Passage 1:Antonio Maceo AirportAntonio Maceo Airport (IATA: SCU, ICAO: MUCU) is an international airport located in Santiago, Cuba.OverviewThe airport has adrawing of Che Guevara on one of its outside walls. Pope John Paul II flew to this airport during his last visit to Cuba, flying a round trip between here and JoséMartí International Airport in Havana. Likewise, Pope Benedict XVI, during the second papal visit to Cuba, flew here for Mass and other activities, from his visit toLeón and Guanajuato in Mexico, before moving on to Havana.The airport is basically a turbo-prop centre. Nevertheless, jet aircraft also fly to this airport. Mostcommercial flights into SCU are domestic, but there are about twenty international flights each week; while these international flights were at one point donemostly by domestic airlines, the international routes have nevertheless awakened the interest of some foreign airlines that have opened flights into this airportand might open more flights in the future.Airlines and destinationsSantiago de Cuba BaseThe airport was home to the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces:35thTransport Regiment - Antonov An-2 and Antonov An-26 transports36th Helicopter Regiment - Mil Mi-8 and Mil Mi-24The helipads are now part of the executive jetterminal on the north end of the airport.Accidents and incidentsOn 2 October 1959, a Viscount of Cubana de Aviación was hijacked on a flight from Havana toAntonio Maceo Airport, Santiago de Cuba by three men demanding to be taken to the United States. The aircraft landed at the Miami International Airport.On 4November 2010, Aero Caribbean Flight 883, an ATR 72-212, crashed in the centre of the country with 68 people on board. The aircraft was flying from Santiagode Cuba to Havana when it went down. 28 foreigners were reported to be among the passengers. There were no survivors.Passage 2:RosamondSkyparkRosamond Skypark (FAA LID: L00) is a residential airpark and public-use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) west of the central business districtof Rosamond, in Kern County, California, United States. It is privately owned by the Rosamond Skypark Association.Facilities and aircraftRosamond Skyparkcovers an area of 100 acres (40 ha) at an elevation of 2,415 feet (736 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 8/26 with an asphalt surfacemeasuring 3,600 by 50 feet (1,097 x 15 m).For the 12-month period ending May 3, 2011, the airport had 15,000 general aviation aircraft operations, an averageof 41 per day. At that time there were 71 aircraft based at this airport: 89% single-engine, 4% multi-engine, 1% helicopter, 3% glider, and 3% ultralight.Thefacility was designed by aeronautical engineer Sam Ramsey, who resided at the sleepy airport for years prior to the development. He envisioned an airport wherepilots could commute to Los Angeles while enjoying the quiet High Desert as a residence.See alsoList of airports in Kern County, CaliforniaPassage 3:AmpanihyAirportAmpanihy Airport (IATA: AMP, ICAO: FMSY) is an airport located in Ampanihy, Madagascar.Airlines and destinations== Sources ==Passage 4:Crow IslandAirportCrow Island Airport (also known as Crow Island Airpark) is a private airport along the Assabet River in Stow, Massachusetts, United States. It has a 2,300foot grass airstrip which is popular with "pilots flying a variety of aircraft including, trikes, ultralights, vintage taildraggers, seaplanes, hang gliders, poweredparagliders, powered parachutes, RC aircraft and more."Crow Island had previously been used for a gravel business operated by George Morey. In 1978 RobAlbright, an ultralight enthusiast, received permission to fly at the island, and he eventually purchased and redeveloped the land for full-time use as a smallairport.Passage 5:Madang AirportMadang Airport (IATA: MAG, ICAO: AYMD), is an airport located in Madang, Papua New Guinea.Airlines anddestinationsHistoryWorld War IIDuring World War II, occupied by the Imperial Japanese Army in January 1943, as a forward operating airfield for aircraft basedat Wewak. Later expanded to a 3250' x 240' runway with a single taxiway with 31 revetment areas. Bombed by the allies during late 1943 and early 1944 theairfield became unserviceable.Imperial Japanese Army Air Force Units at MadangImperial Japanese Army Air Force59th Sentai (Nakajima Ki-43 Oscar)68th Sentai(Kawasaki Ki-61 Tony)248th Sentai (Nakajima Ki-43-III Oscar)Allied LiberationLiberated by Australian Army forces on 24 April 1944. A large amount of highoctane fuel was captured and used by the Australians for use in the Royal Australian Navy motor launch boats. The airfield was repaired and used by the RoyalAustralian Air Force until the end of the war.Post WW2 in 1947, the Department of Civil Aviation sent an airport manager to Madang to oversee the building of theairport. Accommodation for the workers also had to be built as well as airplane hangars and a control tower. Wooden floors on concrete slabs were laid. Knittedwoven bark for the walls was floated downstream, made by the natives, who were paid in cash. When the bark hut accommodation was ready, motor mechanics,radio technicians and other workers arrived along with wives and children. Eventually packaged Hawksley houses arrived from Britain and were built in thetownship of Madang.Royal Australian Air Force Units at MadangHeadquarters, RAAF Northern Command (NORCOM)No. 4 Squadron RAAF (CAC Boomerang)No. 8Communication Unit RAAFNo. 15 Squadron RAAF (Bristol Beaufort)No. 111 Air-Sea Rescue Flight RAAF (PBY Catalina)No. 120 (Netherlands East Indies) SquadronRAAFNo. 2 Medical Receiving Station RAAFNo. 109 Mobile Fighter Sector Headquarters RAAFAccidents and incidentsOn 11 April 1972, Douglas C-47 VH-PNB ofTrans Australia Airlines overran the runway on landing, ending up in the sea damaged beyond economic repair.On 17 July 1972, Douglas C-47A VH-MAE of AnsettAirlines of Papua New Guinea was damaged beyond economic repair when the starboard undercarriage collapsed on landing. The aircraft was operating adomestic cargo flight from Wapenamanda Airport.On 30 October 1972, Douglas C-47B VH-PNA of Ansett Airlines of Papua New Guinea overran the runway onlanding. The aircraft was subsequently withdrawn from use and used for fire practice, eventually being scrapped in 1978.On 31 May 1995 an Air Niugini FokkerF-28 Fellowship 1000, registration P2-ANB, attempted a landing in bad weather and aquaplaned off the runway and fell into a ditch at the eastern end of therunway. The aircraft was carrying 4 crew and 35 passengers, none of whom was injured.On 19 October 2013 an Air Niugini Avions de Transport RegionalATR-42-300 cargo plane, registration P2-PXY, made a failed takeoff attempt and fell into in Mero Creek at the western end of the runway. The right wing andengine were destroyed by fire but the three crew escaped to safety with minor injuries. There were no passengers on board.See alsoNaval BaseAlexishafenPassage 6:Breakaway AirportBreakaway Airport, also known as Hank Sasser Airport, (ICAO: 40XS) is a privately-owned, private use airport in CedarPark, Texas, United States. Located about 3 miles (4.8 km) northeast of Downtown Cedar Park, it covers 25 acres (10.1 ha) and has one runway. It serves as thebase for the fly-in community Breakaway Park.HistoryFoundingIn 1977, United States Marine Corps veteran and amateur pilot Walter Yates purchased land forthe purpose of establishing a fly-in community. This land would become Breakaway Park, a subdivision of the City of Cedar Park that featured a 3,000 foot (914.4m) grass runway at its center. Initially, Breakaway would consist of the single unpaved runway and a handful of hangars near its northern end, but would seecontinuous development that continues to the present day. The subdivision would be managed by Breakaway Park, Incorporated, of which Yates was thepresident until the company's dissolution on March 26, 2001.Modern HistoryOn January 1, 2008, Breakaway Park fell under the management of residents DonaldRichie and Dennis Gale, operating as D&D Airport Holdings LLC.Runway ResurfacingOver the years 2014 and 2015, Breakaway's grass runway would be pavedover with asphalt, but its length and width would remain unchanged.Name ChangeIn 2014, Breakaway Airport's name would be changed to HankSasser/Breakaway Airport in honor of amateur pilot John Henry "Hank" Sasser. He was a Cedar Park native that operated his personal aircraft out of Breakaway,and died in an airplane crash in Lago Vista, Texas on August 23, 2014.FacilitiesBreakaway Airport offers fuel and oxygen services to residents of Breakaway Park.There are no air traffic control facilities on-site.Runway and HangarsBreakaway Airport has one runway. Hangars are located on either side of the runway, manyof which are attached to private residences.StatisticsAs of December 2021, there are 23 aircraft based at Breakaway Airport.Passage 7:Edmonton/Twin IslandAirparkEdmonton/Twin Island Airpark (TC LID: CEE6), also known as Twin Island Air Park, is located 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) southeast of Edmonton,Alberta, Canada.See alsoList of airports in the Edmonton Metropolitan RegionPassage 8:Esquimalt AirportEsquimalt Airport (IATA: YPF, ICAO: CYPF) was anairport located in Esquimalt, British Columbia, Canada.Passage 9:Mayerthorpe AirportMayerthorpe Airport (TC LID: CEV5) is located 1.3 nautical miles (2.4 km;1.5 mi) southwest of Mayerthorpe, Alberta, Canada.Passage 10:Erzincan AirportErzincan Yıldırım Akbulut Airport (IATA: ERC, ICAO: LTCD) is an airport located inErzincan, Turkey.Airlines and destinationsTraffic Statistics(*)Source: DHMI.gov.tr


Passage 1:The Adventures of FridolinThe Adventures of Fridolin (German: Die seltsamen Abenteuer des Herrn Fridolin B.) is an East German film. It was released in 1948.External linksThe Adventures of Fridolin at IMDbPassage 2:The Adventures of Smilin' Jack (serial)The Adventures of Smilin' Jack (1943) is a Universal movie serial based on the popular comic strip The Adventures of Smilin' Jack by Zack Mosley. It was directed by Lewis D. Collins and Ray Taylor.PlotIn 1941, an American aviator, 'Smilin' Jack' Martin wishes to resign as an advisor to the Nationalist Chinese Army in order to return to the United States to enlist as an aviator in America's military buildup prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor.  He is delayed when the Chinese discover that the neutral Tibetan like Mandon "Province" contains a secret road from India to China crucial for the Allied war effort.  Determined to obtain the secret for themselves, or equally determined to have the secret destroyed is the Japanese espionage organisation "The Black Samurai" and the German intelligence agent Fräulein von Teufel who masquerades as an American newspaper reporter.CastProductionThe serial was based on the comic strip by Zack Moseley but it was not in the spirit of the strip as would normally be expected from a Universal production. Very little of the original comic strip was used and a new character, Tommy Thompson, was created by Universal. The similarity to Tommy Tomkins, of the Tailspin Tommy stories, may imply a crossover of sorts. Cline suggests that it was "a quick attempt to get a story on screen about a topical subject, and could have had almost any flyer with any name as a hero.”Chapter titlesThe High Road to DoomThe Rising Sun StrikesAttacked by BombersKnives of VengeanceA Watery GraveEscape by ClipperFifteen Fathoms BelowTreachery at SeaThe Bridge of PerilBlackout in the IslandsHeld for TreasonThe Torture Fire TestSinking the Rising SunSource:QuotesUnited Nations means united friends-Capt. WingPassage 3:Terminator 3: Rise of the MachinesTerminator 3: Rise of the Machines is a 2003 American science fiction action film directed by Jonathan Mostow. Starring Arnold Schwarzenegger, Nick Stahl, Claire Danes, and Kristanna Loken, it is the third installment in the Terminator franchise and a sequel to Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991). In its plot, the malevolent artificial intelligence Skynet sends a T-X (Loken)—a highly advanced Terminator—back in time to ensure the rise of machines by killing top members of the future human resistance as John Connor's (Stahl) location is unknown. The resistance sends back a reprogrammed T-850 (Schwarzenegger) to protect John and his future wife, Kate (Danes).While Terminator creator James Cameron was interested in directing the third film, he ultimately had no involvement with Terminator 3. Andrew G. Vajna and Mario Kassar, who had produced Terminator 2: Judgment Day through their company Carolco Pictures, obtained the rights for the franchise through both Carolco's liquidation auction and negotiations with producer Gale Ann Hurd. In 1999, Tedi Sarafian was hired to write the first draft of the script. Mostow joined the project as director in 2001, and he brought on John Brancato and Michael Ferris to rewrite Sarafian's script. The $187 million budget included a $5 million salary for Mostow and a record $30 million salary for Schwarzenegger. Filming took place in California from April to September 2002. Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) and Stan Winston created the special effects, as they did for the previous film.Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines premiered in Westwood, Los Angeles, on June 30, 2003, and was released on July 2, 2003, by Warner Bros. Pictures in the United States and by Columbia TriStar Film Distributors International in worldwide territories. It received generally positive reviews and earned $433.4 million worldwide, finishing its theatrical run as the seventh-highest-grossing film of 2003. A sequel, Terminator Salvation, was released in 2009.PlotTen years after destroying Cyberdyne Systems, John Connor has been living as a nomad following the death of his mother, Sarah, to hide from the malevolent artificial intelligence Skynet, despite a war between humans and machines not happening in 1997, as foretold. Unable to locate John in the past, Skynet sends the T-X, an advanced prototype Terminator made of virtually impervious shapeshifting liquid metal covering a metal endoskeleton, back in time to John's present in Los Angeles, to instead kill his future allies in the human resistance. The human resistance sends back a reprogrammed T-850 Terminator, a less-advanced model covered in living flesh, to protect John and his future wife Kate Brewster.After killing other targets, the T-X locates the pair at an animal hospital where Kate works. John becomes the T-X's primary target, but the Terminator helps him and Kate escape, taking them to a mausoleum where John's mother is supposedly interred. Inside her vault, they find a weapons cache left at Sarah's request in case Judgment Day was not averted and the Terminators returned. They escape from an armed battle with the police and fend off the pursuing T-X. The Terminator reveals that John and Sarah's actions only delayed Judgment Day and that Skynet's attack will occur that day; the Terminator intends to drive John and Kate to Mexico to escape the fallout when Skynet begins its nuclear attack at 6:18 p.m. John orders the Terminator to take Kate and him to see her father, U.S. Air Force Lieutenant General Robert Brewster. The Terminator refuses, however when Kate also demands to see her father, the Terminator obeys. It is revealed that in the future, the Terminator killed John, after which Kate captured and reprogrammed the Terminator and sent it back in time.Meanwhile, General Brewster is supervising the development of Skynet for Cyber Research Systems (CRS), which also develops autonomous weapons. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff pressures him to activate Skynet to stop an anomalous computer virus from invading servers worldwide. General Brewster fails to discover that the virus was Skynet becoming sentient, and John and Kate arrive too late to stop him from activating it. The T-X fatally injures General Brewster and controls the CRS weaponized drones, which kill the employees. Before he dies, the general gives Kate and John the location of what John believes is Skynet's system core. The pair head for the tarmac to take General Brewster's single-engine plane to Crystal Peak, a facility built inside the Sierra Nevada. After a battle, the T-X severely damages the Terminator, reprogramming it to kill John, and pursues John and Kate through the CRS facility. When a particle accelerator is activated, it magnetically binds the T-X to the equipment. The still-conscious Terminator struggles to control its outer functions. As it prepares to kill John, he urges the Terminator to choose between its conflicting programming; it deliberately forces a shutdown of its corrupted system, enabling the pair's escape. Shortly after they leave, the Terminator's system reboots. Meanwhile, the T-X escapes the accelerator and resumes pursuit.After John and Kate reach Crystal Peak, the T-X arrives by helicopter. Before it can attack, the Terminator arrives in a second helicopter and crashes into and crushes the T-X. The T-X pulls itself from the wreckage, losing its legs, and attempts to drag itself inside the bunker to follow the pair. The Terminator holds the bunker door open long enough for the pair to lock them inside then uses its last hydrogen fuel cell to destroy both itself and the T-X.John and Kate discover that Crystal Peak is not Skynet's core, but rather a nuclear fallout shelter and command facility for government and military officials. Having no core, Skynet has become a part of cyberspace after becoming self-aware. Judgment Day begins as Skynet fires nuclear missiles worldwide, starting a nuclear holocaust that kills billions. The pair begin receiving radio transmissions on the emergency equipment; John tentatively assumes command by answering radio calls, and they reluctantly accept their fate.CastArnold Schwarzenegger as the Terminator.Nick Stahl as John Connor. Stahl replaces Edward Furlong from the second film.Kristanna Loken as the T-X, an advanced Terminator sent back to murder John's resistance lieutenantsClaire Danes as Kate Brewster, John's former classmate and Scott's fiancé.David Andrews as Lieutenant General Robert Brewster, Kate's father who is also the program director at CRS, which has acquired Cyberdyne Systems' remaining assetsMark Famiglietti as Scott Mason, Kate's fiancé who is killed by the T-X. The character was originally named Scott Peterson, but the name was changed in order to avoid association with the case involving the murder of Laci Peterson and her unborn son Conner by her husband Scott Peterson. In the ending credits his name is still listed as "Scott Petersen".Earl Boen as Dr. Peter Silberman: Reprising his role from the first two films, Boen appears in one scene, attempting to comfort Kate after she witnesses the acts of the Terminator.Jay Acovone portrayed an LAPD Officer. Kim Robillard and Mark Hicks portrayed Detective Edwards and Detective Bell. In the film's dialogue Bell is identified correctly, however in the film's end credits his name is listed as "Detective Martinez". One of Schwarzenegger's stunt doubles, Billy D. Lucas, portrayed a civilian who has his car accidentally wrecked by John.ProductionConceptionJames Cameron had directed and co-written the previous Terminator films. The film rights to the franchise were held by Carolco Pictures and by Cameron's ex-wife and Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991) executive producer Gale Anne Hurd, who both held 50 percent of the rights. Cameron had sold his stake to Hurd for $1 prior to directing The Terminator (1984). In July 1991, Cameron said that if Terminator 2 was successful, "there may be some economic pressure" to do a sequel. Hurd said that month, "I've always felt the story lent itself wonderfully to being a continuing tale." She believed it was natural that a third film would happen, but was unsure at that time if Arnold Schwarzenegger would reprise his role as the Terminator. Hurd said that for Schwarzenegger to commit to another film, he would have to read a finished script, approve a director, and see if the project fit into his schedule.Following Terminator 2's release, Cameron said he had no intentions for further sequels, believing it "brings the story full circle and ends. And I think ending it at this point is a good idea," and co-writer William Wisher said they wrote the script intending to leave no option for a sequel. Even so, Carolco Pictures co-founder Mario Kassar said in May 1992 that he intended to make a Terminator 3 film within the next five to seven years. TriStar, which distributed Terminator 2, would be involved in the new film. That month, TriStar chief Mike Medavoy said the film would probably take a couple of years.DevelopmentBy the end of 1995, Carolco had filed for bankruptcy, and Cameron wanted to direct a third film with the involvement of 20th Century Fox. Cameron's 3D film ride, Terminator 2 3-D: Battle Across Time, would open later in 1996. The project reunited the main cast of Terminator 2: Judgment Day, and had prompted Cameron to begin writing a script for a Terminator 3 film. Cameron said Terminator 2 3D: Battle Across Time would serve as a "stepping stone" toward a third Terminator film. However, such a film would not be


Passage 1:Campanal IGuillermo González del Río García, nicknamed Campanal I or Guillermo Campanal (born 9 February 1912 in Avilés; died 22 January 1984 inSeville) was a Spanish footballer. During his career he played for Sporting de Gijón and Sevilla FC (1929–1946), and earned 3 caps and scored 2 goals for theSpain national football team, and participated in the 1934 FIFA World Cup.He later became manager of Sevilla FC.HonoursSevillaLa Liga: 1945–46Copa del Rey:1935, 1939Passage 2:Mirza Faiz MuhammadMirza Faiz Muhammad, also known by his title of Azādud Daulah, was an Indian nobleman and official in the Mughalempire during the 18th century. He was a descendant of Mirza Hadi Baig and the great-great grandfather of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian.Life and reignDuringFaiz Muhammad's life, Qadian had developed close relations with Delhi. Faiz Muhammad was successful in suppressing the anarchy that prevailed in the Punjabduring this period as a result of which, in 1716, the Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar conferred upon him the rank of Haft Hazārī which authorised him to keepregular force of 7,000 soldiers. He was also conferred the title Azādud Daulah (Strong Arm of the Government) by the Emperor.Passage 3:Muhammad I TaparAbuShuja Ghiyath al-Dunya wa'l-Din Muhammad ibn Malik-Shah (Persian:          , romanized: AbūShujā Ghiyāth al-Dunyā wa ’l-Dīn Muammad ibn Malik-Šāh; 1082 – 1118), better known as Muhammad I Tapar (  ), was the sultan ofthe Seljuk Empire from 1105 to 1118. He was a son of Malik-Shah I (r. 1072–1092) and Taj al-Din Khatun Safariya. In Turkish, Tapar means "he who obtains,finds".ReignMuhammad was born in January 1082. He succeeded his nephew, Malik Shah II, as Seljuq Sultan in Baghdad, and thus was theoretically the head ofthe dynasty, although his brother Ahmad Sanjar in Khorasan held more practical power. Muhammad I probably allied himself with Radwan of Aleppo in the battleof the Khabur River against Kilij Arslan I, the sultan of Rüm, in 1107, in which the latter was defeated and killed. Following the internecine conflict with his halfbrother, Barkiyaruq, he was given the title of malik and the provinces of Armenia and Azerbaijan. Dissatisfied by this he revolted again, but had to flee back toArmenia. By 1104, Barkiyaruq, ill and tired of war, agreed to divide the sultanate with Muhammad. Muhammad became sole sultan following the death ofBarkiyaruq in 1105.In 1106, Muhammad conquered the Ismaili fortress of Shahdiz, and ordered the Bavandid ruler Shahriyar IV to participate in his campaignagainst the Ismailis. Shahriyar, greatly angered by the message Muhammad sent him, refused to aid him against the Ismailis. Shortly after, Muhammad sent anarmy headed by Amir Chavli, who tried to capture Sari but was unexpectedly defeated by an army under Shahriyar and his son Qarin III. Muhammad then sent aletter, which requested Shahriyar to send one of his sons to the Seljuq court in Isfahan. He sent his son Ali I, who impressed Muhammad so much that he offeredhim his daughter in marriage, but Ali refused and told him to grant the honor to his brother and heir of the Bavand dynasty, Qarin III. Qarin III then went to theIsfahan court and married her.In 1106/1107, Ahmad ibn Nizam al-Mulk, the son of the famous vizier Nizam al-Mulk, went to the court of Muhammad I to file acomplaint against the rais (head) of Hamadan. When Ahmad arrived to the court, Muhammad I appointed him as his vizier, replacing Sa'd al-Mulk Abu'l-MahasenAbi, who had been recently executed on suspicion of heresy. The appointment was due mainly to the reputation of Ahmad's father. He was then given varioustitles which his father held (Qewam al-din, Sadr al-Islam and Nizam al-Mulk).Muhammad I, along with his vizier Ahmad, later campaigned in Iraq, where theydefeated and killed the Mazyadid ruler Sayf al-dawla Sadaqa ibn Mansur, who bore the title "king of the Arabs". In 1109, Muhammad I sent Ahmad and ChavliSaqavu to capture the Ismaili fortresses of Alamut and Ostavand, but they failed to achieve any decisive result and withdrew. Ahmad was shortly replaced byKhatir al-Mulk Abu Mansur Maybudi as vizier of the Sejluq Empire. According to Ali ibn al-Athir (a historian who lived about a hundred years later), Ahmad thenretired to a private life in Baghdad, but, according to the contemporary biographer, Anushirvan ibn Khalid, Muhammad I had Ahmad imprisoned for tenyears.Muhammad I died in 1118 and was succeeded by Mahmud II, although after Muhammad I's death Sanjar was clearly the chief power in the Seljuqrealms.FamilyOne of Muhammad's wives was Gawhar Khatun, the daughter of Isma'il, son of Yaquti. Another wife was Qutlugh Khatun. Another wife wasNistandar Jahan Khatun. She was the mother of Sultan Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud and Fatimah Khatun. After Muhammad's death Mengubars, the governor of Iraq,married her. Their daughter Fatimah married Abbasid Caliph Al-Muqtafi in 1137, and died in September 1147. Another of his daughters married Arslan Shah, sonof Kirman Shah, and the grandson of Qavurt.Legacy and assessmentMuhammad was the last Seljuk ruler to have strong authority in the western part of thesultanate. The Seljuk realm was in a dire state after Muhammad's death, according to bureaucrat and writer Anushirvan ibn Khalid (died in 1137/1139); "InMuhammad's reign the kingdom was united and secure from all envious attacks; but when it passed to his son Mahmud, they split up that unity and destroyed itscohesion. They claimed a share with him in the power and left him only a bare subsistence." Muhammad is mainly portrayed in a positive light by contemporaryhistorians. According to the historian Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani (died in 1201), Muhammad was "the perfect man of the Seljuk dynasty and their strongeststeed".Muhammad's ceaseless campaigns inspired one of his poets, Iranshah, to compose the Persian epic poem of Bahman-nama, an Iranian mythological storyabout the constant battles between Kay Bahman and Rostam's family. This implies that the work was also written to serve as advice for solving the socio-politicalissues of the time.Passage 4:Faiz MuhammadFaiz Muhammad (23 September 1937 – 29 October 2014) was a Pakistani freestyle wrestler. He was from 5 AK regt(HAIDER DIL BN). During his time, he was one of the  National Champions and Army Champions of Pakistan.Early life and careerMuhammad was born in 1937 inthe Kandi (Rajauri district area of Jammu and Kashmir) and migrated to Azad Kashmir after the partition of British India in 1947. His family settled Iin Khanpurvillage, present day Kotli District of Azad Kashmir. In June 1953, he was enlisted at training center number 3 of Azad Kashmir Regular Forces at Sohawa town (avillage at that time). He had his first success in wrestling by winning the Pakistan Army Training Centres Wrestling Championship, an army-level competition. Inthe same year, he won the National and Army Wrestling Championships. He won the Army Championship every year from 1954 to 1984 and won several goldmedals. At Pakistani national level, he is the only one who has this-record of Army Championships. From 1953 to 1986, he won the National WrestlingChampionship for 33 years.Passage 5:Faiz Mohammad KhanFaiz Muhammad Khan Bahadur, (r.1742–1777) the third Nawab of Bhopal, was the son of YarMuhammad Khan, the second Nawab of Bhopal (as a reagent), and the stepson of Mamola Bai a very influential Hindu wife of Yar Muhammad and a directdescendant of Dost Mohammad Khan.See alsoMuhammad ShahAlamgir IIPassage 6:Catherine I of RussiaCatherine I Alekseevna Mikhailova (Russian: Екатери́наI Алексе́евна Миха́йлова, tr. Ekaterína I Alekséyevna Mikháylova; born Polish: Marta Helena Skowrońska, Russian: Ма́рта Самуи́ловна Скавро́нская, tr. MártaSamuílovna Skavrónskaya; 15 April [O.S. 5 April] 1684 – 17 May [O.S. 6 May] 1727) was the second wife and empress consort of Peter the Great, and empressregnant of Russia from 1725 until her death in 1727.Life as a servantThe life of Catherine I was said by Voltaire to be nearly as extraordinary as that of Peter theGreat himself. Only uncertain and contradictory information is available about her early life. Said to have been born on 15 April 1684 (o.s. 5 April), she wasoriginally named Marta Helena Skowrońska. Marta was the daughter of Samuel Skowroński (later spelled Samuil Skavronsky), a Roman Catholic farmer from theeastern parts of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, born to Minsker parents. In 1680 he married Dorothea Hahn at Jakobstadt. Her mother is named in atleast one source as Elizabeth Moritz, the daughter of a Baltic German woman and there is debate as to whether Moritz's father was a Swedish officer. It is likelythat two stories were conflated, and Swedish sources suggest that the Elizabeth Moritz story is probably incorrect. Some biographies state that Marta's father wasa gravedigger and handyman, while others speculate that he was a runaway landless serf.Marta's parents died of the plague around 1689, leaving five children.According to one of the popular versions, at the age of three Marta was taken by an aunt and sent to Marienburg (the present-day Alūksne in Latvia, near theborder with Estonia and Russia) where she was raised by Johann Ernst Glück, a Lutheran pastor and educator who was the first to translate the Bible into Latvian.In his household she served as a lowly servant, likely either a scullery maid or washerwoman.  No effort was made to teach her to read and write and sheremained illiterate throughout her life.Marta was considered a very beautiful young girl, and there are accounts that Frau Glück became fearful that she wouldbecome involved with her son. At the age of seventeen, she was married off to a Swedish dragoon, Johan Cruse or Johann Rabbe, with whom she remained foreight days in 1702, at which point the Swedish troops were withdrawn from Marienburg. When Russian forces captured the town, Pastor Glück offered to work asa translator, and Field Marshal Boris Sheremetev agreed to his proposal and took him to Moscow.There are unsubstantiated stories that Marta worked briefly inthe laundry of the victorious regiment, and also that she was presented in her undergarments to Brigadier General Rudolph Felix Bauer, later the Governor ofEstonia, to be his mistress. She may have worked in the household of his superior, Sheremetev. It is not known whether she was his mistress, or householdmaid.  She travelled back to the Russian court with Sheremetev's army.Afterwards she became part of the household of Prince Alexander Menshikov, who was thebest friend of Peter the Great of Russia. Anecdotal sources suggest that she was purchased by him. Whether the two of them were lovers is disputed, asMenshikov was already engaged to Darya Arsenyeva, his future wife. It is clear that Menshikov and Marta formed a lifetime alliance.It is possible that Menshikov,who was quite jealous of Peter's attentions and knew his tastes, wanted to procure a mistress on whom he could rely. In any case, in 1703, while visitingMenshikov at his home, Peter met Marta. In 1704, she was well established in the Tsar's household as his mistress, and gave birth to a son, Peter. In 1703, she


Passage 1:A Place in the Sun (film)A Place in the Sun may refer to:A place in the sun, a phrase used to refer to the German Empire's foreign policy (Weltpolitik)and colonial empireFilm and televisionA Place in the Sun (1916 film), a British silent filmA Place in the Sun (1951 film), an American dramatic filmA Place in theSun (British TV series) (2000–present), a British Channel 4 lifestyle programme about buying property abroadA Place in the Sun (2012 film), a Swedish filmbased on the Liza Marklund novelA Place in the Sun (South Korean TV series), a 2019 South Korean television seriesMusicA Place in the Sun (Lit album), 1999APlace in the Sun (Pablo Cruise album), 1977A Place in the Sun (Tim McGraw album), 1999"A Place in the Sun" (Stevie Wonder song), 1966"A Place in the Sun"(Pablo Cruise song), 1977"A Place in the Sun", a 1983 song by the Marine Girls, from their Lazy Ways albumSee alsoEn plats i solen (disambiguation)"A PlaceUnder the Sun", a 1999 single by Miho NakayamaUm Lugar ao Sol, a 2021 Brazilian telenovelaUn Lugar al sol, a 1965 Argentine filmUn posto al sole, a 1996Italian soap operaPassage 2:Christian-Peter FrieseChristian-Peter Friese (August 5, 1948, Munich - December 25, 1970, East Berlin) was one of the victims at theBerlin Wall. Members of the Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic shot him while trying to escape from East Germany.BiographyHe was his mother'sonly child, and grew up with her in Naumburg. His father is unknown. After school, he trained as a car mechanic. In Naumburg he took a job at the DeutscheReichsbahn (East Germany).DeathOn the evening of December 24, 1970, he left  his home and his mother without saying goodbye or leaving a message. Hewent to East Berlin by train. Once there he went to the allotment Vogelsang II in Treptow which was right on the border. He watched the border and climbedaround midnight on the interior fence. He triggered alarm by touching the subsequent signal fence. A total of five border guards opened fire on Christian-PeterFriese, who took cover in the vehicle barrier ditch. Shortly afterwards Friese began again to run in the direction of the last border fence. He was hit several timesin the legs and upper body. He succumbed to his injuries in the death strip. In the crime scene sketch of the files of the Stasi were recorded a total of 98 shots onChristian-Peter Friese.AftermathA senate speaker and the American City Commandant expressed their protest over the incident. The West-Berlin police initiatedan investigation.The mother of the deceased was informed on January 7, 1971, by members of the Stasi about the death. The legend was that Christian-PeterFriese was traveling by car into a tree. The body had been cremated. The urn was transferred one month later to Naumburg and buried there in the municipalcemetery, under the supervision of the Stasi.After the German reunification, the mother said to Naumburg police that her son revealed his intention of fleeing. Ina Mauerschützenprozess (process against guards of the wall who had shot) the border guards involved were acquitted because intent to kill could not beestablished, and because the court could not determine which of the defendants was responsible for the actual killing.See alsoList of deaths at the BerlinWallBerlin Crisis of 1961Passage 3:Chris GueffroyChris Gueffroy (21 June 1968 – 6 February 1989) was the last person to be shot and the second-last to die in anescape attempt while trying to escape from East Berlin to West Berlin across the Berlin Wall.BiographyChris Gueffroy was born in Pasewalk, BezirkNeubrandenburg (present-day Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) on 21 June 1968. He had an older brother, Stefan Gueffroy.He moved to Schwedt in 1970, the sameyear that his mother, Karin Gueffroy, and his father, Allois Gueffroy, divorced. Three years later, when he was five years old, he moved to Berlin with his motherand his brother. When he was in the third grade, he was sent to the youth sports school SC Dynamo Berlin, based on his gymnastic talent. After he finishedschool he refused to pursue an officer’s career track in the National People’s Army and was consequently denied the right to study at university, ending his dreamof becoming an actor or a pilot. In September 1985 he began an apprenticeship in the Schönefeld airport restaurant near Berlin after which he worked in anumber of different restaurants. As a waiter, his income was better than average, and he had a strong degree of freedom, but he was disgusted by thewidespread corruption in the restaurant business. His friend Christian Gaudian, whom he had met at gastronomy school, shared his feelings. At twenty, he foundit increasingly unbearable to think that he would remain locked up with the knowledge that it would always be this way and that he would never have the freedomto decide for himself where he wanted to live. In mid-January 1989, upon learning that he was to be conscripted into the East German army the following May, heand Gaudian decided to leave East Germany.DeathGueffroy and Gaudian based their decision to try to flee over the wall on mistaken beliefs that theSchießbefehl, the standing order to shoot anyone who attempted to cross the wall, had been lifted (it had not), and that the Swedish prime minister IngvarCarlsson was to pay a state visit to East Berlin (he had already left when they attempted their escape). Their attempted escape from East Berlin to West Berlin,along the Britz district canal would take place on the night of 5–6 February 1989, about two kilometres (1¼ miles) from what would be Gueffroy's last residenceon Südostallee 218, Johannisthal, Treptow, East Berlin. Climbing the last metal lattice fence, the two were discovered and came under fire from the NVA bordertroops. Gueffroy was hit in the chest by two shots and died in the border strip. Gaudian, badly but not fatally injured, was arrested and was sentenced on 24 May1989 to imprisonment of three years by the Pankow district court for attempted illegal border-crossing of the first degree ("versuchten ungesetzlichenGrenzübertritts im schweren Fall"). In September 1989 Gaudian was freed on bail by the East German government, and on 17 October 1989 he was transferredto West Berlin.Chris Gueffroy is often erroneously named as the last person to die in the attempt to cross the wall, but he was in fact only the last to be killedthrough the use of weapons, and the second-last to die in an escape attempt. Winfried Freudenberg died in the crash of an improvised balloon aircraft by whichhe crossed the border into West Berlin on 8 March 1989.AftermathAs compensation for her loss, the East German government allowed Karin Gueffroy to emigrateto West Berlin and visit Chris's grave in Baumschulenweg weekly, with the condition that she did not speak to western media about the incident. She would takeresidence in the West Berlin district of Moabit, on Oldenburger Straße 36.The four border guards involved at the time at first obtained an award(Leistungsabzeichen der Grenztruppen) from the chief of the Grenzkommandos Mitte border guards, Erich Wöllner, and a prize of 150 East German Marks each.However, after the reunification of East and West Germany, they were prosecuted by the Berlin regional court. Two of the former border guards, Mike Schmidt(now a millwright with two children), and Peter Schmett (now an electrician with three children), were acquitted and released in January 1992, because thepresiding judge, Theodor Seidel, ruled that they "did not kill and did not intend to kill". A third former border guard, Andreas Kuehnpast (now unemployed),received a suspended sentence of two years. The fourth former border guard, Ingo Heinrich (now an electronic engineer), who was responsible for the mortal shotin the heart, was at first sentenced to three and a half years of jail. On appeal, the Bundesgerichtshof (High Court of Justice) in 1994 reduced the penalty to asuspended sentence of two years.In 2000, two SED functionaries, Siegfried Lorenz and Hans-Joachim Böhme, were tried for the death of Gueffroy and two otheryoung men, but acquitted as the judge could find no evidence that they might have been able to lift the shoot-to-kill order. The case was retried on 7 August2004, and the two men were found guilty and given suspended sentences of 15 months each. The judge explained that the short sentences were due to thelength of time since the events. This was the last case concerning deaths on the inner German border.On 21 June 2003, which would have been his 35th birthday,a monument to Gueffroy was erected on the bank of the Britz district canal. The monument was designed by Berlin artist Karl Biedermann. One of the crosses atthe White Crosses memorial site next to the Reichstag building is devoted to him.On 13 August 2010 the Britzer Allee between Treptow and Neukölln wasrenamed Chris-Gueffroy-Allee.See alsoSven HüberList of deaths at the Berlin WallBerlin Crisis of 1961Passage 4:Escape from East BerlinEscape from East Berlin isa 1962 American-West German thriller film directed by Robert Siodmak and starring Don Murray, Christine Kaufmann and Werner Klemperer.It was shot at theTempelhof Studios in Berlin. The film's sets were designed by the art director Dieter Bartels and Ted Haworth.PlotThe story takes place in East Berlin soon afterthe Berlin Wall is built, and is based on an actual escape on January 24, 1962. Kurt Schröder is a chauffeur to East German Major Eckhardt and his seductive wifeHeidi, with whom he is having an affair. One night he sees a friend, Günther Jurgens, who works at the garage where Kurt has the Major's car maintained, drivehis tow-truck through a gate and get killed trying to escape to the west. Günther's sister, Erika, comes looking for Günther when he doesn't return, and is toldthat Kurt saw him last night. She then goes to Kurt's house, where he lives with his mother, Uncle Albrecht (a musician), sister Ingeborg and kid brother Helmutwithin sight of the wall. Erika is intent on escaping to West Berlin, thinking that her brother made it. Kurt, reasonably satisfied with his life, has no intention ofrisking his life to attempt an escape. Erika then attempts to escape over the wall but Kurt catches her as she tries to crawl under the barbed wire, and theypretend to be lovers to hide her intentions from suspicious guards. Kurt then hides her in his house. A piece of Erika's clothing is caught in the barbed wire, andthe guards track her to the Schröder's house. She hides in a room without a floor, and narrowly escapes the guards after they conclude that she could not be inthe room.The Schröders and their neighbors, including a woman named Marga who has a baby and whose husband has already escaped to the west, want toescape East Germany. Kurt comes up with the idea of building a tunnel under the wall, through which they can escape to West Berlin. Although he willmastermind the plan, Kurt has no intention of going with them. They drill through the basement wall using Uncle Albrecht's band as a noise cover when the actualdrilling takes place. One member of the family keeps watch while the others work on the tunnel itself. After they start digging the tunnel, they are joined byWalter Brunner, who had his own plan to dig a tunnel. All the while, Kurt is falling in love with Erika, and he eventually summons the courage to tell her that her


Passage 1:Wayne BridgeWayne Michael Bridge (born 5 August 1980) is an English former professional footballer who played as a left back.A graduate of theSouthampton academy, he made his debut in 1998 and would go on to make over 150 league appearances in Premier League before going on to have anextensive career with Chelsea where he won all three domestic competitions over the course of his six-year stay at Stamford Bridge. He also spent time on loanwith Fulham before later in 2009 joining Manchester City, where he remained for four seasons, although his final two were spent on loan with West Ham andSunderland as well as a spell in the EFL Championship with Brighton & Hove Albion. He retired in 2014 following a season with ReadingBridge made 36appearances for the England national team between 2002 and 2009, being selected for two FIFA World Cup squads and UEFA Euro 2004.ClubcareerSouthamptonBridge was born in Southampton, but moved to Olivers Battery, Winchester, at an early age. He attended Oliver's Battery Primary and Kings'School, Winchester. When playing for Olivers Battery he was spotted by Micky Adams, who recommended him to Southampton, who signed him as a trainee inJuly 1996. He made his reserve team debut as a centre-forward against Portsmouth on 13 August 1997 and turned professional in January 1998.Bridge made hisfirst-team debut on 16 August 1998 (the opening day of the 1998–99 season) coming on as a replacement for John Beresford, who had badly damaged his knee.Bridge made his first senior start in the next match on 22 August in a 5–0 defeat away to Charlton Athletic. As Southampton struggled to pick up points (with onlytwo points after the first nine games), Bridge played (on the left wing) in most of Saints' league games until early December before losing his place to HassanKachloul. For the remainder of the 1998–99 Premier League season, Bridge was only used occasionally as Saints narrowly avoided relegation. He completed hisfirst season as a first-team player with 15 starts and eight substitute appearances.The following season carried on in a similar vein with Bridge making occasionalappearances on the left wing until injuries to Francis Benali and the poor form of his intended replacement Patrick Colleter gave Bridge the opportunity to play atleft-back, where he soon became a fixture in the Saints starting line-up. In the 1999–2000 season, he made 15 starts (plus four substitute appearances) scoringhis first senior goal, with a powerful free-kick over the wall, in the final match of the season on 14 May 2000 against Wimbledon, as a result of which Wimbledonwere relegated to Division 1 after 14 years in the top flight.In the 2000–01 season, Bridge was an ever-present at left-back as Saints finished their final season atThe Dell in tenth place in the Premier League table. Bridge was rewarded by being voted the Southampton Player of the Year for the 2000–01 season.Bridge was"fast, determined, skilful and full of youthful promise" and "his forward runs became an exciting sight at The Dell and then at St Mary's." He was an ever-presentyet again in the following season as Saints again finished their first season at their new stadium comfortably in mid-table.Bridge's temperament and consistency,together with a high level of fitness, enabled him to continue to play every match until 18 January 2003 when he limped off with an injury in a 1–0 defeat toLiverpool. This brought to an end a run of 113 consecutive appearances, a Premier League record for an outfield player (since surpassed by Frank Lampard, Jr.).His run started on 4 March 2000, from when Bridge played 10,160 consecutive minutes of Premier League football, not missing any play through injury orsuspension.By now, bigger clubs were trailing Bridge, and he was finally tempted away to join Chelsea for £7 million in the 2003 close season. His last appearancefor the club came in the 2003 FA Cup Final defeat to Arsenal. During his five years as a Saints first-team player, he made 173 appearances, with two league goalsagainst Wimbledon and Bolton Wanderers.Chelsea2003–04 seasonAfter five years with the Saints, Bridge moved to Chelsea in July 2003 for a fee of £7 millionplus Graeme Le Saux, and was initially a regular starter. His finest moment came in the Champions League quarter-final against Arsenal in 2003–04. Bridgescored the winning goal in the 88th minute to send Chelsea into the semi-finals and end an 18-game winless run against Arsenal. The goal was later voted goal ofthe season. Bridge also scored against Beşiktaş and Portsmouth in the 2003–04 season.2004–05 seasonBridge started the 2004–05 season playing regularlyunder new manager José Mourinho, but he picked up a serious ankle injury in an FA Cup tie against Newcastle United on 20 February 2005. This ended his seasonand also meant he missed the following weekend's League Cup Final. Chelsea went on to win the Premier League in his absence but Bridge had already madeenough appearances (15) to receive a winners' medal.2005–06 seasonFor the 2005–06 season, Chelsea signed Spanish left-back Asier del Horno and Bridgefaced a challenge to get back into the side when he recovered from the injury that kept him out of the team in the latter stages of the 2004–05 campaign. He onlymade two appearances for Chelsea that season, both in domestic cup games. These limited first team opportunities saw him join Fulham on loan on 19 January2006. He made his debut in a 2–1 defeat to West Ham United at Upton Park. The move seemed to benefit him as he managed to secure his place in the 2006World Cup English squad for the tournament in Germany. Chelsea won the Premier League again, but Bridge was not eligible for a medal this time as he had notmade a single league appearance for them all season.2006–07 seasonBridge's main competition for the Chelsea left back position then came from fellow Englandinternational left back Ashley Cole. Bridge played the full match in Chelsea's 3–0 victory over Manchester City on the opening day of the 2006–07 Premier Leagueseason, providing a telling cross for the third goal, scored by a header from Didier Drogba. His strong early season form, however, was not enough to hold downthe left-back position, with Mourinho preferring Ashley Cole in most games. Following Cole's injury in the 3–0 Premier League win against Blackburn Rovers earlyin 2007, Bridge became Chelsea's natural choice for left-back.Bridge featured in attack for an injury struck Chelsea side against League Two side WycombeWanderers in the 2007 semi-final 1st leg League Cup match, scoring one goal in the process.Bridge finished the 2006–07 season with two cup final winner'smedals after playing in both the League Cup Final against Arsenal in a 2–1 win and in the FA Cup Final against Manchester United in a 1–0 victory.2007–08seasonBridge played his third cup final for Chelsea in just over two years in the 2–1 loss in the 2008 League Cup Final against Tottenham Hotspur. Bridge wasadjudged to have handled the ball in the penalty area and Tottenham were awarded a penalty from which they scored, going on to win 2–1 afterextra-time.2008–09 seasonIn the League Cup fourth round tie against Burnley in the 2008–09 season, Bridge wore the captain's armband in the absence of JohnTerry and Frank Lampard, but the Blues lost on penalties.Manchester City2009–11 seasonsOn 2 January 2009, it was confirmed by Mark Hughes that ManchesterCity had agreed an undisclosed fee with Chelsea for Bridge, thought to be around £10 million and, on the following day, Manchester City agreed personal termswith the player, who later passed his medical, thus enabling the transfer to be completed and he signed a four-and-a-half-year deal. Bridge was unveiled to thehome fans that day at an FA Cup home tie against Nottingham Forest, and two weeks later made his debut for the club in a 1–0 win against Wigan Athletic in theleague. He was given the squad number 25. For the 2009–10 season, Bridge switched to the number 3, which was previously worn by Michael Ball.On 27February 2010, City inflicted Chelsea's first home Premier League defeat of the season with a 4–2 victory. Prior to the match, Bridge was involved in a highlypublicised incident in which he refused to shake hands with Chelsea captain and former club and international teammate John Terry, who was at the time thesubject of claims that he had had an affair with Bridge's ex-girlfriend Vanessa Perroncel. His position as left-back for Manchester City gradually faded with thearrival of two new left-backs. In the summer of 2010, Manchester City manager Roberto Mancini signed Aleksandar Kolarov from Lazio, and in 2011 signed GaëlClichy from Arsenal, thus indicating Bridge was surplus to requirements at City.West Ham (loan)On 12 January 2011, Bridge joined West Ham United on loan untilthe end of the season. He made his West Ham debut on 15 January 2011 in a 3–0 loss to Arsenal. Bridge made 18 appearances in all competitions for West Hambefore his loan ended.Sunderland (loan)On 31 January 2012, it was announced that Bridge had joined Sunderland on a loan deal until the end of the 2011–12season. He made his debut appearance as an 82nd minute substitute for Kieran Richardson in Sunderland's 3–0 victory over Norwich City the following day. Hemade his first start for Sunderland in their 1–0 win over Liverpool on 10 March 2012, and also featured in the FA Cup quarter-final draw with Everton the followingweek.Brighton & Hove Albion (loan)On 6 July 2012, it was confirmed that Bridge would join Brighton & Hove Albion on a season-long loan. He made his debut forBrighton on 14 August 2012 in a 3–0 away defeat to Swindon Town in the League Cup. His first Brighton goal came on 25 August 2012 in a 5–1 home victory overBarnsley, his first league goal since scoring for Chelsea in December 2003. Bridge played 37 league games for Brighton, scoring three goals and helping themreach fourth place in the league to qualify for the play-offs. He played in both semi-final games against Crystal Palace where Brighton were beaten 2–0 onaggregate. At the end of the season, Bridge thanked Brighton manager Gus Poyet for revitalising his footballing career. He told The Independent, "Brighton havebeen great to me. I just want to say a big thank you to the chairman and the fans. Gus has revitalised my love for football after I was in the wilderness atManchester City."Reading and retirementIn June 2013, Bridge signed a one-year contract with Reading, who had just been relegated to the Football LeagueChampionship. Bridge chose Reading ahead of offers from Queens Park Rangers and Brighton, who wished to make his loan permanent.On 6 May 2014, Bridgewas released by Reading after 12 games in his only season for the club, subsequently retiring from professional football.International careerDuring his time withSouthampton, all Bridge's managers (Jones, Hoddle and Gray) predicted full international honours. He was soon making regular appearances for the Englandunder-21 team, and the managers' prophecy was realised when Sven-Göran Eriksson gave him his first full cap against the Netherlands on 13 February 2002. Hequickly proved himself and appeared twice as a substitute in the 2002 World Cup, although he did not appear at all in Euro 2004, with Ashley Cole being


Passage 1:Donny LucasDonald James "Donny" Lucas is a Canadian actor and comedian.He is best known for voicing Disco Kid in Punch Out!!, Zed in League ofLegends, Mr. Fix in Iron Man: Armored Adventures, and the Lucius Fox A.I. in Batwoman.Early lifeDonny Lucas was born, adopted, and raised in Montreal,Quebec.Lucas started his acting career in 1986 by taking classes, workshops, and community theater. His first credits were for HBO, Warner Bros, andNickelodeon.FilmographyFilmTelevisionVideogamesPassage 2:Lou ManfrediniLou Manfredini (born May 4, 1964) is an American television/radio personality andhome improvement expert. Born in Highland Park, Illinois he is the host of HouseSmarts TV, host of Chicago's WGN (AM) HouseSmarts Radio (formerly Mr.Fix-It), and is a contributor on NBC's Today Show.Early yearsManfredini was born to Massimo and Lida Manfredini in Highland Park, IL. His father worked as anauto and truck mechanic, mother was a homemaker. Manfredini worked with his father on cars and trucks  which ultimately led Manfredini to pursue a career inhome improvement. While a student at Deerfield High School (Illinois), Manfredini worked at a hardware store and at a steel company as a welder. Aftergraduating high school in 1982, Manfredini went to Millikin University in Decatur, Illinois on a musical theater scholarship. In 1987, Manfredini started aconstruction company in Chicago. After 8 years in business, he began a media career in 1995 when WGN (AM) Radio  launched his idea for a home improvementcall-in radio show.Television and Print MediaAs hostIn 1995 after writing letters to pitch his idea for a call-in home improvement radio show on WGN Radio,morning show host Bob Collins booked Manfredini on his show as a guest where his nickname, Mr. Fix It, was coined. Soon after Manfredini joined host RoyLeonard on his Saturday show as a regular contributor which then led to his own Saturday morning call-in radio show which still airs today.  In 2000, Manfredinibecame the home improvement contributor for NBC-TV's Today Show, from 2006 to 2013 for NBC-5 Chicago and in September 2013 for WGN-TV Chicago. In2006, he partnered with Frank DiGioia, President and CEO of Fort Productions, to create the news/magazine style home improvement and lifestyle showHouseSmarts. Manfredini is also the host of Lou Manfredini's HouseSmarts Minutes (formerly Lou Manfredini's Home Improvement Minutes) that are syndicatedon radio stations across the United States.On May 29, 2015 Manfredini was inducted into the WGN Radio Walk of Fame.On January 14, 2017 Manfredini debutedthe live show, HouseSmarts Radio, on 77-WABC New York.On October 14, 2017 Manfredini debuted the live show, HouseSmarts Radio, on 790-KABC LosAngeles.As spokespersonManfredini has represented Marvin Windows and Doors nationally as their spokesperson since 2004 and serves/has served asspokesperson in the Chicago market for: Perma Seal Basement Systems, Chicagoland and Northwest Indiana Chevy Dealers and Baxter Credit Union (BCU).Since2002 Manfredini has served as Ace Hardware's resident "Home Expert" and editorial media spokesperson.Manfredini has been host of satellite media toursrepresenting companies such as The Wood Promotion Network, 3M, Marvin Windows and Doors, Ace Hardware, Skil Power Tools.Manfredini has served as subjectmatter expert host for The Rug Doctor infomercial.Other appearancesManfredini has sung the National Anthem at Wrigley Field, home of the Chicago Cubs, threetimes – once in 1998, once in 2001  and once as a duet in 2009 with his producer, Lindsey Smithwick (formerly Kreutzer).From 2002 to 2003 Manfredini servedas the Home Category Expert for the Home Shopping Network (HSN).On August 18, 2011 Manfredini was a guest on the stage and radio show created by theChicago Tribune and The Second City, Chicago Live!On May 30, 2012, Manfredini guest starred in the Irish musical The Twelve Tenors for one night at theRiverfront Theater in Chicago.Bibliography2000: Mr. Fix It: 101 Answers to the Most Commonly Asked Questions About Repairing Your Home Rare Air Media ISBN1-892866-22-62002: Mr. Fix It Introduces You To Your Home Ballantine Books ISBN 0-345-44987-82004: House Smarts Ballantine Books ISBN0-345-44989-42004:Bath Smarts Ballantine Books ISBN 0-345-44990-82004: Kitchen Smarts Ballantine Books ISBN 0-345-44988-62004: Room SmartsBallantine Books ISBN 0-345-46722-1FamilyManfredini lives in Chicago with his wife and four children and runs the Edgebrook Ace Hardware and Villa Park AceHardware. Manfredini's oldest son, Quinn, is the founder of Deep Dish Sports Talk, Chicago's premier sports podcast.Passage 3:Mr. Fix-ItMr. Fix-It is a 1918American silent comedy film starring Douglas Fairbanks, Marjorie Daw, and Wanda Hawley, directed by Allan Dwan.PlotAs described in a film magazine, becauseof his ability to fix things Dick Remington (Fairbanks) becomes known as "Mr. Fix-It" and enters the aristocratic home of the Burroughs as their nephew. Beforelong he has melted the stone hearts of three aunts and one uncle and won the heart of Mary McCullough (Hawley) in addition to setting aright the affairs of prettyGeorgiana Burroughs (MacDonald) and Olive Van Tassell (Landis).CastReceptionLike many American films of the time, Mr. Fix-It was subject to restrictions andcuts by city and state film censorship boards. For example, the Chicago Board of Censors cut, in Reel 5, the policeman arresting women in kimono coming fromraided house of ill repute.Preservation statusOn July 16, 2011 at the Castro Theatre in San Francisco, the San Francisco Silent Film Festival presented a restoredprint of the film from George Eastman House.See alsoList of rediscovered filmsPassage 4:Allan DwanAllan Dwan (born Joseph Aloysius Dwan; April 3, 1885 –December 28, 1981) was a pioneering Canadian-born American motion picture director, producer, and screenwriter.Early lifeBorn Joseph Aloysius Dwan inToronto, Ontario, Canada, Dwan was the younger son of commercial traveler of woolen clothing Joseph Michael Dwan (1857–1917) and his wife Mary Jane Dwan,née Hunt. The family moved to the United States when he was seven years old on December 4, 1892, by ferry from Windsor to Detroit, according to hisnaturalization petition of August 1939. His elder brother, Leo Garnet Dwan (1883–1964), became a physician.Allan Dwan studied engineering at the University ofNotre Dame and then worked for a lighting company in Chicago. He had a strong interest in the fledgling motion picture industry, and when Essanay Studiosoffered him the opportunity to become a scriptwriter, he took the job. At that time, some of the East Coast movie makers began to spend winters in Californiawhere the climate allowed them to continue productions requiring warm weather. Soon, a number of movie companies worked there year-round, and in 1911,Dwan began working part-time in Hollywood. While still in New York, in 1917 he was the founding president of the East Coast chapter of the Motion PictureDirectors Association.CareerDwan started his directing career by accident in 1911, when he was sent by his employers to California, in order to locate a companythat had vanished. Dwan managed to track the company down, and learned that they were waiting for the film's director (who was an alcoholic) to return from abinge (and allowing them to return to work). Dwan wired back to his employers in Chicago, informing them of the situation, and suggested that they disband thecompany. They wired back, instructing Dwan to direct the film. When Dwan informed the company of the situation, and that their jobs were on the line, theyresponded: "You're the best damn director we ever saw".Dwan operated Flying A Studios in La Mesa, California, from August 1911 to July 1912. Flying A was oneof the first motion pictures studios in California history. On August 12, 2011, a plaque was unveiled on the Wolff building at Third Avenue and La Mesa Boulevardcommemorating Dwan and the Flying A Studios origins in La Mesa, California.After making a series of westerns and comedies, Dwan directed fellowCanadian-American Mary Pickford in several very successful movies as well as her husband, Douglas Fairbanks, notably in the acclaimed 1922 Robin Hood. Dwandirected Gloria Swanson in eight feature films, and one short film made in the short-lived sound-on-film process Phonofilm. This short, also featuring ThomasMeighan and Henri de la Falaise, was produced as a joke, for the April 26, 1925 "Lambs' Gambol" for The Lambs, with the film showing Swanson crashing theall-male club.Following the introduction of the talkies, Dwan directed child-star Shirley Temple in Heidi (1937) and Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1938).Dwanhelped launch the career of two other successful Hollywood directors, Victor Fleming, who went on to direct The Wizard of Oz and Gone With the Wind, andMarshall Neilan, who became an actor, director, writer and producer. Over a long career spanning almost 50 years, Dwan directed 125 motion pictures, some ofwhich were highly acclaimed, such as the 1949 box office hit, Sands of Iwo Jima. He directed his last movie in 1961.Being one of the last surviving pioneers of thecinema, he was interviewed at length for the 1980 documentary series Hollywood.He died in Los Angeles at the age of 96, and is interred in the San FernandoMission Cemetery, Mission Hills, California.Dwan has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6263 Hollywood Boulevard.Daniel Eagan of Film JournalInternational described Dwan as one of the early pioneers of cinema, stating that his style "is so basic as to seem invisible, but he treats his characters withuncommon sympathy and compassion."Partial filmography as directorSee alsoCanadian pioneers in early HollywoodPassage 5:Saintly SinnersSaintly Sinners is a1962 American comedy-drama film directed by Jean Yarbrough and starring Don Beddoe, Ellen Corby, Stanley Clements and Paul Bryar.PlotEx-con Joseph Bradenhas his car temporarily stolen by a pair of bank robbers who hide their loot in the vehicle's spare tire. After the car is repossessed, it's sold to the kindly Rev.Daniel Sheridan, who immediately sets out on a fishing trip.CastDon Beddoe as Father Dan SheridanEllen Corby as Mrs. McKenzieStanley Clements as SlimPaulBryar as DukeAddison Richards as Monsignor CraigRon Hagerthy as Joe BreadenJacklyn O'Donnell as Sue Braeden (as Erin O'Donnell)Clancy Cooper as IdahoMurphyWilliam Fawcett as Horsefly BrownEarle Hodgins as Uncle CleteNorman Leavitt as Pittheus (as Norm Leavitt)Willis Bouchey as Police Chief HarrihanSeealsoList of American films of 1962Passage 6:Rauni MollbergRauni Mollberg (April 15, 1929 – October 11, 2007) was a Finnish film director who directed moviesand TV movies.In 1963 Mollberg directed movies for YLE. He directed a version of The Unknown Soldier in 1985, 30 years after Edvin Laine directed the originalversion of it. Mollberg's movie's plot was same as Laine's movie. But Mollberg used unknown actors and the movie was colourised and shot by a handholdcamera.Mollberg did not begin directing films for the cinema until he was well into his forties. He made a notable splash on the international festival circuit in


Passage 1:Walter UlfigWalter Ulfig was a German composer of film scores.Selected filmographyDas Meer (1927)Venus im Frack (1927)Svengali (1927)Bigamie(1927)Homesick (1927)The Awakening of Woman (1927)The Famous Woman (1927)Alpine Tragedy (1927)The Strange Case of Captain Ramper(1927)Assassination (1927)Queen Louise (1927)Homesick (1927)Das Schicksal einer Nacht (1927)The Hunt for the Bride (1927)The Orlov (1927)Serenissimusand the Last Virgin (1928)Mariett Dances Today (1928))The Woman from Till 12 (1928)The Beloved of His Highness (1928)The Schorrsiegel Affair (1928)ItAttracted Three Fellows (1928)Miss Chauffeur (1928)The King of Carnival (1928)The Weekend Bride (1928)Honeymoon (1928)Spring Awakening (1929)The Rightof the Unborn (1929)The Heath Is Green (1932)Höllentempo (1933)The Two Seals (1934)Pappi (1934)Mädchenräuber (1936)BibliographyJung, Uli & Schatzberg,Walter. Beyond Caligari: The Films of Robert Wiene. Berghahn Books, 1999.External linksWalter Ulfig at IMDbPassage 2:Bert GrundBert Grund (1920–1992) wasa German composer of film scores.Selected filmographyCrown Jewels (1950)Immortal Light (1951)I Can't Marry Them All (1952)We're Dancing on the Rainbow(1952)My Wife Is Being Stupid (1952)Knall and Fall as Detectives (1952)The Bachelor Trap (1953)The Bird Seller (1953)The Immortal Vagabond (1953)The Sunof St. Moritz (1954)The Witch (1954)The Major and the Bulls (1955)Operation Sleeping Bag (1955)Love's Carnival (1955)The Marriage of Doctor Danwitz(1956)Between Time and Eternity (1956)That Won't Keep a Sailor Down (1958)Arena of Fear (1959)The Thousand Eyes of Dr. Mabuse (1960)The Count ofLuxemburg (1972)Mathias Sandorf (1979, TV series)Die Wächter (1986, TV miniseries)Carmen on Ice (1990)Passage 3:Henri VerdunHenri Verdun (1895–1977)was a French composer of film scores.Selected filmographyNapoléon (1927)The Sweetness of Loving (1930)The Levy Department Stores (1932)The LacqueredBox (1932)The Weaker Sex (1933)The Flame (1936)Girls of Paris (1936)The Assault (1936)Les Disparus de Saint-Agil (1938)The Woman Thief (1938)Ernest theRebel (1938)Rail Pirates (1938)The Fatted Calf (1939)Camp Thirteen (1940)The Man Without a Name (1943)The Bellman (1945)My First Love (1945)TheMurderer is Not Guilty (1946)Distress (1946)The Fugitive (1947)The Ironmaster (1948)The Tragic Dolmen (1948)The Ladies in the Green Hats (1949)La Fugue deMonsieur Perle (1952)The Lovers of Midnight (1953)The Big Flag (1954)Blood to the Head (1956)Passage 4:Amedeo EscobarAmedeo Escobar (1888–1973) wasan Italian composer of film scores.Selected filmographyResurrection (1931)The Last of the Bergeracs (1934)The Countess of Parma (1936)I've Lost My Husband!(1937)The Thrill of the Skies (1940)Macario Against Zagomar (1944)Toto Looks for a House (1949)Toto Looks for a Wife (1950)Beauties on Bicycles(1951)Drama on the Tiber (1952)Passage 5:MithoonMithun Sharma (born 11 January 1985), also known as Mithoon, is an Indian Hindi film music director,lyricist-composer and singer.Mithoon composed the Hindi song "Tum Hi Ho" from the 2013 Bollywood romantic film Aashiqui 2. Mithoon received the FilmfareAward for Best Music Director, and in 2014 received a nomination for Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist in the 59th Filmfare Awards. He wrote and composed one ofthe most streamed Hindi songs on YouTube, "Sanam Re". The song was honoured with the award of "Most Streamed Song of 2016" at the Global Indian MusicAcademy Awards.Mithoon launched the talented singer Arijit Singh in 2011 with Mohammad Irfan Ali co-singer in his hit song Phir Mohabbat.Early lifeMithoon wasborn into a family of musicians. His grandfather, Pandit Ram Prasad Sharma, imparted music knowledge to thousands of aspirants, many of whom are amongsttoday's top musicians. His father, Naresh Sharma, was a leading expert of musical arrangements, having worked with almost all of the top composers in morethan two hundred movies. Mithoon's father and his uncle Pyarelal-ji (Pyarelal Ramprasad Sharma) formed one-half of the legendary composer duoLaxmikant-Pyarelal.Mithoon started learning music at the age of eleven. Since his father remained busy, he sent him to knowledgeable people to train himself. Hisfather observed him closely and would often notice what he was practicing. His father often listened to the tunes that he created as well. On 6 November 2022, hemarried playback singer Palak Muchhal.CareerMithoon began his career with two recreations: "Woh Lamhe" in Zeher and "Aadat" in Kalyug. In 2006, Mithoon'sfriend recommended his name to Onir, (director of Bas Ek Pal), who wanted an electro-based title track. This led to his first original song as a composer, "Bas EkPal" with singer KK, and was followed by "Tere Bin" (by singer Atif Aslam) in 2006. Both songs were included in the film Bas Ek Pal. .He wrote the score forAnwar, released in 2007 and his compositions Tose Naina Lage and Maula Mere are still extremely popular.He also worked as a guest composer for songs onseveral nonmovie albums, such as "Kuch Is Tarah" from Atif Aslam's album Doorie, and Abhijeet Sawant's and "Ek Shaqs" from the Abhijeet Sawant albumJunoon. He released his own album, Tu Hi Mere Rab Ki Tarah Hai in 2009 with T-Series. For this album, Mithoon traveled to the United Kingdom to rope inmusicians. There, he worked with musicians of the Philharmonic Orchestra.In 2011 he composed two songs "Aye Khuda", "Phir Mohabbat" for the film Murder2  which also marked the debut of Arijit Singh.The song "Tum Hi Ho" which he wrote for Aashiqui 2, and "O saathi" from the movie Shab became popular. He hasalso been a solo or guest composer for movies such as , Jism 2,Yaariyan, Ek Villain, Hate Story 2, Creature 3D, Samrat & Co, Alone, Hamari Adhuri Kahani, BhaagJohnny, All Is Well, Loveshhuda, Sanam Re, Ki & Ka, Shivaay, Wajah Tum Ho, Half Girlfriend, Shab, Aksar 2, Hate Story 4, Baaghi 2, Kabir Singh, Mercury, KhudaHaafiz, Radhe Shyam and Gadar 2.Bollywood discographyAlbumsSinglesAwards and nominationsList of awards and nominations received by MithoonAsiavisionAwardsBIG Star Entertainment AwardsFilmfare AwardsGlobal Indian Music Academy AwardsInternational Indian Film Academy AwardsMirchi MusicAwardsProducers Guild Film AwardsScreen AwardsStardust AwardsZee Cine AwardsGaana User's Choice Awards – Best Music Composer (for "Phir Bhi TumkoChaahunga") – WonBollywood Journalist Awards – Best Music Director (for "Phir Bhi Tumko Chaahunga") – NominatedPassage 6:Tarcisio FuscoTarcisio Fusco wasan Italian composer of film scores. He was the brother of the composer Giovanni Fusco and the uncle of operatic soprano Cecilia Fusco.SelectedfilmographyBoccaccio (1940)Free Escape (1951)Abracadabra (1952)The Eternal Chain (1952)Beauties in Capri (1952)Milanese in Naples (1954)Conspiracy of theBorgias (1959)Passage 7:Abe MeyerAbe Meyer (1901–1969) was an American composer of film scores.Selected filmographyPainted Faces (1929)HoneymoonLane (1931)Unholy Love (1932)A Strange Adventure (1932)Take the Stand (1934)Legong (1935)The Unwelcome Stranger (1935)Suicide Squad (1935)The Minewith the Iron Door (1936)The Devil on Horseback (1936)Song of the Trail (1936)County Fair (1937)The 13th Man (1937)Raw Timber (1937)Roaring Timber(1937)The Law Commands (1937)The Painted Trail (1938)My Old Kentucky Home (1938)The Secret of Treasure Island (1938)Saleslady (1938)NumberedWoman  (1938)The Marines Are Here (1938)Fisherman's Wharf (1939)Undercover Agent (1939)Passage 8:Alonso MudarraAlonso Mudarra (c. 1510 – April 1,1580) was a Spanish composer of the Renaissance, and also played the vihuela, a guitar-shaped string instrument.  He was an innovative composer ofinstrumental music as well as songs, and was the composer of the earliest surviving music for the guitar.BiographyThe place of his birth is not recorded, but hegrew up in Guadalajara, and probably received his musical training there.  He most likely went to Italy in 1529 with Charles V, in the company of the fourth Dukeof the Infantado, Íñigo López de Mendoza, marqués de Santillana.  When he returned to Spain he became a priest, receiving the post of canon at the cathedral inSeville in 1546, where he remained for the rest of his life.  While at the cathedral, he directed all of the musical activities; many records remain of his musicalactivities there, which included hiring instrumentalists, buying and assembling a new organ, and working closely with composer Francisco Guerrero for variousfestivities.  Mudarra died in Seville, and his sizable fortune was distributed to the poor of the city according to his will.Mudarra wrote numerous pieces for thevihuela and the four-course guitar, all contained in the collection Tres libros de musica en cifras para vihuela ("Three books of music in numbers for vihuela"),which he published on December 7, 1546 in Seville.  These three books contain the first music ever published for the four-course guitar, which was then arelatively new instrument. The second book is noteworthy in that it contains eight multi-movement works, all arranged by "tono", or mode.Compositionsrepresented in this publication include fantasias, variations (including a set on La Folia), tientos, pavanes and galliards, and songs. Modern listeners are probablymost familiar with his Fantasia X, which has been a concert and recording mainstay for many years.   The songs are in Latin, Spanish and Italian, and includeromances, canciones (songs), villancicos, (popular songs) and sonetos (sonnets).  Another innovation was the use of different signs for different tempos:  slow,medium, and fast.References and further readingJohn Griffiths: "Alonso Mudarra", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed March 24, 2005), (subscriptionaccess)Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.  ISBN 0-393-09530-4Guitar Music of the Sixteenth Century, Mel BayPublications (transcribed by Keith Calmes)The Eight Masterpieces of Alonso Mudarra, Mel Bay Publications (transcribed by Keith Calmes)Fantasia VI in hypermedia(Shockwave Player required) at the BinAural Collaborative HypertextJacob Heringman and Catherine King: "Alonso Mudarra songs and solos". Magnatune.com(http://www.magnatune.com/artists/albums/heringman-mudarra/hifi_play)External linksFree scores by Alonso Mudarra in the Choral Public Domain Library(ChoralWiki)Free scores by Alonso Mudarra at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)Passage 9:Thomas MorseThomas Morse (born June 30, 1968)is a composer of film and concert music.Life and composing careerHe began his musical career while in high school, writing his first orchestral work. Afterreceiving a bachelor's degree in composition from the University of North Texas, Morse began a composition master's degree at USC in Los Angeles, changingover to the film scoring program in the second year.In the years that followed, Morse composed orchestral scores for more than a dozen feature films includingThe Big Brass Ring, based on an Orson Welles script, with William Hurt & Miranda Richardson who received a Golden Globe nomination for her performance; The


Passage 1:Adolf I of LotharingiaAdolf I of Lotharingia, count of Keldachgau, Vogt of Deutz from 1008 until 1018, was the son of Hermann I "Pusillus" (the LittlePfalzgraf), count palatine of Lotharingia. He left three sons:Hermann III, Vogt of Deutz in St. Severin (Cologne) und Werden (died 1056);Adolf II of Lotharingia,count of Keldachgau, Vogt of Deutz (born 1002, died 1041);Erenfried, Probst of St. Severin.Passage 2:Henry of LaachHenry of Laach (in German: Heinrich vonLaach) was the first count palatine of the Rhine (1085/1087–1095). Henry was the son of Herman I, count of Gleiberg. Henry was a follower of Henry IV, HolyRoman Emperor. He had lands in the southeastern Eifel and on the Moselle River.Most of the holdings of Hermann II, Count Palatine fell back to the emperor,when Hermann died without successor. The emperor named Henry count palatine of the Rhine and during the emperor's trip to Italy tasked Henry to hold interimjudicial councils. Henry married Herman's widow, Adelaide of Weimar-Orlamünde (d. 1100). From this marriage, Henry may have taken control over some of herholdings along the Moselle. As a consequence, the geographic center of the palatinate moved towards the south.With his wife, Adelaide, Henry founded the MariaLaach Abbey. He was succeeded by his stepson, Siegfried of Ballenstedt.Passage 3:Hermann II, Count Palatine of LotharingiaHermann II (born 1049; diedDalhem, 20 September 1085), Count Palatine of Lotharingia 1064–1085. He was count in the Ruhrgau and the Zulpichgau, as well as a count ofBrabant.LifeAccording to Egon Kimpen he was the son of Henry I of Lotharingia († 1061) and Mathild of Verdun († 1060), daughter of Gozelo I of Lotharingia, butthe basis for this has been questioned. However, if that is the case, his maternal uncle was Pope Stephen IX. Until 1064, young Hermann was under theguardianship of Anno II, Archbishop of Cologne, who significantly reduced Hermann's territorial power.In 1080 he married Adelaide of Weimar-Orlamünde (†1100), widow of Adalbert II, Count of Ballenstedt. She was a daughter of Otto of Orlamünde, count of Weimar and margrave of Meissen in Thuringia, and Adela ofBrabant. Together they had two children who had died by 1085.He is assumed to have been the last Count Palatine of Lotharingia of the Ezzonian dynasty. Hewas killed in a duel with Albert III, Count of Namur, near his castle in Dalhem. His widow married again, her third husband being Henry of Laach, count in theMayfeldgau, who became the first count palatine of the Rhine between 1085 and 1087.Passage 4:John Christian, Count Palatine of SulzbachJohn Christian (23January 1700 – 20 July 1733; in German: Johann Christian Joseph) was the Count Palatine of Sulzbach from 1732–33. He was the second and youngest survivingson of duke Theodore Eustace, Count Palatine of Sulzbach (1659–1732) with his consort Eleonore Maria Amalia of Hesse-Rotenburg (1675–1720). His elderbrother was Joseph Charles, Count Palatine of Sulzbach.LifeAfter the death of his elder brother Joseph Charles, John Christian Joseph became the eventualdesignated heir of the Electoral Palatine. In 1732 he succeeded his father as Count Palatine of Sulzbach, but died in Sulzbach in 1733 before inheriting thePalatinate.Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine, a member of the Palatine Neuburg line of Wittelsbach failed to produce a legitimate male heir, and his brothers also.By 1716 it was evident that the Neuburg line would become extinct and that the Sulzbach branch would succeed them.MarriageHe married twice:Marie AnneHenriëtte Leopoldine de La Tour d'Auvergne (24 October 1708 – 28 July 1728), daughter of Francois Egon de la Tour d'Auvergne, Prince of Auvergne, and had thefollowing children:Charles Theodore (11 December 1724 – 16 February 1799); became Elector Palatine in 1742, and Elector of Bavaria in 1777Maria Anne (30May 1728 – 25 June 1728)Eleonore Philippina Christina Sophia of Hesse-Rotenburg  (1712-1759); married on 1731 but had no issue.== Ancestry ==Passage5:Philip William August, Count Palatine of NeuburgPhilip William August, Count Palatine of Neuburg (born 19 November 1668 in Neuburg an der Donau; died: 5April 1693 in Zákupy (German: Reichstadt)) was a  Prince and Count Palatine of Neuburg.LifePhilip William August was the 13th from a total of 17 children ofElector Palatine Philip William (1615-1690) from his second marriage to Elisabeth Amalie (1635-1709), a daughter of Landgrave George II ofHesse-Darmstadt.His oldest sister, Eleonor Magdalene married Emperor Leopold I in 1676.  In August 1689, after he had visited his brother in Breslau and hissister in Vienna, Philip William began his Grand Tour to Italy.Philip William August chose a secular career and entered into active military service.  He died at theage of 24 after suffering for seven days from a "malignant fever" and was buried in the parish church of Zákupy.  His heart lies in the Court Church in Neuburg onthe Danube.Marriage and issueHe married on 29 October 1690 in Raudnitz Anna Maria Franziska (1672–1741), a daughter of Duke Julius Francis ofSaxe-Lauenburg.  The wedding ceremony, which had to be postponed due to the illness and death of Philip William August's father, was carried out "plainly".  Hismarriage brought Philipp Wilhelm August the following children:Leopoldine Eleanor (1691–1693).Maria Anna Carolina (1693–1751), married in 1719 PrinceFerdinand of Bavaria (1699–1738).AncestryPassage 6:Henry I, Count Palatine of LotharingiaHenry I (German: Heinrich; d.1061), was Count Palatine ofLotharingia from 1045 until 1060. He was the son of Hezzelin I, Count in Zülpichgau, and a member of the Ezzonid dynasty. Historians have given severalnicknames to Heinrich: Furiosus (the Violent/the Insane), because he murdered his wife, and Monachus (the Monk), because he was confined into an abbey totreat his insanity.LifeHenry was the son of Hezzelin I and his unnamed wife, who was probably a daughter of  Conrad I of Carinthia.Around 1048 Henry marriedMathilda of Verdun (born abt 1025, died 27 July 1060), daughter of Duke Gozelo of Lotharingia, and sister of pope Stephen IX.He received the Mosellan castle ofCochem from his niece, Queen Richeza of Poland. He was elected as successor for the German kingdom during Emperor Henry III's illness.Shortly after 1058,Henry began to show signs of insanity, for which he was confined to the abbey of Gorze. He escaped however, and thinking that his wife Matilda had beenunfaithful to him, he killed her (27 July 1060). Henry then was definitely enclosed into the abbey of Echternach, where he died in 1061. His office and countieswere confiscated by Anno II, archbishop of Cologne, who became the guardian of their only son, the later count palatine Hermann II (1064-1085).Passage7:Rudolph II, Count Palatine of TübingenRudolph II, Count Palatine of Tübingen (died 1 November 1247) was Count Palatine of Tübingen and Vogt ofSindelfingen.  He was the younger son of Rudolph I and his wife Matilda of Gleiberg, heiress of Giessen.LifeRudolph II inherited the County Palatine of Tübingenwhen his elder brother Hugo III died in 1216.  From 1224 onwards, he is described as Count Palatine in many imperial documents, while his younger brotherWilliam is merely styled as Count.  Rudolph II supported Bebenhausen Abbey, which his parents had founded. Next to his father, Rudolph II is the second mostmentioned Count Palatine of Tübingen in imperial documents, mostly in documents by King Henry (VII) of Germany, the son of Emperor Frederick II, who hadbeen elected King of Germany in 1220, at the age of 8.  Frederick II spent much of his time in Italy, leaving his ancestral Swabia in the hands of his son.  Later, in1232, Henry revolted against his father, and did everything in his power to win the Swabian nobility over to his side.  Rudolph II appears to have been among thenoblemen who sided with Henry VII, at least, he is mentioned in 10 different documents of Henry VII and never by Frederick II.  Considering Rudolph's energeticcharacter, one can assume that he intended to use the conflict between Henry VII and Frederick II to expand his own power and aim at an independentposition.Swabian noblemen, including Rudolph II and his brother William, Count Hartmann I of Württemberg and a Count of Dillingen, visited Henry VII in Wormson 8 January 1224.  They met Margrave Herman V of Baden was also present, as was Eberhard, Sénéchal of Waldburg and councillor and former guardian ofHenry VII in Oppenheim on 5 April 1227 and in Hagenau on 1 May.  In the same year, Rudolph met Duke Louis I of Bavaria, who was an imperial vicar andConrad of Winterstetten, who was imperial cup-bearer and also a councilor of Henry VII.  He met the Lords of Neuffen and the imperial marshal Anselm ofJustingen in Ulm on 23 February 1228.  On 31 August 1228, Rudolph II appears, together with Margrave Herman V of Baden, Count Henry of Wirtemberg, aCount of Dillingen, Conrad of Weinsperg and the councillors mentioned above, as witnesses of a deed in which King henry VII confirms the privileges of AdelberAbbey in Esslingen.  Later that year, Rudolph II appeared as a witness in four deed by Duke Louis I of Bavaria and Bishop Ekbert of Bamberg, together with,among others, Margrave Herman V of Baden, Count Ulrich and Eberhard of Helfenstein, Counts Eberhard and Otto of Eberstein, Count Gottfried of Hohenlohe, andtwo councilors.Rudolph II stood at the head of a delegation of eight Swabian counts, among them Albert IV of Habsburg, Frederick IV of Zollern and a Count ofEberstein, at the Imperial Diet in Worms on 29 April 1231.  On 22 November 1231, Rudolph II and his brother William met Counts Albert of Rottenburg, Ulrich ofHefenstein and Eberhard of Walpurg at Henry VII's castle in Ulm.  On 31 December 1231, Rudolph witnessed a deed benefiting Neresheim Abbey in Wimpfen,together with Duke Conrad I of Teck and Margrave Hermann V of Baden.  The last time Rudolph II witnessed a deed of Henry VII was on 4 June 1233 inEsslingen, again with his brother William.In 1235, Pope Gregory IX called on the princes of the empire to organize a new crusade into the Holy Land, to renderassistance to the beleaguered church there.  Rudolph II is the only Swabian nobleman named in this call to arms; whether he actually went to the Holy Land isunknown.  The fact that he is not mentioned in any deed between 1235 and 1243 suggests that he may have been absent for an extended period.  In particular,no mention is made of his position in the struggle between King Conrad IV of Germany and anti-King Henry Raspe IV, which is remarkable, since this struggletook place mainly in Swabia.  However, a deed in favour of Bebenhausen Abbey which the papal legate made at Rudolph II's request in the army camp outsideUlm on 28 January 1247, suggests that he supported Henry Raspe.FamilyThe name of Rudolph II's wife has not been preserved.  She was a daughter of aMargrave Henry from the House of Ronsberg and Udilhild of Gammertingen. They had the following children:Hugo IV, Count Palatine of TübingenRudolf III ofScheer (d. 12 May 1277), Count of Tübingen-HerrenbergUlrichMathilda, married Burchard II, Count of Hohenberg (d. 14 July 1253, struck by lightning).  Their