Passage 1:Waitrose Duchy OrganicWaitrose Duchy Organic (formerly Duchy Originals from Waitrose and earlier simply Duchy Originals) is a brand of organic food sold in Waitrose stores in the United Kingdom. The brand is a partnership between Waitrose and Duchy Originals Limited, a company set up in 1990  by King Charles III when he was Prince of Wales and Duke of Cornwall. The Duchy Originals company is named after the Duchy of Cornwall estates that are held in trust by the Duke of Cornwall, who often holds the title Prince of Wales.HistoryThe Duchy Originals brand was originally conceived in 1990 as an outlet for the organic food grown on the Prince of Wales' Highgrove House estate and nearby Home Farm which he had leased from the Duchy of Cornwall in the mid-1980s. The first Duchy Originals product was oaten biscuits. Products were initially sold through high-end stores such as Harrods and Fortnum & Mason. During the 1990s, Duchy Originals products began being stocked in farm shops and independent delicatessens and expansion during the 2000s saw a selected range of Duchy Originals products becoming widely available in most major UK supermarkets, with Waitrose as the brand's largest customer. By 2008 sales of Duchy Originals had raised over £7 million cumulatively for The Prince of Wales's Charitable Fund.Following the 2007–2008 financial crisis the Duchy Originals business began making losses, amounting to around £3 million in 2009, and in September of that year it was announced that Duchy Originals had agreed an exclusive deal with Waitrose. From August 2010 products were relaunched under the Duchy Originals from Waitrose brand and the then range of around 200 lines was expanded to over 300. Waitrose invested heavily in the brand and sales doubled during the first three years of the exclusive arrangement. By 2013 the brand was selling in 30 countries including Australia and Japan. In the summer of 2015 the brand name was changed to Waitrose Duchy Organic. The tradition of donating royalties to charity continued and Prince Charles continued his involvement with the brand which operates separately from the Duchy of Cornwall. The lease on Home Farm was not renewed in 2020, but the Prince of Wales continued to farm organically at Sandringham House. The new tenant of Home Farm continued the relationship with Waitrose Duchy Organic, which reported a profit of £3.6 million in 2021.The brandsThe company Duchy Originals, a wholly owned subsidiary of The Prince of Wales's Charitable Fund, originated the Duchy Originals brand in 1990 as a premium organic food and drink brand. It also created two other brands, Duchy Selections and Duchy Collections. Duchy Selections was a range of premium free-range (but not organic) pork and fish products and mineral waters, and Duchy Collections was a range of high quality non food products. The Duchy Originals company has never sold the goods that carry the brand names, and other than the short-lived Duchy Originals Food company venture it has not manufactured them. Instead Duchy branded products have been sold and manufactured by a number of different retail companies, all of whom have paid royalties to the Duchy Originals Company.Financial informationBy the end of the 1990s the brand had an annual turnover of around £1 million. This had grown to £4.86 million by 2006/7. Administrative expenses came to £3.31 million, giving an operating profit of £1.53 million. The company was badly hit by the recession in 2007 and started making a loss. For the financial year 2008/9, the company failed to make any profits and turnover dropped to £2.2 million, with an operating loss of £3.3 million, compared to the previous year's operating profit of £57,000. Fortunes improved after the 2009 Waitrose arrangement, and by 2013 annual profits were £2.8 million.The Duchy Originals Food companyDuchy Originals' only venture into manufacturing has been the Duchy Originals Food company. This was a wholly owned subsidiary of the Duchy Originals company and it opened a factory in Launceston, Cornwall in 2006. The factory was a bakery making both sweet and savoury pastry products. The venture suffered financial problems, with the factory making a loss of £447,158 in the financial year 2006/7. In 2009, the Duchy Originals company decided to sell the bakery, with one-off costs from the sale contributing towards Duchy Originals making a loss for 2009–10.Herbal medicinesIn 2008, Duchy Originals partnered with the alternative medicine company Nelsons to produce a line of herbal remedies. This led to controversy, in which leading UK scientists said that Duchy Originals promoted its herbal remedies with scientifically unsound claims. Edzard Ernst, the UK's first professor of complementary medicine, said Duchy Originals detox products were "outright quackery". Subsequently, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) ruled that healing claims were misleading and required the company to amend an advertising campaign promoting two herbal medicines.Mineral waterIn 2002 the Deeside Water Company began to produce some of its bottled mineral water for the Duchy Originals brand. In 2010, Waitrose rebranded the product as Duchy Originals from Waitrose and in 2016 the supermarket repackaged it as part of its Waitrose One premium range.Garden toolsGardening tools were produced under the Duchy Originals brand by the Lancashire company Caldwells until it went into administration in 2009.Charitable givingThe company Duchy Originals Ltd is a wholly owned subsidiary company of The Prince of Wales's Charitable Fund and donates to the charity from its profits. By 2013 the brand had raised £11 million from its profits for the Prince's Charities. In Canada the proceeds from sales of Duchy Originals products are donated to the charities associated with The Prince's Charities Canada. By 2012 more than one million Canadian dollars were being raised annually in this manner.The Duchy Future Farming programmeThe Duchy Future Farming programme was set up in 2013 in partnership with the Soil Association to provide advice and support to UK farmers and growers in conducting research into organic farming methods. Participants are encouraged to carry out experiments in their own fields, and over 3000 farmers had been involved in this by 2015. A research fund offering up to £25,000 is also available.Passage 2:John De MargheritiJohn De Margheriti (born July 1962) is an Italian-born Australian electrical engineer, software developer and entrepreneur. De Margheriti is widely seen as a founding 'father' of Australia's video games industry and Australia's most experienced interactive entertainment business executive.He is the founder and former CEO of BigWorld Pty Limited and the founder of parent company Micro Forté Pty Limited. De Margheriti is also the Executive Chairman of the Academy of Interactive Entertainment, the Chairman of Canberra Technology Park, the founder of the Game Developers' Association of Australia, the founder of the Australian Game Developers Conference, and the founder of the three Canberra business parks, the co-founder of DEMS Entertainment, the co-founder of Dreamgate Studios, the co-founder of Game Plus and co-founder of The Film Distillery.De Margheriti has been recognised as an Honorary Ambassador for Canberra due to his contribution to Australia's national capital and in 2022 was awarded the Pearcey Medal, Australia's highest honour in the ICT Industry, for his lifetime contribution to the establishment and ongoing success of the Australian games industry. Without his vision, tenacity and passion, the industry would not be as successful and vibrant as it is in now. John has effectively had an influence on just about every Australian games studio and developer in operation today, not to mention his contribution to the broader ICT community and the international games industry.Early yearsBorn in Rome, Italy, De Margheriti arrived in Canberra with his family in 1970. He experimented with CB radios and electronics early as a young teenager. When he was sixteen De Margheriti experimented with making computer games independently. During his senior years at Hawker College, De Margheriti co-created an amateur 8 millimetres (0.31 in) science fiction film after watching the 1977 film, Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope. During the development of his amateur film, he co-developed a robotics system entitled 3DIM that would enable him to film complex stop-motion animation footage of large scale spaceship models.  De Margheriti's need to create scrolling film credits led him to discover computers as a tool. The film involved dozens of actors and as a result, De Margheriti gained his first taste in management working with actors and prop builders. During filming he met Steve Wang which would later form the basis of a longstanding business association. He wrote his first computer game called “Maze” on a PDP-11 and his peer, Steve Wang developed a computer game called “Caves”, also on a PDP-11 computer.De Margheriti graduated with a degree in electrical engineering from the UNSW Sydney (UNSW), and holds an MBA from Sydney University. Wang also went on to study at UNSW in the field of computer science. Together they devoted much of their time during university hours to developing computer games. They pooled their money to purchase a Commodore PET. During this time John also met Stephen Lewis and he joined the group, helping make games on the Commodore PET.The most memorable game that they developed during university years was made for the Commodore 64. Whilst working part-time at the Computer 1 computer store in Randwick to put himself through university, De Margheriti met Gerry Gerlach who was interested in finding a person who could develop a computer game based on the recent Australian win of the Americas Cup 12 metres (39 ft) sailing.  After a conversation with Gerlach, De Margheriti approached his friends at the university and pulled together a team including Wang, Stephen Lewis and John Reidy capable of developing the simulation game. The team spent 72 hours straight developing a demo, pitched it to Armchair Entertainment and won a contract to develop the Americas Cup Sailing Simulation game for the Commodore 64 and Amstrad which was ultimately developed and then sold to Electronic Arts.Soon after starting to develop their first game, Wang and Lewis tactfully told De Margheriti that his true strength was not programming but managing and winning new projects for the fledgling group. This “truth” ultimately saw De Margheriti become the entrepreneur and visionary for a group of profit and not for profit companies that have offices around the globe.In addition to the Americas Cup Sailing Simulation, De Margheriti went on to program two other of games for Electronic Arts including Demon Stalkers and Fireking for the Commodore 64 and IBM PC, which was later released by Sydney-based Strategic Studies Group. http://www.ssg.com.au/Later careerMicro Forte Pty LimitedBetween 1985 and 1988, De Margheriti turned his focus towards business negotiations and contract development. He co-founded a games development company called Micro Forté Pty Limited and wrote games for a new company called Electronic Arts.In 1995 De Margheriti came up with the concept of developing a software solution that would somehow group bulletin board


Passage 1:Pieces of a WomanPieces of a Woman is a 2020 drama film directed by Kornél Mundruczó, from a screenplay by Kata Wéber. The film stars VanessaKirby, Shia LaBeouf, Molly Parker, Sarah Snook, Iliza Shlesinger, Benny Safdie, Jimmie Fails, and Ellen Burstyn as the family and associates of Martha (Kirby)involved in her traumatic childbirth, baby loss, and a subsequent court case against the midwife, Eva (Parker), whom Martha's mother Elizabeth (Burstyn) blamesfor the baby's death. Martin Scorsese and Sam Levinson served as executive producers, and the film was scored by Howard Shore.An international co-productionof the United States and Canada, the film is partly based on Mundruczó and Wéber's stage play of the same name and explores themes of grief and loss. Itpremiered on September 4, 2020, at the 77th Venice International Film Festival, where Kirby won the Volpi Cup for Best Actress. It was released in selecttheaters on December 30, 2020, before beginning to digitally stream on Netflix on January 7, 2021, and became noted for its long take childbirth scene at thestart of the film.The film received generally positive reviews, with praise for the actors, particularly Kirby, though elements of the plot were criticized. For herperformance, Kirby received Academy Award, BAFTA, SAG, Critics' Choice, and Golden Globe nominations.PlotMartha and Sean, a young Boston couple, areexpecting their first child. Sean resents Martha's mother Elizabeth, a wealthy Holocaust survivor, who is buying them a minivan.Martha goes into labor at theirhome and Sean calls their midwife Barbara, who is unavailable and sends another midwife named Eva in her place. Martha struggles with nausea and pain duringcontractions and, when she reaches ten centimeters, Eva realizes the baby's heart rate has dropped dangerously low. Sean asks Eva if they are safe to continueand Eva tells Sean to call an ambulance. Martha soon gives birth to a baby girl who at first seems healthy. Eva then notices the baby is turning blue and attemptsto revive her, but she goes into cardiac arrest and dies.The following month, Martha and Sean attend an appointment with a coroner; Sean is eager to find outwhat went wrong, while Martha is reluctant. They learn the cause of death has not yet been established but are told they were able to determine that the babywas in a low-oxygen environment and start proceedings against Eva. Sean leaves, overcome with emotion, while Martha remains and decides that she wants todonate the baby's body to science.The relationship between Martha and Sean continues to be strained, as is Martha's relationship with her mother, who wants tobury the baby and have a funeral. Both Martha and Sean remain deeply depressed. Sean returns the car that Elizabeth bought for them. He later has sex withMartha's cousin, Suzanne, and uses cocaine after being sober for almost seven years. Suzanne, who is also the attorney prosecuting Eva, informs him that apotential lawsuit against Eva could be very lucrative.At a tense family gathering at her home, Elizabeth tells Martha that she has to attend Eva's trial and blamesMartha for her baby's death because she decided to have a home birth. Elizabeth then tells Sean that she never liked him before offering him a check for a largesum of money to leave and never return. Martha drops Sean off at Logan International Airport and he leaves for Seattle.Months later, Martha testifies at Eva'strial. After her testimony, the judge allows her to address the court, and she states that Eva is not at fault for the death and that she does not blame her. Backhome, she discovers that the apple seeds she stored in her refrigerator have started to sprout. A month later, Martha scatters her daughter's ashes into the riverfrom the bridge that Sean helped to build.Years later, a little girl climbs an apple tree, picks an apple, and eats it. Martha calls her name, Lucianna, then helps herdown. The two go inside together.CastProductionPlayThe play Pieces of a Woman was created by Kornél Mundruczó and Kata Wéber, a couple who experiencedmiscarriage during pregnancy. The couple did not initially talk about their experience or process their grief, but Mundruczó read a scene written in Wéber'snotebook depicting a woman and her mother debate child loss and felt that it needed exploration. Wéber, who had already titled the scene "Pieces of a Woman",became the playwright after Mundruczó encouraged her to make a "family drama" from the scene; the play was originally performed at TR Warszawa in Warsaw,Poland. Following (Polish) Maja, her senile mother, and her Norwegian husband, the play contained two scenes: the childbirth and a family dinner in theaftermath. For BroadwayWorld, Filip Piotrowicz wrote that the scenes being performed in real time with real props (including a working oven and food beingcooked inside) felt both like a film and classic theatrical form. The birth scene was multimedia, with the performance being recorded by a camera freely roamingthe stage and live-streamed on screens in the theater, and other screens showing ultrasound scans of the fetus.Development and themesThe film Pieces of aWoman was announced to be in production in October 2019, with Mundruczó directing from a screenplay by Wéber. It is based on their play, and alsoincorporates fictionalized aspects of the trial of Hungarian midwife Ágnes Geréb. Wéber consulted with psychiatrists and other women who had lost babies whilewriting the film. In developing the play for the screen, Mundruczó chose to set it in Boston, thinking the city's historic Irish Catholic culture was a good translationof the conservative Polish society of the original. It is his first film in the English language. Wéber submitted the script to the Hungarian National Film Fund but didnot get support; Aaron Ryder read the script and showed it to producers Ashley Levinson and Kevin Turen, who took it on. Sam Levinson and Martin Scorsese,among others, served as executive producers on the film; Scorsese, who was shown the film by composer Howard Shore prior to its release, boarded after thefilm was complete, hoping to help its distribution as Mundruczó and Wéber were unknown filmmakers. Supporting actress Ellen Burstyn, who was directed byScorsese in Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore, said that he "picked up on things [about Pieces of a Woman] that [she] never heard anybody else pick up on. Andhe has such an appreciation of the art of moviemaking that you feel seen."The film explores themes of trauma, which Dr. Lipi Roy writing for Forbes foundrelevant during the COVID-19 pandemic when it was released; Mundruczó and lead actress Vanessa Kirby both also commented that the loss in the film can speakto people who have been bereaved in the pandemic, and Wéber spoke of the relevance of the isolation and inability to talk about feelings that Martha experiences.Kirby has described the film as "almost a character study on grief" that also explores intergenerational trauma. In the film, Martha's family are all physicallypresent but not emotionally available to her, and they each find different ways to process their loss, according to Roy. Midwives speaking with NOW also notedthat films exploring grief often do so by presenting it as a bonding experience, while Pieces of a Woman focused on the differences. Renaldo Matadeen of CBRcompared the film's exploration of grief to that of Marriage Story, though he felt that Pieces of a Woman did not explore the shared grief Martha and Seanexperience. Also for NOW, Kevin Ritchie noted that the film shifts focus on themes throughout, featuring class tensions at the start and, at the end, focusing ongenerational divides and present baggage of Holocaust survival. The New Yorker's Anthony Lane wrote that the film "amounts to a set of variations on the themeof winter", reflected in its little-changing Boston setting; similarly, Lee Marshall of Screen International opined that the wintry setting and its "oppressive" GothicRevival architecture helped to inform the themes of the film.CastingThe first person to be cast was Shia LaBeouf as Sean. He was followed shortly by VanessaKirby, playing Martha, who had been shown the script by Sam Levinson; she had met with the Levinsons and told them she wanted to make a film like A WomanUnder the Influence. Mundruczó was a fan of The Crown and wanted to cast Kirby after watching her as Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon and thinking herperformance resembled Claudia Cardinale and Catherine Deneuve. He also wanted to work with Kirby at this point in her career, "Where all of the skills arealready there, but the fear is not [...] When you are very established, you are more and more careful." Though Kirby was considered a frontrunner in discussionsfor the role, the production had been turned down by bigger names before Kirby was shown the script; the day after she read it, she flew to Budapest and theyhad a two-hour meeting with Mundruczó. Asked about this, Kirby said that she "just loved the script ... You just know when you know".Kirby and LaBeouf wererevealed as the lead roles when the film was announced in October 2019. Kirby spoke with women who had experienced baby loss to prepare for her role, andprepared extensively for her performance of labor in the opening scene. She had not given birth herself and was concerned about realism; she first watchedchildbirth documentaries but felt these were too edited and so she wrote to obstetricians and was invited by one, Claire Mellon, to observe on a labor ward,including being allowed to witness a birth, which she told NPR she would not have been able to perform in the film without.In December 2019, Jimmie Fails, EllenBurstyn, Molly Parker and Iliza Shlesinger joined the cast of the film, followed by Sarah Snook and Benny Safdie in January 2020. Burstyn said getting cast in thefilm felt like "a win-win-win situation", as she was able to work with Mundruczó, whose White God Burstyn enjoyed, and Kirby, whose The Crown performanceBurstyn had been impressed by; Kirby was also excited to work with Burstyn.FilmingPrincipal photography began on December 3, 2019, in Montreal, Canada, andlasted until the end of January 2020.The film is noted for its 24-minute long take labor scene at the start, dubbed "The Scene" by The Guardian's Adrian Hortonand described as "one of the most controversial scenes of the year" by Entertainment Weekly. Writer Wéber did not anticipate a one-shot take, which Mundruczóplanned from the start, though knew she wanted all the details present. Mundruczó began the scene with Martha's first pains and ended with the arrival of anambulance "because [they didn't] want to show exactly what's happening", wanting to leave the audience having only seen the baby alive while creatingsuspense. As the director, Mundruczó wanted the actors to make their own performance choices in the scene; there were no marks to hit, LaBeouf came up withthe bad jokes used himself, and the production team would not show the cast any of the stage performance so as not to influence them. Kirby told Empire thatthe cast "had a map of where to be, and then [they would] freefall and see what happened." Three crewmembers were used for the scene: director ofphotography Benjamin Loeb, acting as camera operator upon Mundruczó's request, and two boom operators. A birthing coach, Elan McAllister, had also been


Passage 1:Servillano AquinoServillano Aquino y Aguilar (April 20, 1874 – February 3, 1959) was a Filipino general during the Philippine Revolution and thePhilippine–American War. He served as a delegate to the Malolos Congress and was the grandfather of Benigno S. "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. He is the great-grandfatherof Benigno Aquino III, the 15th President of the Philippines.Early life and educationAquino, known by his nickname "Mianong", was born on April 20, 1874, to DonBraulio Aquino y Lacsamana and Doña Petrona Aguilar y Henson. He had his early education from a private tutor in Mexico, Pampanga. He moved to Manila andentered the Colegio de San Juan de Letran, and later, the University of Santo Tomas.Philippine–American WarIn 1896, Aquino became a mason and joined theKatipunan. He was also elected mayor of Murcia, Tarlac and under General Francisco Macabulos, he organized the Filipino revolutionary forces against theAmericans. He was promoted to major but was defeated in the battle at Mount Sinukuan or Mount Arayat in Arayat, Pampanga. After the Pact of Biak-na-Batowas signed, Aquino was self-exiled to Hong Kong together with Emilio Aguinaldo and the revolutionary government after receiving 100,000 pesos from theSpanish government in exchange of their surrender. He returned to the Philippines in 1898 and joined General Antonio Luna to fight against the American forces.Together they attacked Manila but retreated to Mount Arayat. In September 1902, he surrendered and was jailed in Bilibid Prison and sentenced to hang.However, United States President Theodore Roosevelt pardoned Aquino after two years.Personal lifeHe married Guadalupe Quiambao, with whom he had threechildren, namely Gonzalo (born 1892), Benigno (1894–1947) and Amando (born 1896). Later, he married his sister-in-law, Belen Sanchez, and had a child withher, Herminio (born 1949).DeathAquino died of a heart attack on February 3, 1959.AncestrySee alsoList of people pardoned or granted clemency by the presidentof the United StatesPassage 2:Stanisław of MasoviaStanisław of Masovia (pl: Stanisław mazowiecki; 17 May 1501 – 8 August 1524), was a Polish prince memberof the House of Piast in the Masovian branch. He was a Duke of Czersk, Warsaw, Liw, Zakroczym and Nur during 1503-1524 (under regency until 1518) jointlywith his brother.He was the eldest son of Konrad III the Red and his third wife Anna, a daughter of Mikolaj Radziwiłł the Old, Voivod of Vilnius and the first GrandChancellor of Lithuania.LifeAfter the death of their father on 28 October 1503, Stanisław and his younger brother Janusz III inherited his domains but, becausethey were minors, remained under the regency of their mother.Most of the Masovian inheritance (except Czersk, which had already been given to Konrad III as ahereditary fief in 1495) was seriously threatened by the Kingdom of Poland at the time of Konrad III's death, and was not secured in his sons' hands until 14March 1504, when by a ruling of King Alexander, the young princes received their whole patrimony as a fief.Stanisław and his brother took the government in1518, because of the constant riots of the local nobility. Despite this, Anna Radziwiłł retained the real power in Masovia until her death in 1522. In the same yearwhen they attained their majority, both princes attended the wedding of King Sigismund I the Old to Bona Sforza in Kraków.In 1519, fulfilling their duties asPolish vassals, Stanisław and Janusz III intervened in the Polish-Teutonic War, sending auxiliary troops to the Polish King, and in the winter of 1519-1520 theypersonally captured several towns in Masuria. At the same time, Stanisław secretly entered into talks with the Teutonic Knights for a ceasefire, which finally tookplace in December 1520, a few months before a peace treaty ended the war between Poland and the Teutonic Order.In their private lives, both Stanisław and hisbrother were heavily inclined to drink and women; however, in order to continue his bloodline, in 1523 Stanisław started negotiations for marriage with PrincessHedwig of Poland, only surviving daughter of King Sigismund I and his first wife, Barbara Zápolya. The wedding never took place; one year later, and likely as aresult of his dissolute lifestyle, Stanisław died on 8 August 1524. He was buried at St. John's Archcathedral, Warsaw.The sudden death of Stanisław, and that twoyears later of his younger brother Janusz III, were considered suspicious at the time. The main suspect was a Płock lady called Katarzyna Radziejowska, who afterbeing seduced and abandoned by both princes, was believed to have poisoned firstly Anna Radziwiłł, then Stanisław and finally Janusz III in revenge. Declaredguilty, she and her supposed accomplice were tied naked to poles and beaten for hours, and finally burned alive. The hurry where the sentence was carried raisedeven more suspicion that in fact the real instigator of the crimes was Queen Bona. The controversy was so intense that King Sigismund I, in order to clarify thematter once and for all, ordered an investigation, as a result of which a special edict was declared on 9 February 1528 which ruled that the princes "weren'tvictims of a human hand, but was the will of the Almighty Lord that caused their deaths".According to Jan Długosz, the real cause of the death of both princescould be an inherited disease of the Masovian princes: tuberculosis.Passage 3:Konrad V KantnerKonrad V Kantner (ca. 1385 – 10 September 1439) was a duke ofOleśnica, Koźle, half of Bytom and half of Ścinawa during 1412–1427 (with his brothers as co-rulers), since 1427 sole ruler over Oleśnica.He was the second sonof Konrad III the Old, Duke of Oleśnica, by his wife Judith. Like his one older and three younger brothers, at the baptism he received the name of Konrad, whichwas characteristic in this branch of the House of Piast. His nickname of Kantner was derived from the town of Kanth (pl: Kąty Wrocławskie), who was a propertyof the Oleśnica dukes since 1379.LifeAfter the death of his father in 1412, Konrad V succeeded him in all his lands together with his older brother Konrad IV theOlder as co-rulers, due to the minority of their younger brothers.In 1416, when all Konrad III's sons attained his majority, Konrad IV renounced to thegovernment on behalf of Konrad V and the rest of his brothers. However, because two other brothers (Konrad VI the Dean and Konrad VIII the Younger), alsopursued a Church career, the main beneficiaries in the government are two others laic brothers: Konrad V and Konrad VII the White, who in 1431 co-founded inKoźle a Minorites Cloister. In 1434 they purchased the town of Wołczyn to Duke Louis II of Brieg. The co-rulership was maintained until 1427, when was made thedivision of the Duchy: Konrad V retained the main city of Oleśnica.Like his brothers, Konrad V fought against the Hussites. In 1428 they tried unsuccessfully toprevent their depredations in the Duchy of Troppau. On 4 April 1431 they raided Gliwice, which was occupied by the Hussites and where just held religiousdiscussions in which the Lithuanian prince Sigismund Korybut, a nephew of Vytautas, was involved. Presumably, therefore, undertook the Hussites in 1432 a raidinto the Duchy of Oleśnica, which was largely spared from them until then. Konrad V and his brothers, however, managed to defeat them at Ścinawa. Togetherwith his brother Konrad IV, other Piast Dukes and the cities of Wrocław, Świdnica and Nysa was notarized on 13 September 1432 for the Hussites the stilloccupied cities of Niemcza, Kluczbork and Otmuchów the amount of 10,000 groschen for damages.Their fight against the Hussites was rewarded by EmperorSigismund, who, in his capacity as King of Bohemia, in 1434 transfer to them the districts of Psie Pole and Psary. Three years later, in 1437 he confirmed to themthe complete investiture of this territories by Escheat, so that upon the death of the childless Konrad VII they could reverted to the Kingdom. Two years later,Konrad V died of the plague. The guardianship of his minor sons was taken by his brother Konrad VII.Marriage and issueBy 9 October 1411, Konrad V marriedMargareta (d. 15 March 1449), whose origins are unknown. They had five children:Agnes (b. aft. 1411 – d. Herbst, September 1448), married in 1437 to Kaspar ISchlik, Count of Passaun-Weisskirchen and Imperial Chancellor.Konrad IX the Black (b. ca. 1415 – d. 14 August 1471).Konrad X the White (b. 1420 – d. 21September 1492).Anna (b. ca. 1425? – d. aft. 15 August 1482), married by 1444 to Duke Władysław I of Płock.Margareta (b. by 1430 – d. 10 May 1466), Abbessof Trebnitz (1456).In his will, Konrad V leave the town of Wołów to his wife as her dower, who was ruled by her until her own death. His sons were excluded fromthe government by their uncle Konrad VII, who maintained his rule until 1450, when they finally deposed him and assumed the full control over theDuchy.Passage 4:Konrad IV the OlderKonrad IV the Elder (Polish: Konrad IV Starszy, German: Konrad von Oels) (c. 1384 – 9 August 1447) served as the Duke ofOels (Oleśnica), Koźle, half of Bytom, and half of Ścinawa from 1412 to 1416, sharing the rule with his brothers. After 1416, he became the sole ruler over Kąty,Bierutów, Prudnik, and Syców. In 1417, he assumed the role of Bishop of Wrocław and also held the title of Duke of Nysa.Born to Konrad III the Old, Duke ofOleśnica, and his wife Judith, Konrad IV the Elder was the eldest among his siblings. It is worth noting that his four younger brothers also shared the nameKonrad; however, historians primarily distinguish them through letters and regnal numbers.LifeChurch careerKonrad IV, despite being the oldest son and having astrong potential to inherit his father's duchy, made the decision to pursue a religious vocation. He quickly advanced within the church hierarchy and by the end of1399, he assumed the role of cleric in Wrocław. Within a year, he was elected as the canon of Wrocław and the provost of Domasław/Domslau, although he didnot succeed in this position. Nevertheless, this setback did not deter him, and in 1410 he was ultimately chosen as the canon of Wrocław. From 1411 to 1417, heheld the office of provost of the chapter. During this time, Konrad IV devoted himself entirely to his candidacy for the position of Bishop of Warmia, concentratingall his efforts towards this goal. He embarked on a lengthy journey to Rome in pursuit of this appointment, although the endeavor proved unsuccessful.Nonetheless, as compensation, he was awarded a master's degree and appointed as a papal notary. In 1412, he also assumed the role of Canon ofOlomouc.Following the resignation of Duke Wenceslaus II of Legnica, the Bishop of Wrocław, on 17 December 1417, Pope Martin V appointed Konrad IV as thenew Bishop of Wrocław. He received his ordination as bishop on 22 January 1418 from John Tylemann, a suffragent of the Kolegiata of St. Nicholas inOtmuchów.Beginning of his involvement in politicsKonrad IV, in addition to his clerical duties, actively participated in politics during his time. In 1402, he joinedthe newly formed alliance of Silesian princes. In 1409, he supported his father alongside King Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia during the truce negotiations betweenPoland and the Teutonic Knights. In 1412, Konrad IV served as a mediator in conflicts involving the Dukes of Opole, King Wenceslaus IV, and the city of Wrocław.


Passage 1:Vadim VlasovVadim Nikolayevich Vlasov (Russian: Вадим Николаевич Власов; born 19 December 1980) is a former Russian football player.Vlasovplayed in the Russian Premier League with FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod.He is a younger brother of Dmitri Vlasov.Passage 2:Roshan Lal VermaRoshan LalVerma is an Indian politician and a member of the Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh in India. He represents the Tilhar constituency of UttarPradesh and is a member of the Samajwadi Party.Early life and educationRoshan Lal Verma was born in Shahjahanpur district. He attended the Adarsh School andis educated till eighth grade.Political careerRoshan Lal Verma has been a MLA for three term. He represented the Tilhar constituency and was a member ofthe  political party, Bahujan Samaj Party. Later he joined Bhartiya Janta Party until 2021.In 2022 he joined Samajwadi Party.Members of Legislative AssemblyHewas elected in 2007 as  Member, 15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh. And re-elected in 2012 for 16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh and again in2017 as Member, 17th Legislative AssemblyElectoral performanceSee alsoTilhar (Assembly constituency)Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar PradeshUttarPradesh Legislative AssemblyPassage 3:Vrindavan Lal VermaVrindavan Lal verma (9 January 1889 – 23 February 1969) was a Hindi novelist and playwright. Hewas honoured with Padma Bhushan for his literary works; Agra University presented him with honorary D. Lit. He received Soviet Land Nehru Award and thegovernment India also awarded him for his novel, Jhansi Ki Rani.Life and careerHe was drawn toward mythological and historical narratives from early childhood.His masterpiece, Mriganayani, set at the end of the 15th century in Gwalior, tells the legend of Man Singh Tomar and his "doe-eyed queen" Mrignayani.Hishistorical novels areGadh Kundar (1927)Virata ki Padmini (1930)Musahibju (1943)Jhansi ki Rani (1946)Kachnar (1947)Madavji Sindhia (1949)Tute Kante(1949)Mriganayani (1950)Bhuvan Vikram (1954)Ahilya Bai (1955)Rani DurgavatiLalitadityaVarma's social novels includeSangam (1928)Lagan (1929)Pratyagat(1929)Kundali Chakra (1932)Prem ki Bheni (1939)Kabhi na Kabhi (1945)Achal Mera Koyi (1947)Rakhi ki Laj (1947)Sona (1947)Amar Bel (1952).His plays includean adaptation of his novel, Jhansi ki Rani, Hans Mayur (1950), Bans ki Phans (1950), Pile Hath (1950), Purva ki Aur (1951), Kevat (1951), Nilkanth (1951),Mangal Sutra (1952), Birbal (1953), and Lalit Vikram (1953).Varma wrote short stories also which have been published in seven volumes. His autobiography ApniKahani has also been applauded.Passage 4:Manikya Lal VermaManikya Lal Verma (Born on 4 December 1897 in a Mathur kayastha family) was a member ofConstituent Assembly of India in 1949. He was prime minister of Rajasthan, India before full formation of the state. He was elected to Lok Sabha in 1957 fromChittorgarh and in 1952 from Tonk. He was recipient of Padma Bhushan in 1965.He played pivotal role in Bijolia movement, a farmers agitation raised between1919 and 1923 in Bhilwara. He remained in prison for several years being a freedom fighter.  Verma was an untiring social activist. He played a vital role inpromoting education among Tribes, other backward classes and women in southern Rajasthan.  He founded Vimukt Janjaati sangh to promote social conditions ofnotified castes. This organisation established several hostels for notified caste students in Rajasthan. In Western border district's Simant ()Chatrawas were established on his initiative.He died on 14 January 1969. His wife Smt. Narayni Devi was a member of Rajya Sabha and son Deen Bandhu Vermawas a member of Loksabha from Udaipur constituency. His son in law Shiv Charan Mathur was also Chief Minister of Rajasthan for two terms.The Manikya LalVerma Textile and Engineering College was named after him. A huge garden at bank of Pichola lake, Udaipur is also named behind him.Other details as perloksabha.nic.in ...Social and Political worker; Secretary, Vidya Pracharini Sabha, Bijolia (1916); Organised Peasant Satyagraha against taxes and forced labour in1918; Imprisoned in 1919, also 1923, thrice in 1927 and again in 1931; Interned at Kumbhalgarh in 1932-33 and expelled from Udaipur State in 1938 forestablishing 'Praja Mandal' and conducting Satyagraha against the State and imprisoned again for one year, 1939; Participated in 'Quit India Movement';Chairman of Reception Committee, All India States' People's Conference, 1945; Chief Minister of Rajasthan, 1948–49; President, Rajasthan State CongressCommittee, 1951; Member, All India Congress Working Committee, 1952–54; President, Rajasthan Bhil Seva Mandal Vimukta Jati Sevak Sangh, 1954–55;Convener, All India Gadia Luhar Sammelan and Bharat Sevak Samaj, 1955–56; President, Gadiya Lohar Sewak Sangh, 1956–62, Rajasthan Adim Jati SevakSangh, 1957–62; Rajasthan Van Shramik Sahakari Sangh, 1959–62; Member, Constituent Assembly, 1947–50; Provisional Parliament, 1950–52; First LokSabha, 1952—57 and Second Lok Sabha, 1957–62.Social activities:  Organised Harijan Ashram at Nareli in Ajmer Merwara, 1934; Did constructive work amongBhils and Meenas of Rajasthan at Village Khadlai, Dungarpur State in August, 1934; Established Akal Pidit Seva Sangh, Mewar, 1940; Established Harijan SevakSangh and Bhil Seva Sangh in Udaipur; Established Mahila Ashram, Bhilwara, 1944; Established Rajasthan Kalbeliya Seva Sangh.Special interests:  Improvementof agriculture on modern lines; Establishment of Socialistic Society on the cooperative principles; Established three Tribes colony in Udaipur and Kota District andsettled Gadia Lohars in Jodhpur, Nagor, Bikaner, Ajmer, Pali District and Banjaras in Bhilwara District, Kalbeliyas in Udaipur District.Passage 5:Kerem İnanKeremİnan (born 25 March 1980) is a Turkish professional football goalkeeper who plays for Erokspor.Career statisticsAs of 20 August 2010HonoursGalatasarayTurkishLeague: 2 (1999–00, 2001–02)Turkish Cup: 2 (1998–99, 1999–00) UEFA Cup: 1 (1999–00)UEFA Super Cup: 1 (2000)Passage 6:Jhunnilal VermaJhunnilal Verma(also Jhunni Lal Verma or J. L. Verma) was an Indian lawyer and politician from Madhya Pradesh. He was freedom fighter from Bundelkhand Damoh region.InDecember 1933, Verma was elected unopposed to the Legislative Council of the Central Provinces and Berar, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of G. S.Singhai. He represented the Damoh district non-Muhammadan rural constituency. He was still a member in 1936.During establishment of Saugor University hewas in the team with Dr. Hari Singh Gour and also the founder of Damoh Degree College. J. L. Verma Law College, the law school affiliated with Dr. Hari SinghGour University was named in his honor.  He wrote two books Bharat Darshan and Karm Sanyasi Krishna.External linksJhunni Lal Verma, author profile atRajkamal PrakashanPassage 7:Roman SmishkoRoman Smishko (Ukrainian: Роман Володимирович Смішко) is a retired Ukrainian professional footballer whoplayed as a goalkeeper.He is a younger brother of Ukrainian defender Bohdan Smishko.CareerHe played for clubs in Estonian, Lithuanian and Belarusian toplevels.In the 2014 Meistriliiga season he set the league clean sheet record by not conceding a single goal for 1,281 minutes between 5 April 2014 and 25 July2014 which is 30 minutes short and allegedly the second best result in countries top flight after Edwin Van der Sar's 1,311 minutes.Passage 8:Miloš ZličićMilošZličić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милош Зличић; born 29 December 1999) is a Serbian football forward who plays for Smederevo 1924. He is a younger brother of LazarZličić.Club careerVojvodinaBorn in Novi Sad, Zličić passed Vojvodina youth school and joined the first team at the age of 16. Previously, he was nominated for thebest player of the "Tournament of Friendship", played in 2015. He made his senior debut in a friendly match against OFK Bačka during the spring half of the2015–16 season, along with a year younger Mihajlo Nešković. Zličić made an official debut for Vojvodina in the 16th fixture of the 2016–17 Serbian SuperLigaseason, played on 19 November 2016 against Novi Pazar.Loan to CementIn July 2018, Zličić joined the Serbian League Vojvodina side Cement Beočin onhalf-year loan deal. Zličić made his debut in an official match for Cement on 18 August, in the first round of the new season of the Serbian League Vojvodina, in adefeat against Omladinac. He scored his first senior goal on 25 August, in victory against Radnički.International careerZličić was called in Serbia U15 nationalteam squad during the 2014, and he also appeared for under-16 national team between 2014 and 2015. He was also member of a U17 level later. After that, hewas member of a U18 level, and scored goal against Slovenia U18.Career statisticsAs of 26 February 2020Passage 9:Dmitri Varfolomeyev (footballer, born1978)Dmitri Nikolayevich Varfolomeyev (Russian: Дмитрий Николаевич Варфоломеев; born 15 March 1978) is a Russian former football player.He is a youngerbrother of Sergei Varfolomeyev.HonoursZhenis AstanaKazakhstan Premier League champion: 2001Kazakhstan Cup winner: 2001Passage 10:Baboo LalVermaBaboo Lal Verma as an Indian politician. He is a Cabinet Minister of Food & Civil Supply, Consumer Affairs in Government of Rajasthan and MLA inKeshoraipatan constituency Bundi district from Rajasthan.


Passage 1:SennedjemSennedjem was an Ancient Egyptian artisan who was active during the reigns of Seti I and Ramesses II. He lived in Set Maat (translated as"The Place of Truth"), contemporary Deir el-Medina, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes. Sennedjem had the title "Servant in the Place of Truth". Hewas buried along with his wife, Iyneferti, and members of his family in a tomb in the village necropolis. His tomb was discovered January 31, 1886. WhenSennedjem's tomb was found, it contained furniture from his home, including a stool and a bed, which he used when he was alive.His titles included Servant inthe Place of Truth, meaning that he worked on the excavation and decoration of the nearby royal tombs.See alsoTT1 – (Tomb of Sennedjem, family andwife)Passage 2:ThadThad is a masculine given name, often a short form (hypocorism) of Thaddeus. It may refer to:Thad Allen (born 1949), United States CoastGuard admiralThad Altman (born 1955), American politicianThad Balkman (born 1971), American politician, lawyer, and judgeThaddeus Thad Bingel, Americaneducator and political consultantThaddis Thad Bosley (born 1956), American baseball playerThaddeus Thad F. Brown (1902–1970), American police chiefThadBusby (born 1974), American football playerThaddeus Thad Carhart (born 1950), American writerThad Castle, character in the TV series Blue MountainStateWilliam Thad Cochran (1937–2019), United States Senator from MississippiThad Cockrell, American singer-songwriterThaddeus Thad A. Eure (1899–1993),American politicianThad McIntosh Guyer (born 1950), American lawyerThad Heartfield (1940–2022), American lawyer and federal judgeThaddeus ThadHutcheson (1915–1986), American attorney and politicianThad J. Jakubowski (1924–2013), American Roman Catholic bishopThad Jaracz (born 1946), Americanbasketball playerThaddeus Thad Jones (1923–1986), American jazz trumpeter and bandleaderThad Krasnesky (fl. 2000s–2020s), American children's authorThadLevine (born 1971), American baseball executiveThaddeus Thad Lewis (born 1987), American football playerThaddeus Thad Luckinbill (born 1975), Americanactor and film producerThad Matta (born 1967), American men's basketball coachThad McArthur (born 1928), American Olympic modern pentathleteThadMcClammy (1942–2021), American politicianThaddus Thad McFadden (American football) (born 1962), American football playerThaddus Thad McFadden(basketball) (born 1987), American basketball playerThaddeus Thad Moffitt (born 2000), American racing driverThaddeus Thad Mumford (1951–2018), Americantelevision writer and producerThaddeus Thad Spencer (1943–2013), American heavyweight boxerThad Starner (fl. 1980s–2010s), American computerscientistThaddeus Thad Stem Jr. (1916–1980), American author and poetThaddeus Stevens (1792–1868), United States Representative from PennsylvaniaRobertThaddeus R. Thad Taylor (1925–2006), American theatre directorThaddeus Thad Tillotson (1940–2012), American baseball pitcherThad Vann (1907–1982),American football player and coachThad Viers (born 1978), American politicianThad Vreeland Jr. (1924–2010), American materials scientistThad Weber (born1984), American baseball pitcherPassage 3:Where Was I"Where Was I?" may refer to:Books"Where Was I?", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind'sIWhere Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009Film and TVWhere Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A. Seiter.With Reginald Denny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran.Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim RoseWhere Was I? (TV series)1952–1953 Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location by looking at photos"Where Was I?" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980Music"Wherewas I", song by W. Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939"WhereWas I", single from Charley Pride discography 1988"Where Was I" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)", song by Joe Passfrom Simplicity (Joe Pass album)"Where Was I?", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)"Where Was I",song by Sawyer Brown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can You Hear Me Now 2002"Where Was I?", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from LiveOn  1999"Where Was I", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)"Where Was I", song by Rosie Thomas fromWith Love (Rosie Thomas album)Passage 4:Lydia Hamilton SmithLydia Hamilton Smith (February 14, 1813 – February 14, 1884) was the long-time housekeeperof Thaddeus Stevens and a prominent black businesswoman after his death.Early lifeLydia Hamilton was born at Russell Tavern near Gettysburg in AdamsCounty, Pennsylvania, US. She "was the widow of a Gettysburg Negro barber [Jacob Smith-died 1852], by whom she had two children." Her mother was a freemulatto woman of European and African descent, and her father was Irish.Career with StevensSeparated from her husband, Smith moved to Lancaster with hermother and sons in 1847 and accepted a position as housekeeper to prominent lawyer and abolitionist Thaddeus Stevens, who had moved from Gettysburg fiveyears earlier but practiced law and had business interests in several counties in the Susquehanna River basin. Stevens was elected to the U.S. House ofRepresentatives the following year, and Smith continued to keep the bachelor's house (including his house in Washington, D.C.) until Stevens died in 1868.Smithwas described as "giving great attention to her appearance," and in later years she had her clothes made to resemble those of Mary Lincoln. Carl Sandburgdescribed Smith as "a comely quadroon with Caucasian features and a skin of light-gold tint, a Roman Catholic communicant with Irish eyes ... quiet, discreet,retiring, reputed for poise and personal dignity."Smith had two sons, William and Isaac, by her late husband, Jacob Smith. She and Stevens also raised thelatter's nephews, whom he adopted in the 1840s.  On April 2, 1861, Smith's older son, William Smith, fatally shot himself while handling a pistol at Stevens'shome, as his mother watched. William Smith was 26 years old and worked as a shoemaker in Lancaster. Her other son, Isaac Smith, a banjo player and barber,enlisted in the 6th United States Colored Infantry Regiment in 1863 and served in Virginia.No evidence exists as to the exact nature of the relationship betweenStevens and Smith. In the one brief surviving letter from Stevens to her, he addresses her as "Mrs. Smith," unusual deference to an African-American servant inthat era. Family members also asked Stevens to be remembered to "Mrs. Smith." Nonetheless, during her time with Stevens, neighbors considered her hiscommon-law wife. Smith not only handled social functions for the politician, she also mingled with Stevens's guests, who were instructed to address her as"Madame" or "Mrs. Smith." Opposition newspapers (for Stevens's views concerning racial equality were quite controversial) claimed she was frequently called"Mrs. Stevens" by people who knew her.Smith was at Stevens's bedside when he died in Washington, D.C. on August 11, 1868, along with his friend SimonStevens and surviving nephew (Thaddeus Stevens Jr.), two African-American nuns, and several other people. Under Stevens's will, Smith was allowed to choosebetween a lump sum of $5,000 or a $500 annual allowance; she was also allowed to take any furniture in his house. With the inheritance, Smith purchasedStevens' house and the adjoining lot.BusinesswomanStevens and Smith were active in the Underground Railroad, which led to the burning of his ironworks,Caledonia Furnace, during the Civil War. Recent excavation of their house in Lancaster unearthed a cistern with a passageway to a nearby tavern, as well as aspittoon inside, which some historians think was used to shelter escaping slaves. Smith bought her house in Lancaster next to Stevens's house in 1860. Duringand after the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863, Smith hired a horse and wagon, and collected food and supplies for the wounded of both sides from neighbors inAdams, York and Lancaster counties and delivered them to the makeshift hospitals. After Stevens's death in 1868, in addition to buying his house in Lancaster,Smith operated a prosperous boarding house across from the Willard Hotel in Washington, D.C., as well as invested in real estate and other businessventures.Death and legacyLydia Hamilton Smith died in Washington on her 71st birthday in 1884 and, per her wishes, was buried in St. Mary's Catholic cemeteryin Lancaster, although she also left money for the continued upkeep of Stevens's grave at the Shreiner-Concord cemetery.In Steven Spielberg's 2012 film Lincoln,Smith was portrayed by actress S. Epatha Merkerson.Notes and referencesFurther readingCarlson, Peter. "Lincoln's Feisty Foil." American History, vol. 48, no. 1(Apr. 2013), pp. 50–55.Delle, James A., and Mary Ann Levine.  "Archaeology, Intangible Heritage, and the Negotiation of Urban Identity in Lancaster,Pennsylvania." Historical Archaeology, vol. 45, no. 1 (2011), pp. 51–66Passage 5:Thaddeus P. MottThaddeus Phelps Mott (December 7, 1831 – November 23,1894) was an American adventurer, sailor and soldier of fortune. A former Union Army officer during American Civil War, he also took part in wars in Mexico,Italy, and the Ottoman Empire. He was primarily responsible for recruiting former Union and Confederate soldiers for service in the Egyptian Army, in which heheld the rank of major general, and was the first officer to take service with the Khedive Isma'il Pasha as his aide-de-camp in 1870. At the time of his death, hewas also the last surviving son of the eminent surgeon Valentine Mott.BiographyEarly life and military careerMott was born in New York City, New York, the son ofDr. Valentine Mott (1785–1865) and Louisa Dunmore Munn. He was one of nine children born to the couple. Little is known of his early life except that, as a child,he "developed a spirit of adventure". He was a natural linguist and was educated at New York University where his father was emeritus professor of surgery.Atage 17, he left the country to fight in revolutionary Italy, commissioned as a second lieutenant, serving under Giuseppe Garibaldi. Suffering from ill healthfollowing his Italian service, mostly due to exposure and privation, Mott subsequently served as a shipmate on various clipper ships during the next several years.He initially signed on to the Hornet bound for California, then as a third mate on the Hurricane in 1851, a second mate on the St. Denis in 1852 and the mate ofthe St. Nicholas in 1854. He returned to California a year later and spent 1856–57 in the Mexican Army under General Ignacio Comonfort prior to and during theReform War. In 1858, he married Emily Josephine Daunton and had two children with her, Marie Louise and Valentine Mott.Return to the United States and theAmerican Civil WarHe eventually returned to the United States and enlisted in the Union Army shortly before the American Civil War where he was assigned as


Passage 1:Sun LuyuSun Luyu (died August or September 255), courtesy name Xiaohu, was an imperial princess of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. She was the younger daughter of Sun Quan, the founding emperor of Wu, and his concubine Bu Lianshi. She is also referred to as Princess Zhu (/) because of her marriage to Zhu Ju.LifeSun Luyu was the younger daughter of Sun Quan, the founding emperor of Eastern Wu, and his concubine Bu Lianshi. She had an elder sister, Sun Luban. The sisters' courtesy names, Xiaohu () and Dahu (), respectively mean "small tiger" and "big tiger". Sun Luyu initially married Zhu Ju, a general who briefly served as the fifth Imperial Chancellor of Wu. She and Zhu Ju had a daughter, who married Sun Quan's sixth son, Sun Xiu, who was also a half-brother of Sun Luyu.In the 240s, a power struggle broke out between two of Sun Quan's sons – Sun He, the Crown Prince and Sun Ba, the Prince of Lu – with both of them fighting over the position of Crown Prince. The power struggle had a polarising effect on Sun Quan's subjects; two opposing factions, each supporting either Sun He or Sun Ba, emerged from among them. During this time, Sun Luyu's husband Zhu Ju supported Sun He, while Sun Luyu's sister Sun Luban and her husband Quan Cong sided with Sun Ba. When Sun Luban tried to get Sun Luyu to support Sun Ba, Sun Luyu refused and became estranged from her sister as a result.In 250, the power struggle came to an end when Sun Quan forced Sun Ba to commit suicide and deposed Sun He from his position as Crown Prince. Many of the officials involved in the power struggle were executed, exiled or removed from office. Sun Luyu's husband, Zhu Ju, was demoted and reassigned to a new post in Xindu Commandery (; around present-day Chun'an County, Zhejiang). While Zhu Ju was en route to Xindu Commandery, Sun Hong (), one of Sun Ba's supporters, took advantage of Sun Quan's poor health to issue a fake imperial decree ordering Zhu Ju to commit suicide. Zhu Ju thought that the decree was genuine so he killed himself as ordered. The general Liu Zuan () had previously married Sun Quan's second daughter (a half-sister of Sun Luban and Sun Luyu), but she died early, so Sun Quan arranged for him to marry the widowed Sun Luyu.In August or September 255 during Sun Liang's reign, Sun Yi () and others plotted to overthrow the regent Sun Jun, but were discovered and executed before they could carry out their plan. Sun Luban, who had a secret affair with Sun Jun after her husband Quan Cong died in 249, seized the opportunity to falsely accuse her estranged sister Sun Luyu of being involved in the plot. Sun Jun believed Sun Luban and had Sun Luyu arrested and executed. She was buried at Shizigang (;  literally "stones hill"), a hill in present-day Yuhuatai District, Nanjing, Jiangsu.Postmortem eventsAfter Sun Jun died in 256, his cousin Sun Chen succeeded him as the regent for the Wu emperor Sun Liang. Sometime between 256 and 258, Sun Liang suspected that Sun Luban had something to do with Sun Luyu's death, so he summoned his half-sister and questioned her. A fearful Sun Luban lied to him, "I really don't know. I heard it from Zhu Ju's sons, Zhu Xiong () and Zhu Sun ()." Sun Liang thought that Zhu Xiong and Zhu Sun betrayed Sun Luyu to Sun Jun – especially since Zhu Sun married Sun Jun's younger sister – so he ordered Ding Feng to execute Zhu Xiong and Zhu Sun.In 258, Sun Chen deposed Sun Liang and replaced him with Sun Xiu, Sun Quan's sixth son, as the third emperor of Wu. Sun Xiu's wife, Lady Zhu, was the daughter of Zhu Ju and Sun Luyu. On 18 January 259, Sun Xiu staged a coup d'état against the regent Sun Chen, succeeded in ousting him from power, and ordered Sun Chen and his entire family to be executed. Sun Xiu also had Sun Jun's dead body unearthed and stripped of the honours accorded to him, and posthumously rehabilitated the people who were executed during Sun Jun and Sun Chen's regencies. Sun Luyu was one of them.Sometime between 6 November and 5 December 264, Sun Hao, the fourth emperor of Wu, ordered Sun Luyu's remains to be unearthed and reburied with honours befitting her status as a princess. The Soushen Ji recorded an account as follows: [Sun Hao] wanted to have [Sun Luyu]'s remains unearthed and properly reburied, but the graves all looked the same and he could not tell which was hers. Some palace servants claimed they could remember the clothes she wore when she died, so [Sun Hao] ordered two shamans to separately summon her spirit and observe closely. After some time, the shamans saw a woman in her 30s dressed in purple and white, wearing a blue patterned headpiece and red silk shoes. She walked up the hill to the middle, placed her hands on her knees and sighed, and stopped there for a while before walking towards a grave. She wandered around the grave and disappeared suddenly. The descriptions given separately by the two shamans were very similar. When her coffin was opened, they saw that her appearance was exactly as described.See alsoLists of people of the Three KingdomsEastern Wu family trees#Sun QuanNotesPassage 2:Abd al-MuttalibShaiba ibn Hāshim (Arabic:   ; c. 497–578), better known as Abd al-Mualib, (Arabic:  , lit. 'Servant of Muttalib') was the fourth chief of the Quraysh tribal confederation. He was the grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.Early lifeHis father was Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf,: 81 the progenitor of the distinguished Banu Hashim, a clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. They claimed descent from Ismā'īl and Ibrāhīm. His mother was Salma bint Amr, from the Banu Najjar, a clan of the Khazraj tribe in Yathrib (later called Madinah). Hashim died while doing business in Gaza, before Abd al-Muttalib was born.: 81 His real name was "Shaiba" meaning 'the ancient one' or 'white-haired' because of the streak of white through his jet-black hair, and is sometimes also called Shaybah al-amd ("The white streak of praise").: 81–82 After his father's death he was raised in Yathrib with his mother and her family until about the age of eight, when his uncle Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf went to see him and asked his mother Salmah to entrust Shaybah to his care. Salmah was unwilling to let her son go and Shaiba refused to leave his mother without her consent. Mualib then pointed out that the possibilities Yathrib had to offer were incomparable to Mecca. Salmah was impressed with his arguments, so she agreed to let him go. Upon first arriving in Mecca, the people assumed the unknown child was Muttalib's servant and started calling him 'Abd al-Muttalib ("servant of Muttalib").: 85–86Chieftain of Hashim clanWhen Mualib died, Shaiba succeeded him as the chief of the Hāshim clan. Following his uncle Al-Mualib, he took over the duties of providing the pilgrims with food and water, and carried on the practices of his forefathers with his people. He attained such eminence as none of his forefathers enjoyed; his people loved him and his reputation was great among them.: 61 'Umar ibn Al-Khaāb's grandfather Nufayl ibn Abdul Uzza arbitrated in a dispute between 'Abdul-Mualib and arb ibn Umayyah, Abu Sufyan's father, over the custodianship of the Kaaba. Nufayl gave his verdict in favour of 'Abdul-Mualib. Addressing arb ibn Umayyah, he said:Why do you pick a quarrel with a person who is taller than you in stature; more imposing than you in appearance; more refined than you in intellect; whose progeny outnumbers yours and whose generosity outshines yours in lustre? Do not, however, construe this into any disparagement of your good qualities which I highly appreciate. You are as gentle as a lamb, you are renowned throughout Arabia for the stentorian tones of your voice, and you are an asset to your tribe.Discovery of Zam Zam Well'Abdul-Mualib said that while sleeping in the sacred enclosure, he had dreamed he was ordered to dig at the worship place of the Quraysh between the two deities Isāf and Nā'ila. There he would find the Zamzam Well, which the Jurhum tribe had filled in when they left Mecca. The Quraysh tried to stop him digging in that spot, but his son Al-ārith stood guard until they gave up their protests. After three days of digging, 'Abdul-Mualib found traces of an ancient religious well and exclaimed, "Allahuakbar!" Some of the Quraysh disputed his claim to sole rights over water, then one of them suggested that they go to a female shaman who lived afar. It was said that she could summon jinns and that she could help them decide who was the owner of the well. So, 11 people from the 11 tribes went on the expedition. They had to cross the desert to meet the priestess but then they got lost. There was a lack of food and water and people started to lose hope of ever getting out. One of them suggested that they dig their own graves and if they died, the last person standing would bury the others. So all began digging their own graves and just as Abdul-Mualib started digging, water spewed out from the hole he dug and everyone became overjoyed. It was then and there decided that Abdul-Muttalib was the owner of the Zam Zam well. Thereafter he supplied pilgrims to the Kaaba with Zam Zam water, which soon eclipsed all the other wells in Mecca because it was considered sacred.: 86–89 : 62–65The Year of the ElephantAccording to Muslim tradition, the Ethiopian governor of Yemen, Abrahah al-Ashram, envied the Kaaba's reverence among the Arabs and, being a Christian, he built a cathedral on Sana'a and ordered pilgrimage be made there.: 21 The order was ignored and someone desecrated (some saying in the form of defecation: 696 note 35 ) the cathedral. Abrahah decided to avenge this act by demolishing the Kaaba and he advanced with an army towards Mecca.: 22–23 There were thirteen elephants in Abrahah's army: 99 : 26 and the year came to be known as 'Ām al-Fīl (the Year of the Elephant), beginning a trend for reckoning the years in Arabia which was used until 'Umar ibn Al-Khaāb replaced it with the Islamic Calendar in 638 CE (17 AH), with the first year of the Islamic Calendar being 622 CE.When news of the advance of Abrahah's army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinānah, Khuzā'ah and Hudhayl united in defence of the Kaaba. A man from the imyar tribe was sent by Abrahah to advise them that he only wished to demolish the Kaaba and if they resisted, they would be crushed. "Abdul-Mualib told the Meccans to seek refuge in the nearest high hills while he, with some leading members of Quraysh, remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abrahah sent a dispatch inviting 'Abdul-Mualib to meet him and discuss matters. When 'Abdul-Mualib left the meeting he was heard saying, "The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure He will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonour the servants of His House.": 24–26 It is recorded that when Abrahah's forces neared the Kaaba, Allah commanded small birds (abābīl) to destroy Abrahah's army, raining down pebbles on it from their beaks. Abrahah was seriously wounded and retreated towards Yemen but died on the way.: 26–27 This event is referred to in the following Qur'anic chapter:Have you not seen how your Lord dealt with the owners of the Elephant?Did He not make their treacherous plan go astray?And He sent against


Passage 1:Christopher LawfordChristopher Kennedy Lawford (March 29, 1955 – September 4, 2018) was an American author, actor, and activist. He was amember of the prominent Kennedy family, and son of English actor Peter Lawford and Patricia "Pat" Kennedy Lawford, who was a sister of President John F.Kennedy.  He graduated from Tufts University in 1977 and earned a Juris Doctor degree from Boston College in 1983. He later earned a master's certificate inClinical Psychology from Harvard University and was a lecturer on drug addiction.After struggling with addiction for 17 years, he became an actor, performing inseveral movies and television shows for over 20 years.  He wrote several books, based on his own experience, about addiction and recovery.  He also traveledaround the U.S. speaking about his experiences with addiction for 20 years, and was a public health campaigner, working with organizations like the World HealthOrganization (WHO) and the United Nations (UN), and for the U.S. federal government.Early life and educationLawford was born on March 29, 1955, at SaintJohn's Health Center in Santa Monica, California .  He was named for Saint Christopher and because his mother liked the name.: p. 1   He was the eldest child andonly son of actor and "Rat Pack" member Peter Lawford (1923–1984) and Patricia "Pat" Kennedy Lawford (1924–2006), who was President John F. Kennedy'ssister. His three younger sisters were Sydney Lawford McKelvy (born 1956), Victoria Pender (born 1958), and Robin Lawford (born 1961).  Lawford describedhimself as a "second-string Kennedy" because he did not get as much attention as his cousins.  His parents divorced in 1966; Patricia Lawford moved fromCalifornia to New York City with her son and daughters.Before his parents' divorce, Lawford attended St. Martin of Tours Elementary School in Los Angeles, whereat the age of 8, he was informed about his uncle John F. Kennedy's assassination.  After moving to New York City with his mother, he attended the MiddlesexSchool, a prep school in Concord, Massachusetts. He graduated from Tufts University in 1977 and earned a J.D. degree from Boston College Law School in1983.  He later earned a master's certificate in Clinical Psychology from Harvard University, and lectured on drug addiction at Harvard, Columbia University, andother colleges.Drug and legal issuesIn 1969, the year after his uncle Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated, when Lawford was 14, he was introduced to LSD by hispeers at school.: p. 110   He was addicted to alcohol, cocaine, uppers, downers, and "any other drugs he could buy" for the next 17 years.  During that time, hewas "in and out of hospitals and arrested three times", including in 1980,  for impersonating a doctor in Aspen, Colorado in order to purchase prescriptionmedication. The charges were later dropped when Lawford completed his probation.  In 2000, Lawford was diagnosed with hepatitis C, which he contracted due tohis years of drug use.Lawford briefly attended Fordham Law School, but dropped out after a few months due to his dependency on heroin.  In April 1984, thesame year his father Peter Lawford died at the age of 61, after years of alcohol and drug abuse, Lawford's cousin and best friend David Kennedy, and third oldestson of Robert Kennedy, who also battled substance abuse issues, died of a drug overdose at the age of 28. David's death prompted Lawford to seek professionalhelp for his issues.  In 1986, at the age of 30, Lawford entered rehab and got treatment for his drug addiction, and remained clean and sober until his death in2018.CareerActingLawford chose to become, like his father, an actor in the mid-1980s, after realizing that a law career would not suit him.  He performed incommercials in Boston for two years, and then he and his wife moved to Southern California in 1988 so that he could pursue an acting career.  He worked in filmand television for over 20 years.  His acting credits included the sitcom Frasier and the drama The O.C. .  In 2003, he had a brief stint on the soap opera GeneralHospital, but was best known for playing Philip “Charlie” Brent, Jr. on All My Children from 1992 to 1995.Lawford had small roles in films such as The RussiaHouse, a 1990 spy thriller co-starring Michelle Pfeiffer and Sean Connery, and the 1991 rock-music film The Doors, which was directed by Oliver Stone.  Lawfordplayed a Navy officer in the 2000 film Thirteen Days, a drama about the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis.  In 1997, Lawford had a role in the independent comedy KissMe Guido as the gay lover of the main character.  He also had a small role in Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines, co-starring Arnold Schwarzenegger, whodirected Lawford in a 1990 episode of the HBO anthology series Tales from the Crypt ("The Switch") and was married to Lawford's cousin Maria Shriver at thetime.  In 2005, Lawford appeared in the motorcycle racing film The World's Fastest Indian, co-starring Anthony Hopkins.WritingLawford wrote several books "thatdescribed his efforts to recover from drug addiction".  In 2005, he published his memoir, Symptoms of Withdrawal, in which he recounted decades of "betterliving through chemistry".  In 2009, he wrote Moments of Clarity, a compilation of first-person recollections by famous addicts, including Ed Begley, Jr., AlecBaldwin, Buzz Aldrin, Richard Dreyfuss, Martin Sheen, Judy Collins, and musician and federal prisoner Dejuan Verrett.  The book was dedicated to Lawford'scousin David Kennedy, and another cousin, Patrick J. Kennedy, wrote the introduction.  Lawford told interviewer Connie Martinson that although writing Momentsof Clarity was "difficult" and he did not want to do it, the book was "meant to happen".In 2013, Lawford published Recover to Live: Kick Any Habit, Manage AnyAddiction, in which he interviewed 100 addiction specialists and described treatments for alcohol and drug dependence, gambling, sex and porn, eating disorders,smoking, and hoarding.  In 2014, he published What Addicts Know: 10 Lessons From Recovery To Benefit Everyone; Dr. Drew Pinsky wrote theforeword.  Lawford's final book about addiction and recovery was 2016's When Your Partner Has an Addiction, "a how-to manual for people who want to stay withtheir addicted partners", which he co-authored with psychotherapist Beverly Engel.Lawford also wrote a book about dealing with hepatitis C, called HealingHepatitis C, which he co-wrote with Diana Sylvestre in 2009.ActivismLawford traveled around the U.S. speaking about his experiences with addiction for 20years.  He was a public health campaigner, and worked with the World Health Organization (WHO), the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy, andthe Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, and was a public advocacy consultant to Caron Treatment Centers, an organization that ran treatment programs.  In2001, Lawford founded and was CEO of the Global Recovery Initiative, a not-for-profit organization that "seeks to remove barriers and provide opportunities forpeople in recovery".Lawford also worked with the United Nations (UN).  In March 2010, he traveled to Ukraine on behalf of the UN, to participate in a discussionwith health officials and advocates about "issues related to hepatitis C (Hep C) prevention in Ukraine", and to raise awareness.  In 2011, was named a GoodwillAmbassador on Drug Dependence Treatment and Care, in 2012, was involved in a campaign against opiate use in Afghanistan, and served on the UN's Office onDrugs and Crime.  His cousin, former Rhode Island congressman Patrick J. Kennedy, said about Lawford: "Chris was one of those people who had a way of tellingstories that lifted people’s perceptions and judgments of those who suffer from the disease of addiction".Personal lifeMarriages and childrenLawford was marriedand divorced three times.  He had three children, David Christopher Kennedy Lawford (named after his cousin David Kennedy),: pp. 319–320 Savannah RoseLawford, and Matthew Peter Valentine Lawford with his first wife Jeannie Olsson, an ad-sales assistant for New York Magazine.  They divorced in 2000.  In 2005,he married Russian actress Lana Antonova; they divorced in 2009.  In 2014, Lawford married yoga instructor Mercedes Miller in Hawaii.  At the time of his deathin 2018, he had been in a relationship with his girlfriend Kyla Resch since August 2017.DeathOn September 4, 2018, Lawford died of a heart attack in Vancouver,British Columbia, where he was living with his girlfriend and working to open a recovery center.  He had a medical emergency at a yoga studio and laterdied.  Patrick Kennedy told the Associated Press that Lawford had been doing "hot yoga, which he did often, but the strain of it 'must have been too much for himat that point'".  Lawford's cousins Maria Shriver, Patrick Kennedy, and Kerry Kennedy took to Twitter after his death, honoring Lawford's work in the recoverycommunity.FilmographyFilmTelevisionBibliographySymptoms of Withdrawal: A Memoir of Snapshots and Redemption, 2005Healing Hepatitis C, 2009Moments ofClarity: Voices from the Front Lines of Addiction and Recovery, 2009Recover to Live: Kick Any Habit, Manage Any Addiction, 2013What Addicts Know: 10 Lessonsfrom Recovery to Benefit Everyone, 2014See alsoKennedy family treeKennedy cursePassage 2:Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.Joseph Patrick Kennedy (September 6, 1888– November 18, 1969) was an American businessman, investor, philanthropist, and politician. He is known for his own political prominence as well as that of hischildren and was the patriarch of the Irish-American Kennedy family, which included President John F. Kennedy, U.S. Attorney General and Senator Robert F.Kennedy, and longtime Senator Ted Kennedy.Kennedy was born into a political family in East Boston, Massachusetts. He made a large fortune as a stock marketand commodity investor and later invested his profits in real estate and a wide range of businesses across the United States. During World War I, he was anassistant general manager of a Boston area Bethlehem Steel shipyard; through that position, he became acquainted with Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was theAssistant Secretary of the Navy. In the 1920s, Kennedy made huge profits by reorganizing and refinancing several Hollywood studios; several acquisitions wereultimately merged into Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO) Studios. Kennedy increased his fortune with distribution rights for Scotch whisky. He owned the largestprivately owned building in the country, Chicago's Merchandise Mart.Kennedy was a leading member of the Democratic Party and of the Irish Catholic community.President Roosevelt appointed Kennedy to be the first chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which he led from 1934 to 1935. Kennedylater directed the Maritime Commission. Kennedy served as the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1938 to late 1940. With the outbreak ofWorld War II in September 1939, Kennedy was pessimistic about Britain's ability to survive attacks from Nazi Germany. During the Battle of Britain in November1940, Kennedy publicly suggested, "Democracy is finished in England. It may be here [in the United States]." After a controversy regarding this statement,Kennedy resigned his position.Kennedy was married to Rose Fitzgerald and had nine children. During his later life, he was heavily involved in the political careers


Passage 1:Shari RomanShari Roman is an American artist, author, screenwriter and director.BiographyOriginally commissioned by John Pierson for hisIndependent Film Channel (USA) program  Split Screen, Roman's first short film, Lars from 1-10 about Danish Dogme film maker Lars von Trier won a slot at theSundance Film Festival in 1999 and went on to screen at Edinburgh, London, Los Angeles, Tokyo, NYC's Museum of Modern Art, on television and in cinemasworldwide. She has directed a series of shorts, pop promos and additional docs  on filmmakers, including British director Mike Figgis and cinematographerAnthony Dod Mantle.  Along with the four original Dogme films; "Celebration," "The Idiots," "Mifune" and "The King is Alive,"  two of her short films were selectedfor 2005's  official Dogme' 95 DVD collection, celebrating the 10th anniversary of von Trier's filmmaking manifesto. She was named one of the "Top 25 New FacesIn Independent Film" by Filmmaker Magazine.Her book on approaches to new cinema, Digital Babylon: Hollywood, Indiewood and Dogme '95 was published in2001 by Lone Eagle Publishing, and reissued by HCD/The Hollywood Reporter in 2003 and 2007.  Her essay on von Trier, The Man Who Would Be Dogme, waspublished in the 2003 collection, Lars von Trier: Interviews by the University Press of Mississippi, as part of their Conversations with Filmmakers Series. Herfiction has appeared in Veneer Magazine,  writings on cinema, music and art have been seen in numerous publications, including British Vogue, Mojo, TheGuardian, The Independent and Time Out London. For the cover of Filmmaker Magazine (USA) she wrote The Genius of the System, a profile of multi-media artistMatthew Barney under a National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) grant.MiscellaneousShe 'sings' on Greg Weeks's 2008 solo album.DeathOn October 4, 2009,Filmmaker Magazine reported that Shari Roman had died on September 9, 2009 at Mt. Sinai Hospital in New York after a brief illness.See alsoThe SpotPassage2:Stately Wayne ManorErnie Santilli is an American writer, musician and performer better known under the pen name of Stately Wayne Manor. He is best knownfor his participation in professional wrestling as the longtime magazine columnist for Power Slam and Wrestling World.CareerMusicSelf-taught, Manor becamecompetent in songwriting, synthesizer, drum set and related percussion instruments, harmonica, vocals and electric bass. He performed in a public demonstrationwith synthesizer inventor Dr. Robert Moog. He also wrote three articles for Modern Drummer magazine.Stately is one of the "Sigma Kids," a group of eleven(among dozens) of David Bowie devotees who kept a ten-day vigil outside the studio and band's hotel during the recording of Young Americans rewardedafterwards with an exclusive listening party hosted by Bowie, as documented in Rolling Stone magazine.  In 2007, a special CD/DVD re-release of the albumfeatures Manor visible in four photos in the enclosed booklet.  Photos from the event also appear in books about Bowie and the original supermodel, Gia, as wellas on the SWM website ‘Photos’ archive.  The May 2014 issue of Britain's Mojo magazine, in an article chronicling the YA sessions, featured two photos from saidbooklet, including a never-before-released color version of one, capturing Stately in the foreground. The same photo ran in the September 2016 editing of WaxPoetics magazine. Inspired by the Sigma experience, Manor assembled a short-lived band, recruiting bassist Gail Ann Dorsey.In the latter half of the Seventies,Stately became deeply immersed in the emerging punk rock music scene.  He was a regular and occasional performer at Philadelphia's Hot Club and frequentedNYC venues such as CBGB and Max's Kansas City, regularly sleeping on the couch of future recording-engineer superstar Bob Clearmountain while in New York.Manor was also slated to drum behind former Sex Pistol Sid Vicious on the Philly date of the latter's aborted "solo tour."  Additionally, he wrote the liner notes forthe aborted Cheetah Chrome debut solo album on Polish Records.  (Stately did receive a 'Thank You' on that label's release "Siren" by RonnieSpector.)Professional wrestlingManor later regained interest in a childhood hobby, professional wrestling, and was particularly drawn towards the "heel" (‘badguy’) characters.Manor eventually broke into the sport as a feature writer in 1984 and, in 1986, as a pro-heel columnist for Wrestling World magazine. Manorexpanded into color commentating, managing grapplers, performing in-ring skits and ghostwriting wisecracks for the performers. Manor was a color commentatorfor the ECW promotion (in their pre-Extreme days).  He is also the first American magazine writer to give international exposure to Sabu, Rey Misterio, SeanWaltman, John Cena, Sandman and Victoria/Tara (Lisa Marie Varon).During 1993, in the midst of his 17-year Wrestling World’ employment, Manor debuted asecond villain-praising column in the British Power Slam. The combined consecutive tenures makes Manor the longest-running magazine columnist in prowrestling history.Other mediaPrintStately takes on the general public via ‘’On Manor's Mind’’ rants for the alternative set, and rages about inane celebrities in hisSNAPS—Suckas Needing A Pimp Slap—Of The Month column.A lifelong fan of obscure so-bad-they're-good films, Stately also authors ‘’Manor On Movies’’, anaffectionate homage to the genre, and one of the earliest columns of its kind still regularly published.  It is available in hard copy and on a few websites besidesits own, e.g. The Spinning Image.  His long-term side project is a book dedicated to the horror/sci-fi end of what Manor has dubbed "junkfilms."Other journalsthat have carried Stately's work, under the Manor moniker or otherwise, include Inside Karate, Video Review, People (Australia), Filmfax, Tuber’s Voice (theoriginators of the term ‘couch potato’), Comic Release, Carbon 14, and Brutarian, to name a few.  In addition, he has repeatedly scored ‘Dishonorable Mention’ inthe annual international Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest, where the challenge is to compose the worst possible opening line for a novel.Radio and televisionIncharacter, Manor has guested on radio programs throughout the US and Canada, including morning drive time shows in Philadelphia and New York City.Manorwas once booked on Sneak Previews Goes Video—an Eighties reworking of the popular movie-review program—to discuss wrestling videos, but the segment wasred-lighted by PBS executives who considered the subject matter "too lowbrow."VideoStately can be heard providing color commentary on two volumes from thePro Wrestling From Japan series, Bam Bam Bigelow And Friends, and Bruiser Brody Memorial, both featuring the American stars as they toured with the NewJapan Pro-Wrestling promotion in the late Eighties.  A few tapes of his work with primordial ECW were briefly marketed, as well. In July 2019 WWE Network madesome of these extremely early ECW matches available in their Hidden Gems section.Passage 3:Schloss Hausen (Oberaula)Schloss Hausen is a German castle andstately home in Oberaula.Passage 4:LacordaireLacordaire is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:Jean Théodore Lacordaire (1801–1870), BelgianentomologistJean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire (1802–1861), French preacherSee alsoColegio LacordaireLacordaire AcademyPassage 5:ThibilisThibilis (a.k.a. Tibilis)was a Roman and Byzantine era town in what was Numidia but is today northeast Algeria. The site has extensive Roman and Byzantine ruins.HistoryThenumerous Latin inscriptions discovered on the site of Thibilis provided indications on the status and magistrates of this city: during the Early Empire, Thibilis wasfirst a pagus dependent on the Cirtaian confederacy which united Cirta, Rusicade, Chullu and Milève. Enjoying a certain autonomy, the city was administered bytwo magistri of annual mandate, assisted by one or two aediles.During the reigns of Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius, notables of Thibilis gained the highestoffice of the Imperial administration, Quintus Antistius Adventus Aquilinus Postumus, consul suffect about 167, and his son Lucius Antistius Burrus, son-in-law ofMarcus Aurelius And consul in 181.Thibilis gained the rank of municipality headed by two duumviri  between 260  and 268  which corresponds to the periodestimated for the dissolution of the confederacy.Local cults included flamen Augusti for imperial worship and Saturni (priest of Saturn) and a local deity, Bacaxand Magna Mater deorum Idaea, the Great Mother of the Gods.See alsoList of cultural assets of AlgeriaPassage 6:Roman and the Four StepsRoman and the FourSteps was a popular band in Hong Kong in the 1960s. Roman formed the band drawing inspirations from The Beatles.CareerThe band was noteworthy for singingin English and often singing British and American songs.  Roman Tam would eventually leave the band and enter the cantopop genre solo where he wouldeventually be labelled the "Godfather of Cantopop" after his death.DiscographyReflections of Charlie Brown b/w I Just Can't Wait (1967)Day Dream b/w CathyCome Home (1969)Passage 7:DugèsDugès is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:Antoine Louis Dugès (1797–1838), French obstetrician andnaturalistAlfredo Dugès (1826–1910), French-born Mexican physician and naturalist, son of AntoineMarie Jonet Dugès (1730–1797), French midwifePassage8:Ćiro TruhelkaĆiro Truhelka (2 February 1865 – 18 September 1942) was a Croatian archeologist, historian and art historian who devoted much of hisprofessional life to the study of the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He wrote about prehistoric, Roman and medieval findings, Turkish documents, Stećci,Roman and medieval money, and bosančica. He was also engaged in albanology. In addition, he was the first curator of the National Museum of Bosnia andHerzegovina.Early life and educationĆiro Truhelka was born on 2 February 1865 in Osijek to Antun Vjenceslav and Marija (née Schön) Truhelka. His father was ofCzech and mother of German origin. He finished elementary school in Osijek after which he enrolled in high school that he eventually finished in Zagreb where hemoved after his father's death along with his mother and siblings, Dragoš and Jagoda Truhelka. In youth, he showed interest in painting and technical sciences,but because of his family's poor financial situation, he opted for the study of philosophy at the University of Zagreb which lasted three years. He chose art historyand history as main subjects. He received his doctorate in 1885 with the dissertation "Andrija Medulić: His Life and Work".Professional careerAs a student,Truhelka worked with Izidor Kršnjavi at the Strossmayer Gallery of Old Masters and made institutions' first catalog (1885). In 1886, he became secretary of theMuseum Society for Bosnia and Herzegovina and the first curator of the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina. His task was preparing Museum's opening in1888. He was only 21 years old when he came to Sarajevo in which he lived for 40 years. In the  Museum, he managed the ethnographic, prehistoric, andmedieval collections, but as there were not many experts, he cared for all museum collections except those from the field of natural sciences. As a curator,