Passage 1:René ClairRené Clair (11 November 1898 – 15 March 1981), born René-Lucien Chomette, was a French filmmaker and writer. He first established his reputation in the 1920s as a director of silent films in which comedy was often mingled with fantasy. He went on to make some of the most innovative early sound films in France, before going abroad to work in the UK and USA for more than a decade. Returning to France after World War II, he continued to make films that were characterised by their elegance and wit, often presenting a nostalgic view of French life in earlier years. He was elected to the Académie Française in 1960. Clair's best known films include Un chapeau de paille d'Italie (The Italian Straw Hat, 1928), Sous les toits de Paris (Under the Roofs of Paris, 1930), Le Million (1931), À nous la liberté (1931), I Married a Witch (1942), and And Then There Were None (1945).Early lifeRené Clair was born and grew up in Paris in the district of Les Halles, whose lively and picturesque character made a lasting impression on him. His father was a soap merchant; he had an elder brother, Henri Chomette (born 1896). He attended the Lycée Montaigne and the Lycée Louis-le-Grand. In 1914 he was studying philosophy; his friends at that time included Raymond Payelle who became the actor and writer Philippe Hériat.In 1917, at the age of 18, he served as an ambulance driver in World War I, before being invalided out with a spinal injury. He was deeply affected by the horrors of war that he witnessed and gave expression to this in writing a volume of poetry called La Tête de l'homme (which remained unpublished). Back in Paris after the war, he started a career as a journalist at the left-wing newspaper L'Intransigeant.Film careerHaving met the music-hall singer Damia and written some songs for her, Clair was persuaded by her to visit Gaumont studios in 1920 where a film was being cast and he then agreed to take on a leading role in Le Lys de la vie, directed by Loïe Fuller and Gabrielle Sorère. He adopted the stage-name of René Clair, and several other acting jobs followed, including Parisette for Louis Feuillade. In 1922 he extended his career as a journalist, becoming the editor of a new film supplement to a monthly magazine, Théâtre et Comœdia illustrés.  He also visited Belgium and after an introduction from his brother Henri, he became an assistant to the director Jacques de Baroncelli on several films.1924–1934In 1924, with the support of the producer Henri Diamant-Berger, Clair got the opportunity to direct his own first film, Paris qui dort (The Crazy Ray), a short comic fantasy. Before it had been shown however, Clair was asked by Francis Picabia and Erik Satie to make a short film to be shown as part of their Dadaist ballet Relâche; he made Entr'acte (1924), and it established Clair as a leading member of the Parisian avant-garde.Fantasy and dreams were also components of his next two films, but in 1926 Clair took a new direction when he joined Alexandre Kamenka's Films Albatros company to film a dramatic story, La Proie du vent (The Prey of the Wind), which met with commercial success. He remained at Albatros for his last two silent films, Un chapeau de paille d'Italie (An Italian Straw Hat) and Les Deux Timides (Two Timid Souls) (both 1928), in which he sought to translate the essentially verbal comedy of two plays by Labiche into works of silent cinema. While at Albatros, Clair met the designer Lazare Meerson and the cameraman Georges Périnal who were to remain important collaborators with him for the next decade. By the end of the silent era, Clair was celebrated as one of the great names in cinema, alongside Griffith, Chaplin, Pabst and Eisenstein. As the author of all of his own scripts, who also paid close attention to every aspect of the making of a film, including the editing, Clair was one of the first French film-makers to establish for himself the full role of an auteur.Clair was initially sceptical about the introduction of sound to films, and called it "an unnatural creation". He then realised the creative possibilities that it offered, particularly, in his view, if the soundtrack was not used realistically; words and pictures need not, and indeed should not, be tied together in a clumsy duplication of information; dialogue did not always need to be heard. Between 1930 and 1933, Clair explored these ideas in his first four sound films, starting with Sous les toits de Paris (Under the Roofs of Paris); this was followed by Le Million (1931), À nous la liberté (1931), and Quatorze juillet (Bastille Day) (1933). All of these films portrayed an affectionate and idealized view of working class life, and they did much to create a popular romantic image of Paris which was seen around the world. These films were made at the Epinay Studios for Films Sonores Tobis, a French subsidiary of the German-owned Tobis company.When Chaplin made Modern Times in 1936, it was noted that some parts of it bore a marked similarity to scenes in À nous la liberté, and the production company Tobis launched a lawsuit for plagiarism against United Artists, the producers of Chaplin's film. Clair was embarrassed by this since he acknowledged his own debt to the spirit of Chaplin, and he refused to be associated with the action.After the immense success of these early sound films, Clair met with a major setback when his next film, Le Dernier Milliardaire (The Last Billionaire/The Last Millionaire) (1934), was a critical and commercial flop. While he was visiting London for the film's British première, he met Alexander Korda who offered him a contract to work in England.  He accepted, and began a lengthy period of exile from film-making in France.1935–1946Clair's contract with Korda's London Films was for two years and it envisaged three films. Because of his limited English, he collaborated with the American dramatist Robert E. Sherwood as script-writer for his first film, The Ghost Goes West (1935), a comic fantasy about transatlantic culture clash. Clair and Sherwood became close friends. In January 1936, Clair visited America for two weeks, checking out for future employment possibilities but still planning to remain with Korda. Korda however rejected Clair's next script and they parted company. Clair's remaining time in England led to only one more completed film, Break the News (1938), a musical comedy with Jack Buchanan and Maurice Chevalier.Returning to France, Clair attempted to make another film there in 1939, Air pur, which was to be a celebration of youth and childhood, but the outbreak of war interrupted filming and it was abandoned. In May 1940, Jean Giraudoux, then Minister of Information, suggested to Clair that the film profession should concentrate its resources in the south of country in Nice and Marseille – and if necessary establish a French production centre in the United States. It was with this last plan in mind that Clair and his family, along with Julien Duvivier, departed for America, but by the time he reached New York the project had already fallen through and he went straight on to Hollywood where several studios were interested in employing him. He made his first American film for Universal Studios, The Flame of New Orleans (1941), but it was such a commercial failure that for a time Clair's career as a director was in the balance. After more than a year's delay, his next film was I Married a Witch (1942), followed by It Happened Tomorrow (1944), both of which did respectably well, and then And Then There Were None (1945), which turned out to be an exceptional commercial success despite being perhaps the least personal of his Hollywood ventures. Each of Clair's American films was made for a different studio.In 1941 Clair was stripped of his French citizenship by the Vichy government, though this was later reversed. It was also in 1941 that he learned of the death of his brother Henri Chomette in France from polio. In 1943, he was planning to go to Algeria to organise the Service Cinématographique de l'Armée, but funding for the project was withdrawn just as he was on the point of departure. In July 1945 he went back to France for a short visit, and then returned finally in July 1946, having signed a contract with RKO for his next film to be made in France.Clair's American exile had allowed him to develop his characteristic vein of ironical fantasy with several commercially successful films, but there was some feeling that it had been at the expense of personal control and that his output there had not matched the quality of his earlier work in France. Clair himself recognised that being employed by the highly organized American studios had allowed him to work in ideal circumstances: "In spite of the restrictions of the American system, it is possible, if one wishes, to take responsibility. In my four Hollywood films I managed to do what I wanted."1947–1965Clair's first film on his return to France was the romantic comedy Le silence est d'or (Silence is Golden) (1947), which was set in 1906 and nostalgically evoked the world of early French film-making; its plot also created variations on Molière's L'École des femmes. Clair considered it one of his best post-war films. Literary inspirations also underpinned other films: Faust for La Beauté du diable (Beauty and the Devil) (1950); and Don Juan for Les Grandes Manœuvres (1955). In these two films and the intervening Les Belles de nuit (Beauties of the Night) (1952), the leading actor was Gérard Philipe who became a friend and a favourite performer for Clair. Porte des Lilas (1957) was a sombre film, set once again in a popular district of Paris with its picturesque inhabitants, for which the singer Georges Brassens was persuaded to give his only film performance.During the 1950s, as a new generation of French critics and film-makers emerged who were impatient of the prevailing modes of film production, Clair found himself increasingly criticised as a representative of the cinéma de qualité, a "cinema of old men" dominated by nostalgia for their younger days. His status as a figure of the 'establishment' was further confirmed by his election to the Académie Française in 1960. Although he continued to make a few more films in comic vein such as Tout l'or du monde (All the Gold in the World) (1961), they were not well received and he made his last film, Les Fêtes galantes (The Lace Wars), in 1965.Writing and later workClair began his career as a journalist, and writing remained an important interest for him to which he increasingly turned in his later years. In 1926 he published a novel, Adams (translated into English as Star Turn), about a Hollywood star for whom the distinction between the real and unreal becomes blurred. He occasionally returned to writing fiction (La Princesse de Chine and Jeux du hasard), but many of his publications dealt with the cinema, including reflections on his own films. Apart from many journal articles, his main publications were:Adams. (Paris: Grasset, 1926). English translation, Star Turn, (London: Chatto & Windus, 1936).Réflexion faite. (Paris: Gallimard, 1951). English translation, Reflections on the Cinema. (London: William Kimber, 1953).La Princesse de Chine, suivi de De fil en aiguille. (Paris: Grasset, 1951).Comédies et commentaires. (Paris: Gallimard, 1959) [includes 5 of Clair's screenplays]. English translation, in part, Four Screenplays. (New York: Orion Press, 1970).Discours de réception à l'Académie française. (Paris: Gallimard, 1962).Tout l'or du monde. (Paris: Gallimard, 1962).Cinéma d'hier, cinéma d'aujourd'hui. (Paris: Gallimard, 1970). English translation, Cinema Yesterday and Today. (New York: Dover,


Passage 1:Beatrix of BadenBeatrix of Baden (22 January 1492 – 4 April 1535) was a margravine (wife of a margrave) of Baden by birth and by marriage and aCountess Palatine of Simmern.  She was a daughter of Christoph I, Margrave of Baden and Ottilie of Katzenelnbogen.Marriage and issueIn 1508 she married theCount Palatine  Johann II of Simmern (born: 21 March 1492; died: 18 May 1557).  With him she had twelve children:Catherine (1510–1572), Abbess in KumbdmonasteryJohanna (1512–1581), Abbess in Marienberg monastery at BoppardOttilia (1513–1553), nun at Marienberg in BoppardFrederick III the Pious(1515–1576), Elector Palatinemarried firstly 1537 Princess Marie of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (1519–1567)married secondly 1569 Countess Amalia ofNeuenahr-Alpen (1540–1602)Brigitta (1516–1562), Abbess at Neuburg an der DonauGeorg (1518–1569), Count Palatine of Simmern-Sponheimmarried in 1541princess Elisabeth of Hesse (1503–1563)Elisabeth (1520–1564)married in 1535 Count Georg II of Lauterbach (1506-1569)Reichard (1521–1598), Count Palatineof Simmern-Sponheimmarried in firstly 1569 Countess Juliane of Wied (1545-1575)married in secondly 1578 Countess Emilie of Württemberg(1550-1589)married in thirdly 1589 Countess Palatine Anna Margarete of Veldenz (1571-1621)Maria (1524–1576), nun at Marienberg in BoppardWilliam(1526–1527)Sabine (1528–1578)married in 1544 Count Lamoral of Egmont (1522–1568)Helena (1532–1579)married in 1551 Count Philipp III ofHanau-Münzenberg (1526–1561)AncestorsPassage 2:Frederick II, Grand Duke of BadenFrederick II (9 July 1857 – 9 August 1928; German: Großherzog vonBaden Friedrich II.) was the last sovereign Grand Duke of Baden, reigning from 1907 until the abolition of the German monarchies in 1918. The Weimar-era stateof Baden originated from the area of the Grand Duchy. In 1951–1952, it became part of the new state of Baden-Württemberg.LifeFriedrich "Fritz" Wilhelm LudwigLeopold August Prinz von Baden was born on 9 July 1857, in Karlsruhe in the state of Baden-Württemberg to Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden and PrincessLouise of Prussia.As a student at the University of Heidelberg, Frederick was a member of the Suevia Corps, a student fraternal organization. Frederick becamethe head of the House of Zähringen on 28 September 1907, after the death of his father Frederick I, who was the sovereign Grand Duke of Baden reigning from1856 to 1907. He abdicated on 22 November 1918, amidst the tumults of the German Revolution of 1918–19 which resulted in the abolition of the Grand Duchy.After the death of his cousin Carola of Vasa, he became the representative of the descent of the Kings of Sweden of the House of Holstein-Gottorp. On 20September 1885 in Schloss Hohenburg, he married Princess Hilda of Nassau, the only daughter of the exiled Duke Adolphe of Nassau who later succeeded asGrand Duke of Luxembourg. There was no surviving issue from the marriage.He was à la suite the Royal Prussian Regiments Erstes Garde-Regiment zu Fuß (1stGuard Foot Regiment) and 1. Garde-Ulanen-Regiment and à la suite the Imperial 1st Seebataillon. He was also Regimentschef of the 4. Königlich SächsischesInfanterie-Regiment Nr. 103, which was also known as Infanterie-Regiment „Großherzog Friedrich II. von Baden“ (4. Königlich Sächsisches) Nr.103.Promotions1875 : Sekondeleutnant (= Leutnant)1881 : Premierleutnant (= Oberleutnant)1882 : Hauptmann1884 : Major1889 : Oberst1891 :Generalmajor1893 : Generalleutnant1897 : General der Infanterie1905 : Generaloberst with the rank of GeneralfeldmarschallDeathAfter his death in 1928, theheadship of the house was transferred over to his first cousin who was the last Chancellor of Imperial Germany, Prince Maximilian of Baden.Honours andawardsGerman orders and decorationsForeign orders and decorations  Austria-Hungary:Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1885MilitaryJubilee Cross, 14 August 1908 Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold Empire of Brazil: Grand Cross of the Southern Cross Denmark: Knight of theElephant, 13 October 1897 Kingdom of Italy: Knight of the Annunciation, 10 September 1897 Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion Kingdom ofRomania:Grand Cross of the Order of Carol I, with CollarGrand Cross of the Star of Romania Russian Empire: Knight of St. Andrew  Sweden-Norway:Knight of theSeraphim, with Collar, 20 September 1881Grand Cross of St. Olav, 27 September 1897 United Kingdom: Honorary Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, 16June 1905Honorary military appointmentsHonorary General of the Swedish Army, 1906AncestryPassage 3:Mechthild of BavariaMechthild of Bavaria (12 July 1532– 2 November 1565 in Baden-Baden) was a German noblewoman. She was the daughter of William IV, Duke of Bavaria and his wife Marie. She was buried in theStiftskirche at Baden-Baden.On 17 January 1557 she married Philibert, Margrave of Baden-Baden, and they had the following children:Jakobea (16 January 1558– 3 September 1597 in Düsseldorf), married Duke John William of Jülich-Cleves-Berg.Philip II (19 February 1559 in Baden-Baden – 17 June 1588), Margrave ofBaden.Anna Maria (22 May 1562 – 25 April 1583 in Trebon).Maria Salome (1 February 1563 – 30 April 1600 in Pfreimd).Mechthild is a German form ofMatilde.Passage 4:Herman II, Margrave of BadenHermann II of Baden (c. 1060 – 7 October 1130) was the first to use the title Margrave of Baden, after thefamily seat at Castle Hohenbaden. This castle is in the present day town of Baden-Baden.LifeHermann was the son of Hermann I of Baden and Judit ofBacknang-Sulichgau. He was ruler of the March of Verona from 1112 until 1130.He styled himself Dominus in Baden, comes Brisgaviae, marchio Verona. InEnglish, his titles were: Lord in Baden, Count of Brisgau, Margrave of Verona. Around 1070 Hermann began to build Castle Hohenbaden on top of the remains ofan old Celtic structure. After the structure was completed in 1112, he gave himself the title Margrave of Baden.He rebuilt the Augustine monastery that his fatherhad built in Backnang in 1123. Hermann was laid to rest in the monastery with the inscription:"In this tomb lies the Margrave Hermann of Baden, who was thefounder of this monastery and temple. He died in the year thousand increased by hundred and three times ten fronm the time on when the pious virgin bore .When he was transferred here along with his descendancy, fifteen hundred years had passed, thereto ten onandall three."Family and childrenHermann II marriedJudit of Hohenberg and had the following children:Hermann III (d. January 16, 1160)Judith (d. 1162), married Ulrich I of Carinthia (d. 1144)Passage 5:PrinceWilliam of Baden (1829–1897)Prince Louis William Augustus of Baden (German: Ludwig Wilhelm August Prinz von Baden; 18 December 1829 – 27 April 1897)was a Prussian general and politician. He was the father of Prince Maximilian of Baden, the last Minister President of the Kingdom of Prussia and last Chancellor ofthe German Empire. Wilhelm was a Prince of Baden, and a member of the House of Zähringen.FamilyWilhelm was born in Karlsruhe, Grand Duchy of Baden, on18 December 1829 as the fifth child and third surviving son of Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden, and his wife Princess Sophie of Sweden. Through his father,Wilhelm was a grandson of Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden and his wife Baroness Louise Caroline Geyer of Geyersberg and through his mother, agrandson of Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden and his wife Frederica of Baden.Wilhelm was a brother of Alexandrine, Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Louis II, GrandDuke of Baden, Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden, Prince Charles of Baden, Marie, Princess Ernest of Leiningen, and Grand Duchess Olga Feodorovna ofRussia.Military careerDuring his brief service in the Baden Federal Contingent (German: Baden Bundescontingente), Wilhelm attained the rank of Lieutenant in1847 and First Lieutenant in 1849. Beginning between 1849 and 1850, he served as a First Lieutenant in the 1st Foot Guards (German: 1. Garde-Regiment zuFuß) infantry regiment of the Royal Prussian Army. Wilhelm received his formal education in the Prussian Army. From 1856, Wilhelm served as Major of the GuardArtillery (German: Gardeartillerie) and served as the last Major General and Commander of the Guards Artillery Brigade (German: Gardeartilleriebrigade).Wilhelm retired from Prussian military service in 1863 with the rank of Lieutenant General, shortly before his marriage to Princess Maria ofLeuchtenberg.Austro-Prussian WarIn 1866, during the Austro-Prussian War between the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire, Wilhelm assumed commandof the Baden Division of the 8th Federal Corps (German: 8. Bundeskorps) siding with the Austrian-led German Confederation. The dissolution of the 8th FederalCorps began on 30 July 1866 when Wilhelm sent a flag of truce along with a letter to the Prussian headquarters at Marktheidenfeld. The letter stated thatWilhelm's father Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden, had entered into direct negotiations with Wilhelm I of Prussia and that King Wilhelm I granted the Baden troopspermission to return to their homes.Immediately following the Austro-Prussian War, Wilhelm reformed the army of Baden based upon the Prussian system.Wilhelm and Prince August of Württemberg were the two south German princes who were foremost in securing the union of the Northern and Southern Germanstates. On 22 September 1868, Wilhelm announced his resignation from the command of the troops of the Grand Duchy of Baden and was replaced by GeneralBeza.Franco-Prussian WarIn the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, Wilhelm commanded the 1st Baden Brigade in the XIV Corps. On 30 October 1870, Wilhelmand General Gustav Friedrich von Beyer assailed Dijon. The French had transported 10,000 men by rail and the citizens of Dijon, including women, joined in thedefense of the city against the Germans. The resistance was not easily subdued and the Germans suffered heavy losses, however according to historian GustaveLouis Maurice Strauss, "[Wilhelm] carried the heights of St. Apollinari in gallant style and occupied the suburbs from which the Germans ultimately forced theirway into the city where fierce fights from barricade to barricade from house to house lasted till midnight." Dijon was occupied by 24,000 Prussians on 18 January1870, but was reoccupied by the French after a severe battle, and subsequently retaken by the Prussians on 19 January, during which Wilhelm was shot in hischeek at Nuits-Saint-Georges.Post-war careerIn 1895, Kaiser Wilhelm II promoted him à la suite to the Grenadier Regiment (German: Leibgrenadierregimentes)in honor of the 25th anniversary of the Battle of Nuits-Saint-Georges. At the same time, Wilhelm II made him knight of the Order of Pour le Mérite, the Kingdomof Prussia's highest military order.Wilhelm's final military rank was General of the Infantry.Political careerFrom a young age, Wilhelm held a seat in the FirstChamber of the Diet of the Grand Duchy of Baden. From 1871 to 1873, Wilhelm was a representative of Baden in the Reichstag of the German Empire in which he


Passage 1:Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of NorfolkThomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk  (1443 – 21 May 1524), styled Earl of Surrey from 1483 to 1485 and againfrom 1489 to 1514, was an English nobleman, soldier and statesman who served four monarchs. He was the eldest son of John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk, byhis first wife, Catharina de Moleyns. The Duke was the grandfather of both Queen Anne Boleyn and Queen Catherine Howard and the great-grandfather of QueenElizabeth I. In 1513 he led the English to victory over the Scots at the decisive Battle of Flodden, for which he was richly rewarded by King Henry VIII, then awayin France.Early lifeThomas Howard was born in 1443 at Stoke-by-Nayland, Suffolk, the only surviving son of John Howard, later 1st Duke of Norfolk, by his firstwife, Katherine, the daughter of Sir William Moleyns (died 8 June 1425) and his wife Margery. He was educated at Thetford Grammar School.Service underEdward IVWhile a young man, he entered the service of King Edward IV as a henchman. Howard took the King's side when war broke out in 1469 with the Earl ofWarwick, and took sanctuary at Colchester when the King fled to Holland in 1470. Howard rejoined the royal forces at Edward's return to England in 1471, andwas severely wounded at the Battle of Barnet on 14 April 1471. He was appointed an esquire of the body in 1473. On 14 January 1478 he was knighted byEdward IV at the marriage of the King's second son, the young Duke of York, and Lady Anne Mowbray (died 1481).Service under Richard IIIAfter the death ofEdward IV on 9 April 1483, Thomas Howard and his father John supported Richard III. Thomas bore the Sword of State at Richard's coronation and served assteward at the coronation banquet. Both Thomas and his father were granted lands by the new King, and Thomas was also granted an annuity of £1000. On 28June 1483, John Howard was created Duke of Norfolk, while Thomas was created Earl of Surrey. Surrey was also sworn of the Privy Council and invested with theOrder of the Garter. In the autumn of that year Norfolk and Surrey suppressed a rebellion against the King by the Duke of Buckingham. Both Howards remainedclose to King Richard throughout his two-year reign, and fought for him at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, where Surrey was wounded and taken prisoner, and hisfather killed. Surrey was attainted in the first Parliament of the new King, Henry VII, stripped of his lands, and committed to the Tower of London, where he spentthe next three years.Service under Henry VIIHoward was offered an opportunity to escape during the rebellion of the Earl of Lincoln in 1487, but refused, perhapsthereby convincing Henry VII of his loyalty. In May 1489 Henry restored him to the earldom of Surrey, although most of his lands were withheld, and sent him toquell a rebellion in Yorkshire. Surrey remained in the north as the King's lieutenant until 1499. He and his family lived in Sheriff Hutton Castle while in the North.In 1499 he was recalled to court, and accompanied the King on a state visit to France in the following year. In 1501 he was again appointed a member of thePrivy Council, and on 16 June of that year was made Lord High Treasurer. Surrey, Richard Foxe (Bishop of Winchester and Lord Privy Seal) and William Warham(Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor), became the King's "executive triumvirate". He was entrusted with a number of diplomatic missions. In 1501 hewas involved in the negotiations for Catherine of Aragon's marriage to Arthur, Prince of Wales, and in 1503 conducted Margaret Tudor to Scotland for her weddingto King James IV.Service under Henry VIIISurrey was an executor of the will of King Henry VII when the King died on 21 April 1509, and played a prominent rolein the coronation of King Henry VIII, in which he served as Earl Marshal. He challenged Thomas Wolsey in an effort to become the new King's first minister, buteventually accepted Wolsey's supremacy. Surrey expected to lead the 1513 expedition to France, but was left behind when the King departed for Calais on 30June 1513. Shortly thereafter King James IV of Scotland launched an invasion into England, and Surrey, with the aid of other noblemen and his sons Thomas andEdmund, crushed James's much larger force at the Battle of Flodden, near Branxton, Northumberland, on 9 September 1513. The Scots may have lost as many as10,000 men, and King James was killed. The victory at Flodden brought Surrey great popular renown and royal rewards. On 1 February 1514, he was createdDuke of Norfolk, and his son Thomas was made Earl of Surrey. Both were granted lands and annuities, and the Howard arms were augmented in honour ofFlodden with an inescutcheon bearing the lion of Scotland pierced through the mouth with an arrow, within a double tressure flory-counterflory-gules, an emblemof the Scottish royal arms on rare occasion granted by Scottish kings to a favoured follower as a special mark of favour. The grant by Henry VIII to Howard wasthus a blatant heraldic insult to the kings of Scotland.Final yearsIn the final decade of his life, Norfolk continued his career as a courtier, diplomat and soldier. In1514 he joined Wolsey and Foxe in negotiating the marriage of Mary Tudor to King Louis XII of France, and escorted her to France for the wedding. On 1 May1517, he led a private army of 1,300 retainers into London to suppress the Evil May Day riots. In May 1521 he presided as Lord High Steward over the trial of hisin-law Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham. According to David M. Head, "he pronounced the sentence of death with tears streaming down his face".By thespring of 1522, Norfolk was almost 80 years of age and in failing health. He withdrew from court, resigned as Lord Treasurer in favour of his son in December ofthat year, and after attending the opening of Parliament in April 1523, retired to his ducal castle at Framlingham in Suffolk where he died on 21 May 1524. Hisfuneral and burial on 22 June at Thetford Priory were said to have been "spectacular and enormously expensive, costing over £1300 and including a procession of400 hooded men bearing torches and an elaborate bier surmounted with 100 wax effigies and 700 candles", befitting the richest and most powerful peer inEngland. After the dissolution of Thetford Priory, the Howard tombs were moved to the Church of St Michael the Archangel, Framlingham. A now-lost monumentalbrass depicting the 2nd Duke was formerly in the Church of St. Mary at Lambeth.Marriages and issueOn 30 April 1472, Howard married Elizabeth Tilney, thedaughter of Sir Frederick Tilney of Ashwellthorpe, Norfolk, and widow of Sir Humphrey Bourchier, slain at Barnet, son and heir apparent of Sir John Bourchier, 1stBaron Berners. They had issue:Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of NorfolkSir Edward HowardLord Edmund Howard, father of Henry VIII's fifth Queen, CatherineHowardSir John HowardHenry HowardCharles HowardHenry Howard (the younger)Richard HowardElizabeth Howard, married Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire,and was mother of Queen Anne Boleyn, and grandmother of Queen Elizabeth.Muriel Howard (died 1512), married firstly John Grey, 2nd Viscount Lisle (died1504), and secondly Sir Thomas KnyvetNorfolk's first wife died on 4 April 1497, and on 8 November 1497 he married, by dispensation dated 17 August 1497, hercousin, Agnes Tilney, the daughter of Hugh Tilney of Skirbeck and Boston, Lincolnshire and Eleanor, a daughter of Walter Tailboys. They had issue:WilliamHoward, 1st Baron Howard of EffinghamLord Thomas Howard (1511–1537)Richard Howard (died 1517)Dorothy Howard, married Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl ofDerbyAnne Howard, married John de Vere, 14th Earl of OxfordCatherine Howard, married firstly, Rhys ap Gruffydd. Married secondly, Henry Daubeney, 1st Earl ofBridgewater.Elizabeth Howard (died 1536), married Henry Radclyffe, 2nd Earl of Sussex.Note: Thomas Howard indeed had two living daughters named ElizabethHoward and two living sons named Thomas Howard. It is unclear if he had two sons named Richard as well or if it was the same person. In the Dukes of Norfolkfamily tree, there is clearly a mistake. Richard Howard is there linked to Agnes Tilney (2nd wife of Thomas Howard), yet is said to born in 1487, which isimpossible to be true, as at the time Thomas Howard was married to Elizabeth Tilney.FootnotesPassage 2:Rhys ap Gruffydd (rebel)Rhys ap Gruffydd(1508–December 1531) was a powerful Welsh landowner who was accused of rebelling against King Henry VIII by plotting with James V of Scotland to becomePrince of Wales. He was executed as a rebel. He married Lady Catherine Howard (b. abt 1499 Ashwellthorpe, Norfolk, England), the daughter of Thomas Howard,2nd Duke of Norfolk and his second wife Agnes Tilney.Early lifeRhys was the grandson of Rhys ap Thomas, the most powerful man in Wales and close ally ofHenry VIII. His father, Gruffydd ap Rhys ap Thomas, died in 1521, leaving him his grandfather's heir. In 1524 Rhys married Catherine Howard, daughter ofThomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk.As his grandfather's heir, Rhys expected to inherit his estates and titles. When Rhys ap Thomas died in 1525, Henry VIIIgave his most important titles and powers to Walter Devereux, Lord Ferrers, leading to a feud between Rhys and Ferrers, which escalated over the next fewyears.Conflict with FerrersRhys attempted to increase his status in Wales, petitioning Cardinal Thomas Wolsey to be given various posts. The potential for conflictwith Ferrers increased when both men were given the right to extend their number of retainers; this led to the emergence of competing armed gangs. The badblood between Rhys and Ferrers reached a crisis point in June 1529 when Ferrers made a display of his status during preparations for the annual Court of GreatSessions in Carmarthen. Rhys, surrounded by forty armed men, threatened Ferrers with a knife. Rhys was arrested and imprisoned in Carmarthen Castle. Rhys'swife Catherine escalated the situation by collecting hundreds of her supporters and attacking the castle. She later threatened Ferrers himself with an armed gang.In the conflict between the two factions, several of Ferrers's men were killed. The factions continued to cause other disruptions over the coming months, leadingto deaths in street fights and acts of piracy.Treason chargesThe rebellious actions of Rhys's supporters led to Rhys's transfer to prison in London in 1531. By thisstage, Henry was claiming that Rhys was attempting to overthrow his government in Wales. Rhys had added the title Fitz-Urien to his name, referring to Urien,the ancient Welsh ruler of Rheged, a person of mythical significance. Rhys's accusers claimed that this was an attempt to assert himself as Prince of Wales. Hewas supposed to be plotting with James V of Scotland to overthrow Henry in fulfilment of ancient Welsh prophecies.Rhys was convicted of treason and wasexecuted in December 1531. The execution caused widespread dismay and he was openly said to have been innocent. Contemporary writer Ellis Gruffudd,however, argued that the arrogance of the Rhys family had caused their downfall, saying that "many men regarded his death as Divine retribution for thefalsehoods of his ancestors, his grandfather, and great-grandfather, and for their oppressions and wrongs. They had many a deep curse from the poor people who


Passage 1:Muhammad Habib ShakirMuhammad Habib Shakir (1866 in Cairo – 1939 in Cairo) (Arabic:   ) was an Egyptian judge, born inCairo and a graduate from Al-Azhar University.LifeSheikh Mohammed Shakir b. Ahmad b. ‘Abd al-Qadir was born in 1866 CE in Jirja, a city in Upper Egypt. Hestudied and graduated from Al-Azhar University. He died in 1939 in Cairo.His son, Sheikh Ahmad Muhammad Shakir, wrote his biography in a treatise entitledMohammed Shakir ‘Alam min A‘lam al-‘AsrPositionsSudan's Supreme Judge for four years (1890-1893)Dean of Alexandria's ScholarsAl-Azhar Secretary General("Wakil") and a member of its board of directorsMember of Al-Azhar Corps of High ScholarsMember of Al-Azhar legislative Society ("al-Jam‘iyyaal-Tashri‘iyya")Works"Al-Durus al-Awwaliyya fi al-‘Aqa’id al-Diniyya""Al-Qawl al-Fasl fi Tarjamat al-Qur’an al-Karim""Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya"Qur'ancontroversyMohammed Habib Shakir has been stated by many internet sources as "a well known translator of the Qur'an into English." He has been associatedwith the translator M. H. Shakir of the translation published by Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an. However this idea is contradicted by two pieces of evidence that have nowcome to light:There is strong evidence that Mohammed Habib Shakir was against the translation of the Qur'an and considered the rendering of the Arabic into anyother language unlawful.There is strong evidence that M. H. Shakir, the translator, is actually a pen name for Mohammedali Habib Shakir the son of Habib Esmailof The House of Habib.The translator of this edition was in fact a Pakistani Shi'a.See alsoList of Islamic scholarsTranslation of the Qur'anPassage 2:RumbiKatedzaRumbi Katedza is a Zimbabwean Film Producer and Director who was born on 17 January 1974.Early life and educationShe did her Primary and SecondaryEducation in Harare, Zimbabwe. Katedza graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English from McGill University, Canada in 1995. In 2008 Katedza received theChevening Scholarship that enabled her to further her studies in film. She also holds a MA in Filmmaking from Goldsmiths College, London University.Work andfilmographyKatedza has experience in Film and TV Production, Directing, Writing as well as Producing and presenting Radio shows. From 1994 to 2000, Sheproduced and presented radio shows on Women's issues, Arts and Culture, Hip Hop and Acid Jazz for the CKUT (Montreal) and ZBC Radio 3 (Zimbabwe). From2004 - 2006, she served as the Festival Director of the Zimbabwe International Film Festival. Whilst there, she produced the Postcards from Zimbabwe Series. In2008, Katedza founded Mai Jai Films and has produced numerous films and television productions under the banner namelyTariro (2008);Big House, Small House(2009);The Axe and the Tree (2011);The Team (2011)Playing Warriors (2012)Her early works include:Danai (2002);Postcards from Zimbabwe (2006);Trapped(2006 – Rumbi Katedza, Marcus Korhonen);Asylum (2007);Insecurity Guard (2007)Rumbi Katedza is a part-time lecturer at the University of Zimbabwe, in thedepartment of Theatre Arts. She is a judge and monitor at the National Arts Merit Awards, responsible for monitoring new film and TV productions throughout theyear on behalf of the National Arts Council of Zimbabwe. She has also lobbied Zimbabwean government to actively support the film industry.Passage 3:EdwardYatesEdward J. Yates (September 16, 1918 – June 2, 2006) was an American television director who was the director of the ABC television program AmericanBandstand from 1952 until 1969.BiographyYates became a still photographer after graduating from high school in 1936. After serving in World War II, he becameemployed by Philadelphia's WFIL-TV as a boom microphone operator. He was later promoted to cameraman (important as most programming was done live andlocal during the early years of television) and earned a bachelor's degree in communications in 1950 from the University of Pennsylvania.In October 1952, Yatesvolunteered to direct Bandstand, a new concept featuring local teens dancing to the latest hits patterned after the "950 Club" on WPEN-AM. The show debutedwith Bob Horn as host and took off after Dick Clark, already a radio veteran at age 26, took over in 1956.It was broadcast live in its early years, even after itbecame part of the ABC network's weekday afternoon lineup in 1957 as American Bandstand. Yates pulled records, directed the cameras, queued thecommercials and communicated with Clark via a private line telephone located on his podium.In 1964, Clark moved the show to Los Angeles, taking Yates withhim.Yates retired from American Bandstand in 1969, and moved his family to the Philadelphia suburb of West Chester.He died in 2006 at a nursing home wherehe had been for the last two months of his life.External linksEdward Yates at IMDbPassage 4:Reginald Le BorgReginald Le Borg (11 December 1902 – 25 March1989) was an Austrian film director. He was born in Vienna, Austria with the surname Groebel and directed 68 films between 1936 and 1974.Le Borg made aseries of low-budget horror films at Universal Studios in the 1940s. In 1944, he made his most expensive and also most successful film, San Diego, I Love You,featuring Buster Keaton in a supporting role.A banker in Vienna, he came to the United States as a visitor in 1928, 1929 and 1930, according to New Yorksteamship passenger manifests. He was recorded as Harry Reginald Groebel. He emigrated permanently in 1931. In his naturalization petition in 1937, hechanged his name legally from Harry Groebel to Reginald Le Borg Le Borg died in Los Angeles, California from a heart attack.Selected filmographyFurtherreadingHelmut G. Asper: Etwas besseres als den Tod – Filmexil in Hollywood. Schüren Verlag, Marburg 2002, ISBN 3-89472-362-9, p. 154–168 (German)HelmutG. Asper: Filmexilanten im Universal Studio. Bertz und Fischer, 2005, (German)Wheeler Winston Dixon: The Films of Reginald Le Borg. Scarecrow Press(Filmmakers series Book 31), 1992Passage 5:War JabiWar-Dyabe ibn Rabis (Arabic:    ) or War Jabi (Arabic:  ), alsoknown as: War Jaabi or War-Dyabe or War-Ndyay, was the king of Tekrur.  He converted to Islam around 1030 and his subjects did the same to imitate him.Following attacks on the Muslims of Tekrour by animists who were afraid of the growing influence of Islam in the kingdom, he called on his Almoravid allies whohelped him to take power. This conflict forced the ancestors of today's Serer people to flee south to land near the Saloum Delta.Under his reign, he expanded thekingdom by conquering other territories. The rapprochement with the Almoravids benefited the kingdom economically and created stronger political ties betweenthe Muslim states of North Africa and Tekrour. Later, during a period of domestic instability in the Ghana Empire, Tekrur ended up conquering the emprie with thehelp of the Almoravids by taking its capital Koumbi Saleh.He died in 433 Hijri (1040 or 1041 Gregorian), succeeded by his son Labi.SeealsoTakrurBambukSourcesBarry, Boubacar. Senegambia and the Atlantic slave trade, (Cambridge: University Press, 1998) p. 6Clark, Andrew F. and Lucie ColvinPhillips. Historical Dictionary of Senegal: Second Edition, (Metuchen, New Jersey: Scrarecrow Press, 1994) pp. 18; 265Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland Anthony, "TheCambridge History of Africa: From c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1050", Cambridge University Press (1975), p. 485, ISBN 9780521209816 - [1] last retrieved 20 June2022Cohen, Robert Z., Discovering the Empire of Ghana, The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. (2013), p. 39, ISBN 9781477718889 - [2] last retrieved 20 June2022Levtzion, Nehemia (1973). Ancient Ghana and Mali. New York: Methuen & Co Ltd. p. 44,183. ISBN 0841904316.NotesSerer historyPassage 6:ChesterWitheyChester "Chet" Withey (8 November 1887, Park City, Utah – 6 October 1939, California) was an American silent film actor, director, and screenwriter. Heparticipated in the production in total of some 100 films. Born in Park City, Utah, the son of Chester Henry Withey and Mary E. Kelso, Withey started his career insilent film as an actor in 1913. He starred in films such as the 1916 film The Wharf Rat.  He married Virginia Philley, a screenwriter, who also did someacting.However, by 1916, he had already directed several films and decided to concentrate on work behind the camera. Withey was also accredited with writingfor 15 films.He retired from film directing in 1928 and died 6 October 1939.Partial filmographyExternal linksChester Withey at IMDbPassage 7:Hassan ZeeHassan"Doctor" Zee is a Pakistani-American film director who was born in Chakwal, Pakistan.Early lifeDoctor Zee grew up in Chakwal, a small village in Punjab, Pakistan.as one of seven brothers and sisters  His father was in the military and this fact required the family to move often to different cities. As a child Zee was forbiddenfrom watching cinema because his father believed movies were a bad influence on children.At age 13, Doctor Zee got his start in the world of entertainment atRadio Pakistan where he wrote and produced radio dramas and musical programs.  It was then that he realized his passion for storytelling At the age of 26,Doctor Zee earned his medical doctorate degree and did his residency in a burn unit at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences. He cared for women who werevictims of  "Bride Burning," the archaic practice used as a form of punishment against women who fail to provide sufficient dowry to their in-laws after marriageor fail to provide offspring.  He also witnessed how his country’s transgender and intersex people, called “hijras”, were banned from having jobs and forced to begto survive. These experiences inspired Doctor Zee to tackle the issues of women’s empowerment and gender inequality in his films.In 1999, he came to SanFrancisco to pursue his dream of filmmaking and made San Francisco his homeEducationHe received his early education from Jinnah Public School, Chakwal. Hegot his medical doctor degree at Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan.Film careerDoctor Zee's first film titled Night of Henna was released in 2005. The theme ofthe film dealt with "the conflict between Old World immigrant customs and modern Western ways..." Night of Henna focused on the problems of Pakistaniexpatriates who found it hard to adjust in American culture. Many often landed themselves in trouble when it came to marrying off their children.His second filmBicycle Bride came out in 2010, which was about "the clash between the bonds of family and the weight of tradition." His third film House of Temptation thatcame out in 2014 was about a family which struggles against the temptations of the Devil. His fourth film “Good Morning Pakistan”, concerned a young American’sjourney back to Pakistan where he confronts the contradictory nature of a beautiful and ancient culture that's marred by economic, educational and genderinequality His upcoming fifth film, "Ghost in San Francisco" is a supernatural thriller starring Felissa Rose, Dave Sheridan, and Kyle Lowder where a soldier comeshome from Afghanistan to discover that his wife is having an affair with his best friend. While battling with his inner ghosts and demons, he meets a mysterious


Passage 1:Vidkun QuislingVidkun Abraham Lauritz Jonssøn Quisling (, Norwegian: [vdkn kvslŋ] (listen); 18 July 1887 – 24 October 1945) was aNorwegian military officer, politician and Nazi collaborator who nominally headed the government of Norway during the country's occupation by Nazi Germanyduring World War II.He first came to international prominence as a close collaborator of the explorer Fridtjof Nansen, and through organising humanitarian reliefduring the Russian famine of 1921 in Povolzhye. He was posted as a Norwegian diplomat to the Soviet Union and for some time also managed British diplomaticaffairs there. He returned to Norway in 1929 and served as minister of defence in the governments of Peder Kolstad (1931–32) and Jens Hundseid (1932–33) inrepresenting the Farmers' Party.In 1933, Quisling left the Farmers' Party and founded the fascist Nasjonal Samling (National Gathering). Although he gainedsome popularity after his attacks on the political left, his party failed to win any seats in the Storting, and by 1940, it was still little more than peripheral. On 9April 1940, with the German invasion of Norway in progress, he attempted to seize power in the world's first radio-broadcast coup d'état but failed since theGermans sought to convince the recognized Norwegian government to legitimize the German occupation, as had been done in Denmark during the simultaneousinvasion there, instead of recognizing Quisling. On 1 February 1942, he formed a second government, approved by the Germans, and served as ministerpresident and headed the Norwegian state administration jointly with the German civilian administrator, Josef Terboven. His pro-Nazi puppet government, knownas the Quisling regime, was dominated by ministers from Nasjonal Samling. The collaborationist government participated in Germany's war efforts, and sent Jewsout of the country to concentration camps in occupied Poland (General Government).Quisling was put on trial during the legal purge in Norway after World War II.He was found guilty of charges including embezzlement, murder and high treason against the Norwegian state, and was sentenced to death. He was executed byfiring squad at Akershus Fortress, Oslo, on 24 October 1945.Since his death, Quisling has become one of history's most infamous traitors due to his collaborationwith Nazi Germany. The term quisling has become a byword for "collaborator" or "traitor" in several languages and reflects the contempt with which Quisling'sconduct has been regarded both at the time and in the present day.Early lifeBackgroundVidkun Abraham Lauritz Jonssøn Quisling (Norwegian pronunciation ) wasborn on 18 July 1887 in Fyresdal, in the Norwegian county of Telemark. He was the son of Church of Norway pastor and genealogist Jon Lauritz Qvisling(1844–1930) and his wife Anna Caroline Bang (1860–1941), the daughter of Jørgen Bang, ship-owner and at the time the richest man in the town of Grimstad inSouth Norway. The elder Quisling had lectured in Grimstad in the 1870s; one of his pupils was Bang, whom he married on 28 May 1886, following a longengagement. The newly-wed couple promptly moved to Fyresdal, where Vidkun and his younger siblings were born.The family name derives from Quislinus, aLatinised name invented by Quisling's ancestor Lauritz Ibsen Quislin (1634–1703), based on the village of Kvislemark near Slagelse, Denmark, whence he hademigrated. Having two brothers and a sister, the young Quisling was "shy and quiet but also loyal and helpful, always friendly, occasionally breaking into a warmsmile." Private letters later found by historians also indicate a warm and affectionate relationship between the family members. From 1893 to 1900, his fatherwas a chaplain for the Strømsø borough in Drammen. Here, Vidkun went to school for the first time. He was bullied by other students at the school for hisTelemark dialect, but proved a successful student. In 1900, the family moved to Skien when his father was appointed provost of the city.Academically Quislingproved talented in humanities, particularly history, and natural sciences; he specialised in mathematics. At this point, however, his life had no clear direction. In1905, Quisling enrolled at the Norwegian Military Academy, having received the highest entrance examination score of the 250 applicants that year. Transferringin 1906 to the Norwegian Military College, he graduated with the highest score since the college's inception in 1817, and was rewarded by an audience with theKing. On 1 November 1911, he joined the army General Staff. Norway was neutral in the First World War; Quisling detested the peace movement, though thehigh human cost of the war did temper his views. In March 1918, he was sent to Russia as an attaché at the Norwegian legation in Petrograd, to take advantageof the five years he had spent studying the country. Though dismayed at the living conditions he experienced, Quisling nonetheless concluded that "theBolsheviks have got an extraordinarily strong hold on Russian society" and marvelled at how Leon Trotsky had managed to mobilise the Red Army forces so well;he asserted that by contrast, in granting too many rights to the people of Russia, the Russian Provisional Government under Alexander Kerensky had broughtabout its own downfall. When the legation was recalled in December 1918, Quisling became the Norwegian military's expert on Russian affairs.TravelsParis,Eastern Europe, and NorwayIn September 1919, Quisling departed Norway to become an intelligence officer with the Norwegian delegation in Helsinki, a post thatcombined diplomacy and politics. In the autumn of 1921, Quisling left Norway once again, this time at the request of explorer and humanitarian Fridtjof Nansen,and in January 1922 arrived in the Ukrainian capital Kharkiv to help with the League of Nations humanitarian relief effort there. Highlighting the massivemismanagement of the area and the death toll of approximately ten thousand a day, Quisling produced a report that attracted aid and demonstrated hisadministrative skills, as well as his dogged determination to get what he wanted.Quisling replied [that] the Russian people needed wise leadership and propertraining [that they suffered from] indifference, a lack of clearly defined goals with conviction and a happy-go-lucky attitude [and that] it is impossible toaccomplish anything without willpower, determination and concentration.On 21 August 1922, he married the Russian Alexandra Andreevna Voronina. Alexandrawrote in her memoirs that Quisling declared his love for her, but from his letters home and investigations undertaken by his cousins, it appeared that there wasno romantic involvement between the two, Quisling merely seemed to have wanted to lift the girl out of poverty by providing her with a Norwegian passport andfinancial security.Having left Ukraine in September 1922, Quisling and Alexandra returned to Kharkiv in February 1923 to prolong aid efforts, with Nansendescribing Quisling's work as "absolutely indispensable." In March 1923, Alexandra was pregnant, and Quisling insisted on her having an abortion, which greatlydistressed her. Quisling found the situation much improved and, with no fresh challenges, found it a more boring trip than his last. He did however meet MariaVasiljevna Pasetchnikova (Russian: Мари́я Васи́льевна Па́сечникова), a Ukrainian more than ten years his junior. Her diaries from the time "indicate ablossoming love affair" during the summer of 1923, despite Quisling's marriage to Alexandra the year before. She recalled that she was impressed by his fluentcommand of the Russian language, his Aryan appearance, and his gracious demeanour. Quisling later claimed to have married Pasetchnikova in Kharkiv on 10September 1923, although no legal documentation has been discovered. Quisling's biographer, Dahl, believes that in all likelihood the second marriage was neverofficial. Regardless, the couple behaved as though they were married, claimed Alexandra was their daughter, and celebrated their wedding anniversary. Soonafter September 1923, the aid mission came to an end and the trio left Ukraine, planning to spend a year in Paris. Maria wanted to see Western Europe; Quislingwanted to get some rest following bouts of stomach pain that had lasted all winter. The stay in Paris required a temporary discharge from the army, whichQuisling slowly grew to understand was permanent: army cutbacks meant that there would be no position available for him when he returned. Quisling devotedmuch of his time in the French capital to study, reading works of political theory and working on his philosophical project, which he called Universism. On 2October 1923, he persuaded the Oslo daily newspaper Tidens Tegn to publish an article he had written calling for diplomatic recognition of the Soviet government.Quisling's stay in Paris did not last as long as planned, and in late 1923 he started work on Nansen's new repatriation project in the Balkans, arriving in Sofia inNovember.The next two months he spent traveling constantly with his wife Maria. In January, Maria returned to Paris to look after Alexandra, who took on therole of the couple's foster-daughter; Quisling joined them in February. In the summer of 1924, the trio returned to Norway where Alexandra subsequently left tolive with an aunt in Nice and never returned. Although Quisling promised to provide for her well-being, his payments were irregular, and over the coming years hewould miss a number of opportunities to visit.Back in Norway, and to his later embarrassment, Quisling found himself drawn into the communist Norwegianlabour movement. Among other policies, he fruitlessly advocated a people's militia to protect the country against reactionary attacks, and asked members of themovement whether they would like to know what information the General Staff had on them, but he got no response. Although this brief attachment to thefar-left seems unlikely given Quisling's later political direction, Dahl suggests that, following a conservative childhood, he was by this time "unemployed anddispirited ... deeply resentful of the General Staff ... [and] in the process of becoming politically more radical." Dahl adds that Quisling's political views at this timecould be summarised as "a fusion of socialism and nationalism," with definite sympathies for the Soviets in Russia.Russia and the rouble scandalIn June 1925,Nansen once again provided Quisling with employment. The pair began a tour of Armenia, where they hoped to help repatriate Armenians, including those whosurvived the Armenian Genocide, via a number of projects proposed for funding by the League of Nations. Despite Quisling's substantial efforts, however, theprojects were all rejected. In May 1926, Quisling found another job with long-time friend and fellow Norwegian Frederik Prytz in Moscow, working as a liaisonbetween Prytz and the Soviet authorities who owned half of Prytz's firm Onega Wood. He stayed in the job until Prytz prepared to close down the business in early1927, when Quisling found new employment as a diplomat. British diplomatic affairs in Russia were being managed by Norway, and he became their new legationsecretary; Maria joined him late in 1928. A massive scandal broke when Quisling and Prytz were accused of using diplomatic channels to smuggle millions of


Passage 1:Gülbahar Hatun (wife of Mehmed II)Emine Gülbahar Mükrime Hatun (Ottoman Turkish:    ; "benign", "spring rose" and " hospitable"; died c. 1492), was consort of Sultan Mehmed II, and mother of Sultan Bayezid II.Early lifeThe Ottoman inscription (vakfiye) describes her as Hātun binti Abdullah (Daughter of Abdullah), which means that her father was possibly a convert to Islam. She was a Christian slave girl of either Greek, or Albanian, origin.MarriageGülbahar married Mehmed in 1446, when he was still a prince and the governor of Amasya. She had two children, a son, Şehzade Bayezid (future Bayezid II) born in 1447 in Demotika, and a daughter, Gevherhan Hatun, born in 1446, who married Ughurlu Muhammad, a son of Aq Qoyunlu Sultan Uzun Hasan in 1474.Due to their middle name in common, Gülbahar is sometimes confused with Sittişah Mukrime Hatun, another consort of MehmedIn 1451, after Mehmed's accession to the throne, she followed him to Edirne. According to Turkish tradition, all princes were expected to work as provincial governors as a part of their training. In 1455 or 1456, Bayezid was appointed the governor of Amasya, and Gülbahar accompanied him, where the two remained until 1481, except for in 1457, when she came to Constantinople, and attended her son's circumcision ceremony.Gülbahar was apparently quite concerned about the future of her son, and related to that, her own properties. In order to secure her properties, she endowed the incomes of certain villages and fields to the Enderun mosque in 1474. Among the endowed properties was the village of Ağılcık, which was turned back into a Timariot village in 1479 during the land reform.In 1468, Mehmed gave the village of Bağluca to Gülbahar. After six years, in 1473, she sold the village to Taceddin Bey, son of Hamza Bali (died 1486), the book keeper of Bayezid's court. In 1478, the village's exemption was abolished and granted back to her probably as a result of the land reform. This order was reissued a year later at the request of Mevlana Şemseddin Ahmed according to which the village was not reverted to her, and she had likely become subject to a legal dispute.Mother of the SultanPer custom, Gülbahar got the highest position in the imperial family after the sultan himself when her son, Bayezid ascended the throne in 1481 until her death in 1492. During her son's reign, she and the rest of the Imperial Family resided at the Old Palace (saray-ı atik) and were visited by the Sultan who on each visit used to pay his respect to his mother. In one case, Gülbahar complained of her son's rare visits and in a letter to her son wrote: "My fortune, I miss you. Even if you don't miss me, I miss you ... Come and let me see you. My dear lord, if you are going on campaign soon, come once or twice at least so that I may see your fortune-favored face before you go. It's been forty days since I last saw you. My sultan, please forgive my boldness. Who else do I have beside you ... ?"Gülbahar had a considerable influence over Bayezid, for she used to make evaluations about the situation of some statesmen. Bayezid also valued his mother's words. In a letter written to him, she advises him against Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha, but favours his tutor Ayas Pasha and Hizirbeyoğlu Mehmed Pasha.In 1485, Bayezid endowed a mosque, and a school in Tokat in the memory of Gülbahar Hatun.DeathGülbahar Hatun died in 1492, and was buried in Fatih Mosque, Istanbul. The tomb was damaged in the 1766 Istanbul earthquake, and was rebuilt in 1767–1768.IssueWith Mehmed II, Gülbahar Hatun had at least a daughter and a son:Gevherhan Hatun (c. 1446 - 1514).Bayezid II (1447 - 1512).In popular cultureIn the 2012 film Fetih 1453, Gülbahar Hatun is portrayed by Turkish actress Şahika Koldemir.In the 2013 Turkish series Fatih, Gülbahar Hatun is portrayed by Turkish actress Seda Akman.In the second season of Netflix's Rise of Empires: Ottoman (2020-2022), Gülbahar Hatun is portrayed by actress Yasemin Eti.See alsoOttoman EmpireOttoman dynastyList of consorts of the Ottoman SultansPassage 2:Hüma HatunHüma Hatun (Ottoman Turkish:  , "bird of paradise/phoenix" c. 1410  September 1449) was a consort of Ottoman Sultan Murad II and mother of Mehmed II.LifeAlthough, some Turkish sources claim that she was of Turkish origin, Hüma Hatun was a slave girl of European origin. Nothing is known of her family background, apart from the fact that an Ottoman inscription (vakfiye) describes her as Hātun binti Abdullah (daughter of Abdullah); at that time, people who converted to Islam were given the name Abdullah meaning Servant of God, which is evidence of her non-Muslim origin. According to tradition, she was of Italian and/or Jewish origins and her original name was Stella or Ester. According to another theory, backed on the fact that Mehmed II was fluent in the Serbian language, it was that she came from those areas and was South Slavic, most likely Serbian. Finally, a third theory says she was Greek. Her name, hüma, means "bird of paradise/phoenix", after the Persian legend. Hüma Hatun entered in Murad II's harem around 1424. By him she had firstly two daughters, Hatice Hatun in 1425 and Fatma Hatun in 1430, and finally, on 30 March 1432, she gave birth to her only son, the future Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror. In 1438, Mehmed was circumcised along with his elder half-brother, Şehzade Alaeddin. When Mehmed was 11 years old, he was sent to Manisa as a prince governor. Hüma followed her son to Manisa. Her children's wet nurse was Hundi Hatun (d. 14 February 1486): usually styled Daye Hatun (lady governess), she became very wealthy and influential enough during the reign of Mehmed II, enough to fund several charitable foundations and commission prayers for her soul. In 1444, after the death of Mehmed's elder half-brother, Şehzade Alaeddin, who died in 1443, Mehmed was the only heir left to the throne. In that same year, Murad II abdicated the throne due to depression over the death of his son, Şehzade Alaeddin Ali Çelebi,  and retreated to Manisa.Her son Şehzade Mehmed succeeded the throne as Mehmed II. She held the Vâlide Hatun position for two years. In 1446, Murad took over the throne again, and Hüma and her son returned to Bursa. However, Mehmed succeeded the throne in 1451, after the death of his father, but she never became a Valide Hatun as she died before the accession. She was not alive to see the conquest of Constantinople, which became the capital of Ottoman Empire for nearly five centuries, before the Empire was abolished in 1922 and Turkey was officially declared as a republic.DeathShe died in September 1449 in Bursa, two years before her son's second accession to the throne. Her tomb is located at the site known as "Hatuniye Kümbedi" (Hatuniye Tomb) to the east of Muradiye Complex, which was built by her son Mehmed. The quarter where her tomb lies has been known thus far as Hüma Hatun Quarter.IssueBy Murad II, Hüma Hatun had two daughters and a son:Hatice Hatun (1425 - after 1470). She married Candaroğlu İsmail Kemaleddin Bey and had three sons: Hasan Bey, Yahya Bey and Mahmud Bey. Her descendants were still alive during the reign of Abdulmejid I, in the 19th century.Fatma Hatun (1430 - after 1464). She married Zaganos Pasha and had two sons: Hamza Bey and Ahmed Çelebî, who would become an important adviser to his cousin Bayezid II. After divorced in 1462, she married Mahmud Çelebi.Mehmed II the Conqueror (1432 - 1481) - with Hüma Hatun. Sultan of the Ottoman Empire after his father and conqueror of Constantinople in 1453.In popular cultureHüma Hatun was portrayed by Leyla Feray in the docuseries Rise of Empires: Ottoman (2020).See alsoList of consorts of the Ottoman sultansList of mothers of the Ottoman sultansPassage 3:TjuyuThuya (sometimes transliterated as Touiyou, Thuiu, Tuya, Tjuyu or Thuyu) was an Egyptian noblewoman and the mother of queen Tiye, and the wife of Yuya. She is the grandmother of Akhenaten, and great grandmother of Tutankhamun.BiographyThuya is believed to be a descendant of Queen Ahmose-Nefertari, and she held many official roles in the interwoven religion and government of ancient Egypt. She was involved in many religious cults; her titles included 'Singer of Hathor' and ' Chief of the Entertainers' of both Amun and Min. She also held the influential offices of Superintendent of the Harem of the god Min of Akhmin and of Amun of Thebes.  She married Yuya, a powerful ancient Egyptian courtier of the Eighteenth Dynasty.  She is believed to have died in around 1375 BC in her early to mid 50s.ChildrenYuya and Thuya had a daughter named Tiye, who became the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Amenhotep III. The great royal wife was the highest Egyptian religious position, serving alongside of the pharaoh in official ceremonies and rituals.Yuya and Thuya also had a son named Anen, who carried the titles Chancellor of Lower Egypt, Second Prophet of Amun, sm-priest of Heliopolis and Divine Father.They also may have been the parents of Ay, an Egyptian courtier active during the reign of pharaoh Akhenaten who became pharaoh after the death of Tutankhamun. However, there is no conclusive evidence regarding the kinship of Yuya and Ay, although certainly, both men came from Akhmim.TombThuya was interred in tomb KV46 in the Valley of the Kings, together with her husband Yuya, where their largely intact burial was found in 1905. It was the best-preserved tomb discovered in the Valley before that of Tutankhamun, Thuya's great-grandson. The tomb was discovered by a team of workmen led by archaeologist James Quibell on behalf of the American millionaire Theodore M. Davis. Though the tomb had been robbed in antiquity, much of its contents were still present, including beds, boxes, chests, a chariot, and the sarcophagi, coffins, and mummies of the two occupants.Thuya's large gilded and black-painted wooden sarcophagus was placed against the south wall of the tomb. It is rectangular, with a lid shaped like the sloping roof of the per-wer shrine of Upper Egypt, and sits on ornamental sledge runners, their non-functionality underscored by the three battens attached below them. Ancient robbers had partially dismantled it to access her coffins and mummy, placing its lid and one long side on a bed on the other side of the tomb; the other long side had been leaned against the south wall. Her outer gilded anthropoid coffin had been removed, its lid placed atop the beds, and the trough put into the far corner of the tomb; the lid of her second (innermost) coffin, also gilded, had been removed and placed to one side although the trough and her mummy remained inside the sarcophagus. Quibell suggests this is due to the robbers having some difficulty in removing the lid of this coffin.MummyThuya's mummified body was found covered with a large sheet of linen, knotted at the back and secured by four bandages. These bands were covered with resin and opposite each band were her gilded titles cut from gold foil. The resin coating on the lower layers of bandages preserved the impression of a large broad collar. The mummy bands that had once covered her wrapped mummy were recovered above the storage jars on the far side of the room.The first examination of her body was conducted by Australian anatomist Grafton Elliot Smith. He found her to be an elderly woman of small stature, 1.495 metres (4.90 ft)


Passage 1:Mehdi AbrishamchiMehdi Abrishamchi (Persian:   born in 1947 in Tehran) is a high-ranking member of the People's Mujahedinof Iran (MEK).Early lifeAbrishamchi came from a well-known anti-Shah bazaari family in Tehran, and participated in June 5, 1963, demonstrations in Iran. Hebecame a member of Hojjatieh, and left it to join the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) in 1969. In 1972 he was imprisoned for being a MEK member, and spenttime in jail until 1979.CareerShortly after Iranian Revolution, he became one of the senior members of the MEK. He is now an official in the National Council ofResistance of Iran.Electoral historyPersonal lifeAbrishamchi was married to Maryam Rajavi from 1980 to 1985. Shortly after, he married Mousa Khiabani'syounger sister Azar.LegacyAbrishamchi credited Massoud Rajavi for saving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran after the "great schism".Passage 2:PåsolsidenPå solsiden (On the Sunny Side) is a Norwegian comedy-drama film from 1956 directed by Edith Carlmar. It stars Arne Lie, Randi Kolstad, Henny Moan,Ellen Isefiær, and Joachim Holst-Jensen. The film is based on Helge Krog's 1927 play of the same name.PlotOn a warm summer day, the writer Joachim Briscomes to the Riibe estate. He has been invited by Hartvig, the son running the farm. However, not everyone is happy with the visit, which has unexpectedconsequences for several people in the family. All of them have a part to play when Esther must eventually have a big showdown with those that have alwayslived "on the sunny side."Reception and reissueWhen the film premiered in 1956, the newspaper Aftenavisen Stavangeren characterized it as "a truly amiable,sunny, and charming comedy." The film was released on DVD  in 2005 by Nordisk Film.OtherThe 1936 Swedish film På Solsidan (On the Sunny Side) was alsobased on Krog's play. It had a script written by Oscar Hemberg and was directed by Gustaf Molander. The film starred Lars Hanson, Ingrid Bergman, KarinSwanström, and Edvin Adolphson.CastArne Lie: landowner Hartvig RiibeEllen Isefiær: Margrethe, Hartvig's motherRandi Kolstad: Ester Riibe, Hartvig's wifeHennyMoan: Wenche, Hartvig's sisterJoachim Holst-Jensen: Uncle SeverinFrank Robert: Joakim BrisJan Voigt: Preben KlingbergLalla Carlsen: woman in a boatMinorroles are also played by Otto Carlmar, Haakon Arnold, Ragnar Olason, Odd Johansen, and Odd Rohde.Passage 3:Princess Auguste of Bavaria(1875–1964)Princess Auguste of Bavaria (German: Auguste Maria Luise Prinzessin von Bayern; 28 April 1875 – 25 June 1964) was a member of the BavarianRoyal House of Wittelsbach and the spouse of Archduke Joseph August of Austria.Birth and familyAuguste was born in Munich, Bavaria, the second child of PrinceLeopold of Bavaria and his wife, Archduchess Gisela of Austria. She had one older sister, Princess Elisabeth Marie of Bavaria and two younger brothers, PrinceGeorg of Bavaria and Prince Konrad of Bavaria.Marriage and issueShe married Joseph August, Archduke of Austria, on 15 November 1893 in Munich. The couplehad six children;Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria, born on 28 March 1895; died on 25 September 1957(1957-09-25) (aged 62)Archduchess Gisela AugusteAnna Maria, born on 5 July 1897; died on 30 March 1901(1901-03-30) (aged 3)Archduchess Sophie Klementine Elisabeth Klothilde Maria, born on 11 March 1899;died on 19 April 1978(1978-04-19) (aged 79)Archduke Ladislaus Luitpold, born on 3 January 1901; died on 29 August 1946(1946-08-29) (aged 44)ArchdukeMatthias Joseph Albrecht Anton Ignatius, born on 26 June 1904; died on 7 October 1905(1905-10-07) (aged 1)Archduchess Magdalena Maria Raineria, born on 6September 1909; died on 11 May 2000(2000-05-11) (aged 90)AncestryWorld War IOn the outbreak of war with Italy in 1915, Augusta Maria Louise, though inher 40s and the mother of a son serving as an officer, went to the front with the cavalry regiment of which her husband, the Archduke Josef August, a corpscommander, was honorary colonel, and served a common soldier, wearing a saber and riding astride, until the end of the war.Passage 4:Edith CarlmarEdithCarlmar (born Edith Mary Johanne Mathiesen) (15 November 1911 – 17 May 2003) was a Norwegian actress and Norway's first female film director. She is knownfor films such as Aldri annet enn bråk (1954), Fjols til fjells (1957), and Ung flukt (The Wayward Girl, 1959). Her 1949 film, Døden er et kjærtegn (Death is aCaress), is considered to be Norway's first film noir. The last film she directed, Ung flukt, introduced Liv Ullmann, Norway's most famous actor internationally, tothe silver screen.Carlmar came from a poor family in the working class districts of East Oslo. However, she did manage to take dancing classes and made herdebut on stage at the age of 15. In the theater she met Otto Carlmar whom she married three years later. From 1936 she worked as an actress in varioustheatres. Here she met the film director Tancred Ibsen who introduced her to the world of cinema.In 1949 she and her husband started Carlmar Film A/S, andbegan writing scripts, directing and producing films. They made ten feature films over a ten-year period. After a decade of film-making Carlmar retired as adirector. In the last part of her life she accepted only minor acting roles in plays and movies. Carlmar's films often tackled such social issues as abortion, drugaddiction, mental illness and out of wedlock births. Her films often pushed the boundaries of censorship at that time.FilmographyActressVigdis (1943)Denhemmelighetsfulle leiligheten (1948)Jentespranget (Lina's Wedding) (1973)DirectorDøden er et kjærtegn (1949)Skadeskutt (1951)Ung frue forsvunnet(1953)Aldri annet enn bråk (1954)Bedre enn sitt rykte (1955)På solsiden (1956)Slalåm under himmelen (1957)Fjols til fjells (1957)Lån meg din kone (1958)Ungflukt (The Wayward Girl) (1959)Director shortsBak kulisseneKirker i OsloLangåra - et sommerparadis on YouTube, published by the City Archive of Oslo * OslobymuseumVann og kloakk on YouTube, published by the City Archive of OsloPassage 5:Gertrude of BavariaGertrude of Bavaria (Danish and German: Gertrud;1152/55–1197) was Duchess of Swabia as the spouse of Duke Frederick IV, and Queen of Denmark as the spouse of King Canute VI.Gertrude was born to Henrythe Lion of Bavaria and Saxony and Clementia of Zähringen in either 1152 or 1155. She was married to Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia, in 1166, and became awidow in 1167. In 1171 she was engaged and in February 1177 married to Canute of Denmark in Lund. The couple lived the first years in Skåne. On 12 May1182, they became king and queen. She did not have any children. During her second marriage, she chose to live in chastity and celibacy with her husband.Arnold of Lübeck remarked of their marriage, that her spouse was: "The most chaste one, living thus his days with his chaste spouse" in eternal chastity.Passage6:Heather D. GibsonHeather Denise Gibson (Greek: Χέδερ Ντενίζ Γκίμπσον) is a Scottish economist currently serving as Director-Advisor to the Bank of Greece(since 2011). She was the spouse of Euclid Tsakalotos, former Greek Minister of Finance.Academic careerBefore assuming her duties at the Bank of Greece andalternating child-rearing duties with her husband, Gibson worked at the University of Kent, where she published two volumes on international exchange ratemechanisms and wrote numerous articles on this and other topics, sometimes in cooperation with her husband, who was teaching at Kent at the time.PersonallifeGibson first came to Greece in 1993, with her husband, with whom she took turns away from their respective economic studies to raise their three childrenwhile the other worked.The couple maintain two homes in Kifisia, along with an office in Athens and a vacation home in Preveza. In 2013, this proved detrimentalto Tsakalotos and his party when his critics began calling him «αριστερός αριστοκράτης» (aristeros aristokratis, "aristocrat of the left"), while newspapers opposedto the Syriza party seized on his property holdings as a chance to accuse the couple of hypocrisy for enjoying a generous lifestyle in private while criticizing the"ethic of austerity" in public. One opposition newspaper published on the front page criticism reasoning that Tsakalotos own family wealth came from the samesort of investments in companies as made by financial institutions JP Morgan and BlackRock.WorksEditorEconomic Bulletin, Bank of GreeceBooksThe EurocurrencyMarkets, Domestic Financial Policy and International Instability (London, etc., Longman: 1989) ISBN 0312028261International Finance: Exchange Rates andFinancial Flows in the International Financial System (London, etc., Longman: 1996) ISBN 0582218136Economic Transformation, Democratization andIntegration into the European Union (London: Palgrave Macmillan: 2001) ISBN 9780333801222Articles and papers"Fundamentally Wrong: Market Pricing ofSovereigns and the Greek Financial Crisis," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 39(PB), pp. 405–419 (with Stephen G. & Tavlas, George S., 2014)"Capitalflows and speculative attacks in prospective EU member states" (with Euclid Tsakalotos, Economics of Transition Volume 12, Issue 3, pages 559–586, September2004)"A Unifying Framework for Analysing Offsetting Capital Flows and Sterilisation: Germany and the ERM" (with Sophocles Brissimis & Euclid Tsakalotos,International Journal of Finance & Economics, 2002, vol. 7, issue 1, pp. 63–78)"Internal vs External Financing of Acquisitions: Do Managers Squander RetainedProfits" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, Studies in Economics, 1996; Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 2000)"Are AggregateConsumption Relationships Similar Across the European Union" (with Alan Carruth & Euclid Tsakalotos, Regional Studies, Volume 33, Issue 1, 1999)Takeover Riskand the Market for Corporate Control: The Experience of British Firms in the 1970s and 1980 (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, 1998) PDF"TheImpact of Acquisitions on Company Performance: Evidence from a Large Panel of UK Firms" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, Oxford EconomicPapers New Series, Vol. 49, No. 3 (Jul., 1997), pp. 344–361)"Short-Termism and Underinvestment: The Influence of Financial Systems" (with Andrew Dickersonand Euclid Tsakalotos, The Manchester School of Economic & Social Studies, 1995, vol. 63, issue 4, pp. 351–67)"Testing a Flow Model of Capital Flight in FiveEuropean Countries" (with Euclid Tsakalotos, The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, Volume 61, Issue 2, pp. 144–166, June 1993)Full list ofarticles by Heather D Gibson. researchgate.net. Recovered 7 July 2015Passage 7:Sophia Magdalena of DenmarkSophia Magdalena of Denmark (Danish: SophieMagdalene; Swedish: Sofia Magdalena; 3 July 1746 – 21 August 1813) was Queen of Sweden from 1771 to 1792 as the wife of King Gustav III. Born into theHouse of Oldenburg, the royal family of Denmark-Norway, Sophia Magdalena was the first daughter of King Frederick V of Denmark and Norway and his firstconsort, Princess Louise of Great Britain. Already at the age of five, she was betrothed to Gustav, the heir apparent to the throne of Sweden, as part of an


Passage 1:Etan BoritzerEtan Boritzer (born 1950) is an American writer of children’s literature who is best known for his book What is God? first published in1989. His best selling What is? illustrated children's book series on character education and difficult subjects for children is a popular teaching guide for parents,teachers and child-life professionals.Boritzer gained national critical acclaim after What is God? was published in 1989 although the book has caused controversyfrom religious fundamentalists for its universalist views. The other current books in the What is? series include: What is Love?, What is Death?, What is Beautiful?,What is Funny?, What is Right?, What is Peace?, What is Money?, What is Dreaming?, What is a Friend?, What is True?, What is a Family?, and What is a Feeling?The series is now also translated into 15 languages.Boritzer was first published in 1963 at the age of 13 when he wrote an essay in his English class at WadeJunior High School in the Bronx, New York on the assassination of John F. Kennedy. His essay was included in a special anthology by New York City public schoolchildren compiled and published by the New York City Department of Education.Boritzer now lives in Venice, California and maintains his publishing office therealso. He has helped numerous other authors to get published through How to Get Your Book Published! programs. Boritzer is also a yoga teacher who teachesregular classes locally and guest-teaches nationally. He is also recognized nationally as an erudite speaker on The Teachings of the Buddha.Passage 2:Catherineof Bosnia, Baness of SlavoniaCatherine Kotromanić Babonić (Serbo-Croatian: Katarina Kotromanić) (? – after 1310) was Princess of Bosnia and Baness ofSlavonia by marriage.Catherine was child of Prijezda I Kotromanić and his wife Elizabeth of Slavonia. Her brothers were Vuk, Prijezda and Stephen. Catherine wasmarried to Stpehen III Babonić. They had two sons: Ladislav (fl. 1293)Stephen V (fl. 1293)Catherine and her husband were given Zemunik Fortress in Vrbas areaby Prijezda I in spring 1287. Catherine was Baness of Slavonia from 1310 to 1316.Passage 3:Albert Thompson (footballer, born 1912)Albert Thompson (born1912, date of death unknown) was a Welsh footballer.CareerThompson was born in Llanbradach, Wales, and joined Bradford Park Avenue from Barry Town in1934. After making 11 appearances and scoring two goals in the league for Bradford, he joined York City in 1936. He was York City's top scorer for the 1936–37season, with 28 goals. He joined Swansea Town in 1937, after making 29 appearances and scoring 28 goals for York. After making 4 appearances in the leaguefor Swansea, he joined Wellington Town.== Notes ==Passage 4:Bill Smith (footballer, born 1897)William Thomas Smith (9 April 1897 – after 1924) was anEnglish professional footballer.CareerDuring his amateur career, Smith played in 17 finals, and captained the Third Army team in Germany when he was stationedin Koblenz after the armistice during the First World War. He started his professional career with Hull City in 1921. After making no appearances for the club, hejoined Leadgate Park. He joined Durham City in 1921, making 33 league appearances in the club's first season in the Football League.He joined York City in theMidland League in July 1922, where he scored the club's first goal in that competition. He made 75 appearances for the club in the Midland League and fiveappearances in the FA Cup before joining Stockport County in 1925, where he made no league appearances.Passage 5:Andrew, Duke of SlavoniaAndrew, Duke ofSlavonia (Hungarian: András szlavóniai herceg; 1268–1278) was the youngest son of King Stephen V of Hungary and his wife, Elizabeth the Cuman. Tworebellious lords kidnapped him in 1274 in an attempt to play him off against his brother, Ladislaus IV of Hungary, but the king's supporters liberated him. He wasstyled "Duke of Slavonia and Croatia" in a 1274 letter. Years after his death (in 1290 and in 1317), two adventurers claimed to be identical with Andrew, but bothfailed.FamilyAndrew was born in 1268. He was the second son (and youngest child) of Stephen V, the junior king of Hungary at the time of Andrew's birth. Thesenior king was Andrew's grandfather Béla IV. Andrew's mother was Stephen's wife, Elizabeth the Cuman.Andrew's father, Stephen, became the sole King ofHungary in 1270, but died two years later. Stephen was succeeded by his elder son (Andrew's ten-year-old brother) Ladislaus IV. In theory, Ladislaus's ruledunder the regency of his mother, Elizabeth, but in fact, competing parties of the most wealthy noble families, including the Csáks and Kőszegis, were fightingagainst each other for the control of government.Duke of SlavoniaHenry Kőszegi, the Ban of Slavonia, and his ally, Joachim Gutkeled, the Master of the treasury,who had earlier held Ladislaus IV in captivity, kidnapped the six-year-old Andrew in July 1274, taking him to Slavonia in an attempt to play him off against hisbrother. However, Kőszegi's and Gutkeled's rival, Peter Csák, and his allies annihilated their united troops in late September and liberated Andrew. In a letterdated to the end of 1274, Andrew is mentioned as "Duke of Slavonia and Croatia", but otherwise he was only referred to as "Duke Andrew". According to ascholarly theory, the former title was only used to emphasize that Andrew was the lawful heir to his 12-year-old elder brother at the time the letter, whichreferred to a planned marriage between Andrew and a relative of Rudolf I of Germany, was written. Andrew died at the age of ten between 6 April and 6November 1278.Two false AndrewsAndrew's childless brother, Ladislaus IV was murdered on 10 July 1290. His distant relative, Andrew III, succeeded him andwas crowned king on 23 July. However, an adventurer announced that he was identical with King Ladislaus's younger brother, claiming Hungary to himselfagainst Andrew III. Through showing his specific birthmark, the impostor even convinced Stephen V's sister – the late Duke Andrew's aunt – Kinga, wife ofBolesław V the Chaste, Duke of Cracow. The false Duke Andrew invaded Hungary from Poland, but King Andrew's commander, George Baksa routed his troop,forcing him to return to Poland before 18 November. The pretender was in short killed by his Hungarian retainers.In 1317, a new adventurer declared himselfDuke Andrew, on this occasion in Majorca. He and his imprisonment was mentioned in the correspondence between Sancho, King of Majorca, and Robert, King ofNaples who was the uncle of Charles I of Hungary. The second false Duke Andrew's further fate is unknown.Passage 6:Stephen V of HungaryStephen V(Hungarian: V. István, Croatian: Stjepan V., Slovak: Štefan V; before 18 October 1239 – 6 August 1272, Csepel Island) was King of Hungary and Croatia between1270 and 1272, and Duke of Styria from 1258 to 1260. He was the oldest son of King Béla IV and Maria Laskarina. King Béla had his son crowned king at the ageof six and appointed him Duke of Slavonia. Still a child, Stephen married Elizabeth, a daughter of a chieftain of the Cumans whom his father settled in the GreatHungarian Plain.King Béla appointed Stephen Duke of Transylvania in 1257 and Duke of Styria in 1258. The local noblemen in Styria, which had been annexedfour years before, opposed his rule. Assisted by King Ottokar II of Bohemia, they rebelled and expelled Stephen's troops from most parts of Styria. After OttokarII routed the united army of Stephen and his father in the Battle of Kressenbrunn on 12 July 1260, Stephen left Styria and returned to Transylvania.Stephenforced his father to cede all the lands of the Kingdom of Hungary to the east of the Danube to him and adopted the title of junior king in 1262. In two years, a civilwar broke out between father and son, because Stephen accused Béla of planning to disinherit him. They concluded a peace treaty in 1266, but confidence wasnever restored between them. Stephen succeeded his father, who died on 3 May 1270, without difficulties, but his sister Anna and his father's closest advisorsfled to the Kingdom of Bohemia. Ottokar II invaded Hungary in the spring of 1271, but Stephen routed him. In next summer, a rebellious lord captured andimprisoned Stephen's son, Ladislaus. Shortly thereafter, Stephen unexpectedly fell ill and died.Childhood (1239–1245)Stephen was the eighth child and first sonof King Béla IV of Hungary and his wife, Maria, a daughter of Theodore I Lascaris, Emperor of Nicaea. He was born in 1239. Archbishop Robert of Esztergombaptised him on 18 October. The child, heir apparent from birth, was named after Saint Stephen, the first King of Hungary.Béla and his family, including Stephen,fled to Zagreb after the Mongols had annihilated the royal army in the Battle of Mohi on 11 April 1241. The Mongols crossed the frozen Danube in February 1242and the royal family ran off as far as the well-fortified Dalmatian town of Trogir. The King and his family returned from Dalmatia after the Mongols unexpectedlywithdrew from Hungary in March.Junior kingDuke of Slavonia (1245–1257)A royal charter of 1246 mentions Stephen as "King, and Duke of Slavonia". Apparently,in the previous year, Béla had his son crowned as junior king and endowed with the lands between the river Dráva and the Adriatic Sea, according to historiansGyula Kristó and Ferenc Makk. The seven-year-old Stephen's provinces—Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia—were administered by royal governors, known asbans.In a letter addressed to Pope Innocent IV in the late 1240s, Béla IV wrote that "[o]n behalf of Christendom we had our son marry a Cuman girl". The bridewas Elizabeth, the daughter of a leader of the Cumans whom Béla had invited to settle in the plains along the river Tisza. Elizabeth had been baptized, but tenCuman chieftains present at the ceremony nevertheless took their customary oath upon a dog cut into two by a sword.Duke of Transylvania and Styria(1257–1260)When Stephen attained the age of majority in 1257, his father appointed him Duke of Transylvania. Stephen's rule in Transylvania was short-lived,because his father transferred him to Styria in 1258. Styria had been annexed in 1254, but the local lords rose up in rebellion and expelled Béla IV's governor,Stephen Gutkeled, before Stephen's appointment. Stephen and his father jointly invaded Styria and subdued the rebels. In addition to Styria, Stephen alsoreceived two neighboring counties—Vas and Zala—in Hungary from his father. He launched a plundering raid in Carinthia in the spring of 1259, in retaliation ofDuke Ulrich III of Carinthia's support of the Styrian rebels.Stephen's rule remained unpopular in Styria. With support from King Ottokar II of Bohemia, the locallords again rebelled. Stephen could preserve only Pettau (present-day Ptuj, Slovenia) and its region. On 25 June 1260, Stephen crossed the river Morava toinvade Ottokar's realm. His military force, which consisted of Székely, Romanian and Cuman troops, routed an Austrian army. However, in the decisive Battle ofKressenbrunn King Béla's and Stephen's united army was vanquished on 12 July, primarily because the main forces, which were under King Béla's command,arrived late. Stephen, who commanded the advance guard, barely escaped from the battlefield. The Peace of Vienna, which was signed on 31 March 1261, put an