwick Ward as Squire William CorderDora BartonJames Knight as CarlosCharlesAshton as Sam GilesVesta Sylva as Ann MartenFrank Perfitt as John MartenMargot Armand as Lady Maud DerringhamJudd Green as William GilesTom Morris asIshmaelChili BouchierPassage 6:Viva Knievel!Viva Knievel! is a 1977 American action film directed by Gordon Douglas and starring Evel Knievel (as himself), GeneKelly and Lauren Hutton, with an ensemble supporting cast including Red Buttons, Leslie Nielsen, Cameron Mitchell, Frank Gifford, Dabney Coleman and MarjoeGortner.PlotDaredevil motorcycle rider Evel Knievel stars as himself in this fictional story. The film opens with  Knievel sneaking into an orphanage late at night todeliver presents: Evel Knievel action figures. One of the boys casts away his crutches, telling Knievel that he'll walk after his accident just as Knievel had.Knievelthen prepares for another of his stunt jumps. We are introduced to his alcoholic mechanic Will Atkins (Gene Kelly), who was a former stunt rider himself before hiswife died, driving him to drink. While signing autographs, Knievel is ambushed by photojournalist Kate Morgan (Lauren Hutton), who has been sent to photographthe jump: if Knievel is killed, it will be a great story.As it happens, Evel does crash while attempting the stunt, and though badly injured, survives. He beratesMorgan, announces his retirement, and is taken to the hospital.While rehabilitating, Knievel resists all attempts to get back on the horse, including those fromJessie (Marjoe Gortner), a former protégé with mysterious backers who want Evel to do a jump in Mexico. Eventually, though, Knievel relents and agrees.Asubplot develops when Will's estranged son Tommy shows up from boarding school, and asks to join the tour. Will, who is reminded of his dead wife, is cold toTommy, leaving Knievel to show the boy kindness. Likewise, Kate reappears, apologetic for her previous motives, and now wishes that he will never stopjumping.Meanwhile, Jessie's benefactor is revealed: drug lord Stanley Millard (Leslie Nielsen). Millard (without Jessie's knowledge) plans to cause a fatal accidentduring the jump. He will then have Knievel's body transported back to America in an exact duplicate of the tour trailer, but one that has a massive supply of drugshidden in the walls.Will, however, stumbles onto the plot, is drugged, and sent to a psychiatric ward under the control of the corrupt Ralph Thompson (DabneyColeman) to prevent him from spilling the beans. Evel sneaks into the ward late at night when Will has dried out, but all Will can remember is that someoneknocked him out. Knievel leaves him there to keep whoever is behind the plot in the dark.As Knievel prepares for the jump (down a massive ramp and over a fire


Passage 1:Ma che freddo fa"Ma che freddo fa" is a 1969 song composed by Claudio Mattone (music) and Franco Migliacci (lyrics).  The song premiered at the 19th edition of the Sanremo Music Festival with a double performance of Nada and The Rokes, placing at the fifth place. The first verses include a citation of Donovan's " Laléna". Nada's version was a massive success, selling about one million copies, mainly in the Italian and Spanish markets.The song was later covered by numerous artists, including Mina, Giusy Ferreri, Renzo Arbore, Piccola Orchestra Avion Travel, and, with the title "Et pourtant j'ai froid", Dalida.Track listingNada version7" single - TL 19"Ma che freddo fa" (Claudio Mattone, Franco Migliacci)"Una rondine bianca" (Claudio Mattone)The Rokes version7" single - AN 4172"Ma che freddo fa" (Claudio Mattone, Franco Migliacci)"Per te, per me" (Shel Shapiro, Franco Migliacci)CertificationsPassage 2:Walter Robinson (composer)Walter Robinson is an American composer of the late 20th century. He is most notable for his 1977 song Harriet Tubman, which has been recorded by folk musicians such as Holly Near, John McCutcheon, and others.  He is also the composer of several operas.Passage 3:Xu ShaofaXu Shaofa (Hsu Shao-Fa) (born 1947), is a male former international table tennis player from China.Table tennis careerHe won a gold medal at the 1975 World Table Tennis Championships  with Li Zhenshi, Liang Geliang, Lu Yuansheng and Li Peng as part of the Chinese team. In addition he won a silver medal in 1973.See alsoList of table tennis playersList of World Table Tennis Championships medalistsPassage 4:Alonso MudarraAlonso Mudarra (c. 1510 – April 1, 1580) was a Spanish composer of the Renaissance, and also played the vihuela, a guitar-shaped string instrument.  He was an innovative composer of instrumental music as well as songs, and was the composer of the earliest surviving music for the guitar.BiographyThe place of his birth is not recorded, but he grew up in Guadalajara, and probably received his musical training there.  He most likely went to Italy in 1529 with Charles V, in the company of the fourth Duke of the Infantado, Íñigo López de Mendoza, marqués de Santillana.  When he returned to Spain he became a priest, receiving the post of canon at the cathedral in Seville in 1546, where he remained for the rest of his life.  While at the cathedral, he directed all of the musical activities; many records remain of his musical activities there, which included hiring instrumentalists, buying and assembling a new organ, and working closely with composer Francisco Guerrero for various festivities.  Mudarra died in Seville, and his sizable fortune was distributed to the poor of the city according to his will.Mudarra wrote numerous pieces for the vihuela and the four-course guitar, all contained in the collection Tres libros de musica en cifras para vihuela ("Three books of music in numbers for vihuela"), which he published on December 7, 1546 in Seville.  These three books contain the first music ever published for the four-course guitar, which was then a relatively new instrument. The second book is noteworthy in that it contains eight multi-movement works, all arranged by "tono", or mode.Compositions represented in this publication include fantasias, variations (including a set on La Folia), tientos, pavanes and galliards, and songs. Modern listeners are probably most familiar with his Fantasia X, which has been a concert and recording mainstay for many years.   The songs are in Latin, Spanish and Italian, and include romances, canciones (songs), villancicos, (popular songs) and sonetos (sonnets).  Another innovation was the use of different signs for different tempos:  slow, medium, and fast.References and further readingJohn Griffiths: "Alonso Mudarra", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed March 24, 2005), (subscription access)Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.  ISBN 0-393-09530-4Guitar Music of the Sixteenth Century, Mel Bay Publications (transcribed by Keith Calmes)The Eight Masterpieces of Alonso Mudarra, Mel Bay Publications (transcribed by Keith Calmes)Fantasia VI in hypermedia (Shockwave Player required) at the BinAural Collaborative HypertextJacob Heringman and Catherine King: "Alonso Mudarra songs and solos". Magnatune.com (http://www.magnatune.com/artists/albums/heringman-mudarra/hifi_play)External linksFree scores by Alonso Mudarra in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)Free scores by Alonso Mudarra at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)Passage 5:Wang Chien-faWang Chien-fa (Chinese: ; pinyin: Wáng Qiánfā; born 19 March 1949) is a politician in Taiwan. He was the Magistrate of Penghu County from 20 December 2005 until 25 December 2014.EducationWang obtained his bachelor's degree from the Department of Public Administration at National Open University.Penghu County Magistrate2005 Penghu County Magistracy electionWang was elected Magistrate of Penghu County as the Kuomintang candidate on 3 December 2005 and assumed office on 20 December 2005.2009 Penghu County Magistracy electionWang was reelected for a second term on 5 December 2009.See alsoPenghu County GovernmentPassage 6:Alexander CourageAlexander Mair Courage Jr. (December 10, 1919 – May 15, 2008) familiarly known as "Sandy" Courage, was an American orchestrator, arranger, and composer of music, primarily for television and film. He is best known as the composer of the theme music for the original Star Trek series.Early lifeCourage was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He received a music degree from the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, New York, in 1941. He served in the United States Army Air Forces in the western United States during the Second World War. During that period, he also found the time to compose music for the radio. His credits in this medium include the programs Adventures of Sam Spade Detective, Broadway Is My Beat, Hollywood Soundstage, and Romance.CareerCourage began as an orchestrator and arranger at MGM studios, which included work in such films as the 1951 Show Boat ("Life Upon the Wicked Stage" number); Hot Rod Rumble (1957 film); The Band Wagon ("I Guess I'll Have to Change My Plan"); Gigi (the can-can for the entrance of patrons at Maxim's); and the barn raising dance from Seven Brides for Seven Brothers.He frequently served as an orchestrator on films scored by André Previn (My Fair Lady, "The Circus is a Wacky World", and "You're Gonna Hear from Me" production numbers for Inside Daisy Clover), Adolph Deutsch (Funny Face, Some Like It Hot), John Williams (The Poseidon Adventure, Superman, Jurassic Park, and the Academy Award-nominated musical films Fiddler on the Roof and Tom Sawyer), and Jerry Goldsmith (Rudy, Mulan, The Mummy, et al.).  He also arranged the Leslie Bricusse score (along with Lionel Newman) for Doctor Dolittle (1967).Apart from his work as a respected orchestrator, Courage also contributed original dramatic scores to films, including two westerns: Arthur Penn's The Left Handed Gun (1958) and André de Toth's Day of the Outlaw (1959), and the Connie Francis comedy Follow the Boys (1963). He continued writing music for movies throughout the 1980s and 1990s, including the score for Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987), which incorporated three new musical themes by John Williams in addition to Courage's adapted and original cues for the film. Courage's score for Superman IV: The Quest for Peace was released on CD in early 2008 by the Film Music Monthly company as part of its boxed set Superman - The Music, while La-La Land Records released a fully expanded restoration of the score on May 8, 2018, as part of Superman's 80th anniversary.Courage also worked as a composer on such television shows as Daniel Boone, The Brothers Brannagan, Lost in Space, Eight Is Enough, and Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea. Judd, for the Defense, Young Dr. Kildare and The Brothers Brannagan were the only television series besides Star Trek for which he composed the main theme.The composer Jerry Goldsmith and Courage teamed on the long-running television show The Waltons in which Goldsmith composed the theme and Courage the Aaron Copland-influenced incidental music. In 1988, Courage won an Emmy Award for his music direction on the special Julie Andrews: The Sound of Christmas.  In the 1990s, Courage succeeded Arthur Morton as Goldsmith's primary orchestrator.Courage and Goldsmith collaborated again on orchestrations for Goldsmith's score for the 1997 film "The Edge."Courage frequently collaborated with John Williams during the latter's tenure with the Boston Pops Orchestra.FamilyAt the age of 35, Courage married Mareile Beate Odlum on October 6, 1955.Mareile, born in Germany, was the daughter of Rudolf Wolff and Elisabeth Loechelt. After Wolff's suicide Elisabeth married Carl Wilhelm Richard Hülsenbeck, renowned for his involvement in the Dada movement in Europe. Hülsenbeck brought his wife (Elisabeth), son (Tom) and step-daughter (Mareile) to the United States in 1938 to avoid the political situation rapidly developing in Europe. After arriving in the US he changed his last name to Hulbeck.Mareile's marriage to Courage was her third. Her second marriage was to Bruce Odlum (son of financier Floyd Odlum) in 1944. That union produced two sons, Christopher (1947) and Brian (1949). When Courage married Mareile he accepted the responsibility of acting stepfather to them. The family originally lived together on Erskine Dr. in Pacific Palisades, but later moved to a mountainside home on Beverly Crest Drive in Beverly Hills.Aside from his musical abilities Courage was also an avid and accomplished photographer. He took many dramatic photos of bullfights and auto racing. He was a racing enthusiast, and his interest in that sport and photography brought him into contact with many racing personalities of the era, notably Phil Hill and Stirling Moss, both of whom he considered friends. Moss paid at least one social visit to the Erskine residence.Though a dedicated stepfather to Christopher and Brian, Courage's musical career took precedence over his familial responsibilities. He sought to interest his step-children in music, and was responsible for arranging Brian's first musical lessons, on alto saxophone. Later in life Brian became a composer of serious electronic music, though the vocation was not apparent during his childhood, as he was a poor saxophone student.Alexander and Mareile were divorced April 1, 1963. Courage subsequently married Kristin M. Zethren on July 14, 1967. That marriage also ended in divorce in 1972.Star Trek themeCourage is best known for writing the theme music for the original Star Trek series, and other music for that series. Courage was hired by Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry to score the original series at Jerry Goldsmith's suggestion, after Goldsmith turned down the job.  Courage went on to score incidental music for episodes "The Man Trap" and "The Naked Time" and some cues for "Mudd's Women."Courage reportedly became alienated from Roddenberry when Roddenberry claimed half of the theme music royalties. Roddenberry wrote words for Courage's theme, not because he expected the lyrics to be sung on television, but so that he (Roddenberry) could receive


Passage 1:Eleanor of Aragon, Countess of ToulouseEleanor of Aragon, Countess of Toulouse (1182–1226) was a daughter of King Alfonso II of Aragon and Sanchaof Castile.She married Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse.LifeAccording to the Ex Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium, she was the second daughter and fourth of ninechildren of the troubadour king, Alfonso II of Aragon and his wife Sancha of Castile. She had for older brothers Pierre II the Catholic and Alphonse II, Count ofProvence and Forcalquier, and for sisters Constance, first queen of Hungary, then empress by her marriage with Frederick II, and Sancie, countess ofToulouse.According to the Crónica of San Juan de la Peña, her brother Peter II sealed the union of Eleanor, with Raymond VI of Toulouse, Duke of Narbonne andMarquis of Provence, in order to put an end to the dissensions with the counts of Toulouse.Raymond VI was the eldest son of Raymond V and Constance ofFrance, daughter of King Louis VI and Adelaide de Maurienne. Eleanor was Raymond VI's 6th wife, having divorced an unknown daughter and sole heiress ofEmperor Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus just two years earlier. Raymond and Eleanor did not have children.By this marriage she became countess of Toulouse whichwould suffer the pangs of the war and the Albigensian Crusade, in the following years. The crusade was initiated by Pope Innocent III and headed by the FrenchCrown against Toulouse and Catharism.Passage 2:Maria of Aragon, Queen of CastileMaria of Aragon ((1403-02-24)24 February 1403 – (1445-02-18)18 February1445) was the Queen of Castile as the first wife of King John II from their marriage in 1420 until her death in 1445. She was the daughter of Ferdinand I ofAragon and Eleanor of Alburquerque.LifeMaria was married by her brother in his ambition to place his father's issue on the thrones of Castile and Aragon. Themarriage took place in simplicity. Maria was occasionally politically active on behalf of her brothers, the princes of Aragon; she disregarded her husband's policy infavor of her brothers and the relationship between Maria and John was somewhat tense.After her death on 18 February 1445, her husband married Isabella ofPortugal and they became the parents of Isabella I of Castile. Maria has no descendants today, her line having gone extinct within a few decades of herdeath.ChildrenMaria and John II of Castile had four children:Catherine, Princess of Asturias ((1422-10-05)5 October 1422–(1424-09-17)17 September1424).Eleanor, Princess of Asturias ((1423-09-10)10 September 1423–(1425-08-22)22 August 1425).Henry IV of Castile ((1425-01-05)5 January1425–(1474-12-11)11 December 1474). First married Blanche II of Navarre and later married Joan of Portugal.Infanta Maria (c. 1428–c. 1429).AncestryPassage3:Sancha of LeónSancha of León (c. 1018 – 8 November 1067) was a princess and queen of León. She was married to Ferdinand I, the Count of Castile who laterbecame King of León after having killed Sancha's brother in battle. She and her husband commissioned the Crucifix of Ferdinand and Sancha.LifeSancha was adaughter of Alfonso V of León by his first wife, Elvira Menéndez. She became a secular abbess of the Monastery of San Pelayo.In 1029, a political marriage wasarranged between her and count García Sánchez of Castile. However, having traveled to León for the marriage, García was assassinated by a group of disgruntledvassals. In 1032, Sancha was married to García's nephew and successor, Ferdinand I of Castile, when the latter was 11 years old.At the Battle of Tamarón in1037 Ferdinand killed Sancha's brother Bermudo III of León, making Sancha the heir and allowing Ferdinand to have himself crowned King of León. Sancha's ownposition as queen of León is unclear and contradictory. She succeeded to the throne of León as the heir of her brother and in her "own right" but despite this, sheis not clearly referred to as queen regnant, and after the death of her husband the throne passed to her son, despite the fact that she was still alive.FollowingFerdinand's death in 1065 and the division of her husband's kingdom, she is said to have played the futile role of peacemaker among her sons.She was a devoutCatholic, who, with her husband, commissioned the crucifix that bears their name as a gift for the Basilica of San Isidoro.ChildrenSancha had five children:Urracaof ZamoraSancho II of León and CastileElvira of ToroAlfonso VI of León and CastileGarcía II of GaliciaDeath and burialShe died in the city of León on 8 November1067. She was interred in the Royal Pantheon of the Basilica of San Isidoro, along with her parents, brother, husband, and her children Elvira, Urraca andGarcía.The following Latin inscription was carved in the tomb in which were deposited the remains of Queen Sancha:"H. R. SANCIA REGINA TOTIUS HISPANIAE,MAGNI REGIS FERDINANDI UXOR. FILIA REGIS ADEFONSI, QUI POPULAVIT LEGIONEM POS DESTRUCTIONEM ALMANZOR. OBIIT ERA MCVIIII. III N. M."Whichtranslates to:"Here lies Sancha, Queen of All Spain, wife of the great king Ferdinand and daughter of king Alfonso, who populated León after the destruction ofAlmanzor. Died in the one thousand one hundred eighth era on the third nones of May [5 May 1071]."Passage 4:Eleanor of Aragon, Queen of CastileEleanor ofAragon (20 February 1358 – 13 August 1382) was a daughter of King Peter IV of Aragon and his wife Eleanor of Sicily. She was a member of the House ofBarcelona and Queen of Castile by her marriage.FamilyEleanor was the youngest child and only daughter of her father by his third marriage. Eleanor was a sisterof John I of Aragon and Martin of Aragon. She was a half-sister of Constance, Queen of Sicily, Joanna, Countess of Ampurias and Isabella, Countess ofUrgell.MarriageAt Soria on the 18 June 1375, Eleanor married John I of Castile. Her marriage was arranged as part of the arrangements for peace betweenAragon and Castile agreed at Almazán on the 12 April 1374 and at Lleida on the 10 May 1375.Eleanor and John were married for seven years, in which time theyhad three children:Henry (4 October 1379 – 25 December 1406), succeeded his father as King of CastileFerdinand (27 November 1380 – 2 April 1416), becameKing of Aragon in 1412Eleanor (b. 13 August 1382), died youngAfter seven years of marriage on 13 August 1382, Eleanor died giving birth to her daughter andnamesake Eleanor, who died young. Eleanor's son Ferdinand later claimed his mother's rights on the Kingdom of Aragon when both of Eleanor's brothers diedwithout surviving sons.Passage 5:Sancha of Castile, Queen of AragonSancha of Castile (21 September 1154/5 – 9 November 1208) was the only surviving child ofKing Alfonso VII of Castile by his second wife, Richeza of Poland.  On January 18, 1174, she married King Alfonso II of Aragon at Zaragoza; they had at leasteight children who survived into adulthood.A patroness of troubadours such as Giraud de Calanson and Peire Raymond, the queen became involved in a legaldispute with her husband concerning properties which formed part of her dower estates. In 1177 she entered the county of Ribagorza and took forcible possessionof various castles and fortresses which had belonged to the crown there.After her husband died at Perpignan in 1196, Sancha was relegated to the background ofpolitical affairs by her son  Peter II. She retired from court, withdrawing to the Hospitaller convent for noble ladies, the Monastery of Santa María de Sigena, atSigena, which she had founded. There she assumed the cross of the Order of St John of Jerusalem which she wore until the end of her life. The queen motherentertained her widowed daughter Constance at Sigena prior to her leaving Aragon to marry Emperor Frederick II in 1208. She died soon afterwards, agedfifty-four, and was interred in front of the high altar of her foundation at the Monastery of Santa María de Sigena; her tomb is still there to be seen.IssuePeter II(1174/76 – 14 September 1213), King of Aragon and Lord of Montpellier.Constance (1179 – 23 June 1222), married firstly King Imre of Hungary and secondlyFrederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.Alfonso II (1180 – February 1209), Count of Provence, Millau and Razès.Eleanor (1182 – February 1226), married CountRaymond VI of Toulouse.Ramon Berenguer (ca. 1183/85 – died young).Sancha (1186 – aft. 1241), married Count Raymond VII of Toulouse, in March1211Ferdinand (1190 – 1249), cistercian monk, Abbot of Montearagón.Dulcia (1192 – ?), a nun at Sijena.Passage 6:Eleanor of Castile (died 1244)Eleanor ofCastile (1200—1244) was Queen of Aragon by her marriage to King James I of Aragon.QueenshipEleanor was the daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Eleanorof England. In 1221 at Ágreda, Eleanor married King James I of Aragon; she was nineteen and he was fourteen. The next six years of James's reign were full ofrebellions on the part of the nobles. By the Peace of Alcalá of 31 March 1227, the nobles and the king came to terms. The couple had a son, Alfonso, who marriedConstance of Béarn. Eleanor's marriage to James was annulled in 1230, and the agreement prohibited her from remarrying. Their son, Alfonso, was declaredlegitimate, but he pre-deceased James.Monastic lifeEleanor became a nun after the annulment. She went to the Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas tojoin her elder sister Berengaria who had retired from ruling Castile and Leon, and their other sister Constance, who was long a nun there.  All three sisters diedthere, Constance in 1243, Eleanor in 1244, and Berengaria in 1246.  All are buried in the Abbey.BurialEleanor was buried in the Monastery of Las Huelgas inBurgos. Her remains were deposited in a tomb which is now located in the Nave of Santa Catarina of the Gospel, and lies between the tomb containing theremains of Philip, son of Sancho IV and María de Molina, which is placed to the right, and the tomb containing the remains of Peter, brother of Philip.During workon the Monastery in the middle of the twentieth century it was found that the remains of Eleanor, mummified and in good condition, lay in her tomb of limestone;the roof had two slopes and was smooth, although in the past was polychrome. Her coffin was wooden and devoid of cover, although there were still remnants ofits shell and lysed cross made of studded gold braid, as well as clothing that was buried with the Queen, among which highlighted three brocade garments inArabic, which Manuel Gómez Moreno considered similar to those found in the grave of her grandnephew Philip.Passage 7:Constance of AragonConstance ofAragon (1179 – 23 June 1222) was an Aragonese infanta who was by marriage firstly Queen of Hungary, and secondly Queen of Germany and Sicily and HolyRoman Empress. She was regent of Sicily from 1212 to 1220.She was the second child and eldest daughter of the nine children of Alfonso II of Aragon andSancha of Castile.Queen of HungaryHer father died in 1196 and Constance's fate was decided by the new King, her brother Peter II. Peter arranged her marriagewith King Emeric of Hungary, and the nineteen-year-old Constance left Aragon for Hungary. The wedding took place in 1198. Two years later, in 1200, the Queengave birth to a son, called Ladislaus.When King Emeric was dying, he crowned his son Ladislaus co-ruler on 26 August 1204. The King wanted to secure his


Passage 1:Lifted BellsLifted Bells are an American rock band from Chicago, Illinois. The band consists of members of the bands Their/They're/There, Braid, andStay Ahead of the Weather.CareerLifted Bells began in 2013 with the release of a self-titled EP, via Naked Ally Records. In 2014, Lifted Bells released their secondEP titled Lights Out via Naked Ally. In 2016, Lifted Bells signed to Run For Cover Records and released their third EP titled Overreactor.DiscographyEPsLifted Bells(2013, Naked Ally)Lights Out (2014, Naked Ally)Overreactor (2016, Run For Cover)Minor Tantrums (2018, Run For Cover)Passage 2:Tri-State (band)Tri-State isan American rock band from New Jersey.AboutTri-State is a four-piece jangle pop and indie rock band from Maplewood, New Jersey, that formed in 2010,consisting of vocalist and guitarist Julian Brash, drummer Brady McNamara, bassist and vocalist Scott Stemmermann and vocalist and guitarist Jeff Zelevansky.Their music is described as "jangle-pop" and "guitar-based rock'n'roll," and they draw comparison to the groups R.E.M., Dinosaur Jr., Eleventh Dream Day, andthe artist Neil Young. They self-released the six-track EP, entitled Tri-State, on May 24, 2016. A review of the EP by Jim Testa in Jersey Beat says "this is a terrificrecord [...] that neatly draws inspiration from Nineties alterna-rock without sounding dated or derivative. The guitars rumble and roar, the drumming alwayskeeps things moving forward, and the vocals and lyrics bring a perspective you just don't find in younger bands." Independent Clauses writes "Tri-State's tunesunfold in pleasing ways[,] creat[ing] an ominous mood that builds and builds," adding that "if you're into '90s indie-rock or mature songwriting that appreciateswith multiple listens, give [Tri State] a spin." Tri-State signed with Mint 400 Records in 2014.Mint 400 RecordsThat year they contributed the song "Take a Bow"for the compilation, Patchwork, and a rendition of "Carrie Anne" for the 2015 compilation, 1967. Tri-State released two singles "New Minuits" and "TitanicBrothers," on September 21, 2015. They performed at the 2016 North Jersey Indie Rock Festival. Their second EP, the five-track We Did What We Could Do, wasreleased with Mint 400 Records, on October 22, 2016. Bob Makin of Courier News describes the EP as "pop hooks, vocal harmonies, driving beats, and intricate,intertwined guitars with intelligent [and] probing lyrics." It was listed in Jersey Beat's Top Local Releases" of 2016. The lead track "Summer Nun" appears on thecompilation album, NJ / NY Mixtape.DiscographyLP"Hey Pal" (2019)EPsDoom Loop (2021)Tri-State (2013)We Did What We Could Do (2016)Singles"New Minuits /Titanic Brothers" (2015)Appearing onPatchwork (2014)1967 (2015)NJ / NY Mixtape (2018)Passage 3:The M'sThe M's is an American indie rock band fromChicago.HistoryThe M's were formed in 2000 by Josh Chicoine, Joey King, Steve Versaw and Robert Hicks. Chicoine, King and Versaw met in the winter of 1999and began collaborating in a makeshift studio in Chicago's Bucktown neighborhood in which the short lived group, Sanoponic, was formed. After Sanoponic'sdissolution, they began working on new material with Hicks who had the name The M's in mind for a new project. Their debut EP appeared in 2002 on BrillianteRecords, followed by a full-length in 2004. They signed with Polyvinyl Record Co. for their 2006 and 2008 releases. Glenn Rischke joined the group in 2008 for therelease of their last recording to date "Real Close Ones". The group decided to go into "a long hiatus" on March 6, 2009. In 2011, The M's released a digital-onlyEP "The Personal Touch" on Movings label, recorded collaboratively with electronic trio from Chicago TV Pow.MembersJosh Chicoine - vocals, guitarSteve Versaw -drumsJoey King - vocals, bassRobert Hicks - vocals, guitarGlenn Rischke - Keyboards, percussion (Joined 2008/2009)DiscographyThe M's EP (Brillante Records,2002)The M's LP (Brillante, 2004)Split with Dr. Dog (Polyvinyl Record Co., 2006)Future Women (Polyvinyl, 2006)Real Close Ones (Polyvinyl, 2008)The PersonalTouch with TV Pow (Movings, 2011)Passage 4:Knuckle PuckKnuckle Puck is an American rock band, formed in 2010 in the suburbs of Chicago, Illinois. The groupreleased several EPs, one of which, While I Stay Secluded (2014), peaked at number 5 on the Heatseekers Albums chart. The band released a split EP with the UKband Neck Deep. The group signed to Rise in 2014 and released its debut album, Copacetic, through the label in 2015.The band's name comes from the"knucklepuck" shot in ice hockey, which was popularized by the 1994 film D2: The Mighty Ducks.HistoryFormation and early releases (2010–2014)Knuckle Puckstarted out covering songs in fall 2010 in the outskirts of Chicago. The band got its name from a Stick to Your Guns t-shirt that said "Knuckle Puck Crew". Theband consisted of lead vocalist Joe Taylor, lead guitarist Kevin Maida, and drummer John Siorek. The group started writing original songs in April 2011 with theaddition of rhythm guitarist Nick Casasanto. The group had friends fill in on bass. In July, the band played its first ever show. In October, the band released aself-titled EP, this was followed up by the Acoustics EP in March 2012. In October, the band released the Don't Come Home EP. The band co-headlined a tour withSeaway from late May to early June 2013. In August, the band self-released The Weight That You Buried EP. In February 2014 Bad Timing and Hopeless releaseda split EP that featured two songs each from Knuckle Puck and Neck Deep. Both bands toured together (alongside Light Years) from late February to early April.On March 16, the band performed at South by So What?! festival. In spring, the band gained bassist Ryan Rumchaks. Between May and June, the band supportedMan Overboard on the group's The Heart Attack Tour alongside Transit, and Forever Came Calling.A music video was released for the song "No Good" in June. Itwas directed by Eric Teti. In late July, it was announced the band were recording, and in early August the band finished recording its next release. Knuckle Pucksupported Senses Fail on the band's Let It Enfold You 10th anniversary tour from late August till early October 2014. In early September, the band released a 7"flexi containing the songs "Oak Street" and "Home Alone", the former of which was intended for release on the group's next EP. The flexi was released by BadTiming. On October 16, 2014, "Bedford Falls" was available for streaming. On October 23, the While I Stay Secluded EP was made available for streaming and onOctober 28, it was released by Bad Timing. The EP had peaked at number 5 on the Heatseekers Albums in the U.S. Guitarist Kevin Maida revealed that the band"firmly and confidently" considered the EP the group's best work so far. On October 31, the band released a music video for "Oak Street". In November andDecember, the band supported Modern Baseball on the group's winter tour.Copacetic and Shapeshifter (2014–2020)In November 2014, the various artistscompilation album Punk Goes Pop 6 was released, it featured Knuckle Puck covering The 1975 song "Chocolate". On December 22, 2014, Knuckle Puck signed toRise Records. Maida said that Rise would be "a bountiful new home" for the group and would help the band evolve. Throughout January and February 2015 theband supported Neck Deep on the band's The Intercontinental Championships Tour. In late February, the band announced it had started recording its debutalbum and by early April, the group had finished. The group joined The Maine's The American Candy Spring 2015 Tour, as a support act, throughout April andMay. On June 11, the band's debut album, Copacetic, was announced. The artwork and track list was revealed. On June 19, a music video was released for"Disdain". On June 30, "True Contrite" was made available for streaming. The band played on the 2015 edition of Warped Tour. On July 14, "Pretense" was madeavailable for streaming. On July 23, the album was made available for streaming. Copacetic released on July 31. The band supported State Champs on thegroup's European tour in September and October. The band toured the U.S. in October and November, with support from Seaway, Head North and Sorority Noise.In February and March 2016, the band supported Neck Deep and State Champs on the groups' co-headlining tour of the U.S.In March 2017, a 7-inch vinyl singlewas released, featuring the tracks "Calendar Days" and "Indecisive". On July 27, the band released the first single from their at the time upcoming album ontoYouTube and iTunes titled "Gone". A few months later in September the second single "Double Helix" was released on YouTube with its music video. The groupreleased their second album, Shapeshifter, on October 13.In October 2019 Knuckle Puck released a 7" vinyl containing Gold Rush and Fences, previously releasedwith Neck Deep and containing two more tracks. This vinyl sold out in a few hours.20/20 (2020–present)On February 21, 2020, the band released a single called"Tune You Out", and commenced a tour across North America with Heart Attack Man throughout February and March 2020, which was cut short by the onset ofthe COVID-19 pandemic. On April 21, 2020, a second single and 7" record "RSVP" was released. A music video for the song "Breathe" was released on June 18,2020, the song features Derek Sanders from the band Mayday Parade. The band released their third album 20/20 on September 18, 2020. The band playedmultiple drive in shows in October 2020 with Hot Mulligan. In December 2021, the band headlined a tour celebrating their tenth anniversary with Arm's Length,Carly Cosgrove, and Snow Ellet.On December 1, 2021, the band released a single "Levitate" and announced a US and European tour from March 2022 to June2022 with co-headliner Hot Mulligan with support by Meet Me at the Altar and Anxious during the US shows. The band released an extended play Disposable Lifeon February 4, 2022, with Joe Taylor calling the recording of the EP "the most fun we've had in a long time" The band supported New Found Glory on the group'sUS tour through September 2022 to November 2022.On October 20, 2022, the band announced that they had signed with Pure Noise Records and released a newsingle Groundhog Day. The band announced that their upcoming 4th LP would release in 2024.  The band later announced a compilation vinyl releaseRetrospective consisting of their first two EP's and their split with Neck Deep.StyleKnuckle Puck sound has been described by AllMusic biographer JamesChristopher Monger as a "melodic blend of old-school punk rock and emo", compared to the likes of The Wonder Years, The Story So Far, and Rise Against.Copacetic has been described as emo and pop punk. AllMusic reviewer Timothy Monger noted the album's sound "ranging from blazing, epic emo and pop-punk toslower, more contemplative fare." Cleveland.com reviewer Troy L. Smith noted that people who liked early 2000s pop punk albums such as Simple Plan's NoPads, No Helmets...Just Balls (2002) and New Found Glory's Sticks and Stones (2002) would enjoy Copacetic.Side projectsRumchaks released a solo EP, Decades,in July 2013. Rumchaks plays guitar and sings vocals in Oak Lawn, Illinois-based band Homesafe, alongside vocalist/bassist Tyler Albertson and drummer Eman


Passage 1:Marzuban ibn Muhammad ibn ShaddadMarzuban ibn Muhammad ibn Shaddad was a Kurdish ruler, the brother of Lashkari ibn Muhammad. He succeeded his brother to the throne of the Shaddadids in 978. He was incompetent, however, and reigned only until his murder by his younger brother Fadl ibn Muhammad in 985.SourcesMinorsky, Vladimir (1977) [1953]. Studies in Caucasian History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-05735-3.Peacock, Andrew (2011). "SHADDADIDS". Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition.Passage 2:Shabbir MuhammadShabbir Muhammad (born 3 March 1978) is a Pakistani field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 2004 Summer Olympics.Passage 3:Maria al-QibtiyyaMāriyya bint Shamūn (Arabic:   ), better known as Māriyyah al-Qibiyyah or al-Qubiyya (Arabic:  ), or Maria the Copt, died 637, was an Egyptian woman who, along with her sister Sirin bint Shamun, was sent to the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 628 as a gift by Al-Muqawqis, a Christian governor of Alexandria, during the territory's Sasanian occupation. She and her sister were slaves. She spent the rest of her life in Medina and had a son, Ibrahim with Muhammad. The son died as an infant and she died almost five years later.Al-Maqrizi says that she was a native of Hebenu (Coptic: , Koinē Greek: λάβαστρων πόλις Alábastrōn pólis, Arabic: , romanized: al-Khafn), a village located near Antinoöpolis.BiographyIn the Islamic year 6 AH (627 – 628 CE), Muhammad is said to have had letters written to the great rulers of the Middle East, proclaiming the continuation of the monotheistic faith with its final messages and inviting the rulers to join. The purported texts of some of the letters are found in Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari's History of the Prophets and Kings. Tabari writes that a deputation was sent to an Egyptian governor named as al-Muqawqis. Maria was a slave who was offered as a gift of goodwill to Muhammad in reply to his envoys inviting the governor of Alexandria to Islam. Muhammad emancipated her after the birth of her son.Tabari recounts the story of Maria's arrival from Egypt:In this year Hātib b. Abi Balta'ah came back from al-Muqawqis bringing Māriyah and her sister Sīrīn, his female mule Duldul, his donkey Ya'fūr, and sets of garments. With the two women al-Muqawqis had sent a eunuch, and the latter stayed with them. Hātib had invited them to become Muslims before he arrived with them, and Māriyah and her sister did so. The Messenger of God, peace and blessings of Allah be upon Him, lodged them with Umm Sulaym bt. Milhān. Māriyah was beautiful. The prophet sent her sister Sīrīn to Hassān b. Thābit and she bore him 'Abd al-Rahmān b. Hassān.The death of Ibrahim caused Muhammad to weep.Status as a wife or concubineMuhammad's earliest biographers, like Ibn Ishaq, Ibn Sa’d, and al-Tabari, mentioned Mariyah as the Prophet’s slavegirl or concubine in their sirah.Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya is another scholar and biographer of prophet Muhammad who writes a sirah called Zad al-Ma'ad where he mentioned Mariyah as a slave girl.Like Rayhana bint Zayd, there is some debate between historians and scholars as to whether Mariyah ever became Muhammad's wife or remained a concubine. An indication that she was a concubine is that when she bore her son to Muhammad, she was set free.Ibn ‘Abbas said: When Maria gave birth to Ibrahim the Messenger of Allah () said, ‘Her son has set her free.’  There is also strong evidence that there was no living quarter for her in the proximity of the Prophet's Mosque. Only the wives of Muhammad had their quarters adjacent to one another in the proximity of his mosque at Medina. Maria was made to reside permanently in an orchard, some three kilometers from the mosque. Evidence that suggests she was a concubine is in the narration:Anas said:  The Messenger of Allah () had a female-slave (amat) with whom he had intercourse, but ‘Aishah and Hafsah would not leave him alone until he said that she was forbidden for him. Then Allah, the Mighty and Sublime, revealed: “O Prophet! Why do you forbid (for yourself) that which Allah has allowed to you.’ until the end of the Verse.”The ‘female-slave’ referred to in this narration was Maria, the Copt, as specified in a hadith attributed to Umar and classified as sahih by Ibn Kathir, which names her Umm Ibrahim (the mother of Ibrahim).In a report from Ibn ‘Abbas and ‘Urwah b. al-Zubair concerning the same incident, Muhammad said to Hafsa:I make you witness that I my concubine (surriyyati) is now forbidden unto me.Some Islamic scholars point to a different Asbāb al-nuzūl (circumstance of revelation) for the above incident, saying it was only caused by Muhammad drinking honey, as narrated in Sahih al-Bukhari by Muhammed's wife Aisha:The Prophet () used to stay (for a period) in the house of Zaynab bint Jahsh (one of the wives of the Prophet ) and he used to drink honey in her house. Hafsa bint Umar and I decided that when the Prophet () entered upon either of us, she would say, "I smell in you the bad smell of Maghafir (a bad smelling raisin). Have you eaten Maghafir?" When he entered upon one of us, she said that to him. He replied (to her), "No, but I have drunk honey in the house of Zaynab bint Jahsh, and I will never drink it again."However, another narration in Sunan Abu Dawud indicates that drinking honey is a euphemism for sexual intercourse:The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) was asked about a man who divorced his wife three times, and she married another who entered upon her, but divorced her before having intercourse with her, whether she was lawful for the former husband. She said: The Prophet (peace be upon him) replied: She is not lawful for the first (husband) until she tastes the honey of the other husband and he tastes her honey.Al-Tabari lists Maria as both one of Muhammad's wives and his slave, perhaps using "wife" in the sense of one whom Muhammad slept with and who mothered his child.Mariyah the Copt was presented to the Messenger of God, given to him by al-Muqawqis, the ruler of Alexandria, and she gave birth to the Messenger of God’s son Ibrahim. These were the Messenger of God's wifes.The Prophet admired Umm Ibrahim ["Mother of Ibrahim," Mariyah’s title], who was fair-skinned and beautiful. He lodged her in al-‘Aliyah, at the property nowadays called of Umm Ibrahim. He used to visit her there and ordered her to veil herself, [but] he had intercourse with her by virtue of her being his property...One hadith attributed to Mus‘ab b. ‘Abdullah al-Zubairi states that the two were married, though another rendering of the hadith by Mus‘ab's nephew Zubair b. al-Bakkar makes no mention of marriage.See alsoAisha bint Abu BakrList of non-Arab SahabaNotesPassage 4:Ibrahim ibn Muhammad Al ash-SheikhIbrahim ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh  was a leading Salafi scholar in Saudi Arabia and minister of justice between 1975 and 1990.BackgroundIbrahim ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh was born into the noted family of Saudi religious scholars, the Al ash-Sheikh, descendants of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the influential Muslim scholar. He was the eldest son of Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh, Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia until 1969.CareerIbrahim ibn Muhammad was one of the most influential religious leaders in the early 1970s. He maintained a close relationship with King Faisal, with whom he met on a weekly basis. He believed that Saudi Arabia should take a leading role in the Arab world and pushed for Saudi involvement in war with Israel.Between 1975 and 1990, he served as minister of justice.FamilyHis brother Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh, a younger son of the late Grand Mufti, also served as minister of justice, from 1993 to 2009. His grandson Turki is a lawyer practicing in London and Riyadh.Passage 5:Abdullah ibn MuhammadAbd Allāh ibn Muammad (Arabic:    ) also known as al-āhir (lit. 'the pure') and al-ayyib (lit. 'the good') was one of the sons of Muhammad and Khadija. He died in childhood.His full name was Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn Abd Allah ibn Shaiba. His father became a successful merchant and was involved in trade. Due to his upright character Muhammad acquired the nickname "al-Amin" (Arabic: ), meaning "faithful, trustworthy" and "al-Sadiq" meaning "truthful" and was sought out as an impartial arbitrator. His reputation attracted a proposal in 595 from Khadija, a successful businesswoman. Muhammad consented to the marriage, which by all accounts was a happy one. After the marriage was consummated, his elder brother al-Qasim was born. Qasim was the eldest son of Muhammad and Khadija. After Qasim, his four sisters were born. Abd Allah was born around 611. He was the youngest child of Muhammad and Khadija.Muhammad gave him the name of his father. Abd Allah died at 4 in 615 CE.SiblingsQasim ibn MuhammadZainab bint MuhammadRuqayya bint MuhammadUmm Kulthum bint MuhammadFatima bint MuhammadIbrahim ibn MuhammadPassage 6:Ibrahim ibn MuhammadIbrāhīm ibn Muammad (Arabic:   ), was the son of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and Maria al-Qibtiyya. He died at the age of 2.Eclipse occurrenceIn his book "Al-Bidāya wa-n-Nihāya" Ibn Kathir mentions that Ibrahim died on Thursday 10 Rabi' al-Awwal 10 AH, and on the same day right after his death, an eclipse of the sun occurred, so people at the moment started talking that Allah is showing his condolences to his prophet by eclipsing the Sun. Muhammad, not wanting his companions to fall into Fitna by ascribing divinities to him or his son, stood at the mosque and said:  " The sun and the moon do not eclipse because of the death or life (i.e. birth) of someone. When you see the eclipse pray and invoke Allah."Illness and deathMuhammad's wife, and the mother of believers, Ibrahim's mother was an Egyptian woman who came from Byzantine official to Muhammad in 628. According to Ibn Kathir, quoting Ibn Sa'd, he was born in the last month of the year 8 AH, equivalent of 630 CE. Muslim scholars such as Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj and Al-Nasa'i mention that Al-Waqidi is not reliable and is not trustworthy to be quoted. The child was named after Abraham (or Ibrahim in Arabic) the Biblical prophet revered in Jewish, Christian and Muslim traditions. Ibrahim was placed in the care of a nurse called Umm Sayf, wife of Abu Sayf, the blacksmith, in the tradition of the Arabs of the time, to whom Muhammad gave some goats to complement her milk supply. When he fell ill he was moved to a date orchard near the residence of his mother, under the care of her and her sister Sirin. When it was clear that he would not likely survive, Muhammad was informed. His reaction to the news is reported as:He was so shocked at the news that he felt his knees could no longer carry him, and asked `Abd al Rahman ibn `Awf to give him his hand to lean upon. He proceeded immediately to the orchard and arrived in time to bid farewell to an infant dying in his mother's lap. Prophet Muhammad took the child and laid him in his own lap while shaking his hand. His heart was torn apart by the new tragedy, and his face mirrored his inner pain. Choking with sorrow, he said to his son, "O Ibrahim, against the judgement of God, we cannot avail you a thing," and then fell silent. Tears flowed from his eyes. The child lapsed gradually, and


Passage 1:Jean de LimurJean de Limur (13 November 1887, Vouhé, Charente-Maritime – 5 June 1976, Paris) was a French film director, actor and screenwriter.His works include La Garçonne (1936) and The Letter (1929). A French army officer and a designer, he first came to the United States with his parents, Count andCountess de Limur in September 1920; their destination was Burlingame, California, where lived Jean's brother André (who married Ethel, daughter of WilliamHenry Crocker).FilmographyThe Arab (1924) actorHuman Desires (1924)The Legion of the Condemned (1928) co-screenplayThe Letter (1929) directorJealousy(1929) directorMy Childish Father (1930)Paprika (1933) directorL'Auberge du Petit-Dragon (1935)La Garçonne (1936) director; with Arletty, Edith Piaf, and MarieBellPassage 2:Andréa FerréolAndréa Ferréol (born Andrée Louise Ferréol; January 6, 1947) is a French actress and officer of the Ordre national du Mérite(2009).Her debut was in the 1973 film La Grande bouffe, which made a big scandal at the Cannes Film Festival.She was the last partner of Egyptian actor OmarSharif.FilmographyPassage 3:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who hasworked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months,resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States afterleaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born inDublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both arthistory and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester BeattyLibrary (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was AssistantDirector at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of theCouncil of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery ofAustralia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad,increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years ofthe museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing "blockbuster" exhibitions.During hisdirectorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initialdesign for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was notdelivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art,including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museumby acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; andthe Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new "front" entrance to the Gallery, facing King EdwardTerrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the "Sensation exhibition" (scheduled at the NGAfrom 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being "too closeto the market" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitionsat the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging toCharles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which usedelephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was"Catholic-bashing" and an "aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion." In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events inNew York had "obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art". He has said that it "was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far."Kennedywas also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA'soccupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003.Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He becamea joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintingsand sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in thefield of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as "learning to read,understand and write visual language."   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of awebsite, www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so.Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest inexpanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy andMary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During histenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exportedprior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), anIndian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum ofArt in July 2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bringgreater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, andIdeologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storagefor classes annually. Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu:Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: IrregularPolygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics,Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson:Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie),Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7SeanScully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art(October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to AustralianSociety and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and amember of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received anhonorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguishededucator for art education.== Notes ==Passage 4:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Filmand Television School. She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film andTelevision. She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baronand Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School,Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to RenenSchorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the BerlinInternational Film Festival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Sabamunicipality. The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational


Passage 1:Ismail HoxhaIsmail Hoxha is a member of the Assembly of the Republic of Albania for the Democratic Party of Albania.Passage 2:Ilir BanoIlir Bano is amember of the Assembly of the Republic of Albania for the Democratic Party of Albania.Passage 3:Viktor GumiViktor Gumi is a member of the Assembly of theRepublic of Albania for the Democratic Party of Albania.Passage 4:Paulin SterkajPaulin Sterkaj is a member of the Assembly of the Republic of Albania for theDemocratic Party of Albania. Sterkaj moved to the Socialist Party of Albania.Passage 5:Fatos HoxhaFatos Hoxha is a member of the Assembly of the Republic ofAlbania for the Democratic Party of Albania.Passage 6:Dashnor SulaDashnor Sula (14 March 1969) is a member of the Assembly of the Republic of Albania for theDemocratic Party of Albania. He started his political career in 2005 when he won the elections and became the deputy of Peqin city.Early life and familyDashnorSula was born in Peqin, on 14 march 1969 to Riza Sula and Refije Sula. He was raised in Peqin and continued his studies there until he finished high school.Afterwards he moved to Tirana to continue his studies. He did his Bachelor studies in Law at the University of Tirana and his Master studies in Criminal Law. Hehas been married to Elida Magani Sula since 1994 and they have two children, Paola Sula and Silvio Sula.Career1992-1993: Attorney at the prosecutor's office ofPeqin1993-1996: Attorney at the prosecutor's office of Elbasan1996-1998: Attorney at the prosecutor's office of Tirana1998-1998: Attorney at the prosecutor'soffice of Gjirokaster1999-2000: Attorney at the general prosecutor's office; Supreme court.  2002-2005: Attorney at the general prosecutor's office regardingorganized crimes.2005-2013: Member of Albanian Parliament.2020-present: Member of Albanian Parliament.Other worksDashnor Sula has also taken the lawyerlicence and he still continues to practice his profession.Passage 7:Ylli LamaYlli Lama is a member of the Assembly of the Republic of Albania for the DemocraticParty of Albania.Passage 8:Leka, Crown Prince of Albania (born 1982)Leka, Prince of Albania (Leka Anwar Zog Reza Baudouin Msiziwe Zogu, born 26 March 1982)is a claimant to the defunct throne of Albania and the head of the House of Zogu.At the time of his birth on 26 March 1982, the South African government, byorder of Prime Minister P. W. Botha, declared his maternity ward extraterritorial land, to ensure that Leka was born on Albanian soil. Leka is the only child of Leka,Crown Prince of Albania and his wife Susan, Crown Princess of Albania. He is the only grandchild of King Zog I of the Albanians, succeeding as head of the royalhouse upon the death of his father in 2011. He has worked as an official at the country's interior and foreign ministries. He also served as a political advisor to theAlbanian President from 2012 to 2013.In May 2010, Leka became engaged to Elia Zaharia, an Albanian actress and singer. They married on 8 October 2016 inTirana.Early lifeLeka is the son of the pretender to the defunct throne of Albania, Crown Prince Leka, and his Australian wife Crown Princess Susan.He was namedin honour of Egyptian president Anwar El Sadat, his grandfather King Zog I, Emperor Mohammed Reza of Iran, and Baudouin I, King of the Belgians. Msiziwe is aZulu term meaning 'the one who was assisted'. Leka is a member of the House of Zogu.Education and activitiesLeka's was educated in South Africa at St Peter'sCollege, Johannesburg, and in the United Kingdom at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, where he was named Best Foreign Student of the Academy, beingcongratulated by the Albanian Minister of Defence. He was also educated at the Skanderbeg Military Academy in Albania, at the Università per Stranieri inPerugia, where he studied the Italian language, and in Kosovo, where he studied international relations.Leka resides in Tirana. He speaks Albanian, English, someZulu, and Italian. He owns boxer dogs, and his interests include martial arts, volleyball, and swimming. He is fond of wildlife and has taken part in mountainclimbing, abseiling, and target shooting.On 5 April 2004, Leka accepted the Mother Teresa Medal on behalf of his late grandmother, Queen Géraldine, for herhumanitarian efforts.Leka is known to have worked with youth organizations, like MJAFT!, and supported a wide range of humanitarian efforts in Albania, but hemaintains that he only supports self-help projects to stimulate Albanian and Kosovar economic growth, Gazeta Sot.Leka is known as a supporter of Kosovarindependence from Serbia and has close ties to the Kosovar leadership in Pristina.Leka founded the youth leadership of the Movement for National Development,which was a movement created by his father in 2005 to change the political face of Albania.On 24 June 2010, Prince Leka unveiled a blue plaque at ParmoorHouse in Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom, which was the home of King Zog during his wartime exile.Public serviceOn 21 August 2007, Foreign Minister LulzimBasha announced that Leka had been appointed to his office. The prince intended to pursue a career in diplomacy. After three years he had been transferred tothe office of the Minister of Interior. After the election of Bujar Nishani as president in 2012, Leka was appointed as political adviser to the President.Leka wasconsidered as a candidate in the 2022 Albanian presidential election, though the position ultimately went to Bajram Begaj.Personal lifeLeka met Elia Zaharia inParis, and in May 2010 they were engaged. Since then she has accompanied him on most of his visits and meetings with members of royal families. She is alsohead of the Queen Geraldine Foundation, which is a humanitarian, charitable and non-profit organisation, created by the Royal Court. The foundation aims to beclose to the Albanian families who need help and to children who need care. It has reconstructed numerous schools and kindergartens in northern Albania,especially in the Mat District, from where the Zogu Family comes.On 27 March 2016 it was announced by Skënder Zogu (born 1933), a member of the Zogufamily, that the couple would be married on 8 October 2016 in the Royal Palace in Tirana.WeddingLeka was married on Saturday 8 October 2016 in Tirana. Theceremony was a semi-official ceremony, held in Tirana in the Royal Palace, with many guests including members of other noble and royal families. The event wasa civil wedding officiated by the Mayor of Tirana, Erion Veliaj. A blessing was given by the five religious leaders of Albania representing the faiths of Sunni Islam,Bektashi, and the Christian traditions of Orthodox, Catholic and Protestant. This tradition of the Albanian royal family is part of the tradition of religious tolerancein Albania.Wedding guests included friends and relatives from around the world including relatives of his mother from Australia. Guests also included members ofother royal families from neighbouring countries and further afield. These included Queen Sofía of Spain and Prince and Princess Michael of Kent. Prince Michael ofKent is a first cousin of Queen Elizabeth II and his wife Princess Michael of Kent is related to Prince Leka through her mother, Countess Marianne Szapáry, whowas a 5th cousin of Queen Géraldine and had been a bridesmaid at her wedding to King Zog in 1938. Other royal guests included Empress Farah of Iran, CrownPrince Alexander and Crown Princess Katherine of Yugoslavia, Crown Princess Margareta of Romania, Custodian of the Crown and Prince Radu of Romania,Nicholas, Prince of Montenegro, Prince Guillaume of Luxembourg together with Princess Sibilla, Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia, Princess Léa of Belgium andother members from the royal families of Russia, Liechtenstein, Romania, Greece, Georgia, Morocco and members of other noble families. Heads of state ofAlbania also attended the ceremony.ChildrenElia gave birth to a daughter on 22 October 2020 at Queen Geraldine Maternity Hospital in Tirana, on the 18thanniversary of Leka's grandmother Queen Geraldine's death. Their daughter was named Geraldine in her honour. On 28 January 2023, on the day of her baptism,her full name is Geraldine Sibilla Francesca Susan Marie.Honours and awardsHonoursNational dynastic honoursHouse of Zogu: Sovereign Knight with Collar of theRoyal Order of Albania House of Zogu: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Fidelity House of Zogu: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Order ofSkanderbeg Albanian Royal Family: Sovereign of the Military Order and Medal of BraveryForeign honoursItalian Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the RoyalOrder of Saints Maurice and Lazarus Two Sicilian Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Francis I Russian Imperial Family: Knight Grand Cross ofthe Imperial Order of Saint Andrew Royal House of Ghassan: Knight Grand Collar of the Equestrian Order of Michael Archangel Sovereign Military Order of Malta :Grand Cross pro Merito Melitensi – civilian special class –AwardsAlbania – Honored Citizen of the City of Burrel (2012) Albania – Honored Citizen of the Communeof Bërdicë (2012) USA – Key to City of New Orleans (2011) USA – Honorary Mayor of the City of Baton RougeSee alsoHeads of former ruling familiesPassage9:Susan of AlbaniaSusan, Crown Princess of Albania (née Susan Barbara Cullen-Ward, formerly Williams; 28 January 1941 – 17 July 2004) was theAustralian-born wife of Leka, Crown Prince of Albania.Her husband, known as King Leka, had been proclaimed King of the Albanians by the anti-communistAlbanian government-in-exile in 1961, upon the death of his father King Zog. Meanwhile, Albania itself was a communist republic.Early lifeSusan Cullen-Ward wasborn in the Sydney suburb of Waverley. Her mother was Phyllis Dorothea Murray-Prior and her father was Alan Robert Cullen-Ward, a pastoralist. SusanCullen-Ward was a great-granddaughter of the Queensland politician Thomas Lodge Murray-Prior (1819–1892).Cullen-Ward grew up on her father's sheepstation. She attended Presbyterian Ladies' College at Orange, then studied at Sydney Technical College before teaching art at a private studio.She was married toRichard Williams from 1965 to 1970. Susan Cullen-Ward was an Anglican.Marriage to the Crown Prince of AlbaniaSusan Cullen-Ward met Leka, Crown Prince ofAlbania, the only child of King Zog I of the Albanians, at a dinner party in Sydney. In October 1975, they married in a civil ceremony in Biarritz, France. Thecouple were later married in a religious ceremony in Madrid.Australian authorities refused to recognise her as a queen but, in a compromise when AndrewPeacock was foreign minister, issued a passport in the name of "Susan Cullen-Ward, known as Queen Susan".She lived a turbulent life after marrying Leka, asthey moved from one country to another, having no permanent residence or fixed point of reference. In the first few years of their marriage, the couple lived inSpain. They later settled in Rhodesia (now known as Zimbabwe). After a falling out with the government of Robert Mugabe, the couple moved again, this time toSouth Africa where their son, Leka, was born in 1982. She also had a stillborn daughter while resident in Rhodesia.DeathThe Crown Princess of Albania died oflung cancer on 17 July 2004 in Tirana, Albania. After her death, she lay in state in a chapel outside Tirana. She is buried next to her mother-in-law, Queen


Passage 1:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The ChainReaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker(1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)TheDoctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 2:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film andTelevision School. She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and ProfessorAlexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in2008 with high honors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on hisfilm The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin InternationalFilm Festival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality. Thedepartment encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational communityactivities.Blankstein directed the mini-series "Tel Aviviot" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam SpiegelInternational Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in eastJerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debutfilm, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)Passage 3:Rolan BykovRolan Antonovich Bykov (Russian: Ролан Антонович Быков; October 12, 1929 –October 6, 1998) was a Soviet and Russian stage and film actor, director, screenwriter and pedagogue. People's Artist of the USSR (1990).Early lifeRolan Bykovwas born to Anton Mikhailovich Bykov and Olga Matveyevna Bykova (née Sitnyakovskaya), the youngest of two brothers. There are many myths surrounding hisbiography, including the names of Rolan and his parents, date and place of birth. Different directories showed that he was born in Moscow, yet Bykov and hisbrother Geronim stated that their family moved to Moscow from Kyiv in 1934. Throughout his life Rolan Antonovich Bykov was officially known as RolandAnatolyevich Bykov and his date of birth — as November 12 which, according to him, was caused by a mistake in his passport. He named various reasons for this:from a drunken militsioner at the passport office to his own aunt who confused names and dates while arranging his documents. As for the unusual name, Rolanexplained that he was named after Romain Rolland (according to the Russian pronunciation) by his parents who confused Romain's surname for his name.Bykov'sfather was a military and intelligence officer of mixed Polish-Czech ancestry originally named Semyon Geronimovich Gordanovsky. He started his career byparticipating in World War I and making a successful escape after being taken captive by Austria-Hungary. During the Russian Civil War he fought as part of the1st Cavalry Army led by Semyon Budyonny. Between 1924 and 1926 he worked in Cheka and regularly visited Germany under different passports. His last codename was Anton Mikhailovich Bykov which he adopted as a real name. He was later promoted to a high-ranking position in the Communist Party of the SovietUnion and served as a managing director at various enterprises.Bykov's mother also changed her name from Ella Matusovna to Olga Matveevna at one point.While Bykov regularly referred to her and her relatives as «Ukrainians», she was in fact a daughter of a prosperous Jewish NEPman. She wanted to become anactress and finished two courses of a theater institute, but was expelled for truancy.Between 1937 and 1947 Bykov studied in Moscow schools. In 1939 he joineda youth theatrical studio organized by a Pioneers Palace where he met Alexander Mitta, Boris Rytsarev and Igor Kvasha. During the Battle of Moscow his familywas evacuated to Yoshkar-Ola for three years, although his father chose to stay and volunteered for the front line. In 1947 he entered the Boris Shchukin HigherTheater College to study acting under Vera Lvova and Leonid Shikhmatov.CareerIn 1951 Bykov graduated and immediately joined the Moscow Youth Theaterwhere he served as an actor and a stage director until 1959. Simultaneously he also appeared in several movies in episodic roles, worked as an actor at theMoscow Drama Theater (1951—1952), as the head of the theater studio at the Bauman Palace of Culture (1951—1953), as a stringer for various children'sprogrammes at the Soviet Central Television and as an editor on radio (1953—1959). He made his acting debut in the film School of Courage. In 1957 heorganized a Student's Theater at the Moscow State University where he served as the main director up until 1959. Iya Savvina was among actors he discovered inthe process.Between 1959 and 1960 Bykov headed the Lenin Komsomol Theatre in Leningrad, but left it for cinema. In 1959 he played the main part of AkakiAkakiyevich in The Overcoat, an adaptation of Nikolai Gogol's story directed by Aleksey Batalov. Soon after he joined Mosfilm where he spent the rest 40 yearsworking as an actor and a film director. He played over 100 roles and became highly popular as a comedy actor with such roles as Chebakov from Balzaminov'sMarriage (1964), Barmalei from Aybolit-66 and Skomorokh from Andrei Rublev (both 1966), Ivan Karyakin from Two Comrades Were Serving (1968), Petrykinfrom Big School-Break (1973), Cat Bazilio from The Adventures of Buratino (1975), Father Fyodor from The Twelve Chairs (1976) and others.As a film director hebecame known for his experimental children's and family movies. Among his most famous works are Seven Nannies (1962), Aybolit-66 (1966), Attention, aTurtle! (1970) and Scarecrow (1983). His films are generally associated with postmodernism, presented as a mix of different styles, genres and techniques, withtheatrical musical numbers, arthouse editing, fourth wall breaking and so on. An unexpectedly grim Scarecrow released in 1984 became especially controversialand led to a lot of public criticism; some insisted it should be banned. Bykov survived a heart attack in the process. Yet in 1986 with the start of perestroika hewas awarded the USSR State Prize for his movie.Apart from his movie career Bykov also worked as an educator at High Courses for Scriptwriters and FilmDirectors. Between 1986 and 1990 he served as a secretary of the Union of Cinematography of the USSR. He was also a member of the Nika Awardorganization.In 1989 Bykov headed the Younost studio at Mosfilm dedicated to children's cinema. Between 1989 and 1992 he also headed the All-Soviet Center ofCinema and TV for Children and Youth. In 1992 he created and headed the Rolan Bykov's Fund (also known as International Fund for Development of Cinema forChildren and Youth). According to his 1994 interview to Vladislav Listyev, they had produced 64 movies by that time and received various awards internationally,yet none of them were shown at Russian movie theaters since new management saw them as nonprofitable.Since 1989 Bykov had been involved in the politicallife of Russia. Between 1989 and 1991 he served as a member of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union. He also headed a NonpartisanSocio-Political Movement 95 that expressed support to culture, science, education and ecology. During the 1995 Parliamentary elections he headed a liberalpro-government Common Cause party along with Irina Khakamada and Vladimir Dzhanibekov. He also served as a president of the Help bank at one point.In1996 Bykov was diagnosed with lung cancer and survived a surgery. He died two years later from thrombosis. He was buried at Novodevichy Cemetery.PersonallifeFirst wife — an actress Lydia Nikolayevna Knyazeva (1925—1987). They met at the Moscow Youth Theater and spent 15 years together. They also adopted aboy from an orphanage and raised him under the name of Oleg Rolanovich Bykov (1958—2002). He appeared in Scarecrow in minor role and produced severalmovies, but left the industry shortly after.Second wife — an actress Elena Sanayeva, daughter of the acclaimed Soviet actor Vsevolod Sanayev. Bykov adoptedher son from the first marriage Pavel Sanayev (born 1969) who became a popular Russian film director and writer. His part-autobiographical novel Bury MeBehind the Baseboard published in 1994 became a national bestseller. Bykov is featured in it under a name of Tolik. The book was adapted as a 2009 drama filmBury Me Behind the Baseboard, although the Sanayev family were displeased with it.Bykov also wrote poetry since childhood and published a book of poems in1994 entitled Poems by Rolan Bykov that was re-released several times. In 2010 his widow Elena Sanayeva published a book of Bykov's diaries (from 1945 to1996) that contained a lot of personal thoughts along with his wife's commentaries.In later years Bykov expressed a lot of concern regarding the movie industryand newer times in general. In his interview to Vladislav Listyev he stated that modern cinema was solely built around money, or the golden calf as he called it,with no place for art. «Back in 1984 I survived a heart attack following the release of Scarecrow; these days I survived a stroke during the production of a10-minute short under Belgian producers». In his interviews to Leonid Filatov he characterized modern times as «corrupted», «a collapse of culture and morals»,and modern cinema — as «a cigarette butt's art». In his diaries he continued those themes, predicting a Third World War, an environmental disaster and ageneral «schizophreniation» of the world population. The only exit he saw was a cultural and spiritual renaissance.Selected filmographyActorDirectorAwards andhonorsMedal "For Labour Valour" (1967)Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" (1970)Honored Artist ofthe RSFSR (1973)USSR State Prize (1986) – for film ScarecrowPeople's Artist of the RSFSR (1987)Vasilyev Brothers State Prize of the RSFSR (1987) – for his roleas Professor Larsen in film Dead Man's LettersNika Award for Best Actor (1988) – for film CommissarPeople's Artist of the USSR (1990)Order "For Merit to theFatherland", 4th class (11 November 1994)Passage 4:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art