Passage 1:Jon LeachJonathan Leach (born April 18, 1973) is a former professional tennis player from the United States. He is the husband of LindsayDavenport.Professional careerLeach, an All-American player at USC, made his Grand Slam debut at the 1991 US Open when he partnered David Witt in the men'sdoubles. He competed in the doubles at Indian Wells in 1992 with Brian MacPhie and before exiting in the second round they defeated a seeded pairing of LukeJensen and Laurie Warder. A doubles specialist, his only singles appearance came at Indian Wells in 1994. With Brett Hansen-Dent as his partner, Leach made thesecond round of the 1995 US Open, with a win over Dutch players Richard Krajicek and Jan Siemerink. At the 1996 US Open, his third and final appearance at thetournament, Leach partnered with his brother Rick. He also played in the mixed doubles, with Amy Frazier. His only doubles title on the ATP Challenger Tour cameat Weiden, Germany in 1996.Personal lifeThe son of former USC tennis coach Dick Leach, he was brought up in California and went to Laguna Beach High School.Leach married tennis player Lindsay Davenport in Hawaii on April 25, 2003. Their first child, a son named Jagger, was born in 2007. They have had a furtherthree children, all daughters. An investment banker, Leach is also involved in coaching and worked with young American player Madison Keys in the 2015 season.His elder brother, Rick Leach, was also a professional tennis player, who won five Grand Slam doubles titles and reached number one in the world fordoubles.Challenger titlesDoubles: (1)Passage 2:LapidothLapidoth (Hebrew:  Lapīō, "torches") was the husband of Deborah the fourthJudge of Israel. Lapidoth is also a Hebrew male given name.Passage 3:Alan PownallStephen Alan Fletcher Pownall (born 30 December 1984) is an Englishsinger-songwriter and the husband of actress Gabriella Wilde.MusicThe son of Orlando Pownall, QC, he grew up in Richmond-upon-Thames and was educated atWindlesham House School, Marlborough College and Shiplake College. Originally interested in fashion, he worked for French designer Roland Mouret for twoyears, where he was advised to study in Milan. He went on to study fashion design but dropped out a year later in 2006 to pursue a music career in London.Aftermeeting Adele at one of her early gigs, he told her that he was making music and she should look it up. To his surprise, he was contacted via his MySpace profileand asked to support her on her first British tour. As he only had a four-song set, he wrote a lot of his material whilst on tour. He also toured with Paloma Faith,Lissie, Marina and the Diamonds, Noah and the Whale and Florence and the Machine.He shared a flat in London with fellow singer/songwriter Jay Jay Pistolet (whowould go on to become the front man of The Vaccines). He later moved in with Marcus Mumford and Winston Marshall from Mumford and Sons, who hesupposedly introduced to Ted Dwane.In one interview he claims to be "all but deaf in right ear."Pownall's debut EP was released on 5 April 2010 through MercuryRecords and his album True Love Stories was released on 25 June 2010. They parted company shortly after the release in late 2010, with Pownall taking a twoand a half year break from music.Pownall and   formed the electro-pop duo Pale in late 2012, with Pownall as the singer. Pale has supported The Vaccines andSky Ferreira on tour.  They worked with Jas Shaw of Simian Mobile Disco to produce their first two singles, released through the independent label 37 Adventures.As of November 2017, their Facebook and Soundcloud pages show that Pale has been dormant since releasing an EP, The Comeback, in 2014.Since 2019, Pownallhas been releasing and performing under the pseudonym Alan Power.Personal lifeOn 13 September 2014, Pownall married actress Gabriella Wilde. The couple'sfirst son, Sasha Blue Pownall, was born on 3 February 2014. In 2016, Wilde gave birth to their second son, Shiloh Silva Pownall. Gabriella has since given birth totheir third son Skye in 2019.DiscographyStudio albumPassage 4:James Randall MarshJames Randall Marsh (1896–1966) was an American artist and the husbandof Anne Steele Marsh.BiographyMarsh was born in 1896 in Paris, France. He was the son of Frederick Dana Marsh and Alice Randall Marsh. He was the brother ofthe painter Reginald Marsh.He married Anne Steele in 1925 and the couple settled in Essex Fells, New Jersey. There Marsh set up a metal forge which he used tocreate industrial and residential lighting fixtures. In 1948, the Marshes relocated to Pittstown, New Jersey where James continued operating a forge, expandingthe operation to include decorative metal work. His work was mainly in the American Arts and Craft style.In 1952, Marsh was instrumental in establishing theHunterdon Art Museum. When an 1836 stone mill became available for sale, Marsh and his neighbors decided to turn it into an art center, with Marsh providingmost of the purchase price. The museum, with workshops, is still in operation and the building is listed as Dunham's Mill on the National Register of Historic Placeslistings in Hunterdon County, New Jersey.In 1964, he purchased the M. C. Mulligan & Sons Quarry, also listed on the NRHP, and donated it to the ClintonHistorical Museum, now known as the Red Mill Museum Village. On October 9, 1965, the James Randall Marsh Historical Park was dedicated at the museum.Marshdied on January 20, 1966, in Flemington.Passage 5:Devisingh Ransingh ShekhawatDevisingh Ramsingh Shekhawat (c. 1934 – 24 February 2023) was an Indianagriculturist and politician who served as the first gentleman of India as the husband of President Pratibha Patil. He also served as the first gentleman ofRajasthan and also as mayor of Amravati. He was a member of the Indian National Congress.Early lifeDevisingh Ramsingh Shekhawat, who was then a lecturer inchemistry, married Pratibha Patil on 7 July 1965. The couple had a daughter and a son, Raosaheb Shekhawat, who is also a politician.Shekhawat was awarded aPhD from the University of Mumbai in 1972. Prior to his wife's elevation to her presidential role, he had been principal of a college operated by his wife's VidyaBharati Shikshan Sanstha foundation and also a First Mayor of Amravati (1991–1992). Like his wife, he was a member of the Indian National Congress party. Hewas also an agriculturalist and a former member of the Legislative Assembly, being elected for the period 1985–1990 from the Amravati constituency in theMaharashtra state legislature. He lost his deposit in the 1995 contest for that constituency.Various accusations against Shekhawat and Patil emerged after thelatter was nominated for the office of president. Among these was the case of Kisan Dhage, a teacher in a school run by Vidya Prasarak Shikshan Mandal inBuldana district, who committed suicide in November 1998. He left a note saying that he was committing suicide because he was tired of the mental harassmentcaused by Shekhawat, who was chairman of the institution, and four others. When the police registered the case as "accidental death", Dhage's wife appealed tothe Judicial Magistrate First Class (JMFC) in Jalgaon Jamod, a tehsil in Buldana district. The JMFC ordered the police to start criminal proceedings. Shekhawatpetitioned the courts seeking dismissal of charges of abetting Dhage's suicide. Two lower courts turned down this plea and by June 2007 the issue was pending inthe Bombay High Court. A judge at that court dismissed the charges against Shekhawat in 2009 on the grounds that there was no proof of direct involvement,although one of his co-accused remained subject to the proceedings.In 2009, a court ruled that Shekhawat had colluded with five relatives and local officials toillegally transfer into his ownership 2.5 acres (1.0 ha) of land in Chandrapur belonging to a Dalit farmer. This was one of several allegations of corruption andirregularities to emerge during Patil's presidency in relation to her and her family.First Gentleman of Rajasthan (2004–2007)Upon Shekhawat's wife's successionas governor of Rajasthan, he moved into Raj Bhavan, Jaipur succeeding as the first gentleman of Rajasthan for 3 years.First Gentleman of India (2007–2012)On25 July 2007 Shekhawat became the first first gentleman of India upon his wife's succession as the twelfth — and first woman — President of India for a fullfive-year term.DeathShekhawat died on 24 February 2023 at the age of 89.Passage 6:Periyar E. V. RamasamyErode Venkatappa Ramasamy (17 September 1879– 24 December 1973), revered as Periyar or Thanthai Periyar, was an Indian social activist and politician who started the Self-Respect Movement and DravidarKazhagam. He is known as the 'Father of the Dravidian movement'. He rebelled against Brahminical dominance and gender and caste inequality in Tamil Nadu.Since 2021, the Indian state of Tamil Nadu celebrates his birth anniversary as 'Social Justice Day'.Ramasamy joined the Indian National Congress in 1919, butresigned in 1925 when he felt that the party was only serving the interests of Brahmins. He questioned the subjugation of non-Brahmin Dravidians as Brahminsenjoyed gifts and donations from non-Brahmins but opposed and discriminated against non-Brahmins in cultural and religious matters. He declared hispolitical/social views to be "no god; no religion; no Gandhi; no Congress; and no brahmins."In 1924, Ramasamy participated in non-violent agitation (satyagraha)in Vaikom, Travancore. From 1929 to 1932 Ramasamy made a tour of British Malaya, Europe, and Soviet Union which influenced him. In 1939, Ramasamybecame the head of the Justice Party, and in 1944, he changed its name to Dravidar Kazhagam. The party later split with one group led by C. N. Annaduraiforming the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in 1949. While continuing the Self-Respect Movement, he advocated for an independent Dravida Nadu (land ofthe Dravidians).Ramasamy promoted the principles of rationalism, self-respect, women’s rights and eradication of caste. He opposed the exploitation andmarginalisation of the non-Brahmin Dravidian people of South India and the imposition of what he considered Indo-Aryan India.BiographyEarly yearsErodeVenkata Ramasamy was born on 17 September 1879 to a Kannada Balija merchant family in Erode, then a part of the Coimbatore district of the MadrasPresidency. Ramasamy's father was Venkatappa Nayakar (or Venkata), and his mother Chinnathyee, Muthammal was a Tamilian. He had one elder brothernamed Krishnaswamy and two sisters named Kannamma and Ponnuthoy. He later came to be known as "Periyar" meaning 'respected one' or 'elder' in theTamil.Ramasamy married when he was 19, and had a daughter who lived for only 5 months. His first wife, Nagammai, died in 1933. Ramasamy married for asecond time in July 1948. His second wife, Maniammai, continued Ramasamy's social work after his death in 1973, and his ideas then were advocated by DravidarKazhagam.In 1929, Ramasamy announced the deletion of his caste title Naicker from his name at the First Provincial Self-Respect Conference of Chengalpattu.He could speak three Dravidian languages: Kannada,Telugu and Tamil. Ramasamy attended school for five years after which he joined his father's trade at the


Passage 1:Margaret Clifford, Countess of DerbyMargaret Stanley, Countess of Derby (née Lady Margaret Clifford; 1540 – 28 September 1596) was the onlysurviving daughter of Henry Clifford, 2nd Earl of Cumberland and Lady Eleanor Brandon. Her maternal grandparents were Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolkand Mary Tudor, Queen of France. Mary was the third daughter of King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York.Early lifeMargaret was born at Brougham Castlein 1540. Her mother died when she was seven and her father left court.Claim to the throneAccording to the will of Henry VIII, Margaret was in line to inherit thethrone of England. Upon the death of her mother, Margaret became seventh in line. However, both her cousins Lady Jane Grey and Lady Mary Grey died withoutissue, and their sister, her other cousin, Lady Catherine Grey, died without the legitimacy of her two sons ever being proven (this was later established but onlyafter the death of Elizabeth I). Margaret quickly moved up to becoming the first in line to the throne but died prior to the death of Elizabeth I.Marriage andfamilyIn 1552, John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland suggested a marriage of his youngest son Guildford to Margaret, yet, although the proposal had thewarm support of Edward VI, her father was against it. A year later, in June 1553, the Imperial ambassador Jehan Scheyfve reported that Northumberland'sbrother Andrew Dudley would marry Margaret. The Dudleys were imprisoned when Mary I gained the throne.Margaret joined Mary's court and married HenryStanley, 4th Earl of Derby on 7 February 1555 in the Chapel Royal at Whitehall Palace. They had something of a stormy relationship. Margaret wrote that therewere several "breaches and reconciliations", but that her husband finally left her leaving serious debt. In 1567, Lady Le Strange petitioned the Queen's advisor,William Cecil, for a financial settlement from her estranged husband.With whom she had at least four children:Edward Stanley. Died young.Ferdinando Stanley,5th Earl of Derby (c. 1559 – 16 April 1594).William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby (c. 1561 – 29 September 1642).Francis Stanley (b. 1562). Died young.She latermarried Thomas Fitzwilliam Le Strange, and in 1563 gave birth to a daughter Frances Jenison (née Le Strange) and possibly several other children.Disgrace anddeathIn 1579, Margaret was arrested after she had been heard discussing a proposed marriage of Queen Elizabeth to the Duke d'Alençon. She was opposed to itas it threatened her own possible accession to the crown. She was then accused of using sorcery to predict when Elizabeth would die, and even of planning topoison Elizabeth.Simply predicting the death of a monarch was a capital offence at the time. The countess was put under house arrest. She wrote to FrancisWalsingham insisting on her innocence. She claimed that the accused sorcerer, William Randall, was in fact her physician, who was staying with her because hecould cure "sickness and weakness in my body". Randall was subsequently executed. No charges were brought against the countess, but she was banished fromcourt. She wrote repeatedly to the queen complaining that she was in a "black dungeon of sorrow and despair....overwhelmed with heaviness through the loss ofyour majesty's favour and gracious countenance." She continued to be plagued by demands from creditors.Margaret died in 1596 without having recovered royalfavour, and having outlived her eldest son, Ferdinando. Her granddaughter, Lady Anne Stanley, Ferdinando's oldest daughter, inherited her claim. Elizabeth I waseventually succeeded by the genealogically senior claimant, James VI of Scotland.PortraitThere is a discrepancy as to who the sitter is in the Hans Eworth portraitwhich is featured. The coat of arms in the top left corner, which may have been added later, are the impaled arms (those of a husband and wife) of Henry Clifford,2nd Earl of Cumberland, and his wife Lady Eleanor, daughter of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, and Mary Tudor, Dowager Queen of France. As a result, thepainting has been frequently exhibited in the past as a portrait of Lady Eleanor, regardless of the fact that she died in 1547, well before the date of this portrait. Itis, however, a rule of heraldry that impaled arms are not used by the children of a marriage, as they would have their own. Hence the later addition anderroneous use of the arms here suggests that the identity of the portrait was already unclear only two or three generations after it was painted, a situation by nomeans unusual amid the frequent early deaths, multiple marriages, and shifting alliances and fortunes of the most powerful families of the Tudor era. Later theportrait was thought to represent the only child of Eleanor and Henry to survive infancy, Margaret. The inscription on the right which might have provided a check(Margaret would have been aged 25–28 at the time of this portrait) has been truncated; although the Roman numerals of the year can apply only to 1565–8, theage of the sitter cannot be ascertained with any useful accuracy.The National Portrait Gallery has an online sketch of this portrait identified as Lady Eleanor, butthe portrait remains in dispute.Passage 2:Henry Clifford, 2nd Earl of CumberlandHenry Clifford, 2nd Earl of Cumberland (1517 – January 1570) was a member ofthe Clifford family, seated at Skipton Castle from 1310 to 1676. His wife was Lady Eleanor Brandon, a niece of King Henry VIII.OriginsHenry was a son of HenryClifford, 1st Earl of Cumberland, by his wife, Margaret Percy, daughter of Henry Algernon Percy, 5th Earl of Northumberland, and Catherine Spencer.AncestryHismaternal great-grandfather was Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland, whose wife was Maud Herbert, Countess of Northumberland. His maternal grandmotherwas a daughter of Sir Robert Spencer and Eleanor Beaufort. Eleanor was a daughter of Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset, and Eleanor Beauchamp. Shewas a granddaughter of Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick, and Elizabeth Berkeley. He served as hereditary High Sheriff of Westmorland.Marriages andprogenyHenry Clifford married twice.Firstly, before June 1537, Henry married Lady Eleanor Brandon (she was his fourth-cousin through his mother's side), thesecond daughter of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, by his third wife, Mary Tudor, former Queen Consort of France. According to the Third Succession Act of23 March 1544, Lady Eleanor Brandon was the seventh-in-line to the throne of the Kingdom of England. With her death, her daughter, Lady Margaret Clifford,took her place in the line of succession. The expenses of this alliance seriously impoverished Henry's estate and obliged him to alienate the great manor ofTemedbury, Herefordshire, the oldest estate then remaining in the family. Eleanor was a younger sister of Henry Brandon (who died very young) and LadyFrances Brandon, and an older sister of Henry Brandon, 1st Earl of Lincoln (named after their dead brother). Her paternal grandparents were Sir William Brandonand Elizabeth Bruyn. Her maternal grandparents were King Henry VII of England and his queen consort, Elizabeth of York.  Following her death in 1547, Henryretired to the country and concentrated on increasing his paternal inheritance, and is said to have visited the court only thrice: at the coronation of Queen Mary I,on his daughter's marriage, and again soon after the accession of Queen Elizabeth I. By his wife Eleanor Brandon, Henry had three children:Lady Margaret Clifford(1540 – 29 September 1596), wife of Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby.Henry Clifford, died an infant.Charles Clifford, died an infant.Secondly, Henry married AnneDacre (c. 1521 – July 1581), the daughter of William Dacre, 3rd Baron Dacre, and Lady Elizabeth Talbot, daughter of George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury, andAnne Hastings. Anne Hastings was a daughter of William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings, and Lady Katherine Neville. Lady Katherine Neville was a daughter ofRichard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, and Alice Montacute, 5th Countess of Salisbury. By Anne Dacre, Henry had at least three children:George Clifford, 3rd Earlof Cumberland (8 August 1558 – 30 October 1605)Francis Clifford, 4th Earl of Cumberland (1559–1641)Lady Frances Clifford (d. 1592), wife of Philip Wharton,3rd Baron Wharton.CareerIn July 1561 Henry and Lord Dacre, his father-in-law, were accused of protecting the popish priests in the north. A similar charge wasadvanced in February 1562. He was in 1569 strongly opposed to the contemplated marriage of Mary Queen of Scots and Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk,and readily promised support to the great rebellion of that year. In May 1569 he was in London. As the year wore on he gave in his adherence to the scheme forproclaiming Mary queen of England; but when the critical moment arrived he did not act with vigour, but as a 'crazed man, leaving his tenants to the leadership ofLeonard Dacres'. He assisted Lord Scrope in fortifying Carlisle against the rebels. Henry is described by his daughter as having 'a good library,' being 'studious inall manner of learning, and much given to alchemy.'Death and burialHe died shortly after 8 January 1569–70, at Brougham Castle, and was buried at SkiptonCastle.Passage 3:Henry Clifford, 5th Earl of CumberlandHenry Clifford, 5th Earl of Cumberland (28 February 1592 – 11 December 1643) was an Englishlandowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1614 and 1622. He was created a baron in 1628 and succeeded to the title Earl ofCumberland in 1641.Clifford was the son of Francis Clifford, 4th Earl of Cumberland, and Grisold Hughes and a member of the Clifford family which held the seatof Skipton from 1310 to 1676. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford. In 1607, he became joint Lord Lieutenant of Cumberland, Northumberland andWestmorland. He was elected Member of Parliament for Westmorland in 1614, and was returned in 1621. In 1621, he became Custos Rotulorum of Westmorland.He was created Baron Clifford in 1628.Clifford was a supporter of Charles I during the so-called Bishops' Wars in Scotland, and also during the Civil War until hisdeath. He succeeded to the title of Earl of Cumberland in 1641 and died two years later in 1643 at the age of 52; as he left no sons the earldom becameextinct.Clifford married Lady Frances Cecil (1593 – 14 February 1644), daughter of Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury and Elizabeth Brooke on 25 July, 1610, at StMary Abbots Church, Kensington. They had one child: Lady Elizabeth Clifford who married Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Burlington.Passage 4:Eleanor Brandon,Countess of CumberlandEleanor Clifford, Countess of Cumberland (née Lady Eleanor Brandon; 1519 – 27 September 1547) was the third child and seconddaughter of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk and Princess Mary Tudor, the Dowager Queen consort of France. She was a younger sister of Lady FrancesBrandon and an elder sister of Henry Brandon, 1st Earl of Lincoln. She was also a younger paternal half-sister of Lady Anne Brandon and Lady Mary Brandon fromher father's second marriage. After her mother's death in 1533, her father remarried to Catherine Willoughby and Eleanor became an elder half-sister of HenryBrandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk and Charles Brandon, 3rd Duke of Suffolk.Her paternal grandparents were Sir William Brandon and Elizabeth Bruyn. Her maternal


Passage 1:Marie-Louise CoidavidQueen Marie Louise Coidavid (1778 – 11 March 1851) was the Queen of the Kingdom of Haiti 1811–20 as the spouse of HenriChristophe.Early lifeMarie-Louise was born into a free black family; her father was the owner of Hotel de la Couronne, Cap-Haïtien. Henri Christophe was a slavepurchased by her father. Supposedly, he earned enough money in tips from his duties at the hotel that he was able to purchase his freedom before the HaitianRevolution. They married in Cap-Haïtien in 1793, having had a relationship with him from the year prior. They had four children: François Ferdinand (born 1794),Françoise-Améthyste (d. 1831), Athénaïs (d. 1839) and Victor-Henri.At her spouse's new position in 1798, she moved to the Sans-Souci Palace. During theFrench invasion, she and her children lived underground until 1803.QueenIn 1811, Marie-Louise was given the title of queen upon the creation of the Kingdom ofHaiti. Her new status gave her ceremonial tasks to perform, ladies-in-waiting, a secretary and her own court. She took her position seriously, and stated that thetitle "given to her by the nation" also gave her responsibilities and duties to perform. She served as the hostess of the ceremonial royal court life performed at theSans-Souci Palace. She did not involve herself in the affairs of state. She was given the position of Regent should her son succeed her spouse while still being aminor.  However, as her son became of age before the death of his father, this was never to materialize.After the death of the king in 1820, she remained withher daughters Améthyste and Athénaïs at the palace until they were escorted from it by his followers together with his corpse; after their departure, the palacewas attacked and plundered. Marie-Louise and her daughters were given the property Lambert outside Cap. She was visited by president Jean Pierre Boyer, whooffered her his protection; he denied the spurs of gold she gave him, stating that he was the leader of poor people. They were allowed to settle in Port-au-Prince.Marie-Louise was described as calm and resigned, but her daughters, especially Athénaïs, were described as vengeful.ExileThe Queen was in exile for 30 years. InAugust 1821, the former queen left Haiti with her daughters under the protection of the British admiral Sir Home Popham, and travelled to London. There wererumours that she was searching for the money, three million, deposited by her spouse in Europe. Whatever the case, she did live the rest of her life withouteconomic difficulties. The English climate and pollution during the Industrial Revolution was determintal to Améthyste's health, and eventually they decided toleave.In 1824, Marie-Louise and her daughters moved in Pisa in Italy, where they lived for the rest of their lives, Améthyste dying shortly after their arrival andAthénaïs in 1839. They lived discreetly for the most part, but were occasionally bothered by fortune hunters and throne claimers who wanted their fortune.Shortly before her death, she wrote to Haiti for permission to return. She never did, however, before she died in Italy. She is buried in the church of San Donnino.A historical marker was installed in front of the church on April 23, 2023 to commemorate the Queen, her daughter and her sister.See alsoMarie-Claire HeureuseFélicitéAdélina LévêquePassage 2:Sophia Magdalena of DenmarkSophia Magdalena of Denmark (Danish: Sophie Magdalene; Swedish: Sofia Magdalena; 3 July1746 – 21 August 1813) was Queen of Sweden from 1771 to 1792 as the wife of King Gustav III. Born into the House of Oldenburg, the royal family ofDenmark-Norway, Sophia Magdalena was the first daughter of King Frederick V of Denmark and Norway and his first consort, Princess Louise of Great Britain.Already at the age of five, she was betrothed to Gustav, the heir apparent to the throne of Sweden, as part of an attempt to improve the traditionally tenserelationship between the two Scandinavian realms. She was subsequently brought up to be the Queen of Sweden, and they married in 1766. In 1771, Sophia'shusband ascended to the throne and became King of Sweden, making Sophia Queen of Sweden. Their coronation was on 29 May 1772.The politically arrangedmarriage was unsuccessful. The desired political consequences for the mutual relations between the two countries did not materialize, and on a personal level theunion also proved to be unhappy. Sophia Magdalena was of a quiet and serious nature, and found it difficult to adjust to her husband's pleasure seeking court.She dutifully performed her ceremonial duties but did not care for social life and was most comfortable in quiet surroundings with a few friends. However, she wasliked by many in the Caps party, believing she was a symbol of virtue and religion. The relationship between the spouses improved somewhat in the years from1775 to 1783, but subsequently deteriorated again.After her husband was assassinated in 1792, Sophia Magdalena withdrew from public life, and led a quiet lifeas dowager queen until her death in 1813.Early lifePrincess Sophie Magdalene was born on 3 July 1746 at her parents' residence Charlottenborg Palace, located atthe large square, Kongens Nytorv, in central Copenhagen. She was the second child and first daughter of Crown Prince Frederick of Denmark and his first consort,the former Princess Louise of Great Britain, and was named for her grandmother, Queen Sophie Magdalene. She received her own royal household at birth.Justone month after her birth, her grandfather King Christian VI died, and Princess Sophie Magdalene's father ascended the throne as King Frederick V. She was theheir presumptive to the throne of Denmark from the death of her elder brother in 1747 until the birth of her second brother in 1749, and retained her status asnext in line to the Danish throne after her brother until her marriage. She was therefore often referred to as Crown Princess of Denmark.In the spring of 1751, atthe age of five, she was betrothed to Gustav, the heir apparent to the throne of Sweden, and she was brought up to be the Queen of Sweden. The marriage wasarranged by the Riksdag of the Estates, not by the Swedish royal family. The marriage was arranged as a way of creating peace between Sweden and Denmark,which had a long history of war and which had strained relations following the election of an heir to the Swedish throne in 1743, where the Danish candidate hadlost. The engagement was met with some worry from Queen Louise, who feared that her daughter would be mistreated by the Queen of Sweden, Louisa Ulrika ofPrussia. The match was known to be disliked by the Queen of Sweden, who was in constant conflict with the Parliament; and who was known in Denmark for herpride, dominant personality and hatred of anything Danish, which she demonstrated in her treatment of the Danish ambassadors in Stockholm.After the death ofher mother early in her life, Sophia Magdalena was given a very strict and religious upbringing by her grandmother and her stepmother, who considered herfather and brother to be morally degenerate. She is noted to have had good relationships with her siblings, her grandmother and her stepmother; her father,however, often frightened her when he came before her drunk, and was reportedly known to set his dogs upon her, causing in her a lifelong phobia.In 1760, thebetrothal was again brought up by Denmark, which regarded it as a matter of prestige. The negotiations were made between Denmark and the Swedish Queen,as King Adolf Frederick of Sweden was never considered to be of any more than purely formal importance. Louisa Ulrika favored a match between Gustav and herniece Philippine of Brandenburg-Schwedt instead, and claimed that she regarded the engagement to be void and forced upon her by Carl Gustaf Tessin. Shenegotiated with Catherine the Great and her brother Frederick the Great to create some political benefit for Denmark in exchange for a broken engagement.However, the Swedish public was very favorable to the match due to expectations Sophia Magdalena would be like the last Danish-born Queen of Sweden, UlrikaEleonora of Denmark, who was very loved for her kindness and charity. This view was supported by the Caps political party, which expected Sophia Magdalena tobe an example of a virtuous and religious representative of the monarchy in contrast to the haughty Louisa Ulrika. Fredrick V of Denmark was also eager tocomplete the match: "His Danish Majesty could not have the interests of his daughter sacrificed because of the prejudices and whims of the Swedish Queen". In1764 Crown Prince Gustav, who was at this point eager to free himself from his mother and form his own household, used the public opinion to state to hismother that he wished to honor the engagement, and on 3 April 1766, the engagement was officially celebrated.When a portrait of Sophia Magdalena wasdisplayed in Stockholm, Louisa Ulrika commented: "why Gustav, you seem to be already in love with her! She looks stupid", after which she turned to PrinceCharles and added: "She would suit you better!"Crown PrincessOn 1 October 1766, Sophia Magdalena was married to Gustav by proxy at Christiansborg Palace inCopenhagen with her brother Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Denmark, as representative of her groom. She traveled in the royal golden sloop from Kronborg inDenmark over Öresund to Hälsingborg in Sweden; when she was halfway, the Danish cannon salute ended, and the Swedish started to fire. In Helsingborg, shewas welcomed by her brother-in-law Prince Charles of Hesse, who had crossed the sea shortly before her, the Danish envoy in Stockholm, Baron Schack, as wellas Crown Prince Gustav himself. As she was about to set foot on ground, Gustav was afraid that she would fall, and he therefore reached her his hand with thewords: "Watch out, Madame!", a reply which quickly became a topic of gossip at the Swedish court.The couple then traveled by land toward Stockholm, beingcelebrated on the way. She met her father-in-law the King and her brothers-in-law at Stäket Manor on 27 October, and she continued to be well-treated and likedby them all during her life in Sweden. Thereafter, she met her mother-in-law the Queen and her sister-in-law at Säby Manor, and on the 28th, she was formallypresented for the Swedish royal court at Drottningholm Palace. At this occasion, Countess Ebba Bonde noted that the impression about her was: "By God, howbeautiful she is!", but that her appearance was affected by the fact that she had a: "terrible fear of the Queen". On 4 November 1766, she was officially welcomedto the capital of Stockholm, where she was married to Gustav in person in the Royal Chapel at Stockholm Royal Palace.Sophia Magdalena initially made a goodimpression upon the Swedish nobility with her beauty, elegance and skillful dance; but her shy, silent, and reserved nature soon made her a disappointment inthe society life. Being of a reserved nature, she was considered cold and arrogant. Her mother-in-law Queen Louisa Ulrika, who once stated that she couldcomprehend nothing more humiliating than the position of a Queen Dowager, harassed her in many ways: a typical example was when she invited Gustav to herbirthday celebrations, but asked him to make Sophia Magdalena excuse herself by pretending to be too ill to attend. Louisa Ulrika encouraged a distance between


Passage 1:Charles James Irwin Grant, 6th Baron de LongueuilCharles James Irwin Grant, only son of Charles William Grant, 5th Baron de Longueuil and CarolineCoffin, was born in Montreal on 1 April 1815. He served in the 79th Regiment as a lieutenant for a while. He later married Henriet Colmore, from whom hefathered two sons (Alexander Frederick, died age 2 and Charles Colmore) as well as a daughter. His wife Henriet died in 1847 and he remarried in Charleston,South Carolina on 18 January 1849 to Anne Trapman, second daughter of Louis Trapman, a consul. He had many children from this union including ReginaldCharles and John Charles Moore. He died on 26 February 1879 at age 63.AncestryPassage 2:James BillmyerJames Irwin Billmyer (May 14, 1897 - July 9, 1989)was an American modern painter and illustrator.Early yearsJames Billmyer was born in Union Bridge, Maryland and received his BA from Western MarylandCollege. He continued his studies at the National Academy of Design, Beaux Arts, the Art Students’ League, Cooper Union, Maryland Institute, Baltimore CharcoalClub, and Baltimore Grand Central School of Art.Some of his influential teachers included John Sloan, George Luks, Frank Vincent Dumond, George Bridgeman,William De Leftwüch Dodge, Dean Cornwell, and Harvey Dunn.Billnyer was involved with the commercial art of periodicals and advertising, working as anillustrator for magazines such as “Cosmopolitan”, “Family Circle”, “House and Garden”, “Ladies Home Journal”, “Parents Magazine”, and Collier’s "GoodHousekeeping”.  In 1931, he became a member of the American Society of Illustrators.WorkBillmyer travelled extensively in Latin and Central America, Canada,the Near East, and Europe, exploring the history and cultures of these locations, which ultimately impacts his work. In the 1950s and 1960s, he was a part of the10th Street galleries scene. For twelve years, he studied plastics under the tutelage of Hans Hofmann in New York and Provincetown.  Hofmann showed him theimportance of objects moved out from the canvas and resolved back into it.  This type of painting that deals with multiple rhythms, colors, and angles, offersviewers a higher-dimensional experience. Billmyer has created patterns in and out of divided planes that go in independent directions before receding back intothe canvas, which is his unique adaption of Hofmann’s methods. Many of his patterns and forms appear in the film “The Hypercube: Projections and Slicing.”Billmyer has taught and lectured at the New York School of Interior Design, The Hudson River School, Spellman College, Miami Art Center,  the Naskeay School,Maine, and his own New York School.Passage 3:John Charles Moore Grant, 9th Baron de LongueuilJohn Charles Moore de Bienville Grant, 9th Baron de Longueuilwas born in 1861 at Bath, Somerset. He was the son of Charles James Irwin Grant and Anne Marie Catherine Trapman. He succeeded to the title of Baron deLongueuil on 3 August 1931. He died on 17 October 1935 at Pau, France.AncestryPassage 4:Charlie PartridgeCharles James Partridge (born December 7, 1973) isan American college football coach. He is the assistant head football coach and defensive line coach at the University of Pittsburgh, a position he has held since2018. Partridge served as the head football coach at Florida Atlantic University from 2014 to 2016.Playing careerA native of Plantation, Florida, Partridge attendedDrake University, where he was a team captain of the football team. Later he also attended Iowa State University.Coaching careerPartridge's first coachingexperience was as a graduate assistant with the Drake Bulldogs and the Iowa State Cyclones. From there he became the defensive line coach of the EasternIllinois Panthers. Partridge served as defensive line coach, linebackers coach, and special teams coordinator of the Pitt Panthers for five seasons before joining theWisconsin Badgers. He was named co-defensive coordinator at Wisconsin in January 2011. On December 15, 2012 the University of Arkansas announced thehiring of Partridge as the defensive line coach. Partridge was widely credited as Wisconsin's lead recruiter in the state of Florida, and helped land five-star runningback Alex Collins for the Razorbacks in his first two months on the job. Partridge followed former Wisconsin Badgers head coach Bret Bielema toArkansas.Partridge was hired as the head coach at Florida Atlantic on December 16, 2013. He was fired on November 27, 2016.On February 14, 2017 Partridgewas announced as the defensive line coach at Pittsburgh.Personal lifePartridge is married with two children.Head coaching recordPassage 5:Charles William Grant,5th Baron de LongueuilCharles William Grant was born in 1782. He was the son of Captain David Alexander Grant and Marie-Charles-Joseph Le Moyne, Baronnede Longueuil. He served during the War of 1812 as Lieutenant Colonel of the Boucherville militia battalion and as a staff officer. He was taken prisoner by theAmericans on 8 December 1813, and was held hostage in Worcester, Massachusetts. He married Caroline Coffin, daughter of General John Coffin and AnneMathews, on 21 May 1814. He became a member of the Legislative Council of Lower Canada. He succeeded to the title of Baron de Longueuil on 17 January 1841.He died on 5 July 1848 at his residence of Alwington House in Kingston.AncestryPassage 6:Charles James (footballer)Charles James (1882–1960) was an Englishfootballer who played for Stoke.CareerJames was born in Stoke-upon-Trent and played for amateur side Halmerend before joining Stoke in 1908. He became abit-part player for Stoke in this three seasons there making a modest 13 appearances. He later worked at the Florence Colliery and also played for the worksfootball team.Career statisticsPassage 7:Anthony Robinson (Unitarian)Anthony Robinson (1762–1827) was an English Unitarian minister and friend of CharlesJames Fox.LifeRobinson was born in January 1762 at Kirkland near Wigton in Cumberland.  He was educated at Bristol Baptist Academy, under James Newton(1733-1790).  Robinson was baptized at The Pithay Meeting, Bristol, in 1784.  He became a minister, at the General Baptist Church, Glasshouse Yard, WorshipStreet, London.  About 1790, having succeeded to his father's estate, he retired to Wigan.  About 1796, he returned to London, where he became a successfulsugar refiner.Robinson had an influential circle of acquaintance, including Joseph Priestley, William Belsham, and Henry Crabb Robinson.He died in Hatton Garden,20 January 1827, and was buried in the Worship Street Baptist churchyard.FamilyRobinson's son Anthony, who disappeared in 1824, is alleged one of the victimsof Burke and Hare.PublicationsA Short History of the Persecution of Christians by Jews, Heathens, and Christians (Carlisle, 1793)A View of the Causes andConsequences of English Wars (London, 1798)An Examination of a Sermon preached at Cambridge by Robert Hall on Modern Infidelity (London, 1800)Passage8:Jonnie IrwinJonathan James Irwin (born 18 November 1973) is an English television presenter, writer, lecturer, business and property expert.Early lifeIrwingrew up on a small farm in the village of Bitteswell, Leicestershire. Irwin was educated at Lutterworth Grammar School and Community College. He obtained adegree from Birmingham City University in estate management.He is of Irish descent.CareerIrwin worked for business transfer specialists Christie & Co, becomingan associate director within three years, before going on to work for Colliers International.In 2004, Irwin was selected from hundreds of applicants along withco-presenter Jasmine Harman to present Channel 4's show A Place in the Sun – Home or Away, and has filmed over 200 episodes all around Britain. Theprogramme is also broadcast daily on More4, Discovery Real Time and Discovery Travel & Living, as well as channels throughout Europe and the rest of the world,including New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa. In 2022 Irwin accused A Place in the Sun producers of axing him as presenter after 18 years due to a cancerdiagnosis, leaving his mood “really low.”Irwin also presents episodes of BBC property shows Escape to the Country and To Buy or Not to Buy. Irwin has alsopresented the spin-off to Escape to the Country, Escape to the Perfect Town. In January 2011, Sky 1 broadcast Irwin's own show called Dream Lives for Sale,which saw him help people leave behind their lives in the UK and buy a business. In late 2011 he began a new series, The Renovation Game, which aired onweekday mornings on Channel 4.Over the past ten years, Irwin has advised clients on business and property, ranging from small high street gift shops tomultimillion pound corporate hotel packages. He still runs a property and business consultancy.Irwin writes a regular column for A Place in the Sun magazine. Heappears at A Place in the Sun Live giving presentations on his tips for buying property abroad. Irwin also regularly hosts seminars and corporate events.PersonallifeIrwin is a keen sportsman. He played rugby for Lutterworth RFC and then for Rugby Lions RFC, until an accident in a sevens tournament in which he broke hisback and subsequently retired.Irwin married Jessica Holmes in September 2016. Together they have three sons. Rex born 2018 and twin sons Rafa and Cormacborn 2020. Irwin and his family moved to the Hertfordshire town of Berkhamsted in 2018 and then to the Newcastle upon Tyne area.Health and illnessInNovember 2022, Irwin shared that he had terminal lung cancer, after being diagnosed in 2020. In an interview with Hello!, Irwin said, "I don't know how long Ihave left, but I try to stay positive and my attitude is that I'm living with cancer, not dying from it. I set little markers – things I want to be around for [...] I'mdoing everything I can to hold that day off for as long as possible. I owe that to Jess and our boys. Some people in my position have bucket lists, but I just wantus to do as much as we can as a family."Passage 9:Charles Colmore Grant, 7th Baron de LongueuilCharles Colmore Grant, 7th Baron de Longueuil was the son ofCharles James Irwin Grant, 6th Baron de Longueuil and Harriet Cregoe-Colmore. He was born on 13 April 1844 at Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England. In 1878,he married Mary Wayne, daughter of Thomas Wayne. In 1880, he claimed a royal recognition of his right to the barony of Longueuil. By the treaty of Quebec thesovereignty of Canada passed from the Kings of France to the Kings of Great Britain but with the reservation that all rights and privileges "of what kind soever"should be reserved and secured to all individuals of French descent to which they had been entitled under the previous regime. Queen Victoria was graciouslypleased to recognise the claim of Charles Colmore Grant to the title of Baron de Longueuil. He died on 13 December 1898 at age 54 at New York City. He waswithout issue and his half-brother Reginald Charles succeeded him.Passage 10:Henry KrauseHenry J. "Red" Krause, Jr. (August 28, 1913 – February 20, 1987)was an American football offensive lineman in the National Football League for the Brooklyn Dodgers and the Washington Redskins.  He played college football atSt. Louis University.


Passage 1:Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of NorfolkThomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, KG (22 March 1366 – 22 September 1399) was an English peer. Asa result of his involvement in the power struggles which led up to the fall of King Richard II, he was banished and died in exile in Venice.Background and youthTheMowbrays were an old family in the English peerage, having been first raised to the baronage in 1295. Several advantageous marriages, combined with loyalservice to the crown and rewards from it made them, by the late 14th century, a great political standing. Thomas was the son of John de Mowbray, 4th BaronMowbray and his wife Elizabeth Segrave, the daughter and heiress of John Segrave, 4th Baron Segrave by his wife Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk, daughter andheiress of Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk,  the fifth son of King Edward I.Thomas Mowbray was born in 1366; the precise date is unknown. He wasprobably named after the cult of St Thomas Becket, of which his mother was a follower. His elder brother John was their father's heir; he died in 1368. Four yearslater, they became the ward of their great-aunt, Blanche of Lancaster. John was created Earl of Nottingham on the coronation of King Richard II in 1377, but diedin early 1383. Almost immediately—within a few days—the earldom was re-granted to Thomas, and even though he was still legally a minor, he was allowedseisin of his patrimony and the comital penny.Political backgroundRichard II succeeded to the throne in 1377 on the death of his grandfather, Edward III, but hisunpopularity had been growing since Richard's suppression of the Peasants' Revolt in 1381. He was increasingly criticised for his patronage of a few select royalfavourites, to an extent that has been described as "lavish to the point of foolishness" by a biographer, historian Anthony Tuck. Parliament was also coming to theview that the King needed to rule as economically as possible, and they observed with displeasure the King's distribution of extravagant patronage to a limitedcircle, the greatest recipient of which was Michael de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk. Furthermore, the Hundred Years' War was going poorly for England. Severalexpeditions had left for France in the early years of Richard's reign to defend English territory, but they were almost all military and political failures.As a secondson, little is recorded of Mowbray's youth, although his background and status "virtually guaranteed him a place at court", says Saul. The King and Mowbray hadprobably been childhood friends, and was a royal favourite from at least 1382, when he was granted hunting rights in certain royal forests and was knighted. Itwas around this time that Bolingbroke began to fall out of favour with the King, with Mowbray supplanting him. Mowbray also married the ten-year-old LadyElizabeth Lestrange, heiress of John, Lord Blakemere, whose marriage cost the King around £1000. Elizabeth died in 1383, not long after the wedding.Career to1390Mowbray remained high in royal favour following the death of his wife, and he was elected to the Order of the Garter in October the same year, even thoughhe was militarily unproven. The King granted him grace and favour rooms at the royal palaces of Eltham and Kings Langley. Reflecting his role as an importantcourtier, Mowbray accompanied Richard on his tour of East Anglia in 1383. His closeness to the King drew the opprobrium of the King's uncle, John of Gaunt,Duke of Lancaster—probably the most powerful man in the Kingdom after the King—upon him. Gaunt accused Mowbray, along with Robert, Earl of Oxford andWilliam, Earl of Salisbury of plotting against the King. Gaunt himself was becoming increasingly unpopular and had withdrawn from the council. As a result, saysthe chronicler Thomas Walsingham, Mowbray, de Vere and Montacute plotted to kill the duke in February 1385. The King held jousts between the 13th and 14thof the month, and Gaunt's murder was to be committed on the 14th; it is possible that Richard did not disapprove, such had relations between him and his unclebroken down. Originally, this had been over foreign policy; Gaunt favoured a restoration of the war with France, while Richard was keen to invade Scotland Gaunthad also recently told Richard that he viewed the King's advisors as "unsavoury", and Mowbray and his friends deliberately exacerbated the two men'santagonism by proffering a series of accusations against the duke. Gaunt received a forewarning of the attack, however, and fled in the night.On 30 June1385—as the royal army was about to leave for Scotland—Mowbray received his great-grandfather's office of Marshal of England, although he could not haveforeseen this eventuality as at the time the campaign was announced the marshalcy was possessed by the Earl of Kent. Mowbray led a force of 99 men-at-armsand 150 archers, serving with Gaunt in the vanguard. Mowbray helped draw up the King's ordinances for the campaign when the royal army reached Durham,although by now, suggests Given-Wilson, Mowbray's relations with Richard "may have been cooling". Less than a year after his first wife's death, Mowbraymarried Elizabeth Fitzalan. Elizabeth was a daughter of Richard, Earl of Arundel, and, although the King attended their wedding and the week-long festivitiesaccompanying it, it is unlikely that the marriage was popular with Richard. His second marriage must have been a turning point. Richard doubtless saw Arundel asa negative influence on Mowbray and feared the strengthening of the earl's position against him. Mowbray and Elizabeth had also wed without his permission, andso the King distrained Mowbray's estates until he had received the value of the license. Tuck argues, in fact, that "nor was the king's concern unfounded";Mowbray had been increasingly isolated at court by the King's latest favourites, such as Oxford, and had moved into the circle of those who opposed the newroyal intimates, perhaps seeing them as the best way to dispose of his rival. This circle also included not only Richard's father-in-law but his uncle, Thomas, Dukeof Gloucester. In a sign that Mowbray was not completely out of favour, Elizabeth received her robes as a Lady of the Garter in 1386.Both men had played animportant role in parliament's attack on Richard's chancellor, Michael de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk at the Wonderful Parliament of 1386. The Wonderful Parliamenthad taken place against a backdrop of genuine fear of a French invasion—Walsingham described how Londoners, in his view, like "timid mice they scurried hitherand thither—and Arundel had been appointed Admiral of England. In March the following year he, in turn, appointed Mowbray his deputy, and they took a fleetout of Margate and encountered a French-Flemish fleet almost immediately. The result was its crushing defeat. Between 50 and 100 French-Flemish ships werecaptured or destroyed. The King was unimpressed. When Arundel and Mowbray returned to court, Richard coolly claimed they had only defeated merchants, andOxford turned his back on the earls.AppellantFor most of the 1380s, Mowbray received what he doubtless considered his due from the King, in lands, offices andgrants. But by 1387 he became increasingly estranged from Richard's court. The main reason for this was probably jealousy of de Vere. While he was wealthyenough not to have to rely on royal favour, as de Vere did, he expected the honour and dignity that his birth and status demanded. This he saw increasinglysyphoned off to his rival. Although the Wonderful Parliament had set up a commission to effectively restrain the King, it failed so to do. Richard emasculated thecommission by leaving London straight away, and not only ignored its deliberations but his own councils in the provinces. He also took legal advice from hisjudges who, unsurprisingly, found in his favour that those responsible for parliament's treatment of the King should be deemed traitors. In response, Mowbrayjoined Bolingbroke, Gloucester, Arundel and Warwick in appealing several of the King's friends, including Oxford, of treason, and raised an army at Hornsey, northof London. The Appellants' army engaged Oxford's at the Battle of Radcot Bridge, inflicting a crushing defeat on the royalists in December. Mowbray did not takepart, as he was guarding the road back to the West Midlandsl at Moreton in Marsh, although he may have sent a portion of his retinue to the Appellantarmy.Mowbray appears to have been responsible for dissuading Gloucester, Arundel and Warwick from marching to London and deposing the King. Indeed, heand Bolingbroke may have been a moderating influence on the others. Converseley, due to his position as Earl Marshal—one of the two heads of the Court ofChivalry—his presence with the Appellants enabled them to frame their offensive juridically rather than as a traditional noble rebellion. He was one of the groupthat attended Richard in the Tower of London—with arms linked—on 30 December and accused the King of treachery towards them. They also demanded Richardorder the arrest of the appellees; Walsingham reports that he only agreed to do so on being threatened, once again, with deposition. The King attempted to divideMowbray from his colleagues, asking him to stay behind when the others were ready to leave.  With the King now under their control, Mowbray and theAppellants called parliament for early 1388. This session became known as the Merciless Parliament on account of the vengeance it laid on the King's closestsupporters. with Mowbray overseeing the executions with "the aid and authority of the mayor, sheriffs, and aldermen of London". Mowbray was to take thecondemned to the Tower and "‘from there drag him through the city of London as far as the gallows at Tyburn, and there hang him by the neck".Rapprochmentwith the KingFor his part, there are signs that Mowbray was becoming dissatisfied with his comrades through the course of the parliament, which Tuck suggestswas because Mowbray was "never as committed to the destruction of the court faction as Gloucester, Arundel, and Warwick". Given-Wilson suggests thatincluding Mowbray by the Appellants broadened their base among the nobility, by virtue of his having had less acrimonious relations with the King, but alsoweakened them as a body by diluting their grievances. As indicated by Mowbray's dispute with Warwick over the Gower lordship, they were already "shot throughwith personal and political differences" as it was. Tuck suggests that, while Mowbray seems able to have stomached the convictions of the others, "the real riftoccurred over the question of Sir Simon Burley's fate". Gloucester and Warwick accused him of exercising undue influence over Richard; Burley, theunder-chamberlain, had been tutor to the King, who wanted to save him. Mowbray and Bolingbroke agreed, but to no avail, and in May 1388 Burley was hangedat Tyburn. Mowbray was loyal to the King and court.Early indications of Mowbray's return to favour with the came in early 1389 when he had his estates restoredto him and was pardoned for having married without the King's licence. In March he was appointed warden of the East March and castellan of Berwick Castle,receiving wages of £6,000 in peacetime and twice that in time of war. His appointment was not a success; he alienated the traditional lord of the north, Henry


Passage 1:Erard II, Count of BrienneErard II of Brienne (died 1191) was count of Brienne from 1161 to 1191, and a French general during the Third Crusade,most notably at the Siege of Acre. He was the son of Gautier II, count of Brienne, and Humbeline Baudemont, daughter of Andrew, lord of Baudemont and Agnesof Braine.  His paternal grandparents were Erard I, Count of Brienne and Alix de Roucy. During this siege he saw his brother André of Brienne die on 4 October1189, before being killed himself on 8 February 1191.  Erard II's nephew was Erard of Brienne-Ramerupt.Before 1166 he married Agnès of Montfaucon († after1186), daughter of Amadeus II of Montfaucon and of Béatrice of Grandson-Joinville.  Their children were:Walter III of Brienne (died 1205) count of Brienne andclaimant to the throne of Sicily.William of Brienne (died 1199) lord of Pacy-sur-Armançon, married Eustachie of Courtenay, daughter of Peter I of Courtenay andElisabeth of Courtenay.John of Brienne (1170–1237), king of Jerusalem (1210–1225), then emperor of Constantinople (1231–1237).AndrewIda of Brienne whomarried Ernoul of Reynel lord of Pierrefitte.Passage 2:John Montgomery GloverJohn Montgomery Glover (September 4, 1822 – November 15, 1891) was a  NorthAmerican politician, who served as a U.S. Representative from Missouri, he was the uncle of John Milton Glover.Early lifeBorn in Harrodsburg, Kentucky, Gloverattended the public schools in Kentucky.He moved to Missouri in 1836 with his parents, who settled in Knox County, near Newark, and continued his schooling.Heattended Marion and Masonic Colleges, Philadelphia, Missouri.He studied law.He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in St. Louis, Missouri.He movedto California in 1850 and continued the practice of his profession.He returned to Knox County, Missouri, in 1855 to take charge of his father's affairs.CareerDuringthe Civil War served as colonel of the Third Regiment, Missouri Volunteer Cavalry, beginning September 4, 1861.  His service with the regiment was in a variety ofpoints within Missouri and Arkansas.  At various points during his service, he detached as the Commander of the District of Rolla, the Sub-District of Pilot Knoband the 2nd Brigade, Cavalry Division, Department of the Missouri.  On February 23, 1864 he tendered his resignation in Springfield, Illinois, on account ofimpaired health.He served as collector of internal revenue for the third district of Missouri from December 1, 1866, until March 3, 1867.Glover was elected as aDemocrat to the Forty-third, Forty-fourth, and Forty-fifth Congresses (March 4, 1873 – March 3, 1879).He served as chairman of the Committee on Expendituresin the Department of the Treasury (Forty-fifth Congress).He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1878.He engaged in agricultural pursuits.He diednear Newark, Missouri, November 15, 1891.He was interred on his farm near Newark, Missouri.He was reinterred in Woodland Cemetery, Quincy, Illinois.Passage3:Christopher H. ClarkChristopher Henderson Clark (1767 – November 21, 1828) was a congressman and lawyer from Virginia. He was the brother of JamesClark, the uncle of John Bullock Clark, Sr. and the great-uncle of John Bullock Clark, Jr.BiographyBorn in Albemarle County, Virginia, Clark attended WashingtonCollege, studied law in the office of Patrick Henry and was admitted to the bar in 1788, commencing practice in New London, Campbell County, Virginia. He was amember of the Virginia House of Delegates in 1790 and was elected a Democratic-Republican to the United States House of Representatives to fill a vacancy in1804, serving until his resignation in 1806. He resumed practicing law until his death near New London on November 21, 1828. He was interred at a privatecemetery at Old Lawyers Station near Lynchburg, Virginia.External linksUnited States Congress. "Christopher H. Clark (id: C000424)". Biographical Directory ofthe United States Congress.Passage 4:John of BrienneJohn of Brienne (c. 1170 – 19–23 March 1237), also known as John I, was King of Jerusalem from 1210 to1225 and Latin Emperor of Constantinople from 1229 to 1237. He was the youngest son of Erard II of Brienne, a wealthy nobleman in Champagne. John,originally destined for an ecclesiastical career, became a knight and owned small estates in Champagne around 1200. After the death of his brother, Walter III, heruled the County of Brienne on behalf of his minor nephew Walter IV (who lived in southern Italy).The barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem proposed that Johnmarry their queen, Maria. With the consent of Philip II of France and Pope Innocent III, he left France for the Holy Land and married the queen; the couple werecrowned in 1210. After Maria's death in 1212 John administered the kingdom as regent for their infant daughter Isabella II; an influential lord, John of Ibelin,attempted to depose him. John was a leader of the Fifth Crusade. Although his claim of supreme command of the crusader army was never unanimouslyacknowledged, his right to rule Damietta (in Egypt) was confirmed shortly after the city fell to the crusaders in 1219. He claimed the Armenian Kingdom of Ciliciaon behalf of his second wife, Stephanie, in 1220. After Stephanie and their infant son died that year, John returned to Egypt. The Fifth Crusade ended in failure(including the recovery of Damietta by the Egyptians) in 1221.John was the first king of Jerusalem to visit Europe (Italy, France, England, León, Castile andGermany) to seek assistance for the Holy Land. He gave his daughter in marriage to Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in 1225, and Frederick ended John's rule ofthe Kingdom of Jerusalem. Although the popes tried to persuade Frederick to restore the kingdom to John, the Jerusalemite barons regarded Frederick as theirlawful ruler. John administered papal domains in Tuscany, became the podestà of Perugia and was a commander of Pope Gregory IX's army during Gregory's waragainst Frederick in 1228 and 1229.He was elected emperor in 1229 as the senior co-ruler (with Baldwin II) of the Latin Empire, and was crowned inConstantinople in 1231. John III Vatatzes, Emperor of Nicaea, and Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria occupied the last Latin territories in Thrace and Asia Minor, besiegingConstantinople in early 1235. John directed the defence of his capital during the months-long siege, with the besiegers withdrawing only after Geoffrey II ofAchaea and united fleets from Italian towns defeated their fleet in 1236. The following year, John died as a Franciscan friar.Early lifeJohn was the youngest of thefour sons of Count Erard II of Brienne and Agnes of Montfaucon. He seemed "exceedingly old ... about 80" to the 14-year-old George Akropolites in 1231; ifAkropolites' estimate was correct, John was born around 1150. However, no other 13th-century authors described John as an old man. His father referred toJohn's brothers as "children" in 1177 and mentioned the tutor of John's oldest brother, Walter III, in 1184; this suggests that John's brothers were born in thelate 1160s. Modern historians agree that John was born after 1168, probably during the 1170s.Although his father destined John for a clerical career, according tothe late-13th-century Tales of the Minstrel of Reims he "was unwilling". Instead, the minstrel continued, John fled to his maternal uncle at the Clairvaux Abbey.Encouraged by his fellows, he became a knight and earned a reputation in tournaments and fights. Although elements of the Tales of the Minstrel of Reims areapparently invented (for instance, John did not have a maternal uncle in Clairvaux), historian Guy Perry wrote that it may have preserved details of John's life. Achurch career was not unusual for youngest sons of 12th-century noblemen in France; however, if his father sent John to a monastery he left before reaching theage of taking monastic vows. John "clearly developed the physique that was necessary to fight well" in his youth, because the 13th-century sources Akropolitesand Salimbene di Adam emphasize his physical strength.Erard II joined the Third Crusade and died in the Holy Land in 1191. His oldest son, Walter III, succeededhim in Brienne. John was first mentioned in an 1192 (or 1194) charter issued by his brother, indicating that he was a prominent figure in Walter's court. Accordingto a version of Ernoul's chronicle, John participated in a war against Peter II of Courtenay. Although the Tales of the Minstrel of Reims claimed that he was called"John Lackland", according to contemporary charters John held Jessains, Onjon, Trannes and two other villages in the County of Champagne around 1200. In1201, Theobald III granted him additional estates in Mâcon, Longsols and elsewhere. Theobald's widow, Blanche of Navarre, persuaded John to sell his estate atMâcon, saying that it was her dower.Walter III of Brienne died in June 1205 while fighting in southern Italy. His widow, Elvira of Sicily, gave birth to aposthumous son, Walter IV, who grew up in Italy. John assumed the title of count of Brienne, and began administering the county on his nephew's behalf in 1205or 1206. As a leading vassal of the count of Champagne, John frequented the court of Blanche of Navarre, who ruled Champagne during the minority of her son,Theobald IV. According to a version of Ernoul's chronicle, she loved John "more than any man in the world"; this annoyed King Philip II of France.The two versionsof Ernoul's chronicle tell different stories about John's ascent to the throne of Jerusalem. According to one version, the leading lords of Jerusalem sent envoys toFrance in 1208 asking Philip II to select a French nobleman as a husband for their queen, Maria. Taking advantage of the opportunity to rid himself of John, PhilipII suggested him. In the other version an unnamed knight encouraged the Jerusalemite lords to select John, who accepted their offer with Philip's consent. Johnvisited Pope Innocent III in Rome. The pope donated 40,000 marks for the defence of the Holy Land, stipulating that John could spend the money only with theconsent of the Latin patriarch of Jerusalem and the grand masters of the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller.King of JerusalemCo-rulerJohn landed atAcre on 13 September 1210; the following day, Patriarch of Jerusalem Albert of Vercelli married him to Queen Maria. John and Maria were crowned in theCathedral of Tyre on 3 October. The truce concluded by Maria's predecessor Aimery and the Ayyubid sultan Al-Adil I had ended by John's arrival. Although Al-Adilwas willing to renew it, Jerusalemite lords did not want to sign a new treaty without John's consent. During John and Maria's coronation, Al-Adil's son Al-Mu'azzamIsa pillaged the area around Acre but did not attack the city. After returning to Acre, John raided nearby Muslim settlements in retaliation.Although about 300French knights accompanied him to the Holy Land, no influential noblemen joined him; they preferred participating in the French Albigensian Crusade or did notsee him as sufficiently eminent. John's cousin, Walter of Montbéliard, joined him only after he was expelled from Cyprus. Montbéliard led a naval expedition toEgypt to plunder the Nile Delta. After most of the French crusaders left the Holy Land, John forged a new truce with Al-Adil by the middle of 1211 and sent envoysto Pope Innocent urging him to preach a new crusade.ConflictsMaria died shortly after giving birth to their daughter, Isabella, in late 1212. Her death triggered a


Passage 1:En Aasai UnnoduthanEn Aasai Unnoduthan (transl. My desire is with you) is a 1983 Indian Tamil-language romance film edited and directed by K.Narayanan. The film stars Prem and Poornima Jayaram, with Thengai Srinivasan, Y. G. Mahendran, Rajini, Oru Viral Krishna Rao and Jaishankar in supportingroles. It was released on 30 September 1983.PlotCastPremPoornima JayaramThengai SrinivasanY. G. MahendranRajiniOru Viral KrishnaRaoJaishankarSoundtrackThe soundtrack was composed by Shankar–Ganesh. The song "Devi Koondhalo" is based on "Happy Together" by TheTurtles.ReceptionJayamanmadhan of Kalki said that, apart from the inclusion of Y. G. Mahendran, Thengai Srinivasan and Oru Viral Krishna Rao among others,there was nothing special about the film.Passage 2:En Aasai RasaveEn Aasai Rasave is a 1998 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by Kasthuri Raja. Thefilm stars Sivaji Ganesan and Murali while Raadhika, Roja and Suvalakshmi all play other supporting roles. The film, which focussed on the lives of karakattamdance artists, released on 28 August 1998.PlotValayapathi is a karakattam artist who is revered. Azhagurani is a well-to-do rich woman who falls in love with himand gets married leaving her riches behind. Due to a misunderstanding, they separate leaving their child Muthumani with Valayapathi who brings him up in thekarakattam tradition. Manoranjitham is in love with Muthumani.Enter Nagajyoti who claims she is the best and prods Valayapathu/Muthumani into a competitionthereby gaining entry into their lives. She slowly turns the tide and Muthumani and her fall in love. It is revealed that Nagajyoti is Muthumani's cross-cousin andhas come in with the ulterior motive of reuniting Azhagurani, her aunt, and Valayapathi. Does she succeed?CastSivaji Ganesan as ValayapathiRaadhika asAzhaguraniMurali as MuthumaniRoja as NagajyotiVijayakumarSuvalakshmi as ManoranjithamVinu ChakravarthySenthilManivannanDelhi GaneshG. Ramachandran(producer)R. SundarrajanManoramaMahanadhi ShankarSoundtrackThe music of this album was scored by Deva. Lyrics were written by Kasthuri Raja.ReceptionD.S. Ramanujam of The Hindu wrote, "Age has withered and shackled Ganesan's virtuosity, the sparkle in his eyes and the authority in his voice that were his forteare no longer there. Whenever B. Kannan's camera takes a close-up of the veteran, it only raises visions of this great artiste in his prime in similar scenes in hisearlier movies and becomes a sad reminder"Passage 3:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin hasamassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing,James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film creditsinclude Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and amongother films. He directed "Heart in Hiding", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior tobecoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in "[The Diary of Ann Frank]" but had to leavethe production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productionsat the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with hiswife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 4:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of filmand TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra(1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)NotQuite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 5:Kasthuri RajaKasthuri Raja is anIndian film director. He is the father of director Selvaraghavan and actor Dhanush. He worked as an assistant director with Director K.S.G. Most of the films hedirected were either village based or infatuation of youngsters. He also worked with Director Visu on more than 16 films. Prior to entering the film industry, he ranaway from home to Chennai and worked in a mill.FilmographyAs directorAs an actorAval Sumangalithan (1985)Mouna Mozhi (1992)As lyricistSolaiyamma - allsongsDreams - all songsThaai Manasu - all songsKummi Paatu - all songsPassage 6:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of thePeabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. Hewas the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedycurrently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he becamethe ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Earlylife and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees fromUniversity College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission,Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). Hemarried Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Associationof Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of theNational Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged forseveral major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensivemulti-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, BettyChurcher, on showing "blockbuster" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant privatedonations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect onmoral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some yearslater.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tylercollection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for theconstruction of a new "front" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building projectabove).Kennedy's cancellation of the "Sensation exhibition" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some ascensorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being "too close to the market" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit theprivate collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. Theexhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its mostcontroversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of NewYork, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was "Catholic-bashing" and an "aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion." InNovember 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had "obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art". Hehas said that it "was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far."Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues duringthe Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA'stwenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of hiscontract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtTheToledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese printsand netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy hasfocused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as "learning to read, understand and write visual language."   Initiatives haveincluded baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museumhosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art byindigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum hasmade major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return ofseveral objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeatstand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological


Passage 1:The Girl from LeningradThe Girl from Leningrad (Russian: Фронтовые подруги) is a 1941 Soviet adventure film directed by Viktor Eisymont.PlotThefilm takes place during the Finnish war. A group of girls voluntarily go to the front. Young girls help doctors save the lives of wounded soldiers, and also fight withthe enemy.StarringZoya Fyodorova as NatashaMariya Kapustina as TamaraOlga Fyodorina as The CricketTamara Alyoshina as ZinaYekaterina Melentyeva asShuraAndrei Abrikosov as Lt. Sergei KorovinKonstantin Adashevsky as Dr. KatnerYury Tolubeev as Maj. BraginskyBoris Blinov as Andrei MorosovPassage2:Everyone ElseEveryone Else (German: Alle Anderen) is a 2009 German romantic drama film written and directed by Maren Ade. The film was awarded with theSilver Bear at the 59th Berlin Film Festival.PlotGitti and Chris are a young German couple on vacation at Chris's family villa in Sardinia. Gitti is much morespontaneous and light-hearted than Chris, wanting to go out and try to make friends while Chris remains introverted, preferring to stay in and read, even hidingfrom his neighbour; her playful demeanor often annoys him, while his guarded attitude exasperates her. When he tries to speak to Gitti about his unhappyfeelings about his life and career she interrupts him to say that he muses too much over everything and should consider settling down with her. Chris is upset andinsulted by her outburst. Later, Gitti and Chris admit to each other that they often worry they're not the right person for each other.While shopping for groceriesChris spots Hans, a successful old classmate, and unsuccessfully tries to hide from him. Hans invites the couple to a barbecue at his home with his wife Sana, asuccessful fashion designer, which Gitti tries to decline as she has already received an invitation from a bohemian couple she has recently met. Chris overridesher and accepts the invitation. While Sana and Hans appear to be the perfect, thriving couple, they quickly prove to be obnoxious, bland, and vapid. Hanseventually reveals that Chris has declined an architecture prize because his design would be melded with another architect, though Chris had previously told Gittithat he hadn't heard back from the competition, which angers Gitti. When Gitti stands up for Chris in the face of Hans's subtle insults, Chris becomes upset.Thefollowing day Chris is hyper critical of Gitti, taking her on a long hike during which they get lost. Afterwards he informs her that he will be going for a drink withHans alone, as Gitti embarrassed him the previous evening. When he asks Gitti why she can't be more normal, like Sana, Gitti argues that she doesn't want to belike everybody else. Though Gitti begs him not to leave her alone at night, he goes anyway, returning in the morning. The following day Chris informs Gitti that heis considering taking an architecture job on the island. While Chris meets with his potential client, Gitti goes exploring on her own, trying out a new makeover andchoosing to keep the dress she previously regarded as too "bourgeoisie" in an effort to please Chris. After meeting up with Chris by chance, he suggests theyinvite Hans and Sana to their home. The atmosphere becomes uncomfortable when Gitti runs into the bohemian couple she had previously met; they are put offby her new, put-together appearance and are somewhat hurt that she had stood them up. When they extend the invitation again, Chris clumsily declines, whichannoys Gitti.Gitti makes an effort to tone down her appearance and mannerisms for the dinner with Hans and Sana, but it nevertheless becomes awkward asChris starts behaving oddly in an attempt to impress the other couple. Gitti becomes more uncomfortable when Chris takes them into his mother's private dreamroom and mocks her interests for Hans and Sana's amusement. At the end of the night, Hans playfully throws Sana into the villa pool, leading Chris to throw Gittiin as well even as she begs him not to. Upset, she asks Sana to make an excuse so that she and Hans will leave. Chris tells Gitti he loves her and initiates sex,which she accepts dispassionately.The next day, Chris overhears Gitti concocting an excuse to leave early without letting him know. After confronting her, Gittiasserts that she is leaving him, and no longer loves him anymore because he is a weakling. Chris fires back that she is a naive hypocrite and asks her to leave.While packing her things, Gitti falls to the floor and plays dead. At first worried, and then upset by her games, Chris resolves to make things work and let hisguard down. He blows raspberries into her stomach, which makes her laugh, and the two finally look at each other.CastBirgit Minichmayr as GittiLars Eidinger asChrisNicole Marischka as SanaHans-Jochen Wagner as HansReleaseCritical receptionThe film received positive reviews from film critics. On the review aggregatorwebsite Rotten Tomatoes, 88% of 42 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.6/10. The website's consensus reads: "Alle Anderen (Everyone Else)taps into the unpredictable energy between two couples to throw finely detailed - and richly rewarding - sparks of emotional truth." Metacritic, which uses aweighted average, assigned the film a score of 71 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".Awards andnominationsSubmissionsBerlin International Film FestivalGolden Bear (nominated)German Film AwardsBest Direction (nominated)Best Performance by an Actressin a leading role (nominated)Outstanding Feature Film (nominated)Passage 3:The Girl from the ChartreuseThe Girl from the Chartreuse (original title: La PetiteChartreuse) is a French novel written by Pierre Péju and published for the first time in France in 2002. It has been translated in several other languages includingEnglish and it has been adapted in an eponymous film by Jean-Pierre Denis.The filmThe adapted film was shot in 2004, in the French Alps around Grenoble, andreleased in France and Belgium in 2005. It stars Olivier Gourmet, Marie-Josée Croze, Yves Jacques and young newcomer Bertille Noël-Bruneau. The scenario wasco-written by director Jean-Pierre Denis with Yvon Rouvé. The original soundtrack was composed by Michel Portal.External linksLa petite Chartreuse atIMDbPassage 4:The Girl from ManhattanThe Girl from Manhattan is a 1948 American comedy drama film directed by Alfred E. Green, starring Dorothy Lamour,George Montgomery, and Charles Laughton.The guest house setting allows a multiplicity of characters to interact with the main characters.PlotNew York actressand fashion model Carol arrives to stay with her uncle Homer Purdy in a boarding house in the mid-west America town of Pittsfield.Meanwhile, ex-football player,the handsome Tom Walker, appears in the same state to chat with the bishop regarding his becoming a minister in the town. It is concluded that the churchneeds new heroes and his background as a  football star should be a benefit not a hindrance. The bishop has arranged for him to stay at Purdy's boarding house.On arrival he meets Carol and they recognise each other. Tom is cryptic about his plans.Tom meets the church council who present a local benefactor Mr Birchwho is going to buy the 150-year-old church and build a new church closer to the town centre: the chosen site is Purdy's boarding House.Uncle Homer is revealedto be giving most of his rooms free until the various residents get rich, and is involved in many of their madcap schemes. He makes little money and the oldhouse is crumbling. Carol and Homer rearrange one of the rooms to serve as Tom's study until the new church is built. They do not know the chosen site is theirhouse.The bishop calls in Tom to discuss his reputation if being seen with a fashion model.Oscar, one of the more eccentric guests, is allowed to build a miniaturerailway in Purdy's basement. Mr Birch appears at the boarding house to assess its demolition. Everyone knows the plan except Carol. Uncle Homer hassquandered the $3,000 Carol sent him on investing in his guests crazy ventures. The train engine blows up and Homer is injured. Tom and carol join forces tosave the boarding house. Several guests also start to raise money.Ultimately Rev Tom sends his own $3,000 to pay off Homer's debts and Mr Birch's "generous"offer for the old church is proven to be a scam. Although they will need to keep using the old church, the bishop approves.CastPassage 5:Jean-PierreDenisJean-Pierre Denis (born 29 March 1946) is a French film director and screenwriter. He has directed seven films since 1980. His directorial debut Adrien'sStory won the Caméra d'Or at the 1980 Cannes Film Festival. His film Field of Honor was entered into the 1987 Cannes Film Festival.FilmographyAdrien's Story(1980)La palombière (1983)Champ d'honneur (1987)Les yeux de Cécile (1993)Les blessures assassines (2000)La petite Chartreuse (2005)Ici-bas (2011)Passage6:The Girl from the IslandsThe Girl from the Islands or Maibritt, the Girl from the Islands (German: Maibritt, das Mädchen von den Inseln) is a 1964 WestGerman-Swedish comedy film directed by Bostjan Hladnik and starring Jane Axell, Gunnar Möller, and Karl Schönböck. It was part of an attempt by some Germancomedy films of the era to be slightly more risqué.ProductionIt was shot on location in Yugoslavia. The film's sets were designed by the art director HeinrichMager. It was shot using Eastmancolor. The Swedish actress Jane Axell was handpicked for the starring role, but after appearing in another German filmVenusberg the same year she made only a few further minor appearances.SynopsisA German businessmen is sent to Stockholm by his boss to secure animportant contract, in the face of foreign competition. He discovers that the intended client has gone sailing round the Swedish islands and follows him. Hebecomes mixed up with a mysterious young woman named Maibritt, who eventually turns out to be the daughter of his intended client.CastPassage 7:The Girlfrom the WardrobeThe Girl from the Wardrobe (Polish: Dziewczyna z szafy) is a 2013 Polish drama film directed by Bodo Kox.CastWojciech Mecwaldowski -TomekPiotr Głowacki - JacekMagdalena Rózanska - MagdaEryk Lubos - KrzysztofTeresa Sawicka - KwiatkowskaOlga Bołądź - AgaAwards and nominationsPolishAcademy Award for Discovery of the Year, for directing, Bodo Kox, awardZbigniew Cybulski Award for best young Polish actor, Piotr Głowacki, awardPolishAcademy Award for Best Supporting Actor, Eryk Lubos, nominationPolish Academy Award for Best Production Design, Andrzej Haliński, nominationPassage 8:TheGirl from MonterreyThe Girl from Monterrey is a 1943 American film directed by Wallace Fox starring Armida Vendrell as PRCs version of the Mexican Spitfire.Thefilm is also known as The Girl from Monterey (American alternative spelling).Plot summaryIn a Mexican nightclub, some American fight promoters witness Alberto'Baby' Valdez, the brother of Lita Valdez knock out a champion fighter.  At first Lita is angered that her brother has quit his law studies to become a fighter, butthe two move to the United States.  Lita literally bumps into reigning champion Jerry O'Leary with the three becoming inseparable friends.  However the Americanfight promoters force Alberto and Jerry to fight each other or face suspension.CastArmida Vendrell as Lita ValdezEdgar Kennedy as Doc Hogan, Fight