Passage 1:Ben PalmerBen Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director.His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!(2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020). Palmer has alsodirected films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015).BiographyPalmer was born and raisedin Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness. He attended Chetwynde School.His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developedwith its main star, Leigh Francis. Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively.FilmographyBo'Selecta! (2002–06)Comedy Lab (2004–2010)Bo! in the USA (2006)The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)Comedy Showcase(2012)Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)Them from That Thing (2012)Bad Sugar (2012)Chickens (2013)London Irish (2013)Man Up (2015)SunTrap(2015)BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)Back (2017)Comedy Playhouse (2017)Urban Myths (2017–19)Click & Collect(2018)Semi-Detached (2019)Breeders (2020)Passage 2:Santa and the Fairy Snow QueenSanta and the Fairy Snow Queen is a 1951 short fantasy film directed bySid Davis.PlotSnoopy, (Rochelle Stanton) one of Santa Claus' (Edmund Penney) brownies, introduces herself to the audience, and explains that it is her job towatch little boys and girls, to see if they are behaving well, and to make sure all the toys Santa gives to children on Christmas are being taken care of. If she findsthem broken or forgotten, she hauls them off to the Land of Lost and Forgotten Toys. Snoopy then says Santa asked her to tell all the children the story of howthe Fairy Snow Queen gave life to toys, so that they might be more respectful of their gifts.Snoopy then begins the story: one Christmas Eve, long ago, right afterSanta and the brownies had finished making the toys, Santa asked the Fairy Snow Queen to come visit so they can have a sugar cookie. The Fairy Snow Queencame, but discovered Santa deeply asleep in his chair, exhausted from his hard work. At his feet, the queen found several of the toys that he was about todeliver: a rag doll, (Jenny Neal) a musical doll, (Lee Porter) a jack-in-the-box, (Don Oreck) a toy soldier, (Bob Porter) a baby doll, (Audrey Washburn) a dolldressed as a peasant, (Joanna Lamond) and a candy lion (Patrick Clement). Insulted at being forgotten about, the Fairy Snow Queen decided to play a trick onSanta, and brought the toys to life. As the toys take their first steps, the queen dances with the rag doll, and Santa wakes up. The toys demonstrate they cansing, and while Santa enjoyed their music, he asked the Fairy Snow Queen to revert them to their inanimate state. The queen protested, saying it's all good fun.The toy soldier and baby doll then show everyone a marching routine, after which the mischievous Jack jumps out of his box and frightens the other toys, until heis coaxed back into his dwelling by the toy soldier. The Fairy Snow queen then used her magic to calm everyone down, and Santa asked her once again to put thetoys back to normal, before the toys fall in love with each other, or break themselves. The queen then reveals that because she'd been irresponsible with hermagic, her powers were taken away. She tells Santa she can only change the toys back if they wish to return to their normal states, and they have no suchdesire, so she cannot. After this, Santa told the toys that if they don't change back, he won't have any gifts to give to the children. The Fairy Snow Queen thenoffered a compromise: the toys will come to life for one hour, at midnight, each night. The toys agree to this, and Santa appoints Snoopy the caretaker of all thetoys. Before she changed them back, the musical doll and the toy soldier reveal they have fallen in love with each other. In remembrance of her, the soldier gavethe doll his golden medal, and Santa decreed all musical dolls will wear golden medals to commemorate their love. The queen returned the toys back to normal,leaving Santa and Snoopy to load the toys onto his sleigh.MusicSome of the music used in the short film was from The Nutcracker Suite and The Sleeping Beautyby Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.ProductionOriginally a one act play written by Porter in 1949, the film wasn't copyrighted until two years later. It was distributed byEncyclopedia Britannia Films for televised broadcasts across the US.CastRochelle Stanton as SnoopyEdmund Penney as SantaMargot von Lou as the Fairy SnowQueenJenny Neal as Rag DollLee Porter as Musical DollDon Oreck as Jack-in-the-BoxBob Porter as Toy SoldierAudrey Washburn as Baby DollJoanna Lamond asPeasant DollPatrick Clement as Candy LionLegacyIt was spoofed by RiffTrax three times, the first being as the accompanying short prior to the live riffed versionof the 1964 cult classic Santa Claus Conquers the Martians, a film that was previously parodied on Mystery Science Theater 3000.External linksSanta and theFairy Snow Queen on Internet Movie DatabaseSanta and the Fairy Snow Queen on YouTubePassage 3:The Snow Queen (1995 film)The Snow Queen is a 1995British animated film directed by Martin Gates and inspired by Hans Christian Andersen's 1844 fairy tale The Snow Queen, featuring Helen Mirren in the titularrole. A direct sequel, The Snow Queen's Revenge, was released the following year.In the film, the evil Snow Queen plans to use an enormous magic mirror to sothat it will plunge the world into a perpetual winter so she can take it over, but when the mirror shatters and one piece enters the young Tom's body, she kidnapshim to have all the pieces. Tom's sister Ellie and her friend, Peeps the sparrow, set out to rescue him before it is too late.PlotEllie and her brother Tom listen totheir grandmother reading them a story about the Snow Queen. When their younger sister Polly asks if she is coming, Tom says that she only exists in the story.However, the Queen really does live in an icy palace in the North Pole with her three troll servants: Eric, Baggy, and Wardrobe. Her plan is to set up her hugemagic mirror on a mountain to reflect the sunlight away so the entire world will become her kingdom, but the mirror falls down the mountain and shatters intopieces. Two of its pieces hit Tom in the eye and the heart and he falls under a curse which turns him dark of spirit.The Snow Queen sends her bats to retrieve thepieces. As they cannot take the two that are inside Tom, the Queen goes out to kidnap him herself. Ellie and Tom connect their sleds to a bigger sled that isrevealed to be driven by the Queen. She takes Tom to her palace and cuts Ellie off, causing her to fall onto a talking sparrow named Peeps. Ellie goes out to saveTom and Peeps reluctantly decides to go with her. In a snowy forest, they find a house belonging to an old woman, who appears nice, but is actually a sly witchwho traps them to use Ellie's heart for her elixir of life so she can be eternally young. Peeps tricks the witch's cat, Cuddles, into chasing after him and knockingover the elixir of life, and uses the confusion to unlock Ellie from her cage. Ellie and Peeps escape and trap the old woman and her cat in the basement by puttinga box over the trapdoor, so they can avoid being chased by the old woman.They then meet two humanoid ravens named Les and Ivy, who, from Ellie'sdescription of Tom, tell her that Tom is going to marry princess Amy, so Ellie becomes a member of the staff to serve the princess her food. However, she soondiscovers that prince Sherman is not Tom. Meanwhile, Tom is rebuilding the Snow Queen's mirror, as he is good at puzzles. The trolls try to warn him that theQueen is going to kill him to get the last two pieces, but the Queen convinces him otherwise and kisses him, putting him into a hypnotic state while his veins arefull of ice, and will cause his death when it reaches his heart.Amy and Sherman give Ellie and Peeps a royal vehicle to ride to the Snow Queen's dominion, butthey run into a robber gang of humanoid rats. The Robber King promises his daughter, Angorra, that Ellie can become her slave, but later changes his mind. Ellieis locked in a room with a flying reindeer Dimly who was captured by the robbers. Peeps enters the room and unties Ellie's hands, and she unties Dimly. Angorraenters, but they trap her with a barrel. Dimly flies them away, but the King grabs onto the rope that is still wrapped around Dimly, resulting in the King slamminginto a building and falling over the edge on top of Angorra.Dimly does not know where the Snow Queen is, so he goes to his flying reindeer school and asks Freda,an old Lapland woman who runs the school. Freda has Dimly fly them over to the Queen's castle. There, they meet the three trolls, who ultimately decide to helpthem. Tom does not have much time left, and has finished putting the mirror together except for the two pieces that are inside him. Freda reveals that the piecesinside him will kill him, then makes a potion that will dissolve the mirror. Ellie tells Tom to drink it, but just as he is about to, the Queen blasts the vial away withher magic staff. They fight the Queen, but she freezes Eric and Freda, and Baggy and Wardrobe grab her staff just as they are frozen as well. The battleeventually causes the vial to fall on top of the mirror and shatter, dissolving the mirror and forming an icy cyclone that chases after the Queen's flying carriageand freezes her solid as she attempts to escape. The mirror pieces inside Tom dissolve and the effects of the Queen's kiss go away, freeing him. Freda and thetrolls are unfrozen.Freda warns the Snow Queen is not dead and might return in the future. She has Dimly take Ellie, Tom, and Peeps back to the village, andthen come back for her and the trolls. Dimly crash lands in the village and Ellie, Tom, and Peeps go to listen to the rest of the story as Dimly heads back to theQueen's palace. The film ends with a close-up shot of the frozen Queen's eyes lighting up.VoicesEllie Beaven as Ellie, a courageous and optimistic girl with a kindheart.Helen Mirren as the Snow Queen, the oppressive monarch of the North and South Poles.Damian Hunt as Tom, the intelligent twin brother of Ellie.HughLaurie as Peeps, a house sparrow and Ellie's best friend.Gary Martin as Dimly, a reindeer who struggles with flying.Julia McKenzie as Grandma, the grandmotherof Ellie, Tom and Polly who looks after them; Old Woman, a polite woman who is secretly an evil witch; and Freda, the Headmistress of a flying school forReindeer.David Jason as Eric, the leader of the trolls and the Snow Queen's army.Colin Marsh as Baggy, a bumbling troll and Wardrobe's best friend.Russell Floydas Wardrobe, a dim-witted troll and the kindest of the three.Scarlett Strallen as Princess Amy, an energetic and playful girl who is a Princess.Rik Mayall as theRobber King, a rat who is the leader of a gang of thieves.Richard Tate as Les, a raven who works for the Royal Household and the husband of Ivy.ImeldaStaunton as Ivy, a raven who likes picking flowers and the wife of Les; and Angorra, a rat who is also the spoiled and bratty daughter of the Robber King.RowanD'Albert as Prince Sherman, an immature but clever boy with a big appetite who has recently married Princess Amy.Zizi Vaigncourt Strallen as Polly, the younger


Passage 1:Salin MibayaSalin Mibaya (Burmese:  , pronounced [sĺ mbjá]; also known as Narapati Medaw, ()) was the chief queen of Viceroy Thado Dhamma Yaza II of Prome (r. 1551–1588).The second daughter of King Bayin Htwe of Prome and his chiefqueen Shwe Zin Gon was married three times. Her marriage to her first cousin Min Ba Saw—a son of her maternal uncle—was cut short when her brother KingNarapati had him executed. Narapati then married her off to Sithu Kyawhtin, then governor of Salin, a powerful figure in the Confederation of Shan States, in amarriage of state in the late 1530s. (Prome was then a de facto vassal state of the Confederation, which controlled all of Ava territories except Toungoo in UpperBurma.) Her stay at Salin lasted until January 1544 when the city was captured by Toungoo forces under Gen. Bayinnaung. Her husband escaped to Ava (Inwa)but she was captured and sent to Pegu (Bago). In 1545, she was married to Nanda Yawda, a younger brother of Bayinnaung, at the coronation ceremony ofTabinshwehti at the Pegu Palace.She returned to her native Prome as queen in 1551 when her husband was appointed viceroy of the region by King Bayinnaung.She had two daughters by Nanda Yawda, now styled as Thado Dhamma Yaza II. Their elder daughter Hsinbyushin Medaw became the chief queen of NawrahtaMinsaw, the viceroy (and later king) of Lan Na. The younger daughter Min Taya Medaw was a major queen of Nanda.AncestryThe following is her ancestry asreported in the Hmannan Yazawin chronicle, which in turn referenced contemporary inscriptions. Her parents were double cousins.NotesPassage 2:Motherland(disambiguation)Motherland is the place of one's birth, the place of one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnic group.Motherland may also referto:Music"Motherland" (anthem), the national anthem of MauritiusNational Song (Montserrat), also called "Motherland"Motherland (Natalie Merchant album),2001Motherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album), 2011Motherland (Daedalus album), 2011"Motherland" (Crystal Kay song), 2004Film and televisionMotherland(1927 film), a 1927 British silent war filmMotherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary filmMotherland (2015 film), a 2015 Turkish dramaMotherland (2022 film),a 2022 documentary film about the Second Nagorno-Karabakh WarMotherland (TV series), a 2016 British television seriesMotherland: Fort Salem, a 2020American science fiction drama seriesOther usesMotherland Party (disambiguation), the name of several political groupsPersonifications of Russia, including a listof monuments called MotherlandSee alsoAll pages with titles containing MotherlandMother Country (disambiguation)Passage 3:Where Was I"Where Was I?" mayrefer to:Books"Where Was I?", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind's IWhere Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan2009Film and TVWhere Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A. Seiter. With Reginald Denny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran.Where Was I? (2001film), biography about songwriter Tim RoseWhere Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953 Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location by looking atphotos"Where Was I?" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980Music"Where was I", song by W. Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and HisOrchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939"Where Was I", single from Charley Pride discography 1988"Where Was I" (song), a 1994song by Ricky Van Shelton"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Pass album)"Where Was I?", song by Guttermouth from TheAlbum Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)"Where Was I", song by Sawyer Brown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can YouHear Me Now 2002"Where Was I?", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999"Where Was I", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) fromTime Flies (Melanie Laine album)"Where Was I", song by Rosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomas album)Passage 4:SennedjemSennedjem was an AncientEgyptian artisan who was active during the reigns of Seti I and Ramesses II. He lived in Set Maat (translated as "The Place of Truth"), contemporary Deirel-Medina, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes. Sennedjem had the title "Servant in the Place of Truth". He was buried along with his wife, Iyneferti,and members of his family in a tomb in the village necropolis. His tomb was discovered January 31, 1886. When Sennedjem's tomb was found, it containedfurniture from his home, including a stool and a bed, which he used when he was alive.His titles included Servant in the Place of Truth, meaning that he workedon the excavation and decoration of the nearby royal tombs.See alsoTT1 – (Tomb of Sennedjem, family and wife)Passage 5:Place of originIn Switzerland, theplace of origin (German: Heimatort or Bürgerort, literally "home place" or "citizen place"; French: Lieu d'origine; Italian: Luogo di attinenza) denotes where aSwiss citizen has their municipal citizenship, usually inherited from previous generations. It is not to be confused with the place of birth or  place of residence,although two or all three of these locations may be identical depending on the person's circumstances.Acquisition of municipal citizenshipSwiss citizenship hasthree tiers. For a person applying to naturalise as a Swiss citizen, these tiers are as follows:Municipal citizenship, granted by the place of residence after fulfillingseveral preconditions, such as sufficient knowledge of the local language, integration into local society, and a minimum number of years lived in saidmunicipality.Cantonal (state) citizenship, for which a Swiss municipal citizenship is required. This requires a certain number of years lived in said canton.Countrycitizenship, for which both of the above are required, also requires a certain number of years lived in Switzerland (except for people married to a Swiss citizen,who may obtain simplified naturalisation without having to reside in Switzerland), and involves a criminal background check.The last two kinds of citizenship are amere formality, while municipal citizenship is the most significant step in becoming a Swiss citizen. Nowadays the place of residence determines the municipalitywhere citizenship is acquired, for a new applicant, whereas previously there was a historical reason for preserving the municipal citizenship from earliergenerations in the family line, namely to specify which municipality held the responsibility of providing social welfare. The law has now been changed, eliminatingthis form of allocating responsibility to a municipality other than that of the place of residence. Care needs to be taken when translating the term in Swissdocuments which list the historical "Heimatort" instead of the usual place of birth and place of residence.However, any Swiss citizen can apply for a second, athird or even more municipal citizenships for prestige reasons or to show their connection to the place they currently live – and thus have several places of origin.As the legal significance of the place of origin has waned (see below), Swiss citizens can often apply for municipal citizenship for no more than 100 Swiss francsafter having lived in the same municipality for one or two years. In the past, it was common to have to pay between 2,000 and 4,000 Swiss francs as a citizenshipfee, because of the financial obligations incumbent on the municipality to grant the citizenship.A child born to two Swiss parents is automatically granted thecitizenship of the parent whose last name they hold, so the child gets either the mother's or the father's place of origin. A child born to one Swiss parent and oneforeign parent acquires the citizenship, and thus the place of origin, of the Swiss parent.International confusionAlmost uniquely in the world (with the exception ofJapan, which lists one's Registered Domicile; and Sweden, which lists the mother's place of domicile as place of birth), the Swiss identity card, passport anddriving licence do not show the holder's birthplace, but only their place of origin. The vast majority of countries show the holder's actual birthplace on identitydocuments. This can lead to administrative issues for Swiss citizens abroad when asked to demonstrate their actual place of birth, as no such information existson any official Swiss identification documents. Only a minority of Swiss citizens have a place of origin identical to their birthplace. More confusion comes into playthrough the fact that people can have more than one place of origin.Significance and historyA citizen of a municipality does not enjoy a larger set of rights than anon-citizen of the same municipality. To vote in communal, cantonal or national matters, only the current place of residence matters – or in the case of citizensabroad, the last Swiss place of residence.The law previously required that a citizen's place of origin continued to bear all their social welfare costs for two yearsafter the citizen moved away. In 2012, the National Council voted by 151 to 9 votes to abolish this law. The place of domicile is now the sole payer of welfarecosts.In 1923, 1937, 1959 and 1967, more cantons signed treaties that assured that the place of domicile had to pay welfare costs instead of the place of origin,reflecting the fact that fewer and fewer people lived in their place of origin (1860: 59%, in 1910: 34%).In 1681, the Tagsatzung – the then Swiss parliament –decided that beggars should be deported to their place of origin, especially if they were insufficiently cared for by their residential community.In the 19th century,Swiss municipalities even offered free emigration to the United States if the Swiss citizen agreed to renounce municipal citizenship, and with that the right toreceive welfare.See alsoAncestral home (Chinese)Bon-gwanRegistered domicile== Notes and references ==Passage 6:Valley of DeathValley of Death may referto:PlacesValley of Death (Bydgoszcz), the site of a 1939 Nazi mass murder and mass grave site in northern PolandValley of Death (Crimea), the site of the Chargeof the Light Brigade in the 1854 Battle of BalaclavaValley of Death (Gettysburg), the 1863 Gettysburg Battlefield landform of Plum RunValley of Death (DuklaPass), the site of a tank battle during the Battle of the Dukla Pass in 1944 (World War II)The Valley of Death, an area of poisonous volcanic gas near theKikhpinych volcano in RussiaThe Valley of Death, an area of poisonous volcanic gas near the Tangkuban Perahu volcano in IndonesiaValley of Death, a nicknamefor the highly polluted city of Cubatão, BrazilOther usesThe Valley of Death (audio drama), a Doctor Who audio playThe Valley of Death (film), a 1968 westernfilm"Valley of Death", the flawed NewsStand: CNN & Time debut program that caused the Operation Tailwind controversyA literary element of "The Charge of theLight Brigade" by Alfred, Lord TennysonA reference to the difficulty of covering negative cash flow in the early stages of a start-up company; see Venturecapital"The Valley of Death", a song by the Swedish heavy metal band Sabaton from the 2022 album The War to End All WarsSee alsoAll pages with titlescontaining Valley of DeathDeath Valley (disambiguation)Valley of the Shadow of Death (disambiguation)Passage 7:Beaulieu-sur-LoireBeaulieu-sur-Loire (French


Passage 1:1928 Washington and Lee Generals football teamThe 1928 Washington and Lee Generals football team represented Washington and Lee Universityduring the 1928 college football season.SchedulePassage 2:Christian ComptonAsbury Christian Compton (October 24, 1929 – April 9, 2006) was an Americanattorney and judge who served as a justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1974 until 2000, and as a Senior justice until his death.Compton was a native ofAshland in Hanover County, Virginia, and graduated from Ashland High School in 1946. Compton earned his B.A. in history and politics from Washington and Leein 1950 and his LL.B. from the Washington and Lee University School of Law in 1953.  While at Washington and Lee, Compton served as president of Phi KappaSigma fraternity, class officer and captain of the basketball team. He was also a member of Omicron Delta Kappa, the lacrosse team, Phi Alpha Delta legalfraternity, the University Glee Club and the Cotillion Club.Compton served in the U.S. Navy from 1953 to 1956 and the U.S. Naval Reserve from 1953 to 1961. Hepracticed law in Richmond with May, Garrett, Miller, Newman and Compton from 1957 to 1966.In 1966, Gov. Mills Godwin appointed Compton to the Law &Equity Court of the City of Richmond and then to the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1974. The General Assembly re-elected him to another term in 1987. He retiredfrom the Supreme Court in February 2000 and began service as a senior justice.Compton maintained strong ties to Washington and Lee throughout hiscareer.  He served as president of the Alumni Association from 1972 to 1973.  He received an Honorary Doctorate of Laws from his alma mater in 1975. Heserved member of the Board of Trustees from 1978 to 1989.  He selected most of his law clerks from the top graduates of Washington and Lee School ofLaw.Compton was married to Betty Stephenson Compton for 52 years until his death.  They had three daughters—Leigh Compton Kiczales, Mary ComptonPsyllos, Melissa Compton Patterson; and eight grandsons-Nicholas Kiczales, Luke Kiczales, Noah Stephenson Kiczales, Thomas Psyllos, Christian Psyllos, DanielPatterson, James Patterson, and Henry Patterson.Resolution of the Virginia General Assembly on the Death of A. Christian ComptonPassage 3:1917 Washingtonand Lee Generals football teamThe 1917 Washington and Lee Generals football team represented the Washington and Lee Generals of Washington and Lee duringthe 1917 college football season.SchedulePassage 4:Shenandoah (magazine)Shenandoah: The Washington and Lee Review is a literary magazine publishedWashington and Lee University.HistoryOriginally a student-run quarterly, Shenandoah has evolved into a biannual literary journal. Since 2018, the magazine hasbeen edited by current English professor Beth Staples. According to Shenandoah's mission statement, the magazine aims to showcase diverse voices because"reading through the perspective of another person, persona, or character is one of the ways we practice empathy, expand our understanding of the world, andexperience new levels of awareness."Shenandoah was founded in 1949 by a group of Washington and Lee University faculty members, including English professorSamuel Ashley Brown, who published the fiction and poetry of undergraduates including Tom Wolfe. In the 1950s Thomas H. Carter became one of the foundingstudent editors.  During his tenure the Shenandoah corresponded with E. E. Cummings, William Carlos Williams, William Faulkner, Ezra Pound and many otherSouthern writers and the Shenandoah grew in stature and national prominence. From the 1960s to the 1980s, W&L faculty member James Boatwright expandedthe journal and published occasional theme issues, including a 35th anniversary anthology. In 1995, R. T. Smith was selected as the first full-time editor of thejournal. In 2018 after twenty-three years as editor, R. T. Smith retired, and Beth Staples took over as editor of the magazine.  Today, the magazine publishesbiannually in the spring and fall. Shenandoah is funded and supported by Washington and Lee University through the Office of the Dean of the College and islocated in Mattingly House on W&L's campus. The magazine maintains a board of university advisors who offer guidance and advice, and the current editormaintains an intern program in which undergraduate students work for the journal and learn the craft of editing as an academic course in the English Department.Recent contributors include Wendell Berry, Joyce Carol Oates, Jacob M. Appel, Speer Morgan, Lee Smith, Claudia Emerson, May-lee Chai, and Rita Dove.  This listcomplements a long history of literary luminaries who have been published in Shenandoah such as W. H. Auden, James Merrill, J. R. R. Tolkien, T. S. Eliot, RayBradbury, and Flannery O'Connor.Since moving away from print in 2011, the magazine can now be found online in its entirety.Fellowships and ContestIn the past,Shenandoah has hosted several prestigious annual contests:  the James Boatwright III Prize for Poetry, the Goodheart Prize for Fiction, the Thomas H. CarterPrize for the Essay, and the Shenandoah/Glasgow Prize for Emerging Writers. Presently, Shenandoah host the Graybeal-Gowan Prize for Virginia Writers.  In2021, Shenandoah launched a fellowship for BIPOC editors. Through a competitive application process, the magazine selects one fellow for each issue to aid inthe selection of fiction, non-fiction, poems, or comics.Recent honors, awards and reviews2008 Governor's Award for the Arts "The Worst You Ever Feel" byRebecca Makkai was included in The Best American Short Stories 2008."Souvenir" by Beth Ann Fennelly was included in The Best American Poetry 2006"Death IsIntended" by Linda Pastan was included in The Best American Poetry 2005"A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Stalker" by Kate Osana Simonian was "noted" in TheBest American Essays 2019"Volume 68 Number 1: Bodies, Bones, and the Space We Occupy" was given "5 Stars" on "The Review Review"See alsoList of literarymagazinesPassage 5:Lee McGeorge DurrellLee McGeorge Durrell  (née McGeorge; born September 7, 1949) is an American naturalist, author, zookeeper, andtelevision presenter. She is best known for her work at the Jersey Zoological Park in the British Channel Island of Jersey with her late husband, Gerald Durrell,and for co-authoring books with him.BiographyLee was born in Memphis, Tennessee, and showed an interest in wildlife as a child. She studied philosophy at BrynMawr College near Philadelphia before enrolling in 1971 for a graduate programme at Duke University, to study animal behaviour. She conducted research for herPhD on the calls of mammals and birds in Madagascar. She met Gerald Durrell when he gave a lecture at Duke University in 1977, and married him in 1979.LeeDurrell moved to Jersey and became involved with the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust (then the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust). She accompanied Durrellon his last three conservation missions:Mauritius, other Mascarene Islands and Madagascar (1982) (account in Gerald Durrell's Ark on the Move)Russia (1986)(account in Durrell in Russia, co-authored with Gerald Durrell)Madagascar (1990) (account in Gerald Durrell's The Aye-Aye and I)She became the honorarydirector of the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust after the death of her husband in 1995. She was instrumental in getting the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trustrenamed after Gerald Durrell, on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the Jersey Zoo. She is also a member of various expert groups on conservation, and isfondly called "Mother Tortoise" in certain areas of Madagascar due to her work with the ploughshare tortoise.In December 2005, Lee Durrell handed over a largecollection of dead animals (which had originally been collected and bred by her husband Gerald Durrell) to the National Museums of Scotland to aid geneticresearch of the critically rare species.Lee acted as consultant for The Durrells, a 2016 ITV six-part dramatisation of My Family and OtherAnimals.BibliographyDurrell is the author of three books:A Practical Guide for the Amateur Naturalist (with Gerald Durrell) (Hamish Hamilton (UK) / Alfred A.Knopf (USA), 1982) ISBN 0-241-10841-1Durrell in Russia (with Gerald Durrell) (MacDonald (UK) / Simon & Schuster (USA), 1986)State of the Ark – an atlas ofconservation in action (Bodley Head, 1986) ISBN 0-370-30754-2Foreword by Gerald DurrellDedicated "To GMD for his contribution to conservation, which isgreater than most, because he shares his delight in the natural world so well"She is also the editor of:The Best of Gerald Durrell (HarperCollins, 1996)Thecompanion book of a TV series documents the series where she was co-presenter: Ourselves and Other Animals – from the TV series with Gerald and Lee Durrell,Peter Evans (1987)HonoursNactus serpeninsula durrelli, or Durrell's night gecko, is the Round Island race of the Serpent Island gecko, named after Gerald andLee Durrell for their contribution to saving the gecko and Round Island fauna in general. Mauritius released a stamp depicting Durrell's night gecko.Lee Durrellwas made a Member of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2011 Birthday Honours.FilmographyThe Amateur Naturalist, TV series, CBC(Canada) / Channel 4 (UK) (1982)Ourselves & Other Animals, TV series, Primetime Television (1987)Durrell in Russia, TV series, Channel 4 (UK) (1986)Passage6:1920 Washington and Lee Generals football teamThe 1920 Washington and Lee Generals football team represented Washington and Lee University during the1920 college football season.SchedulePassage 7:Kenneth DubersteinKenneth Marc Duberstein (April 21, 1944 – March 2, 2022) was an American lobbyist whoserved as U.S. President Ronald Reagan's White House Chief of Staff from 1988 to 1989.Early life and educationDuberstein was born to a Jewish family inBrooklyn, the son of Jewel (Falb), a teacher, and Aaron Duberstein, a fundraiser for the Boy Scouts of America. He graduated from Poly Prep Country Day Schooland Franklin and Marshall College (A.B. 1965) and American University (M.A. 1966). He received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Franklin and Marshall in1989. While in college he was a member of Zeta Beta Tau.Political careerDuberstein began his public service on Capitol Hill as an intern for Sen. Jacob K. Javits.His other early government service included Deputy Under Secretary of Labor during the Gerald Ford Administration and Director of Congressional andIntergovernmental Affairs at the U.S. General Services Administration.During Reagan's eight years in office, he had two stints in the White House. His first wasas  Deputy Assistant to the President for Legislative Affairs (1981–83). His major accomplishment of this period was pushing Reagan's economic agenda througha Democratic House, including the  1982 Tax Bill. Duberstein was described as Reagan's invisible link to Congress. He was at the center of the Administrationspush for the bill, working on both sides of the political divide.   His second stint was also for two years, first as Deputy Chief of Staff and then for the final sixmonths of the Reagan presidency as White House Chief of Staff (1988–1989). Eight days after Reagan was on TV and acknowledged the Iran-Contra affair,


Passage 1:Heaven Knows, Mr. AllisonHeaven Knows, Mr. Allison is a 1957 American CinemaScope war film that tells the story of two people stranded on aJapanese-occupied island in the Pacific Ocean during World War II.The film was adapted by John Huston and John Lee Mahin from the 1952 novel by CharlesShaw and was directed by Huston. It was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Actress in a Leading Role (Deborah Kerr) and Best Writing, Screenplay Basedon Material from Another Medium.The movie was filmed on the islands of Trinidad and Tobago. Producer Eugene Frenke later filmed a low-budget variation on thestory, The Nun and the Sergeant (1962), starring his wife Anna Sten.PlotIn the South Pacific in 1944, U.S. Marine Corporal Allison and his reconnaissance partyare disembarking from a U.S. Navy submarine when they are discovered and fired upon by the Japanese. The submarine's captain is forced to dive and leave thescouting team behind. Allison reaches a rubber raft and, after days adrift, reaches an island. He finds an abandoned settlement and a chapel with one occupant:Sister Angela, a novice Irish nun who has not yet taken her final vows. She has been on the island for only four days, having come with an elderly priest toevacuate another clergyman only to find that the Japanese had arrived first. The frightened natives who had brought them to the island left the pair withoutwarning, and the priest died soon after.For a while, they have the island to themselves, but then a detachment of Japanese troops arrives to set up ameteorological camp, forcing them to hide in a cave. When Sister Angela is unable to stomach the raw fish that Allison has caught, he sneaks into the Japanesecamp for supplies, narrowly avoiding detection. That night, they watch flashes from naval guns being fired in a sea battle over the horizon.The Japaneseunexpectedly leave the island and Allison professes his love for Sister Angela, proposing marriage. But she shows him her engagement ring and explains that it isa symbol of her forthcoming final holy vows. Later both in celebration and frustration, Allison gets drunk on sake. He blurts out that he considers her devotion toher vows to be pointless since they are stuck on the island "like Adam and Eve." She runs out into a tropical rain and falls ill as a result. Allison, now sober andcontrite, finds her shivering. He carries her back, but the Japanese have returned, forcing them to retreat to the cave. Allison sneaks into the Japanese camp toget blankets. He kills a soldier who discovers him, alerting the enemy. To force him into the open, the Japanese set fire to the vegetation.When a Japanese soldierdiscovers the cave, Allison and Sister Angela have two choices: surrender or die from a hand grenade thrown inside. An ensuing explosion is not a grenade, but abomb; the Americans have begun attacking the island in preparation for a landing. Allison comments that the landing will not be easy because when theyreturned, the Japanese brought four artillery pieces and concealed them well on the island.Responding to what he attributes to a message from God, Allisondisables the artillery during the barrage that will precede the American assault while the Japanese are still in their bunkers. He is wounded but sabotages all theguns by removing their breechblocks, saving many American lives. After the landing, the Marine officers are puzzled by the missing breechblocks.Sister Angelaand the wounded Allison then say their goodbyes as the Marines begin occupation. Allison has reconciled himself to Sister Angela's dedication to Jesus, thoughshe reassures him that they will always be close "companions." After being found, Allison is transferred by the Marines to the ship, with Sister Angela walkingbeside him.CastProductionFilming took place in Trinidad and Tobago, allowing Huston and Fox to use blocked funds in the UK, receive British film finance andqualify for the Eady Levy. The film was set later in the war than it was in the novel, which had Allison escaping from the Battle of Corregidor. In the film, the Alliesare on the offensive and U.S. Marines capture the island.The screenplay compares the rituals and commitment of the Roman Catholic Church and the UnitedStates Marine Corps. The National Legion of Decency monitored the production of the film closely, sending a representative to watch the filming; knowing this,Kerr and Mitchum ad-libbed a scene (not included in the final print) in which their characters wildly kissed and grabbed at each other.: 306 The Marines providedtroops for the invasion climax. Six Japanese persons living in Brazil played some of the leading Japanese characters, while Chinese people from some of thelaundries and restaurants of Trinidad and Tobago played the rest of the Japanese soldiers.Screen Archives Entertainment released Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison onBlu-ray on June 10, 2014.ReceptionAccording to Kinematograph Weekly the film was "in the money" at the British box office in 1957.Awards and honorsSeealsoList of American films of 1957Passage 2:Henry Moore (cricketer)Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer whospent most of his life in New Zealand.Life and familyHenry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849. He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and LadyHarriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch. One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and wasknighted. Their great grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805. One of their sisters was a maid of honour to QueenVictoria.Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch. He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and theyhad one son. In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died.In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine. In 1897he married Alice Fish of Geraldine. They moved to England four years before his death in 1916.Cricket careerMoore was a right-handed middle-order batsman. Inconsecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75respectively. His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago. He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 forthe third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a "very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence".Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match. His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to136 for 6. The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, "Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge insome forceful driving." Canterbury won again.Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of34.4. Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians. In 1896–97, at the age of 47, hetop-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team.Passage 3:Eugene FrenkeEugene Frenke (1 January 1895 –10 March 1984) was a Russian-born film producer, director and writer. He twice collaborated with the director John Huston on the films Heaven Knows, Mr. Allisonand The Barbarian and the Geisha.Frenke was married to the Ukrainian actress Anna Sten, from 1932 until his death in 1984. She appeared in a number of hisfilms.Partial filmographyGirl in the Case (1934)Life Returns (1935)A Woman Alone (1936)Miss Robin Crusoe (1954)As director: Life Returns (1934)Girl in theCase (1935)A Woman Alone (1936) (also known as Two Who Dared)Miss Robin Crusoe (1953)Passage 4:The Favor (1994 film)The Favor is a 1994 Americanromantic comedy film directed by Donald Petrie, and written by Sara Parriott and Josann McGibbon. It stars Harley Jane Kozak, Elizabeth McGovern, Bill Pullman,Brad Pitt and Ken Wahl. The original music score was composed by Thomas Newman.PlotKathy has seemingly been happily married to Peter, but theirrelationship has grown routine. She cannot help but wonder what would happen if she ever got together with her high school sweetheart, Tom, whom she hadnever slept with. Being married prevents Kathy from finding out what happened to Tom, so she asks her single, permiscuous, commitment-phobic friend Emily todo it for her. She asks her to look him up when she goes to Denver, sleep with him, then tell Kathy what it was like. Emily does this, but when she tells Kathy thatTom is awesome and they had sex all night, their friendship suffers, as does Kathy's marriage. Kathy becomes even more distracted, and regularly tries to seduceoblivious Peter. At the opening of Elliot, Emily's young lover, the women again talk about Tom. Emily  storms off, leaving Kathy to comfort him, which Peterobserves. Things become even more complicated when Emily learns she is pregnant, and says she is uncertain if Tom or her 'boyfriend' Elliot is the father. Kathytells Elliot about the pregnancy, simultaneously a work colleague of Peter's convinces him she may be cheating. Secretly following her, it seems like she's havingan affair with Elliot.Elliot has a show in Denver, and Kathy ends up on the same flight. She tells him the baby is actually Tom's, so she's going to find out if theystill have a spark. As her room in the Hyatt isn't ready yet, she leaves her bag with Elliot to look for Tom.As Tom has just finished a fishing competition, they goto his cabin so he can shower. In the meantime, Peter shows up at the hotel, hitting Elliot before he can explain. He then heads to get his wife Kathy, Emily soonfollows. Her taxi beats Peter's, so she can warn Kathy. In the end both women and all three men are at the cabin, the two couples reconciling and Tom showinghe's not relationship or father material. Kathy helps Emily plan her wedding with Elliot.CastHarley Jane Kozak as Kathy WhitingElizabeth McGovern as EmilyEmbryBill Pullman as Peter WhitingBrad Pitt as Elliot FowlerKen Wahl as Tom AndrewsGinger Orsi as GinaLeigh Ann Orsi as HannahLarry Miller as Joe DubinGaryPowell as FishermenReleaseThe Favor was filmed in 1990, but went into wide release in the United States and Canada on April 29, 1994, owing to Orion'sbankruptcy in 1991. It was released to home video on the DVD format for Region 1 on December 29, 2001, through MGM Home Entertainment.ReceptionThe filmreceived mixed to negative reviews from critics. On the film-critics aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes, it received a 27% approval rating based on 11 reviews, withan average rating of 4.9/10. On Metacritic, the film has a 51 out of 100 based on 11 reviews, indicating “mixed or average reviews.” Audiences polled byCinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B-" on an A+ to F scale.Year-end listsHonorable mention – Michael MacCambridge, AustinAmerican-StatesmanPassage 5:Wale AdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford wherehe was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing


Passage 1:Hanro SmitsmanHanro Smitsman, born in 1967 in Breda (Netherlands), is a writer and director of film and television.Film and TelevisionCreditsFilmsBrothers (2017)Schemer (2010)Skin (2008)Raak (aka Contact) (2006)Allerzielen (aka All Souls) (2005) (segment "Groeten uit Holland")Engel enBroer (2004)2000 Terrorists (2004)Dajo (2003)Gloria (2000)Depoep (2001)Television20 leugens, 4 ouders en een scharrelei (2013)De ontmaskering van devastgoedfraude (TV mini-series, 2013)Moordvrouw (2012-)Eileen (2 episodes, 2011)Getuige (2011)Vakantie in eigen land (2011)De Reis van meneer vanLeeuwen(2010)De Punt (2009)Roes (2 episodes, 2008)Fok jou! (2006)Van Speijk (2006)AwardsIn 2005, Engel en Broer won Cinema Prize for Short Film at theAvanca Film Festival.In 2007, Raak (aka Contact) won the Golden Berlin Bear Award at the Berlin International Film Festival, the Spirit Award at the Brooklyn FilmFestival, the first place jury prize for "Best Live Action under 15 minutes" at the Palm Springs International Short Film Festival, and the Prix UIP Ghent Award forEuropean Short Films at the Flanders International Film Festival.In 2008, Skin won the Movie Squad Award at the Nederlands Film Festival, an actor in the filmalso won the Best Actor Award.  It also won the Reflet d’Or for Best Film at the Cinema tous ecrans Festival in Geneva in the same year.Passage 2:Rasul SadrAmeliRasoul Sadrameli (Persian:  ; born 1954 in Isfahan) is an Iranian film director, screenwriter, journalist and film producer. TheManaging Director of MILAD FILM (established in 1979, the first company in the distribution and production of Iranian films after revolution) began his journalismcareer when he was just 17. He collaborated with Etela'at Newspaper as a reporter, story writer and editor of Incident page and then as the Editor ofParliamentary Service. He studied sociology at Paul Valéry University of Montpellier in France. He began his professional activities in the Cinema by producing afilm entitled Blood Raining in 1981. This film is the first cinematic project after the revolution.Filmography (as a director)The Liberation — 1982Deliverance —1983Chrysanthemum — 1985During Autumn — 1987The Victim — 1991Symphony of Tehran — 1993The Girl in Sneakers — 1999I'm Taraneh, 15 — 2002Aida, ISaw Your Father Last Night — 2005Every Night Loneliness - 2008Life With Closed Eyes — 2010Waiting For A Miracle — 2011My Second Year in College —2019Passage 3:Long PantsLong Pants (also known as Johnny Newcomer) is a 1927 American silent comedy film directed by Frank Capra and starring HarryLangdon.  Additional cast members include Gladys Brockwell, Alan Roscoe, and Priscilla Bonner.PlotThe silent tells the story of Harry Shelby (Langdon) who hasbeen kept in knee-pants for years by his mother. One day, however, Harry finally gets his first pair of long pants.Immediately, his family expects him to marry hischildhood sweetheart Priscilla (Priscilla Bonner).  Yet, Harry soon falls for Bebe Blair (Alma Bennett), a femme fatale from the big city who has a boyfriend in themob.Harry thinks that Bebe is interested in him as well, so he risks everything when Bebe ends up in jail. This leads to a lot of trouble for Harry. Throughout thewhole ordeal Priscilla waits for Harry to face reality.CastCritical receptionWhen it was released, film critic Mordaunt Hall gave the film a positive review.  He wrote,"Some hilarious passages enliven Harry Langdon's latest film oddity, Long' Pants...Although these incidents are acted with consummate skill, except for anoccasional repetition, it is quite obvious to any male who has made the decisive change from short to long trousers that the idea offers possibilities far greater andmore genuine than those that greet the eye. The answer is that Mr. Langdon has once again capitulated to his omnipotent band of gag-men. It may be all verywell for Harold Lloyd to rely on mechanical twists, but Langdon possesses a cherubic countenance, which offers him a chance in other directions...Mr. Langdon isstill Charles Spencer Chaplin's sincerest flatterer. His short coat reminds one of Chaplin, and now and again his footwork is like that of the great screencomedian."Film historian David Kalat reports that Buster Keaton, a long-time fan of Langdon's known for his own morbid jokes about death and killings, criticizeda scene in which Langdon's character tries to kill Priscilla as "going too far" in making light of murder.More recently, critic Maria Schneider reviewed Langdon'swork and wrote, "Long Pants (1927), also directed by Capra, was a peculiar change of pace for Langdon, and possibly an attempt to poke fun at his baby-facedimage by casting him as a would-be lady-killer; sporting little of the ingenuity of The Strong Man, it was a box-office failure that set off the comedian's quickdecline into obscurity. An acquired taste, Harry Langdon's gentle absurdities and slow rhythms take some getting used to, but patient viewers will berewarded."Film critic Hal Erikson wrote of the film, "Few comedies of the 1920s were as bizarre and surreal as Harry Langdon's Long Pants... Written by futuredirector Arthur Ripley, Long Pants is as kinky as any of Ripley's film noirs of the 1940s. Long Pants represents the second and final collaboration between starHarry Langdon and director Frank Capra, who was fired when Langdon wrong-headedly decided to become his own director, resulting in a series ofcareer-destroying flops."See alsoList of United States comedy filmsPassage 4:Jason Moore (director)Jason Moore (born October 22, 1970) is an American directorof film, theatre and television.Life and careerJason Moore was born in Fayetteville, Arkansas, and studied at Northwestern University. Moore's Broadway careerbegan as a resident director of Les Misérables at the Imperial Theatre in during its original run. He is the son of Fayetteville District Judge Rudy Moore.In March2003, Moore directed the musical Avenue Q, which opened Off-Broadway at the Vineyard Theatre and then moved to Broadway at the John Golden Theatre in July2003.  He was nominated for a 2004 Tony Award for his direction. Moore also directed productions of the musical in Las Vegas and London and the show'snational tour. Moore directed the 2005 Broadway revival of Steel Magnolias and Shrek the Musical, starring Brian d'Arcy James and Sutton Foster which openedon Broadway in 2008. He directed the concert of Jerry Springer — The Opera at Carnegie Hall in January 2008.Moore, Jeff Whitty, Jake Shears, and John "JJ"Garden worked together on a new musical based on Armistead Maupin's Tales of the City. The musical premiered at the American Conservatory Theater, SanFrancisco, California in May 2011 and ran through July 2011.For television, Moore has directed episodes of Dawson's Creek, One Tree Hill, Everwood, andBrothers & Sisters. As a writer, Moore adapted the play The Floatplane Notebooks with Paul Fitzgerald from the novel by Clyde Edgerton. A staged reading of theplay was presented at the New Play Festival at the Charlotte, North Carolina Repertory Theatre in 1996, with a fully staged production in 1998.In 2012, Mooremade his film directorial debut with Pitch Perfect, starring Anna Kendrick and Brittany Snow. He also served as an executive producer on the sequel. He directedthe film Sisters, starring Tina Fey and Amy Poehler, which was released on December 18, 2015. Moore's next project will be directing a live action Archiemovie.FilmographyFilmsPitch Perfect (2012)Sisters (2015)Shotgun Wedding (2022)TelevisionSoundtrack writerPitch Perfect 2 (2015) (Also executiveproducer)The Voice (2015) (1 episode)Passage 5:Frank CapraFrank Russell Capra (born Francesco Rosario Capra; May 18, 1897 – September 3, 1991) was anItalian-born American film director, producer, and writer who became the creative force behind some of the major award-winning films of the 1930s and 1940s.Born in Italy and raised in Los Angeles from the age of five, his rags-to-riches story has led film historians such as Ian Freer to consider him the "American Dreampersonified".Capra became one of America's most influential directors during the 1930s, winning three Academy Awards for Best Director from six nominations,along with three other Oscar wins from nine nominations in other categories. Among his leading films were It Happened One Night (1934), Mr. Deeds Goes toTown (1936), You Can't Take It with You (1938), and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939). During World War II, Capra served in the U.S. Army Signal Corpsand produced propaganda films, such as the Why We Fight series.After World War II, Capra's career declined as his later films, such as It's a Wonderful Life(1946), performed poorly when they were first released. In ensuing decades, however, It's a Wonderful Life and other Capra films were revisited favorably bycritics. Outside of directing, Capra was active in the film industry, engaging in various political and social activities. He served as President of the Academy ofMotion Picture Arts and Sciences, worked alongside the Writers Guild of America, and was head of the Directors Guild of America.Early lifeCapra was bornFrancesco Rosario Capra in Bisacquino, a village near Palermo, Sicily, Italy. He was the youngest of seven children of Salvatore Capra, a fruit grower, and theformer Rosaria "Sara" Nicolosi. Capra's family was Roman Catholic. Frank's siblings wereLuigia, Ignazia, Benedetto,Antonino Giuseppe, Antonia, and  Anne. Thename "Capra", notes Capra's biographer Joseph McBride, represents his family's closeness to the land, and means "goat". He notes that the English word"capricious" derives from it, "evoking the animal's skittish temperament", adding that "the name neatly expresses two aspects of Frank Capra's personality:emotionalism and obstinacy."In 1903, when he was five, Capra's family emigrated to the United States, traveling in a steerage compartment of the steamshipGermania — the cheapest way to make the passage. For Capra, the 13-day journey remained one of the worst experiences of his life: You're all together—youhave no privacy. You have a cot. Very few people have trunks or anything that takes up space. They have just what they can carry in their hands or in a bag.Nobody takes their clothes off. There's no ventilation, and it stinks like hell. They're all miserable. It's the most degrading place you could ever be.Capraremembers the ship's arrival in New York Harbor, where he saw "a statue of a great lady, taller than a church steeple, holding a torch above the land we wereabout to enter". He recalls his father's exclamation at the sight: Ciccio, look! Look at that! That's the greatest light since the star of Bethlehem! That's the light offreedom! Remember that.The family settled in Los Angeles's East Side (today Lincoln Heights) on avenue 18, which Capra described in his autobiography as anItalian "ghetto". Capra's father worked as a fruit picker and young Capra sold newspapers after school for 10 years, until he graduated from high school. Heattended the Manual Arts High School, with Jimmy Doolittle and Lawrence Tibbett as classmates. Instead of working after graduating, as his parents wanted, heenrolled in college. He worked through college at the California Institute of Technology, playing banjo at nightclubs and taking odd jobs like working at the


Passage 1:Ögedei KhanÖgedei Khagan (also Ogodei; c. 1186 – 11 December 1241) was second khagan-emperor of the Mongol Empire. The third son of Genghis Khan, he continued the expansion of the empire that his father had begun.Born in c. 1186 AD, Ögedei fought in numerous battles during his father's rise to power. After being granted a large appanage and taking a number of wives, including Töregene, he played a prominent role in the Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire. When his older brothers Jochi and Chagatai quarrelled over strategies when besieging Gurganj, Genghis appointed Ögedei sole commander; his successful capture of the city in 1221 ensured his military reputation. He was confirmed as heir after further infighting between his elder brothers led to both being excluded from succession plans. Genghis died in 1227, and Ögedei was elected as khagan in 1229, after a two-year regency led by his younger brother Tolui.As khan, Ögedei pursued the expansionist policies of his father. He launched a second invasion of Persia led by Chormaqan Noyan in 1230, which subdued the Khwarazmian prince Jalal al-Din and began to subjugate Georgia. He initiated the Mongol invasions of Korea, and his armies skirmished with the Song dynasty and in India. By the time of his death in 1241, large armies under the command of his nephew Batu Khan and Subutai had subdued the steppes and penetrated deep into Europe. These armies defeated Poland at Legnica and Hungary at Mohi before retreating. It is likely that this retreat was caused by the need to find a successor after Ögedei's death, although some scholars have speculated that the Mongols were simply unable to invade further because of logistical difficulties.As an administrator, Ögedei continued to develop the fast-growing Mongol state. Working with officials such as Yelü Chucai, he developed ortogh trading systems, instituted methods of tax collection, and established regional bureaucracies which controlled legal and economic affairs. He also founded the Mongol capital city, Karakorum, in the 1230s. Although historically disregarded in comparison to his father, especially on account of his alcoholism, he was known to be charismatic, good-natured, and intelligent.BackgroundÖgedei was the third son of Genghis Khan and Börte Ujin. He participated in the turbulent events of his father's rise. When Ögedei was 17 years old, Genghis Khan experienced the disastrous defeat of Khalakhaljid Sands against the army of Jamukha. Ögedei was heavily wounded and lost on the battlefield. His father's adopted brother and companion Borokhula rescued him. Although he was already married, in 1204 his father gave him Töregene, the wife of a defeated Merkit chief. The addition of such a wife was not uncommon in steppe culture.After Genghis was proclaimed Emperor or Khagan in 1206, myangans (thousands) of the Jalayir, Besud, Suldus, and Khongqatan clans were given to him as his appanage. Ögedei's territory occupied the Emil and Hobok rivers. According to his father's wish, Ilugei, the commander of the Jalayir, became Ögedei's tutor.Ögedei, along with his brothers, campaigned independently for the first time in November 1211 against the Jin dynasty. He was sent to ravage the land south through Hebei and then north through Shanxi in 1213. Ögedei's force drove the Jin garrison out of the Ordos, and he rode to the juncture of the Xi Xia, Jin, and Song domains.During the Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia, Ögedei and Chagatai massacred the residents of Otrar after a five-month siege in 1219–20 and joined Jochi who was outside the walls of Urganch. Because Jochi and Chagatai were quarreling over the military strategy, Ögedei was appointed by Genghis Khan to oversee the siege of Urganch. They captured the city in 1221. When the rebellion broke out in southeast Persia and Afghanistan, Ögedei also pacified Ghazni.Position as heirThe Empress Yisui insisted that Genghis Khan designate an heir before the invasion of the Khwarezmid Empire in 1219. After the terrible brawl between two elder sons Jochi and Chagatai, they agreed that Ögedei was to be chosen as heir. Genghis confirmed their decision.Genghis Khan died in 1227, and Jochi had died a year or two earlier. Ögedei's younger brother Tolui held the regency until 1229. Ögedei was elected supreme khan in 1229, according to the kurultai held at Kodoe Aral on the Kherlen River after Genghis' death, although this was never really in doubt as it was Genghis' clear wish that he be succeeded by Ögedei. After ritually declining three times, Ögedei was proclaimed Khagan of the Mongols on 13 September 1229. Chagatai continued to support his younger brother's claim.World conquestsExpansion in the Middle EastAfter destroying the Khwarazmian empire, Genghis Khan was free to move against Western Xia. In 1226, however, Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, the last of the Khwarizm monarchs, returned to Persia to revive the empire lost by his father, Muhammad ‘Ala al-Din II. The Mongol forces sent against him in 1227 were defeated at Dameghan. Another army that marched against Jalal al-Din scored a pyrrhic victory in the vicinity of Isfahan but was unable to follow up that success.With Ögedei's consent to launch a campaign, Chormaqan qorchi left Bukhara at the head of 30,000 to 50,000 Mongol soldiers. He occupied Persia and Khorasan, two long-standing bases of Khwarazmian support. Crossing the Amu Darya River in 1230 and entering Khorasan without encountering any opposition, Chormaqan passed through quickly. He left a sizable contingent behind under the command of Dayir Baghatur, who had further instructions to invade western Afghanistan. Chormaqan and the majority of his army then entered Tabaristan (modern-day Mazandaran), a region between the Caspian Sea and Alborz mountains, in the autumn of 1230, thus avoiding the mountainous area to the south, which was controlled by the Nizari Ismailis (the Assassins).Upon reaching the city of Rey, Chormaqan made his winter camp there and dispatched his armies to pacify the rest of northern Persia. In 1231, he led his army southward and quickly captured the cities of Qum and Hamadan. From there, he sent armies into the regions of Fars and Kirman, whose rulers quickly submitted, preferring to pay tribute to Mongol overlords rather than having their states ravaged. Meanwhile, further east, Dayir Baghatur steadily achieved his goals in capturing Kabul, Ghazni, and Zabulistan. With the Mongols already in control of Persia, Jalal al-Din was isolated in Transcaucasia where he was banished. Thus all of Persia was added to the Mongol Empire.The fall of the Jin dynastyAt the end of 1230, responding to the Jin's unexpected defeat of Doqolqu cherbi (Mongol general), the Khagan went south to Shanxi province with Tolui, clearing the area of the Jin forces and taking the city of Fengxiang. After passing the summer in the north, they again campaigned against the Jin in Henan, cutting through territory of South China to assault the Jin's rear. By 1232 the Jin Emperor was besieged in his capital of Kaifeng. Ögedei soon departed, leaving the final conquest to his generals. After taking several cities, the Mongols, with the belated assistance of the Song dynasty, destroyed the Jin with the fall of Caizhou in February 1234. However, a viceroy of the Song murdered a Mongol ambassador, and the Song armies recaptured the former imperial capitals of Kaifeng, Luoyang, and Chang'an, which were now ruled by the Mongols.In addition to the war with the Jin dynasty, Ögedei crushed the Eastern Xia founded by Puxian Wannu in 1233, pacifying southern Manchuria. Ögedei subdued the Water Tatars in the northern part of the region and suppressed their rebellion in 1237.Conquest of Georgia and ArmeniaThe Mongols under Chormaqan returned to the Caucasus in 1232. The walls of Ganjak were breached by catapult and battering ram in 1235. The Mongols eventually withdrew after the citizens of Irbil agreed to send a yearly tribute to the court of the khagan. Chormaqan waited until 1238, when the force of Möngke Khan was also active in the north Caucasus. After subduing Armenia, Chormaqan took Tiflis. In 1238, the Mongols captured Lorhe whose ruler, Shahanshah, fled with his family before the Mongols arrived, leaving the rich city to its fate. After putting up a spirited defense at Hohanaberd, the city's ruler, Hasan Jalal, submitted to the Mongols. Another column then advanced against Gaian, ruled by Prince Avak. The Mongol commander Tokhta ruled out a direct assault and had his men construct a wall around the city, and Avak soon surrendered. By 1240, Chormaqan had completed the conquest of Transcaucasia, forcing the Georgian nobles to surrender.KoreaIn 1224, a Mongol envoy was killed in obscure circumstances and Korea stopped paying tribute. Ögedei dispatched Saritai qorchi to subdue Korea and avenge the dead envoy in 1231. Thus, Mongol armies began to invade Korea in order to subdue the kingdom. The Goryeo King temporarily submitted and agreed to accept Mongol overseers. When they withdrew for the summer, however, Choe U moved the capital from Kaesong to Ganghwa Island. Saritai was hit with a stray arrow and died as he campaigned against them.Ögedei announced plans for the conquest of the Koreans, the Southern Song, the Kipchaks and their European allies, all of whom killed Mongol envoys, at the kurultai in Mongolia in 1234. Ögedei appointed Danqu commander of the Mongol army and made Bog Wong, a defected Korean general, governor of 40 cities with their subjects. When the court of Goryeo sued for peace in 1238, Ögedei demanded that the king of Goryeo appear before him in person. The Goryeo king finally sent his relative Yeong Nong-gun Sung with ten noble boys to Mongolia as hostages, temporarily ending the war in 1241.EuropeThe Mongol Empire expanded westward under the command of Batu Khan to subdue the western steppes and drive into Europe. Their western conquests included Volga Bulgaria, almost all of Alania, Cumania, and Rus', along with a brief occupation of Hungary. They also invaded Poland, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, the Latin Empire, and Austria. During the siege of Kolomna, the Khagan's half brother Khulgen was killed by an arrow.Amid the conquest, Ögedei's son Güyük and Chagatai's grandson Büri ridiculed Batu, and the Mongol camp suffered dissension. The Khagan harshly criticized Güyük: "You broke the spirit of every man in your army... Do you think that the Russians surrendered because of how mean you were to your own men?". He then sent Güyük back to continue the conquest of Europe. Güyük and another of Ögedei's sons, Kadan, attacked Transylvania and Poland, respectively.Although Ögedei Khan had granted permission to invade the remainder of Europe, all the way to the "Great Sea", the Atlantic Ocean, the Mongol advance stopped in East Europe early in 1242, the year after his death. Mongol accounts would later attribute the drive's failure to his untimely demise necessitating Batu's withdrawal to personally participate in the election of Ögedei's successor. Batu, however, never reached Mongolia for such an election and a successor wouldn't be named until 1246. A likely reason the advance stalled and never regained momentum is that European fortifications posed a strategic problem that Mongol commanders were unable to surmount with the resources they had available.Conflict with Song


Passage 1:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She wasappointed by the board of directors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and anIsraeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. Shemoved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors.During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She alsodirected and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film andacademic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged andpromoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities.Blankstein directed themini-series "Tel Aviviot" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen wasappointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, shespearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series;director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter,2006)Passage 2:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of creditsdirecting episodic television and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase,Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: TheRideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed "Heart inHiding", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levinworked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in "[The Diary of Ann Frank]" but had to leave the production when hewas drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long WharfTheatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey DavisLevin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 3:Michael GovanMichael Govan (born 1963) is the director of the Los AngelesCounty Museum of Art. Prior to his current position, Govan worked as the director of the Dia Art Foundation in New York City.Early life and educationGovan wasborn in 1963 in North Adams, Massachusetts, and was raised in the Washington D.C. area, attending Sidwell Friends School.He majored in art history and finearts at Williams College, where he met Thomas Krens, who was then director of the Williams College Museum of Art. Govan became closely involved with themuseum, serving as acting curator as an undergraduate. After receiving his B.A. from Williams in 1985, Govan began an MFA in fine arts from the University ofCalifornia, San Diego.CareerAs a twenty-five year old graduate student, Govan was recruited by his former mentor at Williams, Thomas Krens, who in 1988 hadbeen appointed director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. Govan served as deputy director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum under Krens from1988 to 1994, a period that culminated in the construction and opening of the Frank Gehry designed Guggenheim branch in Bilbao, Spain. Govan supervised thereinstallation of the museum's permanent collection galleries after its extensive renovation.Dia Art FoundationFrom 1994 to 2006, Govan was president anddirector of Dia Art Foundation in New York City. There, he spearheaded the conversion of a Nabisco box factory into the 300,000 square foot Dia:Beacon in NewYork's Hudson Valley, which houses Dia's collection of art from the 1960s to the present. Built in a former Nabisco box factory, the critically acclaimed museumhas been credited with catalyzing a cultural and economic revival within the formerly factory-based city of Beacon. Dia's collection nearly doubled in size duringGovan's tenure, but he also came under criticism for "needlessly and permanently" closing Dia's West 22nd Street building. During his time at Dia, Govan alsoworked closely with artists James Turrell and Michael Heizer, becoming an ardent supporter of Roden Crater and City, the artists' respective site-specific land artprojects under construction in the American southwest. Govan successfully lobbied Washington to have the 704,000 acres in central Nevada surrounding Citydeclared a national monument in 2015.LACMAIn February 2006, a search committee composed of eleven LACMA trustees, led by the late Nancy M. Daly, recruitedGovan to run the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Govan has stated that he was drawn to the role not only because of LACMA's geographical distance from itsEuropean and east coast peers, but also because of the museum's relative youth, having been established in 1961. "I felt that because of this newness I had theopportunity to reconsider the museum," Govan has written, "[and] Los Angeles is a good place to do that."Govan has been widely regarded for transformingLACMA into both a local and international landmark. Since Govan's arrival, LACMA has acquired by donation or purchase over 27,000 works for the permanentcollection, and the museum's gallery space has almost doubled thanks to the addition of two new buildings designed by Renzo Piano, the Broad Contemporary ArtMuseum (BCAM) and the Lynda and Stewart Resnick Pavilion. LACMA's annual attendance has grown from 600,000 to nearly 1.6 million in 2016.ArtistcollaborationsSince his arrival, Govan has commissioned exhibition scenography and gallery designs in collaboration with artists. In 2006, for example, Govaninvited LA artist John Baldessari to design an upcoming exhibition about the Belgian surrealist René Magritte, resulting in a theatrical show that reflected thetwisted perspective of the latter's topsy-turvy world. Baldessari has also designed LACMA's logo. Since then, Govan has also commissioned Cuban-American artistJorge Pardo to design LACMA's Art of the Ancient Americas gallery, described in the Los Angeles Times as a "gritty cavern deep inside the earth ... crossed with ahigh-style urban lounge."Govan has also commissioned several large-scale public artworks for LACMA's campus from contemporary California artists. Theseinclude Chris Burden's Urban Light (2008), a series of 202 vintage street lamps from different neighborhoods in Los Angeles, arranged in front of the entrancepavilion, Barbara Kruger's Untitled (Shafted) (2008), Robert Irwin's Primal Palm Garden (2010), and Michael Heizer's Levitated Mass, a 340-ton bouldertransported 100 miles from the Jurupa Valley to LACMA, a widely publicized journey that culminated with a large celebration on Wilshire Boulevard. Thanks in partto the popularity of these public artworks, LACMA was ranked the fourth most instagrammed museum in the world in 2016.In his first three full years, themuseum raised $251 million—about $100 million more than it collected during the three years before he arrived. In 2010, it was announced that Govan will steerLACMA for at least six more years. In a letter dated February 24, 2013, Govan, along with the LACMA board's co-chairmen Terry Semel and Andrew Gordon,proposed a merger with the financially troubled Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles and a plan to raise $100 million for the combined museum.ZumthorProjectGovan's latest project is an ambitious building project, the replacement of four of the campus's aging buildings with a single new state of the art gallerybuilding designed by architect Peter Zumthor. As of January 2017, he has raised about $300 million in commitments. Construction is expected to begin in 2018,and the new building will open in 2023, to coincide with the opening of the new D Line metro stop on Wilshire Boulevard. The project also envisages dissolving allexisting curatorial departments and departmental collections. Some commentators have been highly critical of Govan's plans. Joseph Giovannini, recallingGovan's technically unrealizable onetime plan to hang Jeff Koons' Train sculpture from the facade of the Ahmanson Gallery, has accused Govan of "driving theinstitution over a cliff into an equivalent mid-air wreck of its own". Describing the collection merging proposal as the creation of a "giant raffle bowl of some130,000 objects", Giovannini also points out that the Zumthor building will contain 33% less gallery space than the galleries it will replace, and that the linearfootage of wall space available for displays will decrease by about 7,500 ft, or 1.5 miles. Faced with losing a building named in its honor, and anticipating that itsacquisitions could no longer be displayed, the Ahmanson Foundation withdrew its support.On the merging of the separate curatorial divisions to create anon-departmental art museum, Christopher Knight has pointed out that "no other museum of LACMA's size and complexity does it" that way, and characterizedthe museum's 2019 "To Rome and Back" exhibition, the first to take place under the new scheme, as "bland and ineffectual" and an "unsuccessful sample ofwhat's to come".Personal lifeGovan is married and has two daughters, one from a previous marriage. He and his family used to live in a $6 million mansion inHancock Park that was provided by LACMA - a benefit worth $155,000 a year, according to most recent tax filings - until LACMA decided that it would sell theproperty to make up for the museum's of almost $900 million in debt [2]. That home is now worth nearly $8 million and Govan now lives in a trailer park inMalibu's Point Dume region.Los Angeles CA 90020United States. He has had a private pilot's license since 1995 and keeps a 1979 Beechcraft Bonanza at SantaMonica Airport.Passage 4:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the NorwegianMuseum of Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage 5:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian PatrickKennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United


Passage 1:Arthur BeauchampArthur Beauchamp (1827 – 28 April 1910) was a Member of Parliament from New Zealand. He is remembered as the father of Harold Beauchamp, who rose to fame as chairman of the Bank of New Zealand and was the father of writer Katherine Mansfield.BiographyBeauchamp came to Nelson from Australia on the Lalla Rookh, arriving on 23 February 1861.He lived much of his life in a number of locations around the top of the South Island, also Whanganui when Harold was 11 for seven years and then to the capital (Wellington). Then south to Christchurch and finally Picton and the Sounds. He had business failures and was bankrupted twice, in 1879 and 1884. He married Mary Stanley on the Victorian goldfields in 1854; Arthur and Mary lived in 18 locations over half a century, and are buried in Picton. Six of their ten children born between 1855 and 1893 died, including the first two sons born before Harold.Beauchamp represented the Picton electorate from 1866 to 1867, when he resigned.  He had the energy and sociability required for politics, but not the private income then required to be a parliamentarian. He supported the working man and the subdivision of big estates, opposed the confiscation of Māori land and was later recognised as a founding Liberal, the party that Harold supported and was a "fixer" for. Yska calls their life an extended chronicle of rootlessness, business failure and almost ceaseless family tragedy and Harold called his father a rolling stone by instinct. Arthur also served on the council of Marlborough Province and is best-remembered for a 10-hour speech to that body when an attempt was made to relocate the capital from Picton to Blenheim.In 1866 he attempted to sue the Speaker of the House, David Monro. At the time the extent of privilege held by Members of Parliament was unclear; a select committee ruled that the case could proceed, but with a stay until after the parliamentary session.See alsoYska, Redmer (2017). A Strange Beautiful Excitement: Katherine Mansfield's Wellington 1888-1903. Dunedin: Otago University Press. pp. 91–99. ISBN 978-0-947522-54-4.Passage 2:David Hyrum SmithDavid Hyrum Smith (November 17, 1844 – August 29, 1904) was an American religious leader, poet, painter, singer, philosopher, and naturalist. The youngest son of Joseph Smith and Emma Hale Smith, he was an influential missionary and leader in the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS Church). He was born approximately five months after the murder of his father. Joseph told Emma before he died what the child's name should be. From December 1847, David was raised by his mother and her second husband, Lewis C. Bidamon.Smith was a highly effective missionary for the RLDS Church. From 1865 to 1873, he conducted missionary trips throughout the Midwest, Utah Territory, and California, debating preachers of different theologies, including representatives of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). From 1873 to 1885, Smith was a counselor to his brother Joseph Smith III in the First Presidency of the RLDS Church. Later David's son Elbert A. Smith became a member of the First Presidency and a Presiding Patriarch in the RLDS Church.Smith was called the "Sweet Singer of Israel" because many who knew him, who heard him sing and joined him in song, said that he was the most inspiring singer of God they had encountered. The Joseph Smith Historic Site, maintained by the Community of Christ, houses Smith's original paintings of Nauvoo, Illinois.In a 1998 biography of Smith, From Mission to Madness: Last Son of the Mormon Prophet, author Valeen Tippetts Avery describes Smith's mental deterioration, starting with a probable breakdown early in 1870. In an 1869 letter to his mother, Emma Smith Bidamon, Smith had written at age 24:  Mother I must tell you ... I feel very sad and the tears run out of my eyes all the time and I don't know why. ... strive as I will my heart sinks like lead. ... I must tell someone my troubles.Smith was confined to Northern Illinois Hospital and Asylum for the Insane beginning in 1877. He was held there for most of 27 years, dying in the hospital in 1904. Avery's biography draws on a large body of Smith's correspondence and poetry to examine both his personality and his emotional state.NotesPassage 3:John Crockett (frontiersman)John Crockett (circa 1753 – after 1802) was an American frontiersman and soldier, and the father of David "Davy" Crockett.Early lifeCrockett was born about 1753 in either Maryland or Frederick County, Virginia. "Davy" Crockett said in his autobiography that John Crockett was born either in Ireland or during the journey from Ireland to America; but later scholars disagreed, saying this had been John's father, also named David. His ancestors were of Scotch-Irish and possible Huguenot backgrounds. The Crockett/Crocketague name is a Registered Lineage with the Huguenot Society of the Founders of Manakin in the Colony of Virginia (FMCV)   though "Davy" Crockett does not mention it in his autobiography.In 1775 or 1780, Crockett married Rebecca Hawkins, from Maryland.Father and family heads westIn 1776, David Crockett and the growing family moved to the Washington District in what is now the northeastern tip of Tennessee, near Rogersville, Tennessee.Father's demiseIn 1777, David Crockett and part of the family were killed in a Chickamauga Cherokee raid, led by Dragging Canoe, at the onset of the Cherokee–American wars. After the attack, the remaining Crocketts sold the property to a new settler in the area, a French Huguenot man, Colonel Thomas Amis.Military careerDuring the American War for Independence, Crockett fought along with the Overmountain Men from west of the Appalachians. The Overmountain Men often crossed the mountains to face the British in the war's southern campaign. Crockett fought at the Battle of Kings Mountain in 1780, a major victory for the colonists.Later life and workA respected man in the area, Crockett later became a magistrate, a farmer, and an unsuccessful land speculator. The family lived in what is now Greene County, Tennessee, close to the Nolichucky River and near the community of Limestone. It was here, at a location now commemorated as Davy Crockett Birthplace State Park, that David "Davy" Crockett was born in 1786. He was the fifth of the nine Crockett children, and was named for his grandfather. At the time of his birth, the area was part of the autonomous State of Franklin. In 1788, Crockett was justice of the court when a young Andrew Jackson received his law license according to some genealogies.After a flood destroyed their house, the Crocketts moved to the Morristown, Tennessee area (1792) and built a tavern on a newly constructed stage road between Abingdon, Virginia and Knoxville, Tennessee. The Crockett Tavern Museum now stands on the site, housed in a reconstruction of the tavern.Young "Davy" helps outIn 1798, when David was 12, Crockett hired him out to Jacob Siler to drive cattle. After young David fulfilled his original obligation to Siler, he returned to his father's home. The family sent Davy to a school that had been established nearby, but he did not like school and quit attending after a few days. The elder Crockett was drunk when he learned his son was avoiding school and he punished Davy severely, leading him to flee and stay away for years. David Crockett returned in 1802 and helped pay off his father's debts.DeathIt's not clear when Crockett died, though some genealogies have his year of death as 1834.Crockett family treePassage 4:Jorge TrezeguetJorge Ernesto Trezeguet (born 13 May 1951) is an Argentine former professional footballer who played as a defender. He is the father of David Trezeguet.CareerTrezeguet played for Estudiantes (BA), Almagro, Deportivo Español, Sportivo Italiano, El Porvenir and Chacarita Juniors in Argentina, as well as FC Rouen in France. It was while playing for Rouen that his son David was born.He was provisionally banned for failing a doping control in 1974 while playing for Estudiantes (BA) in the second-tier Primera B Nacional along with two teammates. He was subsequently pardoned, but his career was adversely impacted by the allegations.Trezeguet later in his career worked as a physical trainer. Currently he is the agent for his son David as well as a European scout for Juventus.Passage 5:Cleomenes IICleomenes II (Greek: Κλεομένης; died 309 BC) was king of Sparta from 370 to 309 BC. He was the second son of Cleombrotus I, and grandfather of Areus I, who succeeded him. Although he reigned for more than 60 years, his life is completely unknown, apart from a victory at the Pythian Games in 336 BC. Several theories have been suggested by modern historians to explain such inactivity, but none has gained consensus.Life and reignCleomenes was the second son of king Cleombrotus I (r. 380–371), who belonged to the Agiad dynasty, one of the two royal families of Sparta (the other being the Eurypontids). Cleombrotus died fighting Thebes at the famous Battle of Leuctra in 371. His eldest son Agesipolis II succeeded him, but he died soon after in 370. Cleomenes' reign was instead exceptionally long, lasting 60 years and 10 months according to Diodorus of Sicily, a historian of the 1st century BC. In a second statement, Diodorus nevertheless tells that Cleomenes II reigned 34 years, but he confused him with his namesake Cleomenes I (r. 524–490).Despite the outstanding length of his reign, very little can be said about Cleomenes. He has been described by modern historians as a "nonentity". Perhaps that the apparent weakness of Cleomenes inspired the negative opinion of the hereditary kingship at Sparta expressed by Aristotle in his Politics (written between 336 and 322). However, Cleomenes may have focused on internal politics within Sparta, because military duties were apparently given to the Eurypontid Agesilaus II (r. 400–c.360), Archidamus III (r. 360–338), and Agis III (r. 338–331). As the Spartans notably kept their policies secret from foreign eyes, it would explain the silence of ancient sources on Cleomenes. Another explanation is that his duties were assumed by his elder son Acrotatus, described as a military leader by Diodorus, who mentions him in the aftermath of the Battle of Megalopolis in 331, and again in 315.Cleomenes' only known deed was his chariot race victory at the Pythian Games in Delphi in 336. In the following autumn, he gave the small sum of 510 drachmas for the reconstruction of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, which had been destroyed by an earthquake in 373. Cleomenes might have made this gift as a pretext to go to Delphi and engage in informal diplomacy with other Greek states, possibly to discuss the consequences of the recent assassination of the Macedonian king Philip II.One short witticism of Cleomenes regarding cockfighting is preserved in the Moralia, written by the philosopher Plutarch in the early 2nd century AD:Somebody promised to give to Cleomenes cocks that would die fighting, but he retorted, "No, don't, but give me those that kill fighting."As Acrotatus died before Cleomenes, the latter's grandson Areus I succeeded him while still very young, so Cleomenes' second son Cleonymus acted as regent until Areus' majority. Some modern scholars also give Cleomenes a daughter named Archidamia, who played an important role during Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese,