{"doc_id":"doc_0","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Margaret, Countess of BrienneMarguerite d'Enghien (born 1365 - d. after 1394), was the ruling suo jure Countess of Brienne and of Conversano, suojure Lady of Enghien, and Lady of Beauvois from 1394 until an unknown date.LifeMarguerite was born in 1365, the eldest daughter of Louis of Enghien, Count ofBrienne and Conversano, Lord of Enghien, Titular Duke of Athens, and Giovanna of Sanseverino. Marguerite had a brother, Antoine who died at the age ofsixteen, leaving her, the eldest daughter, heir to her father's estates and titles.  She inherited the counties of Brienne and of Conversano, and the Lordship ofEnghien from her father Louis of Enghien on 17 March 1394. She was the wife of John of Luxembourg, Sire of Beauvois and the mother of Peter of Luxembourg,Count of Saint-Pol, Count of Brienne and of Conversano who inherited her fiefs, and John II of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny.ReignMarguerite became the suo jureCountess of Brienne and Conversano, and Dame of Enghien upon her father's death on 17 March 1394. Her husband John also became Count of Brienne and ofConversano by right of his wife.She died on an unknown date sometime after 1394. Her will was dated 19 September 1393. Her eldest son, Peter received hertitles of Brienne and of Conversano.Marriages and issueOn an unknown date, Marguerite married  her first husband, Pierre de Baux, and following his death, shemarried as her second husband, a relative of her mother, Giacopo of Sanseverino. Both of these early marriages were childless. In 1380, after Giacopo's death,Marguerite married her third husband, John of Luxembourg, Sire of Beauvois (1370–1397).  He was the son of Guy of Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol andMahaut of Châtillon, Countess of Saint-Pol. By her third husband, Marguerite had five children:Peter of Luxembourg (1390–31 August 1433), Count of Saint-Pol(1430), which he inherited from his aunt Jeanne of Luxembourg, Countess of Saint-Pol and Ligny; he also inherited, on an unknown date, Marguerite's fiefs ofBrienne and of Conversano, thus becoming Count of Brienne and of Conversano. He married on 8 May 1405, Margaret de Baux, by whom he had nine children,including Jacquetta of Luxembourg, mother of Elizabeth Woodville Queen-Consort of Edward IV of England.John II of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny (1392–5January 1441), inherited the title of Beauvois from his father, and the title of Ligny from his aunt, Jeanne of Luxembourg. On 23 November 1418, married Jeannede Béthune, widow of Robert of Bar, Count of Marle and Soissons who had been killed at the Battle of Agincourt on 25 October 1415. John, who was an ally of theEnglish during the Hundred Years War, received Joan of Arc as his prisoner, and subsequently sold her to the English for 10,000 livres.Louis of Luxembourg (died18 September 1443). He was a statesman and a high-ranking churchman. His posts and clerical titles included Cardinal (1439), Archbishop of Rouen (1437),Chancellor of France (1425), Governor of Paris (1436), Bishop of Thérouanne, Administrator of Ely (1437), Bishop of Frascati (1442). He was buried in ElyCathedral.Catherine of Luxembourg (born c. 1393)Jeanne of Luxembourg (died 1420), married firstly, on 8 September 1415, Louis, Seigneur de Ghistelles (killedat the Battle of Agincourt); she married secondly on 28 October 1419, Jean IV, Viscount of Melun, Constable of Flanders.Passage 2:Nocher II, Count ofSoissonsNocher II (died 1019), Count of Bar-sur-Aube, Count of Soissons. He was the son of Nocher I, Count of Bar-sur-Aube. Nocher's brother Beraud (d. 1052)was Bishop of Soissons.Nocher became Count of Soissons, jure uxoris, upon his marriage to Adelise, Countess of Soissons.  Nocher and Adelisa had threechildren:Nocher III (d. 1040), Count of Bar-sur-Aube, had at least two daughters by unknown wife:Adèle (d. 1053), Countess of Bar-sur-AubeIsabeauGuy,archbishop of ReimsRenaud I, Count of SoissonsNocher's son and namesake became Count of Bar-sur-Aube upon his death, and the countship of Soissonsreverted to his wife.  His son Renaud would eventually become the Count of Soissons.Passage 3:Adelaide, Countess of SoissonsAdelaide (died 1105), wassovereign Countess of Soissons from 1057 until 1105.She was the daughter of Renaud I, Count of Soissons, and his wife, whose name is unknown, widow ofHilduin III, Count of Montdidier. .Adelaide became ruler of the County of Soissons upon the death of her father and brother, Guy II, Count of Soissons, in1057.Adelaide married William Busac, Count of Eu, grandson of Richard I, Duke of Normandy.  Adelaide and William had five children:Renaud II, Count ofSoissonsJohn I, Count of Soissons, married to Aveline de PierrefondsManasses of Soissons, Bishop of Cambrai, Bishop of SoissonsLithuise de Blois, married to MiloI of MontlhéryUnnamed daughter, married to Yves le Vieux.William Busac became Count of Soissons, de jure uxoris, upon their marriage.NotesSourcesDormay,C., Histoire de la ville de Soissons et de ses rois, ducs, comtes et gouverneurs, Soissons, 1664 (available on Google Books)Passage 4:Margaret, Countess ofSoissonsMargaret (or Margaretha) of Soissons (died ca. 1350) was ruling Countess of Soissons in 1305-1344. She was the only daughter of Hugh, Count ofSoissons, and Johanna of Argies. In 1306 she succeeded her father as Countess of Soissons.Margaret was married to John of Beaumont, son of John II, Count ofHolland. Margaret and John had five children:Johanna of Hainault (1323–1350), married first to Louis II, Count of Blois, (three sons), and second to William I,Marquis of Namur, no issue.John, Canon of Cambrai.William, Canon of Cambrai, Beauvais and Le Mans.Amalrik, Canon of Cambrai, Dole and Tours.Reinout,Canon of Cambrai.Upon their marriage, John became Count of Soissons, jure uxoris.SourcesDormay, C., Histoire de la ville de Soissons et de ses rois, ducs,comtes et gouverneurs, Soissons, 1664 (available on Google Books)Passage 5:Jeanne of Bar, Countess of Marle and SoissonsJeanne de Bar, suo jure Countess ofMarle and Soissons, Dame d'Oisy, Viscountess of Meaux, and Countess of Saint-Pol, of Brienne, de Ligny, and Conversano (1415 – 14 May 1462)  was a nobleFrench heiress and Sovereign Countess. She was the only child of Robert of Bar, Count of Marle and Soissons, Sire d'Oisy, who was killed at the Battle ofAgincourt when she was a baby, leaving her the sole heiress to his titles and estates. In 1430, at the age of fifteen, Jeanne was one of the three women placed incharge of Joan of Arc when the latter was a prisoner in the castle of John II of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny, Jeanne's stepfather. She was the first wife of Louis ofLuxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol, of Brienne, de Ligny, and Conversano, Constable of France.FamilyJeanne was born in 1415, the only child of Robert of Bar,Count of Marle and Soissons, Sire d'Oisy (1390- 25 October 1415), whose own mother was Marie de Coucy, Countess of Soissons, granddaughter of English KingEdward III of England. Her mother was Jeanne de Béthune, Viscountess of Meaux (c.1397- late 1450).On 25 October 1415, her father was killed in the Battle ofAgincourt, leaving Jeanne, who was a baby, as sole heiress to her father's titles and estates. In 1418, her mother married secondly John II of Luxembourg, Countof Ligny and de Guise (1392 – 5 January 1441), son of John of Luxembourg, Sire de Beauvois and Marguerite of Enghien, Countess of Brienne and of Conversano.The marriage was childless.It was Jeanne's stepfather John who received Joan of Arc as his prisoner, and kept her at his castle of Beaurevoir. Joan, who was threeyears Jeanne's senior, was placed in the care of Jeanne, her mother and Jeanne of Luxembourg, John's elderly aunt. The three ladies did all they could to comfortJoan in her captivity, and unsuccessfully tried to persuade her to abandon her masculine clothing for feminine attire. They earned Joan's gratitude for their kindand compassionate treatment of her. Despite the pleas of Jeanne and the other two women, John sold Joan of Arc to the English, who were his allies, for 10,000livres.Marriage and issueOn 16 July 1435, at the age of twenty, Jeanne married Louis of Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol, Brienne, de Ligny, and Conversano,Constable of France (1418 – 19 December 1475). The marriage took place at the Chateau de Bohain. She was Louis' first wife. Louis was the eldest son of Peterof Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol, Brienne, and Conversano, by his wife Margaret de Baux. Louis had been brought up by his paternal uncle, who was Jeanne'sstepfather, John II of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny and Guise; therefore the young couple were well-acquainted with one another. John designated Louis as hisheir to the counties of Ligny and Guise, but upon John's death in 1441, King Charles VII of France sequestered the estates and titles. The title of Ligny waseventually restored to Louis. The title and estates of Guise were given to Louis' youngest sister, Isabelle as her dowry, which passed to her husband, Charles,Count of Maine, upon their marriage in 1443.  Jeanne succeeded as Viscountess of Meaux suo jure upon the death of her mother in late 1450.Jeanne and Louishad seven children:John of Luxembourg, Count of Marle and Soissons, Governor of Burgundy (killed at the Battle of Morat on 22 June 1476)Jacqueline ofLuxembourg (died 1511), married Philippe de Croy, 2nd Count of Porcien, by whom she had issue.Pierre II de Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol, of Brienne, deLigny, Marle and Soissons (1448 – 25 October 1482), on 12 July 1466, married Marguerite of Savoy (1439 Turin – 9 March 1483 Bruges), the daughter of Louis,Duke of Savoy and Anne de Lusignan of Cyprus, and widow of Giovanni IV Paleologo, Margrave of Montferrat, by whom he had issue, including Marie deLuxembourg (c. April 1467 – 1 April 1547), wife of François de Bourbon, Count of Vendôme, and from whom Mary, Queen of Scots, King Henry IV of France, thesubsequent Bourbon kings of France, and the Lorraine Dukes of Guise were directly descended.Helene of Luxembourg (died 23 August 1488), married Janus ofSavoy, Count of Faucigny, Governor of Nice (1440–1491), the brother of her sister-in-law, Marguerite of Savoy, by whom she had a daughter, Louise of Savoy(1467 – 1 May 1530).Charles of Luxembourg, Bishop of Laon (1447 – 24 November 1509), had several illegitimate children by an unknown mistress.Anthony I,Count of Ligny, Brienne, and Roussy (died 1519), married firstly Antoinette de Bauffrémont, Countess de Charny, by whom he had issue; he married secondly,Françoise de Croÿ-Chimay, by whom he had issue; he married thirdly Gillette de Coélivy. His last marriage was childless. By his mistress, Peronne de Machefert,he had an illegitimate son, Antoine of Luxembourg, Bastard of Brienne, who married and left descendants.Philippe of Luxembourg (died 1521), Abbesse atMoncelDeathJeanne died on 14 May 1462 aged about forty-seven years. Her husband married secondly Marie of Savoy (20 March 1448 – 1475), daughter ofLouis, Duke of Savoy and Anne of Cyprus, by whom he had three more children. Marie was a younger sister of his daughter-in-law Marguerite of Savoy. Louis ofLuxembourg was imprisoned in the Bastille and afterward beheaded in Paris on 19 December 1475 for treason against King Louis XI of France.AncestryPassage"}
{"doc_id":"doc_1","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2003The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show is an annual fashion show sponsored by Victoria's Secret, a brand of lingerieand sleepwear. Victoria's Secret uses the show to promote and market its goods in high-profile settings. The show features some of the world's leading fashionmodels, such as current Victoria's Secret Angels Tyra Banks, Heidi Klum, Gisele Bündchen, and Adriana Lima.The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2003 wasrecorded in New York City, United States at the 69th Regiment Armory. The show featured musical performances by Sting, Mary J. Blige, and Eve. Angel HeidiKlum was wearing the Victoria's Secret Fantasy Bra : Very Sexy Fantasy Bra worth $11,000,000.Fashion show segmentsSegment 1: Sexy SuperHeroinesSegment 2: Razor Sharp Latex LadiesSpecial PerformanceSegment 3 : Rock Chicks Rockin' OutSpecial PerformanceSegment 4 : Sexy KittensSpecialPerformanceSegment 5 : GlaaaaamaaazonsIndexFinaleAngels: Adriana Lima, Gisele Bündchen, Tyra Banks, Heidi Klum.Returning Models: Michelle Alves,Alessandra Ambrosio, Carmen Kass, Dewi Driegen, Naomi Campbell, Ana Beatriz Barros, Angela Lindvall, Frankie Rayder, Mini Andén, Eugenia Volodina, OluchiOnweagba, Liya Kebede, Lindsay Frimodt, Fernanda Tavares, Letícia Birkheuer, Ujjwala Raut, Karolina Kurkova.Newcomers: Isabeli Fontana, Marcelle Bittar,Jacquetta Wheeler, Margarita Svegzdaite, Deanna Miller.External linksVSFS 2003 GalleryPassage 2:Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2001The Victoria's SecretFashion Show is an annual fashion show sponsored by Victoria's Secret, a brand of lingerie and sleepwear. Victoria's Secret uses the show to promote and marketits goods in high-profile settings. The show features some of the world's leading fashion models, such as current Victoria's Secret Angels Tyra Banks, Heidi Klum,Daniela Peštová, Gisele Bündchen, and Adriana Lima.The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2001 was recorded in New York, United States at the Bryant Park. Theshow featured musical performances by Andrea Bocelli and Mary J. Blige. Angel Heidi Klum was wearing the Victoria's Secret Fantasy Bra: The Heavenly Star Braworth $12,500,000.Fashion show segmentsSpecial PerformanceSegment 1Special PerformanceSegment 2IndexFinaleAngels: Gisele Bündchen, Heidi Klum,Adriana Lima, Tyra Banks, Daniela Peštová.Returning models: Karolína Kurková, Caroline Ribeiro, Eva Herzigová, Mini Andén, Fernanda Tavares, Trish Goff,Bridget Hall, Aurélie Claudel, Rhea Durham, Alessandra Ambrosio, Inés Rivero.Newcomers: Rie Rasmussen, Maggie Rizer, Alek Wek, Omahyra Mota, Karen Elson,Molly Sims, Audrey Marnay, Diána Mészáros, Anouck Lepere, Emma Heming.External linksVSFS 2001 GalleryPassage 3:List of Victoria's Secret modelsThis is a listof current and former Victoria's Secret Angels and fashion models who have walked in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show since its inception in 1995.Victoria'sSecret AngelsModels who were chosen as Victoria's Secret Angels are listed in the table below. In June 2021, Victoria's Secret announced that it was ending itsAngels brand.PINK spokesmodelsThe following is the list of models who have been contracted as spokesmodels for Victoria's Secret's PINK brand.NotesPassage4:Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2002The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show is an annual fashion show sponsored by Victoria's Secret, a brand of lingerie andsleepwear. Victoria's Secret uses the show to promote and market its goods in high-profile settings. The show features some of the world's leading fashionmodels, such as current Victoria's Secret Angels Tyra Banks, Heidi Klum, Gisele Bündchen, and Adriana Lima.The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2002 wasrecorded in New York, United States at the 69th Regiment Armory. The show featured musical performances by Destiny's Child, Marc Anthony, and Phil Collins.Karolína Kurková was wearing the Victoria's Secret Fantasy Bra : Star of Victoria Fantasy Bra worth $10,000,000.Fashion show segmentsSpecialPerformanceSegment 1: Religious HolidaySpecial PerformanceSegment 2: Jungle AnimalsSpecial PerformanceSegment 3: Flamenco FrillsSegment 4: NeonAngelsFinaleAngels: Gisele Bündchen, Heidi Klum, Adriana Lima, Tyra Banks, Karolína Kurková.Returning models: Carmen Kass, Bridget Hall, Naomi Campbell,Fernanda Tavares, Alessandra Ambrosio, Frankie Rayder, Caroline Ribeiro, Oluchi Onweagba.Newcomers: Yfke Sturm, Eugenia Volodina, Lindsay Frimodt,Michelle Alves, Nadine Strittmatter, Raquel Zimmermann, Liya Kebede, Dewi Driegen, Ana Beatriz Barros, Caitriona Balfe, Inga Savits, Ujjwala Raut, AnaHickmann, Reka Ebergenyi, Letícia Birkheuer.IndexExternal linksVSFS 2002 GalleryPassage 5:Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2005The Victoria's Secret FashionShow is an annual fashion show sponsored by Victoria's Secret, a brand of lingerie and sleepwear. Victoria's Secret uses the show to promote and market itsgoods in high-profile settings. The show features some of the world's leading fashion models, such as current Victoria's Secret Angels Tyra Banks, Heidi Klum,Gisele Bündchen, Adriana Lima, Karolína Kurková, Alessandra Ambrosio, Selita Ebanks, and Izabel Goulart.The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2005 was recordedin New York City, United States at the 69th Regiment Armory. The show featured musical performances by Chris Botti, Seal, and Ricky Martin. Gisele Bündchenwas wearing the Victoria's Secret Fantasy Bra : Sexy Splendor Fantasy Bra worth $12,500,000.Fashion Show segmentsSegment 1: Sexy Santa HelpersSegment2: Sexy Shadow DreamsSegment 3: Sexy Crystal PrincessesSegment 4: Sexy DeliciousThis segment was swapped in order of appearance with the fifth segment,Sexy Russian Babes, in the edited TV version.Segment 5: Sexy Russian BabesThis segment was swapped in order of appearance with the fourth segment, SexyDelicious, in the edited TV version.Special PerformanceSegment 6: Sexy ToysFinaleTyra Banks led the finale. == Index ==Passage 6:The Gravity GroupTheGravity Group is a wooden roller coaster design firm based in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. The firm was founded in July 2002 out of the engineering team ofthe famed but now defunct Custom Coasters International. The core group of designers and engineers at The Gravity Group have backgrounds in civil, structuraland mechanical engineering.  Their experience comes from work on over 40 different wooden roller coasters around the world.  The first coaster designed underthe Gravity Group opened as Hades at Mount Olympus Theme Park in 2005. The Gravity Group also designed The Voyage at Holiday World in Santa Claus,Indiana, which opened in May 2006 and is the second-longest wooden roller coaster in the world.  These first two accomplishments of the team have beenreceived with great success by both the industry and coaster enthusiasts alike.In 2007, The Gravity Group opened Boardwalk Bullet, an intense wooden rollercoaster that was built at Kemah Boardwalk and opened as the only wooden coaster in the Greater Houston area. The Gravity Group designed Ravine Flyer II atWaldameer in Erie, Pennsylvania, which was opened at the start of the 2008 season. In 2009, Wooden Coaster - Fireball was opened at Happy Valley in China,becoming China's first wooden roller coaster. In 2011 Quassy Amusement Park opened Wooden Warrior, the company's sixth wooden roller coaster. The GravityGroup was also involved in the rebuilding of Libertyland's Zippin Pippin at Bay Beach Amusement Park in Green Bay, Wisconsin.In 2008, members of The GravityGroup announced the development of their own wooden coaster trains called Timberliners.  They are being produced by Gravitykraft Corporation, a sistercompany to The Gravity Group.  The Gravity Group promotes their trains as the only wooden coaster trains capable of steering through curves, resulting in amore comfortable and maintenance-friendly ride.  Timberliners were planned to debut on The Voyage at Holiday World for the 2010 season, but after four yearsof delays, Holiday World officially cancelled the project on August 16, 2013.  However, in 2011, the Timberliners appeared on Wooden Warrior at QuassyAmusement Park in Connecticut and on Twister at Gröna Lund in Sweden, and in 2013 were added to Hades as part of its transformation to Hades 360.List ofroller coastersAs of 2019, The Gravity Group has built 28 roller coasters around the world.Passage 7:The Cú Chulainn CoasterThe Cú Chulainn Coaster is awooden roller coaster located at Emerald Park in Ashbourne, County Meath, Ireland. Manufactured by The Gravity Group, the wooden coaster features anoverbanked turn and opened on 6 June 2015.HistoryThe Cú Chulainn Coaster was officially announced by Tayto Park in a press release on 19 February 2015,although construction started earlier in August 2014. Ohio-based company The Gravity Group was selected to build the roller coaster, marking their secondinstallation in Europe following Twister at Gröna Lund in Sweden. Construction was completed in May 2015, and the roller coaster opened on 6 June 2015. It waspart of a €26 million investment at Tayto Park, which also included 7 other new attractions for the 2015 season. Its theme is based on the mythological loresurrounding Irish hero Cú Chulainn, whom the ride is named after.ReceptionPassage 8:Victoria's SecretVictoria's Secret is an American lingerie, clothing, andbeauty retailer known for high visibility marketing and branding, starting with a popular catalog and followed by an annual fashion show with supermodels dubbedAngels. As the largest retailer of lingerie in the United States, the brand has struggled since 2016 due to shifting consumer preferences and controversysurrounding corporate leadership's business practices.Founded in 1977 by Roy and Gaye Raymond, the company's five lingerie stores were sold to Leslie Wexnerin 1982. Wexner rapidly expanded into American shopping malls, growing the company into 350 stores nationally with sales of $1 billion by the early 1990s whenVictoria's Secret became the largest lingerie retailer in the United States.From 1995 through 2018, the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show was an essential part of thebrand's image featuring an annual runway spectacle of models promoted by the company as fantasy Angels. The 1990s saw the company's further expansionthroughout shopping malls along with the introduction of the 'miracle bra', the new brand Body by Victoria, and the development of a line of fragrances andcosmetics. In 2002 Victoria's Secret announced the launch of PINK, a brand that was aimed to appeal to teenagers. Starting in 2008, Victoria's Secret expandedinternationally, with retail outlets within international airports, franchises in major cities overseas, and in company-owned stores throughout Canada and theUK.By 2016, Victoria's Secret's market share began to decline due to competition from other brands that embraced a wider range of sizes and a growingconsumer preference for athleisure. The company canceled the circulation of their famous catalog in 2016. The brand struggled to maintain its market positionfollowing criticism and controversy over the unsavory behavior and business practices of corporate leadership under Wexner and Ed Razek. As of May 2020, with"}
{"doc_id":"doc_2","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Henry III, Duke of Münsterberg-OelsHenry III of Münsterberg-Oels (also: Henry III of Poděbrady, Henry III of Bernstadt; German: Heinrich III. vonPodiebrad; Czech: Jindřich III-Minstrbersko Olešnický; 29 April 1542, Oleśnica – 10 April 1587, Oleśnica) was Duke of Münsterberg from 1565 to 1574 and Dukeof Bernstadt.  He also held the title of Count of Glatz.LifeHenry's parents were Henry II of Münsterberg and Oels and Margaret (1515–1559), daughter of Henry Vof Mecklenburg-Schwerin.  Henry III was married to Magdalena Meseritsch of Lomnitz (Czech: Magdaléna Mezeřícká z Lomnice).When his father died in 1548,Henry was only six years old, so he initially stood under the guardianship of his uncle John, who called himself \"Duke of Bernstadt\" from 1548 until his death in1565.  In 1565, Henry III took up the rule of the Duchy of Bernstadt.  He was excessively in debt, and in 1574, he had to sell the Duchy of Bernstadt, includingthe castle and several more villages, to the von Schindel family.Henry III died childless in 1587.  The Duchy of Bernstadt was bought back in 1604 by Henry'sbrother Charles II.References ad sourcesHugo Weczerka: Handbuch der historischen Stätten: Schlesien, Stuttgart, 1977, ISBN 3-520-31601-3, p. 19  andgenealogical tables on p. 602–603.Rudolf Žáček: Dějiny Slezska v datech, Prague, 2004, ISBN 80-7277-172-8, p. 145, 410 and 436.External linksMarek,Miroslav. \"Genealogy of Poděbrady\". Genealogy.EU.Passage 2:Olaf III of NorwayOlaf III or Olaf Haraldsson (Old Norse: Óláfr Haraldsson, Norwegian: OlavHaraldsson; c. 1050 – 22 September 1093), known as Olaf the Peaceful (Old Norse: Óláfr kyrri, Norwegian: Olav Kyrre), was King of Norway from 1067 until hisdeath in 1093.He was present at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in England in 1066 where his father, King Harald Hardrada, saw defeat and was killed in action, anevent that directly preceded his kingship. During his rule, Olaf made peace with regards to earlier royal conflicts with the church, strengthened the power of themonarchy, and is traditionally credited with founding the city of Bergen circa 1070. Around 1225, Snorri Sturluson wrote  Olav Kyrres saga about King Olaf in theHeimskringla.BiographyOlaf was a son of King Harald Hardrada and Tora Torbergsdatter. Olaf joined his father during the invasion of England during 1066.However, he was only 16 years old during the Battle of Stamford Bridge in September 1066. He stayed on a ship and did not participate in the fighting. After theNorwegian defeat, he sailed with the remains of the Norwegian strike force back to Orkney, where they wintered. The return journey to Norway took place insummer 1067.After the death of his father, Olaf shared the kingdom with his brother Magnus II (Magnus 2 Haraldsson) who had become king the previous year.When King Magnus died during 1069, Olaf became the sole ruler of Norway.During his reign, the nation of Norway experienced a rare extended period of peace.He renounced any offensive foreign policy, instead protecting Norway's sovereignty through agreements and marriage connections. Domestically he emphasizedthe church's organization and the modernization of the kingdom. The latter resulted in, among other things, the reorganization of the body-guard and ofmeasures under which key cities, especially Bergen, could better serve as a royal residence. According to the Heimskringla by Snorri Sturluson, Olaf is said tohave founded the city of Bergen (originally called Bjørgvin).The death of Harald Hardrada and the serious defeat suffered by the Norwegians in 1066 tempted theDanish king, Svend Estridsen, to prepare for an attack on Norway. King Svend no longer felt bound by the ceasefire agreement signed with Harald Hardrada in1064, since it would only be valid for the two kings during their own lives. However Olaf made peace with King Svend and married the king's daughter Ingerid.Later, Olav's half sister Ingegerd married King Svend's son  Olaf. Although there were some attacks on England by Danish forces, peace persisted betweenDenmark and Norway. Olaf also made peace with William the Conqueror of England.King Olaf broke with his father's line in his relationship to the church. HaraldHardrada had developed a continuing conflict with the Archbishopric of Bremen due to the archbishop's authority over the Norwegian church. Unlike his father,Olav recognized that authority fully. Political considerations may have been behind this conciliatory attitude, as may have been Olaf's concern with the churchorganization. Until his time bishops had formed part of the king's court and traveled with him around the country to take care of the ecclesiastical affairs while theking took care of worldly matters. The bishops established fixed residence in Oslo, Nidaros and Bergen. King Olaf also took the initiative for the construction ofchurches, including Christ Church in Bergen and Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim.Olaf strengthened the power of the king and instituted the system of guilds inNorway. There are strong indications that the government of King Olaf began writing secure provincial laws to a greater extent. The Norwegian lawGulatingsloven was probably put in writing for the first time during his reign.King Olaf died of illness on 22 September 1093 in Haukbø, Rånrike, then part ofNorway (now Håkeby, Tanum Municipality, Sweden). He was buried at the Nidaros Cathedral. His marriage to Ingerid did not produce any children. His successoras king, Magnus III nicknamed Magnus Barefoot (Magnus Berrføtt), was acknowledged to be his illegitimate son.Appearance and characterThe Morkinskinna (c.1220) describes Olaf III as:\"[A] tall man, and everyone agrees that there has never been seen a fairer man or a man of nobler appearance.\"\"He had blond hair, alight complexion, and pleasing eyes, and he was well proportioned. He was taciturn for the most part, and not much of a speechmaker, though he was goodcompany after drink.\"Another description is found in the Heimskringla of Snorri Sturluson:\"Olaf was a stout man, well grown in limbs; and every one said ahandsomer man could not be seen, nor of a nobler appearance.\"\"His hair was yellow as silk, and became him well; his skin was white and fine over all his body;his eyes beautiful, and his limbs well proportioned. He was rather silent in general, and did not speak much even at Things; but he was merry in drinking parties.He loved drinking much, and was talkative enough then; but quite peaceful.\"\"He was cheerful in conversation, peacefully inclined during all his reign, and lovinggentleness and moderation in all things.\"MemorialA memorial to King Olaf Kyrre was placed in Bergen, Norway in connection with the city's 900-year anniversary.The abstract equestrian statue by noted Norwegian sculptor Knut Steen was unveiled on 21 May 1998.The \"Maine penny\"The Maine penny - a Norwegian silvercoin discovered in the US State of Maine in 1957 and suggested as evidence of Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - has been dated to the time of Olaf III. Thecircumstances of its arrival from Norway to a Native American village in the present US territory remain unclear and highly disputed.See alsoList of NorwegianmonarchsPassage 3:Ingerid of DenmarkIngerid Swendsdatter of Denmark (also spelt Ingrid; 11th century – after 1093) was a Danish princess who becameQueen of Norway as the spouse of King Olaf III of Norway.Ingerid Swensdatter was the daughter of King Sweyn II of Denmark. It is not known which one of herfather's wives and concubines who was the mother of Ingerid.She was married to Olav Kyrre in 1067 in a marriage arranged as a part of the peace treatybetween Denmark and Norway, and became Queen of Norway upon marriage the same year. To further strengthen the alliance Olav Kyrre's half-sister, IngegerdHaraldsdatter, married  King Olaf I of Denmark, who was the brother of Queen Ingerid.Ingerid Svendsdatter was Olaf Kyrre's official consort and queen. There arenot much information about her personality or her acts as queen.  Queen Ingerid had no children by King Olaf. After the death of King Olav in 1093, queendowager Ingerid, according to unconfirmed tradition, moved to Sogn and married Svein Brynjulfsson of Aurland, with whom she reportedly had a daughter,Hallkattla  She seem to have retired to private life as a widow and there is nothing to indicate that she played any political part after the death of herspouse.AncestryNotesPassage 4:Ingeborg of Denmark, Queen of NorwayIngeborg Eriksdotter (c. 1244 – 24/26 March 1287) was Queen of Norway and the wife ofKing Magnus VI. She was born a Danish princess, daughter of Eric IV of Denmark. As queen dowager, she played an important part in politics during the minorityof her son King Eirik II of Norway in 1280-82.BiographyIngeborg was born to Eric IV of Denmark and Jutta of Saxony. Ingeborg was only about six years-oldwhen her father was killed. Her mother returned to Saxony and married Count Burchard VIII of Querfurt-Rosenburg.  In large part, Ingeborg and her three sisterslived in the court of her uncle King Christopher I of Denmark and Queen Margaret Sambiria.  The four sisters were heirs to substantial lands in Denmark. Thestruggle to claim Ingeborg's inheritance from her murdered father would later involve Norway in intermittent conflicts with Denmark for decades tocome.Ingeborg was promised in marriage by the Danish regency government to Magnus, the son of King Haakon IV of Norway. Ingeborg arrived in Tønsberg on28 July 1261, after she being retrieved  at the instruction of King Haakon from the monastery in  Horsens (dominikanerkloster ved Horsens).  On 11 September1261, she married Magnus in Bergen.   Magnus and Ingeborg were crowned directly after their marriage, and Magnus was given the district of Ryfylke for hispersonal upkeep. The marriage was described as happy.On 16 December 1263 King Haakon IV of Norway died while fighting the Scottish king over the Hebrides,and Magnus became the ruler of Norway. Ingeborg is not known to have played any part in politics as queen. Her two older sons Olaf (1262 – 15 March 1267) andMagnus (b. and d. 1264) died in infancy, but the youngest two would later become Kings of Norway: Eric II (1268 – 13 July 1299) and Haakon V (ca. 10 April1270 – 8 May 1319).In 1280, she became a widow. Ingeborg was an important figure in the leadership of the country during the minority of King Eirik, thoughshe was not formally named regent. Her influence grew after her son was declared adult in 1283. Her principal ally was Alv Erlingsson, who had been a secondcousin of her husband King Magnus and served as the governor Borgarsyssel which today makes up the county of Østfold.During the reign of her cousin King EricV of Denmark, Ingeborg  begun a feud regarding  her inheritance, which she had never received.  This largely private feud caused hostility between Norway andthe German Hanseatic cities and a tense relationship with Denmark. Several Danish nobles, including Count Jacob of Halland, took her side against the Danishmonarch, but she died before the affair was finished.Passage 5:Hallvard TrættebergHallvard Trætteberg (21 April 1898 in Løten – 21 November 1987 in Oslo) wasthe leading Norwegian heraldic artist and the expert adviser on heraldry to the Government of Norway and the Norwegian Royal Family for much of the 20th"}
{"doc_id":"doc_3","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Museums at Washington and ChapinThe Museums at Washington and Chapin are several museums that share a campus in South Bend, Indiana.The name is derived from the location, at the corner of Washington Street and Chapin Street in South Bend. Both museums have one common entrance offThomas Street, one block south of Washington Street. The museums currently include the History Museum and Studebaker National Museum.ExternallinksStudebaker National MuseumThe History MuseumPassage 2:William P. Didusch Center for Urologic HistoryThe William P. Didusch Center for Urologic Historyis a museum and the headquarters of the American Urological Association in Linthicum, Maryland. It is described as encompassing \"a rich and varied collection ofdrawings, photographs, and instruments of historical importance to urology, many displayed in the urological exhibits during the American Urological Association(AUA) conventions.\"BackgroundThe center is named in honor of William Didusch, the museum's founder and first curator. Didusch was a notable scientificillustrator, and Executive Secretary of the AUA. Didusch had begun working at Johns Hopkins University in 1915 as an illustrator and eventually a lecturer.Didusch was an artist but more committed to the drawing of illustrations, rather than paintings, of anatomy. As result he became a legend during his time afterhis work in Johns Hopkins Hospital. Some of his many illustrations were those of the anatomy of the urinary tract and instruments used to treat the urinarydiseases. The museum was formally established in 1971 as the William P. Didusch Museum, following Didusch's gift to the American Urological Association of hismany original urological drawings. It was accommodated within the headquarters buildings of the AUA, then on Charles Street in Baltimore. Didusch curated themuseum until his death in 1981, when he was succeeded by Herbert Brendler. After Brendler's death in 1986, William W. Scott (a colleague of Nobel LaureateCharles Huggins at the University of Chicago) became curator of the museum. When Scott retired in 1993, the post of curator went to Rainer Engel of JohnsHopkins. In 2003 – when the AUA moved to Linthicum, Maryland – the museum also moved. Its scope was extended to relate to the topic of research in urologichistory. Engel remained curator until 2011, when Michael Moran took over the position.CollectionThe museum provides 300 years of the history of urology,beginning from early and extremely dangerous kidney stone surgeries to modern ultra sound treatments that \"pulverizes these jagged mineral clumps withoutany need to enter the body\". It includes illustrations, urological tools such as catheters, cystoscopes (includes Nitze cystoscopes made in 1890 with platinumloops for illumination and rotating cystoscopes), operating resectoscopes, laparoscopes, lithotriptors, and resectoscopes; some of this urologic equipment wassterilized using formaldehyde or cyanide. All was donated by urologists, including Ernest F. Hock of Binghamton, New York, Hans Reuter of Stuttgart, Germanyand Adolf A. Kutzmann of Los Angeles.The Center also aids research in all fields of urologic history in the United States. It contains an extensive urological library,with early urological and medical texts, and the AUA archives.Current AUA Historian Engel considers the museum to show how medical history in urology evolved,and notes that the implements on display frequently scare visitors. Amongst its items are \"long, thick metal tubes that once opened the floodgates between someunfortunate soul's bladder and the outside world\", lassoes and nutcrackers on the end of steel tubes to break bladder stones, and Hugh Hampton Young's\"Prostate Punch\", which resembles a \"massively enlarged and curved hypodermic needle designed for the blind resection of prostate tissues\", used in prostatesurgery (to ream out the tube of prostate tissue blindly); this last implement was used on the wealthy railway magnate Diamond Jim Brady, who—cured of aprostate problem—gave a generous donation to Johns Hopkins which enabled the establishment of the Brady Urological Institute and also the museum.A numberof very large mineral samples of kidney stones are also on display. The collection in the museum also includes more than 30 microscopes dating as far back as the18th century, along with operating manuals; this acquisition on loan from a German urology family.A popular display is the \"spermatorrhea ring\", a device fromthe early 20th century used to prevent ejaculations while sleeping. It is made of a double ring of metal, with the inner ring clipped over the penis and the outerring, which is lined on the inside with an armature of blunt metal teeth, on the shaft. These teeth constitute what could be called the \"medically active ingredient\".In the event of voluntary unknowing erection while sleeping, \"the sensitive skin of the engorged part expands against the spiky outer ring, and the sleeper ispricked into consciousness in time to prevent nature from committing an unspeakable crime against itself\".Passage 3:Lake City-Columbia County HistoricalMuseumLake City-Columbia County Historical Museum is a living history museum at the May Vinzant Perkins House in Lake City, Florida.HistoryThe LakeCity-Columbia County Historical Museum is located in the Vinzant House. The house was built in the 1880s and purchased by John Vinzant Jr. for $450. Vinzanthad come to Lake City after serving in the American Civil War as a sergeant in the 1st Florida Cavalry. Vinzant was the Columbia County Clerk of the Circuit Courtand County Tax Collector. Vinzant also contributed to the Florida Agricultural College Fund when it was established about 1 mile south from the house in 1888.Vinzant was married to Mattie Vinzant and had three daughters: Cronin Ives, Birdie Livingston and May Perkins. John Vinzant died in 1907. Vinzant's youngestdaughter May Perkins was married to Herbert Perkins and moved away to Washington, D.C. In 1912 May Perkins had a son but he died in infancy and then herhusband died shortly afterwards. May Perkins returned to her father's house in Lake City. May Perkins' mother Mattied died in 1926 leaving her to live alone at thehouse until her death in 1981 at 102 years old. Perkins became a notable Lake City poet and historian. Since the death of Perkins in 1981 the house is still calledthe May Vinzant Perkins house. The Historic Preservation Board of Lake City and Columbia County jointly bought the house with the Blue-Grey Army, Inc. in 1983.The two groups wanted to restore the house and make it a historical and cultural center as well as a museum. The house was renovated in 1984 by the Blue-GreyArmy to turn the May Vinzant Perkins house into a museum as well as to save the house from being demolished since it was in poor condition. In 2000 a plaquewas placed on the front of the house commemorating May Vinzant Perkins as a notable Floridian.Lake City holds an annual Battle of Olustee festival in downtown.Events are held at the Lake City-Columbia County Museum related to civil war history such as caring for wounded civil war soldiers or performing plays in relationto the civil war. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic the museum had to close from March to the second week of May 2020.Blue-Grey ArmyThe Blue-Grey Army is anorganization that has collected civil war artifacts and annually sponsors the Battle of Olustee Festival in Lake City. The organization jointly bought the Vinzanthouse with the Lake City Columbia County Historical Society. A room in the museum holds the Blue-Grey Army's civil war artifacts and is called the Blue-GreyArmy room.GalleryPassage 4:Historical Museum of SerbiaThe Historical Museum of Serbia (Serbian: Историјски музеј Србије/Istorijski muzej Srbije, IMUS) is apublic institution dedicated to documentation of history of Serbia from prehistory up to the present. The museum was established in 1963 and today it preservesover 35,000 exhibits in its collection. Over the years the museum was located at different locations around the capital city of Belgrade. In 2020, as a part of theBelgrade Waterfront development project, the museum was granted the historical building of the Belgrade Main railway station as its new permanent base. Themuseum is one of the leading institutions of its kind in the city and the country.HistoryThe first unsuccessful initiative to establish the museum was taken in 1950with the enactment of the Decree on the establishment of the History Museum of the People's Republic of Serbia. The proposal was reinitiated in 1954 with theestablishment of the Serbian Revolution Museum (hosted by the Residence of Prince Miloš) commemorating the 150th anniversary of the First SerbianUprising.The Historical Museum of Serbia was established by the decision of the People's Republic of Serbia authorities on 20 February 1963 with the newinstitution absorbing the Serbian Revolution Museum. The task of the Museum was defined in 1966 as follows: ″to collect, record, store, arrange, study andexhibit material from the history of the Serbian people and Serbia from the earliest times to the present day″.Until 2003 the museum published the  scientificjournal Zbornik Istorijskog muzeja Srbije. Initially, from 1954 to 1965, it was published by the Serbian Revolution Museum.In November 2020 the Serbiangovernment made the decision to relocate the museum to a far bigger building, which formerly served as Belgrade Main railway station.See alsoList of museumsin SerbiaPassage 5:Museum of the Sea (Uruguay)The Museum of the Sea, opened in 1996, is a museum of natural history located in La Barra, in the departmentof Maldonado, Uruguay. It occupies about 2,300 m2 (25,000 sq ft) and is divided into four large halls, which are open to the public all year round.OverviewThemuseum contains over 5,000 specimens of marine fauna, all of which are clearly labelled. Among these specimens are whale skeletons, sea urchins, starfish andturtle shells. In addition, there are old photographs and an old bathing machine used by women in the early days of the 20th century, as well as telescopes andblunderbusses of the period. There is also an exhibit about the most famous pirates. This huge collection of objects, exhibits, photographs and stories is the workof the museum's creator, Pablo Etchegaray. This self-taught collector began his collection of marine-related items many years ago.Exhibit hallsThe Museum of theSea is composed of four museums in one. In the Museum of the Sea, everything is related to marine life: whale skeletons, seashells, a deep sea room, interactiveexhibits, an area where children can draw their own pictures, a section devoted to pirates and another to treasure. The Beach Resort Museum shows the historyof holiday resorts, some of which are now city neighbourhoods, such as Pocitos and Carrasco, while others are tourist destinations, such as Punta del Este, LaPaloma, Piriápolis, Atlántida, Mar del Plata and Copacabana. The Nostalgia Museum holds collections of vintage objects such as jars, tins, radio sets, medicalremedies, photographs, and beach-related items such as beach umbrellas and pails that were used decades ago. Three collections and 38,000 specimens ofinsects are exhibited in the Insectarium. Most of the specimens are beetles, but there are also moths, cicadas, and grasshoppers, among other species.Passage"}
{"doc_id":"doc_4","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Rebel GladiatorsThe Rebel Gladiators (Italian: Ursus il gladiatore ribelle/ Ursus, the Rebel Gladiator) is a 1962 Italian peplum film directed by Domenico Paolella starring Dan Vadis, Josè Greci and Alan Steel.PlotThe newly crowned emperor Commodus kidnaps the beautiful Arminia, who happens to be betrothed to the mighty gladiator Ursus. Obsessed with a desire to physically best all other men, he uses the girl as a hostage to force Ursus to fight him in the arena, but when Ursus beats him up and actually forces the dictator to beg for his life, he accuses Ursus of being in league with a group of usurpers who oppose Commodus' tyrannical rule. Ursus finally leads a slave revolt that overthrows Commodus, who is killed in the uprising, and Ursus is reunited with Arminia.CastDan Vadis as UrsusJosè Greci as ArminiaAlan Steel as Commodo/CommodusTullio Altamura as AntoninoNando Tamberlani as Marco AurelioGloria MillandGianni Santuccio as Emilio LetoSal Borghese as gladiatorBruno ScipioniAndrea Aureli as gladiator instructorCarlo Delmi as SettimioPassage 2:Voice of Free ChinaThe Voice of Free China (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; pinyin: Zìyóu Zhōngguó Zhīshēng) was the international broadcasting station of the Republic of China from 1949 until 1998. During the Cold War era the station was the source of Chinese Nationalist propaganda largely aimed at discrediting the People's Republic of China and buttressing the Nationalists' claims to be the sole legitimate government of all of China.The Voice of Free China, for many years, was owned by the Broadcasting Corporation of China. This was a private company under a government contract to provide public radio programming. The BCC still exists today, but in 1998 the Voice of Free China and the government-owned Central Broadcasting System merged.With the easing of cross-strait relations and the liberalization of Taiwan's government, the Voice of Free China changed its name to Radio Taipei International in 1998 and also used the name \"Voice of Asia\" for some broadcasts. In 2003, it became Radio Taiwan International reflecting the defeat of the Kuomintang government in 2000 and the new government's orientation towards Taiwan independence from China. Today, this station is now known as Radio Taiwan International.See alsoPropaganda in the Republic of ChinaPassage 3:Ellen BassEllen Bass (born June 16, 1947) is an American poet and author.  She has won three Pushcart Prizes and a Lambda Literary Award for her 2002 book Mules of Love. She co-authored the 1991 child sexual abuse book The Courage to Heal. She received a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts in 2014 and was elected a chancellor of the Academy of American Poets in 2017. Bass has taught poetry at Pacific University and founded poetry programs for prison inmates.LifeBass grew up in Pleasantville, New Jersey, where her parents owned a liquor store. Her family later moved to Ventnor City, New Jersey. She attended Goucher College, where she graduated magna cum laude in 1968 with a bachelor's degree. She pursued a master's degree in creative writing at Boston University, where she studied with Anne Sexton, and graduated in 1970. From 1970 to 1974, Bass worked at Project Place, a social service center in Boston.From 1983 to 2003, she worked in the field of healing from childhood sexual abuse: writing the best-selling The Courage to Heal in 1991, developing training seminars for professionals, offering workshops for survivors, and lecturing to mental health professionals nationally and internationally. She is a co-founder of the Survivors Healing Center in Santa Cruz, a non-profit organization offering services to survivors of child sexual abuse.Bass has taught poetry at the low-residency Master of Fine Arts program at Pacific University in Oregon since 2007. She has taught workshops in Santa Cruz, California since 1974 and also nationally. In 2013, she founded the Poetry Program at the Salinas Valley State Prison, which offers a weekly workshop to incarcerated men. In 2014, she also founded the Santa Cruz Poetry Project, which offers six weekly workshops to men and women incarcerated in the Santa Cruz County jails.Among Bass' poetry books are Indigo, (2020) which was a finalist for the Paterson Poetry Prize, the Publishers Triangle Award and the Northern California Book Award; Like a Beggar (2014), which was a finalist for the Paterson Poetry Prize, the Publishing Triangle Award, the Milt Kessler Poetry Award, the Lambda Literary Award, and the Northern California Book Award; The Human Line (2007), and Mules of Love (2002), which won the Lambda Literary Award. Her poems have been published widely in journals and anthologies, including the New Yorker, the American Poetry Review, the Kenyon Review, and Ploughshares.Her nonfiction books include I Never Told Anyone: Writings by Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse (HarperCollins, 1983), Free Your Mind: The Book for Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Youth and Their Allies (HarperCollins, 1996), and The Courage to Heal: A Guide for Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse (HarperCollins, 1988, 2008), which has been translated into twelve languages.In 2017, Bass was elected as a Chancellor of the Academy of American Poets.Bass was named the Santa Cruz County Artist of the Year in 2019.Bass lives in Santa Cruz, California with her wife, Janet Bryer. She has two children, Saraswati Bryer-Bass and Max Bryer-Bass.AwardsBass was awarded the Elliston Book Award for Poetry from the University of Cincinnati, Nimrod/Hardman's Pablo Neruda Prize, The Missouri Review’s Larry Levis Award, the Greensboro Poetry Prize, the New Letters Poetry Prize, the Chautauqua Poetry Prize, four Pushcart Prizes (2003, 2015, 2017), Fellowships from The Guggenheim Foundation, The National Endowment for the Arts, and the California Arts Council.Indigo, (2020) was a finalist for the Paterson Poetry Prize, the Publishers Triangle Award and the Northern California Book Award. Like a Beggar (Copper Canyon Press, 2014) was a finalist for the Paterson Poetry Prize, the Publishing Triangle Award, the Milt Kessler Poetry Award, the Lambda Literary Award, and the Northern California Book Award. The Human Line (Copper Canyon Press, 2007) was named among the notable books of 2007 in the poetry section by the San Francisco Chronicle, and Mules of Love (BOA Editions, 2002) won the 2002 Lambda Literary Award.Published worksPoetryI'm not your laughing daughter. University of Massachusetts Press. 1973. ISBN 9780870231285.No More Masks! An Anthology of Poems by Women. Co-edited with Florence Howe. Doubleday. 1973. ISBN 9780385025539.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: others (link)Of Separateness and Merging. Autumn Press, 1977. ISBN 978-0394734309.For Earthly Survival. A letter press chapbook, Moving Parts Press, 1980.Our Stunning Harvest. New Society Publishers, 1984. ISBN 978-0865710535.Mules of Love. BOA Editions. 2002. ISBN 9781929918225.The Human Line. Copper Canyon Press. 2007. ISBN 9781556592553.Like A Beggar. Copper Canyon Press. 2014. ISBN 9781556594649.Indigo. Copper Canyon Press. 2020. ISBN 9781556595752.NonfictionI Never Told Anyone: Writings by Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse. Co-authored with Louise Thornton and others. Harper Collins. 1991 [1983]. ISBN 9780060965730.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: others (link)The Courage to Heal: A Guide for Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse. Co-authored with Laura Davis. Harper Collins. 2008 [1988]. ISBN 9780061284335.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: others (link)Beginning to Heal: A First Book for Men and Women Who Were Sexually Abused as Children. Co-authored with Laura Davis. Harper Collins. 2003 [1993]. ISBN 9780062270597.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: others (link)Free Your Mind: The Book for Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Youth—and Their Allies. Co-authored with Kate Kaufman. Harper Collins. 1996. ISBN 9780060951047.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: others (link)Children's booksI Like You to Make Jokes with Me, But I Don't Want You to Touch Me. Lollipop Power Books/Carolina Wren Press. 1993 [1981]. ISBN 9780914996279.Passage 4:The Wonderful World of Captain KuhioThe Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, Kuhio Taisa, lit. \"Captain Kuhio\") is a 2009 Japanese comedy-crime film, directed by Daihachi Yoshida, based on Kazumasa Yoshida's 2006 biographical novel, Kekkon Sagishi Kuhio Taisa (lit. \"Marriage swindler Captain Kuhio\"), that focuses on a real-life marriage swindler, who conned over 100 million yen (US$1.2 million) from a number of women between the 1970s and the 1990s.The film was released in Japan on 10 October 2009.CastMasato Sakai - Captain KuhioYasuko Matsuyuki - Shinobu NaganoHikari Mitsushima - Haru YasuokaYuko Nakamura - Michiko SudoHirofumi Arai - Tatsuya NaganoKazuya Kojima - Koichi TakahashiSakura Ando - Rika KinoshitaMasaaki Uchino - Chief FujiwaraKanji Furutachi - Shigeru KurodaReila AphroditeSei AndoAwardsAt the 31st Yokohama Film FestivalBest Actor – Masato SakaiBest Supporting Actress – Sakura AndoPassage 5:Chlorox, Ammonium and CoffeeChlorox, Ammonia and Coffee (Norwegian: Salto, salmiakk og kaffe) is a 2004 Norwegian comedy film written and directed by Mona J. Hoel, starring Benedikte Lindbeck, Kjersti Holmen and Fares Fares. The film follows multiple storylines, and is about having the courage to take chances in life.External linksChlorox, Ammonium and Coffee at IMDbChlorox, Ammonium and Coffee at Rotten TomatoesChlorox, Ammonium and Coffee at Filmweb.no (in Norwegian)Chlorox, Ammonium and Coffee! at the Norwegian Film InstitutePassage 6:Free China: The Courage to BelieveFree China: The Courage to Believe is a 2012 documentary film (61 minutes) about the persecution of Falun Gong, starring Jennifer Zeng and Dr. Charles Lee.DescriptionThe film is based on a true story of a mother and former Communist Party member, Jennifer Zeng, who along with more than 70 million Chinese were practicing Falun Gong, a belief that combined Buddhism and Daoism until the Chinese Government outlawed it. The Internet police intercepted an email and Jennifer was imprisoned for her faith. As she endured physical and mental torture, she had to decide: does she stand her ground and languish in jail, or does she recant her belief so she can tell her story to the world and be reunited with her family?A world away, Dr. Charles Lee, a Chinese American businessman, wanted to do his part to stop the persecution by attempting to broadcast uncensored information on state controlled television. He was arrested in China and sentenced to three years of re-education in a prison camp where he endured forced labor, making amongst other things, Homer Simpson slippers sold at stores throughout the US.With more than one hundred thousand protests occurring each year inside China, unrest among Chinese people is building with the breaking of each political scandal. As China's prisoners of conscience are subjected to forced labor and possibly organ harvesting, but at this time it is unconfirmed. This timely documentary exposes profound issues such as genocide and unfair trade practices with the West. The film also highlights how new Internet technologies are helping bring freedom to more than 1.3 billion people living in China and other repressive regimes throughout the world.Interviewees in the filmJennifer Zeng - author of Witnessing History: One Chinese "}
{"doc_id":"doc_5","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Bill Smith (footballer, born 1897)William Thomas Smith (9 April 1897 – after 1924) was an English professional footballer.CareerDuring his amateurcareer, Smith played in 17 finals, and captained the Third Army team in Germany when he was stationed in Koblenz after the armistice during the First WorldWar. He started his professional career with Hull City in 1921. After making no appearances for the club, he joined Leadgate Park. He joined Durham City in 1921,making 33 league appearances in the club's first season in the Football League.He joined York City in the Midland League in July 1922, where he scored the club'sfirst goal in that competition. He made 75 appearances for the club in the Midland League and five appearances in the FA Cup before joining Stockport County in1925, where he made no league appearances.Passage 2:Thomas Scott (diver)Thomas Scott (1907 - date of death unknown) was an English diver.BoxingHecompeted in the 10 metre platform at the 1930 British Empire Games for England.Personal lifeHe was a police officer at the time of the 1930 Games.Passage3:Fred Bradley (rower)Frederick Bradley (1908 – date of death unknown) was an English rower.RowingHe competed in the single sculls at the 1930 British EmpireGames for England and won a bronze medal.Personal lifeHe was listed as having no occupation at the time of the 1930 Games.Passage 4:ParimalaNagappaParimala Nagappa is a politician from the state of Karnataka and wife of Late H. Nagappa. Parimala was elected as M.L.A from Hanur constituency on aJanata Dal (Secular) ticket in the 2004 Karnataka assembly elections. On 16 March 2017, she joined the Bharatiya Janata Party.Passage 5:Albert Thompson(footballer, born 1912)Albert Thompson (born 1912, date of death unknown) was a Welsh footballer.CareerThompson was born in Llanbradach, Wales, and joinedBradford Park Avenue from Barry Town in 1934. After making 11 appearances and scoring two goals in the league for Bradford, he joined York City in 1936. Hewas York City's top scorer for the 1936–37 season, with 28 goals. He joined Swansea Town in 1937, after making 29 appearances and scoring 28 goals for York.After making 4 appearances in the league for Swansea, he joined Wellington Town.== Notes ==Passage 6:Harry Wainwright (footballer)Harry Wainwright (born1899; date of death unknown) was an English footballer.CareerWainwright played for Highfields before joining Port Vale as an amateur in December 1919. Aftermaking his debut in a 1–0 defeat at Barnsley on Boxing Day he signed as a professional the following month. He was unable to nail down a regular place however,and was released at the end of the season with just four appearances to his name.He returned to Highfields before moving on to Doncaster Rovers where hescored in their return to football following WW1, in the 2–1 defeat to Rotherham Town in the Midland League. He scored two more goals that season, and nonethe following season.He then went to Brodsworth Main, Frickley Colliery, Sheffield United, Boston Town, Scunthorpe & Lindsey United and Newark Town.CareerstatisticsSource:Passage 7:Etan BoritzerEtan Boritzer (born 1950) is an American writer of children’s literature who is best known for his book What is God? firstpublished in 1989. His best selling What is? illustrated children's book series on character education and difficult subjects for children is a popular teaching guidefor parents, teachers and child-life professionals.Boritzer gained national critical acclaim after What is God? was published in 1989 although the book has causedcontroversy from religious fundamentalists for its universalist views. The other current books in the What is? series include: What is Love?, What is Death?, Whatis Beautiful?, What is Funny?, What is Right?, What is Peace?, What is Money?, What is Dreaming?, What is a Friend?, What is True?, What is a Family?, and Whatis a Feeling? The series is now also translated into 15 languages.Boritzer was first published in 1963 at the age of 13 when he wrote an essay in his English classat Wade Junior High School in the Bronx, New York on the assassination of John F. Kennedy. His essay was included in a special anthology by New York Citypublic school children compiled and published by the New York City Department of Education.Boritzer now lives in Venice, California and maintains his publishingoffice there also. He has helped numerous other authors to get published through How to Get Your Book Published! programs. Boritzer is also a yoga teacher whoteaches regular classes locally and guest-teaches nationally. He is also recognized nationally as an erudite speaker on The Teachings of the Buddha.Passage8:Harry Johnson (wrestler)Harry Johnson (born 1903, date of death unknown) was an English wrestler.WrestlingHe competed in the welterweight category at the1930 British Empire Games for England.Personal lifeHe was a turner at the time of the 1930 Games and lived in 31 Kambala Road, Battersea.Passage 9:H.NagappaH. Nagappa was a Janata Dal (United) political leader, two term member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly and minister for agricultural marketing inthe J. H. Patel cabinet.He was abducted by forest brigand Veerappan and his gang members on 25 August 2002 from the Kamagere village of Chamarajanagardistrict. On 8 December 2002, Nagappa was killed by Veerappan or his gang members or by Tamil nadu police at Changadi forest area near M. M. Hills borderingthe state of Tamil Nadu.who killed him is a mystery .Passage 10:Theodred II (Bishop of Elmham)Theodred II was a medieval Bishop of Elmham.The date ofTheodred's consecration unknown, but the date of his death was sometime between 995 and 997."}
{"doc_id":"doc_6","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland andAustralia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31,2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and theNational Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 todirect the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeededDan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended ClonkeenCollege. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He workedin the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), GovernmentPublications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery ofIreland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art MuseumDirectors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expandedthe traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitionsat the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annualvisitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gainedgovernment support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building provedcontroversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy'stenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's ABigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring theHolmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian PrintWorkshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which wascompleted in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\"implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGAduring his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchiand attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dungand was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" andan \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscureddiscussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedlyquestioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational healthand safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announcedin 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a jointIrish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings andsculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the fieldof art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read, understandand write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website,www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy hasbeen a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding themuseum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibandehave been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the ToledoMuseum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold tothe museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture ofGanesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005.During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater publicattention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hoodhas one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the AfricanBody, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually.Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles:Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written oredited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats:Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with DavisCoakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers(1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe,Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is atrustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the InternationalAssociation of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from LourdesUniversity. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education.==Notes ==Passage 2:Only the Lonely (film)Only the Lonely is a 1991 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Chris Columbus, produced byJohn Hughes, and stars John Candy, Maureen O'Hara (in her final film role), Ally Sheedy and Anthony Quinn. The film is a comedic take on the premiseestablished in the 1953 television play Marty and the 1955 film Marty, while the title comes from the song \"Only the Lonely\" by Roy Orbison. The story follows abachelor who is looking to settle down and start a family with a mortuary beautician, while coping with his controlling mother who wants him all toherself.PlotDanny Muldoon, a 38-year-old Chicago policeman, lives with his controlling Irish mother, Rose Muldoon. A lonely bachelor, he falls in love with TheresaLuna, an introverted girl who works in her father's funeral home. On their first date, they have a picnic on Comiskey Park field. Dating becomes difficult as Rosefears Theresa is trying to steal her son away.Danny's brother Patrick tries to convince him to remain unmarried and move to Florida with their mother to take careof her; Salvatore \"Sal\" Buonarte, one of Danny's married friends and a fellow officer, advises him not to settle down just yet, as he did. Danny begins to feelguilty about his relationship, especially towards his mother. This leads to his interrupting dates with Theresa to check on her.When Theresa finally meets Rose ata fancy dinner, Rose immediately begins to put her down, mocking her Sicilian and Polish heritage. Theresa stands up to her, then berates Danny for not doing sohimself. After Theresa leaves, Danny scolds his mother for being so cruel, saying that her way of \"telling it like it is\" hurts people. He reminds her she lost a$450,000 account for his late father's company by making anti-Semitic remarks. He then tells Rose he will propose to Theresa, whether she approves ornot.Danny apologizes to Theresa, proposing to her from the bucket of a Chicago fire truck. She says yes and they are set to be married. However, even thoughRose finally approves, Danny calls to check on his mother in front of Theresa on the night before the wedding. Angered that they might never be alone, she walksoff. Neither of them show up for the wedding. A few weeks later, Danny's friends ask why they called off the wedding, but he gives no answer. When a friend"}
{"doc_id":"doc_7","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:George AlagiahGeorge Maxwell Alagiah  ( born 22 November 1955) is a British newsreader, journalist and television news presenter.Since 3 December2007, he has been the presenter of the BBC News at Six and was previously the main presenter of GMT on BBC World News since its launch on 1 February2010.BackgroundAlagiah was born in Colombo, Ceylon on 22 November 1955. His parents, Donald Alagiah, an engineer, and Therese, were Sri Lankan Tamil. In1961, his parents moved to Ghana in West Africa, where he had his primary education at Christ the King International School. He has four sisters. His secondaryeducation took place at St John's College, an independent Roman Catholic school in Portsmouth, England, after which he read politics at Van Mildert College,Durham University. Whilst at Durham, he wrote for and became editor of the student newspaper Palatinate and was a sabbatical officer of Durham Students'Union.In 2004, he returned to his grandfather's original home in Sri Lanka in the aftermath of the Asian tsunami to survey the damage. The family's former homehad been destroyed, but he was able to recognise an old well where he had played with his sisters, although the well was unsalvageable.BroadcastingcareerAlagiah joined the BBC in 1989 after seven years in print journalism with South Magazine. Before becoming a presenter, he was Developing Worldcorrespondent, based in London, and then Southern Africa correspondent in Johannesburg. As one of the BBC's leading foreign correspondents, he reported onevents ranging from the genocide in Rwanda to the plight of the Marsh Arabs in southern Iraq to the civil wars in Afghanistan, Liberia, Sierra Leone andSomalia.He was the presenter of BBC Four News from its launch in 2002; the programme was later relaunched as The World and then another edition of WorldNews Today. In January 2003 he joined the BBC Six O'Clock News, which he co-presented with Sophie Raworth until October 2005, and with Natasha Kaplinskyuntil October 2007. Since 3 December 2007, he has been the sole presenter of the Six O'Clock News. Prior to that, he had been the deputy anchor of the BBC OneO'Clock News and BBC Nine O'Clock News from 1999. Since 3 July 2006, he has presented World News Today on BBC World News and BBC Two, which wasrebranded GMT on 1 February 2010. He last appeared on the programme in 2014. He was formerly a relief presenter on BBC News at Ten, presenting mainlyMonday to Thursday when main presenters Huw Edwards and Fiona Bruce were unavailable.A specialist on Africa and the developing world, Alagiah hasinterviewed, among others, Nelson Mandela, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, former Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan and President Robert Mugabeof Zimbabwe. His other documentaries and features include reports on why affirmative action in America is a 'Lost Cause', for the Assignment programme,Saddam Hussein's genocidal campaign against the Kurds of northern Iraq for the BBC's Newsnight programme and a report on the last reunion of the veterans ofDunkirk.Awards and interestsIn 2000, Alagiah was part of the BBC team which collected a BAFTA award for its coverage of the Kosovo conflict. He has wonnumerous awards including Best International Report at the Royal Television Society in 1993 and in 1994 was the overall winner of the Amnesty International UKMedia Awards. He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours.His appearances at literary festivals includeCheltenham, Keswick, Hay-on-Wye and London, and he has spoken at the Royal Geographical Society, the Royal Society of Arts and at the Royal OverseasLeague. He is on the Board of the Royal Shakespeare Company.From 2002 to 2009, Alagiah was a patron of the Fairtrade Foundation from which in July 2009, hewas obliged to resign by BBC Management who claimed professional conflict of interest. Complaints were received at the BBC from members of the public whowere unhappy that Alagiah had been asked to step down. The BBC responded that in keeping with its principles of impartiality, it would be inappropriate for one ofits leading journalists to be seen supporting a movement that clearly represents a controversial view of global trade. He has also been actively involved insupporting microfinance as a tool for development, including recent appearances in support of Opportunity International. He has been a patron of Parenting UKsince 2000.In 2010, he received the Outstanding Achievement in Television award at the Asian Awards.In 2020, his debut novel The Burning Land was shortlistedfor a Society of Authors' award. The book is described as a \"gripping, pacy thriller about corruption and homicide in South Africa\".Personal lifeHe is married toFrances Robathan, whom he met at Durham University. The couple have two children, Adam and Matthew. He lives in Stoke Newington, North London.On 17 April2014, it was announced that Alagiah was being treated for colorectal cancer. A statement from the BBC said: \"He is grateful for all the good wishes he hasreceived thus far and is optimistic for a positive outcome.\" On 28 June, Alagiah announced on Twitter that he was making \"encouraging progress\". In late October2015 he announced on Twitter that the treatment was officially over, and he returned to the BBC on 10 November. In January 2018 it emerged that the cancerhad returned and he would undergo further treatment.In March 2018, in an interview with The Sunday Times, Alagiah noted that his cancer was terminal andcould have been caught earlier if the screening programme in England, which is automatically offered from the age of 60, was the same as that in Scotland,where it is automatically offered from the age of 50.In June 2020 Alagiah said that the cancer had spread to his lungs, liver and lymph nodes, but was not at a\"chronic\" or \"terminal\" stage. In October 2022, Alagiah announced that his cancer had spread further and he took a break from TV to undergo a new series oftreatment.Passage 2:William CrawleyWilliam Crawley, MRIA, is a Belfast-born BBC journalist and broadcaster. He is the presenter of Talkback, a daily radioprogramme on BBC Radio Ulster, and he is a presenter of Sunday on BBC Radio 4. He has also made several television series for BBC Northern Ireland.EarlylifeWilliam Hugh Galloway Crawley was born and raised in North Belfast. He was educated at Grove Primary School, Dunlambert Secondary School, Belfast RoyalAcademy and Queen's University, where he studied Philosophy (B.A., M.Phil.). He read Theology (M.Div.) at Princeton Theological Seminary. In 1999 Crawley wasawarded a PhD by Queen's for a thesis on the epistemology of the American philosopher Alvin Plantinga.Prior to his career in the media, Crawley worked as auniversity lecturer in Philosophy and Theology. Having been licensed, then subsequently ordained into the ministry of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland in themid-1990s, he worked as assistant minister in First Presbyterian Church, New York City, and Fisherwick Presbyterian Church, Belfast, before serving asPresbyterian chaplain at the University of Ulster. He later resigned from the ordained ministry and from membership of the church before beginning his career asa journalist. He has described himself as \"a lapsed Protestant.\"Television programmesBlueprint NI, a three-part series examining Ireland's natural history, firstbroadcast in 2008.The late-night television interview show, William Crawley Meets..., a series of 30 minutes in duration with leading thinkers and social reformersfrom across the world, including the philosopher Peter Singer, the scientist Richard Dawkins, the writer and broadcaster Melvyn Bragg, and the gay bishop GeneRobinson.Frozen North (BBC One, 2008), a documentary examining the possible future impact of global warming.Festival Nights (BBC Two), television coverageof the 2005, 2006 and 2007 Belfast Festival at Queens.Hearts and Minds, a Northern Ireland politics programme.What's Wrong With ...? (BBC One), a six-partround-table current affairs discussion programme.More Than Meets The Eye (BBC Two, 2008), a series investigating folklore in contemporary Ireland.He anchoredthe BBC's live coverage of the Queen's official visit to Northern Ireland in 2008.In 2010, he presented an episode of Spotlight (BBC One NI) concerning theVatican.In 2012, he wrote and presented a 60-minute documentary exploring the history of the Ulster Covenant.In 2013, his series An Independent Peopleexamined the history of Ireland's Presbyterians.His 2013 one-hour documentary It's a Blas followed his year-long effort to learn Irish sufficiently well to present alive radio programme in the language.The 2013 programme The Man Who Shrank The World told the story of the engineering feat carried out by the scientist LordKelvin in the creation of a transatlantic communications cable was made as part of the Groundbreakers series for BBC Four.His 2014 four-part series for BBC TwoNorthern Ireland, It's a Brave New World -- New Zealand, examined the links between Northern Ireland and New Zealand.2015 Brave New World: USA (4 partseries).2016 Brave New World: Australia (4 part series).2017 Brave New World: Canada (4 part series).2018 Brave New World: Bringing It Home (1episode).2019 Spend It Like Stormont.Radio programmesHe presented Sunday Sequence on BBC Radio Ulster from 2002 to 2014.Since 2008, he has presentedSunday on BBC Radio 4.He has presented the daily radio phone-in show Talkback on BBC Radio Ulster since 2015.He has presented Radio 4's Beyond Belief andThe Moral Maze.Awards and membershipsFellow of the Royal Society of the Arts (FRSA).Fellow of the British-American Project.Recipient of Eisenhower Fellowship(2012).Honorary Doctor of Letters (D.Lit.), Queen's University Belfast, 2012, for services to broadcasting.Andrew Cross Award for Speech Broadcaster of the Year2006, and other programme content awards.Thinker and Explainer of the Year, Slugger O'Toole/Channel 4 Political Awards 2011.Aisling Award, 2013, forcontribution to Irish language broadcasting.Patron, Belfast Film Festival.Member of advisory board of Irish Pages: A Journal of Contemporary Writing.2015 RoyalTelevision Society Documentary Award for Brave New World: New Zealand.Member of the Royal Irish Academy.2022 IMRO Speech Broadcaster of the Year (GoldAward).Passage 3:Tim RussertTimothy John Russert (May 7, 1950 – June 13, 2008) was an American television journalist and lawyer who appeared for morethan 16 years as the longest-serving moderator of NBC's Meet the Press. He was a senior vice president at NBC News, Washington bureau chief and also hostedan eponymous CNBC/MSNBC weekend interview program. He was a frequent correspondent and guest on NBC's The Today Show and Hardball. Russert coveredseveral presidential elections, and he presented the NBC News/Wall Street Journal survey on the NBC Nightly News during the 2008 U.S. presidential election.Time magazine included Russert in its list of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2008. Russert was posthumously revealed as a 30-year source forsyndicated columnist Robert Novak.Early lifeRussert was born in Buffalo, New York, the son of Elizabeth \"Betty\" (née Seeley; January 9, 1929 – August 14,"}
{"doc_id":"doc_8","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:OttakootharOttakoothar (c. 12th century CE) was a Tamil court poet to three Later Chola kings, namely Vikrama Chola, Kulotunga II and Rajaraja II.He wrote poems in praise of these three kings.The poet's memorial is believed to be still in a place known as Darasuram in Kumbakonam, just opposite thefamous Airavatesvara Temple. According to legend, the goddess Saraswati blessed him in Koothanur, then he became a famous poet.FamilyAccording to alegend, there was once a  Chola king called Muchukundan who had his capital at Karur. He is said to have won the favor of God Murugan after deep penances andthe latter is said to have bestowed upon him his personal bodyguards to aid him in his wars. Muchukundan Chola then married Chitravalli, daughter of the warriorchief and Murugan's bodyguard called Virabahu and spawned a new line. The poet Ottakoothar is presented as the scion of the family of this Sengunthar chief inhis work Eeti-elupattu. It is worth mentioning that this Muchukunda Chola figures in the ancestry of Rajendra I as detailed in his Tiruvalangadu copperplates.Literary worksOttakoothar (Tamil: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) is renowned for his Ula poems on the three successive kings, Vikrama Chola, Kulothunga IIand Rajaraja II.  The Ula poems are generally written in honor of the king and describe the triumphant procession of the king amidst the people and his subjects.He also authored a work dealing with the Kulottunga II's childhood called Kulottunga Cholan Pillai Tamil.Ottakoothar wrote Uttara Kandam, the seventh (lastchapter) kandam of the Tamil epic Ramayanam. Ottakoothar's works can be found at the open access Tamil literature repository Project Madurai.During thisperiod when he was very popular, the Sengunthar community, the one to which he belonged, requested him to compose a work in their honor. He initially refusedbut then later agreed provided they brought him 1008 heads of their first born sons. Accordingly, 1008 members of the community sacrificed their lives so that hecould write about their history. The poet then wrote, Eeti-elupattu, a poem consisting of seventy verses in honor of the spear and extolled the glorious past of theSengunthar chiefs and soldiers. He later wrote another poem called Elupp-elupattu in order to bring back the 1008 dead members to life. When he sang it theheads are said to have miraculously attached to their bodies and the dead became alive once again. The poet Koothar thus came to be known as Otta Koothar  forhe attached the heads to the bodies and revived them.Popular cultureIn the 1957 Tamil film Ambikapathy, the character of Ottakoothar was portrayed and wasperformed by M. N. Nambiar. The character was also played by Rajesh in Mahasakthi Mariamman, a 1986 Tamil film.See alsoKoothanur Maha SaraswathiTemplePassage 2:Rajaraja IIRajaraja II was a chola emperor who reigned from 1150 CE to 1173 CE. He was made his heir apparent and Co-Regent in 1146 andso the inscriptions of Rajaraja II count his reign from 1146. Rajaraja's reign began to show signs of the coming end of the dynasty.Growing weaknessThe extentof the Chola territories remained as it was during Rajaraja's predecessors. The Vengi country was still firmly under the Chola rule.The Chola central administrationdid show weaknesses with regard to their control and effective administration over the outlying parts of the empire, which became pronounced towards the end ofRaja Raja-II's reign.  However, Rajaraja regained adequate control of provinces like Vengi, Kalinga, Pandya and Chera territories. He probably even invaded SriLanka as is explained in one of the Tamil poems written during his time.  This is borne out by the fact that not just Rajaraja, but also his successors likeKulothunga III bore titles like Tribhuvana Chakravartin attesting to their military capabilities and cultural achievements.During the last years of Rajaraja's reign, acivil unrest as a result of a succession dispute convulsed the Pandya country, further weakening Chola influence there. This was only to be expected as eventhough the Pandyas were subjugated by the Cholas since the time of Aditya I and were firmly controlled until the time of Virarajendra, the Madurai kingdomnevertheless kept making efforts from time to time, for gaining their independence from their occupiers.  Later Pandyas like Maravarman or MaravarambanSundara Pandyan, Jatavarman Vira Pandyan and Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan steadily went on increasing their power and prestige and were to emerge as themost powerful kingdom in South India during the period 1200–1300. These developments were to slowly but surely weaken the Chola kingdom, though there wasa minor revival during the fairly steady rule of Kulothunga III (1178–1218).In as much as the cholas during his time were dominant militarily is noted by someliterature that mention Raja Raja's conquest and his innovative management initiatives.Here is excerpt from an inscription of his from the Rajagopala Perumaltemple:..Having won the heart (of the goddess) of the earth for countless ages, (he) was pleased to be seated on the throne of heroes, (made) of puregold..while the Villavar (Cheras), Telungar, Minavar (Pandyas),..and other kings prostrated themselves (before him). In the 8th year (of the reign) of (this) kingParakesarivarman, alias the emperor of the three worlds, Sri-Rajarajadeva.Death and successionThe last regnal year cited in Rajaraja's inscription is 26. Thatmakes the last year of his reign 1173. Rajaraja was not destined to live long. Rajaraja did not have any suitable direct descendant to ascend the Chola throne sohe chose Rajadhiraja Chola II a grandson of Vikrama Chola as his heir.  According to the Pallavarayanpettai inscription, Rajaraja died four years after he madeRajadhiraja Chola II as heir-apparent.  Since, Rajadhiraja himself was quite young, he would require the help of Pallavarayar to usher the young sons of Rajarajato safety. According to the inscription, Pallavarayar took steps immediately after the death of Rajaraja for the protection of the king's children, aged one and twoyears. According to historian Krishnaswami Aiyangar, Kulothunga Chola III who is widely considered as the last great Chola sovereign was the son of RajarajaII.Socio-Religious AchievementsKUMBAKONAMOne of the most important achievements of Rajaraja II was that despite being considered a weak king, it appearsthat he did enjoy periods of calm and peace especially during the later half of his 26-year rule.  It was during this period that he initiated construction of the veryfamous Airavatesvarar Temple at Darasuram, Kumbakonam .  This royal Siva temple, which is one of the trinity of the Great Living Chola Temples along with theBrihadeeswarar Temple Temples at  Thanjavur and Gangaikonda Cholapuram all of which are World Heritage Sites.  The Airavateswarar Temple was completedeither by the time his rule ended or during the initial period of his successor, Rajadhiraja II. The Airavateswarar Temple is considered an  architectural marvel ofthe Later Chola  period and this tradition was carried on by Kulothunga III who built the Kampahareswarar Temple at Tribhuvanam in commemoration of hisconquest of Madurai, Kalinga, Karuvur and his defeat of the Hoysala King Veera Ballala II  This temple contains innumerable miniature freezes containing storiesfrom Ramayanam, Periya Puranam and other stories devoted to Siva-Parvati, Vinayagar, Karthikeya etc.  The temple is also a symbol of continuing architecturaltradition of the Chola craftsmen for it also has musical stairs called the Saptasvaras near a small shrine for Ganapati. The Mukhamandapam or theMukhyamandapam of this temple is a real architectural marvel containing many great architectural specimen and was a continuation of the Later Chola traditionof building temples in the shape of giant elephant-driven Rathas or Chariots as like as in Melakadambur siva temple built by Kulothunga I, which was also carriedon not just by later Chola kings such as Kulothunga III but also by the kings of Kalinga and culminated in construction of the Sun Temple of Konarak by EasternGanga king Narasinghdeo. This is one of the later Chola temples which have remained unparalleled in terms of architectural excellence to date, that left a lastingimpression on the succeeding dynasties to the Chola rule.Rajaraja also made numerous grants to the temples at Tanjore, Chidambaram, Kanchi, Srirangam,Tiruchy as well as to the temples at Madurai.  He was also believed to be a regular visitor to the temples in Parasurama's country (Kerala), which were alsorecipients of his grants. During his time the chola navies did remain dominant in the western sea as well as eastern sea.Overall he was a benevolent king who didput up good administrative processes, including efficient revenue generation systems as evidenced by his relief measures to the people during the times of boththe famine and civil unrest, which though did take some effort to subdue, but which finally ensured that he retained the loyalty and respect of his ministers,commanders and the general sections of the populace.Extent of the Empire and Summary of the ruleEven though there was a famine which further caused a civildisturbance, Raja Raja-II nevertheless, kept most of his adversaries under control and also succeeded in largely maintaining the Chola territories consisting oftheir possessions in Tamizhagam including Kongunadu, Madurai and Thirunelveli, Nellore-Guntur areas (with Renandu and Telugu Cholas having allegiance toRaja Raja-II but controlling their areas with more authority than before), Visaiyavadai(Vijayawada)-Eluru-Rajahmundry-Prakasham (Draksharama) areastraditionally controlled by Vengi kings, Kalinga (whose King was a tribute paying subordinate and a supportive feudatory to Chola overlordship).. up to the banksof Hooghly.  In addition, he also had Northern Sri Lanka (as was the case during the time of his illustrious predecessor, Raja Raja-I) under his loose control whileas compared to before, even though he had subdued Chera kings, due to the re-emergence of Pandya power, he was forced to allow more autonomy to Malainadukings with whom he was believed to be having marital relations. But somehow, Raja Raja-II proved not strong enough to regain control of the eastern Gangavadiprovince, which was lost to the Hoysalas by his predecessor, the great Vikrama Chola. Possibly, the Hoysalas themselves were trying to free themselves from thecontrol of Western Chalukyas and other rapidly growing adversaries like Kalachuris and Kakatiyas, who were as hostile to the Chalukyas and Hoysalas, as theywere to the Cholas and even the Pandyas, as would be evidenced in the later years.NotesPassage 3:Ali RahumaAli Khalifa Rahuma (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)  (born May 16, 1982) is a Libyan football midfielder, also a Libyan national. He currently plays for Al-Ittihad, and is a member of the Libya nationalfootball team.External linksAli Rahuma at National-Football-Teams.comSoccerPunter. “Ali Khalifa Rahuma Profile and Statistics.” SoccerPunter. SoccerPunter, n.d.Web. 6 Sept. 2016Passage 4:Nayelly HernándezNayelly Hernández (born 23 February 1986) is a former Mexican professional squash player. She has representedMexico internationally in several international competitions including the Central American and Caribbean Games, Pan American Games, Women's World Team"}
{"doc_id":"doc_9","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Dance of Death (disambiguation)Dance of Death, also called Danse Macabre, is a late-medieval allegory of the universality of death.Dance of Death orThe Dance of Death may also refer to:BooksDance of Death, a 1938 novel by Helen McCloyDance of Death (Stine novel), a 1997 novel by R. L. StineDance ofDeath (novel), a 2005 novel by Douglas Preston and Lincoln ChildTheatre and filmThe Dance of Death (Strindberg play), a 1900 play by August StrindbergTheDance of Death, a 1908 play by Frank WedekindThe Dance of Death (Auden play), a 1933 play by W. H. AudenFilmThe Death Dance, a 1918 drama starring AliceBradyThe Dance of Death (1912 film), a German silent filmThe Dance of Death (1919 film), an Austrian silent filmThe Dance of Death (1938 film), crime dramastarring Vesta Victoria; screenplay by Ralph DawsonThe Dance of Death (1948 film), French-Italian drama based on Strindberg's play, starring Erich vonStroheimThe Dance of Death (1967 film), a West German drama filmDance of Death or House of Evil, 1968 Mexican horror film starring Boris KarloffDance ofDeath (1969 film), a film based on Strindberg's play, starring Laurence OlivierDance of Death (1979 film), a Hong Kong film featuring Paul ChunMusicDance ofDeath (album), a 2003 album by Iron Maiden, or the title songThe Dance of Death & Other Plantation Favorites, a 1964 album by John FaheyThe Dance of Death(Scaramanga Six album)\"Death Dance\", a 2016 song by SevendustSee alsoDance of the Dead (disambiguation)Danse Macabre (disambiguation)Bon Odori, aJapanese traditional dance welcoming the spirits of the deadLa danse des morts, an oratorio by Arthur HoneggerTotentanz (disambiguation)Passage2:SennedjemSennedjem was an Ancient Egyptian artisan who was active during the reigns of Seti I and Ramesses II. He lived in Set Maat (translated as \"ThePlace of Truth\"), contemporary Deir el-Medina, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes. Sennedjem had the title \"Servant in the Place of Truth\". He wasburied along with his wife, Iyneferti, and members of his family in a tomb in the village necropolis. His tomb was discovered January 31, 1886. WhenSennedjem's tomb was found, it contained furniture from his home, including a stool and a bed, which he used when he was alive.His titles included Servant inthe Place of Truth, meaning that he worked on the excavation and decoration of the nearby royal tombs.See alsoTT1 – (Tomb of Sennedjem, family andwife)Passage 3:Kristján EldjárnKristján Eldjárn (Icelandic: [\u0000k\u0000r\u0000stjaun \u0000\u0000ltjaurtn\u0000]; 6 December 1916 – 14 September 1982) was the third president ofIceland, from 1968 to 1980.BiographyKristján was born in Tjörn, Svarfaðardal, Iceland. His parents were Þórarinn Kr. Eldjárn, a teacher in Tjörn, and SigrúnSigurhjartardóttir. He graduated in archaeology from the University of Copenhagen and taught at the University of Iceland. In 1957 he was awarded a doctoratefor his research into pagan burials in Iceland. He was a teacher at the Akureyri Grammar School and the College of Navigation in Reykjavík, becoming a curator atthe National Museum of Iceland in 1945 and its Director in 1947, a position he held until the 1968 presidential election.In 1966–68 he hosted a series ofeducational TV programs on the (then new) Icelandic National Television (RÚV), in which he showed the audience some of the National Museum's artefacts andexplained their historical context. These programs became quite popular, making him a well known and respected popular figure. This no doubt gave him theincentive needed to run in the 1968 presidential election as a politically non-affiliated candidate.Starting as the underdog in the 1968 presidential election,running against Ambassador Gunnar Thoroddsen who initially had a 70% lead in the opinion polls, Kristján won 65.6% of the vote on a 92.2% voter turnout. Hewas re-elected unopposed in 1972 and 1976. In 1980 he decided not to run for another term, wanting to devote his remaining years entirely to continuing hislifelong academic work.President Kristján Eldjárn died following heart surgery in Cleveland, Ohio on 13 September 1982.His son Þórarinn Eldjárn is one ofIceland's most popular authors, specializing in short stories, but also writing poetry and an occasional novel. His daughter Sigrún Eldjárn is also an author andillustrator of several children's books. Þórarinn's son, Ari Eldjárn, is Iceland's most prominent stand-up comedian.Passage 4:Place of birthThe place of birth (POB)or birthplace is the place where a person was born. This place is often used in legal documents, together with name and date of birth, to uniquely identify aperson. Practice regarding whether this place should be a country, a territory or a city/town/locality differs in different countries, but often city or territory is usedfor native-born citizen passports and countries for foreign-born ones.As a general rule with respect to passports, if the place of birth is to be a country, it'sdetermined to be the country that currently has sovereignty over the actual place of birth, regardless of when the birth actually occurred. The place of birth is notnecessarily the place where the parents of the new baby live. If the baby is born in a hospital in another place, that place is the place of birth. In many countries,this also means that the government requires that the birth of the new baby is registered in the place of birth.Some countries place less or no importance on theplace of birth, instead using alternative geographical characteristics for the purpose of identity documents. For example, Sweden has used the concept offödelsehemort (\"domicile of birth\") since 1947. This means that the domicile of the baby's mother is the registered place of birth. The location of the maternityward or other physical birthplace is considered unimportant.Similarly, Switzerland uses the concept of place of origin. A child born to Swiss parents isautomatically assigned the place of origin of the parent with the same last name, so the child either gets their mother's or father's place of origin. A child born toone Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the place of origin of their Swiss parent. In a Swiss passport and identity card, the holder's place of origin isstated, not their place of birth. In Japan, the registered domicile is a similar concept.In some countries (primarily in the Americas), the place of birth automaticallydetermines the nationality of the baby, a practice often referred to by the Latin phrase jus soli. Almost all countries outside the Americas instead attributenationality based on the nationality(-ies) of the baby's parents (referred to as jus sanguinis).There can be some confusion regarding the place of birth if the birthtakes place in an unusual way: when babies are born on an airplane or at sea, difficulties can arise. The place of birth of such a person depends on the law of thecountries involved, which include the nationality of the plane or ship, the nationality(-ies) of the parents and/or the location of the plane or ship (if the birthoccurs in the territorial waters or airspace of a country).Some administrative forms may request the applicant's \"country of birth\". It is important to determinefrom the requester whether the information requested refers to the applicant's \"place of birth\" or \"nationality at birth\". For example, US citizens born abroad whoacquire US citizenship at the time of birth, the nationality at birth will be USA (American), while the place of birth would be the country in which the actual birthtakes place.Reference list8 FAM 403.4 Place of BirthPassage 5:Beaulieu-sur-LoireBeaulieu-sur-Loire (French pronunciation: [boljø sy\u0000 lwa\u0000], literally Beaulieu onLoire) is a commune in the Loiret department in north-central France. It is the place of death of Jacques MacDonald, a French general who served in theNapoleonic Wars.PopulationSee alsoCommunes of the Loiret departmentPassage 6:Place of originIn Switzerland, the place of origin (German: Heimatort orBürgerort, literally \"home place\" or \"citizen place\"; French: Lieu d'origine; Italian: Luogo di attinenza) denotes where a Swiss citizen has their municipalcitizenship, usually inherited from previous generations. It is not to be confused with the place of birth or  place of residence, although two or all three of theselocations may be identical depending on the person's circumstances.Acquisition of municipal citizenshipSwiss citizenship has three tiers. For a person applying tonaturalise as a Swiss citizen, these tiers are as follows:Municipal citizenship, granted by the place of residence after fulfilling several preconditions, such assufficient knowledge of the local language, integration into local society, and a minimum number of years lived in said municipality.Cantonal (state) citizenship,for which a Swiss municipal citizenship is required. This requires a certain number of years lived in said canton.Country citizenship, for which both of the aboveare required, also requires a certain number of years lived in Switzerland (except for people married to a Swiss citizen, who may obtain simplified naturalisationwithout having to reside in Switzerland), and involves a criminal background check.The last two kinds of citizenship are a mere formality, while municipalcitizenship is the most significant step in becoming a Swiss citizen. Nowadays the place of residence determines the municipality where citizenship is acquired, fora new applicant, whereas previously there was a historical reason for preserving the municipal citizenship from earlier generations in the family line, namely tospecify which municipality held the responsibility of providing social welfare. The law has now been changed, eliminating this form of allocating responsibility to amunicipality other than that of the place of residence. Care needs to be taken when translating the term in Swiss documents which list the historical \"Heimatort\"instead of the usual place of birth and place of residence.However, any Swiss citizen can apply for a second, a third or even more municipal citizenships forprestige reasons or to show their connection to the place they currently live – and thus have several places of origin. As the legal significance of the place of originhas waned (see below), Swiss citizens can often apply for municipal citizenship for no more than 100 Swiss francs after having lived in the same municipality forone or two years. In the past, it was common to have to pay between 2,000 and 4,000 Swiss francs as a citizenship fee, because of the financial obligationsincumbent on the municipality to grant the citizenship.A child born to two Swiss parents is automatically granted the citizenship of the parent whose last namethey hold, so the child gets either the mother's or the father's place of origin. A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the citizenship,and thus the place of origin, of the Swiss parent.International confusionAlmost uniquely in the world (with the exception of Japan, which lists one's RegisteredDomicile; and Sweden, which lists the mother's place of domicile as place of birth), the Swiss identity card, passport and driving licence do not show the holder'sbirthplace, but only their place of origin. The vast majority of countries show the holder's actual birthplace on identity documents. This can lead to administrativeissues for Swiss citizens abroad when asked to demonstrate their actual place of birth, as no such information exists on any official Swiss identification"}
{"doc_id":"doc_10","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Stella's oorlogStella's oorlog (Dutch for Stella's war) is a 2009 Dutch drama film directed by Diederik van Rooijen.CastPassage 2:Don Juan in a Girls'SchoolDon Juan in a Girls' School (German: Don Juan in der Mädchenschule) is a 1928 German silent comedy film directed by and starring Reinhold Schünzel. Itis based on Hans Stürm's play The Unfaithful Eckehart.The film's art direction was by Gustav A. Knauer and Willy Schiller.Two later film versions were TheUnfaithful Eckehart (1931) and The Unfaithful Eckehart (1940).CastIn alphabetical orderErnst Behmer as Studienrat MeiselAdolphe Engers as Fritz StürmerCarlGeppert as Studienrat SchädenElse Groß as Mädchen für alles bei Susanne BachMax Gülstorff as Oberstudienrat Arminius NiedlichJulius E. Herrmann as SalaManderCarola HöhnValerie Jones as EvaMaria Kamradek as Susanne BachLydia Potechina as Frau TiedemannF. W. Schröder-SchromReinhold Schünzel as Dr.Eckehart BleibtreuLotte Stein as Perle im Hause BleibtreuJakob Tiedtke as Herr TiedemannRolf von Goth as Prinz OsramHilde von Stolz as TrudePassage 3:TheUnfaithful Eckehart (1931 film)The Unfaithful Eckehart (German: Der ungetreue Eckehart) is a 1931 German comedy film directed by Carl Boese and starringRalph Arthur Roberts, Fritz Schulz and Paul Hörbiger. The film is based on the play of the same title by Hans Stürm. It was remade in 1940. A silent film wasmade by Reinhold Schünzel in 1928 under the title Don Juan in a Girls' School.SynopsisA man who is faithful to his wife is mistakenly blamed for the philanderingantics of his brother-in-law.CastPassage 4:Diederik van RooijenDiederik van Rooijen (born 26 December 1975) is a Dutch television and filmdirector.CareerFilmVan Rooijen graduated in 2001 from the Netherlands Film Academy with his English-language film Chalk. Chalk was also one of the graduationfilms of cinematographer Lennert Hillege. Van Rooijen and Hillege worked together on many films in the years that followed, including Mass (2005), De bode(2005), Bollywood Hero (2009), Stella's oorlog (2009), Taped (2012) and Daylight (Daglicht) (2013).In 2002, he directed the film A Funeral for Mr. Smitheewhich follows an unnamed girl (Priscilla Knetemann) burying a dead bird. His short film Babyphoned won the NPS Award for Best Short Film at the 2002Netherlands Film Festival.Van Rooijen made his feature film debut with his 2003 film Zulaika. The film is the first Antillean youth film spoken entirely inPapiamento.Van Rooijen won the UNESCO Award Prix Jeunesse for his film Genji (2006).His 2007 film Een trui voor kip Saar was made during the 2007Netherlands Film Festival on request of the guest of honor Burny Bos who asked to adapt his 1986 children's book of the same name.Van Rooijen moved to LosAngeles late 2014 to work on projects in the United States. Van Rooijen made his debut in Hollywood with the 2018 horror film The Possession of HannahGrace.In 2019, the film Penoza: The Final Chapter concluded the story of the television series Penoza that he also directed. The film became the best visitedDutch film of 2019.TelevisionHe directed the Dutch television series Penoza as well as episodes of the television series Meiden van de Wit, Parels & zwijnen,Keyzer & De Boer Advocaten and Spoorloos verdwenen. The television series Penoza was adapted into the 2013 American drama series Red Widow by MelissaRosenberg. Penoza was also adapted into the 2015 Swedish television series Gåsmamman.Van Rooijen also directed many commercials for the Dutchsupermarket chain Albert Heijn featuring Harry Piekema playing the role of a supermarket manager. Van Rooijen also made commercials for other companies andbrands, such as McDonald's, KPN, Ziggo and Unox. He won a Bronze Lion award at the Cannes Film Festival in 2006 for his Volkswagen GTI commercial.In 2019,Van Rooijen worked on the television series Heirs of the Night based on the German book series Die Erben der Nacht written by Ulrike Schweikert. The firstepisode aired in October 2019 and a second season aired in 2020.He also directed the 2023 crime television series Anoniem.FilmographyFilm2001: Chalk2002: AFuneral for Mr. Smithee2002: Babyphoned2003: Zulaika2005: Mass2005: De bode2006: Dummy2006: Genji2007: Een trui voor kip Saar2007: Het bozeoog2009: Bollywood Hero2009: Stella's oorlog2012: Taped2013: Daylight (Daglicht)2018: The Possession of Hannah Grace2019: Penoza: The FinalChapterTelevision2003 – 2005: Meiden van de Wit2005 – 2008: Parels & zwijnen2005: Keyzer & De Boer Advocaten2006: Spoorloos verdwenen2008:Deadline2010 – 2015: Penoza2019 – 2020: Heirs of the Night2023: AnoniemNotesPassage 5:Reinhold SchünzelReinhold Schünzel (7 November 1888 – 11November 1954) was a German actor and director, active in both Germany and the United States. The son of a German father and a Jewish mother, he was bornin St. Pauli, the poorest part of Hamburg. Despite being of Jewish ancestry, Schünzel was allowed by the Nazis to continue making films for several years until heeventually left in 1937 to live abroad.Life in GermanyReinhold Schünzel (or Schuenzel) started his career as an actor in 1915 with a role in the film Werner Krafft.He directed his first film in 1918's Mary Magdalene and in 1920 directed The Girl from Acker Street and Catherine the Great. He was one of Germany'sbest-known silent film stars after World War I, a period during which films were significantly influenced by the consequences of the war. Schünzel performed inboth comedies and dramas, often appearing as a villain or a powerful and corrupt man.He was influenced by filmmakers such as his mentor Richard Oswald andErnst Lubitsch, for whom he worked as an actor in the film Madame Du Barry in 1919.Schünzel's work was very popular in Germany and the Nazi regime gavehim the title of Ehrenarier or Honorary Aryan, allowing him to continue to direct and act despite his Jewish heritage (his mother was Jewish). He found that thegovernment, first under Kaiser Wilhelm II and later under Adolf Hitler, interfered with his film projects, compelling him to leave in 1937. Schuenzel described boththe Kaiser and Hitler \"persons of recognized authority and the worst possible dramatic taste.\"Moving to the United States, he worked in Hollywood, playing Nazisand scientists. One of many examples was the film The Hitler Gang (1944), directed by John Farrow. Made in the style of a gangster film, it depicts the rise ofHitler from a small political adventurer to the dictator of Germany. Reinhold Schünzel played the role of General Erich Ludendorff.FamilySchünzel had a daughterMarianne Stewart, who was born in Berlin, Germany and followed her father by becoming an actress. She appeared in Broadway plays and was known for TheFacts of Life (1960), Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964), and Time Table (1956).Schünzel in the United StatesSchünzel came to the United States in 1937, andbegan his American career in Hollywood at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Among the films he directed were Rich Man, Poor Girl (1938), Ice Follies (1939), Balalaika(1939), and New Wine (1941). He also acted in films like The Hitler Gang (1944), Dragonwyck (1946), and The Vicious Circle (1948), among others. His mostmemorable performance was as Dr. Anderson, a Nazi conspirator, in the film Notorious released in 1946. Schünzel went to New York in 1945 to make a debut onBroadway. He acted in Temper the Wind in 1946 and Montserrat in 1949.Among the prizes he received was the Federal West German Film prize for the bestsupporting role in the movie My Father's Horses.He became a U.S citizen in 1943 and he returned to Germany in 1949. Schünzel died of a heart attack in Munich,Germany. Before returning to Germany, he starred in the 1949 Clifford Odets Broadway play The Big Knife.FilmographyGerman filmsAmerican filmsRich Man,Poor Girl (1938, director)The Ice Follies of 1939 (1939, director)Balalaika (1939, director)The Great Awakening (1941, director)Hangmen Also Die! (1943) asGestapo Insp. RitterFirst Comes Courage (1943) as Col. Kurt von ElserHostages (1943) as Kurt DaluegeThe Hitler Gang (1944) as Gen. LudendorffThe Man in HalfMoon Street (1945) as Dr. Kurt van BrueckenDragonwyck (1946) as Count De Grenier (uncredited)Notorious (1946) as Dr. AndersonPlainsman and the Lady(1946) as Michael H. ArnesenGolden Earrings (1947) as Prof. Otto KrosigkBerlin Express (1948) as WaltherThe Vicious Circle (1948) as Baron AradyWashingtonStory (1952) as Peter KralikWest German filmsThe Dubarry (1951, director)Meines Vaters Pferde I. Teil Lena und Nicoline (1954) as Konsul RittinghausMeinesVaters Pferde, 2. Teil: Seine dritte Frau (1954) as Konsul RittinghausA Love Story (1954) as Schlumberger, Schauspieldirektor (final film role)Passage 6:Don Juan(1969 film)Don Juan (Czech: Don Šajn) is a 1969 Czechoslovak short film by Jan Švankmajer, based on traditional Czech puppet plays of the Don Juanlegend.PlotWithin an old dilapidated and seemingly automated theater, human-sized marionettes perform a production of the Don Juan legend without the aid ofpuppeteers or an audience.In the play, Don Juan's fiancée Maria is secretly seeing his brother Don Phillipe. Unbeknownst to the two lovers, Don Juan is watchingthem from one of the balconies. Horrified by the thought of Maria leaving him for Philippe, he calls upon his Jester servant for help. So that he can pay for awedding, Juan sends the Fool into town to ask for money from the Mayor (Juan and Phillipe's father), under the false pretense that Juan needs the money to payoff medical bills. When Juan's father learns about his son's true intentions, he gives the Jester two coins so he and Juan can buy some rope to hang themselveswith. Outraged by this, Don Juan murders his own father backstage and heads over to the garden where Maria and Philippe were planning to meet.Maria arrivesshortly after, but is shocked to discover Don Juan there instead of her true love — Philippe. Demanding that she return his feelings or face the consequences, hechases after Maria but is stopped by her father, Don Vespis, who now realizes Juan is unfit to marry his daughter and threatens to have him arrested. Don Juandispatches of Maria's father by cutting his face off, and as he lay dying, he swears his ghost will haunt Don Juan to exact his revenge.Philippe soon discoversMaria mourning her dead father, and swears to avenge them both. He eventually finds Don Juan and the two engage in a duel which ends with Philippe's gorydemise. The Jester then arrives to tell Juan that there is a spectral man who wants to speak with him in the cemetery. The man turns out to be the spirit ofMaria's dead father, who warns Don Juan that his soul will be dragged to Hell at midnight.As in the traditional Czech puppet plays, Juan urges children not tocommit evil deeds like him.Juan's physical body keels over dead into an open grave, while his spirit is lowered into a trapdoor. Instead of being dragged into Hellas the legend suggests, the lifeless puppet merely falls into a compartment beneath the stage. Upon discovering an inanimate Don Juan, The Jester asks how heis going to get paid with his master dead.Passage 7:Don Juan in Hell (film)Don Juan in Hell (Spanish: Don Juan en los infiernos) is a 1991 Spanish drama film"}
{"doc_id":"doc_11","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:O Valencia!\"O Valencia!\" is the fifth single by the indie rock band The Decemberists, and the first released from their fourth studio album, The CraneWife.The music was written by The Decemberists and the lyrics by Colin Meloy. It tells a story of two star-crossed lovers. The singer falls in love with a personwho belongs to an opposing gang. At the end of the song, the singer's lover jumps in to defend the singer, who is confronting his lover's brother (the singer's\"sworn enemy\") and is killed by the bullet intended for the singer.Track listingThe 7\" single sold in the UK was mispressed, with \"Culling of the Fold\" as the B-sidedespite the artwork and record label listing \"After the Bombs\" as the B-side.Music videosFor the \"O Valencia!\" music video, The Decemberists filmed themselves infront of a green screen and asked fans to complete it by digitally adding in background images or footage. Stephen Colbert of The Colbert Report, having recentlyasked fans to do the same with a video of him with a light saber in front of a green screen, brought up The Decemberists on his segment \"Look Who's Riding onMy Coattails Now\" and accused the band of stealing the idea. The Decemberists' response was to challenge Stephen Colbert to a guitar solo showdown onDecember 20, 2006, on The Colbert Report.On January 19, 2007, The Decemberists premiered an alternate music video of \"O Valencia!\", directed by AaronStewart-Ahn, on MTV2. The video follows a character named Patrick, played by Meloy, as he and his love Francesca (Lisa Molinaro), daughter of \"the Boss\", planan escape to an unknown location. At a cafe, a man in a suit, portrayed by the band member Chris Funk, tells him to hide in the \"Valencia\" hotel (the Super ValueInn on North Interstate Avenue in Portland, Oregon) while he gets them the necessary documentation to escape. Above the name of the hotel, there is a neonsign that reads \"Office\". The letters have all burnt out except for the \"O\", creating the title of the song. The video then introduces other characters - variousassassination teams - who sit in different rooms of the hotel waiting for the chance to catch the two lovers. Most are portrayed by other members of the band(along with Meloy's wife, Carson Ellis). They kill off any potential witnesses to their plan. Patrick manages to take down one member from each team, before theygang up on him. The Boss arrives, along with the man from the cafe, who reveals that he snitched on Patrick and Francesca. They execute Francesca, whileforcing Patrick to watch. After they leave, Patrick finds a note by Francesca, which reveals that she never fell in love with him, and only wanted protection. 2months later, Patrick and the man, who has lost an eye from a previous assassination attempt, have a sit-down at the same cafe. The man reveals that hesnitched on Patrick just to take over the town. Patrick reveals that he poisoned a drink the man was having, but before he could get away, the man stabs Patrickin the neck with a fork before dying, followed by Patrick.The video is somewhat influenced by the distinct style and themes of director Wes Anderson, with boldfonts being used to introduce characters and groups on the bottom of the screen (much like in the film The Royal Tenenbaums). The band had previously (andmore explicitly) drawn influence from Anderson's Rushmore in their video for \"Sixteen Military Wives\". The layout of the hotel is also similar to the one used inBottle Rocket.Kurt Nishimura was chosen as the winner by mtvU for his video that depicted a love affair between a woman and her television, with the TVcontaining the green-screened Decemberists video footage.Passage 2:Mimi (song)\"Mimi\" is a popular song written by Richard Rodgers, with words by LorenzHart. It was featured in the movie Love Me Tonight (1932), in which it was first sung by Maurice Chevalier to Jeanette MacDonald, then later reprised by theentire company. Sergio Franchi performed this song January 2, 1964 on the ABC Television special, Victor Borge At Carnegie Hall. Sergio Franchi also recorded\"Mimi\" on his 1963 RCA Victor Red Seal album. Women In My Life.Passage 3:Caspar BabypantsCaspar Babypants is the stage name of children's music artistChris Ballew, who is also the vocalist and bassist of The Presidents of the United States of America.HistoryBallew's first brush with children's music came in 2002,when he recorded and donated an album of traditional children's songs to the nonprofit Program for Early Parent Support titled \"PEPS Sing A Long!\" Although thatwas a positive experience for him, he did not consider making music for families until he met his wife, collage artist Kate Endle. Her art inspired Ballew to considermaking music that \"sounded like her art looked\" as he has said. Ballew began writing original songs and digging up nursery rhymes and folk songs in the publicdomain to interpret and make his own. The first album, Here I Am!, was recorded during the summer of 2008 and released in February 2009.Ballew began toperform solo as Caspar Babypants in the Seattle area in January 2009. Fred Northup, a Seattle-based comedy improvisor, heard the album and offered to play ashis live percussionist.  Northrup also suggested his frequent collaborator Ron Hippe as a keyboard player. \"Frederick Babyshirt\" and \"Ronald Babyshoes\" were theCaspar Babypants live band from May 2009 to April 2012. Both Northup and Hippe appear on some of his recordings but since April 2012 Caspar Babypants hasexclusively performed solo. The reasons for the change were to include more improvisation in the show and to reduce the sound levels so that very youngchildren and newborns could continue to attend without being overstimulated. Ballew has made two albums of Beatles covers as Caspar Babypants. Baby Beatles!came out in September 2013 and Beatles Baby! came out in September 2015.Ballew runs the Aurora Elephant Music record label, books shows, produces,records, and masters the albums himself. Distribution for the albums is handled by Burnside Distribution in Portland, Oregon.Caspar Babypants has released atotal of 17 albums. The 17th album, BUG OUT!, was released on May 1, 2020. His album FLYING HIGH! was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Children'sAlbum. All 17 of the albums feature cover art by Ballew's wife, Kate Endle.\"FUN FAVORITES!\" and \"HAPPY HITS!\" are two vinyl-only collections of hit songs thatCaspar Babypants has released in the last couple of years.DiscographyAlbumsPEPS (2002)Here I Am! (Released 03/17/09) Special guests: Jen Wood, FysahThomasMore Please! (Released 12/15/09) Special guests: Fred Northup, Ron HippeThis Is Fun! (Released 11/02/10)  Special guests: Fred Northup, Ron Hippe,Krist Novoselic, Charlie HopeSing Along! (Released 08/16/11) Special guests: Fred Northup, Ron Hippe, \"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Stone Gossard, Frances England,Rachel LoshakHot Dog! (Released 04/17/12) Special guests: Fred Northup, Ron Hippe, Rachel Flotard (Visqueen)I Found You! (Released 12/18/12) Specialguests: Steve Turner (Mudhoney), Rachel Flotard (Visqueen), John RichardsBaby Beatles! (Released 09/15/13)Rise And Shine! (Released 09/16/14)Night Night!(Released 03/17/15)Beatles Baby! (Released 09/18/2015)Away We Go! (Released 08/12/2016)Winter Party! (Released 11/18/16)Jump For Joy! (Released08/18/17)Sleep Tight! (Released 01/19/18)Keep It Real! (Released 08/17/18)Best Beatles! (Released 03/29/19)Flying High! (Released 08/16/19)Bug Out!(released 05/1/20)Happy Heart! (Released 11/13/20)Easy Breezy! (Released 11/05/21)AppearancesMany Hands: Family Music for Haiti CD (released 2010) –Compilation of various artistsSongs Stories And Friends: Let's Go Play – Charlie Hope (released 2011) – vocals on AlouetteShake It Up, Shake It Off (released2012) – Compilation of various artistsKeep Hoping Machine Running – Songs Of Woody Guthrie (released 2012) – Compilation of various artistsApple Apple – TheHarmonica Pocket (released 2013) – vocals on Monkey LoveSimpatico – Rennee and Friends (released 2015) – writer and vocals on I Am Not AfraidSundrops –The Harmonica Pocket (released 2015) – vocals on Digga Dog KidPassage 4:Dáithí SprouleDáithí Sproule (born 23 May 1950) is a guitarist and singer oftraditional Irish music. He is the grandson of Frank Carney and uncle of singer Claire Sproule.BiographyBorn and raised in Derry, Northern Ireland, at the age of18 he moved to Dublin in Ireland, where he attended university. Growing up, he listened to Bob Dylan, Bert Jansch, the Beatles, British folk songs and traditionalIrish music. It was in Dublin that he entered the music scene which was prominent in Ireland at the time. As a teenager he had met the Ó Domhnaill family duringtrips to the Gaeltacht area of Rann na Feirste in Co. Donegal, and while in Dublin they formed a band, Skara Brae who would go on to have a great effect on Irishtraditional music.Dáithí is well known as a guitarist and was one of the first guitarists to use the DADGAD guitar tuning for Irish music after the originator DavyGraham. In 1992 he joined Irish supergroup Altan with whom he sings and plays guitar. Of his use of DADGAD tuning, Sproule says, it \"just seemed to instantlygel with Irish music. The nature of the tuning meant that you didn't really produce anything that was terribly, drastically, offensively wrong to people. I wasalways a singer, but when I started playing with instrumentalists in sessions and pubs, I was able to develop a style by just playing along with them quietly andtactfully.\" He was deemed \"a seminal figure in Irish music\" by The Rough Guide to Irish Music.Sproule is also a member of various other bands and has recordedfurther solo albums; he also teaches DADGAD guitar and traditional songs at the Center for Irish Music in St. Paul, Minnesota.DiscographySolo albumsThe Crow inthe Sun (2007)Lost River, Vol. 1 (New Folk, 2011)A Heart Made of Glass (1995)with AltanOther bandsBright and Early (with Paddy O'Brien and Nathan Gourley -2015 - New Folk Records)From Uig to Duluth (with Laura MacKenzie and Andrea Stern - 2014)The Pinery (with Laura MacKenzie – 2009 – New FolkRecords)Seanchairde (with Tara Bingham and Dermy Diamond – 2008 – New Folk Records)Fingal (with Randal Bays and James Keane – 2008 – New FolkRecords)Snug in the Blanket (with Jamie Gans and Paddy O'Brien – 2004)Overland (with Randal Bays – 2004)Trian II (with Liz Carroll and Billy McComiskey –1995)A Thousand Farewells (with Martin and Christine Dowling – 1995)Trian (with Liz Carroll and Billy McComiskey – 1992)Stranger at the Gate (with PaddyO'Brien – 1988)The Iron Man (with Tommy Peoples – 1984)Carousel (with Seamus and Manus McGuire – 1984)Spring in the Air (with James Kelly and PaddyO'Brien – 1981)Is it Yourself?  (with James Kelly and Paddy O'Brien – 1979)Skara Brae (Skara Brae – 1971)Guest appearancesFour & Eight String Favorites (BoneTone Records) 2021 - Eric Mohring & FriendsMerrijig Creek - Fintan VallelySpinning Yarns (Two Tap Records) 2015 - Norah RendellHeigh Ho, The Green Holly(New Folk Records) 2015 - Laura MacKenzieMinnesota Lumberjack Songs (Two Tap Records) 2011 - Brian MillerSide by Side (Dawros Music) 2010 - Liz andYvonne Kane40 Acre Notch (New Folk Records) 2008 – the HiBsThe Essential Chieftains (RCA) 2006 – The ChieftainsBlue Waltz 2004 – Julee GlaubEvidence (New"}
{"doc_id":"doc_12","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Lyon CohenLyon Cohen (born Yehuda Leib Cohen; May 11, 1868 – August 17, 1937) was a Polish-born Canadian businessman and a philanthropist. He was the grandfather of singer/poet Leonard Cohen.BiographyCohen was born in Congress Poland, part of the Russian Empire, to a Jewish family on May 11, 1868. He immigrated to Canada with his parents in 1871. He was educated at the McGill Model School and the Catholic Commercial Academy in Montreal. In 1888, he entered the firm of Lee & Cohen in Montreal; later became partner with his father in the firm of L. Cohen & Son; in 1895, he established W. R. Cuthbert & Co; in 1900, he organized the Canadian Improvement Co., a dredging contractor; in 1906, he founded The Freedman Co. in Montreal; and in May 1919, he organized and became President of Canadian Export Clothiers, Ltd.  The Freedman Company went on to become one of Montreal’s largest clothing companies.In 1897, Cohen and Samuel William Jacobs founded the Canadian Jewish Times, the first English-language Jewish newspaper in Canada. The newspaper promoted the Canadianization of recent East European Jewish immigrants and encouraged their acceptance of Canadian customs as Cohen felt that the old world customs of immigrant Jews were one of the main causes of anti-Semitism. In 1914, the paper was purchased by Hirsch Wolofsky, owner of the Yiddish-language Keneder Adler, who transformed it into the Canadian Jewish Chronicle.He died on August 17, 1937, at the age of 69.PhilanthropyCohen was elected the first president of the Canadian Jewish Congress in 1919 and organized the Jewish Immigrant Aid Services of Canada. Cohen was also a leader of the Young Men’s Hebrew Benevolent Society (later the Baron de Hirsch Institute) and the United Talmud Torahs, a Jewish day school in Montreal. He also served as president of Congregation Shaar Hashomayim and president of the Jewish Colonization Association in Canada.Personal lifeCohen married Rachel Friedman of Montreal on February 17, 1891. She was the founder and President of Jewish Endeavour Sewing School. They had three sons and one daughter:Nathan Bernard Cohen, who served as a lieutenant in the World War; he married Lithuanian Jewish immigrant Masha Klonitsky and they had one daughter and one son:Esther Cohen andsinger/poet Leonard Cohen.Horace Rives Cohen, who was a captain and quartermaster of his battalion in World War I;Lawrence Zebulun Cohen, student at McGill University, andSylvia Lillian Cohen.Passage 2:Trịnh CươngTrịnh Cương (Hán tự: \u0000\u0000; 9 July 1686 – 20 December 1729) was the lord who ruled Tonkin from 1709 to 1729 (his title as ruler was An Đô Vương). Trịnh Cương was born to Trịnh Bính, a grandson of the former lord Trịnh Căn. He belonged to the line of Trịnh lords who had ruled parts of Vietnam since 1545. Like his great-grandfather and predecessor, Trịnh Căn, his reign was mostly devoted to administrative reforms.BiographyTrịnh Cương ruled Việt Nam during a time of external peace but growing internal strife. He enacted many governmental reforms in both financial matters and judicial rules. His main concern was the growing problem of landless peasants. Unlike the Nguyễn lords who were constantly expanding their territory south, the Trịnh lords had little room for expansion. Hence, the land supply was essentially fixed but the population kept growing.Trịnh Cương tried various legislative means to solve the problem. He tried to limit private land holdings. He tried to redistribute the communal fields of the small villages. Nothing really worked and the problem became very serious over the succeeding decades. According to historian R. H. Bruce Lockhart, the governmental reforms enacted by Trịnh Cương and his great-grandfather, Trịnh Căn, made the government more effective but, they also made the government more of a burden to the people. This had the effect of increasing the hatred felt by the people towards the Trịnh rulers in Hanoi.Trịnh Cương passed an edict forbidding people to practice Christianity in 1712. Like previous efforts to suppress Christianity, this had little real effect in Vietnam. However, he tried to offer the people an alternative, and he had many Buddhist pagodas constructed during his rule.As far as the Lê dynasty was concerned, the emperor, Lê Dụ Tông, ruled throughout Trịnh Cương's lifetime. The two men died within a few months of each other in 1729.SourcesEncyclopedia of Asian History, Volume 4. 1988. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.Annam and its Minor Currency Chapter 16 (downloaded May 2006)See alsoTrịnh lordsLê dynastyPassage 3:Kaya AlpKaya Alp (Ottoman Turkish: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000, lit. 'Brave Rock') was, according to Ottoman tradition, the son of Kızıl Buğa or Basuk and the father of Suleyman Shah. He was the grandfather of Ertuğrul Ghazi, the father of the founder of the Ottoman Empire, Osman I. He was also famously known for being the successing name of Ertokus Bey’s son Kaya Alp. He was a descendant of the ancestor of his tribe, Kayı son of Gun son of Oghuz Khagan, the legendary progenitor of the Oghuz Turks.Passage 4:Nguyễn Thị Ngọc DiễmNguyễn Thị Ngọc Diễm (Hán tự: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 1721–1784), posthumous name Từ Trạch (\u0000\u0000), was a consort of lord Trịnh Doanh.BiographyLady Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Diễm was born in 1721 at Linh Đường village, Linh Đàm commune, Thanh Trì district, Southern of Phụng Thiên prefect. She was commended to Trịnh clan's palace by her father who was Duke Nguyễn Văn Luân (\u0000\u0000\u0000, 1686–1739). She became a concubine of prince Trịnh Doanh and was granted the title Hoa Dung (\u0000\u0000).Passage 5:Zhao ShoushanZhao Shoushan (simplified Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000; traditional Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000; pinyin: Zhào Shòushān; 12 November 1894 – 20 June 1965) was a KMT general and later Chinese Communist Party politician. He is the grandfather of Zhao Leji.CareerZhao Shoushan was born in Hu County, Shaanxi in 1894. After the foundation of the People's Republic of China, Zhao was the CCP Chairman of Qinghai and Governor of Shaanxi.External links(in Chinese) Biography of Zhao Shoushan, Shaanxi Daily July 9, 2006.Passage 6:Trịnh DoanhTrịnh Doanh (4 December 1720 – 15 February 1767) ruled northern Vietnam (Tonkin) from 1740 to 1767 (he ruled with the title Minh Đô Vương). Trịnh Doanh was the third son of Trịnh Cương, and belonged to the line of Trịnh lords who ruled northern Vietnam. His rule was spent putting down rebellions against Trịnh rule.Trịnh Doanh took over from his brother, Trịnh Giang, who, through financial mismanagement and bad behavior, provoked a wave of revolts against his rule. This was a time of increasing peasant revolts in both the north and the south under the Nguyễn lords. In the north, some of the revolts were apparently led by members of the royal Lê family. The rebellions which broke out in Tonkin during this period, were almost without number. Princes belonging to the royal family, generals, civil mandarins, common people, and out-casts from the hills, all rose in the provinces against the tyranny of the Trịnh, as well as for their personal interests. Chapter 16 (continued) Despite the many revolts, Trịnh Doanh defeated them all and passed the rule of Vietnam to his son, Trịnh Sâm.As far as the Lê dynasty was concerned, there was just one emperor, Lê Hien Tông (1740–1786), who occupied the royal throne in Hanoi.See alsoLê dynastySourcesEncyclopedia of Asian History, Volumes 4. 1988. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.Annam and its Minor Currency Chapter 16 (downloaded May 2006)Passage 7:Henry KrauseHenry J. \"Red\" Krause, Jr. (August 28, 1913 – February 20, 1987) was an American football offensive lineman in the National Football League for the Brooklyn Dodgers and the Washington Redskins.  He played college football at St. Louis University.Passage 8:Abd al-MuttalibShayba ibn Hāshim (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; c. 497–578), better known as \u0000Abd al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, lit. 'Servant of Muttalib') was the fourth chief of the Quraysh tribal confederation. He was the grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.Early lifeHis father was Hashim ibn ' Abd Manaf,: 81 the progenitor of the distinguished Banu Hashim, a clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. They claimed descent from Ismā'īl and Ibrāhīm. His mother was Salma bint Amr, from the Banu Najjar, a clan of the Khazraj tribe in Yathrib (later called Madinah). Hashim died while doing business in Gaza, before Abd al-Muttalib was born.: 81 His real name was \"Shaiba\" meaning 'the ancient one' or 'white-haired' because of the streak of white through his jet-black hair, and is sometimes also called Shaybah al-\u0000amd (\"The white streak of praise\").: 81–82 After his father's death he was raised in Yathrib with his mother and her family until about the age of eight, when his uncle Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf went to see him and asked his mother Salmah to entrust Shaybah to his care. Salmah was unwilling to let her son go and Shaiba refused to leave his mother without her consent. Mu\u0000\u0000alib then pointed out that the possibilities Yathrib had to offer were incomparable to Mecca. Salmah was impressed with his arguments, so she agreed to let him go. Upon first arriving in Mecca, the people assumed the unknown child was Muttalib's servant and started calling him 'Abd al-Muttalib (\"servant of Muttalib\").: 85–86Chieftain of Hashim clanWhen Mu\u0000\u0000alib died, Shaiba succeeded him as the chief of the Hāshim clan. Following his uncle Al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, he took over the duties of providing the pilgrims with food and water, and carried on the practices of his forefathers with his people. He attained such eminence as none of his forefathers enjoyed; his people loved him and his reputation was great among them.: 61 'Umar ibn Al-Kha\u0000\u0000āb's grandfather Nufayl ibn Abdul Uzza arbitrated in a dispute between 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib and \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, Abu Sufyan's father, over the custodianship of the Kaaba. Nufayl gave his verdict in favour of 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib. Addressing \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, he said:Why do you pick a quarrel with a person who is taller than you in stature; more imposing than you in appearance; more refined than you in intellect; whose progeny outnumbers yours and whose generosity outshines yours in lustre? Do not, however, construe this into any disparagement of your good qualities which I highly appreciate. You are as gentle as a lamb, you are renowned throughout Arabia for the stentorian tones of your voice, and you are an asset to your tribe.Discovery of Zam Zam Well'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib said that while sleeping in the sacred enclosure, he had dreamed he was ordered to dig at the worship place of the Quraysh between the two deities Isāf and Nā'ila. There he would find the Zamzam Well, which the Jurhum tribe had filled in when they left Mecca. The Quraysh tried to stop him digging in that spot, but his son Al-\u0000ārith stood guard until they gave up their protests. After three days of digging, 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib found traces of an ancient religious well and exclaimed, \"Allahuakbar!\" Some of the Quraysh disputed his claim to sole rights over water, then one of them suggested that they go to a female shaman who lived afar. It was said that she could summon jinns and that she could help them decide who was the owner of the well. So, 11 people from the 11 tribes went on the expedition. They had to cross the desert to meet the priestess but then they got lost. There was a lack of food and water and people "}
{"doc_id":"doc_13","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:La PuntaLa Punta, Spanish for \"the point\" or the promontory and may refer to:La Punta, San Luis, ArgentinaLa Punta District, PeruSan Giovanni laPunta, ItalySan Salvador de la Punta Fortress, CubaSee alsoPunta (disambiguation)Passage 2:Turning PointA turning point, or climax, is the point of highesttension in a narrative work.Turning Point or Turning Points may refer to:FilmThe Turning Point, a 1914 silent film starring Caroline CookeThe Turning Point (1920film), an American film starring Katherine MacDonaldThe Turning Point (1945 film), a Soviet film by Fridrikh Markovitch ErmlerThe Turning Point (1952 film), acrime drama starring Edmond O'BrienTurning Point (1960 film), an Australian TV playThe Turning Point (1977 film), a drama starring Shirley MacLaine and AnneBancroftThe Turning Point (1978 film), a Soviet drama film directed by Vadim AbdrashitovThe Turning Point (1983 film), an East German film by FrankBeyerTurning Point (2009 Hong Kong film), a spin-off to the 2009 Hong Kong television drama series E.U.Turning Point (2009 American film), a documentary filmon the travels of Michelle YeohTurning Point (2012 film), a 2012 drama film by Niyi TowolawiThe Turning Point (2022 film), an Italian filmLiteratureThe TurningPoint (book), a 1982 nonfiction book by Fritjof CapraBatman: Turning Points, a 5-issue limited series of comicsThe Turning Point, a 1942 autobiography by KlausMannThe Turning Point, a 1988 short story by Isaac AsimovMusicTurning Point (American band), an American straight-edge hardcore bandTurning Point (UKband), a late 1970s UK fusion bandAlbumsTurning Point (Benny Golson album) (1962)Turning Point (Mario album) (2004)The Turning Point (John Mayall album)(1969)The Turning Point (McCoy Tyner album) (1992)Turning Point (Lonnie Smith album) (1969)Turning Point (Pink Lady album) (1980)Turning Point (ChuckWicks album) (2016)Turning Point (Paul Bley album)Turning Point, a 1995 album by Rory BlockTurning Point (Dr SID album) (2010)Songs\"Turning Point\" (TyroneDavis song) (1976)\"Turning Point\", a song by Buckwheat Zydeco\"Turning Point\", a 2013 song by Killswitch Engage from Disarm the Descent\"Turning Point\", asong by Mighty Joe Young\"Turning Point\", a 1967 song by Nina Simone from Silk & Soul\"The Turning Point\", a song by Toto from TambuOrganizationsTurningPoint (institute), a training and counseling institute in IrelandTurning Point (charity), a social care organisation in the United KingdomTurning Point Alcohol andDrug Centre, in Melbourne, AustraliaTurning Point USA, an American conservative, right-wing organizationTurning Point UK, an off-shoot of Turning PointUSATelevisionTurning Point (ministry), carried on TBN, broadcast from San Diego County, United StatesTurning Point, an American dramatic anthology seriesbroadcast on NBC from April to October 1958 consisting of two unsold pilots and reruns from other seriesTurning Point (1991 TV series), an Indian sciencemagazine TV seriesTurning Point (TV program) (1994–1999), an American news programTurning Points of History, a History Television seriesImpact WrestlingTurning Point, a professional wrestling pay-per-view event and episode of Impact WrestlingTurning Point (2004 wrestling), the first event in the seriesTurningPoint (2005 wrestling), a professional wrestling pay-per-view eventTurning Point (2006 wrestling), a professional wrestling pay-per-view eventTurning Point(2007 wrestling), a professional wrestling pay-per-view eventTurning Point (2008 wrestling), a professional wrestling pay-per-view eventTurning Point (2009wrestling), a professional wrestling pay-per-view eventTurning Point (2010 wrestling), a professional wrestling pay-per-view eventTurning Point (2011 wrestling),a professional wrestling pay-per-view eventTurning Point (2012 wrestling), a professional wrestling pay-per-view eventTurning Point (2013 wrestling), aprofessional wrestling episode of Impact WrestlingTurning Point (January 2015 wrestling), a professional wrestling pay-per-view event as part of the One NightOnly seriesTurning Point (August 2015 wrestling), a professional wrestling episode of Impact WrestlingTurning Point (2016 wrestling), a professional wrestlingepisode of Impact WrestlingTurning Point (2019 wrestling), a professional wrestling exclusive event on Impact Plus\"Turning Point\" (Amphibia), an episode ofAmphibia\"Turning Point\" (Planetes episode)\"Turning Point\" (Spider-Man), an episode of the 1994 animated series\"The Turning Point\" (The Vampire Diaries), a2009 episode of The Vampire DiariesOther usesTurning Point: Fall of Liberty, a 2008 first-person shooter video gameTurning point, in mathematics: a stationarypoint at which the derivative changes signSee alsoCursus (classical)Turning (disambiguation)Passage 3:Edoardo MulargiaEdoardo Mulargia (10 December 1925 –7 September 2005) was an Italian director and screenwriter.Life and careerBorn in Torpè, Nuoro, Mulargia graduated in Law, first working as a journalist, thendirecting numerous scientific and industrial short films. After being assistant of Pietro Germi and Luciano Emmer, in 1963  he made his feature film debut  with Ledue leggi. As a film director Mulargia specialized in the spaghetti western genre, in which he was usually credited as  Tony Moore and Edward G. Muller. In the1980s he abandoned cinema to work for RAI television.Selected filmographyThe Invincible Brothers Maciste (screenwriter, 1964)Three Swords for Rome(screenwriter, 1964)Night of Violence (screenwriter, 1965)Perché uccidi ancora (director and screenwriter, 1965)Cjamango (director, 1967)The Reward's Yours...The Man's Mine (director and screenwriter, 1969)Shango (director and screenwriter, 1970)W Django! (director, 1971)La figliastra (director, 1976)Orinoco:Prigioniere del sesso (director, 1979) – American re-edited version: Savage Island (1985, with Linda Blair)Escape from Hell (director, 1980)Passage 4:JulieHollandJulie Holland (born December 13, 1965) is an American psychopharmacologist, psychiatrist, and author.  She is the author of five books,including  Weekends at Bellevue: Nine Years on the Night Shift at the Psych ER, a memoir documenting her experience as the weekend head of the psychiatricemergency room at Bellevue Hospital in New York City An advocate for the appropriate use of consciousness expanding substances as part of mental healthtreatment, she is a medical monitor for MAPS studies, which involve, in part, developing psychedelics into prescription medication.Personal backgroundJulieHolland was born on December 13, 1965, in New York City. She grew up in Framingham, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston.She attended the University ofPennsylvania, where she majored in the Biological Basis of Behavior, a series of courses combining the study of psychology and neural sciences, with aconcentration on psychopharmacology.  She received her medical degree from Temple University; during her residency, at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York, sheserved as Chief Resident of the Schizophrenia Research Ward.  A principal investigator in a research study examining a new medication for schizophrenia, Hollandearned a National Institute of Health Outstanding Resident Award in 1994.While in college, Holland wrote an extensive research paper on MDMA; it became thefoundation for her 2001 book Ecstasy: The Complete Guide.Professional backgroundFrom 1995 through 2004, Holland was an attending psychiatrist in theComprehensive Psychiatric Emergency Program at Bellevue Hospital in New York.   Her national bestseller, Weekends at Bellevue: Nine Years on the Night Shift atthe Psych ER, was published in 2009. In describing the book, The New York Times wrote: \"Dr. Holland brings readers into the psychiatric emergency room, whereshe was in charge on weekends for nine years. She explains the language, characters, policies and politics of the highly charged environment of caring for thosein crisis. At the same, she walks readers through her mind and its substantial struggles. The book is as much a story about her own internal dramas as it is aboutmental health care in New York City.\" Weekends at Bellevue was optioned by Fox for a television pilot in 2011; the pilot was not picked up. In November 2013,The Hollywood Reporter reported that HBO was developing a comedy based on Holland's book Moody Bitches: The Truth About the Drugs You're Taking, the SexYou're Not Having, The Sleep You're Missing and What's Really Making You Crazy.From 1995 through 2012, Holland was an Assistant Clinical Professor ofPsychiatry at the New York University School of Medicine.Now a medical advisor to MAPS, Holland was the medical monitor for several therapeutic studies ofMDMA assisted psychotherapy in the treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. In addition to serving as a forensic consultant for drug-related cases, Holland isa frequent lecturer, and has appeared as a drug and behavior expert on CNN, National Geographic Channel, Fox, VH1, MTV and Good Morning America. She hasappeared on The Today Show over twenty-five times and is in private practice in New York.Honors and awards2011: Norman Zinberg Award for MedicalExcellenceNational Institute of Health Outstanding Resident AwardPublished worksBooksHolland, Julie (2001). Ecstasy: The Complete Guide: A ComprehensiveLook at the Risks and Benefits of MDMA, New York: Park Street Press, ISBN 0892818573Holland, Julie (2010). The Pot Book: A Complete Guide to Cannabis, NewYork: Park Street Press, ISBN 1594773688Holland, Julie (2010). Weekends at Bellevue: Nine Years on the Night Shift at the Psych ER, New York: Bantam, ISBN0553386522Holland, Julie (2015). Moody Bitches:  The Truth About the Drugs You're Taking, the Sleep You're Missing, the Sex You're Not Having, and What'sReally Making You Crazy,  New York, Penguin Press, ISBN 978-1-59420-580-4Holland, Julie (2020). Good Chemistry: The Science of Connection, from Soul toPsychedelics , New York; Harper Wave, ISBN 978-0062862884PapersFeduccia, A. A., Jerome, L., Mithoefer, M. C., & Holland, J. (2020). Discontinuation ofmedications classified as reuptake inhibitors affects treatment response of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy. Psychopharmacology, 1–8.Mithoefer, M. C., Mithoefer,A. T., Feduccia, A. A., Jerome, L., Wagner, M., Wymer, J., Holland, J. ... & Doblin, R. (2018). 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assistedpsychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans, firefighters, and police officers: a randomised, double-blind, dose-response, phase 2 clinicaltrial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(6), 486–497.Feduccia, A. A., Mithoefer, M. C., Jerome, L., Holland, J., Emerson, A., & Doblin, R. (2018). Response to the consensusstatement of the PTSD Psychopharmacology Working Group. Biological psychiatry, 84(2), e21-e22.Feduccia, A. A., Holland, J., & Mithoefer, M. C. (2018).Progress and promise for the MDMA drug development program. Psychopharmacology, 1–11.Doblin, R., Greer, G., Holland, J., Jerome, L., Mithoefer, M. C., &Sessa, B. (2014). A reconsideration and response to Parrott AC (2013)“Human psychobiology of MDMA or ‘Ecstasy’: an overview of 25 years of empiricalresearch”. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 29(2), 105–108.Holland, J.A.; Nelson, L.W.; Ravikumar, P.R. (1998). \"Embalming"}
{"doc_id":"doc_14","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Joely CollinsJoely Collins (born Joely Meri Bertorelli; August 8, 1972) is a Canadian actress. She is the daughter of Andrea Bertorelli and of Englishmusician Phil Collins.Early lifeBorn and raised largely in Vancouver, British Columbia, Collins studied at the Vancouver Youth Theatre, and later at London's RoyalAcademy of Dramatic Arts. She was adopted by her mother's husband, Phil Collins, upon their marriage in 1975. They later had one child, son Simon (born in1976). She was named Canada's \"Best Leading Actress\" at the age of 22 for her work on the television series Madison. She appeared on the long-running dramaCold Squad. In 2009, she co-founded StoryLab Productions and produced the award-winning feature film Becoming Redwood.Actress Lily Collins is her half-sister,born to her father Phil Collins and his second wife Jill Tavelman after he and her mother Andrea Bertorelli divorced in 1980.Collins won the award for Best Actressin a Canadian Film at the Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards 2004 for The Love Crimes of Gillian Guess.Personal lifeCollins married Dutch-born Stefan Buitelaaron August 23, 2008, in Leiden, Netherlands. On October 26, 2009, Collins gave birth to their daughter, Zoë Amelie.FilmographyFilmTelevisionPassage 2:PhilCollinsPhilip David Charles Collins  (born 30 January 1951) is an English singer, drummer, songwriter, record producer and actor. He was the drummer and laterlead singer of the rock band Genesis and also has a career as a solo performer. Between 1982 and 1990, Collins achieved three UK and seven US number onesingles as a solo artist. When his work with Genesis, his work with other artists, as well as his solo career are totalled, he was responsible for more US top 40singles than any other artist during the 1980s. His most successful singles from the period include \"In the Air Tonight\", \"Against All Odds (Take a Look at MeNow)\", \"One More Night\", \"Sussudio\", \"Another Day in Paradise\" and \"I Wish It Would Rain Down\".Born and raised in west London, Collins began playing drums atfive and completed drama school training, which secured him various roles as a child actor, with his first major role at 13 as the Artful Dodger in the West Endmusical Oliver!. He then pursued a musical career, joining Genesis in 1970 as their drummer and becoming lead singer in 1975 following the departure of PeterGabriel. Collins began a successful solo career in the 1980s, initially inspired by his marital breakdown and love of soul music, releasing the albums Face Value(1981), Hello, I Must Be Going (1982), No Jacket Required (1985) and ...But Seriously (1989). Collins became, in the words of AllMusic, \"one of the mostsuccessful pop and adult contemporary singers of the '80s and beyond\". He also became known for a distinctive gated reverb drum sound on many of hisrecordings. In 1985, he was the only artist to perform at both Live Aid concerts. He also resumed his acting career, appearing in Miami Vice and subsequentlystarring in the film Buster (1988).Collins left Genesis in 1996 to focus on solo work; this included writing songs for Disney's animated film Tarzan (1999). Hewrote and performed the songs, \"Two Worlds\", \"Son of Man\", \"Strangers Like Me\" and \"You'll Be in My Heart\", the latter of which earned him the Academy Awardfor Best Original Song. He rejoined Genesis for their Turn It On Again Tour in 2007. Following a five-year retirement to focus on his family life, Collins released hismemoir in 2016 and completed his Not Dead Yet Tour in 2019. He then rejoined Genesis in 2020 for a second reunion tour, ending in March 2022.Collins'sdiscography includes eight studio albums that have sold 33.5 million certified units in the US and an estimated 150 million records sold worldwide, making himone of the world's best-selling artists. He is one of only three recording artists, along with Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson, who have sold over 100 millionrecords both as solo artists and separately as principal members of a band. He has won eight Grammy Awards, six Brit Awards (winning Best British Male Artistthree times), two Golden Globe Awards, one Academy Award, and a Disney Legend Award. He was awarded six Ivor Novello Awards from the British Academy ofSongwriters, Composers and Authors, including the International Achievement Award. He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1999, and wasinducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2003 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Genesis in 2010. He has also been recognised by musicpublications with induction into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 2012, and the Classic Drummer Hall of Fame in 2013.Early lifePhilip David Charles Collinswas born on 30 January 1951 at Putney Hospital in Wandsworth, south-west London. His father, Greville Philip Austin Collins (1907–1972), was an insuranceagent for London Assurance and his mother, Winifred June Collins (née Strange, 1913–2011), worked in a toy shop and later as a booking agent at the BarbaraSpeake Stage School, an independent performing arts school in East Acton. Collins is the youngest of three children: his sister Carole competed as a professionalice skater and followed her mother's footsteps as a theatrical agent, and his brother Clive was a noted cartoonist. The family moved twice by the time Collins hadreached two; they settled at 453 Hanworth Road in Hounslow, Middlesex.Collins was given a toy drum kit for Christmas when he was five, and later his two unclesmade him a makeshift set with triangles and tambourines that fitted into a suitcase. As Collins grew older, these were followed by more complete sets bought byhis parents. He practised by playing along to music on the television and radio. During a family holiday at a Butlin's, a seven-year-old Collins entered a talentcontest singing \"The Ballad of Davy Crockett\", but stopped the orchestra halfway through to tell them they were in the wrong key. The Beatles were a major earlyinfluence on Collins, including their drummer Ringo Starr. He followed the lesser-known London band the Action, whose drummer he would copy and whose workintroduced him to the soul music of Motown and Stax Records. Collins was also influenced by jazz and big band drummer Buddy Rich, whose opinion on theimportance of the hi-hat prompted him to stop using two bass drums and start using the hi-hat.Around twelve, Collins received basic piano and music tuition fromhis father's aunt. He studied drum rudiments under Lloyd Ryan and later under Frank King, and considered this training \"more helpful than anything else becausethey're used all the time. In any kind of funk or jazz drumming, the rudiments are always there.\" Collins never learned to read or write musical notation anddevised his own system, which he regretted in later life. \"I've always felt that if I could hum it, I could play it. For me, that was good enough, but that attitude isbad.\"Collins attended Nelson Primary School until he was eleven. He was accepted into Chiswick County Grammar School, where he took to football and formedthe Real Thing, a school band that had Andrea Bertorelli, his future wife, and friend Lavinia Lang, as backup singers. Both women would have an impact onCollins' personal life in later years. Collins' next group was the Freehold, with whom he wrote his first song, \"Lying, Crying, Dying\", and played in a group namedthe Charge.Career1963–1970: Early acting roles and bandsCollins quit school at fourteen to become a full-time pupil at Barbara Speake. He had an uncreditedpart as an extra in the Beatles' film A Hard Day's Night (1964), where he is amongst the screaming teenagers during the television concert sequence. Later in1964, Collins was cast as the Artful Dodger in two West End runs of the musical Oliver! He was paid £15 a week, and called the role \"the best part for a kid in allLondon\". His days as the Dodger were numbered when his voice broke during a performance and had to speak his lines for the rest of the show. Collins starred inCalamity the Cow (1967), a film produced by the Children's Film Foundation. After a falling out with the director, Collins decided to quit acting to pursue music.He was to appear in Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968) as one of the children who storm the castle, but his scene was cut. Collins auditioned for the role of Romeo inRomeo and Juliet (1968), but the role went to Leonard Whiting. He also travelled the country teaching people the \"crunch\" dance made popular by a Smith'scrisps advertising campaign.Collins's enthusiasm towards music grew during his acting years. He frequented the Marquee Club on Wardour Street so often,eventually the managers asked him to set out the chairs, sweep the floors, and assist in the cloakroom. It was here where Collins saw The Action and newcomersYes perform, which greatly influenced him. When auditions for Vinegar Joe and Manfred Mann Chapter Three were unsuccessful, Collins secured a position in theCliff Charles Blues Band and toured the country. This was followed by a stint in The Gladiators, a backing band for a black vocal quartet, which also featuredCollins's schoolmate Ronnie Caryl on guitar. Around this time, Collins learned that Yes were looking for a new drummer and spoke to frontman Jon Anderson, whoinvited him to an audition the following week. Collins failed to turn up, and later wondered what his life would have been like had he gone ahead with it.In 1969,Collins and Caryl joined John Walker's backing band for a European tour, which also consisted of guitarist Gordon Smith and keyboardist Brian Chatton. The tourfinished, and the quartet formed a rock band, Hickory, which recorded one single (\"Green Light\"/\"The Key\").  Still in 1n 1969, they were later renamed FlamingYouth. They signed to Fontana Records and recorded Ark 2 (1969), a concept album written and produced by Ken Howard and Alan Blaikley that tells the story ofman's evacuation from a burning Earth and its voyage into space. Each member sings a lead vocal.In May 1970, after Flaming Youth split, Collins played congason George Harrison's song \"Art of Dying\", but his contribution was omitted. Years later, Collins asked Harrison about the omission. Harrison sent Collins arecording allegedly containing Collins's performance; Collins was embarrassed to hear that the performance was poor. When Collins apologised, Harrisonconfessed that the recording was a prank, which Collins accepted in good humour.1970–1978: Genesis, later role as lead singer, and Brand XIn July 1970, therock band Genesis had signed with Charisma Records and recorded their second album Trespass (1970), but suffered a setback following the departures ofdrummer John Mayhew and guitarist Anthony Phillips. They decided to continue, and placed an advert in the Melody Maker for a drummer \"sensitive to acousticmusic\" and a 12-string acoustic guitarist. Collins recognised Charisma owner Tony Stratton-Smith's name on it, and he and Caryl went for the auditions. Thegroup, who had been a full-time working band for less than a year, consisted of school friends from Charterhouse School, a private boarding school: singer PeterGabriel, keyboardist Tony Banks, and bassist/guitarist Mike Rutherford. Collins and Caryl arrived early, so Collins took a swim in the pool at Gabriel's parents'house and memorised the pieces the drummers before him were playing. He recalled: \"They put on 'Trespass', and my initial impression was of a very soft and"}
{"doc_id":"doc_15","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:George IV, Count of Erbach-FürstenauGeorge IV, Count of Erbach-Fürstenau (12 May 1646 – 20 June 1678), was a member of the German House ofErbach who held the fiefs of Fürstenau, Michelstadt, Reichenberg, Bad König and Breuberg.Born in Hanau, he was the eighth child and fifth (but third surviving)son of George Albert I, Count of Erbach-Schönberg and his third wife Elisabeth Dorothea, a daughter of George Frederick II, Count of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg inSchillingsfürst.LifeBecause he and his brothers were still minors at the time of their father's death in 1647, the guardianship and rule over the Erbach domainswere assigned to their eldest half-brother George Ernest, who ruled alone until his death in 1669, without issue. George IV and his surviving younger brothersGeorge Louis I and George Albert II jointly held the Erbach lands until 1672, when  formal division of their possessions was effected: George IV received thedistricts of Fürstenau, Michelstadt, Bad König and Breuberg.George IV pursued a military career, and eventually he was appointed major-general in theNetherlands. He died in the Waal river near Tiel, aged 32, at the end of the Franco-Dutch War, and was buried in Michelstadt.Marriage and issueIn Arolsen on 22August 1671 George IV married Louise Anna (18 April 1653 – 30 June 1714), heiress of Culemborg and daughter of Prince Georg Friedrich of Waldeck by his wifeElisabeth Charlotte of Nassau-Siegen. They had four children:Sophie Charlotte (23 September 1672 – April 1673)Amalie Mauritiana (1674 – 1675)WilliamFrederick (March 1676 – 18 August 1676)Charlotte Wilhelmine Albertine (posthumously; 18 September 1678 – 20 March 1683)Because he died without survivingmale issue, his domains reverted to his brothers, who divided them between themselves.== Notes ==Passage 2:George Albert II, Count ofErbach-FürstenauGeorge Albert II, Count of Erbach-Fürstenau (26 February 1648 – 23 March 1717), was a member of the German House of Erbach who held thefiefs of Fürstenau, Schönberg, Seeheim, Reichenberg and Breuberg.Born in Fürstenau, he was the ninth child and sixth (but fourth surviving) son of George AlbertI, Count of Erbach-Schönberg and his third wife Elisabeth Dorothea, a daughter of George Frederick II, Count of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg in Schillingsfürst. He wasborn three months after his father's death, on 25 November 1647.LifeHe pursued a military career and became an Oberstleutnant of the Imperial army.Followingthe division of the Erbach patrimony in 1672, George Albert II received the districts of Schönberg, Seeheim and 1/4 of Breuberg; in 1678, following the death ofhis brother George IV, he added to his domains the districts of Fürstenau and Reichenberg.George Albert II died in Fürstenau aged 69 and was buried inMichelstadt.== Notes ==Passage 3:George Albert I, Count of Erbach-SchönbergGeorge Albert I, Count of Erbach-Schönberg (16 December 1597 – 25 November1647), was a German prince member of the House of Erbach and ruler over Schönberg, Seeheim, Reichenberg, Fürstenau and since 1643 over all the Erbachfamily lands.Born in Erbach, he was the fourth child and second (but eldest surviving) son of George III, Count of Erbach-Breuberg and his fourth wife Maria, adaughter of Count Albert X of Barby-Mühlingen.LifeAfter the death of their father, George Albert I and his surviving elder half-brothers divided the Erbachdomains in 1606: he received the districts of Schönberg and Seeheim.In 1617 he was captured by pirates and taken to Tunis, but shortly after he wasransomed.In 1623, after the death of his eldest half-brother Frederick Magnus without surviving issue, the remaining brothers divided his domains: George AlbertI received the district of Reichenberg.In 1627, with the death of another half-brother, John Casimir, unmarried and without issue, was made another landdivision; this time George Albert I received Fürstenau. Finally, the death of his last surviving half-brother Louis I in 1643 without living sons, allowed GeorgeAlbert I to reunite all the Erbach family possessions.George Albert I died in Erbach aged 49 and was buried in Michelstadt.Marriages and IssueIn Erbach on 29May 1624 George Albert I married firstly with Magdalena (13 November 1595 – 31 July 1633), a daughter of Johann VI, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg and his thirdwife Johannetta of Sayn-Wittgenstein. They had six children:Ernest Louis Albert (6 October 1626 – 10 May 1627).Louise Albertine (5 October 1628 – 20 October1645).George Ernest, Count of Erbach-Wildenstein (7 October 1629 – 25 August 1669).Maria Charlotte (24 March 1631 – 8 June 1693), married on 15 June 1650to Count Johann Ernest of Isenburg-Büdingen in Wächtersbach.Anna Philippina (15 July 1632 – 16 March 1633).Stillborn son (31 July 1633).On 23 February 1634George Albert I married secondly with Anna Dorothea (1612 – 23 June 1634), a daughter of Albert, Schenk of Limpurg-Gaildorf and his wife Emilie of Rogendorf.They had no children.In Frankfurt am Main on 26 July 1635 George Albert I married thirdly with Elisabeth Dorothea (27 August 1617 – 12 November 1655), adaughter of George Frederick II, Count of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg in Schillingsfürst and his wife Dorothea Sophie of Solms-Hohensolms. They had ninechildren:George Frederick, Count of Erbach-Breuberg (6 October 1636 – 23 April 1653).William Louis (born and died 7 December 1637).Sophie Elisabeth (13 May1640 – 18 June 1641).Juliana Christina Elisabeth (10 September 1641 – 26 November 1692), married on 12 December 1660 to Count Salentin Ernest ofManderscheid in Blankenheim.George Louis I, Count of Erbach-Erbach (8 May 1643 – 30 April 1693).George Albert (14 May 1644 – 27 March 1645).MauritiaSusanna (30 March 1645 – 17 November 1645).George IV, Count of Erbach-Fürstenau (12 May 1646 – 20 June 1678).George Albert II, Count ofErbach-Fürstenau (posthumously 26 February 1648 – 23 March 1717).== Notes ==Passage 4:George Louis I, Count of Erbach-ErbachGeorge Louis I, Count ofErbach-Erbach (8 May 1643 – 30 April 1693), was a German prince member of the House of Erbach and ruler over Erbach, Freienstein, Wildenstein, Michelstadtand Breuberg.Born in Fürstenau, he was the fifth child and third (but second surviving) son of George Albert I, Count of Erbach-Schönberg and his third wifeElisabeth Dorothea, a daughter of George Frederick II, Count of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg in Schillingsfürst.LifeBecause he and his brothers were still minors at thetime of their father's death in 1647, the guardianship and rule over the Erbach domains were assigned to their eldest half-brother George Ernest, who ruled aloneuntil his death in 1669, without issue. George Louis I and his surviving younger brothers George IV and George Albert II ruled jointly the Erbach lands until 1672,when was made the formal division of their possessions: George Louis I received the districts of Erbach, Freienstein and Wildenstein.The death of George IV in1678 without surviving issue forced another division in the Erbach patrimony; this time George Louis received the districts of Michelstadt and Breuberg.GeorgeLouis I died in Arolsen aged 49 and was buried in Michelstadt.Marriage and issueIn Culemborg on 26 December 1664 George Louis I married with CountessAmalia Katharina of Waldeck-Eisenberg (13 August 1640 – 4 January 1697), a daughter of Philipp Dietrich, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg and his wife MariaMagdalena von Nassau-Siegen. They had sixteen children:Henriette (27 September 1665 – 28 September 1665).Henriette Juliane (15 October 1666 – 27February 1684).Philipp Louis, Count of Erbach-Erbach (10 June 1669 – 17 June 1720).Charles Albert Louis (16 June 1670 – k.a. Dapfing a.d.Donau, 18 August1704).George Albert (born and died 1 July 1671).Amalie Katharina (13 May 1672 – 18 June 1676).Frederick Charles (19 April 1673 – 20 April 1673).A son (bornand died 16 September 1674).Wilhelmine Sophie (16 February 1675 – 20 August 1675).Magdalena Charlotte (6 February 1676 – 3 December 1676).WilhelmLouis (21 March 1677 – 19 February 1678).Amalie Katharina (born and died 18 February 1678).Fredericka Charlotte (19 April 1679 – 21 April 1679).FrederickCharles, Count of Erbach-Limpurg (21 May 1680 – 20 February 1731).Ernest (23 September 1681 – 2 March 1684).Sophia Albertine (30 July 1683 – 4 September1742), married on 4 February 1704 to Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen.== Notes ==Passage 5:George Frederick, Count ofErbach-BreubergGeorge Frederick, Count of Erbach-Breuberg (6 October 1636 – 23 April 1653), was a German prince member of the House of Erbach and rulerover Breuberg.He was the eldest child of George Albert I, Count of Erbach-Schönberg and his third wife Elisabeth Dorothea, a daughter of George Frederick II,Count of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg in Schillingsfürst.LifeBecause he and his brothers were still minors at the time of their father's death in 1647, the guardianshipand rule over the Erbach domains were assigned to their eldest half-brother George Ernest, who in 1653 gave George Frederick the district of Breuberg when heattained his majority; however, he died shortly after, unmarried and childless, and Breuberg merged back to the rule of George Ernest.== Notes ==Passage6:John Casimir, Count of Erbach-BreubergJohn Casimir, Count of Erbach-Breuberg (10 August 1584 – 14 January 1627), was a German prince member of theHouse of Erbach and ruler over Breuberg, Wildenstein and Fürstenau.Born in Erbach, he was the eleventh child and fourth (but third surviving) son of George III,Count of Erbach-Breuberg and his second wife Anna, a daughter of Frederick Magnus, Count of Solms-Laubach-Sonnenwalde.LifeAfter the death of their father,John Casimir and his surviving brothers divided the Erbach domains in 1606: he received the districts of Breuberg and Wildenstein. In 1623, after the death of hiseldest brother Frederick Magnus without surviving issue, the remaining brothers divided his domains: John Casimir received the district of Fürstenau.John Casimirdied in Schweidnitz aged 41 and was buried in Michelstadt. Because he never married or had children, his brothers divided his land after his death.== Notes==Passage 7:George August, Count of Erbach-SchönbergGeorge August was the Count of Erbach-Schönberg and an Imperial counselor.BiographyHe was theyoungest son of George Albert II, Count of Erbach-Fürstenau and Countess Anna Dorothea of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg. He was born on Sunday 17 June 1691 inWaldenburg. Georg died on Wednesday 29 March 1758 in Konig, aged 66.FamilyAt the age of 28, Georg married Ferdinande Henriette, Countess ofStolberg-Gedern, aged 20, on Friday 15 December 1719 in Gedern. She was born on Friday 2 October 1699 in Gedern, daughter of Ludwig Christian ofStolberg-Wernigerode and Duchess Christine of Mecklenburg-Güstrow. Ferdinande died on Saturday 31 January 1750 in Erbach, aged 50.IssueCountess Christineof Erbach-Schonberg (b. Schönberg, Starkenburg, Hesse-Darmstadt, 5 May 1721 – d. Eschleiz, Reuss-Juengere-Linie, Thuringia, 26 November 1769), married inSchönberg on 2 October 1742 to Heinrich XII, Count of Reuss-Schleiz (Schleiz 15 May 1716-Kirschkau 25 June 1784).Georg Ludwig II, Count of"}
{"doc_id":"doc_16","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Agatha (wife of Samuel of Bulgaria)Agatha (Bulgarian: Агата, Greek: Άγάθη; fl. late 10th century) was the wife of Emperor Samuel of Bulgaria.BiographyAccording to a later addition to the history of the late-11th-century Byzantine historian John Skylitzes, Agatha was a captive from Larissa, and the daughter of the magnate of Dyrrhachium, John Chryselios. Skylitzes explicitly refers to her as the mother of Samuel's heir Gavril Radomir, which means that she was probably Samuel's wife. On the other hand, Skylitzes later mentions that Gavril Radomir himself also took a beautiful captive, named Irene, from Larissa as his wife. According to the editors of the Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit, this may have been a source of confusion for a later copyist, and Agatha's real origin was not Larissa, but Dyrrhachium. According to the same work, it is likely that she had died by ca. 998, when her father surrendered Dyrrhachium to the Byzantine emperor Basil II.Only two of Samuel's and Agatha's children are definitely known by name: Gavril Radomir and Miroslava. Two further, unnamed, daughters are mentioned in 1018, while Samuel is also recorded as having had a bastard son.Agatha is one of the central characters in Dimitar Talev's novel Samuil.Passage 2:Nína TryggvadóttirNína Tryggvadóttir (March 16, 1913 – June 18, 1968) was born Jónína Tryggvadóttir in Seyðisfjörður, Iceland. She was one of Iceland's most important abstract expressionist artists and one of very few Icelandic female artists of her generation.Early lifeNína Tryggvadóttir was born on March 16, 1913, in Seyðisfjörður. In 1920 the family moved to Reykjavik. She studied art from Ásgrímur Jónsson, a close relative on her father’s side. From 1933 to 1935 she also attended classes of Finnur Jonsson and Johann Briem. She moved to Copenhagen in 1935 where she studied art at the Royal Academy of Art. After graduating from the Academy in 1939 she spent time studying in Paris and was quite taken by the city.CareerIn 1942 she and her fellow artist Louisa Matthíasdóttir moved to New York City to study at the Art Students League of New York and develop her art further. There she took an active part in the city’s art scene.In 1949 she married Alfred L. Copley (alter ego: L. Alcopley). Later that year she went to Iceland for a short visit. There she was informed that she was not able to return to the United States because she was suspected of being a Communist sympathizer.During her exile from the United States she lived in various places in Europe, Iceland being one of them. Copley joined her in Paris where they lived for a few years together with their daughter Una Dóra Copley, born 1951. During those years Nina kept making and practicing her art, exhibiting in many places and traveling through Europe. They returned to New York City in 1959 where Nína continued to work on her art and exhibiting mostly in Europe. During all her years abroad Nína kept exhibiting in Iceland and was her input very valuable to the art society in Iceland.Mainly working in painting she also did paper collage, stained glass work, mosaic and more. She frequently based her compositions on nature where Icelandic landscape and the Nordic light played an important role.DeathShe died on June 18, 1968, in New York.Legacy and recognitionIn 2012, a crater on Mercury was named after Tryggvadóttir.In May 2018, the Reykjavík City Council signed a declaration of intent between the city and couple Una Dóra Copley and Scott Jeffries to set up an art museum dedicated to Nína Tryggvadóttir. The couple donated their art collection to the city.In 2023 her work was included in the exhibition Action, Gesture, Paint: Women Artists and Global Abstraction 1940-1970 at the Whitechapel Gallery in London.See alsoList of Icelandic women artistsPassage 3:Alfred L. CopleyAlfred Lewin Copley (1910–1992) was a German-American medical scientist and an artist at the New York School in the 1950s. As an artist he worked under the name L. Alcopley. He is best known as an artist for his abstract expressionist paintings, and as a scientist for his work in the field of hemorheology. He was married to the Icelandic artist Nína Tryggvadóttir.Work as a medical scientistAs a scientist, Copley studied the rheology of blood. In 1948 he introduced the word biorheology to describe rheology in biological systems.In 1952 he introduced the word hemorheology, to describe the study of the way blood and blood vessels function as part of the living organism.In 1966 he established the International Society of Hemorheology, which changed its name and scope in 1969 to the International Society of Biorheology (ISB).  In 1972 the ISB awarded him its Poiseuille gold medal.Work as an artistIn 1949 he was one of twenty artists who founded the Eighth Street Club. The group also included Franz Kline, Willem de Kooning and Alcopley's close friend, the composer Edgard Varèse.He participated in the Ninth Street Show in 1951 and had a solo exhibition at the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam in 1962. His work is held in the collection of the National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo.See alsoBiorheology, the study of flow properties(rheology) of biological fluids.Hemorheology, the study of flow properties of blood and its elements .Passage 4:James Copley (bobsleigh)James Copley (born October 18, 1951) is an American bobsledder. He competed in the four man event at the 1972 Winter Olympics.Passage 5:Pheonix CopleyPheonix Copley (born January 18, 1992) is an American professional ice hockey goaltender for the  Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League (NHL).Playing careerUSHL and CollegeUndrafted, Copley played in the United States Hockey League (USHL) with the Tri-City Storm and Des Moines Buccaneers before committing to play collegiate hockey with Michigan Tech of the Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA). At the conclusion of his sophomore season, Copley opted to turn professional in agreeing to a two-year entry-level contract with the Washington Capitals on March 20, 2014.St. Louis Blues and Washington CapitalsCopley was assigned to AHL affiliate, the Hershey Bears, to begin his first full professional season in 2014–15. In sharing the crease, he impressed with the Bears, earning 17 wins in 26 games. In the off-season, Copley was included in a trade, which also included Troy Brouwer and a third-round pick in 2016, to the St. Louis Blues in exchange for T. J. Oshie on July 2, 2015.In the 2015–16 season, Copley made his NHL debut with the Blues in relief in a defeat to the Nashville Predators on February 27, 2016.During the 2016–17 season, on January 20, 2017, Copley was recalled from the Chicago Wolves of the AHL by the Blues. He made the first start of his NHL career on January 21 against the Winnipeg Jets, where the Blues lost 5–3. After he was returned to the Wolves, on February 27, 2017, Copley was traded back to the Capitals in a deadline trade along with Kevin Shattenkirk in exchange for Zach Sanford, Brad Malone, a 2017 first-round pick, and a conditional second-round pick in 2019. Copley was called up to the NHL during the Capitals' 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs run and although he did not play during the playoffs, he stayed with the team as they won the 2018 Stanley Cup.Copley made the Capitals opening-night roster to begin the 2018–19 season. He recorded his first NHL win in a 4–3 shootout win over the Calgary Flames on October 27, 2018. He spent the 2019–20 and 2020–21 seasons with the Hershey Bears, where he earned the Harry \"Hap\" Holmes Memorial Award with Zachary Fucale for the 2020–21 season's best save percentage.Los Angeles KingsAs a free agent following the 2021–22 season, Copley signed a one-year, $850,000 contract with the Los Angeles Kings on July 13, 2022. After Kings goaltenders Cal Petersen and Jonathan Quick struggled at the start of the 2022–23 season, the Kings called up Copley from the AHL in December 2022. Copley would quickly established himself as the team's starting goaltender, becoming just the fifth goaltender in franchise history to win seven games in a row.Personal lifeCopley was born on January 18, 1992, in North Pole, Alaska, to parents Peter Copley and Mary Sanford. His older brother Navarone also plays ice hockey. At a young age, his family moved to Ohio so his father could pursue an advanced degree. Eventually, his parents divorced and Mary, Navarone and Pheonix moved back to Alaska. In honor of his birthplace, Copley has candy canes on his goaltender mask.Career statisticsPassage 6:Paul CopleyPaul Mackriell Copley (born 25 November 1944) is an English actor and voiceover artist. From 2011 to 2015 he appeared as Mr. Mason, father of William Mason, in 16 episodes of Downton Abbey, and from 2020 to 2021, he appeared in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street as Arthur Medwin.Early lifeCopley was born in Denby Dale, West Riding of Yorkshire, and grew up beside a dairy farm there. His father, Harold, was involved with local amateur dramatic productions, as were the rest of his family. He went to Penistone Grammar School, then to the Northern Counties College of Education in Newcastle upon Tyne, where he received an Associate of the Drama Board (ADB) in Drama. He taught English and Drama in Walthamstow, before he joined the Leeds Playhouse Theatre-in-education Company in 1971.CareerCopley was the male lead character in the four-part BBC series Days of Hope in 1975, which depicted events between the First World War and the General Strike from a family involved in socialist politics.In 1976, Copley won the Laurence Olivier Award for Actor of the Year in a New Play for his role in John Wilson's For King and Country.After appearing as Private Wicks in the film A Bridge Too Far (1977), he played a small but noticeable role in Zulu Dawn (1979) as Cpl Storey in the British Army. He appeared in the then controversial ATV drama Death of a Princess (1980), playing a British witness to the killing of an Arabian princess and her lover. He has played Matthews in Hornblower, Ian in Roughnecks and Jerry in This Life and Peter Quinlan in The Lakes. In the critically acclaimed Queer as Folk he played Nathan Maloney's father. He was in Big Finish's July 2002 Doctor Who story Spare Parts and appeared in Shameless as a water sports enthusiast. In 1980 he appeared in the highly successful comedy drama series Minder playing George Palmer in episode The Old School Tie. He narrates the Channel 4 programme How Clean Is Your House?. He featured in the ITV children's hit show Best Friends in 2005–2006, playing the grandfather.He is a regular actor in Radio 4 drama, usually in gritty or romantic plays or series about hard-working folk set in the north of England, often repeated on BBC Radio 4 Extra. Whenever a genial Yorkshire accent has been cast in the BBC radio drama department, he has often been summoned. Copley played the long-suffering teacher Geoff Long in Radio 4's long running King Street Junior. Covering ten series and some seventy-six episodes, this ran on BBC Radio 4 from 1985 to 1998. He also narrated the Yorkshire Television nine-part serial adaptation of The Pilgrim's Progress (1985) entitled Dangerous Journey.On 13 February 2006, Copley appeared as an angry hostage-taker in an episode of the crime drama Life on Mars. Copley appeared in the TV Soap Coronation Street on 8 August 2007, portraying a character called Ivor Priestley, and in the TV adaptation of The Worst Witch by Jill Murphy, as wizard and "}
{"doc_id":"doc_17","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Abe MeyerAbe Meyer (1901–1969) was an American composer of film scores.Selected filmographyPainted Faces (1929)Honeymoon Lane (1931)UnholyLove (1932)A Strange Adventure (1932)Take the Stand (1934)Legong (1935)The Unwelcome Stranger (1935)Suicide Squad (1935)The Mine with the Iron Door(1936)The Devil on Horseback (1936)Song of the Trail (1936)County Fair (1937)The 13th Man (1937)Raw Timber (1937)Roaring Timber (1937)The LawCommands (1937)The Painted Trail (1938)My Old Kentucky Home (1938)The Secret of Treasure Island (1938)Saleslady (1938)Numbered Woman  (1938)TheMarines Are Here (1938)Fisherman's Wharf (1939)Undercover Agent (1939)Passage 2:Tarcisio FuscoTarcisio Fusco was an Italian composer of film scores. Hewas the brother of the composer Giovanni Fusco and the uncle of operatic soprano Cecilia Fusco.Selected filmographyBoccaccio (1940)Free Escape(1951)Abracadabra (1952)The Eternal Chain (1952)Beauties in Capri (1952)Milanese in Naples (1954)Conspiracy of the Borgias (1959)Passage 3:ThomasMorseThomas Morse (born June 30, 1968) is a composer of film and concert music.Life and composing careerHe began his musical career while in high school,writing his first orchestral work. After receiving a bachelor's degree in composition from the University of North Texas, Morse began a composition master'sdegree at USC in Los Angeles, changing over to the film scoring program in the second year.In the years that followed, Morse composed orchestral scores formore than a dozen feature films including The Big Brass Ring, based on an Orson Welles script, with William Hurt & Miranda Richardson who received a GoldenGlobe nomination for her performance; The Sisters (Maria Bello & Elizabeth Banks); and The Apostate (with Dennis Hopper), as well as the noted orchestral scorefor Jerry Bruckheimer's CBS series The Amazing Race.Working parallel in the field of popular music, he created string arrangements on songs for numerous artistsincluding a posthumous Michael Hutchence release entitled Possibilities.In 2013 he signed a worldwide publishing agreement with Music Sales Group in New York,parent company of G. Schirmer.Notable music for film and televisionNotable music for film and television:2014 Come Back to Me2005 The Sisters2001-2005 TheAmazing Race (69 Episodes)2001 Lying in Wait2000 The Apostate1999 The Big Brass RingOpera2017 Frau SchindlerOther works2013 Code Novus(album)Passage 4:Yandé Codou, la griotte de SenghorYandé Codou, la griotte de Senghor is a 2008 Belgian-Senegalese documentary film written and directed byAngèle Diabang Brener and starring Yandé Codou Sène — two years prior to her death. The documentary is a portrayal of the life and work of Yandé Codou Sène,official griot to President Léopold Sédar Senghor, and one of the most influential Senegalese and Senegambian artists for decades despite not recording her firstalbum until the age of sixty-five. The music is provided by Yandé Codou Sène, Wasis Diop and Youssou N'Dour.SynopsisThe griotte Yandé Codou Sène, who isnow around 80 years old, is one of the last representatives of the Serer polyphonic poetry. This documentary, shot over four years, is an intimate portrait of thediva that traveled through the history of Senegal by the side of one of the country's legendary figures, poet President, Léopold Sédar Senghor. A sweet and bitterstory about greatness, glory and the passage of time.AwardsFestival de Cine de Dakar 2008: Audience Award for Best Documentary (6 December 2008)Passage5:André SenghorAndré Koupouleni Senghor (born 28 January 1986), is a Senegalese footballer who played as a striker. He is currently playing for Chinese SuperLeague team Cangzhou Mighty Lions.Club careerSenghor was loaned to Raja Casablanca, where he scored two goals in his first league match, against CODMMeknès, the second was one of the best of season.Senghor also played an important role in Al-Karamah's run in the AFC Champions League 2007, while he waswith the club on loan during 2007.International careerOn 28 March 2009, he made his debut for the Senegal national football team against Oman.CareerstatisticsAs of 3 January 2023.NotesPassage 6:Bert GrundBert Grund (1920–1992) was a German composer of film scores.Selected filmographyCrown Jewels(1950)Immortal Light (1951)I Can't Marry Them All (1952)We're Dancing on the Rainbow (1952)My Wife Is Being Stupid (1952)Knall and Fall as Detectives(1952)The Bachelor Trap (1953)The Bird Seller (1953)The Immortal Vagabond (1953)The Sun of St. Moritz (1954)The Witch (1954)The Major and the Bulls(1955)Operation Sleeping Bag (1955)Love's Carnival (1955)The Marriage of Doctor Danwitz (1956)Between Time and Eternity (1956)That Won't Keep a SailorDown (1958)Arena of Fear (1959)The Thousand Eyes of Dr. Mabuse (1960)The Count of Luxemburg (1972)Mathias Sandorf (1979, TV series)Die Wächter (1986,TV miniseries)Carmen on Ice (1990)Passage 7:Henri VerdunHenri Verdun (1895–1977) was a French composer of film scores.Selected filmographyNapoléon(1927)The Sweetness of Loving (1930)The Levy Department Stores (1932)The Lacquered Box (1932)The Weaker Sex (1933)The Flame (1936)Girls of Paris(1936)The Assault (1936)Les Disparus de Saint-Agil (1938)The Woman Thief (1938)Ernest the Rebel (1938)Rail Pirates (1938)The Fatted Calf (1939)CampThirteen (1940)The Man Without a Name (1943)The Bellman (1945)My First Love (1945)The Murderer is Not Guilty (1946)Distress (1946)The Fugitive (1947)TheIronmaster (1948)The Tragic Dolmen (1948)The Ladies in the Green Hats (1949)La Fugue de Monsieur Perle (1952)The Lovers of Midnight (1953)The Big Flag(1954)Blood to the Head (1956)Passage 8:Walter UlfigWalter Ulfig was a German composer of film scores.Selected filmographyDas Meer (1927)Venus im Frack(1927)Svengali (1927)Bigamie (1927)Homesick (1927)The Awakening of Woman (1927)The Famous Woman (1927)Alpine Tragedy (1927)The Strange Case ofCaptain Ramper (1927)Assassination (1927)Queen Louise (1927)Homesick (1927)Das Schicksal einer Nacht (1927)The Hunt for the Bride (1927)The Orlov(1927)Serenissimus and the Last Virgin (1928)Mariett Dances Today (1928))The Woman from Till 12 (1928)The Beloved of His Highness (1928)The SchorrsiegelAffair (1928)It Attracted Three Fellows (1928)Miss Chauffeur (1928)The King of Carnival (1928)The Weekend Bride (1928)Honeymoon (1928)Spring Awakening(1929)The Right of the Unborn (1929)The Heath Is Green (1932)Höllentempo (1933)The Two Seals (1934)Pappi (1934)Mädchenräuber (1936)BibliographyJung,Uli & Schatzberg, Walter. Beyond Caligari: The Films of Robert Wiene. Berghahn Books, 1999.External linksWalter Ulfig at IMDbPassage 9:Alonso MudarraAlonsoMudarra (c. 1510 – April 1, 1580) was a Spanish composer of the Renaissance, and also played the vihuela, a guitar-shaped string instrument.  He was aninnovative composer of instrumental music as well as songs, and was the composer of the earliest surviving music for the guitar.BiographyThe place of his birth isnot recorded, but he grew up in Guadalajara, and probably received his musical training there.  He most likely went to Italy in 1529 with Charles V, in thecompany of the fourth Duke of the Infantado, Íñigo López de Mendoza, marqués de Santillana.  When he returned to Spain he became a priest, receiving the postof canon at the cathedral in Seville in 1546, where he remained for the rest of his life.  While at the cathedral, he directed all of the musical activities; manyrecords remain of his musical activities there, which included hiring instrumentalists, buying and assembling a new organ, and working closely with composerFrancisco Guerrero for various festivities.  Mudarra died in Seville, and his sizable fortune was distributed to the poor of the city according to his will.Mudarrawrote numerous pieces for the vihuela and the four-course guitar, all contained in the collection Tres libros de musica en cifras para vihuela (\"Three books ofmusic in numbers for vihuela\"), which he published on December 7, 1546 in Seville.  These three books contain the first music ever published for the four-courseguitar, which was then a relatively new instrument. The second book is noteworthy in that it contains eight multi-movement works, all arranged by \"tono\", ormode.Compositions represented in this publication include fantasias, variations (including a set on La Folia), tientos, pavanes and galliards, and songs. Modernlisteners are probably most familiar with his Fantasia X, which has been a concert and recording mainstay for many years.   The songs are in Latin, Spanish andItalian, and include romances, canciones (songs), villancicos, (popular songs) and sonetos (sonnets).  Another innovation was the use of different signs fordifferent tempos:  slow, medium, and fast.References and further readingJohn Griffiths: \"Alonso Mudarra\", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed March 24,2005), (subscription access)Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.  ISBN 0-393-09530-4Guitar Music of the SixteenthCentury, Mel Bay Publications (transcribed by Keith Calmes)The Eight Masterpieces of Alonso Mudarra, Mel Bay Publications (transcribed by Keith Calmes)FantasiaVI in hypermedia (Shockwave Player required) at the BinAural Collaborative HypertextJacob Heringman and Catherine King: \"Alonso Mudarra songs and solos\".Magnatune.com (http://www.magnatune.com/artists/albums/heringman-mudarra/hifi_play)External linksFree scores by Alonso Mudarra in the Choral PublicDomain Library (ChoralWiki)Free scores by Alonso Mudarra at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)Passage 10:Yandé Codou SèneYandé CodouSène (also Yande Codou Sene) was a Senegalese singer from the Serer ethnic group. She was born in 1932 at Somb in the Sine-Saloum delta and died on July15, 2010 at Gandiaye in Sénégal. She was the official griot of president Léopold Sédar Senghor. Most of her music is in the Serer language.CareerYandé Codousings in the old Serer tradition and have had a significant impact on Senegambian music as well as artists including Youssou N'Dour whom she has inspiredimmensely. Although she has been singing since she was a child and have had a profound effect on Senegambia's music scene, she did not record her first album(Night Sky in Sine Saloum) until she was aged 65. Her first recording debut on an album \"Gainde\" was in 1995 that she shared with Youssou N'Dour in which shereceived rave reviews. In that same year, her vocals were showcased on the full-length album Youssou N'Dour Presents Yandé Codou Sène. RootsWorld describedher as someone who:\"can move mountains with her positively poetic voice.\"In Safi Faye's Mossane (a 1996 film), Yandé's powerful vocals received rave reviewswhose song in the film is associated with the evocation of the Serer Pangool (ancestral spirits and Serer Saints in the Serer religion).President Senghor who isfamous for adopting the African griot technique of \"naming\" in his poems is adopted from the Serer tradition as in his poem \"Aux tirailleurs Sénégalais morts pourla France.\"  Yandé Codou who is proficient in this technique used a similar technique in the funeral of President Senghor.AlbumsGainde, Yandé Codou Sène and"}
{"doc_id":"doc_18","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Secrets of a Door-to-Door SalesmanSecrets of a Door-to-Door Salesman is a 1973 sex comedy film directed by Wolf Rilla. Also known as NaughtyWives.PlotThe film is about a young man who gets a job as a vacuum salesman and finds that he has to fight off advances from female customers.CastBrendanPrice – David ClydeSue Longhurst – PennyFelicity Devonshire – SusanneVictoria Burgoyne – Sally CockburnGraham Stark - Charlie VincentChic Murray –PolicemanBernard Spear - Jake TripperJean Harrington – MartinaSteve Patterson – Anthony ClydeJacqueline Logan – Mrs. DonovanElizabeth Romilly – NancyJanServais – JaneJacqueline Afrique – RachelJohnny Briggs - LomanKaren Boyes – GirlfriendDavid Rayner – Bruce, the art directorRon Alexander – Ron, theassistantNoelle Finch – Edith Simons, the reporterPassage 2:Bill Porter (salesman)William Douglas Porter (September 9, 1932 – December 3, 2013) was anAmerican salesman, who worked for Watkins Incorporated based out of Winona, Minnesota. Born with cerebral palsy, Porter's background and work was broughtto the public's attention in 1995 when an Oregon-based newspaper published a series of feature stories about him.LifePorter was born in San Francisco,California, and at a young age moved to Portland, Oregon along with his mother. He was unable to gain employment due to his cerebral palsy, but refused to goon disability. Porter eventually convinced Watkins Incorporated to give him a door-to-door salesman job, selling its products on a seven-mile route in the Portlandarea. He eventually became Watkins' top seller, and worked for the company for over forty years.In 1995, the newspaper The Oregonian ran a feature storyabout Porter. The story of his optimistic determination made him the subject of media attention across the United States. He was featured in Reader's Digest andon ABC's 20/20. The 20/20 broadcast received over 2000 phone calls and letters, which was the most ever for a 20/20 story. Porter was the subject of a 2002made-for-TV movie on TNT called Door to Door, featuring William H. Macy, Kyra Sedgwick and Helen Mirren. In 2009 the Japanese TBS network aired a TV movieloosely based on Bill Porter, also called Door to Door. It starred Ninomiya Kazunari and Rosa Kato as fictional versions of Porter and Brady. Porter died of aninfection in Gresham, Oregon, on December 3, 2013, at the age of 81.Passage 3:The Fuller Brush ManThe Fuller Brush Man is a 1948 American comedy filmstarring Red Skelton as a door-to-door salesman for the Fuller Brush Company who becomes a murder suspect.PlotSuccess doesn't exactly stare the unfortunatestreet cleaner Red Jones (Red Skelton) in the eye, and when he decides to propose to his sweetheart Ann Elliot (Janet Blair), who is a secretary at the FullerBrush company, she demands that he makes something more of himself before she can accept the offer. She suggests he should follow the example of asalesman and friend of hers, Keenan Wallick (Don McGuire), who works at her company. Red gets a chance to prove himself worthy sooner than he had expectedwhen he is fired from his job as a cleaner by his boss, Gordon Trist (Nicholas Joy), because he accidentally sets a trash can on fire in the line of duty, andsmashes Trist's car window. Ann gives him a chance to show his skills as a door-to-door salesman for the Fuller Brush company, and he is teamed up with herfriend Keenan. Both Ann and Red are unaware that Keenan himself has a romantic interest in Ann, and wants to get Red out of the way as soon as possible, so hecan pursue Ann without competition. Keenan assigns Red a list of the hardest homes, and Red fails tremendously with his task of selling to an almost impossiblepotential customer. He has a comical run-in with a troublesome small boy, and a beautiful model at another home tries to seduce him.Seeing how unsuccessfulRed's sales attempts are, Keenan comes up with the idea of a bet – the winner gets to pursue Ann without interference of the other man – which he suggests toRed. The bet is that Red won't be able to sell a single brush to the households on their run. Red takes the bet, and the next household on their run is the mansionof his old boss Gordon Trist. After Red tries to hide from Gordon and the groundskeeper, Gordon recognizes Red and sends him packing, but his wife comes afterRed and buys ten brushes from him.Red returns to Anna and Keenan in high spirits, until he realizes he forgot to collect the payment money from Mrs. Trist.When Red comes back to the Trist home, he overhears a conversation between his former boss, Keenan, Gregory Cruckston (Donald Curtis) and a few otherpersons, as they discuss their involvement in a racketeering operation. Red is caught eavesdropping and knocked unconscious after he is brought into the house.When he comes back to life, Gordon has been murdered in the dark, and everyone present in the house is arrested by police lieutenant Quint (Arthur Space), allsuspected of murder.Red is released since there is no evidence pointing to him being the killer, and when he comes home he discovers Mrs. Trist (Hillary Brooke)waiting for him with the money. Soon after, Sara arrives at his home, and shortly after that Freddie Trist (Ross Ford), Gordon's son, with two armed gangsters.The gangsters hold everyone hostage as they search in vain for the murder weapon that killed Gordon. Ann and Red conclude that the weapon must have been aFuller brush, molded into a knife-looking object. Cruckston stops them from telling policeman Quint about the weapon, and it turns out Cruckston, who isGordon's partner in crime, is the murderer. Ann and Red escape from him and his gangsters. Cruckston is arrested and Red is the hero of the day, winning Ann'sheart in the process.CastRed Skelton as Red JonesJanet Blair as Ann ElliottDon McGuire as Keenan WallickHillary Brooke as Mildred TristAdele Jergens as MissSharmleyRoss Ford as Freddie TristTrudy Marshall as Sara FranzenNicholas Joy as Commissioner Gordon TristDonald Curtis as Gregory CruckstonArthur Space asLieutenant QuintProductionThe project had been in development for four years. Producer Simon got permission from the Fuller Brush company and wrote thestory with Skelton in mind but was unable to secure studio interest until the success of Miracle on 34th Street (1947) showed the benefits of commercial tie-insfor feature films. He set the project up at Columbia conditional upon MGM agreeing to loan him out.Producer Edward Small was owed a favour by MGM as heagreed not to make a film called D'Artagnan to clash with their production of The Three Musketeers (1948). Small and Simon then purchased a story in theSaturday Evening Post by Roy Huggins.Fuller Brush gave their final approval provided it was clear in the final movie that the character Skelton played was anindependent dealer and not an employee of the Fuller Brush company.See alsoThe Fuller Brush GirlPassage 4:Wolf RillaWolf Peter Rilla (16 March 1920 – 19October 2005) was a film director and writer of German background, although he worked mainly in the United Kingdom.Rilla is known for directing Village of theDamned (1960). He wrote many books for students, such as The Writer and the Screen: On Writing for Film and Television and The A to Z of Movie Making.Earlylife and careerRilla was born in Berlin, where his father Walter Rilla was an actor and producer. In common with many others in entertainment and the arts,Walter recognised the dangers when Hitler came to power, and the family moved to London in 1934 when Wolf was 14. He completed his schooling at theenlightened co-educational Frensham Heights School, Surrey, and went on to St Catharine's College, Cambridge. In 1942, he joined the BBC External Service'sGerman section, beginning as a script editor, but transferred to television in the late 1940s.Film and television careerRilla left the BBC staff in 1952 to pursue acareer making films, but continued to take on television productions as a freelance. For television, he directed episodes of series such as The Adventures of Aggie,a sitcom, and The Adventures of the Scarlet Pimpernel (both 1956), both produced for ITV, but also aimed at the American market. Later, he wrote episodes ofthe Paul Temple television series.Meanwhile, in the cinema he worked for Group 3, a production company set up by the National Film Finance Corporation withMichael Balcon, John Baxter and John Grierson in charge. The intention was to give young talent a chance to make modestly budgeted films (those costing lessthan £50,000), but the arrangement only survived until 1956. By 1960, Rilla was working regularly for MGM-British Studios.His best remembered film, Village ofthe Damned (1960), dates from his period with the American studio's British subsidiary. Derived from John Wyndham's sci-fi novel The Midwich Cuckoos. As wellas directing the film, Rilla collaborated with producer Ronald Kinnoch (using the pseudonym George Barclay) and Stirling Silliphant on the adaptation. GeorgeSanders co-starred with Barbara Shelley. In his other film for MGM-British, Rilla directed his father, along with George Sanders and Richard Johnson, in Cairo(1963), a remake of John Huston's The Asphalt Jungle, with Tutankhamun's jewels in a Cairo museum now the target of the robbers.His novels included GreekChorus, The Dispensable Man, The Chinese Consortium and one simply entitled Movie.Rilla also wrote an episode of Doomwatch entitled The Devil'sDemolition  however the series was cancelled before it was produced.Personal lifeRilla married the actress and director Valerie Hanson after they appearedtogether in a BBC television production of The Portugal Lady; the couple had a daughter, Madeleine, in 1955. In 1967, he married Shirley Graham-Ellis, a publicistfor tea suppliers Jacksons of Piccadilly and London Films. Rilla and Graham-Ellis had a son, Nico, who has been a filmmaker and chef. His daughter Madeline diedin a car crash in 1985.After Rilla had held office in both the film technicians' union ACTT and the Directors' Guild, he and Shirley moved to the south of France, tobuy and run a hotel at Fayence in Provence.FilmographyNoose for a Lady (1953)Glad Tidings (1953)The Large Rope (1953)Marilyn (US: Roadhouse Girl,1953)The Black Rider (1954)The End of the Road (1954)Stock Car (1955)The Blue Peter (1955)Pacific Destiny (1956)The Scamp (1957)Bachelor of Hearts(1958)Jessy (1959)Witness in the Dark (1959)Die zornigen jungen Männer (1960)Village of the Damned (1960)Piccadilly Third Stop (1960)Watch it, Sailor!(1961)The World Ten Times Over (1963)Cairo (1963)Pax? (1968)Secrets of a Door-to-Door Salesman (1973)Bedtime with Rosie (1974)Passage 5:Lee MiglinLeeAlbert Miglin (July 12, 1924 – May 4, 1997) was an American business tycoon and philanthropist. After starting his career as a door-to-door salesman and thenbroker, Miglin became a successful real estate developer. He was an early developer of business parks. His firm, at one point, proposed the construction of theMiglin-Beitler Skyneedle, which was planned to be the tallest building in the world. Miglin was murdered in his home in May 1997 by Andrew Cunanan, aspreekiller.Life and careerMiglin was one of seven children born to a Roman Catholic family of Lithuanian descent. His father was a Czech immigrant who worked"}
{"doc_id":"doc_19","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Karl Wilhelm WachKarl Wilhelm Wach (also Carl Wilhelm or Wilhelm Wach) (11 September 1787 – 24 November 1845) was a German painter.LifeWachwas born in Berlin in 1787, studied art at the Prussian Academy of Arts and was a pupil of painter Karl Kretschmar. At the age of just 20, Wach was commissionedto paint an altar piece for the Paretz village church and produced his \"Christ with four Apostles\" (1807).Five years later came his artistic breakthrough, hispainting of Königin Luise (1812). After spending 1813 to 1815 in the Prussian army, Wach then established himself in Paris. He met William Hensel and the twobecame pupils of the painters Antoine Jean Gros and Jacques-Louis David. In 1817 Wach undertook a longer study trip to Italy, above all  to study artists fromQuattrocento. His strongest influence – according to his own statements – was however Raphael. Two years later Wach returned to Berlin (1819) and set himselfup himself as a freelance artist. His first large commission was a picture for Berlin Concert Hall. Wach created for it a cover painting of the nine Muses. Prussianking Frederick William III made available to Wach premises in which he then furnished a studio. Due to its influence and its many pupils, this studio soon becamea school. By 1837 it had nearly 70 pupils, almost all of whom went on to forge artistic careers. His activity as a teacher did not noticeably impair his artistic work.Wach was honoured with the title professor and appointed a member of Prussian Academy of Arts (1820). To mark his 40th birthday Wach was officially promotedto royal painter (1827).Wach died in 1845.Selected worksChrist with four Apostles (1807)Königin Luise (1812)The Communion and the Auferstehung Christ (inthe Evangelist church of St Peter & Paul, Moscow)The beautiful Velletrinerin, (1820)Madonna picture (1826, for Prince Frederik of the Netherlands)The ThreeHimmlischen Virtues (1830, in Friedrichswerder Church in Berlin)Carl von Clausewitz (1830)Christ at the oil mountainPsyche of Amor surpriseA life-largeNympheBildnis Bettina von Savigny (1834)Johannes in the desert (1838)Judith with the head of the Holofernes (1838)Königin Elisabeth von Preußen(1840)Passage 2:Wilhelm Karl Ritter von HaidingerWilhelm Karl Ritter von Haidinger (or Wilhelm von Haidinger, or most often Wilhelm Haidinger) (5 February1795 – 19 March 1871) was an Austrian mineralogist.Early lifeHaidinger's father was the mineralogist Karl Haidinger (1756–1797), who died when Wilhelm wasonly two years old. The books on mineralogy and the collection of rocks and minerals of his father will almost certainly have raised the interest of young Wilhelm.The collection of his uncle, banker Jakob Friedrich van der Nüll, was by far larger and much more precious, even to such a degree that the famous professorFriedrich Mohs of Freiberg (Germany) had been asked to describe it in detail. Young Wilhelm Haidinger and the professor often met in the house of Wilhelm'suncle. After completing the \"Normalschule\" and the \"Grammatikalschule\" Wilhelm started out his pre-academical training at the local \"Gymnasium\". However,after completing only his first year, the \"Humanitätsclasse\", Wilhelm (now 17 years old) was asked by professor Friedrich Mohs to join him as his assistant at thenewly founded Universalmuseum Joanneum in Graz.Scientific careerDuring the next five years in Graz and the following six years in Freiberg Wilhelm Haidingerremained a devoted assistant and admirer of professor Friedrich Mohs. During these years Haidinger became more and more involved in scientific work. In 1821Wilhelm Haidinger published his first scientific paper: \"On the crystallisation of copper-pyrites\" in the Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society(Edinburgh), volume 4, pp. 1–18. This paper formed the start of a grand total of some 350 scientific publications, all of which are listed in volume 3 of theCatalogue of Scientific Papers (1800–1863) and volume 10 of the same catalogue for the years 1864–1883. Apart from all these papers Wilhelm Haidingerpublished several books: Anfangsgründe der Mineralogie, an account on the collection of the \"k. k. Hofkammer im Münz- und Bergwesen\"; a review ofmineralogical research (which grew into a well-known series edited by Gustav Adolph Kenngott); his Handbuch der bestimmenden Mineralogie; an atlas to thistextbook on mineralogy and the first complete geological map of Austria-Hungary.In 1822 Wilhelm Haidinger accompanied August Graf von Breunner-Enckevoirt(1796–1877) on a six-month trip; they traveled from Linz to Munich, Basel, Paris, London and Edinburgh. In Edinburgh banker Thomas Allan provided Haidingerwith the means to translate Mohs' Grundriss der Mineralogie into English. (The translation appeared in 1823 in three volumes: Treatise on Mineralogy.)In 1823Wilhelm Haidinger left Freiberg to re-settle in Edinburgh, where he stayed until the summer of 1825. In Edinburgh Haidinger met mineralogists Robert Jamesonand Robert Ferguson of Raith, geologist James Hall, chemists Thomas Thomson and Edward Turner, and physicist David Brewster. The years in Edinburgh areamong Haidinger's most productive: The translation of the comprehensive textbook by Mohs appeared in print and 33 scientific papers were written and published(in, for example, The Edinburgh Journal of Science of David Brewster and in the Philosophical Journal of Robert Jameson). While in Edinburgh Haidinger's friendPierre Berthier named a new mineral (an iron antimony sulfide) \"Haidingérite\".Return to AustriaA long journey with Robert Allan (the son of Thomas Allan) in1825 and 1826 brought Wilhelm Haidinger to Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Austria, and northern Italy. The winter months of 1825 and 1826 were spentby Wilhelm Haidinger in the highest scientific circles of Berlin; here he met for example Gustav Rose and Heinrich Rose, Friedrich Wöhler, Eilhard Mitscherlich,Heinrich Gustav Magnus, and Johann Christian Poggendorff. In the spring of 1826 the journey was continued and visits to Friedrich Mohs in Freiberg, to JohannFriedrich Ludwig Hausmann and Friedrich Stromeyer in Göttingen, Hermann von Meyer in Frankfurt, Carl Cäsar Ritter von Leonhard and Leopold Gmelin inHeidelberg, Christian Gmelin, Franz von Kobell in Munich and Franz Xaver Riepl in Vienna completed their trip.In 1827 Wilhelm Haidinger returned to Austria andbecame one of the directors of the \"Erste (böhmische) Porzellan-Industrie Aktien Gesellschaft (Epiag)\" in Elbogen (now Loket, Czech Republic). Working in theceramics factory owned by his brothers Eugen and Rudolf did not prevent Wilhelm from continuing his mineralogical research and writing scientific papers. In theyears 1827 to 1840 Haidinger published some 24 papers (according to the Catalogue of Scientific Papers), which appeared in such well known journals asPoggendorff's Annalen and the Zeitschrift für Physik. One of the papers described the occurrence of fossil plants in the brown coal and sandstones of thesurroundings of Elbogen (Loket).In 1840 Wilhelm Haidinger moved to Vienna to succeed his tutor Friedrich Mohs as director of the mineralogical collection of the\"Kaiserlich-Königlichen Hofkammer im Münz- und Bergwesen\". How much Haidinger devoted himself to science in general is evident from the fact that he foundeda non-governmental scientific society: the \"Freunde der Naturwissenschaften in Wien\". Becker, in 1871, recalled how Haidinger had been able to organize hisscientific society in spite of serious opposition from the Austrian police. Haidinger, founder and president of the \"Freunde der Naturwissenschaften in Wien\"undertook to publish its proceedings from 1840 to 1850. The last meeting of the \"Freunde der Naturwissenschaften in Wien\" took place on 29 November 1850.After that the learned society ceased to exist. In addition to his work on the collections of the mineralogical museum, his lectures on mineralogy and geology toyoung mining engineers, Wilhem Haidinger found the time to continue his own research and published some 105 papers during the years 1849 to1860.DolomitizationHaidinger's scientific work became more and more concentrated on the phenomenon of \"pseudomorphosis\": that is minerals which havetaken up the outer aspect of another mineral. For example, anhydrite would have changed into gypsum, but the original cleavage planes and crystal habituswould give the impression of anhydrite. Another example given by Haidinger was that of calcium carbonate, which would readily change into calcium magnesiumcarbonate (dolomite). In his own words:... part of the carbonate of lime is replaced by carbonate of magnesia, so as to form in the new species a compound ofone atom each. How this change was brought about, is a difficult question to resolve, though the fact cannot be doubted, as we have in the specimen described ademonstration of it, approaching in certainty almost to ocular evidence.To geologists Haidinger is known especially for his postulate of the \"dolomitization\"reaction that would change calcium carbonate into dolomite at low temperatures (below 100 degrees Celsius). A solution of magnesium sulfate would convertcalcium carbonate into dolomite plus calcium sulfate in solution. Nonetheless, in 1844 Haidinger related how his friends, the well-known chemists FriedrichWöhler, Eilhard Mitscherlich, and Leopold Gmelin had explained to him, that powdered dolomite will react, even at room temperature, with a solution of calciumsulfate to give calcium carbonate plus a solution of magnesium sulfate. (\"Durch meinem verehrten Freund Wöhler wurde ich auf die Beobachtung, die auchMitscherlich und L. Gmelin anführen, aufmerksam gemacht, daß man Dolomit in Pulverform künstlich zerlegen kann, wenn man eine Auflösung von Gyps durchdenselben dringen läßt. Bittersalz wird gebildet und kohlensaurer Kalk bleibt zurück. Dieser Versuch erläutert wohle mit hinreichender Evidenz die Bildung desKalkspathes aus Dolomit bei unserer gewöhnlichen Temperatur und atmosphärischer Pressung\": Haidinger, 1844, p. 250.) It was Haidinger's employee at the\"Kaiserlich-Königlichen Hofkammer im Münz- und Bergwesen\", Adolph von Morlot, who undertook to investigate the formation of dolomite in the laboratory (nodoubt at the request of Haidinger). The outcome of the experiments confirmed what Friedrich Wöhler had predicted in 1843: dolomite does not form from calciumcarbonate plus a solution of magnesium sulfate unless high temperatures (more than 200 degrees Reamur = 250 degrees Celsius) and high pressures wereapplied. Von Morlot used calcite powder soaked in a concentrated solution of magnesium sulfate sealed in a glass tube. Heating the glass tube in an oil bathincreased the pressure inside it to at least 15 bar. The glass tube was able to withstand this high pressure only because it had been placed inside a gun barrelfilled with sand. In this way Von Morlot in 1847 had clearly demonstrated the existence of a minimum temperature for the synthesis of the mineral dolomite.When Von Morlot (1847 A) reacted dolomite powder with a concentrated solution of calcium sulfate at room temperature, the result was (solid) calcium carbonateplus a solution of magnesium sulfate. (\"Wenn man nämlich durch gepulverten Dolomit eine Auflösung von Gyps filtriert, so entsteht die umgekehrte doppelte"}
{"doc_id":"doc_20","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:S. N. MathurS.N. Mathur was the Director of the Indian Intelligence Bureau between September 1975 and February 1980. He was also the Director General of Police in Punjab.Passage 2:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \" obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually. Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education.== Notes ==Passage 3:Richard HalliburtonRichard Halliburton (January 9, 1900 – presumed dead after March 24, 1939) was an American travel writer and adventurer who swam the length of the Panama Canal and paid the lowest toll in its history—36 cents in 1928. He disappeared at sea while attempting to sail the Chinese junk Sea Dragon across the Pacific Ocean from Hong Kong to the Golden Gate International Exposition in San Francisco, California.Early life and educationRichard Halliburton was born in Brownsville, Tennessee, to Wesley Halliburton, a civil engineer and real estate speculator, and Nelle Nance Halliburton. A brother, Wesley Jr., was born in 1903. The family moved to Memphis, where the brothers, who were not close, spent their childhood. Richard attended Memphis University School, where his favorite subjects were geography and history; he also showed promise as a violinist, and was a fair golfer and tennis player. In 1915 he developed a rapid heartbeat and spent some four months in bed before its symptoms were relieved. This included some time at the Battle Creek Sanitarium in Michigan, run by the eccentric and innovative John Harvey Kellogg, whose philosophy of care featured regular exercise, sound nutrition, and frequent enemas. In 1917, following an apparent bout of rheumatic fever, Wesley Jr., thought strong and in fine health, suddenly died.: 8 At 5'7\" (170 cm) and about 140 pounds (64 kg), Halliburton was never robust but would seldom complain of sickness or poor stamina. He graduated from the Lawrenceville School in 1917, where he was chief editor of The Lawrence. In 1921 he graduated from Princeton University, where he was on the editorial board of The Daily Princetonian and chief editor of The Princetonian Pictorial Magazine. He also attended courses in public speaking and considered a career as a lecturer.Career\"An even tenor\"Leaving college temporarily during 1919, Halliburton became an ordinary seaman and boarded the freighter Octorara that July, bound from New Orleans to England.: 19–23 He toured historic places in London and Paris, but soon returned to Princeton in early 1920 to finish his schooling.: 55–57 His trip inspired in him a lust for even more travel; seizing the day "}
{"doc_id":"doc_21","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Konstantin LopushanskyKonstantin Sergeyevich Lopushansky (Russian: Константин Сергеевич Лопушанский; born June 12, 1947) is a Soviet andRussian film director, film theorist and author. He is best known for directing the apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic films Dead Man's Letters (1986), A Visitor to aMuseum (1989), Russian Symphony (1994), and The Ugly Swans (2006).In 1997, Lopushansky was awarded the Honored Artist of the Russian Federationhonorary title. In 2007, he was awarded the People's Artist of Russia honorary title, the highest Russian civilian honor for performing arts.BiographyEarlylifeKonstantin Lopushansky was born on June 12, 1947, in Dnepropetrovsk, Ukrainian SSR. His mother was Sofia Petrovna Lopushanskaya, who worked as alinguistic professor at Volgograd State University. His father was Sergei Timofeyevich Lopushansky, a front-line soldier who died in 1953 from wounds hesustained in war.Education and early careerIn 1970, Konstantin Lopushansky graduated from Kazan Conservatory as a violinist, and in 1973 he completed apostgraduate course at Leningrad Conservatory with a Ph.D. thesis in art criticism. Afterwards, Lopushansky taught at the Kazan and Leningrad conservatories forseveral years. Lopushansky took higher courses for scriptwriters and film directors from the director's department at the workshop of Emil Loteanu.Upongraduating from the directorial courses in 1979, Lopushansky assisted Andrei Tarkovsky in directing the legendary film Stalker, based on the novel RoadsidePicnic by Boris Strugatsky.Lopushansky's thesis film Solo made in 1980 was about a musician playing his last concert during the Siege of Leningrad.Since 1980Lopushansky has worked as a production director at the Lenfilm cinema studio.Dead Man's Letters and breakthroughIn 1986, Konstantin Lopushansky made hisfeature film directorial debut with the post-apocalyptic film Dead Man's Letters, which was co-written by Boris Strugatsky. It was screened at the InternationalCritics' Week section of the Cannes Film Festival in 1987 and received the FIPRESCI prize at the 35th International FilmfestivalMannheim-Heidelberg.Lopushanksy's 1989 film A Visitor to a Museum was entered into the 16th Moscow International Film Festival where it won the Silver St.George and the Prix of Ecumenical Jury.Lopushansky's 1994 film Russian Symphony was screened in the Forum section of the 45th Berlin International FilmFestival where it received the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury.Lopushansky made the 2006 film The Ugly Swans, based on the novel by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky.The science-fiction film was about a writer who visits a boarding school for gifted children where the teachers are mutants.Lopushansky's 2013 drama film TheRole told the story of an actor who decides to impersonate a deceased commander of the Red Army. It was shown in competition at the 35th MoscowInternational Film Festival. It received the Nika Award for Best Screenplay.Konstantin Lopushansky's drama film Through the Black Glass was released in2019.FilmographyPassage 2:Vyacheslav RybakovVyacheslav Rybakov (Russian: Вячеслав Михайлович Рыбаков; born January 1954 in Leningrad), is a Russianscience fiction author and an orientalist, interested in the medieval bureaucracy of China. He is a frequent collaborator with science fiction director KonstantinLopushansky. Screenwriting for his films The Ugly Swans, based on the 1972 novel by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky. As well as Dead Man's Letters in 1986, whichhe would later receive a Governmental Award of the RSFSR for the screenplay in 1987 after its premiere at the Toronto Film Festival.BiographyRybakov graduatedfrom the Oriental Studies Department of the Leningrad State University in 1976, mostly focusing on writings about the medieval bureaucracy of China andstarted. Soon after he studied at the Leningrad branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences Oriental Institute where he was able to publish over 40 thesis papers.While studying at Leningrad, the KGB had gained access to rough drafts of his anti-Soviet novel Trust due to Rybakov sending drafts to friends and classmates.This resulted in the copies being seized by the KGB and a warning. Although the KGB has checked in with Rybakov several years later, Rybakov insisted on writingthe final draft of the novel using previous remaining drafts and memory. The novel was later published a decade later. In 1983, Rybakov had met KonstantinLopushansky to discuss writing the screenplay for his film Dead Man's Letters. The process of developing the film allowed both artists to freely express theirvisions for the production of the film and further productions further on, this was a stark contrast to Russia's strict censorship rules at the time.SciencefictionAmong Rybakov's works were first published and include the prize-winning novels: Fireplace on a Tower (Ochag na bashne, 1990), and GravilyotTsesarevitch (1993) which depicts an alternative world featuring a Russian Empire in which communism is merely a religion, and our world is just an insanescientific experiment.His Death of Ivan Ilyich (1997) reveals the inner world of a contemporary person in a moment before his death.The novel Na budushchiygod v Moskve (In the adjacent year in Moscow, 2003) explores a Russia torn apart into small, poor countries, ruled by those idealists of the late Soviet Union whosincerely hated totalitarianism but didn't notice any good features of the nation, ruined the whole system of government and survived with help of the West. Inthe story, space is ruled by Darths and Vaders, and a Russian rocket scientist Ivan Obiwankin attempts to resurrect his people's feelings of nationalism bylaunching his own space ship.Rybakov preaches equality of cultures and states that cultures are often based on restrictions, and that simply removing therestrictions as anti-democratic may ruin the culture. Rybakov's novel also examines the Russian mentality, criticizing its tendency to understand and agree withthe positions of others as an inappropriate way to deal with the encroaching Western civilization. He argues that all living civilizations are unique, and that in thefuture it may become essential to save some other civilization from stagnation, because a world ruled by only one civilization has no future.He shows through anexample of the ruined family of the main character Alexey that, \"the surest way for you to cease being esteemed and appreciated... even just loved... is toimplicitly cede something essential and principal.\"Vyacheslav Rybakov and Igor Alimov were also the authors  of There are no bad people. The work was originallyattributed to Holm van Zaichik but was later proved to be a hoax. The series tells the story of the world of the Orduss, a fictional country with a humane and richculture, that unifies lands of China, Russia and the Near East.English translationsArtist (Story)The Trial Sphere (Story)Passage 3:The Dance of Death (1948film)The Dance of Death (French: La danse de mort, Italian: La prigioniera dell'isola) is a 1948 French-Italian drama film directed by Marcel Cravenne and starringErich von Stroheim, Denise Vernac and Palau. It is based on August Strindberg's The Dance of Death.The film's sets were designed by Georges Wakhévitch.PlotAnegocentric artillery Captain and his venomous wife engage in savage unremitting battles in their isolated island fortress off the coast of Sweden at the turn of thecentury. Alice, a former actress who sacrificed her career for secluded military life with Edgar, reveals on the occasion of their 25th wedding anniversary, theveritable hell their marriage has been. Edgar, an aging schizophrenic who refuses to acknowledge his severe illness, struggles to sustain his ferocity andarrogance with an animal disregard for other people. Sensing that Alice, together with her cousin and would-be lover, Kurt, may ally against him, retaliates withvicious force. Alice lures Kurt into the illusion of sharing a passionate assignation and recruits him in a plot to destroy Edgar.CastErich von Stroheim asEdgarDenise Vernac as ThéaPalau as Le sergent / Il sergenteMassimo Serato as Stéphane / StefanoPaul Oettly as Le général / Il generaleMarie OlivierHenri Ponsas Le timonier / Il timoniereRoberto VillaGaleazzo BentiMargo Lion as Mathilde - la servanteJean Servais as KurtMaría Denis as RitaRoberto BerteaPassage 4:DeadMan's LettersDead Man's Letters (Russian: Письма мёртвого человека, romanized: Pis'ma myortvogo cheloveka), also known as Letters from a Dead Man, is a1986 Soviet post-apocalyptic drama film directed and written by Konstantin Lopushansky. He wrote it along with Vyacheslav Rybakov and Boris Strugatsky. Itmarks his directorial debut.The film was screened at the International Critics' Week section of the Cannes Film Festival in 1987and received the FIPRESCI prize atthe 35th International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg.In the aftermath of nuclear apocalypse, a group of people are forced to live underground in bunkers.They cannot go outside their dwellings without wearing protective clothing and gas masks. They try to find hope in the disturbing new world. Among these peopleis a history teacher who tries to contact via letters his missing son.PlotThe film is set in a town after a nuclear war; the town is destroyed and polluted withradioactive elements. The main character, Professor Larsen, played by Rolan Bykov, is a Nobel Prize in Physics laureate, who lives in the basement of a museumalong with his sick wife and several other people who used to work at the museum. He often writes letters to his son Eric, though he has no way of contactinghim. Larsen believes the war has ended and that more surviving humans exist outside the central bunker, but nobody else believes his theories.Larsen visits anorphanage where the current caretaker of the surviving children explains that she's thinking of evacuating to the central bunker, though may have to leave thechildren behind as they likely won't be allowed in since they're sick, to Larsen's disapproval. Larsen is informed that he also might be rejected from entering thecentral bunker due to his old age. With his wife's health declining, Larsen sneaks past several soldiers during curfew hours and attempts to find medicine for hiswife, escaping from a military raid in the process. When he returns to the museum's basement, however, he finds that his wife died. The other museumemployees bury her body.In one of his letters to Eric, Larsen tells a darkly humorous story on how someone failed to prevent the nuclear war. According to him,an operator from an electronics center had a chance to cancel the first missile launch (which happened due to a computer error), but was unable to reach thecomputer in time to abort the launch as he was slowed down by a cup of coffee in his hands. The operator then hung himself in return.Larsen makes a trip to thecentral bunker in an effort to find Eric. After sneaking into a medical facility, he enters the children's department, only to find all the children sick, injured, andscreaming in agony, much to Larsen's horror.After returning to the museum's basement, he finds that a museum employee is about to take his life as he thinksthe history of mankind has ended and that mankind was doomed from the very beginning. He then leaves the group, lies down in a grave, and shoots himself"}
{"doc_id":"doc_22","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Thomas Scott (diver)Thomas Scott (1907 - date of death unknown) was an English diver.BoxingHe competed in the 10 metre platform at the 1930British Empire Games for England.Personal lifeHe was a police officer at the time of the 1930 Games.Passage 2:William Jolliffe, 4th Baron HyltonWilliam GeorgeHervey Jolliffe, 4th Baron Hylton (2 December 1898 – 14 November 1967), was a British peer and soldier.Hylton was the son of Hylton Jolliffe, 3rd Baron Hylton,and Lady Alice Adeliza Hervey. He achieved the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the Coldstream Guards and also served as Lord Lieutenant of Somerset from 1949to 1964. Lord Hylton married Lady Perdita Rose Mary Asquith, daughter of Katharine and Raymond Asquith, eldest son of Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, in 1931.He died in November 1967, aged 68.He was succeeded in his titles by his elder son Raymond. The writer (of eg. Raymond Asquith: Life and Letters) JohnHedworth Jolliffe is his younger son; his daughter Mary is the wife of John Paget Chancellor, son of Christopher Chancellor of Reuters. Mary and John Chancellorare the parents of the actress Anna Chancellor and the financial historian Edward Chancellor.Passage 3:William Jolliffe, 1st Baron HyltonWilliam George HyltonJolliffe, 1st Baron Hylton  (7 December 1800 – 1 June 1876), known as Sir William Jolliffe, Bt, between 1821 and 1866, was a British soldier and Conservativepolitician. He was a member of the Earl of Derby's first two administrations as Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department in 1852 and as ParliamentarySecretary to the Treasury between 1858 and 1859.BackgroundJolliffe was the son of Reverend William John Jolliffe, the son of William Jolliffe and his wife EleanorHylton, daughter and heir of Sir Richard Hylton, 5th Baronet (who had assumed the surname of Hylton in lieu of his patronymic Musgrave; see MusgraveBaronets) and his wife Anne, sister and co-heiress of John Hylton, de jure 18th Baron Hylton. Jolliffe first served in the Army and achieved the rank of captain inthe 15th Dragoons. He notably took part in the events at St Peter's Field in Manchester in 1819 (the \"Peterloo Massacre\"). In 1821, at the age of twenty, Jolliffewas created a Baronet, of Merstham in the County of Surrey.Political careerJolliffe served a year as High Sheriff of Surrey in 1830 and then sat as a Member ofParliament for Petersfield from 1830 to 1832, 1837 to 1838 and 1841 to 1866 and served under the Earl of Derby as Under-Secretary of State for the HomeDepartment in 1852 and as Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury from 1858 to 1859. He was admitted to the Privy Council in 1859 and in 1866 he was raisedto the peerage as Baron Hylton, of Hylton in the County Palatine of Durham and of Petersfield in the County of Southampton.CricketJolliffe played a singlefirst-class match for Hampshire in 1825 against Sussex. Jolliffe scored 12 runs in the match.FamilyLord Hylton married, firstly, Eleanor Paget, daughter of theHon. Berkeley Thomas Paget, in 1825. Their eldest son Hylton Jolliffe was a captain in the Coldstream Guards but died from cholera during the Crimean War.Hylton married, secondly, Sophia Penelope, daughter of Sir Robert Sheffield, 4th Baronet, and widow of William Fox-Strangways, 4th Earl of Ilchester, in 1867. Hedied at Merstham House near Reigate on 1 June 1876, aged 75, and was succeeded in his titles by his second but eldest surviving son from his first marriage,Hedworth. His granddaughter Gertrude Crawford became the first commandant of the Women's Royal Air Force.Passage 4:Bill Smith (footballer, born1897)William Thomas Smith (9 April 1897 – after 1924) was an English professional footballer.CareerDuring his amateur career, Smith played in 17 finals, andcaptained the Third Army team in Germany when he was stationed in Koblenz after the armistice during the First World War. He started his professional careerwith Hull City in 1921. After making no appearances for the club, he joined Leadgate Park. He joined Durham City in 1921, making 33 league appearances in theclub's first season in the Football League.He joined York City in the Midland League in July 1922, where he scored the club's first goal in that competition. Hemade 75 appearances for the club in the Midland League and five appearances in the FA Cup before joining Stockport County in 1925, where he made no leagueappearances.Passage 5:Etan BoritzerEtan Boritzer (born 1950) is an American writer of children’s literature who is best known for his book What is God? firstpublished in 1989. His best selling What is? illustrated children's book series on character education and difficult subjects for children is a popular teaching guidefor parents, teachers and child-life professionals.Boritzer gained national critical acclaim after What is God? was published in 1989 although the book has causedcontroversy from religious fundamentalists for its universalist views. The other current books in the What is? series include: What is Love?, What is Death?, Whatis Beautiful?, What is Funny?, What is Right?, What is Peace?, What is Money?, What is Dreaming?, What is a Friend?, What is True?, What is a Family?, and Whatis a Feeling? The series is now also translated into 15 languages.Boritzer was first published in 1963 at the age of 13 when he wrote an essay in his English classat Wade Junior High School in the Bronx, New York on the assassination of John F. Kennedy. His essay was included in a special anthology by New York Citypublic school children compiled and published by the New York City Department of Education.Boritzer now lives in Venice, California and maintains his publishingoffice there also. He has helped numerous other authors to get published through How to Get Your Book Published! programs. Boritzer is also a yoga teacher whoteaches regular classes locally and guest-teaches nationally. He is also recognized nationally as an erudite speaker on The Teachings of the Buddha.Passage6:Henry Hylton, de jure 12th Baron HyltonHenry Hylton, de jure 12th Baron Hylton (1586 – 30 March 1641) was an English nobleman.Hylton was the eldest sonof Thomas Hylton (himself the son of William Hylton, de jure 11th Baron Hylton) and his wife, Anne née Bowes (daughter of Sir George Bowes of StreatlamCastle). In 1600, Hylton inherited the right to the barony of Hylton from his grandfather.SourcesHenry Hylton b.1585 - AncestryUK.comThe Gentlemen'sMagazine, March 1821Passage 7:Theodred II (Bishop of Elmham)Theodred II was a medieval Bishop of Elmham.The date of Theodred's consecration unknown,but the date of his death was sometime between 995 and 997.Passage 8:Hylton Jolliffe, 3rd Baron HyltonHylton George Hylton Jolliffe, 3rd Baron Hylton (10November 1862 – 26 May 1945) was a British peer and Conservative politician.Hylton was the eldest son of Hedworth Jolliffe, 2nd Baron Hylton, and Lady AgnesMary Byng. Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey was his maternal great-grandfather.CareerGeorge succeeded the barony in 1899; prior to that he waseducated at Eton college and Oriel College, Oxford. He pursued a brief military career as capital for the Somerset imperial yeomanry, then diplomatic service in1888, then 3rd secretary in 1890 and 2nd secretary in 1894. He became Justice of the peace and county Alderman for Somerset where he sat in politics.Hyltonentered the Diplomatic Service in 1888, but in 1895 he was elected to the House of Commons for Wells. He held this seat until 1899, when he succeeded hisfather as third Baron Hylton and entered the House of Lords. In June 1915 Hylton was appointed a Lord-in-waiting (government whip in the House of Lords) in thenewly formed coalition government, and in 1918 he was promoted him to Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard. The coalition government of David Lloyd Georgefell in 1922, but Hylton continued as Deputy Chief Whip also under Bonar Law and Stanley Baldwin. However, after the first Baldwin government fell in January1924, he never returned to office.He was created Viscount Hylton and owned much of Chaldon, of which he was Lord of the manor.Lord Hylton married Lady AliceAdeliza Hervey, daughter of Frederick Hervey, 3rd Marquess of Bristol, in 1896. He died in May 1945, aged 82, and was succeeded in his titles by his son WilliamGeorge Hervey Jolliffe. Lady Hylton died in 1962.Passage 9:Hedworth Jolliffe, 2nd Baron HyltonHedworth Hylton Jolliffe, 2nd Baron Hylton DL (23 June 1829 – 31October 1899), was a British peer and Conservative Member of Parliament.Birth and educationHylton was the second son of William George Hylton Jolliffe, 1stBaron Hylton, and Eleanor Paget. He was educated at Eton and Oriel College, Oxford.Crimean War serviceIn 1849, he joined the 4th Light Dragoons and served inthe Crimean War, where his older brother was killed at Sebastopol. He was present at the Charge of the Light Brigade. He retired from the Army in 1856,following his election to Parliament.Parliamentary serviceHe was elected to the House of Commons for Wells in 1855, a seat he held until 1868.In 1870 hesucceeded his father as second Baron Hylton and entered the House of Lords.MarriagesLord Hylton married his second cousin, Lady Agnes Mary Byng, daughter ofGeorge Byng, 2nd Earl of Strafford, in 1858. Their divorce was a Cause célèbre. There were children of this marriage, sons and a daughter, Agatha EleanorAugusta Jolliffe, who married Ailwyn Fellowes MP.Lord Hylton married again to Anne, daughter of Henry Lambert, who was the second wife and the widow of thethird Earl of Dunraven.Death and successionHe died in October 1899, aged 70, and was succeeded in his titles by his surviving son Hylton George HyltonJolliffe.NotesPassage 10:William Jolliffe (1745–1802)William Jolliffe (16 April 1745 – 20 February 1802) was a British politician who sat in the House ofCommons  from 1768 to 1802.LifeHe was the eldest son of the politician John Jolliffe and his wife Mary, daughter of Samuel Holden. He was educated atWinchester College and Brasenose College, Oxford.Jolliffe was elected as Member of Parliament for Petersfield in 1768, a seat controlled by his father, who died in1771 leaving him a sitting patron. He held it until 1802.He was a Lord of Trade from 1772 to 1779 and Lord of the Admiralty during 1783.He bought the lease forhis residence on King Street in 1772 for what he called \"very cheap,\" but Edward Gibbon described the place as \"excellent.\" After his death, his son Hylton sold itto Henry Francis Greville, who opened it as the Argyll Rooms.FamilyHe married Eleanor Hylton, daughter and heir of Sir Richard Hylton, 5th Baronet, and Anne,sister and co-heiress of John Hylton, de jure 18th Baron Hylton. Jolliffe died in February 1802, aged 56, after falling through a trapdoor into a cellar at his home.His wife died the same year. Their grandson William George Hylton Jolliffe became a prominent Conservative politician and was created Baron Hylton in1866.Notes"}
{"doc_id":"doc_23","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Immilla of TurinImmilla (also Emilia, Immula, Ermengard, or Irmgard) (born c. 1020; died January 1078) was a duchess consort of Swabia bymarriage to Otto III, Duke of Swabia, and a margravine of Meissen by marriage to Ekbert I of Meissen. She was regent of Meissen during the minority of her son,Ekbert II.LifeImmilla was the daughter of Ulric Manfred II of Turin and Bertha of Milan and thereby a member of the Arduinici dynasty. Her older sister wasAdelaide of Susa.Her first husband was Otto III, Duke of Swabia, whom she married c. 1036. After Otto's death in September 1057, Immilla married again(c.1058). Her second husband was Ekbert I of Meissen.In 1067, shortly before his death, Ekbert I attempted to repudiate Immilla in order to marry Adela ofLouvain, daughter of Lambert II, Count of Louvain and the widow of Otto I, Margrave of Meissen. After Ekbert's death in 1068, Immilla spent some time at theimperial court with her niece Bertha, before returning to Italy. It is possible that she acted as regent for her young son, Ekbert II, at this time.Immilla died inTurin in January 10, 1078. She is sometimes said to have become a nun before her death.Marriages and childrenWith her first husband, Otto, Immilla had fivedaughters:Bertha (or Alberada) (died 1 April 1103), married firstly Herman II, Count of Kastl, and married secondly Frederick, Count of KastlGisela, inheritedKulmbach and Plassenburg, married Arnold IV, Count of AndechsJudith (died 1104), married firstly Conrad I, Duke of Bavaria, and secondly Botho, Count ofPottensteinEilika, abbess of NiedermünsterBeatrice (1040–1140), inherited Schweinfurt, married Henry II, Count of Hildrizhausen and Margrave of theNordgauWith her second husband, Ekbert I, Immilla had the following children:Ekbert IIGertrudePassage 2:VolkoldVolkold of Meissen (also Wolcold, Folcold,Folchold, Volhold, Volkhuld, Volchrad, Vocco; died 23 August 992) was the second Bishop of Meissen.LifeBefore his elevation to the episcopate all that is known ofVolkold's life is that he was at the court of Emperor Otto I as one of the tutors of the Emperor's son, the  future Otto II. He seems to have been appointed Bishopof Meissen in 969. Before his elevation Volkold was the patron of the young Willigis, later Saint Willigis, and used his influence to obtain for him a position in theImperial service. In 972 Volkold attended a synod in Ingelheim.When Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia, besieged the Albrechtsburg and the town of Meissen in 984in support of the Imperial ambitions of Henry II of Bavaria after the death of Otto II, Volkold was obliged to seek refuge from the Sorbs in Erfurt, under theprotection of Willigis, and was not able to return to his badly-damaged headquarters until after the re-conquest by Ekkehard I, Margrave of Meissen, in 987. Inthat year he put the diocese under Imperial protection.Doubtless as compensation for the bishopric's many losses he received from Otto II several gifts of estates,tolls and uses.While on a visit to Prague he suffered a stroke, on Good Friday 992, and returned paralysed to Meissen, where he died on 23 August and wasburied.Passage 3:Albrecht I of MeissenAlbrecht I of Meissen (died 1 August 1152) was Bishop of Meissen from 1150 to 1152.LifeAlbrecht I is not extensivelydocumented. He was supposedly from a family of the Sorbian nobility. Before his elevation to the bishopric he was a cathedral provost. Otto von Freisingmentions Albrecht in 1151 in connection with the dispute between Friedrich II of Berg and Herman van Horne over the office of bishop of Utrecht.With theagreement of the Pope, the bishopric of Meissen, like that of Naumburg, was under the protection of Burggraf Conrad I of Meissen, in return for which the bishopswere expected to undertake appropriate tasks from time to time. At the beginning of 1152 Conrad III entrusted Albrecht, who had the reputation of beingtalented at languages, with a diplomatic mission to the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos. The bishop died either on the way to Constantinople or in the cityitself.Passage 4:John I, Duke of Brunswick-GrubenhagenJohn I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (born: before 1322; died: 23 May 1367) was provost of the St.Alexandri Minster in Einbeck.He was the son of Duke Henry I \"the Marvelous\" of Brunswick-Grubenhagen and his wife Agnes of Meissen, daughter of MargraveAlbert II of Meissen.Passage 5:Agnes of WaiblingenAgnes of Waiblingen (1072/73 – 24 September 1143), also known as Agnes of Germany, Agnes of Poitou andAgnes of Saarbrücken, was a member of the Salian imperial family.  Through her first marriage, she was Duchess of Swabia; through her second marriage, shewas Margravine of Austria.FamilyShe was the daughter of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and Bertha of Savoy.First marriageIn 1079, aged seven, Agnes wasbetrothed to Frederick, a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty; at the same time, Henry IV invested Frederick as the new duke of Swabia. The couple married in1086, when Agnes was fourteen. They had twelve children, eleven of whom were named in a document found in the abbey of Lorsch:Hedwig-Eilike (1088–1110),married Friedrich, Count of LegenfeldBertha-Bertrade (1089–1120), married Adalbert, Count of ElchingenFrederick II of SwabiaHildegardConrad III ofGermanyGisihild-GiselaHeinrich (1096–1105)Beatrix (1098–1130), became an abbessKunigunde-Cuniza (1100–1120/1126), wife of Henry X, Duke of Bavaria(1108–1139)Sophia, married Konrad II, Count of PfitzingenFides-Gertrude, married Hermann III, Count Palatine of the RhineRichildis, married Hugh I, Count ofRoucySecond marriageFollowing Frederick's death in 1105, Agnes married Leopold III (1073–1136), the Margrave of Austria (1095–1136). According to a legend,a veil lost by Agnes and found by Leopold years later while hunting was the instigation for him to found the Klosterneuburg Monastery.Their childrenwere:AdalbertLeopold IVHenry II of AustriaBerta, married Heinrich of RegensburgAgnes, \"one of the most famous beauties of her time\", married Wladyslaw II ofPolandErnstUta, wife of Liutpold von PlainOtto of Freising, bishop and biographerConrad, Bishop of Passau, and Archbishop of SalzburgElisabeth, marriedHermann, Count of WinzenburgJudith, m. c. 1133 William V of Montferrat. Their children formed an important Crusading dynasty.Gertrude, married Vladislav II ofBohemiaAccording to the Continuation of the Chronicles of Klosterneuburg, there may have been up to seven other children (possibly from multiple births)stillborn or who died in infancy.In 2013, documentation regarding the results of DNA testing of the remains of the family buried in Klosterneuburg Abbey stronglyfavor that Adalbert was the son of Leopold and Agnes.In 1125, Agnes' brother, Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, died childless, leaving Agnes and her children asheirs to the Salian dynasty's immense allodial estates, including Waiblingen.In 1127, Agnes' second son, Konrad III, was elected as the rival King of Germany bythose opposed to the Saxon party's Lothar III. When Lothar died in 1137, Konrad was elected to the position.Passage 6:Margaret of SicilyMargaret of Sicily (alsocalled Margaret of Hohenstaufen or Margaret of Germany) (1 December 1241, in Foggia – 8 August 1270, in Frankfurt-am-Main) was a Princess of Sicily andGermany, and a member of the House of Hohenstaufen. By marriage she was Landgravine of Thuringia and Countess Palatine of Saxony (German: Landgräfin vonThüringen und Pfalzgräfin von Sachsen).She was the daughter of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Sicily and Germany, by his third wife, Isabella ofEngland.  Her paternal grandparents were Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor and Constance of Sicily. Her maternal grandparents were John of England and Isabellaof Angoulême.BirthThe date of her birth is difficult to ascertain because there is controversy over the exact number of children borne by her mother. Somesources say that she was the first or second child, born by the end of 1237; others say that she was the last child, born in December 1241, when Isabella died inchildbirth. Historians commonly accept the latter date.LifeShortly after her birth (1242), Margaret was betrothed to Albert \"the Degenerate\", eldest son and heirof Henry III \"the Illustrious\", Margrave of Meissen. The marriage took place in June 1255, the bride receiving Pleissnerland (the towns of Altenburg, Zwickau,Chemnitz and Leisnig) as her dowry.The couple settled at his residence in Eckartsberga and later moved to Wartburg, where she bore five children: three sons(Henry, Frederick and Dietzmann) and two daughters (Margaret and Agnes). Through her second son Frederick – later Margrave of Meissen – Margaret was thedirect ancestor of the Electors and Kings of Saxony and English Queen consorts Margaret of Anjou and Anne of Cleves.In 1265 her husband received the titles ofLandgrave of Thuringia and Count Palatine of Saxony (German: Pfalzgräf von Sachsen) after the abdication of his father, who retained control of Meissen.After theexecution of her nephew Conradin (29 October 1268), Margaret, as the next legitimate relative, became the rightful Queen of Sicily and the general heiress of theHohenstaufen claims over the Duchy of Swabia and the Kingdom of Jerusalem (despite the fact she was not descended from the Kings of Jerusalem, her fatherFrederick II had claimed the kingdom for himself). Her son Frederick assumed by some time this titles on her right.After discovering the adultery of her husbandwith Kunigunde of Eisenberg, Margaret left Wartburg; according to a legend, before her departure she bit her son Frederick in the cheek; he was called henceforthFrederick the Bitten (de: Friedrich der Gebissene). The flight took place on 24 June 1270. Margaret went to Frankfurt-am-Main and was supported there by thecitizens. She died there six weeks later.IssueMargaret and Albert had five children:Henry (b. 21 March 1256 – d. 25 January/23 July? 1282), inherited thePleissnerland in 1274.Frederick (b. 1257 – d. Wartburg, 16 November 1323), Margrave of Meissen.Theodoric, called Dietzmann (b. 1260 – murdered Leipzig, 10December 1307), Margrave of Lusatia.Margaret (b. 1262 – d. young, after 17 April 1273).Agnes of Meissen (b. 1264 – d. September 1332), married before 21July 1282 to Henry I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen.Passage 7:Elisabeth of MeissenElisabeth of Meissen, Burgravine of Nuremberg (22 November 1329 – 21April 1375) was the daughter of Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen and Mathilde of Bavaria and a member of the House of Wettin.Marriage and childrenShe wasborn in Wartburg.  On 7 September 1356, at the age of twenty six, she married Frederick V, Burgrave of Nuremberg in Jena. In 1357 her husband succeeded tothe title, and from that time until her death in 1375, she was styled as Burgravine of Nuremberg. Together Frederick and Elisabeth had nine children, seven girlsand two boys, who survived to adulthood:Elisabeth (1358–26 July 1411, Heidelberg), married in Amberg 1374 to Rupert of Germany.Beatrix (c. 1362,Nuremberg–10 June 1414, Perchtoldsdorf), married in Vienna 1375 Duke Albert III of AustriaAnna (c. 1364–after 10 May 1392), a nun in Seusslitz.Agnes (1366 –22 May 1432), Convent in Hof (1376–1386) married in Konstance 1386 Baron Friedrich of Daber, Returned to Convent in Hof (1406) Abbess in Hof"}
{"doc_id":"doc_24","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Cry of the HuntedCry of the Hunted is a 1953 American crime film noir directed by Joseph H. Lewis.  The drama features Vittorio Gassman, BarrySullivan and Polly Bergen.PlotAn obsessive lawman (Barry Sullivan) who works for the state chases an escaped fugitive (Vittorio Gassman) through the Louisianabayou.CastVittorio Gassman as JoryBarry Sullivan as Lieutenant TunnerPolly Bergen as Janet TunnerWilliam Conrad as GoodwinMary Zavian as EllaRobert Burtonas Warden KeeleyHarry Shannon as Sheriff BrownJonathan Cott as Deputy DavisReceptionAccording to MGM records the film earned $376,000 in the US andCanada and $249,000 elsewhere resulting in a loss of $179,000.Critical responseFilm critic Hal Erickson, of Allmovie, has praised the directing of the film, writing,\"On the whole, the MGM B product of the 1950s contained some of the studio's best-ever 'small' pictures...Cry of the Hunted is directed with flair by Joseph H.Lewis, who always managed to rise above the slimmest of budgets and the barest of production values.\"TV Guide in its film guide also wrote well of the film,\"Stylishly directed chase film from Lewis who had previously shown his talent in Gun Crazy...At one point he is caught but again breaks free, only to berecaptured again at the finale. Interesting subplot has Conrad waiting for Sullivan to make a wrong move so he can grab his job.\"Noir analysisCritics Alain Silverand Elizabeth Ward, in various sections of their analysis of the film, discuss a sub silentio theme found in the movie: the homosexual undercurrent of theprotagonists; they write, \"After an initial scene, in which Sullivan and Gassman wrestle each other to exhaustion and then sit sharing cigarettes like brothers,\"and, \"...even in his sleep [Sullivan] is obsessive as he dreams of the escapee in homoerotic terms,\" and, \"Gassman too seems drawn to his pursuer.\"Film criticEddie Muller, in an interview for Bright Lights Film Journal, agrees, \"I once showed this goofy B film called Cry of the Hunted, with Barry Sullivan and WilliamConrad — it's swamp noir. In Los Angeles, the audience adored it. They howled, especially at the over-the-top gay subtext between the two lead actors. Theyfight, and when it's obvious the fight is over, they're still wrestling around the floor. Then they lie against the wall and smoke cigarettes. The L.A. audience ate itup.\"Passage 2:The Hunted (2015 film)The Hunted is a 2015 American film based on the action comedy web series The Hunted (2001) created and directed byRobert Chapin. Starring Chapin and Monique Ganderton in lead roles. It tells the story of a struggling actor who leads a group of misfit slayers against an army ofvampires. The film is one of the first to be produced under SAG’s New Media contract and was distributed online through Vimeo VOD.PlotComing to terms with hisunsuccessful attempts at becoming an actor, Bob (Chapin) is bitten by a vampire named Susan, (Ganderton) who is the daughter of a crazed vigilante slayer.Consequently, Bob becomes one of the Hunted, a small group of humans, bitten but not turned, who use cold steel and fighting technique to fend off vampires.The vampires, however, have developed an immunity to everything over the years, and the only way they can be killed is with a sword. Luckily, Bob knows howto wield a sword, mostly due to his starring role in a cheesy 80’s action flick called, “Vampslayer”. Find How Bob helps Susan and the Hunted defend the vampiresforms the rest of the story.CastRobert Chapin as BobMonique Ganderton as SusanDavid Lain Baker as HarryGary Kasper as DragosTex Wall as Lore MasterAndrewHelm as KevinAnthony De Longis as VincentProductionConception and writingThe Hunted began in 2001 as a long-standing Internet series, created by Chapin inan effort to train his credentials as a stuntman and VFX-artist. Embracing his skills with a sword and his technical abilities behind the camera, he collaborated withhis friends and colleagues in order to combine their talents and undertake an underdog story of LA-based vampire hunters. The fact that user-generated contentcreated by fans became the main content source for the online series is reflected in the theme of the film, where soccer moms learn to become vampire slayers,just like fans learning to become filmmakers, thus providing everyone a chance to discover their true potential. The dialogues in the film make use of copiouslines from well-known films and poems, ranging from Scarface (1983) and Independence Day (1996) to Shakespeare.FilmingThe film received financial support inJune 2011 via a Kickstarter campaign. The film was shot in Hollywood, California in 2012 and is co-produced by New Deal Studios, the Academy Award-winningeffects studio behind numerous blockbuster films, including Inception (2010) and Interstellar (2014). Post-production was completed in March 2015. The majorityof the film's cast consisted of stunt people.Passage 3:Scotty FoxScott Fox is a pornographic film director who is a member of the AVN Hall of Fame.Awards1992AVN Award – Best Director, Video (The Cockateer)1995 AVN Hall of Fame inducteePassage 4:Adrian BrunelAdrian Brunel (4 September 1892 – 18 February 1958)was an English film director and screenwriter. Brunel's directorial career started in the silent era, and reached its peak in the latter half of the 1920s. His survivingwork from the 1920s, both full-length feature films and shorts, is highly regarded by silent film historians for its distinctive innovation, sophistication and wit. Withthe arrival of talkies, Brunel's career ground to a halt and he was absent from the screen for several years before returning in the mid-1930s with a flurry of quotaquickie productions, the majority of which are now classed as lost. Brunel's last credit as director was in a 1940 comedy film, although he worked for a few yearsmore as a \"fixer-up\" for films directed or produced by friends in the industry.After decades of neglect, Brunel's work has latterly been rediscovered and hasundergone a critical re-evaluation. His lost films are eagerly sought, and the British Film Institute includes two, The Crooked Billet (1929) and Badger's Green(1934), on its \"75 Most Wanted\" list of missing British feature films.Early life and careerBorn in Brighton in 1892, Brunel was educated at Harrow School. Hismother Adey was a drama teacher so he grew up in a stage milieu and dabbled in acting and writing plays, as well as training in opera. On leaving school heworked for a time as a local journalist in Brighton before taking employment in London in the bioscope show distribution division of music hall chain MossEmpires. This spurred his interest in cinema, and in 1916 he and a friend formed a company called Mirror Films, which produced one film, The Cost of a Kiss, thefollowing year.In 1920 Brunel joined with actor Leslie Howard and author A. A. Milne to set up Minerva Films, which produced six comedy shorts over a two-yearperiod. Brunel's major break came in 1923, when he was offered the directorial role for the film The Man Without Desire, starring Ivor Novello. His feature filmdebut was a time-travelling story set in Venice and included location filming in the Italian city. Studio and post-production work took place in Germany, and theresulting work has been described as \"one of the stranger films to emerge from Britain in the 1920s\".Comedy shortsBetween 1923 and 1925, Brunel directed aseries of sophisticated comedy burlesque short films, frequently lampooning fads or institutions of the day. Initially these were produced and distributedindependently, but their popularity among film insiders and cognoscenti brought them to the attention of Michael Balcon, who offered Brunel the opportunity toproduce them through Gainsborough Pictures. These films were replete with punning intertitles and playful visual wit, with a number parodying the silhouetteanimation technique pioneered by Lotte Reiniger by using live actors in place of animated cutouts (Two-Chinned Chow, Shimmy Sheik, and Yes, We Have No...! –in which a man is driven to distraction by the ubiquity of the song \"Yes! We Have No Bananas\" and travels to ever-more exotic and outlandish locations to escapeit, only to find that no matter where in the world he goes, the song has got there first).Other films were self-referential in highlighting the ability of film toproduce a manipulated and distorted picture of reality. Brunel's most highly admired production of this period is 1924's Crossing the Great Sagrada, a spoof of thehugely popular travelogue genre of the time, in which its conventions are laid bare as the absurdities they are. Brunel uses the film to satirise the prevalentcolonial view of \"native people\", while highlighting the dishonesty inherent in the genre with ludicrously incongruous intertitles, tagging a view of an Africanmud-hut village as Wapping, and a sequence of the heroes struggling across a desert landscape as Blackpool beach. Critic Jamie Sexton notes: \"The film's surrealhumour prefigures that of later innovative British comedy, such as Monty Python's Flying Circus.Brunel also targeted the British film industry itself, with So This IsJollygood bemoaning what he saw as its general ineptitude in comparison with its American counterpart, and Cut It Out attacking the over-zealousness of theBritish film censors.Gainsborough filmsImpressed with Brunel's short film output, Balcon invited him to try his hand at directing full-length features forGainsborough. This resulted in five films between 1926 and 1929, all of which were high profile, big-budget productions with star names, and were designed asserious prestige vehicles with none of the opportunities for the humour and facetiousness of most of Brunel's earlier work. The first release was Blighty, aclass-based study of life during World War I, written by Brunel's friend Ivor Montagu. It was reported that Brunel was initially uneasy about directing a \"war film\"as it went against his moral values; however the finished product contained no militaristic or jingoistic material, concentrating instead on the effects of the unseenwar on an English family.In 1928 there followed two films which reunited Brunel with Novello as his leading actor: the first screen adaptation of MargaretKennedy's best-selling novel The Constant Nymph and a version of the Noël Coward play The Vortex. Brunel's third film of 1928 was A Light Woman starringBenita Hume, while 1929 brought the Madeleine Carroll vehicle The Crooked Billet, which Brunel described in his autobiography as \"my last, and perhaps my best,silent film\". The film's \"lost\" status however precludes it from being critically evaluated alongside his surviving work.Later careerWith the introduction of talkies toBritish cinema, Brunel's career impetus came to a sudden halt. It is not exactly clear why Brunel in particular should have found his career so comprehensivelyderailed at this time, although it is suggested that his pursuance of a legal claim against Gainsborough for alleged non-payment of fees may well have tarnishedhis reputation in the film industry by making him appear a potential trouble-maker. After writing and partly directing 1930's Elstree Calling for BritishInternational Pictures, he was sacked by the studio, who enlisted Alfred Hitchcock to finish the picture, and no further film offers were forthcoming.Brunelreturned to film directing in 1933, and over the following four years made 17 quota quickies, mainly for Fox British. As was the norm with quota quickie directors,"}
{"doc_id":"doc_25","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Still of the NightStill of the Night  or In the Still of the Night may refer to:In the Still of the Night (film), a Czech filmStill of the Night (film), 1982psychological thriller film, directed by Robert Benton\"Still of the Night\" (song), 1987, by Whitesnake\"Still of the Night\", a song by Quiet Riot from QR III\"In theStill of the Night\", a 1932 popular song written by Hoagy Carmichael and Jo Trent\"In the Still of the Night\" (Cole Porter song), a popular song by Cole Porter\"Inthe Still of the Night\" (The Five Satins song), 1956 doo-wop song, covered in 1992 by Boyz II MenIn the Still of the Night (album), a 1989 Johnny Mathisalbum\"Lost in the Fifties Tonight (In the Still of the Night)\", a 1985 medley containing the Five Satins songPassage 2:Emile ArdolinoEmile Ardolino (May 9, 1943 –November 20, 1993) was an American television and film director and producer, best known for his work on the films Dirty Dancing (1987) and Sister Act (1992).He won an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature for his film He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin' (1983).Early life and careerArdolino was born in Maspeth, aneighborhood of Queens, the son of Italian immigrants Ester (nee Pesiri) and Emilio Ardolino.He began his career as an actor in Off-Broadway productions, andthen moved to the production side of the business. In 1967, he founded Compton-Ardolino Films with Gardner Compton. In the 1970s and 1980s, Ardolinoworked for PBS. He profiled dancers and choreographers for their Dance in America and Live from Lincoln Center series.Ardolino won an Academy Award for BestDocumentary Feature for the 1983 film He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin'. He found commercial success with the Academy Award-winning 1987 hit DirtyDancing.DeathArdolino died in California on November 20, 1993 of complications from AIDS. His last films, The Nutcracker (based on George Balanchine's NewYork City Ballet adaptation) and the television production of Gypsy starring Bette Midler, were released and shown posthumously. Ardolino is buried beside hisparents at St. John Cemetery in New York.Personal lifeArdolino was openly gay.Awards1969 Obie Award for the Broadway production of Oh! Calcutta!19 EmmyAward nominations, winning three1983 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature for He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin'.Partial filmographyHe Makes Me FeelLike Dancin' (1983)Dirty Dancing (1987)Chances Are (1989)Three Men and a Little Lady (1990)Sister Act (1992)The Nutcracker (1993)Gypsy (1993, TVmovie)Passage 3:Ultimate Dirty DancingUltimate Dirty Dancing is a soundtrack album containing every song from the 1987 film Dirty Dancing, sequenced in theorder it appears in the film. It was released on December 9, 2003, by RCA Records.Track listingTrack listing\"Be My Baby\" – The Ronettes\"Big Girls Don't Cry\" –Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons\"Merengue\" – Michael Lloyd & Le Disc\"Trot the Fox\" – Michael Lloyd & Le Disc\"Johnny's Mambo\" – Michael Lloyd & Le Disc\"Timeof My Life\" (instrumental version) – The John Morris Orchestra\"Where Are You Tonight?\" – Tom Johnston\"Do You Love Me\" – The Contours\"Love Man\" – OtisRedding\"Gazebo Waltz\" – Michael Lloyd\"Stay\" – Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs\"Wipe Out\" – The Surfaris\"Hungry Eyes\" – Eric Carmen\"Overload\" –Zappacosta\"Hey! Baby\" – Bruce Channel\"De Todo Un Poco\" – Michael Lloyd & Le Disc\"Some Kind of Wonderful\" – The Drifters\"These Arms of Mine\" – OtisRedding\"Cry to Me\" – Solomon Burke\"Will You Love Me Tomorrow\" – The Shirelles\"Love Is Strange\" – Mickey & Sylvia\"You Don't Own Me\" – The BlowMonkeys\"Yes\" – Merry Clayton\"In the Still of the Night\" – The Five Satins\"She's Like the Wind\" – Patrick Swayze\"Kellerman's Anthem\" – The Emile BergsteinChorale\"(I've Had) The Time of My Life\" – Bill Medley & Jennifer WarnesChartsCertificationsPassage 4:Dirty Dancing (disambiguation)Dirty Dancing is a 1987film.Dirty Dancing may also refer to:Dirty Dancing (1988 TV series), an American television series that aired on CBSDirty Dancing (2006 TV series), an Americanreality series that aired on WE tv networkDirty Dancing (2017 film), a musical television remake of the 1987 filmDirty Dancing (album), by Swayzak\"DirtyDancing\" (song), by New Kids On The BlockDirty Dancing (soundtrack), soundtrack to the 1987 filmDirty Dancing: Havana Nights (also known as Dirty Dancing 2or Dirty Dancing 2: Havana Nights), a 2004 filmDirty Dancing: The Classic Story on Stage, a stage musicalDirty Dancing: The Time of Your Life, a UK TVseriesPassage 5:La Bestia humanaLa Bestia humana is a 1957 Argentine film whose story is based on the 1890 novel La Bête Humaine by the French writer ÉmileZola.External linksLa Bestia humana at IMDbPassage 6:Dirty Dancing: Havana NightsDirty Dancing: Havana Nights (also known as Dirty Dancing 2 or DirtyDancing 2: Havana Nights) is a 2004 American dance musical romance film directed by Guy Ferland and starring Diego Luna, Romola Garai, Sela Ward, JohnSlattery, Jonathan Jackson, January Jones, and Mika Boorem. The film is an unrelated prequel/\"re-imagining\" of the 1987 blockbuster Dirty Dancing, reusing thesame basic plot, but transplanting it from upstate New York to Cuba on the cusp of the Cuban Revolution. Patrick Swayze, star of the original Dirty Dancing,appears as a dance instructor. It was mostly filmed in Old San Juan, Puerto Rico.PlotIn 1958, Katey Miller (Romola Garai), her parents (Sela Ward and JohnSlattery), and her younger sister Susie (Mika Boorem) arrive in Cuba during the Cuban revolution. A self-described bookworm, Katey is not very happy abouthaving to move to a different country during her senior year of high school, as she had been planning to attend Radcliffe College, although the rest of her familyseem extremely pleased to be in Cuba.Meeting several other rich American teenagers down by the pool - including James Phelps (Jonathan Jackson), the son ofher father's boss - Katey becomes disgusted when one of the teenagers insults a local waiter when he drops their drinks because Katey accidentally bumped intohim. Katey attempts to talk to the waiter—Javier (Diego Luna), who works at the hotel to support his family—because she feels awful about what had occurred,but he is not interested.Katey watches a film of her mother and father dancing and wishes she could dance as well as they did. She and her father dance a bit.The next day in class, Katey is asked to read aloud from the Odyssey - a passage about love and passion. After class, James invites her to a party at the countryclub the next day and she accepts.While walking home from school, she sees Javier dancing to street music, and he offers to walk her home. They stop to listento a street band and police show up, stopping Javier while Katey runs away.The next day, Katey tries some of the dance moves she saw. Javier sees her and asksher to come see the real dancers Saturday night, but she says she is already going to the country club. Javier gets upset and leaves. Katey wears one of hermaid's dresses to the country club party and impresses James. Katey convinces him to take her to the Cuban nightclub La Rosa Negra (The Black Rose) whereJavier is dancing with the ladies.Javier dances with Katey while James sits at the bar. Soon he is accosted by Javier's brother, Carlos, who tells him that they willeventually kick the Americans out of Cuba. Javier comes over and argues with his brother. James takes Katey back to the car and assaults her after she refuses tokiss him. She slaps him and runs into the club, and Javier agrees to walk her home.The next day, Katey walks by a dance class. The teacher (Patrick Swayze)asks if anyone wants to enter the big dance contest and then dances with Katey for a bit. She grabs a flyer for the competition.While walking to the pool, Jamesapologizes to Katey and then tells her that Susie saw Javier with her and got him fired. Katey argues with Susie and goes to find Javier. He is now working at achop shop with Carlos. She asks him to enter the dance contest with her, but he refuses. Meanwhile, it is becoming apparent that Carlos is helping therevolutionaries.The next day, Javier shows up at Katey's school and agrees to enter the dance contest with her. They start teaching each other dance moves andJavier convinces her to \"feel the music.\" They practice all the time, and Katey dances some more with the dance teacher, until it is the night of the dance. Kateyand Javier dance with the other couples on the floor and are chosen to go on to the next round.Katey's parents disapprove of her relationship with Javier, butKatey reconciles with them. On the night of the contest's final round, while Katey and Javier are on the dance floor, Javier sees his brother and somerevolutionaries disguised as waiters, and the police soon try to arrest them. The contest stops as everyone flees the club, and Javier has to save Carlos from thepolice. Javier and Carlos talk about how they miss their dad, then they hear that Batista has fled the country and join the celebration.Later, Javier comes to thehotel and finds Katey. He takes her to the beach and they have sex. The next day, Katey's parents tell her they are leaving Cuba and she has one last night withJavier. They go to the Cuban club where they first danced, and the floor is theirs as they are dubbed King and Queen. Katey's family is there to see her, andKatey narrates that she doesn't know when she will see Javier again, but this will not be their last time to dance together.CastRomola Garai as Katey MillerDiegoLuna as Javier SuarezSela Ward as Jeannie MillerJohn Slattery as Bert MillerMika Boorem as Susie MillerJonathan Jackson as James PhelpsRene Lavan as CarlosSuarezPatrick Swayze as Dance Class InstructorJanuary Jones as EveMýa Harrison as Lola MartinezAngélica Aragón as Mrs. SuarezKaly Cordova asDancerProductionHavana Nights is based on an original screenplay by playwright and NPR host Peter Sagal, based on the real life experience of producer JoAnnJansen, who lived in Cuba as a 15-year-old in 1958–59. Sagal wrote the screenplay, which he titled Cuba Mine, about a young American woman who witnessedthe Cuban revolution and had a romance with a young Cuban revolutionary. The screenplay was to be a serious political romance story, documenting, amongother stories, how the Cuban revolution transformed from idealism to terror. It was commissioned in 1992 by Lawrence Bender, who was rising to fame with hisproduction of Quentin Tarantino's Reservoir Dogs and Pulp Fiction. The screenplay was bought by a film studio, which requested several rewrites before decidingnot to produce the film. A decade later, Bender decided to make a Dirty Dancing sequel, and the film was very loosely adapted from Sagal's script. Not a singleline from Sagal's original screenplay appears in the final film and Sagal says that the only remnants of the political theme that existed in his script is a scenewherein some people are executed.Natalie Portman was offered the role of Katey Miller but she turned it down. Ricky Martin was also considered for the role ofJavier Suarez. The film was British actress Romola Garai's first Hollywood film and she repeatedly has cited the filming of the movie as being an extremelynegative experience which caused her to re-evaluate working in Hollywood. In a 2004 interview with The Telegraph she explained that the filmmakers \"were"}
{"doc_id":"doc_26","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:O Valencia!\"O Valencia!\" is the fifth single by the indie rock band The Decemberists, and the first released from their fourth studio album, The CraneWife.The music was written by The Decemberists and the lyrics by Colin Meloy. It tells a story of two star-crossed lovers. The singer falls in love with a personwho belongs to an opposing gang. At the end of the song, the singer's lover jumps in to defend the singer, who is confronting his lover's brother (the singer's\"sworn enemy\") and is killed by the bullet intended for the singer.Track listingThe 7\" single sold in the UK was mispressed, with \"Culling of the Fold\" as the B-sidedespite the artwork and record label listing \"After the Bombs\" as the B-side.Music videosFor the \"O Valencia!\" music video, The Decemberists filmed themselves infront of a green screen and asked fans to complete it by digitally adding in background images or footage. Stephen Colbert of The Colbert Report, having recentlyasked fans to do the same with a video of him with a light saber in front of a green screen, brought up The Decemberists on his segment \"Look Who's Riding onMy Coattails Now\" and accused the band of stealing the idea. The Decemberists' response was to challenge Stephen Colbert to a guitar solo showdown onDecember 20, 2006, on The Colbert Report.On January 19, 2007, The Decemberists premiered an alternate music video of \"O Valencia!\", directed by AaronStewart-Ahn, on MTV2. The video follows a character named Patrick, played by Meloy, as he and his love Francesca (Lisa Molinaro), daughter of \"the Boss\", planan escape to an unknown location. At a cafe, a man in a suit, portrayed by the band member Chris Funk, tells him to hide in the \"Valencia\" hotel (the Super ValueInn on North Interstate Avenue in Portland, Oregon) while he gets them the necessary documentation to escape. Above the name of the hotel, there is a neonsign that reads \"Office\". The letters have all burnt out except for the \"O\", creating the title of the song. The video then introduces other characters - variousassassination teams - who sit in different rooms of the hotel waiting for the chance to catch the two lovers. Most are portrayed by other members of the band(along with Meloy's wife, Carson Ellis). They kill off any potential witnesses to their plan. Patrick manages to take down one member from each team, before theygang up on him. The Boss arrives, along with the man from the cafe, who reveals that he snitched on Patrick and Francesca. They execute Francesca, whileforcing Patrick to watch. After they leave, Patrick finds a note by Francesca, which reveals that she never fell in love with him, and only wanted protection. 2months later, Patrick and the man, who has lost an eye from a previous assassination attempt, have a sit-down at the same cafe. The man reveals that hesnitched on Patrick just to take over the town. Patrick reveals that he poisoned a drink the man was having, but before he could get away, the man stabs Patrickin the neck with a fork before dying, followed by Patrick.The video is somewhat influenced by the distinct style and themes of director Wes Anderson, with boldfonts being used to introduce characters and groups on the bottom of the screen (much like in the film The Royal Tenenbaums). The band had previously (andmore explicitly) drawn influence from Anderson's Rushmore in their video for \"Sixteen Military Wives\". The layout of the hotel is also similar to the one used inBottle Rocket.Kurt Nishimura was chosen as the winner by mtvU for his video that depicted a love affair between a woman and her television, with the TVcontaining the green-screened Decemberists video footage.Passage 2:Donna SummerDonna Adrian Gaines (December 31, 1948 – May 17, 2012), knownprofessionally as Donna Summer, was an American singer and songwriter. She gained prominence during the disco era of the 1970s and became known as the\"Queen of Disco\", while her music gained a global following.Influenced by the counterculture of the 1960s, Summer became the lead singer of a psychedelic rockband named Crow and moved to New York City. In 1968, she joined a German adaptation of the musical Hair in Munich, where she spent several years living,acting, and singing. There, she met music producers Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte, and they went on to record influential disco hits together such as \"Love toLove You Baby\" and \"I Feel Love\", marking Summer's breakthrough into international music markets. Summer returned to the United States in 1976, and morehits such as \"Last Dance\", her version of \"MacArthur Park\", \"Heaven Knows\", \"Hot Stuff\", \"Bad Girls\", \"Dim All the Lights\", \"No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)\"with Barbra Streisand, and \"On the Radio\" followed.Summer amassed a total of 32 chart singles on the US Billboard Hot 100 in her lifetime, including 14 top tensingles and four number one singles. She claimed a top-40 hit every year between 1976 and 1984, and from her first top-ten hit in 1976, to the end of 1982, shehad 12 top-ten hits (10 were top-five hits), more than any other act during that time period. She returned to the Hot 100's top five in 1983, and claimed her finaltop-ten hit in 1989 with \"This Time I Know It's for Real\". She was the first artist to have three consecutive double albums reach the top of the US Billboard 200chart and charted four number-one singles in the US within a 12-month period. She also charted two number-one singles on the R&B Singles chart in the US anda number-one single in the United Kingdom. Her last Hot 100 hit came in 1999 with \"I Will Go with You (Con te partirò)\". While her fortunes on the Hot 100waned in subsequent decades, Summer remained a force on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart throughout her entire career.Summer died in 2012 from lungcancer, at her home in Naples, Florida. She sold over 100 million records worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. She won fiveGrammy Awards. In her obituary in The Times, she was described as the \"undisputed queen of the Seventies disco boom\" who reached the status of \"one of theworld's leading female singers.\" Moroder described Summer's work on the song \"I Feel Love\" as \"really the start of electronic dance\" music. In 2013, Summer wasinducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In December 2016, Billboard ranked her sixth on its list of the \"Greatest of All Time Top Dance Club Artists\".EarlylifeDonna Adrian Gaines was born on December 31, 1948, in Boston, Massachusetts, to Andrew and Mary Gaines, and was third of seven children. She was raisedin the Boston neighborhood of Mission Hill. Her father was a butcher, and her mother was a schoolteacher.Summer's performance debut occurred at church whenshe was ten years old, replacing a vocalist who failed to appear. She attended Boston's Jeremiah E. Burke High School where she performed in school musicalsand was considered popular. In 1967, just weeks before graduation, Summer left for New York City, where she joined the blues rock band Crow. After a recordlabel passed on signing the group since it was only interested in the band's lead singer, the group agreed to dissolve.Summer stayed in New York and auditionedfor a role in the counterculture musical, Hair. She landed the part of Sheila and agreed to take the role in the Munich production of the show, moving there inAugust 1968 after getting her parents' reluctant approval. She eventually became fluent in German, singing various songs in that language, and participated inthe musicals Ich bin ich (the German version of The Me Nobody Knows), Godspell, and Show Boat. Within three years, she moved to Vienna, Austria, and joinedthe Vienna Volksoper. She briefly toured with an ensemble vocal group called FamilyTree, the creation of producer Günter \"Yogi\" Lauke.In 1968, Summerreleased (as Donna Gaines) on Polydor her first single, a German version of the title \"Aquarius\" from the musical Hair, followed in 1971 by a second single, aremake of the Jaynetts' 1963 hit, \"Sally Go 'Round the Roses\", from a one-off European deal with Decca Records. In 1969, she issued the single \"If You Walkin'Alone\" on Philips Records.She married Austrian actor Helmuth Sommer in 1973, and gave birth to their daughter Natalia Pia Melanie \"Mimi\" Sommer, the sameyear. She provided backing vocals for producer-keyboardist Veit Marvos on his Ariola Records release Nice to See You, credited as \"Gayn Pierre\". Severalsubsequent singles included Donna performing with the group, and the name \"Gayn Pierre\" was used while performing in Godspell with Helmuth Sommer during1972. Their marriage subsequently ended in divorce, and she married singer-guitarist Bruce Sudano in 1980.Music career1974–1979: Initial successWhileworking as a model part-time and backing singer in Munich, Summer met producer Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte during a recording session for Three DogNight at Musicland Studios. The trio forged a working partnership, and Donna was signed to their Oasis label in 1974. A demo tape of Summer's work withMoroder and Bellotte led to a deal with the European-distributed label Groovy Records. Due to an error on the record cover, Donna Sommer became DonnaSummer; the name stuck. Summer's first album was Lady of the Night. It became a hit in the Netherlands, Sweden, Germany and Belgium on the strength of twosongs, \"The Hostage\" and the title track \"Lady of the Night\". \"The Hostage\" reached the top of the charts in France, but was removed from radio playlists inGermany because of the song's subject matter: a high ranking politician that had recently been kidnapped and held for ransom. One of her first TV appearanceswas in the television show, Van Oekel's Discohoek, which started the breakthrough of \"The Hostage\", and in which she gracefully went along with the scriptedabsurdity and chaos in the show.In 1975, Summer passed on an idea for a song to Moroder who was working with another artist; a song that would be called\"Love To Love You Baby\". Summer, Moroder and Bellotte wrote the song together, and together they worked on a demo version with Summer singing the song.Moroder decided that Summer's version should be released. Seeking an American release for the song, it was sent to Casablanca Records president Neil Bogart.Bogart played the song at one of his extravagant industry parties, where it was so popular with the crowd, they insisted that it be played over and over, each timeit ended. Bogart requested that Moroder produce a longer version for discothèques. Moroder, Bellotte, and Summer returned with a 17-minute version. Bogarttweaked the title and Casablanca signed Summer, releasing the single in November 1975. The shorter 7\" version of the single was promoted by radio stations,while clubs regularly played the 17-minute version (the longer version would also appear on the album).By early 1976, \"Love to Love You Baby\" had reached No.2 on the US Hot 100 chart and had become a Gold single, while the album had sold over a million copies. The song generated controversy due to Summer'smoans and groans, which emulated lovemaking, and some American stations, like those in Europe with the initial release, refused to play it. Despite this, \"Love toLove You Baby\" found chart success in several European countries, and made the Top 5 in the United Kingdom despite the BBC ban. Casablanca Records wasted"}
{"doc_id":"doc_27","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:S. N. MathurS.N. Mathur was the Director of the Indian Intelligence Bureau between September 1975 and February 1980. He was also the DirectorGeneral of Police in Punjab.Passage 2:Sweepstakes (film)Sweepstakes is a 1931 American pre-Code comedy film directed by Albert S. Rogell from a screenplaywritten by Lew Lipton and Ralph Murphy. The film stars Eddie Quillan, James Gleason, Marian Nixon,  Lew Cody, and Paul Hurst, which centers around the travailsand romances of jockey Buddy Doyle, known as the \"Whoop-te-doo Kid\" for his trademark yell during races. Produced by the newly formed RKO Pathé Pictures,this was the first film Charles R. Rogers would produce for the studio, after he replaced William LeBaron as head of production. The film was released on July 10,1931, through RKO Radio Pictures.PlotBud Doyle is a jockey who has discovered the secret to get his favorite mount, Six-Shooter, to boost his performance. If hesimply chants the phrase, \"Whoop-te-doo\", the horse responds with a burst of speed. There is a special bond between the jockey and his mount, but there isincreasing tension between Doyle and the horse's owner, Pop Blake (who also raised Doyle), over Doyle's relationship with local singer Babe Ellis. Blake sees Ellisas a distraction prior to the upcoming big race, the Camden Stakes.The owner of the club where Babe sings, Wally Weber, has his eyes on his horse winning theCamden Stakes. When the issues between Pop and Doyle come to a head, Pop tells Doyle that he has to choose: either he stops seeing Babe, or he'll be replacedas Six-Shooter's jockey in the big race. Angry and frustrated, Doyle quits. Weber approaches him to become the jockey for Rose Dawn, Weber's horse, and Doyleagrees, with the precondition that he not ride Royal Dawn in the Camden Stakes, for he wants Six-Shooter to still win the race.  Weber accedes to that oneprecondition, however, on the day of the race, he makes it clear that Doyle is under contract, and that he will ride Rose Dawn in the race.Upset, Doyle has nochoice but to ride Rose Dawn.  However, during the race, he manages to chant his signature \"Whoop-te-doo\" to Six-Shooter, causing his old mount to win therace. Furious that his horse lost, Weber goes to the judges, who rule that Doyle threw the race, pulling back on Rose Dawn, to allow Six-Shooter to win, andsuspend Doyle from horse-racing.Devastated, Doyle wanders from town to town, riding in small local races, until his identity is uncovered, and he is forced tomove on.  Soon, he is out of racing all together, and forced to taking one odd-job after another.  Eventually, he ends up south of the border, in Tijuana, Mexico,working as a waiter. Doyle's friend, Sleepy Jones, hears of Doyle's plight. Jones gets the racing commission to lift the ban, by proving Doyle's innocence.  Hethen, accompanied by Babe, gets a group to buy Six-Shooter from Pop, and they take the horse down to Tijuana, where there is another big race in the nearfuture, the Tijuana Handicap.Doyle is reluctant to ride at first, however, he is eventually cajoled into it by Sleepy and Babe, and of course, his bond withSix-Shooter is there.  He rides the horse to victory, re-establishing his credentials as a rider. The film ends by jumping a few years into the future, which showsDoyle and Babe happily married, with a child of their own.Cast(Cast list as per AFI database)Eddie Quillan as Bud DoyleLew Cody as Wally WeberJames Gleasonas Sleepy JonesMarian Nixon as Babe EllisKing Baggot as MikePaul Hurst as Cantina BartenderClarence Wilson as Mr. EmoryFrederick Burton as Pop BlakeBillySullivan as Speed MartinLillian Leighton as Ma ClancyMike Donlin as The DudeProductionCritical responseMordaunt Hall of The New York Times gave a verynon-committal review of this film, with neither much praise or criticism. While he gave no indication of what he thought about the quality of the film, he enjoyedthe performances of James Gleason and Lew Cody, and he called Quillan's performance as Doyle \"original\".See alsoList of films about horse racingPassage3:Albert S. RogellAlbert S. Rogell (August 21, 1901 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma - April 7, 1988 Los Angeles, California) was an American film director.Rogelldirected more than a hundred movies between 1921 and 1958. He was the uncle of producer Sid Rogell.FilmographyPassage 4:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is anAustralian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986)(mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie andMe (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 5:PeterLevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodictelevision and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky &Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980),A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", written byhis wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor inseveral Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into theArmy. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the PacificResident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also anassociate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 6:Jason Moore (director)Jason Moore (born October 22, 1970) is an American director of film, theatreand television.Life and careerJason Moore was born in Fayetteville, Arkansas, and studied at Northwestern University. Moore's Broadway career began as aresident director of Les Misérables at the Imperial Theatre in during its original run. He is the son of Fayetteville District Judge Rudy Moore.In March 2003, Mooredirected the musical Avenue Q, which opened Off-Broadway at the Vineyard Theatre and then moved to Broadway at the John Golden Theatre in July 2003.  Hewas nominated for a 2004 Tony Award for his direction. Moore also directed productions of the musical in Las Vegas and London and the show's national tour.Moore directed the 2005 Broadway revival of Steel Magnolias and Shrek the Musical, starring Brian d'Arcy James and Sutton Foster which opened on Broadway in2008. He directed the concert of Jerry Springer — The Opera at Carnegie Hall in January 2008.Moore, Jeff Whitty, Jake Shears, and John \"JJ\" Garden workedtogether on a new musical based on Armistead Maupin's Tales of the City. The musical premiered at the American Conservatory Theater, San Francisco, Californiain May 2011 and ran through July 2011.For television, Moore has directed episodes of Dawson's Creek, One Tree Hill, Everwood, and Brothers & Sisters. As awriter, Moore adapted the play The Floatplane Notebooks with Paul Fitzgerald from the novel by Clyde Edgerton. A staged reading of the play was presented atthe New Play Festival at the Charlotte, North Carolina Repertory Theatre in 1996, with a fully staged production in 1998.In 2012, Moore made his film directorialdebut with Pitch Perfect, starring Anna Kendrick and Brittany Snow. He also served as an executive producer on the sequel. He directed the film Sisters, starringTina Fey and Amy Poehler, which was released on December 18, 2015. Moore's next project will be directing a live action Archie movie.FilmographyFilmsPitchPerfect (2012)Sisters (2015)Shotgun Wedding (2022)TelevisionSoundtrack writerPitch Perfect 2 (2015) (Also executive producer)The Voice (2015) (1episode)Passage 7:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked inIreland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigningDecember 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leavingAustralia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin andattended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history andhistory.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library(1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director atthe National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council ofAustralian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia(NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increasedthe number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of themuseum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During hisdirectorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initialdesign for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was notdelivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art,including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museumby acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; andthe Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward"}
{"doc_id":"doc_28","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Royal Tramp IIRoyal Tramp II is a 1992 Hong Kong film based on Louis Cha's novel The Deer and the Cauldron. The film is a sequel to Royal Tramp, which was released earlier in the same year.PlotHaving been revealed as the false Empress Dowager, Lung-er returns to the Dragon Sect camp. There, the sect leader reminds her of their mission to support Ng Sam-kwai's, a military general, campaign for the throne before abdicating her title to Lung-er.Siu-bo lounges at the brothel where he once worked but is then attacked by disciples of the One Arm Nun, an anti-Qing revolutionary figure, before being quickly subdued. When Siu-bo tries to take advantage of them, Ng Ying-hung, Ng Sam-kwai's son, exposes his lies. Scorned and unaware of the stranger's title, Siu-bo sends his men after Ying-Hung, but Lung-er, now disguised as Ying-hung's male bodyguard, easily fends them off.At the palace, The Emperor, wary of Ng Sam-kwai's intentions, marries off the Princess to Ying-hung and assigns Siu-bo to be the Imperial Inspector General of the wedding march, so that he can keep his eyes on the general's activities. This complicates Siu-bo's relationship with Princess when she tells Siu-bo she's pregnant with his child.The One Arm Nun and her disciple, Ah Ko, later ambushes the procession. Fighting to a standstill with Lung-er, the assailants escape with Ying-hung and Siu-bo. However, Siu-bo garners some respect from her when he reveals his dual identity as a Heaven and Earth Society commander. Lung-er finally catches up to them with reinforcements at an inn but only manages to rescue Siu-bo. Having been saved by Ying-hung before, Ah Ko elopes with him amid the confusion.At the Dragon Sect camp, Ying-hung and Fung Sek-fan secretly poisons Lung-er and turn the followers against her. She escapes with Siu-bo but must have sex with a man before dawn, otherwise she will die. However, this will transfer 4/5th of her martial arts' power to whomever she sleeps with. Despite Siu-bo's lecherous personality, Lung-er accepts his blunt honesty as a sign of virtue and chooses to sacrifice her virginity to Siu-bo and becomes his third wife.When Siu-bo gets back to the Princess, they execute a plan to castrate Ying-hung. With her betrothed no longer able to produce heirs, the Princess is taken by Siu-bo as his fourth wife. Enraged by the end of his family line, Ng Ying-hung prematurely gathers his troops and sets out to wage war with the Emperor. He tasks Fung Sek-fan with killing the Princess and Siu-bo. Though Chan Kan-nam manages to intervene and lets his disciple escape.Later, the One Arm Nun captures the elopers, Ying-hung and Ah Ko, and offers them to Siu-bo. Siu-bo pardons them and even takes Ah Ko as his fifth wife. Afterward, Fung Sek-fan is promoted when he surrenders Ng Sam-kwai's battle plans and Chan Kan-nam to the Emperor. Given Siu-bo's muddied history with the Heaven and Earth Society, the Emperor tasks him with Chan's execution. Siu-bo's newfound power is difficult for him to control, and Chan helps him master it in time for him to use it against Fung. Siu-bo also uncovers the secret of the 42 Chapters books after burning them in frustration, revealing hidden stones that are left unburned, revealing map coordinates to the location of the treasure all major parties have been attempting to locate.In order to save his master, Siu-bo defeats Fung with his newly acquired martial arts power after both falling into a hidden cave wherein the treasure is found, and swaps Feng's body with Chan's before the execution to save his master. And just as he was about to escape with his wives and Chan, the Emperor arrives with his troops, having been sold out by Siu-bo's opportunistic friend To-lung who is now involved romantically with Siu-bo's sister. But seeing that they are friends, his sister is in love with Siu-bo, and with Siu-bo bluffing that he's strong enough to demolish the Emperor and his entire army if he wanted, the Emperor lets them go, declaring that Siu-bo has died and no longer exists as far as he's concerned. Siu-bo laughs afterward that the Emperor fell for his bluff.CastStephen Chow as Wai Siu-boBrigitte Lin as Lung-erChingmy Yau as Princess Kin-ningMichelle Reis as Ah Ko/Li Ming-koNatalis Chan as To-lungDamian Lau as Chan Kan-namDeric Wan as Hong-hei EmperorKent Tong as Ng Ying-hung, Sam-kwai's sonPaul Chun as Ng Sam-kwaiSandra Ng as Wai Chun-faFennie Yuen as Seung-yee twinVivian Chan as Seung-yee twinYen Shi-kwan as Fung Sek-fanHelen Ma as Kau-nan/one-armed Divine nunSharla Cheung as Mo Tung-chu / Empress DowagerLaw Lan as founder of Divine Dragon SectTam Suk-moi as Ah NongHoh Choi-chow as Palace guard Wen Shan LunYeung Jing-jingWan Seung-lamLee FaiCheng Ka-sangHo Wing-cheungKwan YungTo Wai-woPassage 2:Coney Island Baby (film)Coney Island Baby is a 2003 comedy-drama in which film producer Amy Hobby made her directorial debut. Karl Geary wrote the film and Tanya Ryno was the film's producer. The music was composed by Ryan Shore. The film was shot in Sligo, Ireland, which is known locally as \"Coney Island\".The film was screened at the Newport International Film Festival. Hobby won the Jury Award for \"Best First Time Director\".The film made its premiere television broadcast on the Sundance Channel.PlotAfter spending time in New York City, Billy Hayes returns to his hometown. He wants to get back together with his ex-girlfriend and take her back to America in hopes of opening up a gas station. But everything isn't going Billy's way - the townspeople aren't happy to see him, and his ex-girlfriend is engaged and pregnant. Then, Billy runs into his old friends who are planning a scam.CastKarl Geary - Billy HayesLaura Fraser - BridgetHugh O'Conor - SatchmoAndy Nyman - FrankoPatrick Fitzgerald - The DukeTom Hickey - Mr. HayesConor McDermottroe - GerryDavid McEvoy - JoeThor McVeigh - MagicianSinead Dolan - JuliaMusicThe film's original score was composed by Ryan Shore.External linksConey Island Baby (2006) at IMDbMSN - Movies: Coney Island BabyPassage 3:The Wonderful World of Captain KuhioThe Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, Kuhio Taisa, lit. \"Captain Kuhio\") is a 2009 Japanese comedy-crime film, directed by Daihachi Yoshida, based on Kazumasa Yoshida's 2006 biographical novel, Kekkon Sagishi Kuhio Taisa (lit. \"Marriage swindler Captain Kuhio\"), that focuses on a real-life marriage swindler, who conned over 100 million yen (US$1.2 million) from a number of women between the 1970s and the 1990s.The film was released in Japan on 10 October 2009.CastMasato Sakai - Captain KuhioYasuko Matsuyuki - Shinobu NaganoHikari Mitsushima - Haru YasuokaYuko Nakamura - Michiko SudoHirofumi Arai - Tatsuya NaganoKazuya Kojima - Koichi TakahashiSakura Ando - Rika KinoshitaMasaaki Uchino - Chief FujiwaraKanji Furutachi - Shigeru KurodaReila AphroditeSei AndoAwardsAt the 31st Yokohama Film FestivalBest Actor – Masato SakaiBest Supporting Actress – Sakura AndoPassage 4:Lloyd (film)Lloyd is a 2001 American comedy film. The film was released on May 4, 2001.PlotLloyd is the \"class clown.\" He often gets in trouble with teachers, one of whom is very strict. When he tries to rebel, he is put into a class for \"less enthusiastic students.\" Once there, he joins the other students in the group: Troy, Carla, and Storm. He soon falls in love with the class's newest member, Tracy (Kristin Parker). However, she is taken by storm. When Lloyd talks to his mother, she tells him that he can still win her back by being himself.The role of Lloyd is played by Todd Bosley. Tom Arnold, a friend of the producers, played a small role.CastTodd Bosley - LloydBrendon Ryan Barrett - TroyMary Mara - JoannChloe Peterson - CarlaSammy Elliott - NathanPatrick Higgins - StormKristin Parker - TracyTom Arnold - TomTaylor Negron - Mr. WeidProductionThe film was shot in Sunnyvale, California, in 1997.External linksLloyd at IMDbPassage 5:La Princesse de Clèves (film)La Princesse de Clèves (Italian: La principessa di Cleves) is a 1961 French-Italian drama film based on the 1678 novel of the same name.CastMarina Vlady – La princesse de ClèvesJean Marais – Le prince de ClèvesJean-François Poron – Jacques, Duke of NemoursHenri Piégay – Le vidame de ChartresAnnie Ducaux – Diane de PoitiersLea Padovani – Catherine de' MediciPassage 6:Nous, princesses de ClèvesNous, princesses de Clèves is a French documentary film directed by Régis Sauder, filmed at the Lycée Diderot and released on 3 March 2011.SynopsisThe movie follows the thoughts and emotions of various teenagers as they prepare to take their Baccalauréat by reading the classic 1678 French novel, La Princesse de Clèves. The film highlights the differences and connections between the lives of the students, many of which are from immigrant and working-class families, and the passions and plots of the 17th century French court.Festivals and awardsThe film was screened at different film festivals throughout the world, including: 2011 Doc à Tunis - Tunis; 2011 Docudays - Beirut International Documentary Festival - Beyrouth (Liban); 2011 RIDM - Rencontres Internationales du Documentaire de Montréal - Montréal (Canada); 2011 SFFF - San Francisco International Film Festival - San Francisco (États-Unis); 2011 Visions du Réel - Nyon (Suisse), ... and received the 2011 Étoile de la Scam.Selected castSarah Yagoubi as herselfAbou Achoumi as himselfLaura Badrane as herselfMorgane Badrane as herselfManel Boulaabi as herselfVirginie Da Vega as herselfThérèse Demarque as herselfPassage 7:Invasion of the Neptune MenInvasion of the Neptune Men (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, Uchū Kaisokusen) is a 1961 superhero film produced by Toei Company Ltd. The film stars Sonny Chiba as Iron Sharp (called Space Chief in the U.S. version).The film was released in 1961 in Japan and was later released in 1964 direct to television in the United States. In 1998, the film was featured on an episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000.PlotAstronomer Shinichi Tachibana has a secret identity as superhero \"Iron Sharp\" and has many children as friends. When they are attacked by a group of metallic aliens (\"Neptune Men\" in English), Iron Sharp drives the aliens away. The resourceful Tachibana helps develop an electric barrier to block the aliens from coming to the Earth.  After several losses by the aliens, they announce that they will invade the Earth, throwing the world into a state of panic. The aliens destroy entire cities with their mothership and smaller fighters. After Iron Sharp destroys multiple enemy ships, Japan fires nuclear missiles at the mothership, destroying it.CastSonny Chiba as scientist Shinichi Tachibana / Iron SharpKappei Matsumoto as Dr. TanigawaRyuko Minakami as Yōko (Tanigawa's daughter)Shinjirō Ehara as scientist YanagidaMitsue Komiya as scientist SaitōStyleInvasion of the Neptune Men is part of Japan's tokusatsu genre, which involves science fiction and/or superhero films that feature heavy use of special effects.ProductionInvasion of the Neptune Men was an early film for Sonny Chiba. Chiba started working in Japanese television where he starred in superhero television series in 1960. Chiba continued working back and forth between television and film until the late 1960s when he became a more popular star.ReleaseUchū Kaisokusen was released in Japan on 19 July 1961. The film was not released theatrically in the United States, but it was released directly to American television by Walter Manley on March 20, 1964, dubbed in English "}
{"doc_id":"doc_29","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Peter BurroughsPeter Burroughs (born 27 January 1947) is a British television and film actor and the director of Willow Management. He is the father-in-law of actor and TV presenter Warwick Davis.Early careerBurroughs initially ran a shop in his village at Yaxley, Cambridgeshire.His first dramatic role was that of the character \"Branic\" in the 1979 television series The Legend of King Arthur. He also acted in the television shows Dick Turpin, The Goodies, Doctor Who in the serial The King's Demons and One Foot in the Grave.Film careerBurroughs played roles in Hollywood movies such as Flash Gordon, George Lucas' Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi (a swinging ewok), Willow, The Dark Crystal, Labyrinth and The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. In 1995, Burroughs set up Willow Management, an agency for short actors, along with co-actor Warwick Davis. He portrayed a bank goblin in the Harry Potter series (Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2).Personal lifeHis daughter Samantha (born 1971), is married to Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi and Willow film star Warwick Davis. He has another daughter, Hayley Burroughs, who is also an actress. His granddaughter is Annabelle Davis.FilmographyPassage 2:Ogawa MatajiViscount Ogawa Mataji (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 22 August 1848 – 20 October 1909) was a general in the early Imperial Japanese Army. He was also the father-in-law of Field Marshal Gen Sugiyama.Life and military careerOgawa was born to a samurai family; his father was a retainer to the daimyō of Kokura Domain, in what is now Kitakyushu, Fukuoka. He studied rangaku under Egawa Hidetatsu and fought as a Kokura samurai against the forces of Chōshū Domain during the Bakumatsu period.After the Meiji Restoration, Ogawa attended the Imperial Japanese Army Academy and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in January 1871 and promoted to lieutenant in February 1874. He participated in the Taiwan Expedition of April 1874. Afterwards, he served with the IJA 1st Infantry Regiment under the Tokyo Garrison, and as a battalion commander with the IJA 13th Infantry Regiment from April 1876. From February 1877, he fought in the Satsuma Rebellion, but was wounded in combat in April and promoted to major the same month.In March 1878, Ogawa was Deputy Chief-of-Staff to the Kumamoto Garrison. He was sent as a military attaché to Beijing from April to July 1880. In February 1881, he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel and chief of staff of the Osaka Garrison. In March 1882, he was chief of staff of the Hiroshima Garrison. Promoted to colonel in October 1884, he was assigned the IJA 8th Infantry Regiment. In May 1885, he joined the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office. German General Jakob Meckel, hired by the Japanese government as a foreign advisor and instructor in the Imperial Japanese Army Academy highly praised Ogawa and fellow colonel Kodama Gentarō as the two most outstanding officers in the Imperial Japanese Army. Ogawa was especially noted for his abilities as a military strategist and planner, and earned the sobriquet “the modern Kenshin\") from General Kawakami Soroku.First Sino-Japanese WarOgawa was promoted to major general in June 1890, and given command of the IJA 4th Infantry Brigade, followed by command of the 1st Guards Brigade. At the start of the First Sino-Japanese War in August 1894, he was chief of staff of the Japanese First Army. In August 1895, he was elevated to the kazoku peerage with the title of danshaku (baron). He commanded the 2nd Guards Brigade from January 1896 and was subsequently promoted to lieutenant general in April 1897, assuming command of the IJA 4th Infantry Division. In May 1903, he was awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasures, first class.Russo-Japanese WarDuring the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, Ogawa retained command of the IJA 4th Division under the Japanese Second Army of General Oku Yasukata.  The division was in combat at the Battle of Nanshan, Battle of Telissu and Battle of Liaoyang. At the Battle of Liaoyang, Ogawa was injured in combat, and forced to relinquish his command and return to Tokyo. In January 1905, he was promoted to general, but took a medical leave from December 1905. He was awarded the Order of the Golden Kite, 2nd class in 1906.  In September 1907 he was elevated to viscount (shishaku) He officially retired in November.Ogawa died on 20 October 1909 due to peritonitis after being hospitalized for dysentery. His grave is located at Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo, and he also has a grave in his hometown of Kokura.Decorations1885 –  Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd class  1895 –  Order of the Sacred Treasure, 2nd class 1895 –  Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd class 1895 –  Order of the Golden Kite, 3rd class 1903 –  Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure 1906 –   Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun1906 –  Order of the Golden Kite, 2nd classPassage 3:Prince Rupert of the RhinePrince Rupert of the Rhine, Duke of Cumberland,  (17 December 1619 (O.S.) [27 December 1619 (N.S.)] – 29 November 1682 (O.S.) [9 December 1682 (N.S)]) was an English army officer, admiral, scientist, and colonial governor. He first came to prominence as a Royalist cavalry commander during the English Civil War. Rupert was the third son of the German Prince Frederick V of the Palatinate and Elizabeth, eldest daughter of King James VI and I of Scotland and England.Prince Rupert had a varied career. He was a soldier as a child, fighting alongside Dutch forces against Habsburg Spain during the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648), and against the Holy Roman Emperor in Germany during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). Aged 23, he was appointed commander of the Royalist cavalry during the English Civil War, becoming the archetypal \"Cavalier\" of the war and ultimately the senior Royalist general. He surrendered after the fall of Bristol and was banished from England. He served under King Louis XIV of France against Spain, and then as a Royalist privateer in the Caribbean Sea. Following the Restoration, Rupert returned to England, becoming a senior English naval commander during the Second Anglo-Dutch War and Third Anglo-Dutch War, and serving as the first governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. He died in England in 1682, aged 62.Rupert is considered to have been a quick-thinking and energetic cavalry general, but ultimately undermined by his youthful impatience in dealing with his peers during the Civil War. In the Interregnum, Rupert continued the conflict against Parliament by sea from the Mediterranean to the Caribbean, showing considerable persistence in the face of adversity. As the head of the Royal Navy in his later years, he showed greater maturity and made impressive and long-lasting contributions to the Royal Navy's doctrine and development. As a colonial governor, Rupert shaped the political geography of modern Canada: Rupert's Land was named in his honour, and he was a founder of the Hudson's Bay Company.  Rupert's varied and numerous scientific and administrative interests, combined with his considerable artistic skills, made him one of the more colourful public figures in England of the Restoration period.Parents and ancestryRupert's father was Frederick V of the Palatinate, of the Palatinate-Simmern branch of the House of Wittelsbach. As Elector Palatine, Frederick was one of the most important princes of the Holy Roman Empire. He was also head of the Protestant Union, a coalition of Protestant German states. The Palatinate was a wealthy state, and Frederick lived in great luxury.Frederick's mother, Countess Louise Juliana of Nassau, was daughter of William the Silent and half-sister of Maurice, Prince of Orange, who as stadtholders of Holland and other provinces were the leaders of the Dutch Republic.Rupert's mother was Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of King James VI of Scotland and I of England. Thus Rupert was nephew of King Charles I of England and Scotland, and first cousin of King Charles II of England and Scotland, who made him Duke of Cumberland and Earl of Holderness. His sister Electress Sophia was the mother of George I of Great Britain.Rupert was named in honour of Rupert, King of Germany, a famous Wittelsbach ancestor.Early life and exileRupert was born in Prague, Bohemia, in 1619, and was declared a prince by the principality of Lusatia. His father had just been elected king by the largely Protestant estates of Bohemia. This was perceived as an act of rebellion by the Catholic House of Habsburg, who had been kings of Bohemia since 1526, and initiated the Thirty Years' War. Frederick was not supported by the Protestant Union, and in 1620 was defeated by Emperor Ferdinand II in the Battle of White Mountain. Rupert's parents were thus mockingly termed the \"Winter King and Queen\". Rupert was almost left behind in the court's rush to escape Ferdinand's advance on Prague, until courtier Kryštof z Donína (Christopher Dhona) tossed the prince into a carriage at the last moment.Rupert accompanied his parents to The Hague, where he spent his early years at the Hof te Wassenaer (the Wassenaer Court). Rupert's mother paid her children little attention even by the standards of the day, apparently preferring her pet monkeys and dogs. Instead, Frederick employed a French couple, Monsieur and Madame de Plessen, as governors to his children. They were raised with a positive attitude towards the Bohemians and the English, and as strict Calvinists. The result was a strict school routine including logic, mathematics, writing, drawing, singing, and playing instruments.As a child, Rupert was at times badly behaved, \"fiery, mischievous, and passionate\" and earned himself the nickname Robert le Diable, or \" Rupert The Devil\". Nonetheless, Rupert proved to be an able student. By the age of three he could speak some English, Czech, and French, and mastered German while still young, but had little interest in Latin and Greek. He excelled in art, being taught by Gerard van Honthorst, and found mathematics and science easy. By the time he was 18 he stood about 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) tall.Rupert's family continued their attempts to regain the Palatinate during their time in The Hague. Money was short, with the family relying upon a relatively small pension from The Hague, the proceeds from family investments in Dutch raids on Spanish shipping, and revenue from pawned family jewellery. Frederick set about convincing an alliance of nations—including England, France and Sweden — to support his attempts to regain the Palatinate and Bohemia. By the early 1630s Frederick had built a close relationship with King Gustavus of Sweden, the dominant Protestant leader in Germany. In 1632, however, the two men disagreed over Gustavus' insistence that Frederick provide equal rights to his Lutheran and Calvinist subjects after regaining his lands; Frederick refused and set off to return to The Hague. He died of a fever along the way and was buried in an unmarked grave.Rupert had lost his father at the age of 13, and Gustavus' death at the Battle of Lützen in the same month deprived the family of a critical Protestant ally. With Frederick gone, King Charles proposed that the family move to England; Rupert's mother declined, but asked that Charles extend his protection to her remaining children instead.Teenage yearsRupert spent the beginning of his teenage years in England between the courts of The Hague and his uncle King Charles I, before being "}
{"doc_id":"doc_30","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:One Does Not Play with LoveOne Does Not Play with Love (German: Man spielt nicht mit der Liebe) is a 1926 silent German drama film directed by G.W. Pabst. The film is an adaptation of the 1834 play by Alfred de Musset, On ne badine pas avec l'amour. The film is considered to be a lost film.CastWernerKrauss as Fürst Colalto (Prince Colalto)Lili Damita as CalixtaErna Morena as Florence, ehemalige Opernsängerin (alumna opera singer)Egon von Jordan as EugenLewisArtur Retzbach as Nepallek, Hofmobiliardirektor (Director of the furniture of the court) (as Artur Retzbach-Erasiny)Oreste Bilancia as Der Freund (thefriend)Gustav CzimegTala Birell as Bit Role (as Thala Birell)Karl EtlingerMaria PaudlerMathilde SussinSee alsoList of lost filmsPassage 2:Gustav CzimegGustavCzimeg (December 20, 1877 – August 21, 1939) was a German actor of the silent period. He appeared in films such as Madame DuBarry (1919),  in which heplayed Duke Aiguillon, Die Rache des Titanen (1919), Glasprinzessin (1921), and One Does Not Play with Love (1926).Passage 3:The Flesh Is WeakThe Flesh IsWeak is a 1957 British film directed by Don Chaffey. It stars John Derek and Milly Vitale. Distributors Corporation of America released the film in the USA as adouble feature with Blonde in Bondage.PlotTony Giani is a Soho pimp who preys on young provincial women who come to London seeking work. Marissa Cooper,one such girl, has just arrived in London. Giani spots her and offers her a job in the Golden Bucket, a nightclub. In her innocence, she does not realize the club isa front for prostitution. When she tries to escape from the pimp's control, she is set up by Giani and his brother Angelo and arrested by the police. Investigativejournalist Lloyd Buxton persuades her to give evidence against the brothers leading to their imprisonment and her freedom.CastJohn Derek as Tony GianiMillyVitale as Marissa CooperWilliam Franklyn as Lloyd BuxtonMartin Benson as Angelo GianiFreda Jackson as TrixieNorman Wooland as Inspector KingcombeHaroldLang as HenryPatricia Jessel as MillieJohn Paul as Sergeant FranksDenis Shaw as SaradineJoe Robinson as LoftyRoger Snowden as BennyPatricia Plunkett as DorisNewmanShirley Anne Field as SusanSource: BFIProductionThe film was based on the Messina vice gang who operated in the West End of London. Its original titlewas Women of Night then Not for Love before being changed to The Flesh is Weak.ReceptionThe film was a box office success - according to Variety it was thefourth highest grossing film in England. The movie is not listed in Kinematograph Weekly as one of the most popular British films of 1957 but that magazine didsay the movie was \"enjoying a triumphant West End run\".The reception to the film enabled the producer and director to raise finance for another movie, AQuestion of Adultery.Passage 4:Blonde in BondageBlonde in Bondage (Swedish: Blondin i fara) is a 1957 Swedish drama crime film directed by Robert Brandt,who also wrote lyrics to the film's two songs.  Distributors Corporation of America released the film in the US as a double feature with The Flesh Is Weak. It wasshot at the Metronome Studios in Stockholm.PlotNew York City reporter Larry Brand is sent to Stockholm to do a story on Swedish morals.  A traffic accidentleads him into rescuing a strip tease artiste from drug addiction and pits him against a ruthless criminal gang.CastMark Miller as Larry BrandAnita Thallaug asMona MaceLars Ekborg as MaxRuth Johansson as LailaBirgitta Ander as BirgittaEva Laräng as IngridAnita Strindberg as Telephone operator (credited as AnitaEdberg)Erik Strandmark as OlleStig Järrel as KreugerBörje Mellvig as Chief InspectorDangy Helander as a ProstituteNorma Sjöholm as a second ProstituteSangridNerf as a taxi driverAlexander von Baumgarten as Kuger's valetJohn Starck ...  Chief of guardsSoundtrackThe Blues Music by Ulf CarlénLyrics by RobertBrandtShock Around the ClockMusic by Ulf Carlén Lyrics by Robert BrandtExternal linksBlonde in Bondage at IMDbPassage 5:But the Flesh Is WeakBut the FleshIs Weak is a 1932 American pre-Code comedy film directed by Jack Conway and written by Ivor Novello based on his 1928 play The Truth Game. The film starsRobert Montgomery, Nora Gregor, Heather Thatcher, Edward Everett Horton, C. Aubrey Smith and Nils Asther. The film was released on April 9, 1932, byMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer.  But the Flesh Is Weak was remade in 1941 as Free and Easy.PlotMax Clement and his father Florian, short of money, take advantage ofwealthy British women by romancing them. Max's problem is that he is far more attracted to more attractive women, ones without the means to supporthim.While seeing a pleasant but plain Lady Joan Culver socially, Max is introduced to Austrian widow Rosine Brown, quickly falling in love with her. Max ispersistent in his romantic advances, but Rosine reveals that she is penniless and, much like Max, counting on a richer but less exciting man, Sir George Kelvin, tomarry and take care of her.Florian's gambling losses in the casino leave him heavily in debt. The only way Max knows how to aid his father is by marrying LadyJoan, who can afford to solve his financial difficulties. Max's guilty conscience and true love lead him back to Rosine, and the sudden engagement of Florian to awealthy woman helps bring everyone together.CastRobert Montgomery as Max ClementNora Gregor as Mrs. Rosine BrownHeather Thatcher as Lady JoanCulverEdward Everett Horton as Sir George KelvinC. Aubrey Smith as Florian ClementNils Asther as Prince PaulFrederick Kerr as Duke of HampshireEva Moore asLady Florence RidgwayForrester Harvey as GoochDesmond Roberts as FindleyPassage 6:The FleshThe Flesh (Italian: La carne) is a 1991 Italian drama filmdirected by Marco Ferreri. It was entered into the 1991 Cannes Film Festival.PlotPaolo is a municipal employee, who in his spare time works at the piano bar of aclub, is divorced and has two children who live with his ex-wife. Paolo often recalls his mother and his First Communion, with which he seems to live a totalizingexperience in the divine.In his friend Nicola's nightclub, Paolo meets the young Francesca, back from a relationship with an Indian guru, who has just had anabortion and is alone. Intimacy develops between the two: according to Paolo, this is the victory of the ultra sex and of the fusion that completes and exaltseverything, a fusion that Francesca assures him thanks to a special oriental technique, which allows the partner a state of permanent efficiency.They shutthemselves up in his beach house south of Rome where, after filling the fridge, they spend their time eating and making love, interrupted only by a quickincursion of Paolo's two sons visiting him and a small group of friends. But Francesca at a given moment thinks of leaving for other shores, while Paolounderstands that in order to \"communicate\" there is really only one alternative: either to love each other totally, or to tear apart that voluptuous female body, putit in the fridge and eat it by the sea in front of the sun. Thus, after having made animalistic love in the kennel of the beloved dog Giovanni, Paolo's insane anxietyis satisfied: he kills Francesca, cuts her up and keeps her in the refrigerator, eating her piece by piece.CastSergio Castellitto - PaoloFrancesca Dellera -FrancescaPhilippe LéotardFarid ChopelPetra ReinhardtGudrun GundelachNicoletta BorisClelia PiscitelliElena WiedermannSonia TopazioFulvio FalzaranoPinoToscaEleonora CecereMatteo RipaldiDaniele FralassiSalvatore EspositoPassage 7:Don ChaffeyDonald Chaffey (5 August 1917 – 13 November 1990) was a Britishfilm director, writer, producer, and art director.Chaffey's film career began as an art director in 1947, and his directorial debut was in 1953.  He remained activein the industry until his death in 1990 from heart failure. His film Charley One-Eye (1973) was entered into the 24th Berlin International Film Festival.He is chieflyremembered for his fantasy films, which include Jason and the Argonauts (1963), The Three Lives of Thomasina (1963), One Million Years B.C. (1966), The VikingQueen (1967), Creatures the World Forgot (1971), Pete's Dragon (1977), and C.H.O.M.P.S. (1979), his final feature film.Concurrent with his theatrically releasedfilms, Chaffey directed episodes of numerous British television series, including multiple installments of Danger Man, The Prisoner, and The Avengers.  From the1980s until his death, all of his work was in American made-for-TV movies, and in such TV series as Fantasy Island, Stingray, MacGyver, Vega$, T. J. Hooker,Matt Houston, and Charlie's Angels.CareerChaffey began his career in the art department of Gainsborough Productions where he worked as a draftsman onMadonna of the Seven Moons (1945), The Rake's Progress (1945), and Caravan (1946). He was art director of The Adventures of Dusty Bates (1947) and TheLittle Ballerina (1948). He directed the documentary shorts Thames Tideway (1948) and Cape Cargoes (1948).Chaffey directed the short features The MysteriousPoacher (1950) and The Case of the Missing Scene (1950). He returned to the art department for King of the Underworld (1950), The Stolen Plans (1952), Murderat the Grange (1952), Murder at Scotland Yard (1952), and Black 13 (1953).DirectorChaffey resumed his directing career with the family film Skid Kids (1953).He made the short Watch Out (1953), then did Strange Stories (1953), Bouncer Breaks Up (1953, a short), The Mask (1952), and A Good Pull Up (1953).Chaffeydirected Time Is My Enemy (1954). After the short Dead on Time (1955) he made The Secret Tent (1956), The Flesh Is Weak (1957) and The Girl in the Picture(1957). He also directed \"The Man Upstairs\" (1958) starring Richard Attenborough.He directed episodes of TV series like Theatre Royal, The Adventures of the BigMan, Chevron Hall of Stars, The Errol Flynn Theatre, Assignment Foreign Legion, The Adventures of Robin Hood, Dial 999, and The New Adventures of CharlieChan. He interspersed these with features like A Question of Adultery (1958), The Man Upstairs (1958), Danger Within (1959), Dentist in the Chair (1960), LiesMy Father Told Me (1960), and Nearly a Nasty Accident (1961).Disney and FantasyHe did Greyfriars Bobby: The True Story of a Dog (1961) then A Matter of WHO(1961), a version of The Prince and the Pauper (1962) for Disney, and The Webster Boy (1962).He had a big hit with Jason and the Argonauts (1963) with RayHarryhausen. Then it was back to Disney for The Three Lives of Thomasina (1963).Chaffey directed They All Died Laughing (1964), The Crooked Road (1965),and One Million Years B.C. (1966) for Hammer. He returned to television to do episodes of Danger Man, The Baron, The Prisoner, Man in a Suitcase, Journey tothe Unknown, The Avengers, The Pathfinders, and The Protectors.Chaffey did The Viking Queen (1967) for Hammer, A Twist of Sand (1968), Creatures the WorldForgot (1971) for Hammer, Clinic Exclusive (1973), Charley-One-Eye (1973), and Persecution (1974).Australia and US TVChaffey went to Australia where hedirected Ben Hall (1975), Ride a Wild Pony (1975), The Fourth Wish (1976), and Shimmering Light (1978).He worked in America too making CHiPs, Pete's Dragon(1977) for Disney, The Magic of Lassie (1978), Lassie: A New Beginning (1978), The Gift of Love (1978), C.H.O.M.P.S. (1979), and Casino (1980).He eventually"}
{"doc_id":"doc_31","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The ChainReaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker(1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)TheDoctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 2:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum directorwho has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum ofArt from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United Statesafter leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum ofArt. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was bornin Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied bothart history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester BeattyLibrary (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was AssistantDirector at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of theCouncil of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery ofAustralia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad,increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years ofthe museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During hisdirectorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initialdesign for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was notdelivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art,including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museumby acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; andthe Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King EdwardTerrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGAfrom 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too closeto the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitionsat the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging toCharles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which usedelephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was\"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events inNew York had \"obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedywas also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA'soccupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003.Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He becamea joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintingsand sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in thefield of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read,understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of awebsite, www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so.Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest inexpanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy andMary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During histenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exportedprior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), anIndian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum ofArt in July 2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bringgreater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, andIdeologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storagefor classes annually. Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu:Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: IrregularPolygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics,Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson:Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie),Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7SeanScully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art(October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to AustralianSociety and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and amember of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received anhonorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguishededucator for art education.== Notes ==Passage 3:George L. CoxGeorge L. Cox (1878–1947) was an American actor and film director.Selected filmographyTheHouse of Toys (1920)The Gamesters (1920)The Week-End (1920)The Thirtieth Piece of Silver (1920)A Light Woman (1920)The Blue Moon (1920)Sunset Jones(1921)Payment Guaranteed (1921)Their Mutual Child (1921)Passage 4:The Dangerous TalentThe Dangerous Talent is a lost 1920 silent film  directed by GeorgeL. Cox and starring Margarita Fischer and Harry Hilliard. It was released by Pathé Exchange.CastMargarita Fischer - Leila MeadHarry Hilliard - Gilbert EllisBeatriceVan - Mildred SheddHarvey Clark - HortonNeil Hardin - Bob AmesGeorge Periolat - Peyton DodgeMae Talbot - A DerelictPassage 5:Dana BlanksteinDanaBlankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the board of directors  inNovember 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and an Israeli cultureentrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israelin 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors. During her studiesshe worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film and academiccareerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged and promoted"}
{"doc_id":"doc_32","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Traces of DeathTraces of Death is a 1993 Z movie mondo shockumentary that consists of various scenes of stock footage depicting death and realscenes of violence.Unlike most earlier Faces of Death which usually included fake deaths and reenactments, Traces consists mostly of actual footage depictingdeath and injury, and consists also of public domain footage from other films. It was written and narrated by Damon Fox.Since its release, Traces of Death hasbeen followed by four sequels. The first sequel, Traces of Death II, was released in June 1994. This was followed by Traces of Death III in December 1994, Tracesof Death IV: Resurrected in 1996 and Traces of Death V: Back in Action in April 2000.Film contentIn the first two films of the series, Damon Fox was the narrator.Darrin Ramage, who would later become the founder of Brain Damage Films, would become the host for the third, fourth and fifth volumes. Unlike Faces of Death,the footage throughout the entire films are real and are not staged or reenacted. Starting with Traces of Death II, scenes were accompanied by background musicfrom death metal and grindcore bands.Also contained in the series, especially in the first one, is footage of step-by-step autopsy procedures, which are shownfrom a coroner's point of view. Most of the other footage is recognizably notable. Among the footage samples seen on Traces of Death and in the sequels thatfollowed are listed below.Traces of Death (1993)The 1993 murder of Maritza Martin MunozThe 1988 police chase of armed bank robber Phillip HutchinsonThe1980 Iranian Embassy siegeThe 1989 suicide attempt of Terry RosslandThe 1984 race car crash of Ricky RuddThe 1990 race car crash of Allan McNishThe 1990racing incident of Willy T. RibbsThe 1992 racing crash of Kerry MadsenThe 1986 Rally de Portugal crashThe 1992 crash of the monster truck Bad MedicineThe1966 motorcycle stunt crash of Evel KnievelThe 1967 Caesar Palace jump stunt crash of Evel KnievelThe 1990 Dinamo–Red Star riotThe 1986 Calgary Stampedechuckwagon accidentThe 1989 horse riding accident of Bill PeckThe 1990 parachute skydiving accident of Mike Mcgee and Greg JonesThe 1992 Maracanã StadiumcollapseAnatoly Kvochur's plane at the 1989 Paris Air Show crashing after a birdstrikeThe 1987 press conference suicide of R. Budd DwyerThe first film of theseries also contains allegedly staged footage from Savage Man Savage Beast, where a tourist, Pit Dernitz supposedly gets mauled and eaten by Africanlions.Other scenes that feature animals include undated footage of a pig experiment by military scientists at the Burn Center in Fort Sam Houston (derived from a1987 mondo film entitled True Gore), an animal control officer, Florence Crowell being attacked by a pit bull in Los Angeles, California in 1987, and a black beargetting shocked off a utility pole in Albuquerque, New Mexico in 1989.The first two films both contain scenes of sex reassignment surgery, which is featured in the1974 mondo film Shocking Asia. Some autopsy footages were taken from the 1961 U.S. Army training film Basic Autopsy Procedure.Also included is an interviewwith James Vance, who had attempted suicide with a shotgun at a church playground in Sparks, Nevada (taken from the documentary Dream Deceivers).The onlyknown footage showing evidence of Ilse Koch is included as well.Traces of Death II (1994)Iranian soldiers slaughtered by the Iraqi Regime during the Iran–IraqWarThe 1981 assassination of Anwar SadatBoston bomb expert Randolph G. LaMattina blasted in the face by a pipe bomb following its removal in 1985 [1]Arobber blowing himself up after holding up a bank and being cornered by police at gunpoint in León, Spain in 1983A 1984 fire in a Rio de Janeiro apartmentbuilding, which led to four women falling to their deathsThe 1974 Joelma fireThe 1979 Egyptian Embassy Siege in Ankara, TurkeyThe 1983 public execution ofdouble murderer Ibrahim TarrafAnimal attacks such as a rodeo horse stomping its rider's face and goring from running of the bullsThe 1963 self-immolation ofVietnamese monk Thích Quảng ĐứcNelson Piquet fighting with Eliseo Salazar after a collision during the 1982 German Grand PrixA brawl at a press conference inSalt Lake City, UtahThe 1985 Sanrizuka Struggle riotsThe 1980 Scottish Cup Final riotFootball hooliganism in Germany in 1988The 1985 Heysel Stadium disasterAcourtroom outburst in Mobile, Alabama, in 1992Riots in Seoul, South Korea in 1987The death of Karl WallendaThe 1984 shooting of Jeff Doucet by GaryPlauchéThe 1986 Peruvian prison massacresThe 1987 assault on Prime Minister Rajiv GandhiThe execution of Ishola OyenusiA 1984 hot air balloon accidentThemurder of Mark KilroyA deadly airshow crash in San Diego in 1978A Blue Angels air show crash in 1985The Controlled Impact DemonstrationThe 1988 crash of AirFrance Flight 296The 1981 Belgian Grand Prix racing crashThe 1966 Indy 500 crashThe death of Eddie SachsThe death of Riccardo PalettiThere is one unusualpiece of footage taken at a monster truck show in Baltimore, Maryland, on March 23, 1992. What makes this footage so unusual is that the robot transformer atthe show malfunctioned. A large rod from the malfunctioning robot went into the actor of the alien suit's chest, and exploded.Another notable air show crash inthe film took place in Plainview, Texas, on September 11, 1983, where the pilot lost both his plane's wings in mid-air and plummeted into the field below. Thereare many other various plane crashes and race car crashes during the middle and towards the end of the film.Traces of Death III (1995)The first MarkaleMassacre in 1994The 1994 Hadera bus station suicide bombingKillings of children during the Algerian Civil WarNecklacing in South AfricaVillager killings duringthe 1984 elections in El SalvadorEl Cordobés during his career in the bullringThe Sabra and Shatila MassacreThe 1991 discovery of ÖtziA 1988 crash involving themonster truck Wild Stang, which was one of the first monster truck crashes to be captured on filmThe 1985 race car crash of Bosco LoweRare scenes of bodyparts from victims of the Cambodian genocide and Burundian Genocide in 1972The assassination of a Haitian lawyer in 1994The 1994 assassination of LuisDonaldo ColosioDiscoveries of skeletal remains in the Killing Fields in CambodiaThe third edition starts with crime scenes in urban American cities such as NewYork City, ranging from murders to traffic crashes. These pieces look as if taken from the '60s and '70s.This volume also shows what it is like to survive an attack,as in a 1991 press conference of Frank Tempest, an English man disfigured in the face when he was attacked by two pit bulls.Also included is graphic content ofgang violence in Russia, various motocross and amateur race car crashes, and cockfighting held in the Philippines.Traces of Death IV (1996)The 1972assassination attempt of George WallaceThe stunt accident of Alexandre KareemThe 1992 Agdam Massacre, which was a massacre of Azerbaijanian civilians byArmenian militants during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.Executions of Kurdish civilians during the Anfal GenocideA terrorist attack on a yacht perpetrated bythe PLO in Cyprus in 1985.The Amiriyah shelter bombingThe 1968 execution Of Nguyễn Văn LémRiots in Seoul, South Korea in 1994 and 1987.Riots in Moscow,Russia, in 1993Bosnian soldiers caught in sniper crossfire during the Bosnian WarThe 1984 Kent and Dollar Farm massacresA 1986 stabbing attack in EastJerusalem, where a Palestinian terrorist is shot in the head by Israeli soldiers after they witnessed him stab a Jewish resident to death in the town square.Amortar attack in Bosnia that killed six people waiting for water in 1993.A mortar attack in Belgrade, Yugoslavia (now Serbia) that killed 16 civilians in line forwater and bread on May 27, 1992.Villager killings during the 1984 elections in El SalvadorAnother piece of notable footage in the fourth volume is a moose killinga man in Anchorage, Alaska on January 9, 1995.Towards the start of the film graphic photographs of birth defects are shown.There is also footage of trafficcrashes from the graphic driving education film, Signal 30.Traces of Death V (2000)The 1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El SalvadorThe 1998 Cúa hostagecrisisThe 1992 attack on Reginald DennyThe 1990 Poll Tax RiotsThe 1990 Temple Mount riots in Al Aqsa, Jerusalem, IsraelSouth Korean student clashing with riotpoliceThe 1998 suicide of Daniel V. Jonesbackyard wrestlingThe last volume starts with three police chases. The first was in Los Angeles in June 1996. The secondwas also in Los Angeles, but it took place in June 1995. The third took place in Whittier, California in September 1995. All were televised live by helicopter pilotZoey Tur.SoundtrackThe music clearance were provided by Subtempeco Muzik (pseudonymously credited as T.O.D.), which derived from various filmsoundtracks. Later in Traces of Death 3, the first soundtrack album was released on CD. The soundtrack for the first installment were tracks by J.R. Bookwalterfrom the 1989 film Robot Ninja.Traces of Death III SoundtrackThe soundtrack for Traces Of Death III was released on CD by Relapse Records in 1995. The musicfeatured in the film include:Regina Confessorum by Dead WorldOrgy Of Self-Mutilation by Dead WorldBrainpan Blues by Pungent StenchRevenge by Core(band)Traces Of Death by Mortician (band)Frozen In Time by KataklysmSlaughtered by Hypocrisy (band)Stained by PurgeSadistic Intent by Sinister (band)ViolentGeneration by Brutality (band)Skin Her Alive by Dismember (band)Into The Bizarre by Deceased (band)Low by GorefestVanished by MeshuggahOpen Season byExit-13Nightstalker by Macabre (band)Blood Everywhere by Dead WorldDown On Whores by Benediction (band)God Is A Lie by Hypocrisy (band)BodilyDismemberment by Repulsion (band)Darkened Soul by Core (band)I Lead You Towards Glorious Times by MerzbowHome mediaIn 2003, a box set of the entireseries was released on DVD by Brain Damage Films.ControversyThe original Traces of Death has run into controversy worldwide due to its graphic content. In1997, Amy Hochberg, a woman living in Coaldale, Pennsylvania rented the film from a video store and was so disgusted by the film's content that she consideredkeeping the tape to prevent children from procuring it from the store. She also contacted multiple animal rights groups after witnessing a scene in the filmwherein a pig is experimented on with a blowtorch. She also lodged a complaint with the video store she had rented it from, as she thought the film was simply\"911 calls with a little more\".In 2003, a DVD boxset of the film and its sequels were confiscated by the Australian Customs and Border Protection Service, afterbeing deemed to \"contravene Regulation 4A(1A)(a) of the Customs (Prohibited Imports) Regulations.\"In 2005, the British Board of Film Classification refused togive the first film an age certificate, effectively banning it. The BBFC considered the film to have \"no journalistic, educational or other justifying context for theimages shown\", while also suggesting that the film could potentially breach UK law under the Obscene Publications Act.See alsoBanned from TelevisionPassage2:Ravina (actress)Ravina is an Indian actress who acted in Dhallywood movies. She acted in the 1997 film Praner Cheye Priyo with Riaz. She also appeared in"}
{"doc_id":"doc_33","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Inoue Masaru (bureaucrat)Viscount Inoue Masaru (\u0000\u0000 \u0000, August 25, 1843 – August 2, 1910) was the first Director of Railways in Japan and is known as the \"father of the Japanese railways\".BiographyHe was born into the Chōshū clan at Hagi, Yamaguchi, the son of Katsuyuki Inoue. He was briefly adopted into the Nomura family and became known as Nomura Yakichi, though he was later restored to the Inoue family.Masaru Inoue was brought up as the son of a samurai belonging to the Chōshū fief. At 15, he entered the Nagasaki Naval Academy established by the Tokugawa shogunate under the direction of a Dutch naval officer. In 1863, Inoue and four friends from the Chōshū clan stowed away on a vessel to the United Kingdom. He studied civil engineering and mining at University College London and returned to Japan in 1868. After working for the government as a technical officer supervising the mining industry, he was appointed Director of the Railway Board in 1871. Inoue played a leading role in Japan's railway planning and construction, including the construction of the Nakasendo Railway, the selection of the alternative route (Tokaido), and the proposals for future mainline railway networks.In 1891 Masaru Inoue founded Koiwai Farm with Yanosuke Iwasaki and Shin Onogi.  After retirement from the government, Inoue founded Kisha Seizo Kaisha, the first locomotive manufacturer in Japan, becoming its first president in 1896. In 1909 he was appointed President of the Imperial Railway Association. He died of an illness in London in 1910, during an official visit on behalf of the Ministry of Railways.HonorsInoue and his friends later came to be known as the Chōshū Five. To commemorate their stay in London, two scholarships, known as the Inoue Masaru Scholarships, are available each session under the University College London 1863 Japan Scholarships scheme to enable University College students to study at a Japanese University. The value of the scholarships are £3000 each.His tomb is in the triangular area of land where the Tōkaidō Main Line meets the Tōkaidō Shinkansen in Kita-Shinagawa.Chōshū FiveThese are the four other members of the \"Chōshū Five\":Itō Shunsuke (later Itō Hirobumii)Inoue Monta (later Inoue Kaoru)Yamao Yōzō who later studied engineering at the Andersonian Institute, Glasgow, 1866-68 while working at the shipyards by dayEndō KinsukeSee alsoJapanese students in BritainStatue of Inoue MasaruPassage 2:Obata ToramoriObata Toramori (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 1491 – July 14, 1561) was Japanese samurai warrior of the Sengoku Period. He is known as one of the \"Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen\" He also recorded as having been wounded 41 times in 36 encounters. He was the father of Obata Masamori.See alsoIsao ObataPassage 3:Takayama TomoteruTakayama Tomoteru (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) (1531–1596) was a Japanese samurai of the Azuchi–Momoyama period, who served Matsunaga Hisahide.He was the father of Takayama Ukon, and was a Kirishitan.Passage 4:Wendell WillkieWendell Lewis Willkie (born Lewis Wendell Willkie; February 18, 1892 – October 8, 1944) was an American lawyer, corporate executive and the 1940 Republican nominee for President. Willkie appealed to many convention delegates as the Republican field's only interventionist: although the U.S. remained neutral prior to Pearl Harbor, he favored greater U.S. involvement in World War II to support Britain and other Allies. His Democratic opponent, incumbent President Franklin D. Roosevelt, won the 1940 election with about 55% of the popular vote and took the electoral college vote by a wide margin.Willkie was born in Elwood, Indiana, in 1892; both his parents were lawyers, and he also became one. He served in World War I but was not sent to France until the final days of the war, and saw no action. Willkie settled in Akron, Ohio, where he was initially employed by Firestone, but left for a law firm, becoming one of the leaders of the Akron Bar Association. Much of his work was representing electric utilities, and in 1929 Willkie accepted a job in New York City as counsel for Commonwealth & Southern Corporation (C&S), a utility holding company. He was rapidly promoted, and became corporate president in 1933. Roosevelt was sworn in as U.S. president soon after Willkie became head of C&S, and announced plans for a Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) that would supply power in competition with C&S. Between 1933 and 1939, Willkie fought against the TVA before Congress, in the courts, and before the public. He was ultimately unsuccessful, but sold C&S's property for a good price, and gained public esteem.A longtime Democratic activist, Willkie changed his party registration to Republican in late 1939. He did not run in the 1940 presidential primaries, but positioned himself as an acceptable choice for a deadlocked convention. He sought backing from uncommitted delegates, while his supporters—many youthful—enthusiastically promoted his candidacy. As German forces advanced through western Europe in 1940, many Republicans did not wish to nominate an isolationist like Robert A. Taft, or a non-interventionist like Thomas E. Dewey, and turned to Willkie, who was nominated on the sixth ballot. Willkie's support for aid to Britain removed it as a major factor in his race against Roosevelt, and Willkie also backed the president on a peacetime draft. Both men took more isolationist positions towards the end of the race. Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term, taking 38 of the 48 states.After the election, Willkie made two wartime foreign trips as Roosevelt's informal envoy, and as nominal leader of the Republican Party gave the president his full support. This angered many conservatives, especially as Willkie increasingly advocated liberal or internationalist causes. Willkie ran for the Republican nomination in 1944, but bowed out after a disastrous showing in the Wisconsin primary in April. He and Roosevelt discussed the possibility of forming a liberal political party after the war, but Willkie died in October 1944 before the idea could bear fruit. Willkie is remembered for giving Roosevelt vital political assistance in 1941, which helped the president to pass Lend-Lease to send supplies to the United Kingdom and other Allied nations.Youth, education and World War I serviceLewis Wendell Willkie was born in Elwood, Indiana, on February 18, 1892, the son of Henrietta (Trisch) and Herman Francis Willkie. Both of his parents were lawyers, his mother being one of the first women admitted to the Indiana bar. His father was born in Germany, son of Joseph Wilhelm Willecke or Willcke, born 1826. His mother was born in Indiana, to German parents; his grandparents were involved in the unsuccessful 1848 revolutions in Germany. The Trisches initially settled in Kansas Territory but, as they were abolitionists, moved to Indiana after the territory was opened to slavery in the mid-1850s. Willkie was the fourth of six children, all intelligent, and learned skills during the nightly debates around the dinner table that would later serve him well.Although given the first name Lewis, Willkie was known from childhood by his middle name. Herman Willkie, who had come from Prussia with his parents at age four, was intensely involved in progressive politics, and in 1896 took his sons to a torchlight procession for Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan, who had come to Elwood during his campaign. The Willkie boys had a sidewalk fight with Republican youths, and though the Willkies won their battle, Bryan lost his to William McKinley. When Bryan ran again in 1900, he stayed overnight at the Willkie home, and the Democratic candidate for president became the first political hero for the boy who would later seek that office.By the time Willkie reached age 14 and enrolled in Elwood High School, his parents were concerned about a lack of discipline and a slight stoop, and they sent him to Culver Military Academy for a summer in an attempt to correct both. Willkie began to shine as a student in high school, inspired by his English teacher; one classmate said that Philip \"Pat\" Bing \"fixed that boy up. He started preaching to Wendell to get to work and that kid went to town.\" Faced with a set of athletic brothers—Edward became an Olympic wrestler—Willkie joined the football team but had little success; he enjoyed the debate team more, but was several times disciplined for arguing with teachers. He was class president his final year, and president of the most prominent fraternity, but resigned from the latter when a sorority blackballed his girlfriend, Gwyneth Harry, as the daughter of immigrants.During Willkie's summer vacations from high school, he worked, often far from home. In 1909, aged 17, his journey took him from Aberdeen, South Dakota, where he rose from dishwasher to co-owner of a flophouse, to Yellowstone National Park, where he was fired after losing control of the horses drawing a tourist stagecoach. Back in Elwood, Herman Willkie was representing striking workers at the local tin plate factory, and in August journeyed with Wendell to Chicago in an attempt to get liberal attorney Clarence Darrow to take over the representation. They found Darrow willing, but at too high a price for the union to meet; Darrow told Wendell Willkie, \"there is nothing unethical in being adequately compensated for advocating a cause in which you deeply believe.\"After graduation from Elwood High in January 1910, Willkie enrolled at Indiana University in Bloomington. There, he became a student rebel, chewing tobacco, reading Marx, and petitioning the faculty to add a course on socialism to the curriculum. He also involved himself in campus politics, successfully managing the campaign of future Indiana governor Paul McNutt for student office, but when Willkie ran himself, he was defeated. He graduated in June 1913, and to earn money for law school, taught high school history in Coffeyville, Kansas, coaching debaters and several sports teams. In November 1914, he left his job there for one as a lab assistant in Puerto Rico arranged by his brother Fred. Wendell Willkie's  commitment to social justice was deepened by the sight of workers suffering abuse there.Willkie enrolled at Indiana School of Law in late 1915. He was a top student, and graduated with high honors in 1916. At the commencement ceremony, with the state supreme court present, he gave a provocative speech criticizing his school. The faculty withheld his degree, but granted it after two days of intense debate. Willkie joined his parents' law firm, but volunteered for the United States Army on April 2, 1917, the day President Woodrow Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany. An army clerk transposed his first two names; with Willkie unwilling to invest the time to have the bureaucracy correct it, he kept his name as Wendell Lewis Willkie. Commissioned as a first lieutenant, Willkie was sent for artillery training. He arrived in France as the war was ending and  did not see combat. In January 1918 he married Edith Wilk, a librarian from Rushville, Indiana; the couple had one son, Philip. In France, Willkie was assigned to defending soldiers who had slipped away for time in Paris against orders. He was recommended for promotion to captain, but was discharged in early 1919 before the paperwork went through.Lawyer and executive (1919–1939)Akron attorney and activistDischarged from the army, Willkie returned to Elwood. He considered a run for Congress as a Democrat, but was advised that the district was so Republican "}
{"doc_id":"doc_34","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Louis, Count of GravinaLouis of Durazzo (1324 – 22 July 1362) was Count of Gravina and Morrone. He was the son of John of Durazzo and Agnes ofPérigord.In 1337, he was named Vicar- and Captain-General of the Kingdom of Albania. During the ascension of the Durazzeschi at the court of Naples during thereign of Joanna I, he was one of the royal ambassadors to the Roman Curia. Upon the invasion of Louis I of Hungary and the execution of his elder brother,Charles, Duke of Durazzo, in 1348, he was imprisoned, with his younger brother Robert of Durazzo, until 1352. The rest of his life was spent stirring up revoltsagainst Joanna in Apulia with the aid of some Free Companions. These were ultimately quashed in 1360 by Louis of Taranto, and Louis of Durazzo was imprisonedin the Castel dell'Ovo in Naples and murdered by poison.FamilyHe married Margaret of Sanseverino in 1343, by whom he had three children:Louis (1344–d.young)Charles III of Naples (1345–1386)Agnes (1347–d. young)Passage 2:Louisa Montagu Douglas Scott, Duchess of BuccleuchLouisa Jane Montagu DouglasScott, Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry  (26 August 1836 – 16 March 1912) was the daughter of James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn.  In 1884, shebecame the Duchess of Buccleuch and Duchess of Queensberry, the wife of William Henry Walter Montagu Douglas Scott, 6th Duke of Buccleuch and 8th Duke ofQueensberry. She was the paternal grandmother of Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, and of Marian Louisa, Lady Elmhirst, as well as a maternalgreat-grandmother of Prince William of Gloucester and Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester, and a great-great-grandmother of Sarah, Duchess of York. Diana,Princess of Wales, is one of her great-great-great-nieces.Early life, marriage, and familyLouisa Jane Hamilton was born on Friday 26 August 1836 in Brighton,Sussex, England, the third child of fourteen born to James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn, and the former Lady Louisa Russell, daughter of John Russell, 6thDuke of Bedford.She married William Montagu Douglas Scott, Earl of Dalkeith, on 22 November 1859 in London. Lord Dalkeith was the eldest son of the WalterMontagu Douglas Scott, 5th Duke of Buccleuch, and his wife, the former Lady Charlotte Thynne. They had six sons and two daughters:Walter Henry MontaguDouglas Scott, Earl of Dalkeith (17 January 1861 – 18 September 1886)John Charles Montagu Douglas Scott, 7th Duke of Buccleuch (30 March 1864 – 19October 1935)Lord George William Montagu Douglas Scott (31 August 1866 – 23 February 1947); married on 30 April 1903 Lady Elizabeth Emily Manners(daughter of John Manners, 7th Duke of Rutland and Janetta Hughan) and had issueLord Henry Francis Montagu Douglas Scott (15 January 1868 – 19 April1945)Lord Herbert Andrew Montagu Douglas Scott (30 November 1872 – 17 June 1944); married 26 April 1905 Marie Josephine Edwards and had issue, maternalgrandfather of Sarah, Duchess of YorkLady Katharine Mary Montagu Douglas Scott (25 March 1875 – 7 March 1951); married Thomas Brand, 3rd ViscountHampden, and had issueLady Constance Anne Montagu Douglas Scott (10 March 1877 – 7 May 1970); married on 21 January 1908 The Hon. Douglas HalyburtonCairns (son of Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns and Mary Harriet McNeill) and had issueLord Francis George Montagu Douglas Scott (1 November 1879 – 26 July1952); married on 11 February 1915 Lady Eileen Nina Evelyn Sibell Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound (daughter of Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto,and Lady Mary Caroline Grey) and had issueCareerShe served as Mistress of the Robes to Queen Victoria from 1885 – 1892 (Conservative), and again from 1895– 1901. She was appointed Mistress of the Robes to Queen Alexandra in 1901, a position in which she served until her death in 1912.DeathThe duchess died onSaturday 16 March 1912, in her 76th year, at Dalkeith Palace, Midlothian, Scotland.  She was survived by her husband, and six of her children and theirfamilies.She was buried on Wednesday 20 March 1912 in the Buccleuch family crypt in St. Mary's Church, Dalkeith Palace, Midlothian, Scotland.Titles, styles, andhonours16 April 1884 – 1912: The Duchess of Buccleuch and QueensberryHonours1885: Invested as Lady, Royal Order of Victoria and Albert (VA), 3rd Class1885– 1892 and 1895 – 1901:  Mistress of the Robes to Queen Victoria1901 – 1912: Mistress of the Robes to Queen AlexandraAncestryPassage 3:Joanna, Duchess ofDurazzoJoanna of Durazzo (1344 – 20 July 1387) was the eldest daughter and eldest surviving child of Charles, Duke of Durazzo, and his wife, Maria of Calabria.She succeeded as duchess on the death of her father in 1348 when she was only a child of four years old. Joanna was a member of the House ofAnjou-Durazzo.She reigned as Duchess of Durazzo from 1348-1368. She married twice; firstly to Louis of Navarre and then to Robert IV of Artois, Count ofEu.LifeJoanna's father died in 1348 and Joanna succeeded him, being the eldest surviving child. However, Joanna remained in Naples rather than going toDurazzo. It was here she was betrothed to her cousin Charles Martel, son of Queen Joan. Charles Martel was heir in Hungary due to a lack of male heirs. The boywas moved to Hungary, however the engagement was broken when the young boy died around 1348 in Hungary.In 1365 aged twenty one, Joanna married herfirst husband Louis of Navarre, who became Duke of Durazzo in right of his wife. He was the son of Joan II of Navarre. In 1368 Durazzo was captured by theAlbanian Topia dynasty under the leadership of warlord Karl Thopia. Joanna and her husband immediately began planning the reconquest of not only Durazzo, butall the lands of the former Angevin Kingdom of Albania, conquered by the Bulgarian Sratsimir dynasty in 1332. They were successful in rallying the support ofLouis' brother Charles II the Bad and Charles V King of France in this undertaking. In 1372, Louis brought over the Navarrese Company of mercenaries, who hadfought with him during the war in France, to assist them in taking Durazzo. Their ranks swelled considerably in 1375 with new recruits directly from Navarre.Many documents survive telling us of the complex nature of the military planning and engineering which was undertaken to ensure success. This they attained,taking the city in midsummer 1376. Louis died shortly after. Louis and Joanna had no children. Joanna never fully regained full control of Durazzo and by 1385the City was back in the hands of Karl Thopia.Around 1376 Joanna remarried to Robert IV of Artois, Count of Eu. This marriage was also childless. Robert was notCount of Eu for long, he and Joanna were not informed of his father's death in 1387. Joanna and Robert were staying at Castel dell'Ovo in Naples where they wereboth poisoned on July 20, 1387 on the orders of Joanna's sister Margaret, queen dowager and regent of Naples.Joanna is buried in San Lorenzo (Naples).Passage4:Agnes of PérigordAgnes of Périgord (died 1345) was Duchess consort of Durazzo, through her marriage to John of Gravina, Duke of Durazzo, who was also theruler of the Kingdom of Albania. Although Agnes was never styled as Queen consort, she became politically influential. Following the death of Robert, King ofNaples in 1343, she organised a marriage for her eldest son to Robert's granddaughter, who was second-in-line to the Neapolitan throne. Agnes's ambition was tobring her family closer to the line of succession.Early life and marriageAgnes was daughter of Helie VII, Count of Périgord and his second wife, Brunissende ofFoix. Amongst her siblings was Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord, a Cardinal who would become a major figure in the Avignon Papacy.The marriage between Agnesand John was likely arranged by King Robert of Sicily due to his favour for the Avignon Papacy. The King had anti-Ghibelline ambitions in Northern Italy anddesired support from the Papacy and the French in achieving them. Agnes's family had marital ties to Pope John XXII as her sister Rosemburge was married toJacques de Lavie, the Pope's grand-nephew. Acting upon this during his visit to Avignon, Robert arranged for his brother to marry Jacques's sister-in-law.Themarriage contract is dated 14 November 1321. The couple were married shy of fourteen years and had three sons:Charles, Duke of Durazzo (1323–1348)Louis ofDurazzo (1324–1362), Count of GravinaRobert of Durazzo (1326–1356)Agnes became, through her husband's brotherly quarrel with Philip I, Prince of Taranto,duchess of Durazzo. Her husband died in 1335 and he was succeeded by their son, Charles.Political intriguesAny plans that the Durazzo family may have had ofmarrying Joanna, heiress to Robert's throne, were thwarted in 1333 when Robert arranged for her to marry Andrew of Hungary. However, in his final will andtestament, Robert instructed that if Joanna were to die without issue, the Neapolitan throne should pass to her sister, Maria, who was unmarried. Whilst themonarch was spoken for, the heir was not. Agnes did her best to make her family appear favourable towards the royals, in the hope that Robert would consider aDurazzo match for Maria. In 1338, she supported her son's position at the head of Robert's armada to conquer Sicily. However, the campaign failed due to theoutbreak of typhus. Agnes used her own position at court to her advantage, making friendly overtures towards Queen Sancha and the young princesses. This toodid not result in any marriage plans.King Robert died in January 1343. Agnes's tactics during his final years had proven unsuccessful therefore, she took mattersinto her own hands. Immediately after Robert's death, she orchestrated the marriage between her eldest son and Maria. The timing of this marriage was crucialas Joanna strongly favoured the Taranto faction, having an affair with Prince Robert, son of Catherine, and Maria was promised in marriage to one of Andrew'sbrothers. The two matters would only have politically isolated the Durazzo clan and thwarted their chances of reaching the throne.Agnes used her connection toher influential brother, Cardinal Talleyrand, to put aside the Hungarian match for Maria and obtain the Pope's permission for the ambitious marriage. Not relyingon family feeling alone, Agnes bribed her brother with 22,000 florins left over from her dowry in order to ensure absolute support. Building up a friendship withQueen Sancha also appears to have paid off as the dowager queen supported the match. On the other hand, the Taranto clan were horrified when they discoveredAgnes's scheme and used their influence over Joanna to put an end to it. Catherine instructed the young queen to oppose the match, hoping that the lack of royalfavour would act as a deterrent.Much to the dismay of the Tarantos, their control over Joanna was not enough to prevent Agnes, who responded by abductingMaria one night in April 1343 and marrying her off to Charles. The marriage was a great insult to Joanna and Andrew as their royal authority was defied and thelatter's family lost out on their chance for total control of the succession. The Tarantos were ready for armed warfare against their Durazzo cousins, Naples stoodon the brink of civil war. To remedy the matter, the Pope wrote letters to both Joanna and Agnes, confirming the validity of the papal dispensation, asking them"}
{"doc_id":"doc_35","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Beatrice of Bourbon, Queen of BohemiaBeatrice of Bourbon (1320 – 23 December 1383) was a French noblewoman. A member of the House of Bourbon, she was by marriage Queen of Bohemia and Countess of Luxembourg.She was the youngest daughter of Louis I, Duke of Bourbon, and Mary of Avesnes.LifeMarriageOn 28 September 1330, Queen Elisabeth of Bohemia, wife of King John of Bohemia, died:\"The news was that the King, distraught for the loss of his wife manifested his feelings using mourning clothes, after all, they were married for twenty years, and yet remained completely himself with a brief time, this was in Bohemia, the other side used to be mostly in their county or elsewhere, where he discussed the matter.\"Despite the fact that John and Elisabeth became estranged during the last years of their marriage, the king remained a widower for the next four years. The French King Philip VI wanted to tie John more closely with France, and he suggested to the Bohemian king a second marriage. The proposed bride was Beatrice, youngest daughter of the Duke of Bourbon and member of a cadet branch of the House of Capet. Beatrice was already betrothed, however, to Philip, the second son of Philip I, Prince of Taranto, as of 29 May 1321. The engagement was broken soon after the marriage negotiations with Bohemia started.The marriage of King John of Bohemia and Beatrice of Bourbon was solemnized in the Château de Vincennes in December 1334, at which time she was fourteen years old. But because the two were related in a prohibited degree (they were second cousins through their common descent from Henry V, Count of Luxembourg, and his wife Margaret of Bar), Pope Benedict XII had to give dispensation for the marriage, which was granted in Avignon on 9 January 1335 at the request of Philip VI.The marriage contract stipulated that if a son was born from the marriage, the County of Luxembourg (King John's paternal heritage), as well as lands belonging to it, would go to him. King John's sons from his first marriage, Charles and John Henry, were not informed of the contents of the marriage contract, but both princes were compelled to accept it along with the knights and citizens of Luxembourg in August 1335.Life in BohemiaBeatrice arrived in Bohemia on 2 January 1336:\"...our father came to Bohemia and brought him a wife, named Beatrix, daughter of the Duke of Bourbon and relative of the King of the Frenchs...\"In the Bohemian court, Beatrice took care of the wife of her oldest stepson Charles, Blanche of Valois. Both women could easily communicate in French. The Queen soon felt ill-at-ease in Prague, where she was always compared unfavorably with the Margravine of Moravia (Blanche's title as wife of the Bohemian heir). Also, the Czech people were offended by her coldness, insolence and aversion to learning their language.The new Queen of Bohemia and Countess of Luxembourg brought with her an annual income of 4,000 livres extracted from her father's County of Clermont. On 25 February 1337, Beatrice gave birth in Prague to her only child, a son named Wenceslaus after the holy patron of the Přemyslid dynasty; probably calling her son with this name either the queen or her husband tried to gain the favor of the Bohemians. There is some indirect evidence that this was the first caesarean section that was survived by both the mother and child. However, the relationship between Beatrice and her new subjects remained estranged: her coronation as Queen of Bohemia in St. Vitus Cathedral three months later, on 18 May, was an event of spectacular indifference  from the citizens of Prague.Shortly after her coronation, in June 1337, Beatrice left Bohemia leaving her son behind, and went to live in Luxembourg. After this, she rarely visited the Bohemian Kingdom.Later YearsOn 26 August 1346 King John was killed in the Battle of Crécy and Beatrice ceased to be queen consort. Her stepson, now King Charles of Bohemia, confirmed the provisions of her marriage contract. Beatrice, now Dowager Queen of Bohemia, received in perpetuity lands in the County of Hainaut, the rent of 4,000 livres and the towns of Arlon, Marville and Damvillers (where she settled her residence) as her widow's estate. These revenues were used not only for their own needs, but also for the education of her son. King Charles also left her all the movable property and income from the mines in Kutná Hora. In addition, when her father Duke Louis I of Bourbon died in 1342, she received the sum of 1,000 livres, which was secured from the town of Creil.Around 1347, Beatrice married for a second time to Eudes II, Lord of Grancey, (then a widower) at her state of Damvillers. Despite her new marriage, she retained the title of Queen of Bohemia. The couple had no children. Soon after her second marriage, she arranged the betrothal of her son Wenceslaus with the widowed Joanna, Duchess of Brabant, daughter and heiress of John III, Duke of Brabant, who was fifteen years older than he was. The marriage took place in Damvillers four years later, on 17 May 1351.Despite all the grants of land and money given to Beatrice, the Bohemian king delayed the investiture of his young half-brother Wenceslaus as Count of Luxembourg. In fact, he held on to the title until 1353, when Wenceslaus finally obtained sovereignty over the County.  One year later (13 March 1354) the County was elevated to the rank of a Duchy.Beatrice died on 27 December 1383, having outlived her son (for only sixteen days) and all her stepchildren. She was buried in the now-demolished church of the Couvent des Jacobins in Paris - her effigy is now in the Basilica of St Denis. Her second husband survived her by six years.Passage 2:Obata ToramoriObata Toramori (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 1491 – July 14, 1561) was Japanese samurai warrior of the Sengoku Period. He is known as one of the \"Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen\" He also recorded as having been wounded 41 times in 36 encounters. He was the father of Obata Masamori.See alsoIsao ObataPassage 3:Bonne of ArmagnacBonne of Armagnac (19 February 1399 – 1430/35) was the eldest daughter of Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac and Constable of France, and his wife Bonne of Berry.MarriageOn 15 April 1410 at the age of 11, she married Charles, Duke of Orléans (left an orphan by his father Louis's assassination in 1407). This marriage made the constable not only Charles's father-in-law but also his natural defender. The Orléans party, left without a leader by Louis's death, thus became the Armagnac party, the name it held up to the treaty of Arras in 1435.Following the French defeat at the Battle of Agincourt on 25 October 1415, Charles was taken prisoner by the English. Bonne had not borne any children prior to his imprisonment. She died sometime between 1430 and 1435 while her husband was still in captivity.In literature and artBonne appears in the critically acclaimed historical novel Het woud der verwachting (1949) by Hella Haasse, (translated into English in 1989 under the title \"In a Dark Wood Wandering\"). The novel portrays the life of Bonne's husband Charles. Charles and Bonne's marriage at the Chateau de Dourdan is thought to be depicted in the elaborate illuminated manuscript entitled Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (Very Rich Hours of the Duke of Berry) in the illustration for April.AncestryPassage 4:Mathilde of BourbonMathilde of Bourbon (French: Mahaut de Bourbon; c. 1165/69 – 18 June 1228) was a French noblewoman who was the ruling Lady of Bourbon from 1171 until her death.LifeMathilde was the only child of Archambault of Bourbon and his wife Alix (or Adelaide) of Burgundy (daughter of Odo II).  She was born in the second half of the 1160s.Her father, the heir apparent of Bourbon, died in 1169, without ever inheriting the lordship.  Her grandfather, Archambault VII, died in 1171.  Mathilde, as his only surviving grandchild, succeeded him.Before 1183, she married Gaucher IV of Vienne, Lord of Salins.  After he returned from the Third Crusade, they frequently quarreled.   In the end, he became violent and had her locked up.: p. 117   She fled to her grandmother's estate in Champagne: p. 217   During her escape, she allegedly also used violence,: p. 117 and for this she was excommunicated by Archbishop Henri de Sully of Bourges.  After she arrived in Champagne, she asked Pope Celestine III for a divorce from her husband, arguing that Gaucher IV and she were close relatives and that the marriage therefore had been inadmissible.  The Pope tasked the bishops of Autun and Troyes and the abbot of Monthiers-en-Argonne with investigating her claim.  These men found that Mathilde and her husband were third cousins, as they were both great-great-grandchildren of William II, Count of Burgundy, and that, therefore, her claim that they were too closely related was justified.  The pope granted the divorce, and also lifted the excommunication.In September 1196, only a few months after her divorce, she married Lord Guy II of Dampierre.  Thus, the Bourbonnais fell to the House of Dampierre.  This marriage lasted 20 years: he died in 1216.Mathilde died twelve years after her husband.   After her death, Margaret, her daughter from her first marriage claimed the Lordship of Bourbon.  Guy II had initially recognized Margaret as heir of Bourbon, however, he later claimed the Lordship for his oldest son, Archambault VIII.  In the end, Archambault prevailed.Marriages and issueMathilde married Gaucher IV of Vienne, Lord of Salins.  Together, they had one daughter:Margaret of Vienne (c. 1190/95 – c. 1259), married William III of Forcalquier, later she married Joceran, Lord of BrancionMathilde's second husband was Guy II of Dampierre.  With him, she had:Archambaud VIII (1189–1242), Lord of BourbonWilliam II (1196–1231), married Margaret II, Countess of Flanders and Hainaut (d. 1280), a daughter of Latin Emperor Baldwin I of ConstantinoplePhilippe (d. 1223), married in 1205 to Guigues IV, Count of Forez (d. 1241)Guy of Saint Just (d. 22 March 1275)Marie, married 1201 to Hervé of Vierzon, later married 1220 to Henry I of SullyMatilde, married Guigues V of ForezSourcesTheodore Evergates: The aristocracy in the county of Champagne, 1100–1300, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 2007, ISBN 978-0-8122-4019-1, pp. 117, 217, 343 (Partially online).Devailly, Guy (1973). Le Berry du X siecle au milieu du XIII (in French). Mouton & Co.Passage 5:John II, Duke of BourbonJean (John) de Bourbon, Duke of Bourbon (1426 – 1 April 1488), sometimes referred to as John the Good and The Scourge of the English, was a son of Charles I of Bourbon and Agnes of Burgundy. He was Duke of Bourbon and Auvergne from 1456 to his death.LifeJohn earned his nicknames \" John the Good\" and \"The Scourge of the English\" for his efforts in helping drive out the English from France.He was made constable of France in 1483 by his brother Peter and sister-in-law Anne, to neutralize him as a threat to their regency.In an effort to win discontented nobles back to his side, Louis XI of France made great efforts to give out magnificent gifts to certain individuals; John was a recipient of these overtures. According to contemporary chronicles, the King received John in Paris with \"honours, caresses, pardon, and gifts; everything was lavished upon him\".John is notable for making three brilliant alliances but leaving no legitimate issue.First MarriageIn 1447, his father, the Duke of Bourbon, had John married to a daughter of Charles VII, King of France, Joan of Valois. They "}
{"doc_id":"doc_36","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:John G. AdolfiJohn Gustav Adolfi (February 19, 1888 – May 11, 1933) was an American silent film director, actor, and screenwriter who was involved inmore than 100 productions throughout his career. An early acting credit was in the recently restored 1912 film Robin Hood.BiographyHe was born in New YorkCity to Gustav Adolfi and Jennie Reinhardt. Adolfi entered films as an actor in The Spy: A Romantic Story of the Civil War in 1907, but after appearing in thirty orso films he switched roles and concentrated on directing until his death in 1933 from a brain hemorrhage in British Columbia, Canada while huntingbears.FilmographyPassage 2:Who's Your Daddy? (film)Who's Your Daddy? is a 2002 American comedy film directed and directed by Andy Fickman.SynopsisChrisHughes (Brandon Davis), an adopted and geeky Ohio high school senior, discovers that his recently deceased birth parents are the proprietors of a vastpornography empire and he is the inherited heir. Dropped into a bitter power struggle, his new flock of beautiful co-workers come to his aid. Chris Hughes is anoutsider and geek in Ohio. He is in the middle of his senior year at high school and he is 18 years old. Chris earns extra money working on a paper route riding amoped. Right now, he would do anything to get out of the job. Chris is raised by his religious parents, Carl Hughes (Dave Thomas) and Beverly Hughes (ColleenCamp). They own a grocery store and are very strict on no drinking, smoking. sex until marriage. They also don't tolerate porn or porn magazines that Chris hidesunder his bed. His little adopted brother Danny Hughes (Justin Berfield) is popular and has a better chance with a girl than Chris. Danny usually gets away withmurder from his parents; Chris always ends up getting in trouble. Chris is a reporter in the school newspaper, and he is a good writer. However, he is always lateon deadlines or dedication. He has a crush on the most popular girl Brittany Van Horn (Marnette Patterson), who is the mean girl of their school. She dreamsabout getting out of town and becoming a famous actress or model. She has an entourage, too, and she is dating Hudson Reed (Ryan Bittle) on and off. Hudson isthe popular jock—handsome and able to get any girl he wants. Chris always wished he could be like him sometimes. Chris even fantasizes a lot of times, wishinghe could hook up with Brittany. It is never going to happen, as she does not know Chris even exists. Brittany only dates good-looking popular guys. Chris and hisfriends, who are nerdy perverts like Adam Torey (Charlie Talbert), Scooter (Martin Starr), Murphy (Robert Ri'chard) and Steven Chambers, are labeled as theoutsiders and geeks of their high school. For once, they want to do something noticeable to earn a ticket to popularity. Chris had an idea to throw a party at hishouse while his parents are out of town. They need the booze to attract the popular crowd, especially Brittany and her entourage.Production and releaseThe film'sproducers intended for Who's Your Daddy? to capitalize on the start of the 21st century's teenage sex comedy revival, as spearheaded by 1999's AmericanPie.Fickman shot the film in 2001, but after an unsuccessful test-screening process in 2002, the film was shelved for a number of years. Unreleased theatrically inNorth America, Who's Your Daddy? finally reached US audiences on DVD in January 2005, followed by a short run in Icelandic cinemas the followingsummer.Passage 3:Hassan ZeeHassan \"Doctor\" Zee is a Pakistani-American film director who was born in Chakwal, Pakistan.Early lifeDoctor Zee grew up inChakwal, a small village in Punjab, Pakistan. as one of seven brothers and sisters  His father was in the military and this fact required the family to move often todifferent cities. As a child Zee was forbidden from watching cinema because his father believed movies were a bad influence on children.At age 13, Doctor Zee gothis start in the world of entertainment at Radio Pakistan where he wrote and produced radio dramas and musical programs.  It was then that he realized hispassion for storytelling At the age of 26, Doctor Zee earned his medical doctorate degree and did his residency in a burn unit at the Pakistan Institute of MedicalSciences. He cared for women who were victims of  \"Bride Burning,\" the archaic practice used as a form of punishment against women who fail to providesufficient dowry to their in-laws after marriage or fail to provide offspring.  He also witnessed how his country’s transgender and intersex people, called “hijras”,were banned from having jobs and forced to beg to survive. These experiences inspired Doctor Zee to tackle the issues of women’s empowerment and genderinequality in his films.In 1999, he came to San Francisco to pursue his dream of filmmaking and made San Francisco his homeEducationHe received his earlyeducation from Jinnah Public School, Chakwal. He got his medical doctor degree at Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan.Film careerDoctor Zee's first film titledNight of Henna was released in 2005. The theme of the film dealt with \"the conflict between Old World immigrant customs and modern Western ways...\" Night ofHenna focused on the problems of Pakistani expatriates who found it hard to adjust in American culture. Many often landed themselves in trouble when it came tomarrying off their children.His second film Bicycle Bride came out in 2010, which was about \"the clash between the bonds of family and the weight of tradition.\"His third film House of Temptation that came out in 2014 was about a family which struggles against the temptations of the Devil. His fourth film “Good MorningPakistan”, concerned a young American’s journey back to Pakistan where he confronts the contradictory nature of a beautiful and ancient culture that's marred byeconomic, educational and gender inequality His upcoming fifth film, \"Ghost in San Francisco\" is a supernatural thriller starring Felissa Rose, Dave Sheridan, andKyle Lowder where a soldier comes home from Afghanistan to discover that his wife is having an affair with his best friend. While battling with his inner ghostsand demons, he meets a mysterious woman in San Francisco who promises him a ritual for his cure.Passage 4:Henry Moore (cricketer)Henry Walter Moore (1849– 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand.Life and familyHenry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in1849. He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch.One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted. Their great grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805. One oftheir sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria.Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch. He married HenriettaLysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son. In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died.In 1886 Moorebecame a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine. In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine. They moved to England four years before his death in 1916.CricketcareerMoore was a right-handed middle-order batsman. In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in theshort New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively. His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago. He went to the wicket early on thefirst day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a \"very fine exhibition offree hitting, combined with good defence\". Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match. His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago,when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6. The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, \"Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip andthigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving.\" Canterbury won again.Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34.4. Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians.In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team.Passage 5:Who's YourBrother?Who's Your Brother? is a 1919 American silent drama film directed by John G. Adolfi and starring Edith Taliaferro, Frank Burbeck and Paul Panzer. It wasalso released under the alternative title Keep to the Right.CastEdith Taliaferro as Esther FieldFrank Burbeck as Stephen FieldPaul Panzer as Stephen Field (20years earlier)Coit Albertson as Dr. William MorrisHerbert Fortier as Robert E. Graham Sr.Gladden James as Robert E. Graham Jr.Elizabeth Garrison as Mrs. RobertGrahamElizabeth Kennedy as The kidEdith Stockton as Dorothy GrahamPassage 6:Wale AdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first BlackRhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre,School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow. He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the Universityof Pennsylvania. Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elitesand cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa.Education backgroundWale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in MassCommunication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Ibadan. He also has an MPhil. and aPh.D. in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge.CareerAdebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapersand magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher. He was later appointed as an assistantprofessor in the African American and African Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA. He became a full professor at UC Davis in2016.Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies.WorksHis published worksinclude:Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria:Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-MilitaryNigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including.The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa:Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance andthe Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: CriticalInterpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)(co-edited with"}
{"doc_id":"doc_37","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She wasappointed by the board of directors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and anIsraeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. Shemoved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors.During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She alsodirected and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film andacademic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged andpromoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities.Blankstein directed themini-series \"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen wasappointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, shespearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series;director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter,2006)Passage 2:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Irelandand Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31,2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and theNational Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 todirect the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeededDan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended ClonkeenCollege. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He workedin the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), GovernmentPublications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery ofIreland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art MuseumDirectors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expandedthe traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitionsat the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annualvisitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gainedgovernment support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building provedcontroversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy'stenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's ABigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring theHolmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian PrintWorkshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which wascompleted in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\"implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGAduring his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchiand attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dungand was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" andan \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscureddiscussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedlyquestioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational healthand safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announcedin 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a jointIrish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings andsculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the fieldof art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read, understandand write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website,www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy hasbeen a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding themuseum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibandehave been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the ToledoMuseum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold tothe museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture ofGanesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005.During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater publicattention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hoodhas one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the AfricanBody, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually.Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles:Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written oredited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats:Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with DavisCoakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers(1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe,Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is atrustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the InternationalAssociation of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from LourdesUniversity. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education.==Notes ==Passage 3:William DearWilliam Dear (born November 30, 1943) is a Canadian actor, director, producer and screenwriter. He is known for directing thefilms Harry and the Hendersons, If Looks Could Kill, Angels in the Outfield, Wild America, and Santa Who?.He also directed episodes of the television seriesSaturday Night Live, Television Parts, Amazing Stories, Dinosaurs, Covington Cross, and The Wannabes Starring Savvy.Dear was born on November 30, 1943, in"}
{"doc_id":"doc_38","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Danny DeVitoDaniel Michael DeVito Jr. (born November 17, 1944) is an American actor, comedian, and filmmaker. He gained prominence for hisportrayal of the taxi dispatcher Louie De Palma in the television series Taxi (1978–1983), which won him a Golden Globe Award and an Emmy Award. He playsFrank Reynolds on the FX and FXX sitcom It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia (2006–present).He is known for his film roles in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest(1975), Terms of Endearment (1983), Romancing the Stone (1984), Throw Momma from the Train (1987), Twins (1988), The War of the Roses (1989), BatmanReturns (1992), Jack the Bear (1993), Junior (1994), Get Shorty (1995), Matilda (1996), L.A. Confidential (1997), The Big Kahuna (1999), Big Fish (2003), Deckthe Halls (2006), When in Rome (2010), Wiener-Dog (2016) and Jumanji: The Next Level (2019). He is also known for his voice roles in such films as Hercules(1997), The Lorax (2012) and Smallfoot (2018).DeVito and Michael Shamberg founded Jersey Films. Soon afterwards, Stacey Sher became an equal partner. Theproduction company is known for films such as Pulp Fiction, Garden State, and Freedom Writers. DeVito also owned Jersey Television, which produced theComedy Central series Reno 911!. DeVito and wife Rhea Perlman starred together in his 1996 film Matilda, based on Roald Dahl's children's novel. DeVito wasalso one of the producers nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture for Erin Brockovich (2000).In 2017, he earned a Tony Award nomination for BestFeatured Actor in a Play for his performance in the Broadway revival of Arthur Miller's The Price.Early lifeDeVito was born at Raleigh Fitkin-Paul Morgan MemorialHospital in Neptune Township, New Jersey, the son of Daniel DeVito Sr., a small business owner, and Julia DeVito (née Moccello). He grew up in a family of five,with his parents and two older sisters. He is of Italo-Albanian descent; his family is originally from San Fele, Basilicata, as well as from the Arbëresh Albaniancommunity of Calabria. He was raised in Asbury Park, New Jersey. He lived a few miles away from the original Jersey Mike's location and would eat therefrequently, which would  inspire him to become the sub shop's first celebrity spokesman in a line of commercials that began to air in September 2022.DeVito wasraised as a Catholic. When he was 14, he persuaded his father to send him to boarding school to \"keep him out of trouble\", and graduated from OratoryPreparatory School in Summit, New Jersey, in 1962. While working as a beautician at his sister's salon, his search for a professional makeup instructor led him tothe American Academy of Dramatic Arts, where he graduated in 1966. In his early theater days, he performed with the Colonnades Theater Lab at the EugeneO'Neill Theater Center in Waterford, Connecticut. Along with his future wife Rhea Perlman, he appeared in plays produced by the Westbeth Playwrights FeministCollective.CareerFilm workDeVito played Martini in the 1975 film One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, reprising his role from the 1971 off-Broadway play of thesame title.After his time on the Taxi series ended, DeVito devoted more effort to a growing successful film career, appearing as Vernon Dalhart in the 1983 hitTerms of Endearment; as the comic rogue Ralph in the romantic adventure Romancing the Stone (1984), starring Michael Douglas and Kathleen Turner; and itssequel, The Jewel of the Nile (1985). In 1986, DeVito starred in Ruthless People with Bette Midler and Judge Reinhold, and in 1987 he made his feature-directingdebut with the dark comedy Throw Momma from the Train, in which he starred with Billy Crystal and Anne Ramsey. He reunited with Douglas and Turner twoyears later in The War of the Roses (1989), which he directed and in which he co-starred.Other work included Other People's Money with Gregory Peck; directorBarry Levinson's Tin Men, as a rival salesman to Richard Dreyfuss' character; the comedies Junior (1994) and Twins (1988) with Arnold Schwarzenegger; playingthe villain The Penguin in director Tim Burton's Batman Returns (1992); and the film adaptation Matilda (1996), which he directed and co-produced, along withplaying the role of Matilda's father, the villainous car dealer Harry Wormwood.Although generally a comic actor, DeVito expanded into dramatic roles with TheRainmaker (1997); Hoffa (1992), which he directed and in which he co-starred with Jack Nicholson; Jack the Bear (1993); neo-noir film L.A. Confidential (1997);The Big Kahuna (1999); and Heist (2001), as a gangster nemesis of Joe Moore (Gene Hackman).DeVito has an interest in documentaries. In 2006 he began apartnership with Morgan Freeman's company ClickStar, for whom he hosts the documentary channel Jersey Docs. He was also interviewed in the documentaryRevenge of the Electric Car, discussing his interest in and ownership of electric vehicles.TheatreIn April 2012, DeVito made his West End acting debut in a revivalof the Neil Simon play The Sunshine Boys as Willie Clark, alongside Richard Griffiths. It previewed at the Savoy Theatre in London from April 27, 2012, opened onMay 17, and played a limited 12-week season until July 28.DeVito made his Broadway debut in a Roundabout Theatre Company revival of the Arthur Miller playThe Price as Gregory Solomon, for which he was nominated for a Tony Award. The production began preview performances at the American Airlines Theatre onFebruary 16, 2017, and opened on March 16 for a limited run-through on May 7.ProducingDeVito has become a major film and television producer. DeVitofounded Jersey Films in 1991, producing films like Pulp Fiction, Get Shorty, Erin Brockovich (for which he received an Academy Award nomination for BestPicture), Gattaca, and Garden State. In 1999, he produced and co-starred in Man on the Moon, a film about the unusual life of his former Taxi co-star AndyKaufman, played in the film by Jim Carrey. DeVito also produced the Comedy Central series Reno 911!, the film spin-off Reno 911!: Miami, and the revival onQuibi.DirectingDeVito made his directorial debut in 1984 with The Ratings Game. He then directed and starred in Throw Momma from the Train (1987), The Warof the Roses (1989), Hoffa (1992), Matilda (1996), Death to Smoochy (2002) and Duplex (2003). The War of the Roses was a commercial and critical success, aswas the film adaptation of Roald Dahl's Matilda; Death to Smoochy and Duplex had mixed reviews. He also directed the TV movie Queen B in 2005.DeVito hasdirected eight short films between 1973 and 2016, five of which were released across 2010 and 2011. These are The Sound Sleeper (1973), Minestrone (1975),Oh Those Lips (2010), Evil Eye (2010), Poison Tongue (2011), Skin Deep (2011), Nest of Vipers (2011) and Curmudgeons (2016).Television and voice-overworkIn 1977, DeVito played the role of John \"John John the Apple\" DeAppoliso in the Starsky & Hutch episode \"The Collector\". DeVito gained fame in 1978 playingLouie De Palma, the short but domineering dispatcher for the fictional Sunshine Cab Company, on the hit TV show Taxi.In 1986, he directed and starred in theblack comedy \"The Wedding Ring\", a season 2 episode of Steven Spielberg's anthology series Amazing Stories, where his character acquires an engagement ringfor his wife (played by DeVito's real-life wife, actress Rhea Perlman). When the ring is slipped on his wife's finger, she is possessed by the ring's former owner, amurderous black widow. That year, DeVito also voiced the Grundle King in My Little Pony: The Movie. In 1990, he and Rhea Perlman played the couple Vic &Paula, commenting on the state of the environment in The Earth Day Special. In 1991 and 1992, DeVito voiced Herb Powell in The Simpsons episodes \"Brother,Can You Spare Two Dimes?\" and \"Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?\". In 2013, he would voice Herb for a third time in the episode \"The Changing of the Guardian\".In1996, he provided the voice of Mr. Swackhammer in Space Jam. In 1997, he was the voice of Philoctetes in the Disney film Hercules.In 1999, DeVito hosted thelast Saturday Night Live episode before the year 2000. He earned a 2004 Emmy nomination for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for an episode ofFriends, following four Emmy nominations (including a 1981 win) for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy for Taxi. In 2006, he joined the cast of It'sAlways Sunny in Philadelphia as Frank Reynolds.In 2011, DeVito received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work in television. In 2012, he voiced thetitle character in the animated version of Dr. Seuss' The Lorax. He appeared in the Angry Birds Friends \"Champions for Earth\" tournament advertisement inSeptember 2015. Following the Japanese release of the Nintendo 3DS game Detective Pikachu, dedicated Pokémon fans submitted a 40,000-signature petitionrequesting that DeVito be the English voice actor for the title character. However, he declined to audition for the role, commenting that he was unfamiliar with thefranchise.Appearances in other mediaDeVito played a fictional version of himself in the music video of One Direction's song \"Steal My Girl\". He also appeared inthe short film Curmudgeons, which he also produced and directed.In 2021, DeVito wrote a 12-page story centered on the Penguin and Catwoman for theanthology comic Gotham City Villains.Personal lifeDeVito stands 4 feet 10 inches (1.47 metres) tall. His short stature is the result of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia(Fairbank's disease), a rare genetic disorder that affects bone growth.On January 17, 1971, DeVito met Rhea Perlman when she went to see a friend in the singleperformance of the play The Shrinking Bride, which featured DeVito. They moved in together two weeks later and married on January 28, 1982. They have threechildren: Lucy Chet DeVito (born March 11, 1983), Grace Fan DeVito (born March 1985), and Jacob Daniel DeVito (born October 1987).Perlman and DeVito haveacted alongside each other several times, including in the television show Taxi and the feature film Matilda (where they played Matilda's parents). They separatedin October 2012, after 30 years of marriage and over 40 years together, then reconciled in March 2013. They separated for a second time in March 2017, butremained on amicable terms and Perlman stated they had no intent of filing for divorce. In 2019, Perlman told interviewer Andy Cohen that she and DeVito havebecome closer friends after their separation than they were in their final years as a couple.DeVito and Perlman resided in a 14,579-square-foot (1,354 m2) housein Beverly Hills, California, that they purchased in 1994, until selling it for US$24 million in April 2015. They also own a bungalow near Rodeo Drive in BeverlyHills, and a multi-residence compound on Broad Beach in Malibu. They also frequented a home they owned in Interlaken, New Jersey to get away from LosAngeles.Politically, DeVito is a Democrat and a staunch supporter of Bernie Sanders.FilmographyDeVito has an extensive film career, dating back to the early1970s.Selected work:Awards and nominationsDeVito has a large and varied body of work as an actor, producer and director in stage, television and film. He hasbeen nominated for Academy awards, Creative Arts Emmy awards, Golden Globe awards, Primetime Emmy awards, Producers Guild awards, Screen Actors Guild"}
{"doc_id":"doc_39","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Worskla ForestThe Worskla Forest (на Ворскле) is in the Belgorod Oblast of Russia. It is part of the (Sapowednik) Belogorye Nature Reserve.It lies onthe high right side of the Worskla river, between the Worskla and the Gotnja rivers. It covers an area of 1,038 hectares (2,560 acres). Geographically the areabelongs to the southern part of the forest-steppe zone. The nature reserve is bordered to the north-west by the village of Krasny Kutok, to the southeast byBorisovka, and in the north and the south and west by the Worsklatal. On the left bank of the Vorskla, is the village of Dubino (Landsgemeinde Belenkoje). Theterritory of the forest itself is part of the rural community Kryukovo.GeographyThe western, northwestern and southern edges form the river terraces and slopesof Woskla and Loknjatal Rivers. The highest point in the forest at 217 metres (712 ft) is located in the northeastern part of the forest. The lowest point (137metres (449 ft)) is located in Worsklatal. Through the forest run numerous small gullies that are called in this region \"Jar\".In the forest there are no springs andwatercourses although the forest is quite wet at the beginning of spring, after the snow melts, flowing rivulets at the bottom of canyons. The rivers Vorskla,Gotnja and Loknja flow along the forest edge for a distance of 10 to 900 metres (33 to 2,953 ft).On the territory of the forest there is no natural pond. Only in theprotection zone of the nature reserve, in the Worsklatalaue, there are small backwaters. In the 20th century, ponds were built in the Klosterrunse whose damsbroke through snow meltwater. Only a pond remained at the top of the gully.SoilsThe soils of the forest at the Vorskla developed on different parent materials,especially on the loam, which is found in the eastern half of the forest. In the northwestern part of the forest, old alluvium sands play a role. They are distributedon the river terraces of Gotnja and Loknja. At the southern and south-eastern edge of the forest an oligozänischer sandy loam is common parent rock. In someplaces in the southern part of the forest, a rust-colored clay comes out. The oligozänische sandy loam and the rust-colored clay are the starting materials of soilformation, where erosion has removed the loess. Under the oligozänischen clay are rocks from the Cretaceous, which do not appear on the surface in the territoryof the forest.Here 20 different soil types are distinguished. They differ on the degree of podsolisation and the humus content. All floors of the Forest on theVorskla are based on the Russian soil classification from 1977 about the types of gray forest soils.  According to the USDA soil classification they belong to the Alfisols, after the German soil classification if they were classified as Luvisols.HistoryUntil the 17th century, the Worskla forest was a part of an undivided oak forestthat stretched along the high right bank of the Vorskla River. Forest was used as a natural barrier against depredations of the Tartars. Therefore, logging of thewoods was strictly forbidden. At the end of the 17th century, however, the Tartar threat had diminished.In the Early 18th century the forest was protected frombeing cut down by regulations of Peter I. In 1701, the deforestation along the rivers was banned, then in 1703, the ban was extended to the small rivers. Theedict included a ban on grazing and oaks, pines, maples and elms with trunk thicknesses of more than 54 centimetres (21 in) were excluded from felling.In 1705the forest was owned by Count Boris Sheremetev who created a conservation area and hunting reserve. In 1714 Count Sheremetev founded a nunnery inBorisovka on the edge of the forest, today it is a nature reserve.In the 1880s and 1890s the first major deforestation in the fourth section of the forest and in thenorthern part of the tenth section the deforestation continued into the 20th century.After the October Revolution, the forest on the Vorskla was in danger withfelling beginning in 1917, with grazing and vegetable gardens being introduced. Larger native animals almost disappeared.It fell to the entomologist Malyshev tobegin a movement to save the forest. He knew the forest at the Vorskla from the time before the revolution when as a student he undertook entomologicalresearch there. In 1919 he wrote appeals to various authorities. He also appeared in the People's Assembly of the residents of Borisovka and made propagandawork for forest conservation in schools and village libraries. His efforts were successful, and after the establishment of Zoopsychologischen Station (in 1922) theforest was made a nature reserve in 1924.  Malyshev organized the protection of forests. In the nature reserve began scientific research, the nature reserve, theNatural History Museum was founded. In Russian and Germany  scientific journals first article on the forest at the Vorskla were published. However, Malyshev wassubject to a political witch-hunt under Joseph Stalin and he was dismissed from his role at the Nature Reserve and in 1934, Malyshev was transported toLeningrad.In 1934 the forest was transferred to control of Leningrad University. During World War II, the forest fell under German occupation who felled tens ofthousands of trees. During the Battle of Kursk, trenches were laid out in the forest, causing soil erosion, which can be seen to this day.In 1994, the NatureReserve of the University of St. Petersburg was handed over to the Ministry of Natural Resources. Today an area of 160 hectares (400 acres), is the only forestwith 300-year-old oak trees to have survived in the European part of the former Soviet Union.GalleryPassage 2:Pearl AirwaysPearl Airways or Pearl AirwaysCompagne Haitienne was an airline based in Haiti.Passage 3:Olavina UdugoreOlavina Udugore is a 1987 Indian Kannada-language film directed, written andco-produced by D. Rajendra Babu. The film stars Ambareesh, Manjula Sharma and Ramakrishna. The music was composed by M. Ranga Rao and the script waswritten by B. L. Venu.CastAmbareesh as SureshIlavarasi(Manjula Sharma) as Suma and Uma (Dual Role)Leelavathi as Rathnamma, Suresh's MotherRamakrishnaas Ramesh, Suresh's CousinKeerthiraj as PrathapBalakrishna as RagannaDinesh as Shridhara Raya, Suma's Adoptive FatherN. S. Rao as Baalu, Suresh'sClassmateUmashree as Baby, Suresh's ClassmateShanthammaSoundtrackAll songs were composed by M. Ranga Rao, with lyrics by R. N. Jayagopal andShyamasundara Kulkarni. The album consists of five tracks. The title song will recreated for his son's debut film AmarAwardsFilmfare Award for Best Actor -Kannada - AmbareeshPassage 4:Operation LeopardLa légion saute sur Kolwezi, also known as Operation Leopard, is a French war film directed by Raoul Coutardand filmed in French Guiana. The script is based on the true story of the Battle of Kolwezi that happened in 1978. It was diligently described in a book of the samename by former 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment Captain Pierre Sergent. He published his book in 1979, and the film came out in 1980. Coutard shot the film in adocumentary style.PlotThe film is based on true events. In 1978, approximately 3,000 heavily armed fighters from Katanga crossed the border to the Zaire andmarched into Kolwezi, a mining centre for copper and cobalt. They took 3,000 civilians as hostages. Within a few days, between 90 and 280 hostages were killed.The rebels appeared to be unpredictable and are reported to have threatened to annihilate all civilians.Mobutu Sese Seko, Zaire's head of state, urged Belgium,France and the United States to help. France sent the Foreign Legion's 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment, which were flown from Corsica to Kolwezi. Following theirarrival, they secured the perimeter, in co-operation with Belgian soldiers from Zaire, and then started to evacuate the civilians. Within two days more than 2,000Europeans and about 3,000 African citizens were saved. The film strives to depict the events in a dramatised form, concentrating on the Europeans'plight.ProductionThe late Jean Seberg had filmed scenes on location for the film, but her death caused her to be replaced by another French American actress,Mimsy Farmer, who reshot Seberg's scenes.CastBruno Cremer: Pierre DelbartJacques Perrin:Ambassador BerthierLaurent Malet: Phillipe DenrémontPierreVaneck: Colonel GrasserMimsy Farmer: Annie DevrindtGiuliano Gemma: Adjudant FédéricoRobert Etcheverry : Colonel DubourgJean-Claude Bouillon :MauroisPassage 5:A Pearl in the ForestA Pearl in the Forest (Mongolian: Мойлхон, Moilkhon, Buckthorn) is a 2008 Mongolian historical film.This is a story about ayoung couple whose newly planned life was destroyed by the impact of the Great Purge of 1934–1938 in Mongolia.The main goal of this movie was to provide atestimony for the many Buryats and Mongolians who were persecuted during the Great Purges initiated by Joseph Stalin. In 1937 and 1938, many people, andeven entire families, were killed after being wrongfully accused of conspiracies.The movie was shot on location near the Buryat village of Dadal in the Khentiiprovince of Mongolia. The acting and other participation of many local villagers was a great addition to the authenticity of the film.SynopsisIn the 1930s inMongolia, a former villager returns as a government informer, and is determined to use his authority to crush a village in order to take by force what he cannotwin by love: a young woman who is engaged to another man.CastBayarmaa Baatar : SendemZolboot Gombo : MarkhaaNarankhuu Khatanbaatar : DugarG.Altanshagai : SodnomPassage 6:Cristaria (bivalve)Cristaria is a genus of freshwater mussels or pearl mussels, aquatic bivalve mollusks in the familyUnionidae.SpeciesSpecies in the genus Cristaria include:Cristaria beirensisCristaria plicataCristaria radiataCristaria tenuisCristaria truncataHuman relevanceInChina, one of the species in this genus, Cristaria plicata is \"one of the most important freshwater mussels for pearl production\" in the country. It is also used formedicinal purposes.Passage 7:Pearl in the CrownPearl in the Crown (Polish: Perła w koronie) is a 1972 Polish drama film directed by Kazimierz Kutz. It wasentered into the 1972 Cannes Film Festival. The film was also selected as the Polish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 45th Academy Awards, butwas not accepted as a nominee.PlotThe film takes place in August 1934 in the Polish part of Upper Silesia. The film tells the story of a strike in the fictional mine\"Zygmunt\". Jaś, a young miner who works in the mine in question, has a wife and two young sons. Jaś comes home from shift. The next day he learns that theunprofitable mine is to be closed by flooding with water. A strike breaks out. Families help the strikers, despite the fact that the mine is surrounded by a policecordon. Petitions to the Government remain unanswered, the management persists, so the miners announce a hunger strike. The police retaliate by violentlybreaking up the demonstration. The determined miners decide to continue the strike underground despite the imminent threat of the mine being flooded, as perthe original plan.  Finally though, the management signs a settlement, and the miners come to the surface and they go back to their families.CastŁucja Kowolik -WiktaOlgierd Łukaszewicz - JasJan Englert - Erwin MaliniokFranciszek Pieczka - Hubert SierszaJerzy Cnota - August MolBernard Krawczyk - Franciszek"}
{"doc_id":"doc_40","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was thedirector of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of CulturalHistory. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage 2:John DonatichJohn Donatich is the Director of Yale UniversityPress.Early lifeHe received a BA from New York University in 1982, graduating magna cum laude. He also got a master's degree from NYU in 1984, graduatingsumma cum laude.CareerDonatich worked as director of National Accounts at Putnam Publishing Group from 1989 to 1992.His writing has appeared in variousperiodicals including Harper's, The Atlantic Monthly and The Village Voice.He worked at HarperCollins from 1992 to 1996, serving as director of national accountsand then as vice president and director of product and marketing development.From 1995 to 2003, Donatich served as publisher and vice president of BasicBooks. While there, he started the Art of Mentoring series of books, which would run from 2001 to 2008.  While at Basic Books, Donatich published such authorsas Christopher Hitchens, Steven Pinker, Samantha Power, Alan Dershowitz, Sir Martin Rees and Richard Florida.In 2003, Donatich became the director of the YaleUniversity Press.  At Yale, Donatich published such authors as Michael Walzer, Janet Malcolm, E. H. Gombrich, Michael Fried, Edmund Morgan and T.J.  Clark.  Donatich began the Margellos World Republic of Letters, a literature in translation series that published such authors as Adonis, Norman Manea andClaudio Magris. He also launched the digital archive platform, The Stalin Digital Archive and the Encounters Chinese Language multimedia platform.In 2009, hebriefly gained media attention when he was involved in the decision to expunge the Muhammad cartoons from the Yale University Press book The Cartoons thatShook the World, for fear of Muslim violence.He is the author of a memoir, Ambivalence, a Love Story, and a novel, The Variations.BooksAmbivalence, a LoveStory: Portrait of a Marriage (memoir), St. Martin's Press, 2005.The Variations (novel), Henry Holt, March, 2012ArticlesWhy Books Still Matter, Journal ofScholarly Publishing, Volume 40, Number 4, July 2009, pp. 329–342, E-ISSN 1710-1166 Print ISSN 1198-9742Personal lifeDonatich is married to Betsy Lerner, aliterary agent and author; together they have a daughter, Raffaella.Passage 3:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executivedirector of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of theIsraeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 totheatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam SpiegelFilm and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina'sTragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Campingcompeted at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television departmentat the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects,and educational community activities.Blankstein directed the mini-series \"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Filmand Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also overseesthe Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in eastJerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debutfilm, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)Passage 4:Michael GovanMichael Govan (born 1963) is the director of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.Prior to his current position, Govan worked as the director of the Dia Art Foundation in New York City.Early life and educationGovan was born in 1963 in NorthAdams, Massachusetts, and was raised in the Washington D.C. area, attending Sidwell Friends School.He majored in art history and fine arts at Williams College,where he met Thomas Krens, who was then director of the Williams College Museum of Art. Govan became closely involved with the museum, serving as actingcurator as an undergraduate. After receiving his B.A. from Williams in 1985, Govan began an MFA in fine arts from the University of California, SanDiego.CareerAs a twenty-five year old graduate student, Govan was recruited by his former mentor at Williams, Thomas Krens, who in 1988 had been appointeddirector of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. Govan served as deputy director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum under Krens from 1988 to 1994, aperiod that culminated in the construction and opening of the Frank Gehry designed Guggenheim branch in Bilbao, Spain. Govan supervised the reinstallation ofthe museum's permanent collection galleries after its extensive renovation.Dia Art FoundationFrom 1994 to 2006, Govan was president and director of Dia ArtFoundation in New York City. There, he spearheaded the conversion of a Nabisco box factory into the 300,000 square foot Dia:Beacon in New York's HudsonValley, which houses Dia's collection of art from the 1960s to the present. Built in a former Nabisco box factory, the critically acclaimed museum has beencredited with catalyzing a cultural and economic revival within the formerly factory-based city of Beacon. Dia's collection nearly doubled in size during Govan'stenure, but he also came under criticism for \"needlessly and permanently\" closing Dia's West 22nd Street building. During his time at Dia, Govan also workedclosely with artists James Turrell and Michael Heizer, becoming an ardent supporter of Roden Crater and City, the artists' respective site-specific land art projectsunder construction in the American southwest. Govan successfully lobbied Washington to have the 704,000 acres in central Nevada surrounding City declared anational monument in 2015.LACMAIn February 2006, a search committee composed of eleven LACMA trustees, led by the late Nancy M. Daly, recruited Govan torun the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Govan has stated that he was drawn to the role not only because of LACMA's geographical distance from its Europeanand east coast peers, but also because of the museum's relative youth, having been established in 1961. \"I felt that because of this newness I had theopportunity to reconsider the museum,\" Govan has written, \"[and] Los Angeles is a good place to do that.\"Govan has been widely regarded for transformingLACMA into both a local and international landmark. Since Govan's arrival, LACMA has acquired by donation or purchase over 27,000 works for the permanentcollection, and the museum's gallery space has almost doubled thanks to the addition of two new buildings designed by Renzo Piano, the Broad Contemporary ArtMuseum (BCAM) and the Lynda and Stewart Resnick Pavilion. LACMA's annual attendance has grown from 600,000 to nearly 1.6 million in 2016.ArtistcollaborationsSince his arrival, Govan has commissioned exhibition scenography and gallery designs in collaboration with artists. In 2006, for example, Govaninvited LA artist John Baldessari to design an upcoming exhibition about the Belgian surrealist René Magritte, resulting in a theatrical show that reflected thetwisted perspective of the latter's topsy-turvy world. Baldessari has also designed LACMA's logo. Since then, Govan has also commissioned Cuban-American artistJorge Pardo to design LACMA's Art of the Ancient Americas gallery, described in the Los Angeles Times as a \"gritty cavern deep inside the earth ... crossed with ahigh-style urban lounge.\"Govan has also commissioned several large-scale public artworks for LACMA's campus from contemporary California artists. Theseinclude Chris Burden's Urban Light (2008), a series of 202 vintage street lamps from different neighborhoods in Los Angeles, arranged in front of the entrancepavilion, Barbara Kruger's Untitled (Shafted) (2008), Robert Irwin's Primal Palm Garden (2010), and Michael Heizer's Levitated Mass, a 340-ton bouldertransported 100 miles from the Jurupa Valley to LACMA, a widely publicized journey that culminated with a large celebration on Wilshire Boulevard. Thanks in partto the popularity of these public artworks, LACMA was ranked the fourth most instagrammed museum in the world in 2016.In his first three full years, themuseum raised $251 million—about $100 million more than it collected during the three years before he arrived. In 2010, it was announced that Govan will steerLACMA for at least six more years. In a letter dated February 24, 2013, Govan, along with the LACMA board's co-chairmen Terry Semel and Andrew Gordon,proposed a merger with the financially troubled Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles and a plan to raise $100 million for the combined museum.ZumthorProjectGovan's latest project is an ambitious building project, the replacement of four of the campus's aging buildings with a single new state of the art gallerybuilding designed by architect Peter Zumthor. As of January 2017, he has raised about $300 million in commitments. Construction is expected to begin in 2018,and the new building will open in 2023, to coincide with the opening of the new D Line metro stop on Wilshire Boulevard. The project also envisages dissolving allexisting curatorial departments and departmental collections. Some commentators have been highly critical of Govan's plans. Joseph Giovannini, recallingGovan's technically unrealizable onetime plan to hang Jeff Koons' Train sculpture from the facade of the Ahmanson Gallery, has accused Govan of \"driving theinstitution over a cliff into an equivalent mid-air wreck of its own\". Describing the collection merging proposal as the creation of a \"giant raffle bowl of some130,000 objects\", Giovannini also points out that the Zumthor building will contain 33% less gallery space than the galleries it will replace, and that the linearfootage of wall space available for displays will decrease by about 7,500 ft, or 1.5 miles. Faced with losing a building named in its honor, and anticipating that itsacquisitions could no longer be displayed, the Ahmanson Foundation withdrew its support.On the merging of the separate curatorial divisions to create anon-departmental art museum, Christopher Knight has pointed out that \"no other museum of LACMA's size and complexity does it\" that way, and characterizedthe museum's 2019 \"To Rome and Back\" exhibition, the first to take place under the new scheme, as \"bland and ineffectual\" and an \"unsuccessful sample of"}
{"doc_id":"doc_41","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Jesse E. HobsonJesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955. Prior to SRI, he wasthe director of the Armour Research Foundation.Early life and educationHobson was born in Marshall, Indiana. He received bachelor's and master's degrees inelectrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology. Hobson was also selected as anationally outstanding engineer.Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children.CareerAwards and membershipsHobson wasnamed an IEEE Fellow in 1948.Passage 2:Ashwamedha (film)Ashwamedha is a 1990 Indian Kannada language action film directed by C. R. Simha. It stars KumarBangarappa and Geethanjali with Srividya, Srinath, Balakrishna, Avinash and Ramesh Bhat essaying other important roles.The story was written by C. R. Simhawho co-wrote the screenplay and dialogues with Keerthi. The film was produced by Shanthilal Jain in the banner of Sri Renukamba Enterprises. The film wasedited by S. Manohar while R. Deviprasad handled the cinematography.The film met with positive reviews upon release and is often regarded as one of the bestfilms in Kumar Bangarappa's career.CastSoundtrackSangeetha Raja composed the background score for the film and to the soundtracks, with the lyrics for all thesoundtracks penned by Doddarange Gowda. The album consists of five soundtracks. The soundtrack \"Hrudaya Samudra Kalaki\" sung by actor and playbacksinger, Rajkumar, was received very well and is often considered one of his best songs. The song is still being played in cultural and religious activities, andconcerts across Karnataka.Passage 3:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a largenumber of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15,The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape andMarriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. Hedirected \"Heart in Hiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming adirector, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave theproduction when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions atthe Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with hiswife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 4:C. R. SimhaChannapatna Ramaswami Simha (16 June 1942– 28 February 2014), better known as C. R. Simha, was an Indian actor, director, dramatist and playwright. He was best known for his work in Kannada films andfor his work in stage shows. Starting his career in Prabhat Kalavidaru, a theatre group based in Bangalore, he acted in numerous Kannada plays which reachedthe cult status. He started his own theatre group called \"Nataranga\" in 1972 and directed many successful plays such as Kakana Kote, Thughlaq andSankranthi.Simha also directed and acted in the Kannada adaptation of Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream and Othello. These plays found a widespreadpresentation across many states in India. Following this, he directed and acted in many English plays written by eminent personalities such as Moliere, BernardShaw, Edward Albee and Neil Simon among others. Apart from theatre, Simha acted in more than 150 feature films in Kannada which include both artistic andcommercially viable projects. He also directed about five feature films with the most prominent being his own film adaptation of Kakana Kote.Simha receivedmany awards in both the cinema and theatre fields. In 2003, he was awarded with the prestigious Sangeet Natak Akademi Award by the Government of Indiarecognising his contribution to theatre acting and direction.Early lifeSimha was born in Karnataka on 16 June 1942 into a Hoysala Karnataka Brahmin family. Hisyounger brother Srinath is a film actor who acted in several mainstream Kannada cinema as both the leading actor and supporting actor.Simha appeared on stageat the age of twelve. He wrote a book at the age of thirteen titled \"Family Doctor\" and got a publisher for a remuneration of \u000015. He was a student of NationalCollege at Basavanagudi, Bangalore. In 1959, he joined the National College Histrionics Club, an institution nurtured by Dr. H. Narasimhaiah. Simha then acted inmany Kannada plays like \"Bahaddur Ganda\" and \"Manavemba Markata\".CareerTheatreSimha, along with his friends, started a theatre group called \"Nataranga\" in1972. He acted in and directed many successful plays like Kakana Kote and Tughlaq.Simha also acted in and directed straight translations of Shakespeare's playssuch as Midsummer Night's Dream and Othello, which besides Karnataka, were also performed in Delhi, Bombay (Mumbai), Madras (Chennai) & Calcutta(Kolkata). In 1960, Simha became a member of \"Bangalore Little Theatre\" (BLT) and since then directed some of the reputed English plays which included hisportrayal of Cyrano de Bergerac which was hailed as a memorable performance. His other notable works for BLT were Utpal Dutt's Suryashikar and GirishKarnad's Thuglaq.In 1983, Simha started another theatre group called \"Vedhike\" in which his one-man show Typical Kailasam became a success. It was the firstamateur Kannada play to be performed abroad (in the United States of America, Canada and England). Some of the other notable plays which made newsthrough \"Vedhike\" are Meese Bandoru, Bhairavi, Karna, Rasa Rishi Kuvempu, Macbeth, Maduve Maduve, Haavu Yeni and 8/15. Among these, Rasa RishiKuvempu, based on the life and literature of Kuvempu, was made into a film, directed by Simha's son Rithwik Simha, in which Simha plays the role ofKuvempu.FilmsBesides making his strong presence in theatre, Simha was also a popular mainstream character actor in numerous Kannada films. He acted inclose to 150 feature films. His portrayal of roles varied from critically acclaimed award-winning films like Samskara, Bara, Chithegoo Chinte and Anuroopa andalso in commercially acclaimed films such as Indina Ramayana, Nee Bareda Kadambari, Parameshi Prema Prasanga, Rayaru Bandaru Mavana Manege and NeeThanda Kanike. Simha played negative roles, against Anant Nag in Ramapurada Ravana (1984) and with Dr. Rajkumar in Parashuram (1990). Simha's villainousrole in Parashuram was said to be very menacing.Besides acting, Simha has directed five films including Kakana Kote (1977), Shikaari, Simhasana, Ashwamedha(1990) and Angayalli Apsare (1993).TelevisionSimha made his strong presence in television too and acted in several tele-serials in Kannada, Hindi and Englishlanguages. This includes the serial Malgudi Days. Another serial was Goruru in America based on the travelogue written by the humorist Gorur RamaswamyIyengar. Simha played the part of Gorur and the serial was shot extensively in America including New York, Washington D.C., Niagara Falls, Disneyland andUniversal Studios – Hollywood.PublicationsSimha wrote and published five plays in Kannada. He was a popular columnist, he wrote a column called \"NimmaSimha\" every Friday for six years in the popular daily newspaper Vijaya Karnataka and three volumes of this are published in the Bookforum.FilmographyActorDirectorShikari (1981)Ashwamedha (1992)Angaili Apsare (1993)DeathIn February 2014, Simha was admitted to Sevakshetra Hospital,Bangalore having been suffering from prostate cancer from over a year. He died on 28 February 2014. On 1 March, his body was kept at the Samsa BayaluRangamandira for people to pay homage and his favourite songs were sung by theatre artists. He was cremated at the Banashankari crematorium in Bangalorethe same day. Simha's last public appearance was at the press meet of the film Rasarishi Kuvempu in which he played the lead role.Passage 5:Ian Barry(director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction(1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno(1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor BlakeMysteries (2013)Passage 6:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School.She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director,and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein.She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors.During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She alsodirected and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film andacademic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged andpromoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities.Blankstein directed themini-series \"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen wasappointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, shespearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series;director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter,2006)Passage 7:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 hewas the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum ofCultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage 8:S. N. MathurS.N. Mathur was the Director of the Indian"}
{"doc_id":"doc_42","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Barthold A. Butenschøn Sr.Hans Barthold Andresen Butenschøn (27 December 1877 – 28 November 1971) was a Norwegian businessperson.He was born in Kristiania as a son of Nils August Andresen Butenschøn and Hanna Butenschøn, and grandson of Nicolay Andresen. Together with Mabel Anette Plahte (1877–1973, a daughter of Frithjof M. Plahte) he had the son Hans Barthold Andresen Butenschøn Jr. and was through him the father-in-law of Ragnhild Butenschøn and grandfather of Peter Butenschøn. Through his daughter Marie Claudine he was the father-in-law of Joakim Lehmkuhl, through his daughter Mabel Anette he was the father-in-law of Harald Astrup (a son of Sigurd Astrup) and through his daughter Nini Augusta he was the father-in-law of Ernst Torp.He took commerce school and agricultural school. He was hired in the family company N. A. Andresen & Co, and became a co-owner in 1910. He eventually became chief executive officer. The bank changed its name to Andresens Bank in 1913 and merged with Bergens Kreditbank in 1920. The merger was dissolved later in the 1920s. He was also a landowner, owning Nedre Skøyen farm and a lot of land in Enebakk. He chaired the board of Nydalens Compagnie from 1926, having not been a board member before that.He also chaired the supervisory council of Forsikringsselskapet Viking and Nedre Glommen salgsforening, and was a supervisory council member of Filharmonisk Selskap. He was a member of the gentlemen's club SK Fram since 1890, and was proclaimed a lifetime member in 1964.He was buried in Enebakk.Passage 2:Peter BurroughsPeter Burroughs (born 27 January 1947) is a British television and film actor and the director of Willow Management. He is the father-in-law of actor and TV presenter Warwick Davis.Early careerBurroughs initially ran a shop in his village at Yaxley, Cambridgeshire.His first dramatic role was that of the character \"Branic\" in the 1979 television series The Legend of King Arthur. He also acted in the television shows Dick Turpin, The Goodies, Doctor Who in the serial The King's Demons and One Foot in the Grave.Film careerBurroughs played roles in Hollywood movies such as Flash Gordon, George Lucas' Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi (a swinging ewok), Willow, The Dark Crystal, Labyrinth and The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. In 1995, Burroughs set up Willow Management, an agency for short actors, along with co-actor Warwick Davis. He portrayed a bank goblin in the Harry Potter series (Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2).Personal lifeHis daughter Samantha (born 1971), is married to Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi and Willow film star Warwick Davis. He has another daughter, Hayley Burroughs, who is also an actress. His granddaughter is Annabelle Davis.FilmographyPassage 3:Brijlal NehruBrijalal Nehru (5 May 1884 – 27 May 1964) was a noted civil servant and member of the Nehru family.He was the son of Pandit Nandlal Nehru (the elder brother of Motilal Nehru) and the cousin of Jawaharlal Nehru. Nandlal Nehru was Diwan of Khetri State for 11 years.Brijlal was born on 5 May 1884 in Allahabad and he grew up in Anand Bhawan. Brijlal had been sent to Oxford in 1905 to compete for the Indian Civil Service by Motilal Nehru.  He was a senior officer of the Audit and Accounts Service. After his retirement, he served Finance Minister of Princely State of Jammu & Kashmir during reign of Maharaja Hari Singh.He was married to Rameshwari Raina, a noted social and women activist and a freedom fighter and recipient of Padma Bhushan in 1955, Later she also won the Lenin Peace Prize in 1961.Their son was Braj Kumar Nehru (1909-2001), an administrator and Padma Vibhushan recipient.Brijlal died on 27 May 1964, the same day on which his illustrious cousin died.Passage 4:James Armour (Master mason)James Armour (15 January 1731 – 20 September 1798) was a master mason and father of Jean Armour, and therefore the father-in-law of the poet Robert Burns. His birth year was shown here as 1730. The Scotland's People database has no record of this year of birth for a James Armour. Wikitree and several other data sources have his birth date as 10th/24th January 1731. The Scotland's People database has this record but showing his baptism on 24 January 1731. His birth on the original Old Parish Record is shown as 15 January 1731 to John Armour and Margrat(sic) Picken in Kilmarnock. James named his first son John which would normally be after James's father i.e. John. The chances of there being two James's born on exactly the same date exactly one year apart appear very remote and the naming of the first child seems to validate the conclusion that James Armour was born in 1731 and not 1730.Life and backgroundAt Mauchline on 7 December 1761 he married Mary Smith, the daughter of stonemason Adam Smith. James died on 30 September 1798 and was buried in the family lair in Mauchline churchyard. His wife died in 1805 and was buried with her husband.FamilyJames' eleven offspring with Mary, were, in birth order, John, Jean, James, Robert, Adam, Helen, Mary, Robert (2nd), Mary (2nd), Janet and Robert (3rd). Three siblings died in childhood. Dr John Armour was the eldest son who was born in Mauchline on 14 November 1762 and died in 1834. He had his practice in Kincardine-on-Forth where he died and was buried. He had two children, Janet and John, and married Janet Coventry on 10 March 1787. James and Mary's son James was born in Mauchline on 26 April 1767, married Betthaia Walker in 1794, Martha in 1818 and Janet in 1822. Their offspring were James and Betthaia. Adam Armour was named after Adam Smith, James Armour's father-in-law.The Armours' single-storey house stood in Cowgate, separated from John Dove's Whitefoord Arms by a narrow lane. Jean's bedroom window looked on to a window of the inn, thereby allowing Burns to converse with her from the public house itself. The Whitefoord Inn was often frequented by Burns and was also the meeting place of the so-called Court of Equity and linked to a significant incident in the life of Jean's brother Adam regarding the mistreatment of Agnes Wilson.Occupation and social standingJames was a master mason and contractor rather than an architect, regardless of Burns' attempts to describe him as one. He is known to have carried out contract work at Dumfries House near Cumnock and tradition links him to the building of Howford Bridge on the River Ayr, Greenan Bridge on the River Doon; Skeldon House, Dalrymple; and several other bridges in Ayrshire. Both the Armours and his wife's family had been stone-masons for several generations. William Burnes, Robert Burns' cousin, was apprenticed to James Armour.James was an adherent of the 'Auld Licht' style of religion and rented at 10/8 per year one of the most expensive pews in Mauchline church. James was rigid and austere, apparently living an exemplary life. Robert Burns-Begg, Burns' great-nephew, states that in contrast to her husband, Mary Armour was \"Partaken somewhat of the gay and frivolous.\".William 'Willie' Patrick, a source of many anecdotes about Robert and his family, stated about James that \"he was only a bit mason body, wha used to snuff a guid deal and gae afen tak a bit dram!\" He went on to say regarding James' attitude to Robert Burns that \"The thing was, he hated him, and would raither hae seen the Deil himsel comin to the hoose to coort his dochter than him! He cu'dna bear the sicht o'm, and that was the way he did it!\".Association with Robert BurnsJames had disapproved of Burns's courtship of Jean, being aware of his affair with Elizabeth Paton, his 'New Licht' leanings and his poor financial situation. When informed in March 1786 by his distraught wife that Jean was pregnant he fainted and upon recovering consciousness and being given a strong cordial drink he enquired who the father was, fainting again when he was told that it was Robert Burns. The couple persuaded Jean to travel to Paisley and lodge with their relative Andrew Purdie, husband of her aunt Elizabeth Smith. Robert Wilson lived in Paisley, a possible suitor who had shown a romantic interest in Jean previously, appears to have been only part of the reason for this action, for on 8 April Mary Armour had vehemently denied to James Lamie, a member of the Kirk Session, that Jean was pregnant.Robert Burns produced a paper, probably a record of their \" Marriage by Declaration\" possibly witnessed by James Smith. This document, no longer extant, was defaced under James Armour's direction, probably by the lawyer Robert Aitken, with the names of both Robert and Jean being cut out. This act did not in fact effect its legality.  Robert wrote that James Armour's actions had \"...cut my very veins\", a feeling enhanced by Jean having handed over \"the unlucky paper\" and had agreed to go to Paisley.James Armour in the meantime forced his daughter to sign a complaint and a warrant \"in meditatione fugae\" against Robert was issued to prevent his abandoning her. Burns fled to Old Rome Forest near Gatehead in South Ayrshire, where Jean Brown, Agnes Broun's half-sister and therefore an aunt of Burns, lived with her husband, James Allan.Twins were born to Jean and Robert on 3 September 1786, named after their parents as was the kirk's protocol for children born out of wedlock. Robert, notified of the birth by Adam Armour, that Sunday went to the Armour's house with a gift of tea, sugar and a Guinea that proved most acceptable.  Robert only returned from Edinburgh in the summer of 1787 to find that he was, thanks to his newly found fame as a published poet, actively welcomed into the family.Jean however fell pregnant out of official wedlock once more, with the result that she felt forced to leave the Armour's home due to her father's anger. She was taken in by Willie Muir and his wife at Tarbolton Mill. It had previously been agreed that baby Jean would stay with her mother and baby Robert would join Bess at Mossgiel. The second set of twins did not live long and are buried, unnamed, in the Armour lair in Mauchline churchyard. Robert was in Edinburgh and did not arrive back until 23 February 1788; he then arranged accommodation for Jean.Whilst at the Brow Well Robert Burns wrote two of his last letters to his father-in-law asking that Mary Armour, who was away visiting relatives in Fife, be sent to Dumfries to help care for Jean who was heavily pregnant. On 10 July 1796 his last letter was signed \" Your most affectionate son. R. Burns.\"Upon the death of Robert Burnes his nephew Robert arranged for his cousin William to become a mason or building worker, working with James Armour, Burns' father-in-law.The Inveraray marble Punch BowlOf the many surviving Robert Burns artefacts few have such distinguished provenance as the punch bowl that was a nuptial gift in 1788 from James Armour to his daughter Jean and her new husband Robert Burns. As a stone-mason James had carved it himself (22cm x 14cm ) from dark green Inveraray marble and after residing at their various homes, Jean in 1801 presented it to her husband's great friend and Burns family benefactor Alexander Cunningham whilst she was on a visit to Edinburgh and staying with George Thomson. He had it mounted with a silver base and a rim, engraved upon which are the words “Ye whom social pleasure charms .. Come to my Bowl! Come to my arms, My FRIENDS, "}
{"doc_id":"doc_43","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:TjuyuThuya (sometimes transliterated as Touiyou, Thuiu, Tuya, Tjuyu or Thuyu) was an Egyptian noblewoman and the mother of queen Tiye, and the wife of Yuya. She is the grandmother of Akhenaten, and great grandmother of Tutankhamun.BiographyThuya is believed to be a descendant of Queen Ahmose-Nefertari, and she held many official roles in the interwoven religion and government of ancient Egypt. She was involved in many religious cults; her titles included 'Singer of Hathor' and 'Chief of the Entertainers' of both Amun and Min. She also held the influential offices of Superintendent of the Harem of the god Min of Akhmin and of Amun of Thebes.  She married Yuya, a powerful ancient Egyptian courtier of the Eighteenth Dynasty.  She is believed to have died in around 1375 BC in her early to mid 50s.ChildrenYuya and Thuya had a daughter named Tiye, who became the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Amenhotep III. The great royal wife was the highest Egyptian religious position, serving alongside of the pharaoh in official ceremonies and rituals.Yuya and Thuya also had a son named Anen, who carried the titles Chancellor of Lower Egypt, Second Prophet of Amun, sm-priest of Heliopolis and Divine Father.They also may have been the parents of Ay, an Egyptian courtier active during the reign of pharaoh Akhenaten who became pharaoh after the death of Tutankhamun. However, there is no conclusive evidence regarding the kinship of Yuya and Ay, although certainly, both men came from Akhmim.TombThuya was interred in tomb KV46 in the Valley of the Kings, together with her husband Yuya, where their largely intact burial was found in 1905. It was the best-preserved tomb discovered in the Valley before that of Tutankhamun, Thuya's great-grandson. The tomb was discovered by a team of workmen led by archaeologist James Quibell on behalf of the American millionaire Theodore M. Davis. Though the tomb had been robbed in antiquity, much of its contents were still present, including beds, boxes, chests, a chariot, and the sarcophagi, coffins, and mummies of the two occupants.Thuya's large gilded and black-painted wooden sarcophagus was placed against the south wall of the tomb. It is rectangular, with a lid shaped like the sloping roof of the per-wer shrine of Upper Egypt, and sits on ornamental sledge runners, their non-functionality underscored by the three battens attached below them. Ancient robbers had partially dismantled it to access her coffins and mummy, placing its lid and one long side on a bed on the other side of the tomb; the other long side had been leaned against the south wall. Her outer gilded anthropoid coffin had been removed, its lid placed atop the beds, and the trough put into the far corner of the tomb; the lid of her second (innermost) coffin, also gilded, had been removed and placed to one side although the trough and her mummy remained inside the sarcophagus. Quibell suggests this is due to the robbers having some difficulty in removing the lid of this coffin.MummyThuya's mummified body was found covered with a large sheet of linen, knotted at the back and secured by four bandages. These bands were covered with resin and opposite each band were her gilded titles cut from gold foil. The resin coating on the lower layers of bandages preserved the impression of a large broad collar. The mummy bands that had once covered her wrapped mummy were recovered above the storage jars on the far side of the room.The first examination of her body was conducted by Australian anatomist Grafton Elliot Smith. He found her to be an elderly woman of small stature, 1.495 metres (4.90 ft) in height, with white hair. Both of her earlobes had two piercings. Her arms are straight at her sides with her hands against the outside of her thighs. Her embalming incision is stitched with thread, to which a carnelian barrel bead is attached at the lower end; her body cavity is stuffed with resin-soaked linen. When Dr. Douglas Derry, (who later conducted the first examination of Tutankhamun's mummy) assisting Smith in his examination, exposed Thuya's feet to get an accurate measurement of her height, he found her to be wearing gold foil sandals. Smith estimated her age at more than 50 years based on her outward appearance alone. Recent CT scanning has estimated her age at death to be 50–60 years old. Her brain was removed, though no embalming material was inserted, and both nostrils were stuffed with linen. Embalming packs had been placed into her eye sockets, and subcutaneous filling had been placed into her mid and lower face to restore a lifelike appearance; embalming material had also been placed into her mouth and throat. Her teeth were in poor condition at the time of her death, with missing molars. Heavy wear and abscesses had been noted in earlier x-rays. The scan revealed that she had severe scoliosis with a Cobb angle of 25 degrees. No cause of death could be determined. Her mummy has the inventory number CG 51191.Archaeological items pertaining to ThuyaPassage 2:Kaoru HatoyamaKaoru Hatoyama (\u0000\u0000 \u0000, Hatoyama Kaoru, 21 November 1888 – 15 August 1982) was an educator and an administrator, the schoolmaster of Kyoritsu Women's University, which was founded by her mother-in-law, Haruko Hatoyama. She is well known as the wife of Ichirō Hatoyama, who was the 52nd–54th Prime Minister of Japan, serving terms from December 10, 1954 through December 23, 1956. She was the mother of Iichirō Hatoyama, who was Japan's Foreign Minister from 1976 through 1977.After the elections of 2009, she became more widely known as the grandmother of Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama and his politician brother Kunio Hatoyama.See alsoHatoyama Hall (Hatoyama Kaikan)NotesPassage 3:Anne DenmanAnne Denman (1587–1661) was born in Olde Hall, Retford, Nottinghamshire. Through a second marriage with Thomas Aylesbury, she became the grandmother of Lady Anne Hyde, Duchess of York and great-grandmother of Queen Mary II and Queen Anne.Early lifeAnne was born in Olde Hall, West Retford in around 1587. She was the younger daughter of Francis Denman of Retford and Anne (Blount) Denman. Francis (born c. 1531, died 1599) was the rector of West Retford, Notts from 1578. He was the second son of Anne Hercy by her first husband, Nicholas Denman esq of East Retford, Notts. Francis had several sons who pre-deceased him and left two daughters as his heirs: Barbara (born c. 1583) who married Edward Darell (born c. 1582); and Anne.Anne's nephew, Dr John Darrell, was the youngest child of Barbara Denman and Edward Darell, and inherited substantial properties from both the Denman and Darell families. In 1665 just before his death he made a will dividing his estate between three charities. He donated the childhood home of Anne and Barbara, Olde Hall, to create a hospital for elderly men (an alms house), which became the site for Trinity Hospital, Retford (a Grade II listed building).MarriagesAnne was married at 20 and left a widow at 23 after the death of her first husband William, the younger son of Sir Thomas Darell. William was the half-brother of her sister Barbara's husband Edward.Anne left Retford due to some unknown trouble, or loss of fortune, in 1610 and proceeded to London by waggon-coach. Wilmshurst (1908) records that there had been a lawsuit between the two sisters in 1605.After reaching London, Anne is said to have halted at a hostel called the 'Goat and Compasses', where she rested before looking out for an occupation suitable for a country lady of good birth and family. The owner (not the landlord) of the hostel was Mr Thomas Aylesbury, a rich brewer of the Parish of St Andrew's, Holborn who happened to be making an inspection of his 'Houses' and required a housekeeper for his household, engaging Anne to this position. Thomas was a widower of 34, and a year later made Anne an offer of marriage.The marriage of Anne and Thomas was recorded in the Bishop of London's Registry, dated 3 October 1611, giving the couple's address as St Andrew's, Holborn. The registry notes that the marriage has 'the consent of his father, William Aylesbury, Esquire'. She is described in the register as 'Anne Darell, of the City of London, widow, whose husband died a year before'. Edwin Wilmshurst (1908) notes that Anne's first husband, William Darrel is described as 'of London', and apparently died there. He says this suggests Anne 'may have become acquainted with Mr Thomas Aylesbury before she became so young a widow and he a widower'. He also comments that on 17 April 1611, there was a partition of Estate between Edward Darrel and Barbara his wife, and her sister Anne, by an Indenture. This took place while she was working for Thomas Aylesbury but before she married him.Marrying Thomas was fortunate for Anne, as in 1627, he was created a Baronet, Master of the Mint, and Master of the Requests, by Charles I. After the King's death, the family moved to Antwerp with other Royalists. During this time in exile, Barbara, Anne's daughter died. Lady Anne Hyde, Duchess of York, and granddaughter of Anne Denman, later noted in her pocket book that her aunt Barbara died in Antwerp in 1652 and unmarried. 'My dear Aunt Bab was, when she died, 24 years of age.' Barbara, when in exile in Holland, was attached to the then Princess of Orange, as a lady in waiting at the Hague.ChildrenThe issue of Anne Denman's marriage with Thomas Aylesbury were:William baptised in 1612 at St Margaret's Lothbury in London, died in Jamaica in 1656Thomas (probably died young)Frances born 1617 died 1667, married Edward Hyde in 1634, had issueLady Anne (1637–1671), married King James II/VIIHon. Henry, later 2nd Earl of Clarendon (1638–1709)Hon. Laurence, later 1st Earl of Rochester (1641–1711)Hon. Edward, (born c 1645, died 1665) buried 13 January 1665 having died at age 19 while a student at OxfordHon. James drowned in HMS Gloucester in 1682 in the suite of the Duke of YorkLady Frances, married Thomas Keightley, Irish revenue commissioner and privy councillor in 1675.Anne, baptised at St Margaret's and married there in 1637 to John BrighamJane (probably died young)Barbara baptised at St Margaret's, Westminster, 9 May 1627 died 1652 in Antwerp, no issue.Through her daughter Frances, Anne Denman is the maternal grandmother of Anne Hyde, the first wife of James II, and is the maternal great-grandmother of Mary II of England and Queen Anne.Sir Thomas' death and willIn 1657, Sir Thomas died in exile in Breda, aged 81. Anne returned to London. Sir Thomas's will was in favour of Anne and her daughter Frances, but was disputed. Fortunately, Anne had the help of the eminent lawyer Edward Hyde (b. 18 February 1608/9 d. 1674) who was married to her daughter Frances. The deaths of Frances' brothers and sisters meant that by the time of her father's death she was the heiress for her father's estate.Edward HydeEdward Hyde was Anne's son-in-law. The Registers of Westminster Abbey show that he married Frances, daughter of Sir Thomas Aylesbury and his wife Anne, at the Church of St Margaret's, Westminster (in which Parish Sir Thomas and Anne were resident), on 10 July 1634, under a Licence from the Dean and Chapter of Westminster, issued the same day. He was said to be 26 years of age having been born in the ninth year of King Charles' reign (1609), and was already a widower. He married "}
{"doc_id":"doc_44","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ben PalmerBen Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director.His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!(2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020). Palmer has alsodirected films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015).BiographyPalmer was born and raisedin Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness. He attended Chetwynde School.His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developedwith its main star, Leigh Francis. Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively.FilmographyBo'Selecta! (2002–06)Comedy Lab (2004–2010)Bo! in the USA (2006)The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)Comedy Showcase(2012)Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)Them from That Thing (2012)Bad Sugar (2012)Chickens (2013)London Irish (2013)Man Up (2015)SunTrap(2015)BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)Back (2017)Comedy Playhouse (2017)Urban Myths (2017–19)Click & Collect(2018)Semi-Detached (2019)Breeders (2020)Passage 2:Mel WellesMel Welles (February 17, 1924 – August 19, 2005) was an American film actor and director.His best-remembered role may be that of hapless flower shop owner Gravis Mushnick in the 1960 low-budget Roger Corman dark comedy, The Little Shop ofHorrors.Life and careerWelles was born Ira W. Meltcher in the Bronx, New York City, son of Max and Sally Grichewsky Meltcher. He was raised in Mount Carmel,Pennsylvania and graduated from Mt. Carmel High School, in 1940. He went on to receive a Bachelor of Arts degree from Penn State University, a Master of Artsdegree from West Virginia University, and a Ph.D. in psychology from Columbia University.Welles held a number of jobs during his lifetime; at one time or anotherhe worked as a clinical psychologist, radio DJ, television actor, writer and film director. He did some stage work before traveling to Hollywood, where in 1953 heappeared in his first film, Appointment in Honduras. His favorite role (The Little Shop of Horrors) was also his last in the U.S. for many years.In the early 1960s,he left the United States initially to make a film in Germany. After the producer was arrested he travelled to Rome to act, produce and direct mostly uncreditedprimarily in Europe several film productions including the cult horror films Maneater of Hydra (1967) and Lady Frankenstein (1971). His fluency in five languagesproved to be most helpful where he started a dubbing company that by his own estimate dubbed over 800 European made films. He also served as a filmconsultant. Later, he returned to the U.S., appearing in a number of films, doing voice work, and teaching voice acting.Probably his most widely seen work in thelate 1970s was his English adaptation of the Japanese television show, Spectreman which was seen on UHF and cable across the United States. While he shareswriting credit with two other people, it's clear that most of the English voice work, and the offbeat humor, is his. Reportedly, Welles also wrote gag material forLord Buckley at some point in his career.In 1998, Welles took to the stage in a community theater production of Little Shop of Horrors as Mushnik, the role hecreated in the original Roger Corman film. Welles had never performed in the musical and was happy to be asked to do the role, which he described as a\"mitzvah\" for Scotts Valley Performing Arts. Jonathan Haze, who played Seymour in the original film, attended the opening, and Welles also received a visit fromMartin P. Robinson, the designer of the Audrey II plant puppets used in the off-Broadway production (Robinson is also famous for his puppetry on SesameStreet).Arguably his most remembered piece is the beat poem he wrote for the classic film High School Confidential (1958).  Famously delivered by PhillipaFallon, Dragsville, has become a classic piece of literary and cinema history.Welles was working on a horror screenplay, tentatively titled House of a HundredHorrors, at the time of his death.FilmographyNotesExternal linksMel Welles at IMDbPassage 3:Edward LudwigEdward Irving Ludwig (October 7, 1899 – August 20,1982) was a Russian-born American film director and writer. He directed nearly 100 films between 1921 and 1963 (some under the names Edward I. Luddy andCharles Fuhr).Ludwig was born in Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire, entered the United States from Canada on March 6, 1911, became a naturalizedcitizen December 23, 1932, and died in Santa Monica, California.Partial filmographyPassage 4:The Fighting SeabeesThe Fighting Seabees is a 1944 war film,directed by Edward Ludwig and starring John Wayne and Susan Hayward. The supporting cast includes Dennis O'Keefe, William Frawley, Leonid Kinsky, AddisonRichards and Grant Withers. The Fighting Seabees portrays a heavily fictionalized account of the dilemma that led to the creation of the U.S. Navy's \"Seabees\" inWorld War II. At the 17th Academy Awards, the film received a nomination for Best Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture for Walter Scharf and Roy Webb butthe award went to Max Steiner for Since You Went Away.Plot\"Wedge\" Donovan is a tough construction boss, building airstrips in the Pacific for the US Navy duringWorld War II. He clashes with his liaison officer, Lieutenant Commander Robert Yarrow, over the fact that his men are not allowed to arm themselves against theJapanese.When the enemy lands in force on the island, Donovan's men want to help fight. Donovan initially tries to dissuade them, but after a Japanese fighterkills or wounds several workers, he changes his mind and leads his men into the fray. This prevents Yarrow from springing a carefully devised trap that wouldhave wiped out the invaders in a murderous machine gun crossfire, with minimal American losses. Instead, many of Donovan's men are killed unnecessarily.As aresult of this tragedy, Yarrow finally convinces the Navy to form Construction Battalions (CBs, or the more familiar \"Seabees\") with Donovan's assistance, despitetheir mutual romantic interest in war correspondent Constance Chesley. Donovan and many of his men enlist and receive formal military training.The two menare teamed together on another island. The Japanese launch a major attack, which the Seabees barely manage to hold off, sometimes using heavy constructionmachinery such as bulldozers and a clamshell bucket.When word reaches Donovan of another approaching enemy column, there are no sailors left to counter thisnew threat. In desperation, he rigs a bulldozer with explosives on its blade, intending to ram it into a petroleum storage tank. The plan works, sending a cascadeof burning liquid into the path of the Japanese, who retreat in panic, right into the sights of waiting machine guns.  However, Donovan is shot in the process anddies in the explosion.CastProductionThe Fighting Seabees had the biggest budget in Republic's history, $1.5 million. The film was completed in collaboration withthe US Navy and the US Marine Corps, and took place on several bases in California (Camp Hueneme and Camp Pendleton), Virginia (Camp Peary) and RhodeIsland (Camp Endicott). Principal photography took place from September 20  to early December 1943.The bulk of the outdoor locations for The Fighting Seabeeswas filmed on the Iverson Movie Ranch in Chatsworth, Calif., widely considered to be the most heavily filmed outdoor filming location in the history of film andtelevision. The production took over virtually the entire 500-acre location ranch for a period of time in 1943, constructing extensive sets on both the UpperIverson and the Lower Iverson. Palm trees were brought in to transform Iverson's rocky Western landscape into a version of the Pacific islands where the film'saction was set.A massive landing strip was constructed on the Upper Iverson to simulate the takeoffs and landings of combat aircraft, as well as enemy bombingraids on the U.S.-built installation. On other parts of the ranch, Quonset huts, observation towers, large fuel tanks and other props were built, with theconstruction process in many cases filmed and featured as part of the film. Graphic scenes depicting tank battles, sniper attacks and hand-to-hand combat werefilmed in the Iverson Gorge, Garden of the Gods and other sections of the movie ranch, in one of the largest productions in the ranch's history.The aircraft in TheFighting Seabees were:Brewster F2A-3 BuffaloDouglas TBD DevastatorDouglas SBD DauntlessMitsubishi Ki-21Grumman F4F-3 WildcatPropagandaDuring WorldWar Two, the enemy in Europe was Nazism, while the enemy in the Pacific was the entire race of Japanese people, according to Dower. Japanese atrocitiesincluding the Rape of Nanking, the Bataan Death March, and the kamikaze pilots were partly to blame for these attitudes, but other aspects such as the Attack onPearl Harbor were also at work. As a result of these attitudes, anti-Japanese attitudes were common, including in films of the time. In 'The Fighting Seabees',Dennis O'Keefe informs John Wayne \"We're not fighting men anymore, we're fighting animals.\"  The films climactic scene shows Wayne as he punctures andignites a large fuel tank, flooding the advancing enemy with burning oil. '\"That'll scorch those Nips back six generations,\" he exults.'ReceptionFilm historianLeonard Maltin in Leonard Maltin's 2013 Movie Guide (2012) considered The Fighting Seabees, \"action-packed\" and \"spirited\". Film historian Alun Edwards inBrassey's Guide to War Films (2000) was more effusive in his evaluation: \"With oodles of eulogies and even a Seabees song to sing, you can't fail to leave theRoxy dewey-eyed and with Stars and Stripes fluttering.\"A positive review in the Rushville Republican included as highlights expertly scened battle sequences,tense dramatic interludes, moments of comedy contrasting with moments of suspense; concluding that this film is 'among the most spectacular ever filmed inHollywood.' This review also drew attention to the fact that the 'Seabees' are less known to the public than most other branches of service, despite providinginvaluable service: 'They are, quite literally, the \"men in front of the man behind the gun.\" They land in combat zones ahead of the troops, and prepare docks,landing fields, barracks, everything that the invading troops require.'See alsoJohn Wayne filmographyList of American films of 1944Passage 5:EdwardYatesEdward J. Yates (September 16, 1918 – June 2, 2006) was an American television director who was the director of the ABC television program AmericanBandstand from 1952 until 1969.BiographyYates became a still photographer after graduating from high school in 1936. After serving in World War II, he becameemployed by Philadelphia's WFIL-TV as a boom microphone operator. He was later promoted to cameraman (important as most programming was done live andlocal during the early years of television) and earned a bachelor's degree in communications in 1950 from the University of Pennsylvania.In October 1952, Yatesvolunteered to direct Bandstand, a new concept featuring local teens dancing to the latest hits patterned after the \"950 Club\" on WPEN-AM. The show debuted"}
{"doc_id":"doc_45","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Gerald Rudolff FordGerald Rudolff Ford (December 9, 1890 – January 26, 1962) was an American businessman and Republican politician who was thestepfather of U.S. President Gerald Ford and for whom Ford legally changed his name.Early lifeFord was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, where he raised thefuture President. His parents were George R. and Frances (Pixley) Ford.The senior Ford's father George Ford died in a train accident in 1903 forcing him to dropout of school to support the family.  He was working as a paint salesman at the Grand Rapids Wood Finishing Company when he met the future president'smother Dorothy Ayer Gardner King. Dorothy had fled to Michigan from Omaha, Nebraska, in 1913, 16 days after the President's birth, after her husband (and herson's birth father), Leslie Lynch King Sr., had physically abused her. She came to Grand Rapids to be near her parents, Levi Addison Gardner and Adele AugustaAyer Gardner, who lived in the town.FamilyThe couple married on February 1, 1917, following Dorothy's divorce from King when the future president was threeand began calling Dorothy's first son \"Gerald.\"Gerald Rudolff Ford and Dorothy Ford had three children – sons Thomas Gardner Ford (July 15, 1918 – August 28,1995); Richard Addison Ford (June 3, 1924 – March 20, 2015); and James Francis Ford (August 11, 1927 – January 23, 2001).The president was to write laterthat in the household there were three rules for him and his half brothers: \"tell the truth, work hard and come to dinner on time.\"The elder Ford founded the FordPaint and Varnish Company in 1929 just before the Great Depression. After the Depression hit, Ford asked his employees to work for $5/week and likewise paidhimself the same salary until all could be paid more.The future president was enrolled in the Grand Rapids school system under the name of hisstepfather.   When the president's birth father Leslie Lynch King reappeared in 1929 (or 1930 depending on accounts), he stopped at schools searching for a\"Leslie King\" before finding him at Grand Rapids South High School after asking for a \"Junior Ford.\"The future president turned down an offer from his biologicalfather to move with him to Wyoming.Leslie's father Charles King had been paying child support for Ford until 1929 when the stock market crash wiped out hisfortune. After Leslie's father died, Dorothy sought an order to get money from the $50,000 Leslie had inherited. However, since Leslie had moved to Wyoming hewas out of the jurisdiction of the Nebraska court.The elder Ford never legally adopted the president. The president changed his name in 1935 after the deaths ofhis paternal King family grandparents to an Anglicized version of his stepfather's name: Gerald Rudolph Ford.Early careerThe elder Ford was active on variousfunctions including the formation of the Youth Commonwealth to help disadvantaged youth. He was director of the Grand Rapids Chamber of Commerce andchairman of the Kent County, Michigan Republican Committee from 1944 until 1948 when he stepped down after the future President began his first run forCongress.The elder Ford was active with his four sons in the Boy Scouts of America. The future President would be the first Eagle Scout to become Vice Presidentor President. The President was to say later that the award was one of his proudest accomplishments.The President was to write later:He was the father that Igrew up to believe was my father, the father I loved and learned from and respected. He was my dad... Dad was one of the truly outstanding people I ever knewin my life.DeathThe elder Ford died on January 26, 1962, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He and his wife are buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in Grand Rapids.Passage2:Caroline KennedyCaroline Bouvier Kennedy (born November 27, 1957) is an American author, attorney, and diplomat serving as the United States Ambassadorto Australia since 2022. She previously served in the Obama administration as the United States Ambassador to Japan from 2013 to 2017. A prominent memberof the Kennedy family, she is the only surviving child of former U.S. president John F. Kennedy (JFK) and former first lady Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy.JFK wonthe 1960 presidential election when Caroline was two years old. Spending her early childhood years in the White House during the Kennedy Administration, shewas almost six when he was assassinated on November 22, 1963. The following year, she and her brother John F. Kennedy Jr. moved with their motherJacqueline to the Upper East Side of Manhattan, where Caroline attended grade school.Kennedy graduated from Harvard University and worked at Manhattan'sMetropolitan Museum of Art, where she met her future husband, exhibit designer Edwin Schlossberg. She later earned a J.D. degree from Columbia Law School.Most of Kennedy's professional life has been in law, politics, education reform, and charitable work. She has also acted as a spokesperson for her family's legacy,especially that of her father, and co-authored two books with Ellen Alderman on civil liberties.Early in the primary race for the 2008 presidential election, Kennedyand her uncle, Ted Kennedy, endorsed Democratic candidate Barack Obama. She later stumped for him in Florida, Indiana, and Ohio, served as co-chair of hisVice Presidential Search Committee, and addressed the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver.After Obama selected United States senator HillaryClinton to serve as secretary of state, Kennedy expressed interest in being appointed to Clinton's vacant Senate seat from New York, but later withdrew fromconsideration for personal reasons. In 2013, President Obama appointed Kennedy as the United States ambassador to Japan. Eight years later, Joe Bidenappointed Kennedy as United States ambassador to Australia and she took office following her confirmation on June 10, 2022.Early lifeWhite House yearsCarolineBouvier Kennedy was born by caesarean section on November 27, 1957, at New York Hospital in Manhattan's Upper East Side to John Fitzgerald Kennedy (then aU.S. senator from Massachusetts) and Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy.  A year before Caroline's birth, her parents had a stillborn daughter. Caroline had ayounger brother, John Jr., who was born just before her third birthday in 1960. Another brother, Patrick, died two days after his premature birth in 1963. Carolinelived with her parents in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. during the first three years of her life. When Caroline was three years old, the family moved to the WhiteHouse after her father was sworn in as the president of the United States.Caroline frequently attended kindergarten in classes that were organized by her mother,and she was often photographed riding her pony \"Macaroni\" around the White House grounds. One such photo in a news article inspired singer-songwriter NeilDiamond to write his Top Ten hit song, \"Sweet Caroline\", which he revealed when he performed it for Caroline's 50th birthday. As a small child, Caroline receivednumerous gifts from dignitaries, including a puppy from Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and a Yucatán pony from Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson.  Ashort-lived comic strip was created about her.Historians described Caroline's childhood personality as \"a trifle remote and a bit shy at times\" yet \"remarkablyunspoiled.\" \"She's too young to realize all these luxuries\", her paternal grandmother, Rose Kennedy, said of her. \"She probably thinks it's natural for children togo off in their own airplanes. But she is with her cousins, and some of them dance and swim better than she. They do not allow her to take special precedence.Little children accept things\".On the day of JFK's assassination on November 22, 1963, nanny Maud Shaw took Caroline and John Jr. away from the White Houseto the home of their maternal grandmother, Janet Bouvier Auchincloss, who insisted that Shaw would be the one to tell Caroline that her father was assassinated.That evening, Caroline and John Jr. returned to the White House, and while Caroline was sleeping in her bed, Shaw broke the news to her. Shaw soon found outthat Jacqueline had wanted to be the one to tell the two children; this caused a rift between Shaw and Jacqueline. On December 6, two weeks after theassassination, Jacqueline, Caroline, and John Jr. moved out of the White House and returned to Georgetown. However, their new home soon became a populartourist attraction. The family left Georgetown the following year and later moved to a penthouse apartment at 1040 Fifth Avenue on the Upper East Side.Laterchildhood yearsIn 1967, Caroline christened the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier USS John F. Kennedy in a widely publicized ceremony in Newport News, Virginia. Overthat summer, Jacqueline took the children on a six-week \"sentimental journey\" to Ireland, where they met President Éamon de Valera and visited the Kennedyancestral home at Dunganstown. In the midst of the trip, Caroline and John were surrounded by a large number of press photographers while playing in a pond.The incident caused their mother to telephone Ireland's Department of External Affairs and request the issuing of a statement that she and the children wanted tobe left in peace. As a result of the request, further attempts by press photographers to photograph the threesome ended with arrests by local police and thephotographers being jailed.Robert F. Kennedy became a major presence in the lives of Caroline and John Jr. following their father's assassination, and Carolinesaw her uncle as a surrogate father. However, when Bobby Kennedy was assassinated in 1968, Jacqueline sought a means of protecting her children, stating: \"Ihate this country.  I despise America and I don't want my children to live here anymore.  If they're killing Kennedys, my kids are the number one targets.  I havethe two main targets.  I want to get out of this country\". Jacqueline Kennedy married Greek shipping tycoon Aristotle Onassis several months later and she andthe children moved to Skorpios, his Greek island. The next year, 11-year-old Caroline attended the funeral of her grandfather, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. Her cousin,David, asked her about her feelings towards her mother's new husband and she replied, \"I don't like him\".In 1970, Jacqueline wrote her brother-in-law TedKennedy a letter stating that Caroline had been without a godfather since Robert Kennedy's death and would like Ted to assume the role. Ted began makingregular trips from Washington to New York to see Caroline, where she was in school. In 1971, Caroline returned to the White House for the first time since herfather's assassination when she was invited by President Richard Nixon to view the official portrait of her father.Onassis died in March 1975, and Caroline returnedto Skorpios for his funeral. A few days later she and her mother and brother attended the presentation by French president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing of the Legionof Honor award to her aunt, Eunice Kennedy Shriver. Later that year, Caroline was visiting London to complete a year-long art course at the Sotheby's auctionhouse, when an IRA car bomb placed under the car of her hosts, Conservative MP Sir Hugh Fraser and his wife, Antonia, exploded shortly before she and theFrasers were due to leave for their daily drive to Sotheby's. Caroline had not yet left the house, but a neighbor, oncologist Professor Gordon Hamilton Fairley, was"}
{"doc_id":"doc_46","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Spy KidsSpy Kids is an American family action-adventure spy comedy franchise created by Robert Rodriguez. The plot follows adventures of Carmenand Juni Cortez, two children who become involved in their parents' espionage organization. The films include Latino themes, as Rodriguez is of Mexicandescent.BackgroundInfluencesSpy Kids was influenced by James Bond films. The first film was \"a fusion of Willy Wonka and James Bond\" and the second was the\"Mysterious Island and James Bond mix\".The spy organization in the films is called the OSS. These initials are from the Office of Strategic Services, a former U.S.intelligence organization during World War II which later evolved into the CIA. The character Donnagon Giggles was named after William Joseph Donovan, thedirector of the original OSS. The initials in the Spy Kids universe are never specified on screen, but, in one of the books, they stand for the Organization of SuperSpies.ThemesOne of the main themes of Spy Kids is the unity of family. The children have adult responsibilities, and a lesson is that keeping secrets from familymembers can have a negative effect on relationships. The first film also deals extensively with sibling rivalry and the responsibility of older children. There is alsoa strong sense of Latino heritage.Technical innovationsThe other films were shot with High Definition digital video, parts of the third film using an anaglyphicprocess to create the 3-D effect. Audiences were given red/blue 3D glasses with their tickets in movie theatres. Four sets of these glasses were also included inthe DVD release. The third film was used as a test for a special Texas Instruments digital projector which can project polarized 3D, which does not require thered-blue lenses, later reused for The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D (2005).FilmsSpy Kids (2001)After retiring from espionage for ten years,Gregorio and Ingrid (Antonio Banderas and Carla Gugino) are pulled back into duty for their important assignment despite the fact they were out of practice, andwere captured. Their two children, Carmen and Juni (Alexa Vega and Daryl Sabara), stay with their uncle Felix Gumm (Cheech Marin) and discover the truth oftheir parents' past, which they had neglected to tell them because they were afraid that if they knew, they would picture danger at every corner; and decide torescue them. On their first mission, Carmen and Juni manage to bring around their estranged uncle, Isador \"Machete\" Cortez (Danny Trejo), a genius gadgetinventor and Juni helps to redeem a TV show host named Fegan Floop (Alan Cumming). Together, Carmen and Juni thwart the plan of Floop's notorious secondin-command Alexander Minion (Tony Shalhoub) to develop an army of androids resembling young children (including Carmen and Juni themselves) for amastermind named Mr. Lisp (Robert Patrick) and his partner Ms. Gradenko (Teri Hatcher). The robots based on Carmen and Juni became part of Floop's show.SpyKids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams (2002)As agents of the OSS, Carmen and Juni try to save the daughter (Taylor Momsen) of The President Of The United States(Christopher McDonald) while facing a particularly hard competition with Gary and Gerti Giggles (Matt O'Leary and Emily Osment), the two children of adouble-dealing agent Donnagon Giggles (Mike Judge), whom Carmen and Juni helped to rescue them from the first film. Juni gets fired from the OSS afterfighting with Gary over a smaller version of the transmooker, a device that can shut off all electronic devices even though it was Gary who started the fight. Juniloses his spot for the best spy kid of the year award, while Donnagon plans to steal the transmooker to take over the world. On their second mission, Carmen andJuni follow the trail to the mysterious island of Leeke Leeke which is home to Romero (Steve Buscemi), an eccentric scientist who attempted to create geneticallyminiaturised animals, but instead ended up with his island inhabited by mutant monsters. Eventually, Donnagon is fired and Gary is suspended, and thetransmooker is destroyed. Juni is offered his job back, but in order to take a break from the OSS, he retires to start his own private eye agency.Spy Kids 3-D:Game Over (2003)After retiring from the OSS, Juni is thrust back into service when an evil mastermind named Sebastian \"The Toymaker\" (Sylvester Stallone)creates a fictional video game called Game Over, which hypnotizes its users. Carmen was sent on a mission to disable the game, but disappeared on Level 4. Withthe help of his maternal grandfather, Valentin Avellan (Ricardo Montalban), who uses a wheelchair, Juni is sent after Carmen and helps her to disable the game inorder to save the world. It is revealed that Sebastian was the one who disabled Valentin in the first place. Instead of avenging his former partner, Valentinforgives Sebastian who is redeemed.Spy Kids: All the Time in the World (2011)The OSS has become the world's top spy agency, while the Spy Kids departmenthas become defunct. A retired spy Marissa (Jessica Alba) is thrown back into the action along with her two stepchildren, Rebecca and Cecil (Rowan Blanchard andMason Cook), when a maniacal Timekeeper (Jeremy Piven) attempts to take over the world. In order to save the world, Rebecca and Cecil must team up withMarissa.Spy Kids: Armageddon (2023)The fifth installment, Spy Kids: Armageddon, serving as a reboot of the franchise, is in development, with a film involving aplot that centers around a multicultural family. Robert Rodriguez again serves as writer/director, while the project is a joint-venture production between SkydanceMedia and Spyglass Media Group. The film is scheduled for distribution on Netflix, making it the second Spy Kids project produced for the platform. GinaRodriguez, Zachary Levi, Everly Carganilla and Connor Esterson were set to star, along with Billy Magnussen and D. J. Cotrona. The plotline for the film is asfollows: \"When the children of the world's greatest secret agents unwittingly help a powerful Game Developer unleash a computer virus that gives him control ofall technology, they must become spies themselves to save their parents and the world\". Production of the film wrapped in late August 2022, and is set to bereleased on Netflix in Q3-Q4 2023.TelevisionSpy Kids: Mission Critical (2018)An animated series based on the films, Spy Kids: Mission Critical, was released onNetflix in 2018. The first and second seasons both consist of 10 episodes and is produced by Mainframe Studios. Robert Rodriguez served as one of the executiveproducers on the show.Main cast and charactersAdditional crew and production detailsReceptionBox office performanceCritical and public responseThough thefirst and second film received positive reviews, the series experienced a steadily declining critical reception with each film.Home mediaSeptember 18, 2001 (SpyKids) on DVD by Buena Vista Home EntertainmentFebruary 18, 2003 (Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams) on DVD by Buena Vista HomeEntertainmentFebruary 24, 2004 (Spy Kids 3D: Game Over) on DVD by Buena Vista Home EntertainmentAugust 2, 2011 (Spy Kids, Spy Kids 2: The Island of LostDreams, and Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over) on DVD and Blu-ray Disc by Lionsgate (However, all 3 DVDs are still the original Buena Vista Home Entertainmentcopies.)November 15, 2011 (Spy Kids, Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams, and Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over Triple Feature) on Blu-ray Disc byLionsgateNovember 22, 2011 (Spy Kids: All the Time in the World) on DVD and Blu-ray by Anchor Bay EntertainmentDecember 4, 2012 (Spy Kids 3-D: GameOver, The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D 3D Double Feature) on Blu-ray 3D Disc by LionsgateSeptember 22, 2020 (Spy Kids, Spy Kids 2: The Islandof Lost Dreams, and Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over Triple Feature) on DVD and Blu-ray Disc reissue by ParamountOther mediaVideo gamesSpy Kids Challenger (GameBoy Advance)Spy Kids Mega Mission Zone (PC/Mac)Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over (Game Boy Advance and PC/Mac)Spy Kids: Learning Adventures series(PC/Mac)Spy Kids: All the Time in the World (Nintendo DS)See alsoRelated film seriesIsador \"Machete\" Cortez, who appeared in all four Spy Kids film series as asupporting character, additionally had a series of two stand-alone films: Machete and Machete Kills, also written and directed by Robert Rodriguez. However, theMachete films share little in common with the Spy Kids films thematically and are not considered direct spin-offs, the first film instead being an adult-orientedaction exploitation film, with the second film introducing science fiction elements; both films additionally share several cast members and characters with the SpyKids films. The idea for a Machete film came from a fake trailer promoting the Grindhouse double-feature by Rodriguez and Quentin Tarantino. Trejo andRodriguez have made two conflicting statements regarding its canonicity to the Spy Kids films; Trejo claimed that the films depict \"what Uncle Machete does whenhe's not taking care of the kids\", while Rodriguez said in a Reddit AMA that they are alternate universes. Regardless, Rodriguez claimed that he was prompted byan incident on the set of the first Machete film to start envisioning a fourth film in the main Spy Kids film series, casting Jessica Alba as Machete's sister Marissa, adifferent character to the one she portrayed in Machete, with Trejo additionally reprising his role alongside her.NotesPassage 2:Legion of Lost FlyersLegion of LostFlyers (aka Legion of Lost Fliers) is a 1939 American B movie drama film directed by Christy Cabanne. It stars Richard Arlen, Andy Devine, and Anne Nagel.Legion of Lost Flyers was released by Universal Pictures on November 3, 1939.PlotA group of pilots, because of unsavory or unearned reputations, establish anoutpost of their own, running charter-flights and hauling supplies in the frozen wastelands of Alaska. Gene \"Loop\" Gillian (Richard Arlen), Gillian came to Alaskabecause he has been blamed for a crash where four men where killed. Bill Desert (Theodore Von Eltz), the head of the commercial airlines, refuses to hire him asa pilot, but at the request of aircraft mechanic \"Beef\" Brumley (Andy Devine), Desert hires Loop as a \"grease jockey\".Brumley knows Gillian and does not believethe story about the deaths. Regarded as a coward by the other pilots, Ralph Perry (William Lundigan), Jake Halley (Guinn \"Big Boy\" Williams) and Smythe  (LeonAmes), Gillian claims he is innocent of causing the deaths because it was really Perry who had taken the flight that night. Rumours continue to swirl about theincident.Perry decides he has had enough and takes off in an stolen aircraft loaded with gold from a local mine. He ends up crashing in the wilderness in a remotecanyon, with Gillian, the only one willing to fly to his rescue. After loading Perry on board, the take off ends in the aircraft suffering heavy damage.On the returnflight, the aircraft is falling to pieces. Perry panics and as Gillian nears the airfield, he forces Perry to confess on the radio about his involvement in the men'sdeath. Gillian is reinstated as a pilot and falls in love with Paula (Anne Nagel) who had been the boss's sweetheart.CastProductionProduction dates for principalphotography for Legion of Lost Flyers began on July 26, 1939.The aircraft used in Legion of Lost Flyers was: Stearman C3BFleet 1 c/n 374, NC792VFokker"}
{"doc_id":"doc_47","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Buffalo Bill, Hero of the Far WestBuffalo Bill, Hero of the Far West  (Buffalo Bill, l'eroe del far west) is a 1964 Italian Spaghetti Western directed byMario Costa.StoryBuffalo Bill is sent west by President Ulysses S. Grant to settle an Indian uprising started by Yellow Hand and supported by gunsmugglers.CastGordon Scott as Colonel William \"Buffalo Bill\" CodyMario Brega as DonaldsonJan Hendriks as MonroeCatherine Ribeiro asRayon-de-Lune/MoonbeamPiero Lulli as RedMirko Ellis as Yellow HandHans von Borsody as Captain HunterRoldano Lupi as Colonel PetersonIngeborg Schöner asMary PetersonFeodor Chaliapin, Jr.  as Chief White FoxUgo Sasso as SnackLuigi Tosi as barmanFranco Fantasia as George, a poker playerAndrea Scotti as pokerplayerPassage 2:Battling with Buffalo BillBattling with Buffalo Bill is a 1931 American pre-Code Western serial film directed by Ray Taylor and starring Tom Tyler,Lucile Browne, William Desmond, Rex Bell, and Francis Ford.Based on the book The Great West That Was by William F. \"Buffalo Bill\" Cody, the film is about acowboy named Buffalo Bill who goes up against a shady gambler who is attempting to scare off the townspeople so he can gain possession of a gold strike. Whena nearby Indian tribe is provoked into attacking the town, the cavalry rides in to the rescue. Cody's book was also used as the inspiration for the studio's highlysuccessful 1930 serial The Indians Are Coming.Battling with Buffalo Bill was Universal Pictures's 78th serial, the 10th with sound and 4th with full sound, of thestudio's total of 137 serials.PlotThe plot is a variation on the standard B-Western \"Land Grab\" plot: Gold has been discovered in the area and gambler Jim Rodneyintends to make sole claim to it by pushing the rightful owners off the land and taking it for himself. To do so he has his henchmen kill an Indian woman,provoking attacks from her tribe. This brings Buffalo Bill and the United States Cavalry into the town. Buffalo Bill proceeds to defeat Rodney and hisschemes.CastTom Tyler as William \"Buffalo Bill\" CodyLucile Browne as Jane Mills, Buffalo Bill's love interestWilliam Desmond as John MillsRex Bell as Dave Archer,Buffalo Bill's sidekick.Francis Ford as Jim Rodney, villainous gambler trying to illicitly claim a local gold strikeGeorge Regas as 'Breed' JohnsYakima Canutt asScout Jack BradyBud Osborne as Joe Tampas, one of Rodney's henchmenJoe Bonomo as Joe BradyJim Thorpe as Swift ArrowProductionAlong with the moresuccessful The Indians Are Coming (1930) this serial was based on the book \"The Great West That Was\" by Buffalo Bill Cody.StuntsJoe BonomoYakima CanuttCliffLyonsChapter titlesCaptured by RedskinsCircling DeathBetween Hostile TribesThe Savage HordeThe Fatal PlungeTrappedThe Unseen KillerSentenced to DeathTheDeath TrapA Shot from AmbushThe Flaming DeathCheyenne VengeanceSource:See alsoList of American films of 1931List of film serials by yearList of film serialsby studioPassage 3:Buffalo BillWilliam Frederick Cody (February 26, 1846 – January 10, 1917), known as Buffalo Bill, was an American soldier, bison hunter, andshowman. He was born in Le Claire, Iowa Territory (now the U.S. state of Iowa), but he lived for several years in his father's hometown in modern-dayMississauga, Ontario, Canada, before the family returned to the Midwest and settled in the Kansas Territory.Buffalo Bill started working at the age of 11, after hisfather's death, and became a rider for the Pony Express at age 15. During the American Civil War, he served the Union from 1863 to the end of the war in 1865.Later he served as a civilian scout for the U.S. Army during the Indian Wars, receiving the Medal of Honor in 1872.One of the most famous and well-known figuresof the American Old West, Buffalo Bill's legend began to spread when he was only 23. Shortly thereafter he started performing in shows that displayed cowboythemes and episodes from the frontier and Indian Wars. He founded Buffalo Bill's Wild West in 1883, taking his large company on tours in the United States and,beginning in 1887, in Great Britain and continental Europe.Early life and educationCody was born on February 26, 1846, on a farm just outside Le Claire, Iowa.His father, Isaac Cody, was born on September 5, 1811, in Toronto Township, Upper Canada, now part of Mississauga, Ontario, directly west of Toronto. MaryAnn Bonsell Laycock, Bill's mother, was born about 1817 in Trenton, New Jersey. She moved to Cincinnati to teach school, and there she met and married Isaac.She was a descendant of Josiah Bunting, a Quaker who had settled in Pennsylvania. There is no evidence to indicate Buffalo Bill was raised as a Quaker. In 1847the couple moved to Ontario, having their son baptized in 1847, as William Cody, at the Dixie Union Chapel in Peel County (present-day Peel Region, of whichMississauga is a part), not far from the farm of his father's family. The chapel was built with Cody money, and the land was donated by Philip Cody of TorontoTownship. They lived in Ontario for several years.In 1853, Isaac Cody sold his land in rural Scott County, Iowa, for $2000 (around $68,000 in today's money) andthe family moved to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas Territory. In the years before the Civil War, Kansas was overtaken by political and physical conflict over theslavery question. Isaac Cody was against slavery. He was invited to speak at Rively's store, a local trading post where pro-slavery men often held meetings. Hisantislavery speech so angered the crowd that they threatened to kill him if he did not step down. A man jumped up and stabbed him twice with a Bowie knife.Rively, the store's owner, rushed Cody to get treatment, but he never fully recovered from his injuries.In Kansas, the family was frequently persecuted bypro-slavery supporters. Cody's father spent time away from home for his safety. His enemies learned of a planned visit to his family and plotted to kill him on theway. Bill, despite his youth and being ill at the time, rode thirty miles (48 km) to warn his father. Isaac Cody went to Cleveland, Ohio, to organize a group ofthirty families to bring back to Kansas, to add to the antislavery population. During his return trip, he caught a respiratory infection which, compounded by thelingering effects of his stabbing and complications from kidney disease, led to his death in April 1857.After his death, the family suffered financially. At age 11, Billtook a job with a freight carrier as a \"boy extra\". On horseback he would ride up and down the length of a wagon train and deliver messages between the driversand workmen. Next, he joined Johnston's Army as an unofficial member of the scouts assigned to guide the United States Army to Utah, to put down a rumoredrebellion by the Mormon population of Salt Lake City.According to Cody's account in Buffalo Bill's Own Story, the Utah War was where he began his career as an\"Indian fighter\":Presently the moon rose, dead ahead of me; and painted boldly across its face was the figure of an Indian. He wore this war-bonnet of the Sioux,at his shoulder was a rifle pointed at someone in the river-bottom 30 feet [9 meters] below; in another second he would drop one of my friends. I raised my oldmuzzle-loader and fired. The figure collapsed, tumbled down the bank and landed with a splash in the water. \"What is it?\" called McCarthy, as he hurried back.\"It's over there in the water.\" \"Hi!\" he cried. \"Little Billy's killed an Indian all by himself!\" So began my career as an Indian fighter.At the age of 14, in 1860, Codywas caught up in the \"gold fever\", with news of gold at Fort Colville and the Holcomb Valley Gold Rush in California. On his way to the goldfields, however, he metan agent for the Pony Express. He signed with them, and after building several stations and corrals, Cody was given a job as a rider. He worked at this until hewas called home to his sick mother's bedside.Cody claimed to have had many jobs, including trapper, bullwhacker, \"Fifty-Niner\" in Colorado, Pony Express rider in1860, wagonmaster, stagecoach driver, and a hotel manager, but historians have had difficulty documenting them. He may have fabricated some for publicity.Namely, it is argued that in contrast to Cody's claims, he never rode for the Pony Express, but as a boy, he did work for its parent company, the transport firm ofRussell, Majors, and Waddell. In contrast to the adventurous rides, hundreds of miles long, that he recounted in the press, his real job was to carry messages onhorseback from the firm's office in Leavenworth to the telegraph station three miles away.Military servicesAfter his mother recovered, Cody wanted to enlist as asoldier in the Union Army during the American Civil War but was refused because of his young age. He began working with a freight caravan that deliveredsupplies to Fort Laramie in present-day Wyoming. In 1863, at age 17, he enlisted as a teamster with the rank of private in Company H, 7th Kansas Cavalry, andserved until discharged in 1865.The next year, Cody married Louisa Frederici. They had four children. Two died young, while the family was living in Rochester,New York. They and a third child are buried in Mount Hope Cemetery, in Rochester.In 1866, he reunited with his old friend Wild Bill Hickok in Junction City,Kansas, then serving as a scout. Cody enlisted as a scout himself at Fort Ellsworth and scouted between there and Fort Fletcher (later renamed and moved to FortHays). He was attached as a scout, variously, to Captain George Augustus Armes (Battle of the Saline River) and Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer(guide and impromptu horse race to Fort Larned). It was during this service at Fort Ellsworth that he met William Rose, with whom he would found the short-livedsettlement of Rome.In 1867, with the construction of the Kansas Pacific Railway completing through Hays City and Rome, Cody was granted a leave of absence tohunt buffalo to supply railroad construction workers with meat. This endeavor continued into 1868, which saw his hunting contest with William Comstock.Codyreturned to Army service in 1868. From his post in Fort Larned, he performed an exceptional feat of riding as a lone dispatch courier from Fort Larned to FortZarah (escaping brief capture), Fort Zarah to Fort Hays, Fort Hays to Fort Dodge, Fort Dodge to Fort Larned, and, finally, Fort Larned to Fort Hays, a total of 350miles in 58 hours through hostile territory, covering the last 35 miles on foot. In response, General Philip Sheridan assigned him Chief of Scouts for the 5thCavalry Regiment.He was also Chief of Scouts for the Third Cavalry in later campaigns of the Plains Wars.In January 1872, Cody was a scout for the highlypublicized hunting expedition of the Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia.Medal of HonorCody was awarded the Medal of Honor in 1872 for documentedgallantry above and beyond the call of duty as an Army scout in the Indian Wars. It was revoked in 1917, along with medals of 910 other recipients dating back tothe Revolutionary War, when Congress decided to create a hierarchy of medals, designating the \"Medal of Honor\" as the highest military honor it could bestow.Subsequent regulations authorized the War Department to revoke prior Medal of Honor awards it considered not meeting requirements since the introduction ofstrict regulations promulgated under the 1917 law. Those regulations required the medal to be awarded for acts of bravery above and beyond the call of duty by"}
{"doc_id":"doc_48","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Henry II, Count of Reuss-GeraHenry II of Reuss (younger line) (10 June 1572 in Gera – 23 December [O.S. 13 December] 1635 in Gera), nicknamedthe Posthumous because his father died two months before he was born,  was Lord of Gera, Lord of Lobenstein and Lord of Oberkranichfeld.LifeHenry II was bornposthumously, as the only son of Henry XVI of Reuss-Gera (1530-1572), the founder of the Younger Line, and his wife, Countess Dorothea of Solms-Sonnewalde(1547-1595), daughter of Frederick Magnus I, Count of Solms-Laubach.Henry successfully promoted education and the economy of his country.  In 1608, hefounded the Rutheneum Gymnasium in Gera (now the Goethe-Gymnasium/Rutheneum).  Against the advice of his theological councillor, he granted asylum toCalvinist refugees from Flanders and housed them in his capital city Gera.  This led to an upsurge in wool production and an economic boom.  During his reign,Gera also developed into the cultural centre of the Reuss areas.  He had a particular fondness for \"ring riding\", and was a frequent guest at the courts in Viennaand Dresden.Henry II died on 23 December 1635 and was buried in the Salvator Church in Gera.  The composer Heinrich Schütz wrote his Musikalische Exequienfor this occasion.  His elaborately decorated copper outer coffin, with biblical proverbs and evangelical chorals, was transferred from the Salvator Church to theSt. John church in 1995.  In 2011, it was displayed in an exhibition about funeral practices in the early modern age in the city museum of Gera.  It has also beenon display in the Museum for Sepulchral Culture in Kassel.Marriages and issueIn Weikersheim on 7 February 1594, Henry II married firstly Magdalena (28December 1572 – 2 April 1596), daughter of Wolfgang, Count of Hohenlohe-Weikersheim-Langenburg. They had one daughter:Dorothea Magdalena (25 February1595 – 29 October 1647), married in 1620 to Burgrave George of Kirchberg.In Rudolstadt on 22 May 1597, Henry II married secondly Magdalena (12 Apr 1580 –22 Apr 1652), daughter of Count Albert VII of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. They had seventeen children:Juliane Marie (1 February 1598 – 4 January 1650), marriedin 1614 to Count David of Mansfeld-Schraplau.Henry I (21 February 1599 – 27 July 1599)Agnes (17 April 1600 – 1 February 1642), married in 1627 to CountErnest Louis of Mansfeld-Heldrungen.Elisabeth Magdalene (8 May 1601 – 4 April 1641).Henry II (14 August 1602 – 28 May 1670), Lord of Gera andSaalburg.Henry III (31 Oct 1603 – 12 July 1640), Lord of Schleiz.Henry IV (21 December 1604 – 3 November 1628).Henry V (3 November 1606 – 3/7 November1606), twin with Henry VI.Henry VI (3 November 1606 – 3/7 November 1606), twin with Henry V.Sophie Hedwig (24 February 1608 – 22 January1653).Dorothea Sibylle (7 October 1609 – 25 November 1631), married in 1627 to Baron Christian Schenk of Tautenburg.Henry VII (15 October 1610 – 24 July1611).Henry VIII (19 June 1613 – 24 September 1613).Anna Katharina (24 March 1615 – 16 February 1682).Henry IX (22 May 1616 – 9 January 1666), Lord ofSchleiz.Ernestine (19 March 1618 – 23 February 1650), married in 1639 to Otto Albert of Schönburg-Hartenstein.Henry X (9 September 1621 – 25 January1671), Lord of Lobenstein and Ebersdorf.HonorsSince 2008, the motor car of one of the trams in Gera bears his name.Passage 2:Enguerrand V deCoucyEnguerrand V, Lord of Coucy (-after 1321) inherited the title of Lord of Coucy and castle from his maternal uncle, Enguerrand IV in 1311.  He was also lordof Oisy and Montmirail.BiographyEnguerrand was the second son of Arnould III, Count of Guînes and Alix de Coucy, daughter of Enguerrand III, Lord of Coucy.His father, Arnould, sold the county of Guines to King Louis IX of France, forcing Enguerrand to find his fortune abroad. After arriving in Scotland, he marriedChristiana Lindsay in Scotland. Christiana was the daughter of William Lindsay and Ada Balliol, sister of John Balliol. Their wedding was arranged by their mutualcousin, King Alexander III of Scotland. Enguerrand was present at the recognition of Margaret as Alexander III's heir and the Treaty of Birgham in 1290.On 28May 1283, Enguerrand pledged his service to King Edward I of England.When Enguerrand's maternal uncle, Enguerrand IV, died without leaving any heirs, thetitles and lands of Coucy were passed to Enguerrand.IssueEnguerrand and Christiana had four sons:Guillaume de Coucy, Lord of Coucy,  Marle, La Fère, Oisy andMontmirel, married Isabeau de Châtillon-Saint-Pol, had issue.Enguerrand de Coucy, Viscount of Meaux, Lord of La Ferté-Ancoul, Tresmes and Belonnes, marriedfirstly Marie de Vianden, Dame de Rumpt and secondly Allemande Flotte de Revel, had issue.Baudouin de CoucyRobert de Coucy, Lord of LaFerté-Gaucher.Passage 3:Charles II Henri van de Werve, Lord of SchildeBaron Charles-Henri van de Werve (1672-1721), Lord of Schilde, Lord ofGiessen-Oudkerk, Lord of Wavre-Notre-Dame and Lord of Wavrans, formed part of a very old, important and noble family of Antwerp, House van deWerve.FamilyHe was the son of Charles I Bruno van de Werve, Lord of Schilde; and of Cornélie van de Werve, daughter of the Lord of Westkercke. Through hisgrandmother side he is one of the descendants of Erasmus II Schetz. He married Eléonore de Varick in 1696. Eléonore was the daughter of Charles-Hyacinthe deVarick, Lord of Court St-Etienne and of Witterzée; and of Eléonore-Louise de Haynin, Lady of Wavrans.They had 4 children's:Eléonore-Marie van de Werve(1698–1726).X1(1716): She married Charles-François Boot, Lord of Veltem, Oppem, Sombeke and La Motte.X2(1724): She married Ferdinand-Joseph, marquessde la Puente y Reiffenberg, baron of Limal, Lord of Bierges.Gertrude-Madeleine van de Werve (1700–1746): She married in 1725 her cousin Philippe-Adrien deVarick, viscount of Brussels, baron of Woluwe-Saint-Lambert and of Libersart, Lord of Boendaal, Ixelles, Huizingen and Eizingen.Baron Charles-Philippe van deWerve (1702–1744), Lord of Schilde, Giessen-Oudkerk and Wavre-Notre-Dame.Charles III Philippe van de Werve, 1st Count of Vorsselaer (1706–1776): baron ofLichtaert and of Rielen, Lord of Giessen-Oudkerk. He married Marie-Anne de Pret, Lady of Vorsselaer, Lichtaert and Rielen.AncestryExternallinkshttps://web.archive.org/web/20070312045421/http://vandewerve.skyblog.com/Passage 4:Eric Longlegs, Lord of LangelandErik Eriksøn, also known as EricLonglegs (Danish: Erik Langben), (1272–1310), Lord of Langeland, was the second son of Eric I, Duke of Schleswig and younger brother of Valdemar IV, Duke ofSchleswig.LifeEric was born in 1272 as the second son of Eric I, Duke of Schleswig, by his wife Margaret of Rugia. He held the island of Langeland in fief andinherited the properties of the ducal family in southern Funen, just as his uncle, Abel, Lord of Langeland, had before him. He is mentioned for the first time asresponsible for the killing of the seneschal Skjalm Stigsen on 23 August 1292. The murder was probably a result of the enmity caused when King Eric VI ofDenmark, after coming of age, confiscated the fief of Langeland and the properties of the ducal family in southern Funen.Together with his brother, DukeValdemar, he joined the king's enemies. In 1293, there was a clash between the two parties at Sommersted Heath near Haderslev which resulted in acompromise where Eric received Langeland as a fief.Subsequently, he married Sophia of Querfurt, a daughter of Jutta of Saxony, widow of King Eric IV ofDenmark in her second marriage to Burchard VIII, Count of Querfurt-Rosenburg. Sophia was thus a half-sister of King Eric IV's daughters, among which were thedeceased Queen Ingeborg of Norway, mother of King Eric II of Norway. The marriage thus connected Eric to the king of Norway, who knighted him, and also ledto a new conflict with King Eric VI, who retained his wife's inheritance from her half-sisters.On 3 February 1296 a compromise was entered in Vordingborg, inwhich the king promised to hand over Sophia's inheritance, but where the ducal family's properties in southern Funen, which had formerly belonged to Abel, Lordof Langeland, were kept by the king as lawfully acquired from Abel's daughter. Only the city of Rudkøbing was transferred to become part of the fief of Langeland,and Eric confirmed the city's rights on the same day.Eric died in 1310. In 1315, Sophia, in the presence of the king and several noblemen, donated theinheritance of her sisters to Saint Agnes' Priory in Roskilde, keeping only the city of Skælskør for herself.Marriage and issueEric married Sophia of Querfurt, adaughter of Burchard VIII, Count of Querfurt-Rosenburg, Burgrave of Magdeburg and Jutta of Saxony, widow of Eric IV of Denmark. The marriage waschildless.AncestryPassage 5:Abel, Lord of LangelandAbel Abelsøn (1252 – 2 April 1279), Lord of Langeland, was the third son of King Abel of Denmark, Duke ofSchleswig, and younger brother of Valdemar III, Duke of Schleswig and Eric I, Duke of Schleswig. As a member of the ducal family, he held several fiefs inSouthern Denmark.LifeAbel was born in 1252 as the third and posthumous son of King Abel of Denmark, Duke of Schleswig, by his wife, Mechtild of Holstein. Inthe settlement with his brother Eric after the death of their elder brother Duke Valdemar III, Abel received the cities of Svendborg, Rudkøbing, and possibly alsoFaaborg on the island of Funen, and as a fief the island of Langeland. Abel died on Easter Day 1279 in Svendborg and was buried in Greyfriars’ Abbey.At hisdeath, he left only a daughter Margaret, who entered the convent of Zarrentin in Mecklenburg and donated her father's properties to her relatives, the counts ofHolstein. They later sold it to King Eric VI of Denmark.Marriage and issueAbel appears to have married a daughter of Gunzelin III, Count of Schwerin:Margaret,abbess of Zarrentin. As abbess, she instituted a requiem mass for her father in 1317.AncestryPassage 6:John I, Lord of PolanenJohn I, Lord of Polanen (c. 1285 –26 September 1342) was Lord of Polanen, Lord of De Lek and Lord of Breda.LifeJohn was a son of Philips III van Duivenvoorde (?-c. 1308) and Elisabeth vanVianen.Lord of PolanenUpon the death of his father, John I became Lord of Polanen Castle. In his early years, John got help from his uncle Diederik van derWale.Lord of HeemskerkIn 1327 John bought Oud Haerlem  Castle and the lordships (ambachtsheerlijkheden) of Heemskerk and Castricum. The price was only100 pounds.In 1328 John took part in the Battle of Cassel, and in 1329 he was knighted. In 1339 he became bailiff of KennemerlandLord of BredaIn 1322 Johnmarried Catharina van Van Brederode (died 1372). He was the father of John II, Lord of Polanen.Passage 7:John I, Lord of EgmondJohn I, Lord of Egmond (before1310 – 28 December 1369) was Lord of Egmond, Lord of IJsselstein, bailiff of Kennemerland (1353-1354) and stadtholder of Holland.LifeHe was a son of WalterII and his wife, Beatrix of Doortogne.  He is first mentioned in 1328, when he fights in the Battle of Cassel and accompanies Count William III of Holland toFlanders, to assist the Count of Flanders suppressing a rebellion in Bruges and the surrounding area.In 1343, he is a member of a group of bailiffs who administer"}
{"doc_id":"doc_49","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Judah Even ShemuelYehuda Even Shemuel (Ukraine, 1886-Jerusalem, 1976) was an Israeli Jewish scholar, translator and lexicographer. He won theIsrael Prize in 1973. Yehuda Kaufman (later Even Shemuel) was born in Balta, Ukraine. He studied in three yeshivot. At the age of eighteen, after passing theexamination of a six-years’ course in a Russian gymnasium, he studied in London and then Paris, where he was accepted to the law school of the University ofParis. He immigrated to Montreal, Canada in 1913.His English-Hebrew dictionary was known as The Kaufman Dictionary.Passage 2:Erik KilpatrickErik Kilpatrick(born 1952) is an American actor who is best known for playing Curtis Jackson on the CBS television series The White Shadow.  He is the son of LincolnKilpatrick.  Erik and his father co-starred in \"Here's Mud in Your Eye\", an episode from the first season of The White Shadow.  Kilpatrick has a younger brother,Lincoln Kilpatrick Jr., and a sister, DaCarla Kilpatrick, who also are actors.  Kilpatrick is the father of Erika Kurzawa and Toussaint Kilpatrick. Married to ChrisAnthony. Today, Kilpatrick devotes much of his time directing and is the founder and Artistic Director of KOLA Theatre.Passage 3:Lincoln KilpatrickLincolnKilpatrick (February 12, 1931 – May 18, 2004) was an American film, television, and stage actor.BiographyCareerBorn in St. Louis, Missouri, Kilpatrick attendedLincoln University and earned a degree in drama before he began acting. Encouraged by Billie Holiday, Kilpatrick began his career in 1959 in the Broadwayproduction of A Raisin in the Sun. In the 1960s, he mainly guest-starred in television roles and bit parts in movies. His primary acting talents were showcased instage and theater work, which he remained active in until his death. Kilpatrick was co-founder of the Kilpatrick-Cambridge Theatre Arts School in Hollywood,California. He was also the first African-American member of the Lincoln Center Repertory Company.Personal life and deathKilpatrick was married 47 years to thesinger and stage performer Helena Ferguson from 1957 until his death from lung cancer in 2004. Kilpatrick had five children: actor and composer LincolnKilpatrick Jr.; writer, director and actor DaCarla Kilpatrick; actor and director Erik Kilpatrick; actor Jozella Reed; and producer Marjorie L. Kilpatrick. He was buriedat the Forest Lawn, Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles.FilmographyPassage 4:Jean DaninosJean Daninos (2 December 1906 – 13 October 2001) was aGreek-French constructor of luxury cars Facel Vega, born in Paris.The brother of the Pierre Daninos, Jean Daninos had founded the company FACEL (Forges etAteliers des Constructions d'Eure-et-Loir, forge and construction workshop for the department of Eure-et-Loir) in 1939 with hopes of one day designing andmanufacturing his own automobile. An engineer, he had previously collaborated with Citroën on the Traction Avant and had worked in the aviation field.TheFACEL company produced the bodies of custom cars like the Panhard Dyna cabriolet and the Ford Comète.He had also a long time business partnership with HenriThéodore Pigozzi CEO of Simca. All the stylish Aronde sports derivatives (coupes and convertibles called PLein Ciel and Océane, targeted for well to do womencustomers ) were manufactured by Facel.However Pigozzi and Simca chose cheaper and more trendy Carrozeria Bertone for the later the Simca 1000 derivatives(Simca 1200S) and ended the Simca partnership. The first Facel Vega model, designed by Daninos himself, debuted in 1954, equipped with a Chrysler engine.Daninos counted among his clients celebrities including (Tony Curtis, Ava Gardner) and racing drivers (Stirling Moss, Maurice Trintignant). Several sports carmodels followed until the company's demise in the mid-1960s. During ten years of production, FACEL had manufactured 3,000 automobiles.Daninos died inCannes at age 94 from cancer. He was buried with his relatives in Jouy-en-Josas.Passage 5:Alexander FuksAlexander Fuks (30 May 1917 – 29 November 1978)was a German-born, later Israeli historian, archaeologist and papyrologist. He worked with Victor Tcherikover and Menahem Stern on the standard edition ofJewish papyri. He was a specialist in the study of Hellenistic Judaism.Passage 6:Patrick KilpatrickPatrick Kilpatrick (born August 20, 1949), is an American actor,director, screenwriter, producer, journalist, international entertainment speaker and teacher. He has appeared in over 180 films and television series.Kilpatrickran for Governor of California in the 2021 recall election as a Democrat.Early lifeKilpatrick was born in Orange, Virginia, the son of Robert Donald Kilpatrick Sr.and Ellie Faye (born Ellwood Fay) Hines Kilpatrick. His ancestors are Scottish, Scots-Irish, a bit of Welsh, and English, having come to the U.S. as early as 1620,and he has relatives who fought in both the American Revolution and for the Confederacy in the Civil War. His father was a World War II \"Beach Jumper\", apredecessor to the modern U.S. Navy Seals, who received a Silver Star and Purple Heart in the Pacific and was a winner of the National Collegiate BaseballChampionship for the University of Richmond.When Kilpatrick was six, the family moved to Connecticut from Virginia, where his father (formerly a teacher) beganhis career in insurance underwriting. Kilpatrick Sr. was head of Connecticut General, and was a key figure in the merger that created the Cigna Corporation; hedied on January 27, 1997, at age 72. His mother was a public school educator, coach, councilor and psychologist in private practice. The family bought property inVirginia in 1980. After nearly dying in a car crash at the age of 17 on November 17, 1967, he was rehabilitated to the point where he could later perform his ownstunts.Kilpatrick graduated from the University of Richmond in 1972 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English, History, and Teaching and attended New YorkUniversity's Professional Film and Television Graduate Program.CareerFilm and televisionKilpatrick's entertainment career has spanned more than 180 films andtelevision shows as lead actor, producer, screenwriter, director and acting coach/entertainment teacher. Most commonly playing the role of a villain, Kilpatrick hasjoked, \"I’ve been killed, beaten-up or jailed by nearly every leading actor on earth and in outer space.\"His action-film villain appearances include Class of 1999(1990), Showdown (1993), The Replacement Killers  (1998), Eraser (1996), Last Man Standing (1996), Minority Report (2002), Under Siege 2: Dark Territory(1995), Death Warrant (film) (1990),The Presidio (1988), and two Westerns opposite Tom Selleck, Last Stand at Saber River (1997)  and Crossfire Trail (2001).Kilpatrick also starred in Free Willy 3: The Rescue (1997).In one 18-month period Kilpatrick, reportedly acted in five major-studio films and two independent filmswhile making 27 television guest-star spots on 18 different shows. Other appearances include films such as Remo Williams: The Adventure Begins (1985); 3Ninjas Knuckle Up (1995), and the PBS miniseries American Playhouse: Roanoak (1981), which became the largest production in the history of PBS.Televisionappearances include Dark Angel; Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman (1994); Walker, Texas Ranger (1994); Babylon 5 (1995); Dr. Quinn, MedicineWoman as Sergeant O'Connor for 9 episodes from 1996 to 1997; ER (1997); JAG (1997 & 2000); The X-Files (2001); General Hospital (2003); CSI: Crime SceneInvestigation (2005); 24 (2005); Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles (2008) and Chuck (\"Chuck Versus the Gravitron\"). He guess-starred in the Star Trek:Voyager episodes \"Initiations\" (1995) and \"Drive\" (2000) and in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode \"The Siege of AR-558\" (1998). In January 2019, hebegan filming Catalyst (scheduled for 2021 release).StageKilpatrick had a theatrical run at Los Angeles Theater Center for Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra,acted Off-Broadway in Hanoi Hilton at the Harold Clurman Theater (1984), Linda Her and The Fairy Garden (1984) at the Second Stage, and in regional theater,Requiem for a Heavyweight (1985).He has directed Off-Broadway and was a founding member of Divine Theater in New York City. His play, Zone of Bells/Room ofSeesaws,  premiered at the 1984 East Village Arts Festival. He was assistant director on Broadway with The Golden Age (1984) and Entertaining Mr. Sloane,(1984, Cherry Lane Theatre), and on Death Trap (1984) in the West End of London.AuthorIn 2018, Kilpatrick released a memoir, Dying for living: Sins &Confessions of a Hollywood Villain & Libertine Patriot Vol. 1 – Upbringing, published by Boulevard Books (NYC) on October 1, 2018, launched October 3, 2018 atNational Press Club and Kennedy Center for Performing Arts. The book received the \"Best of LA\" Award 2018 with 5-star reviews.Kilpatrick's follow-up, Dying forliving: Wasted Talent in the Valley of Debacle (Vol. 2 - Showbiz), was set for publication at the end of 2019.2021 California gubernatorial recall electionIn July2021, Kilpatrick announced that he was running as a candidate in the 2021 California gubernatorial recall election as one of nine Democrats attempting to recallCalifornia's governor, Gavin Newsom. The 50% threshold to recall Newsom was not reached, and Kilpatrick received 1.2% of the replacement candidatevote.FilmographyFilmTelevisionAwards and nominationsPassage 7:Lincoln HurstLincoln Douglas Hurst (May 6, 1946 – November 11, 2008), also known as\"Lincoln Hurst\", \"L. D. Hurst\", or \"Lincoln D. Hurst\", was an American scholar of the Bible, religious history and film. He was Emeritus Professor at the Universityof California, Davis (1983–2006), and adjunct professor at Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California (1987–2008).Life and careerBorn in Chicago andraised in Arlington Heights, Illinois, Hurst graduated from Arlington High School, and later received the Bachelorof Arts degree in history from Trinity College (nowTrinity International University), Deerfield, Illinois (1969). He was then grantedthe Master of Divinity (1973) and Master of Theology (1976) degrees fromPrinceton Theological Seminary (where he worked under the late Bruce M. Metzger) andthe Doctor of Philosophy (1982) degree from Oxford University (MansfieldCollege), England, where he worked under the late G. B. Caird.  Anglican Bishop N.T. Wright also did his doctoral work under Caird, and three years after Caird'sdeath Hurst and Wright co-edited a volume in his memory. Hurst also acted as Caird's family-appointed literary executor, insofar as some of Caird's work was lefthanging in mid-air when he died. Before taking up a post at the University of California, Davis in 1983, he was an Instructor at BloomfieldCollege, New Jersey(1973–74), lecturer (1979–80) and junior dean (1980–81) at Mansfield College, Oxford, and visiting fellow at Princeton Theological Seminary (fall, 1982).  Hewas a lifelong proponent of animal welfare. Committed to preserving the memories of G. B. Caird and Errol Flynn, he spent the final weeks of his life writing aboutthe historic achievements of both men. Hurst died suddenly from a heart attack in November 2008.Areas of ActivityBiblical studiesHaving written extensively onthe Epistle to the Hebrews, Hurst's work has also focused on a variety of other topics, including ethics in religion, the Aramaic language of the Gospels and Acts,"}
{"doc_id":"doc_50","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Nayelly HernándezNayelly Hernández (born 23 February 1986) is a former Mexican professional squash player. She has represented Mexico internationally in several international competitions including the Central American and Caribbean Games, Pan American Games, Women's World Team Squash Championships. Nayelly achieved her highest career ranking of 57 in October 2011 during the 2011 PSA World Tour. Her husband Chris Walker whose nationality is English is also a professional squash player. She joined the Trinity College in 2008 as the first Mexican female to join a US college for squash and graduated in 2010.CareerNayelly joined PSA in 2006 and took part in the PSA World Tour until 2016, the 2015-16 PSA World Tour was her last World Tour prior to the retirement.Nayelly Hernandez represented Mexico at the 2007 Pan American Games and claimed a bronze medal as a part of the team event on her maiden appearance at the Pan American Games. In the 2011 Pan American Games she clinched gold in the women's doubles event along with Samantha Teran and settled for bronze in the team event. She has also participated at the Women's World Team Squash Championships on four occasions in 2010, 2012, 2014 and in 2016.Passage 2:Eleni Gabre-MadhinEleni Zaude Gabre-Madhin (born 12 July 1964) is an Ethiopian-born Swiss economist, and former chief executive officer of the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX). She has had many years of experience working on agricultural markets – particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa – and has held senior positions in the World Bank, the International Food Policy Research Institute (Washington), and United Nations (Geneva).Eleni GebremedhnEleni was born in Addis Ababa, Ethiopian Empire on 12 July 1964. She grew up in four different African countries including Kenya, Tanzania and South Africa. She speaks fluent Swahili, English, Amharic and French. She graduated from Rift Valley Academy in Kenya with the highest of honours. She has a PhD in Applied Economics from Stanford University, master's degrees from Michigan State University and bachelor's in economics from Cornell University. Eleni was selected as \"Ethiopian Person of the Year\" for the 2002 ET calendar year (2009/2010 Gregorian) by the Ethiopian newspaper Jimma Times.CareerShe was the main driving force behind the development of the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX). Whilst working as a researcher for the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) she examined agricultural markets for many years and noticed, as had many others, that whilst in some years or regions there were severe shortages or droughts in others there were surpluses or bumper harvests. Specifically in her survey of grain traders in 2002, she found that a key factor was the lack of effective infrastructure and services needed for grain markets to function properly.  Traders often failed to have access to sufficient credit, information about the market, transportation and other vital resources and contract compliance was difficult to enforce.  In 2004 she moved home from the US to lead an IFPRI program to improve Ethiopia's agricultural policies and markets. Specifically she undertook the important role of coordinating the advisory body developing the ECX.   She became CEO of the new exchange in 2008, and argued that \"(W)hen farmers can sell their crops on the open market and get a fair price, they will have much more incentive to be productive, and Ethiopia will be much less prone to food crises\" .... and that the \"ECX will allow farmers and traders to link to the global economy, propelling Ethiopian agriculture forward to a whole new level.\"In February 2013, she became a director of Syngenta.In 2013, Eleni launched eleni LLC, a company intended to build and invest in commodity exchanges in markets in the developing world, including Africa.In November 2021, the Canadian novelist Jeff Pearce leaked a video that depicts Eleni's participation in a virtual meeting discussion, along with Professor Ephraim Isaac, former Ethiopian Minister of Foreign Affairs and current TPLF spokesperson Berhane Gebre-Christos and several Western diplomats, that mentioned a transitional government during Tigray War. Shortly, she was removed from membership of the Independent Economic Council, which formed to support Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed economic transition.  On 25 November, Eleni released a statement that denying the allegation as \"deliberately misrepresented\". Two days before the leaked video unveiled, police forces searched her house and remained undisclosed for suspected foul play.  The incident stirred public outrage in Ethiopia and its diaspora, condemning her as traitor. The University of Gondar also revoked an honorary doctorate it had awarded her.AwardsIn 2010, Eleni was named Ethiopian Person of the Year for the 2002 Ethiopian year. Eleni was listed as one of the 50 Women Shaping Africa in 2011.In 2012, Eleni was awarded the Yara Laurate Prize from the Norwegian fertilizer manufacturer Yara International for her outstanding contributions to sustainable food production and distribution with socio-economic impact. Previous recipients of the prize include former prime minister of Ethiopia Meles Zenawi. That same year, she was recognized as one of New African Magazine's 100 Most Influential Africans, won the African Banker Icon Award, and invited to the G8 Summit at Camp David.She was granted The Power with Purpose Award from Devex and McKinnsey in 2016.Formerly, Eleni Gabre-Madhin received an honorary doctorate, in 2013, from the University of Gondar in Ethiopia. However, later in November 2021, the University of Gondar revoked the Honorary Doctorate of Eleni Gabre-Madhin in relation to her involved clandestine video meeting aimed at toppling the democratically elected government of Ethiopia.Passage 3:Khalid al-HabibKhalid Habib (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)  (died October 16, 2008), born Shawqi Marzuq Abd al-Alam Dabbas (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), was an ascending member of al-Qaeda's central structure in Pakistan and Afghanistan. His nationality was reported as Egyptian (by CBS News) and as Moroccan (by The New York Times).Habib was the operations commander for the region. He was one of several al-Qaeda members who were more battle-hardened by combat experience in Iraq, Chechnya, and elsewhere. This experience rendered them more capable than their predecessors. According to The New York Times, this cadre was more radical than the previous generation of al-Qaeda leadership. The FBI described Habib as \" one of the five or six most capable, most experienced terrorists in the world.In 2008, Habib relocated from Wana to Taparghai, Pakistan to avoid missile strikes launched from US-operated MQ-1 Predator aircraft which targeted al Qaeda and Taliban personnel.  Khalid Habib was killed by a Predator strike near Taparghai on October 16, 2008. Habib was reportedly sitting in a Toyota station wagon which was struck by the missile. On October 28, militants confirmed to the Asia Times that Habib was killed in the drone attack.Passage 4:Baglan MailybayevBaglan Mailybayev (Kazakh: Ба\u0000лан Асаубай\u0000лы Майлыбаев, Bağlan Asaubaiūly Mailybaev) was born on 20 May 1975 in Zhambyl region, Kazakhstan. His nationality is Kazakh. He is a politician of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Doctor of Law (2002) (under the supervision of Professor Zimanov S.Z. – scientific advisor and academician of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan) and PhD in political science (1998).BiographyIn 1996 he obtained a bachelor's degree in journalism from the Kazakh State National University named after Al-Farabi.In 1998 he was awarded a degree of PhD in political science after graduating from a graduate school of Political Science and Political Administration of the Russian Academy of Public Administration under the president of the Russian Federation.Between 1998 and 2002 he used to work as a senior researcher at the Institute of State and Law of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan as well as a lecturer at the Kazakh State University of International Relations and World Languages named after Abylai Khan.Between February and May 2002 he worked as the Head of Mass Media Department of the Ministry of Culture, Information and Public Accord of the Republic of Kazakhstan.Between May 2002 and September 2003 he was a President of the Joint Stock Company \"Republican newspaper \"Kazakhstanskaya Pravda\"\".Between September 2003 and December 2004 he was a President of the Joint Stock Company \"Zan\".Since December 2004 he had served as the Head of the Press office of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.Since October 2008 he had been a Chairman of the Committee of Information and Archives of Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan.Since December 2008 he had been a Vice Minister of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan.Between June 2009 and October 2011 he worked as Press Secretary of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.In October 2011 he was appointed as a Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan by the Presidential decree.Personal lifeMarital status: He is married and has two children.AwardsBaglan Mailybayev was awarded \"Kurmet\", \"Parasat\" orders, medals and a letter of acknowledgement of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In 1998 he became a prizewinner at the award of Young Scientists of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan.PublicationsHe is the author of 4 monographs and more than 150 scientific publications, published in Kazakhstani as well as in foreign editions. He is also the author of a number of feature stories, supervisor and a scriptwriter of television projects and documentaries.Research interestsComparative Political Science, Theory of State and Law, History of State and Law, Constitutional Law.Language abilities: He speaks Kazakh, Russian and English fluently.NoteThe predecessor of Baglan Mailybayev at the position of a Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan was Maulen Ashimbayev.Passage 5:Roberto SavioRoberto Savio (born in Rome, Italy, but also holding Argentine nationality) is a journalist, communication expert, political commentator, activist for social and climate justice  and advocate of global governance. He has spent most of his career with Inter Press Service (IPS), the news agency which he founded in 1964 along with Argentine journalist Pablo Piacentini.Savio studied Economics at the University of Parma, followed by post-graduate courses in Development Economics under Gunnar Myrdal, History of Art and International Law in Rome. He started his professional career as a research assistant in International Law at the University of Parma.Early activitiesWhile at university, Roberto Savio acted as an international officer with Italy’s National Student Association and the Youth Movement of Italy’s Christian Democracy party, eventually taking on responsibility for Christian Democracy’s relations with developing countries. After leaving university, he became international press chief for former Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro. After the 1973 Chilean coup d’etat, Roberto Savio left Italian politics to pursue journalism.Early journalistic careerRoberto "}
{"doc_id":"doc_51","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Jack GoohsenJack Goohsen (born November 7, 1942) is a farmer and former political figure in Saskatchewan, Canada.Goohsen was born in Gull Lake,Saskatchewan and studied agricultural management at the University of Saskatchewan. He established a farm in the Gull Lake area. He served on the council forthe rural municipality of Carmichael, serving as reeve from 1981 to 1992, and was elected to represent Maple Creek in the 1991 Saskatchewan general electionand again in the new Cypress Hills district in the 1995 Saskatchewan general election to the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a ProgressiveConservative.In the spring of 1997, Goohsen was criminally charged after he was accused of trying to buy sex from a 14-year-old girl. As a result of this scandal,he was not invited to join the caucus of the newly founded Saskatchewan Party when it was formed by the remaining Progressive Conservative members alongwith some Saskatchewan Liberal Party MLA's that summer. Goohsen remained in the legislature as an independent member while his case made its way throughthe courts.Gooshen resigned as an MLA after being convicted in 1999 on the child prostitution charge. He lost his appeal to the SK Court of Appeal.Passage 2:RayDanylukRaymond Bruce \"Ray\" Danyluk  (born 1952 or 1953) is a farmer and former provincial politician from Alberta, Canada. He served as a Member ofthe  Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 2001 to 2012 with the Progressive Conservative caucus before being defeated by Wildrose Party candidate ShayneSaskiw in the 2012 election. During his time in office Danyluk served as a cabinet minister in the government of Premier Ed Stelmach, serving in various portfoliossince 2006.Early lifeDanyluk was born in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. He attended post secondary education at the University of Alberta. He farms near thecommunity of Elk Point, Alberta.Political careerDanyluk ran for a seat to the Alberta Legislature as a Progressive Conservative candidate in the 2001 Albertageneral election. He ran in the electoral district of Lac La Biche-St. Paul in a hotly contested three candidate race. The seat was open due to the departure ofincumbent Paul Langevin. Danyluk held the seat for the Progressive Conservatives to win his first term in office. He faced a strong challenge from Liberalcandidate Vital Ouellette but still finished first by a couple thousand votes.Danyluk ran for a second term in office in the 2004 Alberta general election. He facedthree opposition candidates including the former Sergent at Arms of the Legislature Oscar Lacombe who ran under the Alberta Alliance banner. Danyluk held hisseat winning just over half the popular vote, despite seeing a decline in his support. The Liberal candidate saw his party's popular vote almost cut in half but stillmanaged to finish a distant second, while Lacombe finished a close third out of fourth place.Premier Ed Stelmach appointed Danyluk to his first cabinet portfolio inthe Executive Council of Alberta as Minister of Municipal Affairs and Housing on December 15, 2006.Danyluk ran for a third term in office in the 2008 Albertageneral election with ministerial advantage. He faced two other candidates significantly increasing his popular vote returning to office with a landslidemajority.Premier Stelmach slightly changed Danyluk's cabinet portfolio after the 2008 election. On March 12, 2008 he became Minister of Municipal Affairs. Heheld that portfolio until Stelmach appointed him as Minister of Infrastructure on January 15, 2010.Passage 3:Adam ZolotinAdam Zolotin (born November 29,1983, in New York City, New York) is an American actor, best known for appearing in Leave It to Beaver and Jack.FilmographyFilmJack (1996) as LouisDuranteLeave It to Beaver (1997) as Eddie HaskellDog's Best Friend (1997) as Wylie ThompsonZerophilia (2005) as ChadWhat News? (2007) as TommyLonelyBoy (2013) as MikeTelevisionLaw & Order (1996) as Lonnie Rickman (1 episode)Love and Marriage (1996) as Christopher NardiniStorm of the Century (1996) asDavey HopewellLaw & Order: SVU (2000) as Justin McKenna (1 episode)What I Like About You (2005) as Chris's Friend (1 episode)The New Adventures of OldChristine (2006) as Mark (1 episode)Scrubs (2004) as Reuben (1 episode)Mr. Robot (2016) as David (1 episode)TheaterSirensRecognitionAwards andnominations1996, YoungStar Awards nomination for 'Best Young Actor in a Comedy Film' for Jack1996, Young Artist Awards nomination for 'Best Performance in aFeature Film - Supporting Young Actor' for Jack1998, Young Artist Awards nomination for 'Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor' for LeaveIt to BeaverPassage 4:Alexander McKenzie (footballer)Alexander McKenzie was an Australian rules footballer for Port Adelaide. He was noted to be able to kick afootball 75 yards without the assistance of wind.Port Adelaide (1889)In the lead up to the 1889 SAFA season a football reporter writing under the pseudonym'Centre' for the Port Adelaide News forecasted that \"A. McKenzie (as I have mentioned before) and P. Begg have indications of making really first class players.When the Association matches start I think the Port club will have a team that will stand a lot of knocking about, and also take a lot to beat\". McKenzie made hisdebut in the first game of the 1889 SAFA season in a win against Medindie (North Adelaide) on Alberton Oval with 'Goalpost' writing for the Evening Journalcommenting on Alexander's likeness to his brother John stating that \"McKenzie has his brothers style, both marking and kicking well\".During 1889 the NorthMelbourne Football Club visited South Australia and played a game on the Adelaide Oval against Port Adelaide. Star forward Charlie Fry was a late withdrawal forthe game allowing then rookie Alex McKenzie to be named as a late inclusion for the match. McKenzie kicked a goal in Port Adelaide's six goal defeat of NorthMelbourne.Adelaide (1890)During the 1890 season McKenzie's older brother John, who also played as a key position forward, was keeping Alexander out of thePort Adelaide side. As a result, Alexander McKenzie moved to the Adelaide Football Club halfway though the 1890 SAFA season seeking greater opportunities toplay as a key forward. Alexander's best game for Adelaide was in a game against Medindie (North Adelaide) where he kicked three goals in a two-goal win onAdelaide Oval. At the time Adelaide were struggling and at the beginning of the 1891 season John prematurely flagged his retirement thus enticing his brotherAlex back to Port Adelaide.Port Adelaide (1891–1895)McKenzie's move back to his original club proved a good decision as he would go on to lead that clubsgoal-kicking four times in 1892, 1893, 1894 and 1895.In 1892 McKenzie was selected in the South Australian state side for the first time. During the matchagainst Victoria on the Melbourne Cricket Ground Alexander kicked two goals.In a game against Old Adelaide on Alberton Oval during the 1893 SAFA seasonAlexander McKenzie kicked 13 goals.Western Australia (1896–1900)In 1896 McKenzie moved to the Western Australian Goldfields likely drawn by that states goldrush. During June and July 1896 McKenzie appeared for the Imperials Football Club (a club which later disbanded with the majority of players forming the EastFremantle Football Club) in the Western Australian Football Association, kicking four goals in his first game against the Rovers on the WACA.By August 1896Alexander McKenzie had moved to the goldfields and began playing football and cricket for Coolgardie. In 1897 McKenzie won a premiership with Kalgoorlie City.That year he led the Goldfields Football League goal kicking with 27 majors. In 1898 McKenzie had retired as a player and helped umpire the Goldfields FootballLeague.In 1900 McKenzie won first prize in the W.A. Tattersalls Ballarat Charles Sweep netting £1,098. McKenzie used this windfall to relocate to SouthAfrica.Move to South AfricaIn 1902 Alexander McKenzie had made it to South Africa and was in Johannesburg. By 1913 Alexander McKenzie was running a hotelin Johannesburg.Personal lifeMcKenzie had four brothers – Rod, Duncan, Ken and Jack; the latter two played for Port Adelaide with Alexander. Alexander marriedEdith Jane Lloyd and fathered two girls, Maisie Jessie McKenzie and Lorna Jean McKenzie. McKenzie died on 25 September 1914 in South Africa.Passage 5:DavidJiDavid Longfen Ji is an American businessman who co-founded Apex Digital, an electronics manufacturer.In 2004, he was arrested in China following a disputewith Sichuan Changhong Electric, a supplier owned by the city of Mianyang and the province of Sichuan. Changhong accused him of defrauding them through badchecks. Ji was taken, according to an account by his lawyer, to the senior management and told, \"I decide whether you live or die.\" He has been held in Chinawithout charges.Ji's case highlighted an \"implicit racism\" in dealings with American businessmen. As a U.S. citizen he was not granted the same treatment byauthorities as non-ethnically Chinese businessmen sharing the same nationality.Passage 6:Ed StelmachEdward Michael Stelmach  (; born May 11, 1951) is aCanadian politician who served as the 13th premier of Alberta, from 2006 to 2011. The grandson of Ukrainian immigrants, Stelmach was born and raised on afarm near Lamont and fluently speaks the distinctive Canadian dialect of Ukrainian. He spent his entire pre-political adult life as a farmer, except for some timespent studying at the University of Alberta. His first foray into politics was a 1986 municipal election, when he was elected to Lamont County council. A year intohis term, he was appointed reeve.  He continued in this position until his entry into provincial politics.In the 1993 provincial election, Stelmach was elected as theMember of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Vegreville-Viking (later Fort Saskatchewan-Vegreville). A Progressive Conservative, he served in the cabinets ofRalph Klein—at various times holding the portfolios of Intergovernmental Relations, Transportation, Infrastructure, and Agriculture, Food, and RuralDevelopment—where he developed a reputation as a low-key politician who avoided the limelight. When Klein resigned the party's leadership in 2006, Stelmachwas among the first to present his candidature to replace him. After a third-place finish on the first ballot of the leadership race, he won an upset second ballotvictory over former provincial treasurer Jim Dinning.Stelmach's premiership was heavily focused on management of the province's oil reserves, especially those ofthe Athabasca Oil Sands. He rejected calls from environmentalists to slow the pace of development in the Fort McMurray area, and similarly opposed calls forcarbon taxes. Other policy initiatives included commencing an overhaul of the province's health governance system, amendments to the Alberta human rightscode, a re-introduction of all-party committees to the Legislature, and the conclusion of a major labour agreement with Alberta's teachers. His government alsoattracted controversy for awarding itself a 30% pay increase shortly after its re-election, and featured strained relations with Calgary, one of Klein's formerstrongholds. Despite this, Stelmach increased the Progressive Conservatives' already substantial majority in the 2008 election. With the advent of the late-2000s"}
{"doc_id":"doc_52","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directingepisodic television and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family,Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The RideoutCase (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart inHiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levinworked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when hewas drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long WharfTheatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey DavisLevin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 2:Benjamin StoloffBenjamin Stoloff (October 6, 1895 – September 8, 1960) wasan American film director and producer. He began his career as a short film comedy director and gradually moved into feature film directing and production laterin his career.Director filmography1940s–1950sHome Run Derby (1959) – TV SeriesFootlight Varieties (1951)It's a Joke, Son! (1947)Johnny Comes Flying Home(1946)Take It or Leave It (1944)Bermuda Mystery (1944)The Mysterious Doctor (1943)The Hidden Hand (1942)Secret Enemies (1942)Three Sons o' Guns(1941)The Great Mr. Nobody (1941)The Marines Fly High (1940)1930sThe Lady and the Mob (1939)The Affairs of Annabel (1938)Radio City Revels (1938)Fightfor Your Lady (1937)Super-Sleuth (1937)Sea Devils (1937)Don't Turn 'Em Loose (1936)Two in the Dark (1936)To Beat the Band (1935)Swellhead(1935)Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round (1934)Palooka (1934)Night of Terror (1933)Obey the Law (1933)The Devil Is Driving (1932)The Night Mayor (1932)ByWhose Hand? (1932)Destry Rides Again (1932)Perfect Control (1932)Slide, Babe, Slide (1932)Goldie (1931)Three Rogues (1931)Not Exactly Gentlemen(1931)Soup to Nuts (1930)New Movietone Follies of 1930 (1930)1920sThe Girl from Havana (1929)Happy Days (1929/I)Protection (1929)Speakeasy (1929)TheBath Between (1928)Plastered in Paris (1928)A Horseman of the Plains (1928)Mind Your Business (1928)Silver Valley (1927)The Gay Retreat (1927)The CircusAce (1927)The Canyon of Light (1926)It's a Pipe (1926)Matrimony Blues (1926)The Mad Racer (1926)The Fighting Tailor (1926)East Side, West Side(1925/II)The Heart Breaker (1925)Sweet Marie (1925)Roaring Lions at Home (1924)Stolen Sweeties (1924)In-Bad the Sailor (1924)Stretching the Truth(1924)When Wise Ducks Meet (1924)On the Job (1924)ScreenwriterGas House Kids Go West (1947)ProducerLaw of the Tropics (1941)The Spiritualist (1948) alsoknown as The Amazing Mr. XThe Cobra Strikes (1948)External linksBenjamin Stoloff at IMDbPassage 3:Howard W. KochHoward Winchel Koch (April 11, 1916 –February 16, 2001) was an American producer and director of film and television.Life and careerKoch was born in New York City, the son of Beatrice (Winchel)and William Jacob Koch. His family was Jewish. He attended DeWitt Clinton High School and the Peddie School in Hightstown, New Jersey. He began his filmcareer as an employee at Universal Studios office in New York then made his Hollywood filmmaking debut in 1947 as an assistant director. He worked as aproducer for the first time in 1953 and a year later made his directing debut. In 1964, Paramount Pictures appointed him head of film production, a position heheld until 1966 when he left to set up his own production company. He had a production pact with Paramount for over 15 years.Among his numerous televisionproductions, Howard W. Koch produced the Academy Awards show on eight occasions. Dedicated to the industry, he served as President of the Academy ofMotion Picture Arts and Sciences from 1977 to 1979. In 1990 the Academy honored him with The Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award and in 1991 he received theFrank Capra Achievement Award from the Directors Guild of America.Together with actor Telly Savalas, Howard Koch owned the thoroughbred racehorse Telly'sPop, winner of several important California races for juveniles including the Norfolk Stakes and Del Mar Futurity.Howard W. Koch suffered from Alzheimer'sdisease and died in at his home in Beverly Hills, California on February 16, 2001. He had two children from a marriage of 64 years to Ruth Pincus, who died inMarch 2009. In 2004, his son Hawk Koch was elected to the Board of Governors of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.FilmographyDirectorFilm(director)Shield for Murder (1954)Big House, U.S.A. (1955)Untamed Youth (1957)Bop Girl Goes Calypso (1957)Jungle Heat (1957)The Girl in Black Stockings(1957)Fort Bowie (1957)Violent Road (1958)Frankenstein 1970 (1958)Born Reckless (1958)Andy Hardy Comes Home (1958)The Last Mile (1959)Badge 373(1973)Television (director)Maverick (1957) (1 episode)Hawaiian Eye (1959) (2 episodes)Cheyenne (1958) (1 episode)The Untouchables (1959) (4 episodes)TheGun of Zangara (1960) (TV movie taken from The Untouchables (1959 TV series))Miami Undercover (1961) (38 episodes)Texaco Presents Bob Hope in a VerySpecial Special: On the Road with Bing (1977)ProducerFilm (producer):War Paint (1953)Beachhead (1954)Shield for Murder (1954)Big House, U.S.A.(1955)Rebel in Town (1956)Frankenstein 1970 (1958)Sergeants 3 (1962)The Manchurian Candidate (1962)Come Blow Your Horn (1963)Robin and the 7 Hoods(1964)The Odd Couple (1968)On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (1970)A New Leaf (1971)Plaza Suite (1971)Last of the Red Hot Lovers (1972)JacquelineSusann's Once Is Not Enough (1975)The Other Side of Midnight (1977)Airplane! (1980)Some Kind of Hero (1982)Airplane II: The Sequel (1982)Ghost(1990)Television (producer)Magnavox Presents Frank Sinatra (1973)Passage 4:Barney Platts-MillsBarney Platts-Mills (15 October 1944 – 5 October 2021) was aBritish film director, best known for his award-winning films, Bronco Bullfrog and Private Road.BiographyPlatts-Mills was born in 1944 in Colchester, England, ason of barrister John Platts-Mills (who was briefly a Labour MP), and was educated at University College School, London, and at Bryanston School, Blandford,Dorset.He entered the film industry in 1960, as 3rd assistant editor at Shepperton Studios and worked on Stanley Kubrick's Spartacus, Lewis Gilbert's TheGreengage Summer and John Schlesinger's A Kind of Loving among other films, for editors including Peter R. Hunt and Reggie Beck. Platts-Mills worked as editorfor Anglia TV's Survival and Granada TV's World in Action.In 1966, he established Maya Films with James Scott, Adam Barker-Mill and Andrew St. John.Platts-Mills produced and edited Love's Presentation, a 30-minute documentary on the work of David Hockney, directed by James Scott, and also produced anddirected St Christopher, a 45-minute documentary on children in the care of St Christopher's School, Bristol, and the Camphill Village Trust, Botton, Yorkshire. Hewrote, produced and directed The War, a cinema short, starring Colin Welland and Eric Burdon (15 minutes, B&W 35 mm Panavision). He wrote and directedEverybody's an Actor, Shakespeare Said, a documentary on the work of Joan Littlewood, with young people in the East End of London (35 minutes, 16 mmEastmancolor).In 1969, he wrote and directed Bronco Bullfrog with young people from the East End (83 minutes, 35 mm B&W) Selectione a l'Unanimite pourSemain de la Critique, Festival de Cannes. The film won a Screenwriters' Guild award for Best Original Screenplay.In 1971, he wrote and directed Private Road(86 minutes, 35 mm Eastmancolor), starring Bruce Robinson, Susan Penhaligon and Michael Feast. It was awarded the Golden Leopard at the Locarno Festival forBest Film.In 1972, Platts-Mills was made a Governor and Honorary Life Member of the British Film Institute and Director of the Prodigal Trust, Inner LondonSchool's video project. He took piano lessons with Trevor Fisher.Platts-Mills' screenplay Double Trouble was published as a novel by Duckworth in 1976. Thefollowing year, he wrote screenplays for The Scotsman and Hero. After two years' preparation he directed Hero (82 minutes, 16 mm Eastmancolor) for Film Fourin ancient Gaelic with actors drawn from a Glasgow youth gang. Hero was an official entry at the Venice Film Festival.In 1983, Platts-Mills wrote the screenplay forEbb Tide by Robert Louis Stevenson, to be filmed for Film Four in Sri Lanka starring Harry Dean Stanton and Christopher Lee. The project abandoned when warbroke out in that country. Between 1984 and 1988, he was resident in Sussex with his two young children, Roland and Ruby.In 1989, Platts-Mills wrote anddirected Blasphemy for Channel Four's Dispatches.In 1990, he worked in The Special Unit at HMP Barlinnie, Glasgow, on various projects, including a musical tobe staged by prisoners in the jail and the first-ever performance by a circus (Archaos) in a British jail. He edited John Steele's The Bird That Never Flew, anautobiography of a prison trouble-maker published by Sinclair-Stevenson in 1992.Platts-Mills was advisor to the development of Wornington Green Residents'Association Video Project for disadvantaged youth in 1993, and in 1994 he set up and supervised the first year of the North Kensington Video Drama Project(NKVDP), including work for the Metropolitan Police Scam scheme and the Youth Enterprise Scheme.In 1995, together with students from the NKVDP heestablished Massive Videos at North Kensington Community Centre and worked on the development of Courttia Newland's The Scholar. Between 1996 and 1999,Massive Videos made many short films by and about disadvantaged young people and founded the Film and Video Festival. In Liverpool they established theWorkhaus project in a five-storey building in the city centre and the North X Northwest Film Festival.In 1999, Platts-Mills met Tunde Olayinka and acted as adviserto The Alpha Male, Olayinka's first film.Platts-Mills went to Morocco in 2000 and lived for a year on a farm near Larache, writing the screenplay for Lovesways.Hebuilt a house in Mejlaou near Assilah in 2004 and wrote the screenplay for Zohra: A Moroccan Fairytale.Bronco Bullfrog and Private Road were re-released in 2010by the BFI and the National Film Theater. Platts-Mills' films were screened in retrospectives at the Edinburgh Film Festival, Gijion Film Festival, BAFICI,Copenhagen Film Festival and the opening night Premiere at the East End Film Festival.Platts-Mills joined the film production company Miraj Films in 2010 as aproducer and completed the production of Zohra: A Moroccan Fairytale, his love poem to Morocco and his comeback after 30 years, which had its world premiere"}
{"doc_id":"doc_53","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Heather D. GibsonHeather Denise Gibson (Greek: Χέδερ Ντενίζ Γκίμπσον) is a Scottish economist currently serving as Director-Advisor to the Bank ofGreece (since 2011). She was the spouse of Euclid Tsakalotos, former Greek Minister of Finance.Academic careerBefore assuming her duties at the Bank ofGreece and alternating child-rearing duties with her husband, Gibson worked at the University of Kent, where she published two volumes on internationalexchange rate mechanisms and wrote numerous articles on this and other topics, sometimes in cooperation with her husband, who was teaching at Kent at thetime.Personal lifeGibson first came to Greece in 1993, with her husband, with whom she took turns away from their respective economic studies to raise theirthree children while the other worked.The couple maintain two homes in Kifisia, along with an office in Athens and a vacation home in Preveza. In 2013, thisproved detrimental to Tsakalotos and his party when his critics began calling him «αριστερός αριστοκράτης» (aristeros aristokratis, \"aristocrat of the left\"), whilenewspapers opposed to the Syriza party seized on his property holdings as a chance to accuse the couple of hypocrisy for enjoying a generous lifestyle in privatewhile criticizing the \"ethic of austerity\" in public. One opposition newspaper published on the front page criticism reasoning that Tsakalotos own family wealthcame from the same sort of investments in companies as made by financial institutions JP Morgan and BlackRock.WorksEditorEconomic Bulletin, Bank ofGreeceBooksThe Eurocurrency Markets, Domestic Financial Policy and International Instability (London, etc., Longman: 1989) ISBN 0312028261InternationalFinance: Exchange Rates and Financial Flows in the International Financial System (London, etc., Longman: 1996) ISBN 0582218136Economic Transformation,Democratization and Integration into the European Union (London: Palgrave Macmillan: 2001) ISBN 9780333801222Articles and papers\"Fundamentally Wrong:Market Pricing of Sovereigns and the Greek Financial Crisis,\" Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 39(PB), pp. 405–419 (with Stephen G. & Tavlas, GeorgeS., 2014)\"Capital flows and speculative attacks in prospective EU member states\" (with Euclid Tsakalotos, Economics of Transition Volume 12, Issue 3, pages559–586, September 2004)\"A Unifying Framework for Analysing Offsetting Capital Flows and Sterilisation: Germany and the ERM\" (with Sophocles Brissimis &Euclid Tsakalotos, International Journal of Finance & Economics, 2002, vol. 7, issue 1, pp. 63–78)\"Internal vs External Financing of Acquisitions: Do ManagersSquander Retained Profits\" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, Studies in Economics, 1996; Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 2000)\"AreAggregate Consumption Relationships Similar Across the European Union\" (with Alan Carruth & Euclid Tsakalotos, Regional Studies, Volume 33, Issue 1,1999)Takeover Risk and the Market for Corporate Control: The Experience of British Firms in the 1970s and 1980 (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos,1998) PDF\"The Impact of Acquisitions on Company Performance: Evidence from a Large Panel of UK Firms\" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, OxfordEconomic Papers New Series, Vol. 49, No. 3 (Jul., 1997), pp. 344–361)\"Short-Termism and Underinvestment: The Influence of Financial Systems\" (with AndrewDickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, The Manchester School of Economic & Social Studies, 1995, vol. 63, issue 4, pp. 351–67)\"Testing a Flow Model of Capital Flightin Five European Countries\" (with Euclid Tsakalotos, The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, Volume 61, Issue 2, pp. 144–166, June 1993)Full listof articles by Heather D Gibson. researchgate.net. Recovered 7 July 2015Passage 2:Adib KheirAdib Kheir (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) was a leading Syriannationalist of the 1920s. He was the owner of the Librairie Universelle in Damascus. His granddaughter is the spouse of Manaf Tlass.Passage 3:Sophia Magdalenaof DenmarkSophia Magdalena of Denmark (Danish: Sophie Magdalene; Swedish: Sofia Magdalena; 3 July 1746 – 21 August 1813) was Queen of Sweden from1771 to 1792 as the wife of King Gustav III. Born into the House of Oldenburg, the royal family of Denmark-Norway, Sophia Magdalena was the first daughter ofKing Frederick V of Denmark and Norway and his first consort, Princess Louise of Great Britain. Already at the age of five, she was betrothed to Gustav, the heirapparent to the throne of Sweden, as part of an attempt to improve the traditionally tense relationship between the two Scandinavian realms. She wassubsequently brought up to be the Queen of Sweden, and they married in 1766. In 1771, Sophia's husband ascended to the throne and became King of Sweden,making Sophia Queen of Sweden. Their coronation was on 29 May 1772.The politically arranged marriage was unsuccessful. The desired political consequencesfor the mutual relations between the two countries did not materialize, and on a personal level the union also proved to be unhappy. Sophia Magdalena was of aquiet and serious nature, and found it difficult to adjust to her husband's pleasure seeking court. She dutifully performed her ceremonial duties but did not carefor social life and was most comfortable in quiet surroundings with a few friends. However, she was liked by many in the Caps party, believing she was a symbolof virtue and religion. The relationship between the spouses improved somewhat in the years from 1775 to 1783, but subsequently deteriorated again.After herhusband was assassinated in 1792, Sophia Magdalena withdrew from public life, and led a quiet life as dowager queen until her death in 1813.Early lifePrincessSophie Magdalene was born on 3 July 1746 at her parents' residence Charlottenborg Palace, located at the large square, Kongens Nytorv, in central Copenhagen.She was the second child and first daughter of Crown Prince Frederick of Denmark and his first consort, the former Princess Louise of Great Britain, and wasnamed for her grandmother, Queen Sophie Magdalene. She received her own royal household at birth.Just one month after her birth, her grandfather KingChristian VI died, and Princess Sophie Magdalene's father ascended the throne as King Frederick V. She was the heir presumptive to the throne of Denmark fromthe death of her elder brother in 1747 until the birth of her second brother in 1749, and retained her status as next in line to the Danish throne after her brotheruntil her marriage. She was therefore often referred to as Crown Princess of Denmark.In the spring of 1751, at the age of five, she was betrothed to Gustav, theheir apparent to the throne of Sweden, and she was brought up to be the Queen of Sweden. The marriage was arranged by the Riksdag of the Estates, not by theSwedish royal family. The marriage was arranged as a way of creating peace between Sweden and Denmark, which had a long history of war and which hadstrained relations following the election of an heir to the Swedish throne in 1743, where the Danish candidate had lost. The engagement was met with some worryfrom Queen Louise, who feared that her daughter would be mistreated by the Queen of Sweden, Louisa Ulrika of Prussia. The match was known to be disliked bythe Queen of Sweden, who was in constant conflict with the Parliament; and who was known in Denmark for her pride, dominant personality and hatred ofanything Danish, which she demonstrated in her treatment of the Danish ambassadors in Stockholm.After the death of her mother early in her life, SophiaMagdalena was given a very strict and religious upbringing by her grandmother and her stepmother, who considered her father and brother to be morallydegenerate. She is noted to have had good relationships with her siblings, her grandmother and her stepmother; her father, however, often frightened her whenhe came before her drunk, and was reportedly known to set his dogs upon her, causing in her a lifelong phobia.In 1760, the betrothal was again brought up byDenmark, which regarded it as a matter of prestige. The negotiations were made between Denmark and the Swedish Queen, as King Adolf Frederick of Swedenwas never considered to be of any more than purely formal importance. Louisa Ulrika favored a match between Gustav and her niece Philippine ofBrandenburg-Schwedt instead, and claimed that she regarded the engagement to be void and forced upon her by Carl Gustaf Tessin. She negotiated withCatherine the Great and her brother Frederick the Great to create some political benefit for Denmark in exchange for a broken engagement. However, theSwedish public was very favorable to the match due to expectations Sophia Magdalena would be like the last Danish-born Queen of Sweden, Ulrika Eleonora ofDenmark, who was very loved for her kindness and charity. This view was supported by the Caps political party, which expected Sophia Magdalena to be anexample of a virtuous and religious representative of the monarchy in contrast to the haughty Louisa Ulrika. Fredrick V of Denmark was also eager to completethe match: \"His Danish Majesty could not have the interests of his daughter sacrificed because of the prejudices and whims of the Swedish Queen\". In 1764Crown Prince Gustav, who was at this point eager to free himself from his mother and form his own household, used the public opinion to state to his mother thathe wished to honor the engagement, and on 3 April 1766, the engagement was officially celebrated.When a portrait of Sophia Magdalena was displayed inStockholm, Louisa Ulrika commented: \"why Gustav, you seem to be already in love with her! She looks stupid\", after which she turned to Prince Charles andadded: \"She would suit you better!\"Crown PrincessOn 1 October 1766, Sophia Magdalena was married to Gustav by proxy at Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagenwith her brother Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Denmark, as representative of her groom. She traveled in the royal golden sloop from Kronborg in Denmark overÖresund to Hälsingborg in Sweden; when she was halfway, the Danish cannon salute ended, and the Swedish started to fire. In Helsingborg, she was welcomedby her brother-in-law Prince Charles of Hesse, who had crossed the sea shortly before her, the Danish envoy in Stockholm, Baron Schack, as well as Crown PrinceGustav himself. As she was about to set foot on ground, Gustav was afraid that she would fall, and he therefore reached her his hand with the words: \"Watch out,Madame!\", a reply which quickly became a topic of gossip at the Swedish court.The couple then traveled by land toward Stockholm, being celebrated on the way.She met her father-in-law the King and her brothers-in-law at Stäket Manor on 27 October, and she continued to be well-treated and liked by them all during herlife in Sweden. Thereafter, she met her mother-in-law the Queen and her sister-in-law at Säby Manor, and on the 28th, she was formally presented for theSwedish royal court at Drottningholm Palace. At this occasion, Countess Ebba Bonde noted that the impression about her was: \"By God, how beautiful she is!\",but that her appearance was affected by the fact that she had a: \"terrible fear of the Queen\". On 4 November 1766, she was officially welcomed to the capital of"}
{"doc_id":"doc_54","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Demos ChiangDemos Yu-bou Chiang (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000), born on 10 September 1976 in Taipei, Taiwan, is a Taiwanese and Canadian businessman. He founded DEM Inc. (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), a popular design studio in Taiwan in July 2003 and has served as its chairman since then. He is also known for being the great-grandson of the late Republic of China (ROC) President Chiang Kai-shek and the grandson of late President Chiang Ching-kuo. His grandmother was Faina Ipatyevna Vakhreva, also known as Chiang Fang-liang.BiographyBorn to Chiang Ching-kuo's third son Chiang Hsiao-yung and his wife Chiang Fang Chi-yi, he is the eldest of three sons. Demos Chiang was raised in Taipei until his grandfather's death in 1988. After his grandfather's death, Chiang's parents sent him to live in Canada and later the United States, though he still retained his ROC nationality, it also started the departure from politics for Demo's parents. Chiang received a bachelor's degree in Information Management from New York University in late 1990s. After graduating, Chiang worked in the entertainment and fashion industries in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore, until founding DEM Inc. in 2003.In Spring 2001, Chiang began a relationship with local starlet Lin Heng-yi (\u0000\u0000\u0000), the daughter of Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital's then president Lin Hsin-jung (\u0000\u0000\u0000). The couple married in February 2003 and now have a daughter born in 2003 and a son born in 2005.Despite his pedigree and celebrity identity, Demos Chiang has repeatedly announced in recent years that he is not interested in political affairs. He has also accused both the Kuomintang and the Democratic Progressive Party for \"poor political tactics\", especially for utilizing Chiang Kai-shek and Chiang Ching-kuo as figures of worship or denigration. In contrast to other prominent members of the Chiang family, such as John Chiang and his mother Chiang Fang Chi-yi, Demos Chiang has expressed his belief that the controversies of his ancestors should be faced fairly and left to history. He started a personal blog in January 2008 to further explain his beliefs.Passage 2:Chiang Hsiao-wenChiang Hsiao-wen (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000; also known as Alan Chiang; 14 December 1935 – 14 April 1989) was the eldest son of Chiang Ching-kuo, the President of the Republic of China in Taiwan from 1978 to 1988. His mother is Faina Ipatyevna Vakhreva, also known as Chiang Fang-liang. He had one younger sister,  Hsiao-chang, and two younger brothers, Hsiao-wu and Hsiao-yung.  He had two half-brothers, Winston Chang and John Chiang, with whom he shared the same father.He married Xu Nai Jin (Nancy) (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) in 1960 and had a daughter, Yomei, in 1961. He suffered brain damage in 1970 while being treated for diabetes. He died of throat cancer on April 14, 1989.Passage 3:John Adams (merchant)John Adams (1672 or 1673 – c. 1745) was an American-born Canadian merchant and member of the Nova Scotia Council. He was the father-in-law of Henry Newton.BiographyAdams was born in Boston in either 1672 or 1673 to John and Avis Adams. Growing up as a petty merchant, Adams joined Sir Charles Hobby's New England regiment, participating in the capture of Port-Royal in 1710. Shortly thereafter, Adams settled in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, returning to civilian life. There, he traded manufactured goods with the province's Acadian and Native Americans, and took up the role of a real estate agent and contractor. Adams joined the Executive Council of Nova Scotia on 28 April 1720, holding his position there for 20 years; the records show that few served as long as he did. He also held several other public positions in the province. Adams was appointed a notary public and deputy collector of customs for Annapolis Royal in 1725, and he was commissioned a justice of the peace in March 1727.Around the mid-1720s, Adams' poor eyesight began to fail, leading to his near-blindness in 1730. After this, he was less active in community activities and trade. Adams petitioned to the king for a pension several times, but failed. He blamed his disability on over-exposure to the sun during an Indian attack on Annapolis Royal in 1724. In December 1739, Lieutenant Governor Lawrence Armstrong died. With the absence of Major Mascarene to take Armstrong's place, Adams became the new president of the council and head of the civil government. (Alexander Cosby was also vying for the position.) In a meeting on 22 March 1740, with the return of Mascarene, the councilors declared that he was the council's rightful president. This turn of events led Adams to retire to Boston in late August or early September 1740, where he stayed for the rest of his life. He died some time after 1745.NotesPassage 4:Barthold A. Butenschøn Sr.Hans Barthold Andresen Butenschøn (27 December 1877 – 28 November 1971) was a Norwegian businessperson.He was born in Kristiania as a son of Nils August Andresen Butenschøn and Hanna Butenschøn, and grandson of Nicolay Andresen. Together with Mabel Anette Plahte (1877–1973, a daughter of Frithjof M. Plahte) he had the son Hans Barthold Andresen Butenschøn Jr. and was through him the father-in-law of Ragnhild Butenschøn and grandfather of Peter Butenschøn. Through his daughter Marie Claudine he was the father-in-law of Joakim Lehmkuhl, through his daughter Mabel Anette he was the father-in-law of Harald Astrup (a son of Sigurd Astrup) and through his daughter Nini Augusta he was the father-in-law of Ernst Torp.He took commerce school and agricultural school. He was hired in the family company N. A. Andresen & Co, and became a co-owner in 1910. He eventually became chief executive officer. The bank changed its name to Andresens Bank in 1913 and merged with Bergens Kreditbank in 1920. The merger was dissolved later in the 1920s. He was also a landowner, owning Nedre Skøyen farm and a lot of land in Enebakk. He chaired the board of Nydalens Compagnie from 1926, having not been a board member before that.He also chaired the supervisory council of Forsikringsselskapet Viking and Nedre Glommen salgsforening, and was a supervisory council member of Filharmonisk Selskap. He was a member of the gentlemen's club SK Fram since 1890, and was proclaimed a lifetime member in 1964.He was buried in Enebakk.Passage 5:Chiang Ching-kuoChiang Ching-kuo (27 April 1910 – 13 January 1988) was a politician of the Republic of China. The eldest and only biological son of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, he held numerous posts in the government of the Republic of China and ended martial law in 1987. He served as premier of the Republic of China between 1972 and 1978, and was president of the Republic of China from 1978 until his death in 1988.Born in Zhejiang, Ching-kuo was sent as a teenager to study in the Soviet Union during the First United Front in 1925, when his father's Nationalist Party and the Chinese Communist Party were in alliance. He attended university there and spoke Russian fluently, but when the Chinese Nationalists violently broke with the Communists, Stalin sent him to work in a steel factory in the Ural Mountains. There, Chiang met and married Faina Vakhreva. With war between China and Japan imminent in 1937, Stalin sent the couple to China. During the war, Ching-kuo's father gradually came to trust him, and gave him more and more responsibilities, including administration.After the Japanese surrender, Ching-kuo was given the job of ridding Shanghai of corruption, which he attacked with ruthless efficiency. The victory of the Communists in 1949 drove the Chiang family and their ROC government to retreat to Taiwan. Ching-kuo was first given control of the secret police, a position he retained until 1965 and in which he used arbitrary arrests and torture to ensure tight control as part of the White Terror. He then became Minister of Defense (1965–1969), Vice-Premier (1969–1972) and Premier (1972–1978). After his father's death in 1975, he took leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) as chairman, and was elected president in 1978 and again in 1984.Under his tenure as president, the government of the Republic of China in Taiwan, while remaining authoritarian, became more open and tolerant of political dissent. Chiang courted Taiwanese voters, and reduced the preference for those who had come from the mainland after the war. Toward the end of his life, Chiang decided to relax government controls on the media and speech, and allowed Han born in Taiwan into positions of power, including his eventual successor Lee Teng-hui. He is the last president of the Republic of China to be born during the rule of the Qing dynasty. Ching-kuo was credited for his Soviet-inspired city planning policies, economic development with Ten Major Construction Projects in Taiwan, efforts to clamp down on corruption, as well as the democratic transition of Taiwan and gradually shifting away from the authoritarian dictatorial rule of his own father Chiang Kai-shek.BiographyEarly lifeThe son of Chiang Kai-shek and his first wife, Mao Fumei, Chiang Ching-kuo was born in Fenghua, Zhejiang, with the courtesy name of Jiànfēng (\u0000\u0000). He had an adopted brother, Chiang Wei-kuo. \"Ching\" literally means \"longitude\", while \"kuo\" means \"nation\"; in his brother's name, \"wei\" literally means \"parallel (of latitude)\". The names are inspired by the references in Chinese classics such as the Guoyu, in which \"to draw the longitudes and latitudes of the world\" is used as a metaphor for a person with great abilities, especially in managing a country.While the young Chiang Ching-kuo had a good relationship with his mother and grandmother (who were deeply rooted to their Buddhist faith), his relationship with his father was strict, utilitarian and often rocky. Chiang Kai-shek appeared to his son as an authoritarian figure, sometimes indifferent to his problems. Even in personal letters between the two, Chiang Kai-shek would sternly order his son to improve his Chinese calligraphy. From 1916 until 1919 Chiang Ching-kuo attended the \"Grammar School\" in Wushan in Hsikou. Then, in 1920, his father hired tutors to teach him the Four Books, the central texts of Confucianism. On 4 June 1921, Ching-kuo's grandmother died. What might have been an immense emotional loss was compensated for when Chiang Kai-shek moved the family to Shanghai. Chiang Ching-kuo's stepmother, historically known as the Chiang family's \"Shanghai Mother\", went with them. During this period Chiang Kai-shek concluded that Chiang Ching-kuo was a son to be taught, while Chiang Wei-kuo was a son to be loved.During his time in Shanghai, Chiang Ching-kuo was supervised by his father and made to write a weekly letter of 200–300 Chinese characters. Chiang Kai-shek also underlined the importance of classical books and of learning English, two areas he was hardly proficient in himself. On 20 March 1924, Chiang Ching-kuo was able to present to his now-nationally famous father a proposal concerning the grass-roots organization of the rural population in Hsikou. Chiang Ching-kuo planned to provide free education to allow people to read and to write at least 1000 characters. In his own words:I have a suggestion to make about the Wushan School, although I do not know if you can agree to it. My suggestion is that the school establish a night school for common people who cannot afford to go to the regular school. My school established a night school with great success. I can tell you something about the night school:Name: Wuschua School for the "}
{"doc_id":"doc_55","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Maria Manuela, Princess of PortugalDona Maria Manuela (15 October 1527 – 12 July 1545) was the eldest daughter and second child of King John III of Portugal and his wife Catherine of Austria. She was Princess of Asturias and Duchess of Milan as the first wife of the future Philip II of Spain, and Princess of Portugal as heir presumptive to the Portuguese throne between 1527 and 1535.Early lifeMaria was born in Coimbra on 15 October 1527 and was one of the two children of John III to survive childhood. In her youth, Maria received a humanistic education that was considered typical for a princess of her time.Marriage and later lifeShe married her double first cousin Philip II of Spain on 12 November 1543 at Salamanca. As she was to be married to the Prince of Asturias, heir apparent to the Spanish crown, and being an Infanta of Portugal, their wedding became one of the most remarkable in the history of Spain due to its opulence. Contemporary writers have left detailed descriptions of the journey from Madrid to Badajoz to Salamanca to receive the princess and of the luxuries she was given by the Duke of Medina Sidonia in Badajoz.She gave birth to their son Carlos on 8 July 1545 in Valladolid, but died four days later due to a haemorrhage. She was initially buried in the Royal Chapel of Granada on 30 March 1549 but was later transferred to Royal Crypt of the Monastery of El Escorial.AncestryNotesPassage 2:Philip II of SpainPhilip II (21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598), also known as Philip the Prudent (Spanish: Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from 1580, and King of Naples and Sicily from 1554 until his death in 1598. He was also jure uxoris King of England and Ireland from his marriage to Queen Mary I in 1554 until her death in 1558. He was also Duke of Milan from 1540. From 1555, he was Lord of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands.The son of Emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal, Philip inherited his father's Spanish Empire in 1556 and succeeded to the Portuguese throne in 1580 following a dynastic crisis. The Spanish conquests of the Inca Empire and of the Philippines, named in his honor by Ruy López de Villalobos, were completed during his reign. Under Philip II,  Spain reached the height of its influence and power, sometimes called the Spanish Golden Age, and ruled territories in every continent then known to Europeans. Philip led a highly debt-leveraged regime, seeing state defaults in 1557, 1560, 1569, 1575, and 1596. This policy was partly the cause of the declaration of independence that created the Dutch Republic in 1581. Philip finished building the royal palace El Escorial in 1584.Deeply devout, Philip saw himself as the defender of Catholic Europe against the Ottoman Empire and the Protestant Reformation. In 1584, Philip signed the Treaty of Joinville funding the French Catholic League over the following decade in its civil war against the French Huguenots. In 1588, he sent an armada to invade Protestant England, with the strategic aim of overthrowing Elizabeth I and re-establishing Catholicism there, but his fleet was defeated in a skirmish at Gravelines (northern France) and then destroyed by storms as it circled the British Isles to return to Spain. The following year Philip's naval power was able to recover after the failed invasion of the English Armada into Spain. Two more Spanish armadas unsuccessfully tried to invade England in 1596 and 1597. The Anglo-Spanish war carried on until 1604, six years after Philip's death.Under Philip, an average of about 9,000 soldiers were recruited from Spain each year, rising to as many as 20,000 in crisis years. Between 1567 and 1574, nearly 43,000 men left Spain to fight in Italy and the Low Countries (modern-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands).Philip was described by the Venetian ambassador Paolo Fagolo in 1563 as \"slight of stature and round-faced, with pale blue eyes, somewhat prominent lip, and pink skin, but his overall appearance is very attractive. ... He dresses very tastefully, and everything that he does is courteous and gracious.\" Philip was married four times; all his wives predeceased him.Early life: 1527–1544A member of the House of Habsburg, Philip was the son of Emperor Charles V, who was also king of Castile and Aragon, and Isabella of Portugal. He was born in the Castilian capital of Valladolid on 21 May 1527 at Palacio de Pimentel, which was owned by Don Bernardino Pimentel (the first Marqués de Távara). The culture and courtly life of Castile were an important influence in his early life. He was entrusted to the royal governess Leonor de Mascareñas, and tutored by Juan Martínez Siliceo, the future archbishop of Toledo. Philip displayed reasonable aptitude in arts and letters alike. Later he would study with more illustrious tutors, including the humanist Juan Cristóbal Calvete de Estrella. Though Philip had good command over Latin, Spanish, and Portuguese, he never managed to equal his father, Charles V, as a polyglot. While Philip was also an archduke of Austria, he was seen as a foreigner in the Holy Roman Empire. The feeling was mutual. Philip felt himself to be culturally Spanish; he had been born in Castile and raised in the Castilian court, his native language was Spanish, and he preferred to live in the Spanish kingdoms. This ultimately impeded his succession to the imperial throne.In April 1528, when Philip was eleven months old, he received the oath of allegiance as heir to the crown from the Cortes of Castile. From that time until the death of his mother Isabella in 1539, he was raised in the royal court of Castile under the care of his mother and one of her Portuguese ladies, Doña Leonor de Mascarenhas, to whom he was devotedly attached. Philip was also close to his two sisters, María and Juana, and to his two pages, the Portuguese nobleman Rui Gomes da Silva and Luis de Requesens, the son of his governor Juan de Zúñiga. These men would serve Philip throughout their lives, as would Antonio Pérez, his secretary from 1541.Philip's martial training was undertaken by his governor, Juan de Zúñiga, a Castilian nobleman who served as the commendador mayor of Castile. The practical lessons in warfare were overseen by the Duke of Alba during the Italian Wars. Philip was present at the Siege of Perpignan in 1542 but did not see action as the Spanish army under Alba decisively defeated the besieging French forces under the Dauphin of France. On his way back to Castile, Philip received the oath of allegiance of the Aragonese Cortes at Monzón. His political training had begun a year previously under his father, who had found his son studious, grave, and prudent beyond his years, and having decided to train and initiate him in the government of the Spanish kingdoms. The king-emperor's interactions with his son during his stay in Castile convinced him of Philip's precocity in statesmanship, so he determined to leave in his hands the regency of the Spanish kingdoms in 1543. Philip, who had previously been made the Duke of Milan in 1540, began governing the most extensive empire in the world at the young age of sixteen.Charles left Philip with experienced advisors—notably the secretary Francisco de los Cobos and the general Duke of Alba. Philip was also left with extensive written instructions that emphasised \"piety, patience, modesty, and distrust\". These principles of Charles were gradually assimilated by his son, who would grow up to become grave, self-possessed and cautious. Personally, Philip spoke softly and had an icy self-mastery; in the words of one of his ministers, \"he had a smile that was cut by a sword\".Domestic policyAfter living in the Netherlands in the early years of his reign, Philip II decided to return to Castile. Although sometimes described as an absolute monarch, Philip faced many constitutional constraints on his authority, influenced by the growing strength of the bureaucracy. The Spanish Empire was not a single monarchy with one legal system but a federation of separate realms, each jealously guarding its own rights against those of the House of Habsburg. In practice, Philip often found his authority overruled by local assemblies and his word less effective than that of local lords.Philip carried several titles as heir to the Spanish kingdoms and empire, including Prince of Asturias. The newest constituent kingdom in the empire was Navarre, a realm invaded by Ferdinand II of Aragon mainly with Castilian troops (1512), and annexed to Castile with an ambiguous status (1513). War across Navarre continued until 1528 (Treaties of Madrid and Cambrai). Charles V proposed to end hostilities with King Henry II of Navarre—the legitimate monarch of Navarre—by marrying his son Philip to the heiress of Navarre, Jeanne III of Navarre. The marriage would provide a dynastic solution to instability in Navarre, making him king of all Navarre and a prince of independent Béarn, as well as lord of a large part of southern France. However, the French nobility under Francis I opposed the arrangement and successfully ended the prospects of marriage between the heirs of Habsburg and Albret in 1541.In his will, Charles stated his doubts over Navarre and recommended that his son give the kingdom back. Both King Charles and his son Philip II failed to abide by the elective (contractual) nature of the Crown of Navarre and took the kingdom for granted. This sparked mounting tension not only with King Henry II and Queen Jeanne III of Navarre but also with the Parliament of the Spanish Navarre (Cortes, The Three States) and the Diputación for breach of the realm specific laws (fueros)—violation of the pactum subjection is as ratified by Ferdinand. Tensions in Navarre came to a head in 1592 after several years of disagreements over the agenda of the intended parliamentary session.In November 1592, the Parliament (Cortes) of Aragón revolted against another breach of the realm-specific laws, so the Attorney General (Justicia) of the kingdom, Juan de Lanuza, was executed on Philip II's orders, with his secretary Antonio Perez taking exile in France. In Navarre, the major strongholds of the kingdom were garrisoned by troops alien to the kingdom (Castilians) in a conspicuous violation of the local laws, and the Parliament had long been refusing to pledge loyalty to Philip II's son and heir apparent without a proper ceremony. On 20 November 1592 a ghostly Parliament session was called, pushed by Philip II, who had arrived in Pamplona at the head of an unspecified military force, and with one only point on his agenda—attendance to the session was kept blank on the minutes: unlawful appointments of trusted Castilian officials and imposition of his son as the future king of Navarre at the Santa Maria Cathedral. A ceremony was held before the bishop of Pamplona (22 November), but its customary procedure and terms were altered. Protests erupted in Pamplona, but they were quelled.Philip II also grappled with the problem of the large Morisco population in the Spanish kingdoms, who had been forcibly converted to Christianity by his predecessors. In 1569, the Morisco Revolt broke out in the southern province of Granada in defiance of attempts to suppress Moorish customs. Philip ordered the expulsion of the Moriscos from Granada and their dispersal to other provinces.Despite its immense dominions, the Spanish kingdoms had a sparse population that yielded a limited income to the crown (in contrast to France, for example, which was much more heavily populated). Philip faced major difficulties in raising taxes, and the collection was largely farmed out to local "}
{"doc_id":"doc_56","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Maurice FitzGerald, 2nd Earl of DesmondMaurice FitzMaurice FitzGerald, 2nd Earl of Desmond (d. 1358) (Maurice Óg) was the son of MauriceFitzGerald, 1st Earl of Desmond, and his first wife, Catherine de Burgh. (Some sources list her as Margaret.)The 2nd Earl married Beatrice de Stafford, daughterof Ralph de Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford and Margaret Audley, but died at Castle Maine without any male issue, and was therefore succeeded in the Earldom ofDesmond by his half-brother Gerald FitzGerald, 3rd Earl of Desmond. FitzGerald's widow married Thomas de Ros, 4th Baron de Ros around a year afterFitzGerald's death. He was buried in Tralee Abbey.Passage 2:William Feilding, 1st Earl of DenbighAdmiral William Feilding, 1st Earl of Denbigh (c. 1587 – 8 April1643, Cannock) was an English naval officer and courtier.BiographyWilliam Feilding was the son of Basil Fielding of Newnham Paddox in Warwickshire (HighSheriff of Warwickshire in 1612) and of Elizabeth Aston, daughter of Sir Walter Aston (1530–1599).Feilding matriculated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge in1603. In 1606 Feilding married Susan, daughter of Sir George Villiers and sister of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, who was ennobled as the favourite ofKing James I. With the rise of Villiers, both Feilding and his wife received various offices and dignities.Knighted on 4 March 1607, William Feilding was createdBaron and Viscount Feilding in 1620. Two years later he was appointed Master of the Great Wardrobe and Custos Rotulorum of Warwickshire and Earl of Denbighon 14 September 1622. He attended Prince Charles on the Spanish adventure, served as admiral in the unsuccessful Cadiz Expedition in 1625, and commandedthe disastrous attempt upon Rochelle in 1628, becoming the same year a member of the Council of war, and in 1633 a Member of the Council of Wales and theMarches.In 1631, Lord Denbigh ventured to the East as erstwhile ambassador to the court of Safi of Persia. He visited the East India Company's fledgling Indianpossessions where, in 1632, Lord Denbigh met with the Mogul emperor. He returned to England in late 1633.On 6 July 1641 a barge carrying Feilding, hisdaughter Elizabeth, Lady Kinalmeaky, Lady Cornwallis, and Anne Kirke capsized while shooting the rapids at London Bridge. Kirke was drowned but the otherpassengers were rescued.On the outbreak of the English Civil War he served under Prince Rupert of the Rhine and was present at the Battle of Edgehill. On 3 April1643 during Rupert's attack on Birmingham he was wounded and died from the effects on the 8th, being buried at Monks Kirby in Warwickshire. His courage,unselfishness and devotion to duty are much praised by Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon.FamilySir William and his wife, Susan Villiers, had six children:BasilFeilding, 2nd Earl of Denbigh (c. 1608–1675)George Feilding, 1st Earl of Desmond (c. 1614–1665)Lady Mary Feilding (1613–1638), married James Hamilton, 1stDuke of Hamilton.Lady Anne Feilding (died 1636), married Baptist Noel, 3rd Viscount CampdenElizabeth Feilding, Countess of Guildford (died 1667), marriedLewis Boyle, 1st Viscount Boyle.Lady Henrietta Marie Feilding (died young)His daughter, Lady Mary Feilding (1613–1638), also known as Margaret, was marriedto James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, one of the heirs to the throne of Scotland after the descendants of James VI (James I of England). Her portrait waspainted by Anthony van Dyck and Henry Pierce Bone. His eldest son, Basil, inherited the title of Earl of Denbigh. His second son, George Feilding, was awardedthe right to the title of Earl of Desmond at the same time as his father was made Earl of Denbigh in 1622. George Feilding was around eight years old at the time.Earl of Desmond was a lesser title than Earl of Denbigh, being a title in the Irish, rather than English, peerage.AncestryNotesPassage 3:George Feilding, 1st Earlof DesmondGeorge Feilding, 1st Earl of Desmond (c. 1614 – 31 January 1665) was an English aristocrat, awarded the title of Earl of Desmond in the Peerage ofIreland by Charles I  of England under the terms of a letter patent issued by James I of England.George Feilding was the second son of William Feilding, 1st Earlof Denbigh, and his wife, the former Susan Villiers. Susan was the sister of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, confidant and lover of James I, and herfamily were showered with titles and preferment as a result of George Villiers' immense influence.In 1622, when George Feilding was around 8 years old, James Icreated him Baron Fielding, of Lecaghe in the County of Tipperary, and Viscount Callan, of Callan in the County of Kilkenny. At the same time, George was giventhe right to the title Earl of Desmond as and when the previous holder of that title, Richard Preston, died without a male heir. Preston had also been a favouriteand probably a lover of James I; he had a daughter who, the plan was, George Feilding would marry, but this did not happen. In 1628 Preston died and Georgeinherited the title.All three titles were in the Peerage of Ireland. Earl of Desmond is an ancient Irish title, the 1622 creation was its 4th, and current,creation.George married Bridget Stanhope, who was the daughter of Sir Michael Stanhope and  Elizabeth Read and a sister-in-law of George Berkeley, 8th BaronBerkeley.The couple had several children:Lady Frances Feilding (died 1680), who married Sir Edward Gage, 1st Baronet, as his third wifeLady Mary Feilding (died1691), who married Sir Charles Gawdy, 1st BaronetLady Bridget Feilding (died 1669), who married Arthur ParsonsWilliam Feilding, 2nd Earl of Desmond, later 3rdEarl of DenbighHon. George Feilding, who married a daughter of Sir John LeeColonel Hon. Sir Charles Feilding (1641–1722), who married Ursula Stockton,daughter of Sir Thomas Stockton and Ursula Bellot, and widow of Sir William Aston, (both Stockton and Aston were High Court judges in Ireland) and had twodaughtersRev. Hon. John Feilding (1641–1697), who married Bridget Cokayne and had children, including John, secretary to the Governor of JamaicaHon. BasilFeilding (died May 1667), killed in a quarrel by his brother ChristopherHon. Christopher Feilding, sentenced to death in July 1667 for killing his brother Basil in adrunken quarrel.\"No one pitied him\" was the terse verdict of Samuel Pepys.Passage 4:Gerald FitzGerald, 3rd Earl of DesmondGerald FitzMaurice FitzGerald(1335–1398), also known by the Irish Gaelic Gearóid Iarla (Earl Gerald), was the 3rd Earl of Desmond, in southwestern Ireland, under the first creation of thattitle, and a member of the Hiberno-Norman dynasty of the FitzGerald, or Geraldines. He was the son of Maurice FitzGerald, 1st Earl of Desmond, by his third wifeAveline (Eleanor), daughter of Nicholas FitzMaurice, 3rd Lord of Kerry.  He was half-brother to Maurice FitzGerald, 2nd Earl of Desmond.Maurice Fitzgerald, 2ndEarl of Desmond, would have been followed by Gerald's older brother, Nicholas, but Nicholas was described as \"an idiot\", and so was passed over for the earldom.Because of this, some older histories list Gerald as the 4th Earl.LifeIn 1356 he was brought to England as a hostage for his father's good behaviour, but as hisfather died that same year, he was soon released. Three years later, he succeeded his brother Maurice, who had died without male heirs, and became the 3rd Earlof Desmond.King Edward III confirmed Gerald in his large estates in Munster, provided that he marry Eleanor Butler, daughter of the Justiciar, James Butler, 2ndEarl of Ormond. Gerald did so, but did not make peace with Ormond, nor adopt English ways and customs as expected.Career and poetryAccording to AlfredWebb:\"[He was] surnamed 'Gerald the Poet', [and] succeeded to the estates and honours of the family. He married, by the King's command, Eleanor, daughter ofJames, 2nd Earl of Ormond, who brought with her as her portion the barony of Inchiquin in Imokelly. Gerald was Lord Justice of Ireland, 1367. In 1398 hedisappeared, and is fabled to live beneath the waters of Lough Gur, near Kilmallock, on whose banks he appears once every seven years. O'Donovan quotes thefollowing concerning his character: 'A nobleman of wonderful bountie, mirth, cheerfulness in conversation, charitable in his deeds, easy of access, a witty andingenious composer of Irish poetry, and a learned and profound chronicler; and, in fine, one of the English nobility that had Irish learning and professors thereofin greatest reverence of all the English in Ireland, died penitently after receipt of the sacraments of the holy church in proper form.' Fragments of Anglo-Normanverse attributed to him, known as Proverbs of the Earl of Desmond, survive.\"Duanaire Ghearóid Iarla (‘'The Poem-Book of Earl Gerald’') is preserved in afifteenth-century manuscript, the Book of Fermoy. In addition, nine of his poems are preserved in the Book of the Dean of Lismore. Duanaire Ghearóid Iarla waspublished by Gearóid Mac Niocaill in Studia Hibernica 3 (1963): 7-59.In 1367 Desmond was made Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, but was soon replaced by SirWilliam de Windsor. In 1370 Brian O'Brien of Thomond expelled his cousin Turlough. Desmond attempted to reinstate him. Brian marched on Limerick, anddefeated Desmond, burning the city and Desmond's lands and imprisoning him.While in prison, Gerald wrote poetry in Irish, most famously the poem Mairg adeirolc ris na mnáibh (Speak not ill of womankind). Also an accomplished poet in Norman French, Gerald was instrumental in the move by the Desmond Geraldinestowards greater use of the Irish language.In legendIn legend, Gerald's conception was the result of his father's romantic relationship with, or rape of, the goddessÁine, a legend that draws upon a pre-existing Celtic legend about the King of Munster Ailill Aulom raping this deity, updating it with themes drawn from theFrancophone courtly love poetry of Continental Europe, in particular the motif of the man who falls in love with a swan maiden. The Geraldine claim to anassociation with Áine is typical of the family's Gaelicisation.After his disappearance in 1398, another legend grew up that Gerald sleeps in a cave beside (or under)Lough Gur, and will someday awaken and ride forth on a silver-shod steed to rule again in Desmond, – one of the many worldwide versions of the King asleep inmountain mythologisation of heroes.Marriage and issueIn 1359 Gerald married Eleanor (or Ellen) Butler, daughter of James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond. She diedin 1404. They had four sons:John FitzGerald, 4th Earl of DesmondMaurice FitzGeraldJames FitzGerald, 6th Earl of Desmond, 'the Usurper'Robert FitzGerald deAdairand two daughters:Joan, who married Maurice FitzJohn, Lord of KerryCatherine, who married John FitzThomasSee alsoList of people whodisappearedAncestryPassage 5:Maurice FitzGerald, 9th Earl of DesmondMaurice FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Desmond (died 1520) was the brother of James FitzGerald,8th Earl of Desmond.LifeUpon the murder of James FitzThomas FitzGerald, the 8th Earl of Desmond, in 1487, his brother Maurice became the 9th Earl ofDesmond. The murderer, John Murtagh was apprehended and put to death.In 1489 a plague ravaged the country, followed by a famine in 1497, and manydied.According to Alfred Webb: \"Being lame, and usually carried in a horse-litter, he was styled 'Vehiculus,' and by some, on account of his bravery,"}
{"doc_id":"doc_57","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Pooja BhattPooja Bhatt (born 24 February 1972) is an Indian film director, actress, voice over artist and film maker. Born into the Bhatt family, she is the daughter of Indian filmmaker, Mahesh Bhatt and the half-sister of Alia Bhatt and cousin of Emraan Hashmi. Bhatt played her first leading role in Mahesh Bhatt's television film Daddy in 1989. For the film, she won the Filmfare Award for Lux New Face of the Year for Best Female Debut. She is also seen in the Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 2)Early lifePooja Bhatt was born on 24 February 1972 to Mahesh Bhatt and Kiran Bhatt (born Loraine Bright). On her father's side, Bhatt is of Gujarati descent and on her mother's side, she is of English, Scottish, Armenian, and Burmese ancestry. She is the step-daughter of Soni Razdan. She has a brother, Rahul Bhatt and half-sisters Shaheen and Alia Bhatt. Her cousins are Hitarth Bhat and Emraan Hashmi.CareerBhatt made her acting debut at age 17, in 1989 with Daddy, a TV film directed by her father Mahesh Bhatt. In the film she portrayed a soul-searching teenage girl in an estranged relationship with her alcoholic father, played by actor Anupam Kher.Her biggest solo hit and her big screen debut came with the musical hit Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin (1991), which was a remake of the Oscar-winning Hollywood classic It Happened One Night. Pooja Bhatt appeared in many bold shoots like Stardust.Her most well-known films in the 1990s included Sadak opposite Sanjay Dutt (1991), Junoon, Jaanam, and Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayee opposite Rahul Roy, Sir (1993) and Guneghar (1995) opposite Atul Agnihotri, Tadipaar (1993) and Naaraaz (1994) opposite Mithun Chakraborty, Hum Dono opposite Rishi Kapoor, Angrakshak opposite Sunny Deol (1995), Chaahat opposite Shah Rukh Khan (1996), Tamanna (1997), the super-hit and multi-starrer Border (1997) and Zakhm (1998), opposite Ajay Devgan. Her last film appearance was in the English language film Everybody Says I'm Fine! in 2001.From 2003 to 2012, she focused on producing and directing. She made her directorial debut with Paap in 2004, starring John Abraham and Udita Goswami. Since then, she has made four more directorial ventures: Holiday (2006), Dhokha (2007), Kajraare (2010) and Jism 2 (2012).In 2020, Bhatt returned to acting with Sadak 2, a sequel to the hit 1991 film. Her father returned to directing with this film after 20 years. It was released on 28 August 2020 on the streaming platform Disney+ Hotstar.In 2021, Bhatt made her web series debut in the Netflix series Bombay Begums. It also featured Rahul Bose, Amruta Subhash, Shahana Goswami, Plabita Borthakur and Aadhya Anand.In 2022, she appeared in the film Chup: Revenge of the Artist.Currently , She is a Participant of Bigg Boss OTT 2FilmographyActing rolesTelevisionAwards and recognitionsPassage 2:Peter HamelPeter Hamel (1911–1979) was a German screenwriter and a director of film and television. He appeared as himself in the 1948 comedy Film Without a Title. He is the father of the composer Peter Michael Hamel.Selected filmographyFilm Without a Title (1948)Artists' Blood (1949)Oh, You Dear Fridolin (1952)The Daring Swimmer (1957)Passage 3:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 4:Yasuichi OshimaYasuichi Oshima (\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, Ōshima Yasuichi, born 24 March 1954 in Kyoto) is a Japanese manga artist. In 1984, he won the Kodansha Manga Award for shōnen for Bats & Terry.He is the father of manga artist Towa Oshima.Selected worksKenkaku Shōbai (2008–2021)Passage 5:Paul BrookePaul Brooke (born 22 November 1944) is a retired English actor of film, television and radio. He made his film debut in 1972 in the Hammer film Straight on till Morning, followed by performances in For Your Eyes Only (1981), Return of the Jedi (1983), Scandal (1989), Saving Grace (2000), Bridget Jones's Diary (2001), Alfie (2004), The Phantom of the Opera (2004), and Oliver Twist (2005). Brooke is the father of actor Tom Brooke.CareerBrooke began as a stage actor and has played in many London productions, including several years as a member of Frank Dunlop's original Young Vic Company. He played Malakili the Rancor Keeper in the 1983 Star Wars film Return of the Jedi (his voiced dubbed over by Ernie Fosselius). He played British Conservative politician Ian Gow in the 2004 BBC series The Alan Clark Diaries. In 2006, he guest starred in the Doctor Who audio adventure Year of the Pig as well as the 1990 Mr. Bean sketch \"The Library\". He played Mr. Fitzherbert in the 2001 film Bridget Jones's Diary.Other appearances in television dramas and comedies featuring Brooke include The Blackadder, Bertie and Elizabeth, the BBC adaptation of Blott on the Landscape, Lovejoy, Foyle's War, Rab C. Nesbitt, Kavanagh QC, Sharpe's Revenge, Midsomer Murders, Hustle, Covington Cross, The Kit Curran Radio Show, Between the Lines, Relic Hunter and Mornin' Sarge. He appeared in the miniseries Nostromo in 1997.He played Gríma Wormtongue in the 1981 BBC radio adaptation of The Lord of the Rings.He, Linal Haft and Frank Mills are the only actors to appear in both the Classic and New series of Minder, but playing different roles in each.FilmographyFilmTelevisionExternal linksPaul Brooke at IMDbPassage 6:Cleomenes IICleomenes II (Greek: Κλεομένης; died 309 BC) was king of Sparta from 370 to 309 BC. He was the second son of Cleombrotus I, and grandfather of Areus I, who succeeded him. Although he reigned for more than 60 years, his life is completely unknown, apart from a victory at the Pythian Games in 336 BC. Several theories have been suggested by modern historians to explain such inactivity, but none has gained consensus.Life and reignCleomenes was the second son of king Cleombrotus I (r. 380–371), who belonged to the Agiad dynasty, one of the two royal families of Sparta (the other being the Eurypontids). Cleombrotus died fighting Thebes at the famous Battle of Leuctra in 371. His eldest son Agesipolis II succeeded him, but he died soon after in 370. Cleomenes' reign was instead exceptionally long, lasting 60 years and 10 months according to Diodorus of Sicily, a historian of the 1st century BC. In a second statement, Diodorus nevertheless tells that Cleomenes II reigned 34 years, but he confused him with his namesake Cleomenes I (r. 524–490).Despite the outstanding length of his reign, very little can be said about Cleomenes. He has been described by modern historians as a \"nonentity\". Perhaps that the apparent weakness of Cleomenes inspired the negative opinion of the hereditary kingship at Sparta expressed by Aristotle in his Politics (written between 336 and 322). However, Cleomenes may have focused on internal politics within Sparta, because military duties were apparently given to the Eurypontid Agesilaus II (r. 400–c.360), Archidamus III (r. 360–338), and Agis III (r. 338–331). As the Spartans notably kept their policies secret from foreign eyes, it would explain the silence of ancient sources on Cleomenes. Another explanation is that his duties were assumed by his elder son Acrotatus, described as a military leader by Diodorus, who mentions him in the aftermath of the Battle of Megalopolis in 331, and again in 315.Cleomenes' only known deed was his chariot race victory at the Pythian Games in Delphi in 336. In the following autumn, he gave the small sum of 510 drachmas for the reconstruction of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, which had been destroyed by an earthquake in 373. Cleomenes might have made this gift as a pretext to go to Delphi and engage in informal diplomacy with other Greek states, possibly to discuss the consequences of the recent assassination of the Macedonian king Philip II.One short witticism of Cleomenes regarding cockfighting is preserved in the Moralia, written by the philosopher Plutarch in the early 2nd century AD:Somebody promised to give to Cleomenes cocks that would die fighting, but he retorted, \"No, don't, but give me those that kill fighting.\"As Acrotatus died before Cleomenes, the latter's grandson Areus I succeeded him while still very young, so Cleomenes' second son Cleonymus acted as regent until Areus' majority. Some modern scholars also give Cleomenes a daughter named Archidamia, who played an important role during Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese, but the age difference makes it unlikely.Passage 7:Obata ToramoriObata Toramori (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 1491 – July 14, 1561) was Japanese samurai warrior of the Sengoku Period. He is known as one of the \"Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen\" He also recorded as having been wounded 41 times in 36 encounters. He was the father of Obata Masamori.See alsoIsao ObataPassage 8:Lars EliassonLars Eliasson  (December 8, 1914 – June 5, 2002) was a Swedish politician. He was a member of the Centre Party. He was the party's first vice chairman 1957-69 and a member of the Parliament of Sweden 1952–1970. For a short time in 1957, he was a minister in the Government of Sweden, in the Second cabinet of Erlander.He is the father of the later Member of Parliament Anna Eliasson.Passage 9:KajraareKajraare (transl. Collyrium) is a 2010 Indian Hindi-language film directed by Pooja Bhatt, starring Himesh Reshammiya and Sara Loren in the lead roles. Reshammiya plays a singer who falls in love with a bar dancer and the film is centred on how they find true love. It is the first Hindi film to be shot in Petra, often called \"the eighth wonder of the world.\"PlotRajiv Bhel (Himesh Reshammiya) is haunted by his very own past which torments him. He moves to Jordan where he has a job as a bartender, however Avtaar Singh forbids him to stay and immediately wants him to return to India. Rajiv then contemplates suicide but the eyes of a ravishing beauty strikes his own eyes. A chase ensues, until another man appears and takes the \"beauty\" in his own hands. The guy tells Rajiv if he wants to see what she does, he must come to the bar to \"watch her dance\".Rajiv visits the aquarium and he sees the lady again and develops immense love for her. The woman is Nargis who is revealed as a prostitute. He then falls in love. One night, Rajiv visits the \"bar\", and watches her (Nargis) dance. Embarrassed and feeling unworthy, Rajiv runs away, however, after the end of the night, its time to head home. Nargis and her colleagues get in a taxi which Rajiv follows. At the end of the trip, Rajiv gets closer to Nargis only for Rajiv to return the scarf that Nargis dropped at the bar. Mockingly, Nargis refuses it but Rajiv says if she keeps disappearing like this, he will hang himself with the scarf. Nargis offers for a longer one in a jokingly way.Regardless, Rajiv wants to marry Nargis. Rajiv wants Nargis to be free from prostitution. Rajiv must now get past Zohra Baano. She owns a prostitution business and hires other women to do their dirty work, the only source of income. Zohra Baano wants a price in exchange and Rajiv is willing to do that. Slowly, Nargis begins to develop feelings for Rajiv. One night, Nargis escapes the brothel, Rajiv finds her and takes her to a hotel. Nargis realises this was a mistake so she must return to the "}
{"doc_id":"doc_58","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Köpekler AdasıKöpekler Adası is a 1997 Turkish film, directed by Halit Refiğ and starring Mursit Bag, Ekrem Dümer, and Tanju Gürsu.Passage2:Borsalino & Co.Borsalino & Co. is a 1974 French crime film directed by Jacques Deray and starring Alain Delon, Riccardo Cucciolla and Daniel Ivernel. It is thesequel to the 1970 film Borsalino, opening with the criminal Siffredi as he searches Marseille for the gang that murdered his friend Capella.PlotSiffredi, aprominent gangster in 1930s Marseille, learns that the murder of his associate and closest friend Capella was ordered by a new arrival in the city, Volpone. Inrevenge, he kills Volpone's brother by throwing him from a moving train. A gang war ensues. Volpone's men win, capturing Siffredi and putting his mistress Lolain a brothel. Siffredi is humiliated by the gang by turning him into an alcoholic wreck who is shut up in a psychiatric hospital. Rescued by the only other survivorof the gang, he escapes by boat to Italy. Left supreme in Marseille, Volpone is backed by the government of Nazi Germany and has the police in his pocket.Threeyears later, Siffredi has recovered his health, made some money and assembled a new gang. Returning to Marseille, they free Lola from the brothel and in a newwar eliminate most of Volpone's men. Capturing his right-hand man together with the police commissioner who kowtows to him, Siffredi makes the two roaringdrunk and calls in journalists to publicise the shameful spectacle. A new police commissioner decides to let Siffredi finish the job. When Volpone tries to flee toGermany, Siffredi captures him on the train and stuffs him into the firebox of the locomotive. Not wanting to start again in Marseille, with Lola and his gang hethen takes a ship for the United States.Partial castAlain Delon - Roch SiffrediRiccardo Cucciolla - VolponeDaniel Ivernel - Inspector FantiReinhard Kolldehoff -SamAndré Falcon - Inspector CazenaveLionel Vitrant - FernandAdolfo Lastretti - LucianoGreg Germain - Le 'Nègre'Pierre Koulak - SpadaMarius Laurey -TeissereSerge Davri - CharlieGünter Meisner - Le médecinJacques Debary - Le préfetDjéloul Beghoura - LucienBruno Balp - Un spectateur de l'AlcazarCatherineRouvel - LolaAnton Diffring - GermanMireille Darc - CameoProductionFilming took place from 29 March to 25 June 1974.ReceptionThe film was a box officedisappointment, especially considering the success of the first movie.Passage 3:Hassan ZeeHassan \"Doctor\" Zee is a Pakistani-American film director who wasborn in Chakwal, Pakistan.Early lifeDoctor Zee grew up in Chakwal, a small village in Punjab, Pakistan. as one of seven brothers and sisters  His father was in themilitary and this fact required the family to move often to different cities. As a child Zee was forbidden from watching cinema because his father believed movieswere a bad influence on children.At age 13, Doctor Zee got his start in the world of entertainment at Radio Pakistan where he wrote and produced radio dramasand musical programs.  It was then that he realized his passion for storytelling At the age of 26, Doctor Zee earned his medical doctorate degree and did hisresidency in a burn unit at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences. He cared for women who were victims of  \"Bride Burning,\" the archaic practice used as aform of punishment against women who fail to provide sufficient dowry to their in-laws after marriage or fail to provide offspring.  He also witnessed how hiscountry’s transgender and intersex people, called “hijras”, were banned from having jobs and forced to beg to survive. These experiences inspired Doctor Zee totackle the issues of women’s empowerment and gender inequality in his films.In 1999, he came to San Francisco to pursue his dream of filmmaking and madeSan Francisco his homeEducationHe received his early education from Jinnah Public School, Chakwal. He got his medical doctor degree at Rawalpindi MedicalCollege, Pakistan.Film careerDoctor Zee's first film titled Night of Henna was released in 2005. The theme of the film dealt with \"the conflict between Old Worldimmigrant customs and modern Western ways...\" Night of Henna focused on the problems of Pakistani expatriates who found it hard to adjust in Americanculture. Many often landed themselves in trouble when it came to marrying off their children.His second film Bicycle Bride came out in 2010, which was about \"theclash between the bonds of family and the weight of tradition.\" His third film House of Temptation that came out in 2014 was about a family which strugglesagainst the temptations of the Devil. His fourth film “Good Morning Pakistan”, concerned a young American’s journey back to Pakistan where he confronts thecontradictory nature of a beautiful and ancient culture that's marred by economic, educational and gender inequality His upcoming fifth film, \"Ghost in SanFrancisco\" is a supernatural thriller starring Felissa Rose, Dave Sheridan, and Kyle Lowder where a soldier comes home from Afghanistan to discover that his wifeis having an affair with his best friend. While battling with his inner ghosts and demons, he meets a mysterious woman in San Francisco who promises him a ritualfor his cure.Passage 4:Edward YatesEdward J. Yates (September 16, 1918 – June 2, 2006) was an American television director who was the director of the ABCtelevision program American Bandstand from 1952 until 1969.BiographyYates became a still photographer after graduating from high school in 1936. Afterserving in World War II, he became employed by Philadelphia's WFIL-TV as a boom microphone operator. He was later promoted to cameraman (important asmost programming was done live and local during the early years of television) and earned a bachelor's degree in communications in 1950 from the University ofPennsylvania.In October 1952, Yates volunteered to direct Bandstand, a new concept featuring local teens dancing to the latest hits patterned after the \"950Club\" on WPEN-AM. The show debuted with Bob Horn as host and took off after Dick Clark, already a radio veteran at age 26, took over in 1956.It was broadcastlive in its early years, even after it became part of the ABC network's weekday afternoon lineup in 1957 as American Bandstand. Yates pulled records, directedthe cameras, queued the commercials and communicated with Clark via a private line telephone located on his podium.In 1964, Clark moved the show to LosAngeles, taking Yates with him.Yates retired from American Bandstand in 1969, and moved his family to the Philadelphia suburb of West Chester.He died in 2006at a nursing home where he had been for the last two months of his life.External linksEdward Yates at IMDbPassage 5:Catherine I of RussiaCatherine IAlekseevna Mikhailova (Russian: Екатери́на I Алексе́евна Миха́йлова, tr. Ekaterína I Alekséyevna Mikháylova; born Polish: Marta Helena Skowrońska, Russian:Ма́рта Самуи́ловна Скавро́нская, tr. Márta Samuílovna Skavrónskaya; 15 April [O.S. 5 April] 1684 – 17 May [O.S. 6 May] 1727) was the second wife andempress consort of Peter the Great, and empress regnant of Russia from 1725 until her death in 1727.Life as a servantThe life of Catherine I was said by Voltaireto be nearly as extraordinary as that of Peter the Great himself. Only uncertain and contradictory information is available about her early life. Said to have beenborn on 15 April 1684 (o.s. 5 April), she was originally named Marta Helena Skowrońska. Marta was the daughter of Samuel Skowroński (later spelled SamuilSkavronsky), a Roman Catholic farmer from the eastern parts of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, born to Minsker parents. In 1680 he married DorotheaHahn at Jakobstadt. Her mother is named in at least one source as Elizabeth Moritz, the daughter of a Baltic German woman and there is debate as to whetherMoritz's father was a Swedish officer. It is likely that two stories were conflated, and Swedish sources suggest that the Elizabeth Moritz story is probably incorrect.Some biographies state that Marta's father was a gravedigger and handyman, while others speculate that he was a runaway landless serf.Marta's parents died ofthe plague around 1689, leaving five children. According to one of the popular versions, at the age of three Marta was taken by an aunt and sent to Marienburg(the present-day Alūksne in Latvia, near the border with Estonia and Russia) where she was raised by Johann Ernst Glück, a Lutheran pastor and educator whowas the first to translate the Bible into Latvian. In his household she served as a lowly servant, likely either a scullery maid or washerwoman.  No effort was madeto teach her to read and write and she remained illiterate throughout her life.Marta was considered a very beautiful young girl, and there are accounts that FrauGlück became fearful that she would become involved with her son. At the age of seventeen, she was married off to a Swedish dragoon, Johan Cruse or JohannRabbe, with whom she remained for eight days in 1702, at which point the Swedish troops were withdrawn from Marienburg. When Russian forces captured thetown, Pastor Glück offered to work as a translator, and Field Marshal Boris Sheremetev agreed to his proposal and took him to Moscow.There are unsubstantiatedstories that Marta worked briefly in the laundry of the victorious regiment, and also that she was presented in her undergarments to Brigadier General RudolphFelix Bauer, later the Governor of Estonia, to be his mistress. She may have worked in the household of his superior, Sheremetev. It is not known whether shewas his mistress, or household maid.  She travelled back to the Russian court with Sheremetev's army.Afterwards she became part of the household of PrinceAlexander Menshikov, who was the best friend of Peter the Great of Russia. Anecdotal sources suggest that she was purchased by him. Whether the two of themwere lovers is disputed, as Menshikov was already engaged to Darya Arsenyeva, his future wife. It is clear that Menshikov and Marta formed a lifetime alliance.Itis possible that Menshikov, who was quite jealous of Peter's attentions and knew his tastes, wanted to procure a mistress on whom he could rely. In any case, in1703, while visiting Menshikov at his home, Peter met Marta. In 1704, she was well established in the Tsar's household as his mistress, and gave birth to a son,Peter. In 1703, she converted to Orthodoxy and took the new name Catherine Alexeyevna (Yekaterina Alexeyevna). She and Darya Menshikova accompaniedPeter and Menshikov on their military excursions.Marriage and family lifeThough no record exists, Catherine and Peter are described as having married secretlybetween 23 October and 1 December 1707 in Saint Petersburg. They had twelve children, two of whom survived into adulthood, Anna (born 1708) and Elizabeth(born 1709).Peter had moved the capital to St. Petersburg in 1703. While the city was being built he lived in a three-room log cabin with Catherine, where she didthe cooking and caring for the children, and he tended a garden as though they were an ordinary couple. The relationship was the most successful of Peter's lifeand a great number of letters exist demonstrating the strong affection between Catherine and Peter. As a person she was very energetic, compassionate,charming, and always cheerful. She was able to calm Peter in his frequent rages and was often called in to do so.Catherine went with Peter on his Pruth Campaign"}
{"doc_id":"doc_59","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Henry KrauseHenry J. \"Red\" Krause, Jr. (August 28, 1913 – February 20, 1987) was an American football offensive lineman in the National Football League for the Brooklyn Dodgers and the Washington Redskins.  He played college football at St. Louis University.Passage 2:Carlo I Cybo-MalaspinaCarlo I Cybo-Malaspina (18 November 1581 - 13 February 1662) was an Italian nobleman, who was prince of Massa and marquis of Carrara from 1623 until his death.Born in Ferrara, he was the son of Alderano Cybo-Malaspina and Marfisa d'Este. He was also Duke of Ferentillo and held other patrician positions in several of the numerous Italian states of the time. In 1605, he married the Genoese noblewoman Brigida Spinola, from whom he had numerous children.The eldest of them, Alberico, succeeded him after his death in 1662.Passage 3:Abd al-MuttalibShayba ibn Hāshim (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; c. 497–578), better known as \u0000Abd al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, lit. 'Servant of Muttalib') was the fourth chief of the Quraysh tribal confederation. He was the grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.Early lifeHis father was Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf,: 81 the progenitor of the distinguished Banu Hashim, a clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. They claimed descent from Ismā'īl and Ibrāhīm. His mother was Salma bint Amr, from the Banu Najjar, a clan of the Khazraj tribe in Yathrib (later called Madinah). Hashim died while doing business in Gaza, before Abd al-Muttalib was born.: 81 His real name was \"Shaiba\" meaning 'the ancient one' or 'white-haired' because of the streak of white through his jet-black hair, and is sometimes also called Shaybah al-\u0000amd (\"The white streak of praise\").: 81–82 After his father's death he was raised in Yathrib with his mother and her family until about the age of eight, when his uncle Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf went to see him and asked his mother Salmah to entrust Shaybah to his care. Salmah was unwilling to let her son go and Shaiba refused to leave his mother without her consent. Mu\u0000\u0000alib then pointed out that the possibilities Yathrib had to offer were incomparable to Mecca. Salmah was impressed with his arguments, so she agreed to let him go. Upon first arriving in Mecca, the people assumed the unknown child was Muttalib's servant and started calling him 'Abd al-Muttalib (\"servant of Muttalib\").: 85–86Chieftain of Hashim clanWhen Mu\u0000\u0000alib died, Shaiba succeeded him as the chief of the Hāshim clan. Following his uncle Al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, he took over the duties of providing the pilgrims with food and water, and carried on the practices of his forefathers with his people. He attained such eminence as none of his forefathers enjoyed; his people loved him and his reputation was great among them.: 61 'Umar ibn Al-Kha\u0000\u0000āb's grandfather Nufayl ibn Abdul Uzza arbitrated in a dispute between 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib and \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, Abu Sufyan's father, over the custodianship of the Kaaba. Nufayl gave his verdict in favour of 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib. Addressing \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, he said:Why do you pick a quarrel with a person who is taller than you in stature; more imposing than you in appearance; more refined than you in intellect; whose progeny outnumbers yours and whose generosity outshines yours in lustre? Do not, however, construe this into any disparagement of your good qualities which I highly appreciate. You are as gentle as a lamb, you are renowned throughout Arabia for the stentorian tones of your voice, and you are an asset to your tribe.Discovery of Zam Zam Well'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib said that while sleeping in the sacred enclosure, he had dreamed he was ordered to dig at the worship place of the Quraysh between the two deities Isāf and Nā'ila. There he would find the Zamzam Well, which the Jurhum tribe had filled in when they left Mecca. The Quraysh tried to stop him digging in that spot, but his son Al-\u0000ārith stood guard until they gave up their protests. After three days of digging, 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib found traces of an ancient religious well and exclaimed, \"Allahuakbar!\" Some of the Quraysh disputed his claim to sole rights over water, then one of them suggested that they go to a female shaman who lived afar. It was said that she could summon jinns and that she could help them decide who was the owner of the well. So, 11 people from the 11 tribes went on the expedition. They had to cross the desert to meet the priestess but then they got lost. There was a lack of food and water and people started to lose hope of ever getting out. One of them suggested that they dig their own graves and if they died, the last person standing would bury the others. So all began digging their own graves and just as Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib started digging, water spewed out from the hole he dug and everyone became overjoyed. It was then and there decided that Abdul-Muttalib was the owner of the Zam Zam well. Thereafter he supplied pilgrims to the Kaaba with Zam Zam water, which soon eclipsed all the other wells in Mecca because it was considered sacred.: 86–89 : 62–65The Year of the ElephantAccording to Muslim tradition, the Ethiopian governor of Yemen, Abrahah al-Ashram, envied the Kaaba's reverence among the Arabs and, being a Christian, he built a cathedral on Sana'a and ordered pilgrimage be made there.: 21 The order was ignored and someone desecrated (some saying in the form of defecation: 696 note 35 ) the cathedral. Abrahah decided to avenge this act by demolishing the Kaaba and he advanced with an army towards Mecca.: 22–23 There were thirteen elephants in Abrahah's army: 99 : 26 and the year came to be known as 'Ām al-Fīl (the Year of the Elephant), beginning a trend for reckoning the years in Arabia which was used until 'Umar ibn Al-Kha\u0000\u0000āb replaced it with the Islamic Calendar in 638 CE (17 AH), with the first year of the Islamic Calendar being 622 CE.When news of the advance of Abrahah's army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinānah, Khuzā'ah and Hudhayl united in defence of the Kaaba. A man from the \u0000imyar tribe was sent by Abrahah to advise them that he only wished to demolish the Kaaba and if they resisted, they would be crushed. \"Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib told the Meccans to seek refuge in the nearest high hills while he, with some leading members of Quraysh, remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abrahah sent a dispatch inviting 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib to meet him and discuss matters. When 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib left the meeting he was heard saying, \"The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure He will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonour the servants of His House.\": 24–26 It is recorded that when Abrahah's forces neared the Kaaba, Allah commanded small birds (abābīl) to destroy Abrahah's army, raining down pebbles on it from their beaks. Abrahah was seriously wounded and retreated towards Yemen but died on the way.: 26–27 This event is referred to in the following Qur'anic chapter:Have you not seen how your Lord dealt with the owners of the Elephant?Did He not make their treacherous plan go astray?And He sent against them birds in flocks, striking them with stones of baked clay, so He rendered them like straw eaten up.Most Islamic sources place the event around the year that Muhammad was born, 570 CE, though other scholars place it one or two decades earlier. A tradition attributed to Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri in the musannaf of \u0000Abd al-Razzaq al-San\u0000ani places it before the birth of Muhammad's father.Sacrificing his son AbdullahAl-Harith was 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib's only son at the time he dug the Zamzam Well.: 64 When the Quraysh tried to help him in the digging, he vowed that if he were to have ten sons to protect him, he would sacrifice one of them to Allah at the Kaaba. Later, after nine more sons had been born to him, he told them he must keep the vow. The divination arrows fell upon his favourite son Abdullah. The Quraysh protested 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib's intention to sacrifice his son and demanded that he sacrifice something else instead. 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib agreed to consult a \"sorceress with a familiar spirit\". She told him to cast lots between Abdullah and ten camels. If Abdullah were chosen, he had to add ten more camels, and keep on doing the same until his Lord accepted the camels in Abdullah's place. When the number of camels reached 100, the lot fell on the camels. ' Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib confirmed this by repeating the test three times. Then the camels were sacrificed, and Abdullah was spared.: 66–68FamilyWivesAbd al-Muttalib had six known wives.Sumra bint Jundab of the Hawazin tribe.Lubnā bint Hājar of the Khuza'a tribe.Fatima bint Amr of the Makhzum clan of the Quraysh tribe.Halah bint Wuhayb of the Zuhrah clan of the Quraysh tribe.Natīla bint Janab of the Namir tribe.Mumanna'a bint Amr of the Khuza'a tribe.ChildrenAccording to Ibn Hisham, \u0000Abd al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib had ten sons and six daughters.: 707–708 note 97 However, Ibn Sa'd lists twelve sons.: 99–101 By Sumra bint Jundab:Al-\u0000ārith.: 708 He was the firstborn and he died before his father.: 99 Quthum.: 100 He is not listed by Ibn Hisham.By Fatima bint Amr:Al-Zubayr.: 707 He was a poet and a chief; his father made a will in his favour.: 99 He died before Islam, leaving two sons and daughters.: 101 : 34–35 Abu Talib, born as Abd Manaf,: 99 : 707 father of the future Caliph Ali. He later became chief of the Hashim clan.Abdullah, the father of Muhammad.: 99 : 707 Umm Hakim al-Bayda,: 100 : 707 the maternal grandmother of the third Caliph Uthman.: 32 Barra,: 100 : 707 the mother of Abu Salama.: 33 Arwa.: 100 : 707 Atika,: 100 : 707 a wife of Abu Umayya ibn al-Mughira.: 31 Umayma,: 100 : 707 the mother of Zaynab bint Jahsh and Abd Allah ibn Jahsh.: 33 By Lubnā bint Hājar:Abd al-'Uzzā, better known as Abū Lahab.: 100 : 708 By Halah bint Wuhayb:\u0000amza,: 707 the first big leader of Islam. He killed many leaders of the kufar and was considered as the strongest man of the quraysh. He was martyred at Uhud.: 100 \u0000afīyya.: 100 : 707 Al-Muqawwim.: 707 He married Qilaba bint Amr ibn Ju'ana ibn Sa'd al-Sahmia, and had children named Abd Allah, Bakr, Hind, Arwa, and Umm Amr (Qutayla or Amra).Hajl.: 707 He married Umm Murra bint Abi Qays ibn Abd Wud, and had two sons, named Abd Allah, Ubayd Allah, and three daughters named Murra, Rabi'a, and Fakhita.By Natīlah bint Khubāb:al-'Abbas,: 100 : 707 ancestor of the Abbasid caliphs.\u0000irār,: 707 who died before Islam.: 100 Jahl, died before IslamImran, died before IslamBy Mumanna'a bint 'Amr:Mus'ab, who, according to Ibn Saad, was the one known as al-Ghaydāq.: 100 He is not listed by Ibn Hisham.Al-Ghaydaq, died before Islam.Abd al-Ka'ba, died before Islam.: 100 Al-Mughira,: 100 who had the byname al-Ghaydaq.The family tree and some of his important descendantsDeathAbdul Muttalib's son 'Abdullāh died four months before Mu\u0000ammad's birth, after which Abdul Muttalib took care of his daughter-in-law Āminah. One day Muhammad's mother, Amina, wanted to go to Yathrib, where her husband, Abdullah, died. So, Muhammad, Amina, Abd al-Muttalib and their caretaker, Umm Ayman started their journey to Medina, which is around 500 kilometres away from Makkah. They stayed there for three weeks, then, started their journey back to Mecca. But, when they reached halfway, at Al-Abwa', Amina became very sick and died six years after her husband's death. She was buried over there. From then, Muhammad became an orphan. Abd al-Muttalib became very sad for Muhammad "}
{"doc_id":"doc_60","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Brave ArcherThe Brave Archer, also known as Kungfu Warlord, is a 1977 Hong Kong film adapted from Louis Cha's novel The Legend of the CondorHeroes. The film was produced by the Shaw Brothers Studio and directed by Chang Cheh, starring Alexander Fu Sheng and Tien Niu in the lead roles. The film isthe first part of a trilogy and was followed by The Brave Archer 2 (1978) and The Brave Archer 3 (1981). The trilogy has two unofficial sequels, The Brave Archerand His Mate (1982) and Little Dragon Maiden (1983).PlotGuo Jing and Yang Kang are the sons of two rebels. The rebels are killed by imperial soldiers, and then,the boys are rescued by six skilled pugilists. The pugilists agree to separate the two boys, tutor them separately in martial arts, and let them meet again whenthey have grown up, to determine whose abilities are better. Guo becomes the student of the \"Seven Freaks of Jiangnan\" while Yang Kang becomes the foster sonof a Jurchen prince inadvertently.When he reaches adulthood, Guo Jing travels to a local town, where he meets and befriends a beggar named Huang Rong, whois actually the daughter of Huang Yaoshi, master of Peach Blossom Island. He also meets Yang Kang, without knowing Yang's true identity, during a contest towin the hand-in-marriage of Mu Nianci, the adopted daughter of Yang's father. Yang's father is actually still alive. Yang Kang is tempted by the wealth and fame ofbeing a noble, and he refuses to acknowledge and betrays his father, while his mother commits suicide.Huang Rong reveals to Guo Jing later that she is actually awoman and they go on adventure together. Guo Jing learns the \"Eighteen Dragon-Subduing Palms\" from the \"Nine-fingered Beggar\" Hong Qigong, while HuangRong is groomed by Hong to become his successor as chief of the Beggars' Sect. Guo and Huang travel to Peach Blossom Island later to meet Huang's father.Huang Yaoshi is does not approve of his daughter's marriage to Guo Jing. While exploring the island, Guo Jing meets a strange man called Zhou Botong whoteaches him special martial arts techniques and forces him to read a manual, which is later revealed to be written by Huang Rong's late mother.Ouyang Fengvisits Peach Blossom Island with his nephew Ouyang Ke, and he proposes a marriage between his nephew and Huang Rong. Just then, Hong Qigong also arrivesand he strongly supports Guo Jing to marry Huang Rong. Eventually, Huang Yaoshi arranges for a contest between Guo Jing and Ouyang Ke to determine who isworthy of his daughter's hand-in-marriage. The last part of the contest involves both of them having to read a manual and recite it from memory later. As Guohad already read the manual earlier, he recites it easily and wins the contest. Huang Yaoshi agrees to his daughter's marriage to Guo Jing. However, Ouyang Fengrealizes that the manual is actually the fabled Nine Yin Manual and he wants it for himself.CastExternal linksThe Brave Archer at IMDbThe Brave Archer at theHong Kong Movie DataBasePassage 2:Little Dragon MaidenLittle Dragon Maiden, also known as The Brave Archer 5, is a 1983 Hong Kong film adapted from LouisCha's novel The Return of the Condor Heroes. Little Dragon Maiden is seen as an unofficial sequel to the The Brave Archer, The Brave Archer 2, The Brave Archer3, and The Brave Archer and His Mate.CastExternal linksLittle Dragon Maiden at IMDbLittle Dragon Maiden at the Hong Kong Movie DataBasePassage 3:RobertRossenRobert Rossen (March 16, 1908 – February 18, 1966) was an American screenwriter, film director, and producer whose film career spanned almost threedecades.His 1949 film All the King's Men won Oscars for Best Picture, Best Actor and Best Supporting Actress, while Rossen was nominated for the AcademyAward for Best Director. He won the Golden Globe for Best Director and the film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Picture. In 1961, he directed The Hustler,which was nominated for nine Oscars and won two.After directing and writing for the stage in New York, Rossen moved to Hollywood in 1937. From there, heworked as a screenwriter for Warner Bros. until 1941, and then interrupted his career to serve until 1944 as the chairman of the Hollywood Writers Mobilization, abody to organize writers for the effort in World War II. In 1945, he joined a picket line against Warner Bros. After making one film for Hal B. Wallis's newly formedproduction company, Rossen made one for Columbia Pictures, another for Wallis and most of his later films for his own companies, usually in collaboration withColumbia.Rossen was a member of the American Communist Party from 1937 to about 1947, and believed the Party was \"dedicated to social causes of the sortthat we as poor Jews from New York were interested in.\"He ended all relations with the Party in 1949. Rossen was twice called before the House Un-AmericanActivities Committee (HUAC), in 1951 and in 1953. He exercised his Fifth Amendment rights at his first appearance, refusing to state whether he had ever been aCommunist. As a result, he found himself blacklisted by Hollywood studios as well as unable to renew his passport. At his second appearance he named 57 peopleas current or former Communists and his blacklisting ended. In order to repair finances he produced his next film, Mambo, in Italy in 1954. While The Hustler in1961 was a great success, conflicts on the set of  Lilith in 1964 so disillusioned him that it was his last film before his death two years later.BiographyEarly life andcareerRobert Rosen was born on March 16, 1908, and raised on the Lower East Side of New York City. His parents were Russian Jewish immigrants and his father,Philip Rosen, was a house painter. As a youth, he attended New York University, hustled pool and fought some prizefights - the latter two providing crucialbackground for his two greatest films, The Hustler and Body and Soul, respectively. He changed his name from \"Rosen\" to \"Rossen\" in 1931.He started histheatrical career as a stage manager and director in stock and off-Broadway productions, mainly in the social and radical theaters that flourished in New York inthe early and mid-1930s, as did John Huston, Elia Kazan and Joseph Losey. In 1932 Rossen directed John Wexley's Steel, about labor agitation, and RichardMaibaum's The Tree, about a lynching. A year later Rossen directed Birthright, in which Maibaum attacked Nazism, which had just triumphed in Germany with thedictatorship of Adolf Hitler in 1933.In 1935, Rossen wrote and directed his first play, The Body Beautiful, a comedy about a naive burlesque dancer. Although theplay closed after four performances, Warner Bros. director Mervyn LeRoy was so impressed that he signed Rossen to a personal screenwriting contract.MarriageIn1936, Rossen married Susan Siegal; the couple had three children: Carol, Stephen and Ellen.Work in HollywoodFor his first credit in Hollywood, in 1937 Rossenco-wrote with Abem Finkel a script based on the prosecution of crime lord Lucky Luciano and eventually titled Marked Woman. Although some of Warner Bros.management saw Rossen as an unknown quantity, the result won praise from both Jack L. Warner and the Daily Worker. Rossen's first solo script was for TheyWon't Forget (1937), a fictionalized account of the lynching of Leo Frank, featuring Lana Turner in her debut performance.Dust Be My Destiny, co-written in 1939by Rossen, is the story of a fugitive from justice who is eventually acquitted with help from an attorney and a journalist, the latter arguing that \"a million boys allover the country\" were in a similar plight. Warner Bros. then ordered producer Lou Edelman to cut the script, adding that \"This is the story of two people – not agroup. It is an individual problem – not a national one.\" Rossen was one of three writers on the gangster melodrama The Roaring Twenties, released in 1939. Aremake of the 1932 play and film Life Begins was written in 1939 by Rossen and released in 1940 as A Child Is Born. The plot recounted the experiences of sixexpectant mothers, and there was little scope to modify the original.The Sea Wolf, released in 1941, was based on Jack London's novel. Although the film had astrong cast and production, Rossen's re-draft of the script may be the greatest influence on the film. While the character of Captain Larsen remained both victimand oppressed in a capitalist hierarchy, he became a symbol of fascism. He split the novel's idealist hero into an intellectual bosun and a rebellious seaman.Warner Bros. cut many political points during production.Blues in the Night, written by Rossen and two colleagues and released in 1941, shows a group of jazzmusicians traveling in the Depression. Their informal methods represent working-class culture rather than the commercialized music of the big bands. However,The New York Times' reviewer thought the soundtrack was \"about all the film has to offer\", and Warner was disappointed with the sales.After the attack on PearlHarbor on December 7, 1941, the Screen Writers Guild set up on December 8, 1941, the Hollywood Writers Mobilization, a body to organize writers for the wareffort. Rossen served as the body's chairman until 1944 and advocated the opening of a Second Front to support West European resistance against the Nazis. Hisearnings were much greater than in 1937. However, his work for Hollywood Writers Mobilization and for the Communist Party forced him to abandon some partlydeveloped film projects, including The Treasure of the Sierra Madre, which John Huston eventually directed in 1948.In 1945 Rossen joined a picket line againstWarner Bros, making an enemy of Jack Warner. Rossen signed a contract with an independent production company formed by Hal Wallis, who had previouslybeen Warner Bros.' head of production. However Rossen wrote only two full scripts for this company, The Strange Love of Martha Ivers in 1946 and Desert Fury in1947. In The Strange Love of Martha Ivers Rossen used a short story by John Patrick to introduce the main plot, which was set 15 years later and which Rossenwrote. The relationship between Rossen and Wallis broke down when Rossen received offers from other production companies.Dick Powell had been a crooner butwas making a new career as a dramatic actor. When Columbia Pictures agreed to make Johnny O'Clock for him in 1947, Powell successfully campaigned forRossen to direct, and this became Rossen's debut in directing. As this crime melodrama proved a modest success, Roberts Productions signed Rossen to directAbraham Polonsky's script of Body and Soul, described by Bob Thomas as \"possibly the best prizefight film ever made.\" Rossen preferred an ending in which thehero wins a boxing match and then is killed by a gangster, but Polonsky insisted on his own ending, in which the hero escapes into obscurity before the fight.Following the success of Body and Soul, Rossen formed his own production company and signed with Columbia Pictures a contract that gave him wide autonomyover every second film that he made at the studio.All the King's Men (1949) was based on the novel of the same name by Robert Penn Warren, which in turn wasbased on the career of politician Huey Long. Rossen introduced a new concept, that the defenders of the ordinary people can in turn become the new exploiters.As a requirement for his participation in the film, Rossen had to write to Columbia's Harry Cohn saying that he was no longer a Communist Party member. Cohn's"}
{"doc_id":"doc_61","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Vera MiletićVera Miletić (Serbian Cyrillic: Вера Милетић; 8 March 1920 – 7 September 1944) was a Serbian student and soldier. She was notable forbeing the mother of Mira Marković, posthumously making her the mother-in-law of Serbian president Slobodan Milošević.Personal lifeHer cousin was DavorjankaPaunović who was the personal secretary of Communist Party of Yugoslavia leader Josip Broz Tito.Passage 2:Beatrice of ProvenceBeatrice of Provence (c. 1229 –23 September 1267), was ruling Countess of Provence and Forcalquier from 1245 until her death, as well as Countess of Anjou and Maine, Queen of Sicily andNaples by marriage to Charles I of Naples.She was the fourth and youngest daughter of Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence and Forcalquier by his wifeBeatrice, in turn daughter of Count Thomas I of Savoy and Margaret of Geneva.LifeInheritance of Provence and ForcalquierBeatrice, like her sisters, mother andgrandmother was known for her beauty. A description of Beatrice said she\"set men's hearts thumping and the fingers of troubadours to fevered twanging of lyres.Two of the balladists at the Provencal court were temporarily deprived of reason for love of the entrancing Beatrice\"All Ramon Berenguer IV's three olderdaughters married to titles of status: The eldest, Margaret, was Queen of France by marriage to Louis IX; the second, Eleanor, was Queen of England by marriageto Henry III, and the third, Sanchia, was titular Queen of Germany by marriage to Henry's brother Richard, Earl of Cornwall. King Louis IX's marriage to Margarethad been arranged by his mother, Blanche of Castile, with the hopes that he would inherit Provence and Forcalquier when her father died.In his will signed on 20June 1238 at Sisteron, Ramon Berenguer IV unexpectedly left the Counties of Provence and Forcalquier to his youngest and still unmarried daughter,Beatrice.Countess of Provence and ForcalquierRamon Berenguer IV died on 19 August 1245 at Aix-en-Provence, and according to his will, Beatrice becameCountess of Provence and Forcalquier in her own right, with the provision that the Dowager Countess could retain the usufruct of the County of Provence for herlifetime.Now, Beatrice became one of the most attractive heiresses in medieval Europe, and soon several suitors appeared for her hand. Firstly, the neighboringrulers of her domains began their claims: the twice-divorced Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse and King James I of Aragon, who, despite being married to Violantof Hungary, invaded Provence and seized the residence of the countess. In addition, the thrice-widowed Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, dispatched theimperial navy to Provence to ensure Beatrice could marry one of his sons or even himself.In such a difficult situation, the Dowager Countess decided to actquickly, placing herself and Beatrice in a safe fortress in Aix, secured the trust of its people and then asked Pope Innocent IV for his protection. In Cluny duringDecember 1245, a secret meeting between Pope Innocent IV, Louis IX of France, his mother Blanche of Castile, and his youngest brother Charles took place. Itwas decided that in return for Louis IX supporting the Pope militarily against Frederick II, the Pope would allow that Charles marry Beatrice. Mother and daughterwere satisfied with this selection,  but under the terms of the treaty, Provence was to never go to France outright through Charles. It was agreed that if Charlesand Beatrice had children, the Counties would go to them; if there was no issue, then the Provence and Forcalquier would go to Sanchia of Provence, and if shedied without heirs, the Counties would go to the King of Aragon. Henry III of England protested these terms, arguing that he had not yet received the full dowryfor his wife Eleanor nor his brother for Sanchia. He also still had the castles in Provence against the loan he had made to the late Count.Charles, along with Philipof Savoy and five hundred knights, rode from Lyon to Provence. On their way, they ran into Raymond VII of Toulouse, who also had an army on the way toProvence. Raymond VII had been deceived by knights in favour of Charles and for that reason he had brought fewer men, and Charles and his army were quicker.When Charles got to Aix-en-Provence, James I of Aragon, who had been there all along but was not allowed to see Beatrice, had his soldiers surrounding thecastle in which the young Beatrice and her mother were. There was a brief struggle, but the King of Aragon retreated with dignity.To the young Beatrice, Charles(who was described as \"an admirable young man\") was a satisfactory resolution to her problems. Their marriage took place on 31 January 1246 atAix-en-Provence. They had soldiers on guard and the bride was escorted down the aisle by her uncle, Thomas, Count of Flanders.The inheritance of Beatrice alsocaused conflicts with her older sisters, who hoped that once their father had died, his domains would be divided between the four; Charles refused to share theCounties with his sisters-in-law. In consequence, the relationship of Charles and Beatrice with the three sisters, who felt cheated by their father's will, remainedalways tense.As soon as Charles became Count of Provence, he brought in his own team of French lawyers and accountants. He excluded his mother-in-law fromthe running of the county and began taking castles, power and fees away from the nobles who had previously enjoyed a certain degree of independence in therunning of their cities. Charles made himself very unpopular. The Dowager Countess moved herself to Forcalquier in protest, and in Marseille, Charles's officialswere thrown out of the city. In the family conflict, Beatrice sided with her husband.Seventh CrusadeIn May 1247, Charles and Beatrice were recorded as being inMelun, where Charles was knighted by his brother Louis. Beatrice accompanied Charles on the Seventh Crusade in 1248. Led by Louis IX, the crusaders made anextended procession through France. Before they left, Charles and Beatrice met with the Dowager Countess in Beaucaire to try to come to some terms ofagreement concerning Provence. Whilst the more important matters were left until Charles and Beatrice returned, it was decided that Beatrice of Savoy wouldgive up the rights to \"the castle at Aix in exchange for a percentage of the county's revenue.\"In Nicosia, Beatrice gave birth to her first child, \"a very elegant andwellformed son\", as her brother-in-law Robert of Artois wrote home to his mother the Queen; the child lived only a few days. Beatrice stayed with her sisterMargaret in Damietta, when they lost contact with the King and his army; here Beatrice gave birth to her second child, while her sister Margaret too gave birth.Later in 1250, they were reunited with the rest of the crusade at Acre, where the King's ransom was paid. Charles and Beatrice, along with several other nobles,left soon after and journeyed to the court of Emperor Frederick II, to ask him to send the King of France more men for his crusade. The Emperor, who had beenexcommunicated, needed his army to fight the Pope, and refused.Beatrice and Charles returned to Provence in 1251, where some riots erupted at Arles andAvignon, instigated by Beatrice's mother, who felt Charles had failed to respect her claims in Provence. By July 1252 Charles had managed to defeat the revoltand was in the process of exercising his power as Count of Provence. In November of the same year, Blanche of Castile, regent of France while her son Louis IXwas on crusade, died. Charles and Beatrice had to go to Paris, where Charles became co-regent of France with his brother, Alphonse. The Pope offered Charlesthe Kingdom of Sicily in 1252, but Charles had to turn the offer down, as he was preoccupied with other affairs and he also did not have sufficient funds.Thecrusaders returned in 1254. Charles and Beatrice spent Christmas in Paris that year, where all of Beatrice's sisters and their mother were present; it was notedthat the other four women treated the younger Beatrice coldly, due to Raymond Berenguer's will.Queen of SicilyBeatrice's sister Margaret, the new Queen ofFrance, publicly offended her in 1259, by not seating her at the family table; she claimed because Beatrice was not a queen like her sisters, she could not sit withthem. Margaret had hoped to provoke her sister in treacherous behaviour so she would have a valid reason to invade Provence. Beatrice \"with great grief\", wentto Charles and he reportedly told her:\"Be at peace, for I will shortly make thee a greater Queen than them\".When the newly elected Pope Clement IV grantedCharles the Kingdom of Sicily, he had to defeat King Manfred, who had fallen out of papal favour. Another contender to win the throne of Sicily was Beatrice'snephew, Edmund Crouchback, but it soon became clear that Charles was the more promising candidate. In order to achieve his goal, Charles needed an army andBeatrice helped her husband raise one. She called on all her knights as well as the young men of France, and according to the later historian Angelo di Costanzoshe pledged all her jewels, to make sure they joined her husband's army:Beatrice, to aid [Charles] in the gratification of her ambition, sold all her jewels andpersonal ornaments, and expended her private treasure in collecting round her standard, not only her own vassals, but the chivalric youth of France, who wereattracted to her service not less by her personal solicitations than by her rich gifts.In 1265 Charles of Anjou, with a small contingent, embarked and by seaarrived in Rome, where, on 28 June, he was invested as King of Sicily by the Pope. According to the storia di Manfredi, re di Sicilia e di Puglia of Giuseppe diCesare who followed the narrative of the storia di Saba Malaspina, Beatrice followed her husband with the remaining army by sea, arriving to Italy only fourmonths later. In November of that year, the army of Charles, composed by 5,000 soldiers and 25,000 infantrymen entered Italy and arrived in Rome in January1266, where on 6 January both Charles and Beatrice were crowned King and Queen of Sicily by five cardinals sent by the Pope (who was sheltering in Perugia). Assoon as the coronation festivities had ended, Beatrice stayed in Rome with a small force to hold the city, whilst Charles rode out to the battle of Benevento. Afterher husband's victory, she chose the castle of Melfi as their residence.DeathBeatrice died on 23 September 1267, a little over a year after becoming queen ineither the Castello del Parco at Nocera Inferiore or in Naples (according to the storia di Saba Malaspina). The cause of her death was not recorded, although it isbelieved that complications following a pregnancy could be the reason. She was initially buried at Cathedral of San Gennaro in Naples, but in 1277 her husbandtransferred her remains to Aix-en-Provence at the Church of Saint-Jean-de-Malta.Beatrice was the last ruling Countess of Provence and Forcalquier from theHouse of Barcelona; on her death, she left her Counties to her husband Charles.IssueCharles and Beatrice had the following children:Blanche (1250 – bef. 10January 1270), married in 1265 Robert of Flanders, Lord of Béthune and Dendermonde (he became Count Robert III in 1305, long after Blanche's death), bywhom she had one son, Charles, who died young.Beatrice (1252 – 17 November/12 December 1275), married in 1273 Philip of Courtenay, titular emperor of"}
{"doc_id":"doc_62","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Pablo AlboránPablo Moreno de Alborán Ferrándiz (born 31 May 1989), popularly known as Pablo Alborán, is a Spanish musician and singer-songwriter.Throughout his career, Alborán has released five studio albums, two live albums, and various musical collaborations. His records are distributed by Warner MusicSpain which he was signed to in 2013. That year he released \"Solamente Tú\", the lead single from his 2011 self-titled debut album. The track topped the charts inhis home country for two consecutive weeks. The album peaked at number one in its first week of sales, making Alborán the first solo artist to sign a completedebut album to rank to the top since 1998 in Spain. Alborán was nominated for Best New Artist at the 12th Latin Grammy Awards.Alborán's sophomore recordTanto (2012) spawned the number one singles \"Quién\" and \"El Beso\". It received a Latin Grammy Award for Album of the Year. His third studio album Terral(2014) spawned the chart-topping singles \"Por Fin\" and \"Pasos de Cero\" and received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Latin Pop Album. Alborán embarkedon a huge concert tour Tour Terral, which visited Europe, North, and South America. Its respective live album Tres Noches en Las Ventas marked Alborán'ssecond Album of the Year nomination. In 2017, Alborán released his fourth studio album Prometo to critical and commercial success. It spawned the singles\"Saturno\" and \"No Vaya a Ser\", among others. He released his fifth album Vértigo in 2020, followed by his sixth album La Cuarta Hoja in 2022.Throughout hiscareer, Alborán has won a Goya Award for Best Original Song, nine LOS40 Music Awards, two Gaviota de Oro and two Premios Dial, among others. Throughoutthe years, Alborán has been nominated for three Grammy Awards as well as twenty-three Latin Grammy Awards.Music careerFrom a very young age, he wasinterested in learning to play various musical instruments such as piano, classical guitar, flamenco guitar, and acoustic guitar, and attended singing lessons withprofessional artists in Málaga and Madrid. In 2002, at the age of 12, he composed his first songs, \"Amor de Barrio\" (Neighbourhood Love) and \"Desencuentro\"(Disagreement) which would be featured 10 years later on his debut album. In Málaga he performed for the first time with a Flamenco band in a restaurant, andhe was nicknamed El Blanco Moreno (The White Moreno), because he \"was very pale-skinned and Moreno was my family name\", as he stated in an interview inearly 2011. Later, Pablo met producer Manuel Illán and recorded a demo, which included a cover of \"Deja de Volverme Loca\" (Stop Driving Me Crazy) by DianaNavarro. Upon hearing this recording, Navarro expressed great interest in Alborán and became his musical mentor.In preparation for his first album, Alboráncomposed a total of 40 songs from which the playlist would be selected. During the recording of this studio album, Pablo Alborán, he uploaded a few songs onYouTube, which gained the attention of many, including singer Kelly Rowland who was amazed by his voice, as far as saying \"I'm in love with Pablo Alboran!\". Hisvideos have since received millions of views.\"Solamente Tú\" (Only You) was digitally released in Spain in October 2010 as the first single of his debut album,which was released in February 2011. Both the single and the album were a huge success, managing to top the Spanish music charts for several consecutiveweeks. The album won multiple awards, including RTVE's Album of the Year for 2011, and became Spain's best-selling album of that year.Alborán began his firstworld tour on 27 May 2011 in Madrid at the Palacio Vistalegre, and has since performed in many Latin American countries, among which are Argentina, Chile andMexico. Following his success, he released his first live album, En Acústico, in November of the same year. It included acoustic versions of most of the tracks inhis debut album, as well as two new songs and four bonus tracks. The song \"Perdóname\" (Forgive Me) was re-recorded featuring Portuguese singer Carminho,and was released as the first single of the album, peaking at number one on the Spanish singles chart on 13 November 2011, thus helping En Acústico to debutalso at number one on the albums chart one week later, on 20 November 2011, and to top the Portuguese Albums Chart in January 2012.On 19 December 2011,Alborán received the 2011 Best New Act award in Los Premios 40 Principales. Both his albums Pablo Alborán and En Acústico were featured in Spain's official listof top-selling albums of 2011, at number 1 and number 6, respectively, and singles \"Solamente Tú\" and \"Perdóname\" were the respective third and nineteenthbest-selling songs in Spain in 2011.In January 2012, Alborán collaborated on the charity single, \"Cuestión de Prioridades por el Cuerno de África\" (A matter ofpriorities for the horn of Africa).In September 2012, Alborán released the lead single \"Tanto\" from his forthcoming album Tanto which was released in November2012. The album was certified 10× Platinum in Spain and was the highest selling album in Spain in 2012 and 2013. The album included two number one singles inSpain, \"El Beso\" (The Kiss) and \"Quién\" (Who). The album received Latin Grammy Awards.Alborán released his third studio album Terral in November 2014. Thealbum became his fourth straight number 1 album in Spain and has been certified 8× Platinum. It was the highest selling album in Spain in 2014.In April 2016,\"Se Puede Amar\" was released, which is the first single of the forthcoming fourth studio album. Throughout 2016, Alborán toured Central America. In August,Alboran re-released \"Dónde está el Amor\" with Brazilian singer Tiê. It was included in the telenovela soundtrack Haja Coração.On 8 September 2017, after atwo-year break, Alborán announced on his social networks that he was finishing preparing what would be his fourth studio album, Prometo. He released twosingles (\"Saturno\" and \"No Vaya a Ser\") on the same day. \"Saturno\" is a ballad, reminiscent of his beginnings as a singer, while \"No Vaya a Ser\" is a differentstyle flirting with electronics and African rhythms. Prometo was released on 17 November 2017 and debuted at number 1 in Spain.Personal lifeAlborán is the sonof Spanish architect Salvador Moreno de Alborán Peralta and Elena Ferrándiz Martínez. From a father from Malaga and a French mother, the daughter ofSpaniards born in Casablanca during the French protectorate of Morocco.In June 2020, Alborán came out as gay. As of December 2020, Alborán resides inMálaga.DiscographyStudio albumsLive albumsSinglesAs main artistAs featured artistOther charting songsAwardsGrammy AwardsThe Grammy Awards areawarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences in the United States. Alborán has received three nominations.Latin GrammyAwardsThe Latin Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences in the United States. Alborán has receivedtwenty-four nominations.TVyNovelas AwardsThe TVyNovelas Awards are presented annually by Televisa and the magazine TVyNovelas to honor the best Mexicantelevision productions, including telenovelas.Goya AwardsThe Goya Awards, known in Spanish as los Premios Goya, are awarded annually by the Academia de lasArtes y las Ciencias Cinematográficas de España (Spanish Academy of Cinematic Art and Science) in Spain. Alborán has received one award.NotesPassage2:Kristian LeontiouKristian Leontiou (born February 1982) is an English singer. Formerly a solo artist, he is the lead singer of indie rock band One eskimO.EarlylifeKristian Leontiou was born in London, England and is of Greek Cypriot descent. He went to Hatch End High School in Harrow and worked several jobs in andaround London whilst concentrating on music when he had any free time.  In 2003 he signed a major record deal with Polydor. At the time, Leontiou was dubbed\"the new Dido\" by some media outlets. His debut single \"Story of My Life\" was released in June 2004 and reached #9 in the UK Singles Chart. His second single\"Shining\" peaked at #13 whilst the album Some Day Soon was certified gold selling in excess of 150,000 copies.Leontiou toured the album in November 2004taking him to the US to work with L.A Reid, Chairman of the Island Def Jam music group.  Unhappy with the direction his career was going, on a flight back fromthe US in 2004 he decided to take his music in a new direction.  Splitting from his label in late 2005, he went on to collaborate with Faithless on the song \"Hope &Glory\" for their album ‘'To All New Arrivals'’.  It was this release that saw him unleash the One eskimO moniker.  It was through working with Rollo Armstrong onthe Faithless album, that Rollo got to hear an early demo of \"Astronauts\" from the One eskimO project. Being more than impressed by what he heard, Rolloopened both his arms and studio doors to Leontiou and they began to co-produce the ‘'All Balloons’' album.It was at this time that he paired up with good friendAdam Falkner, a drummer/musician, to introduce a live acoustic sound to the album. They recorded the album with engineer Phill Brown (engineer for Bob Marleyand Robert Plant) at Ark studios in St John's Wood where they recorded live then headed back to Rollo's studio to add the cinematic electro touches that areprominent on the album.Shortly after its completion, One eskimO's \"Hometime\" was used on a Toyota Prius advert in the USA. The funds from the advert werethen used to develop the visual aspect of One eskimO. He teamed up with friend Nathan Erasmus (Gravy Media Productions) along with animation teamSmuggling Peanuts (Matt Latchford and Lucy Sullivan) who together began to develop the One eskimO world, the first animation produced was for the track‘Hometime’ which went on to win a British animation award in 2008.In 2008 Leontiou started a new management venture with ATC Music. By mid-2008 TimeWarner came on board to develop all 10 One eskimO animations which were produced the highly regarded Passion Pictures in London.  Now with all animationcomplete and a debut album, One eskimO prepare to unveil themselves fully to the world in summer 2009.Leontiou released a cover version of Tracy Chapman's\"Fast Car\", which was originally released as a single in 2005. Leontiou's version was unable to chart, however, due to there being no simultaneous physicalrelease alongside the download single, a UK chart rule that was in place at the time. On 24 April 2011, the song entered the singles chart at number 88 due toBritain's Got Talent contestant Michael Collings covering the track on the show on 16 April 2011.DiscographyAlbumsSinglesNotesA  - Originally released as asingle in April 2005, Leontiou's version of \"Fast Car\" did not chart until 2011 in the UK.Also featured onNow That's What I Call Music! 58 (Story of My Life)Win aDate with Tad Hamilton! OST, Love Love Songs - The Ultimate Love Collection (Shining)Summerland OST (The Crying)Passage 3:Billy MilanoBilly Milano (bornJune 3, 1964) is an American heavy metal and hardcore punk musician. He is the singer and occasionally guitarist and bassist of crossover thrash band M.O.D.,and was the singer of its predecessor, Stormtroopers of Death. Prior to these bands, Milano played in early New York hardcore band the Psychos, which also"}
{"doc_id":"doc_63","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Troy AndesTroy Andes (born April 16, 1981, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American politician and a Republican member of the West Virginia House of Delegates representing District 58 since January 12, 2013. Andes served consecutively from January 2007 until January 2013 in a District 14 seat.EducationAndes earned his BS from Virginia Tech and his MBA from Marshall University.Elections2012 Redistricted to District 15, and with its incumbents redistricted to District 16, Andes was challenged in the May 8, 2012 Republican Primary, winning with 1,792 votes (82.0%), and was unopposed for the November 6, 2012 General election, winning with 7,004 votes.2006 When District 14 Republican Representative Mike Hall ran for West Virginia Senate and left a district seat open, Andes placed in the five-way 2006 Republican Primary and was elected in the three-way two-position November 7, 2006 General election against Democratic nominee Gene Estel.2008 Andes and fellow Republican incumbent Representative Patti Schoen were unopposed for the May 13, 2008 Republican Primary, where Andes placed first with 2,337 votes (52.2%), and placed first in the four-way two-position November 4, 2008 General election with 9,323 votes (31.4%) ahead of Representative Schoen and Democratic nominees Jeffrey Martin and Karen Corea.2010 When Representative Schoen retired and left a district seat open, Andes placed first in the five-way May 11, 2010 Republican Primary, winning with 2,034 votes (42.8%), and placed first in the three-way two-position November 2, 2010 General election with 8,159 votes (40.3%) ahead of fellow Republican nominee Brian Savilla and Democratic nominee Catherine Larck.Passage 2:LeRoy D. BrownLeRoy D. Brown was the first president of University of Nevada.HistoryNevada became a state in 1864. Its constitution mandated the establishment of a state university with departments in agriculture, the mechanic arts, and mining, along with a state normal school for teacher training. The constitution specified that the state university would be controlled by an elected Board of Regents. The Nevada Legislature established the first State University campus in Elko, Nevada. Its Preparatory Department opened for enrollment in October 1874 with the goal of enhancing Nevada's young people to be ready for college-level study. D. R. Sessions served as Principal of the preparatory department. The Elko campus closed on July 15, 1885, when it was determined that Reno would provide a larger population for higher education students.The Board of Regents selected Dr. Leroy D. Brown to be the first president of the University of Nevada at the new Reno campus. A veteran of the American Civil War, he had taught in Ohio for twenty years and had been elected to the office of Commissioner of Education in Ohio. He was working for a bank in Ohio when he was recruited to Nevada. His administration began in September, 1887, before the first campus building, Morrill Hall, was completely constructed.By October, 50 students were enrolled. The Board of Regents selected Hannah Keziah Clapp of Carson City to be his assistant and a faculty member of the university. President Brown established the departments of mining and metallurgy, natural science and the Nevada State Normal School. The Secretary of War detailed a U. S. Army officer to provide drill and military tactics instruction to all male students. The first group of cadets was organized in the fall of 1888. Lieutenant Arthur C. Ducat was also employed as Professor of Modern Languages, later providing drawing instruction and calisthenics training for female students the first physical education curriculum at the university. President Brown and the other faculty developed organized a curriculum involving three areas of study: the School of Liberal Arts, the School of Agriculture, and the School of Mechanic Arts and Mining. The Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station was founded in response to the Congressional Hatch Act of March 2, 1887. Hatch Hall was completed in 1889, becoming the second building on the Reno campus. By the end of Brown's administration, the School of Mechanic Arts was separate from the School of Mining, and a Business (Commercial)  Department had been created. The Commercial Department was for non-college students. Its first diplomas were issued in 1889. He resigned on January 1, 1890, later sending his son to attend the university.Timeline1848 - Born in Center Township, Noble County, Ohio on November 3. Developed a reading habit, early in his life and visited the old township library in his neighborhood.1864 - Ran away from home and enlisted as a member of Company H, 116 O. V. I. in which he served until the end of the war.1866-1867 – Taught school1867 – Brown prepared for college at an academy in Athens, Ohio1869 – Became a student and was later awarded graduation at Ohio Wesleyan University at Delaware, Ohio.  (A.B. ’79, A.M ’82)1871 – Appointed Noble County Examiner1873 – Principal of graded school in Newport, Ohio1874 – Called to superintendency of the Belpre Ohio schools1875 – Superintendent at Eaton, Ohio1878 – Married Miss Esther Emma Gable of Eaton, Ohio1879 – Brown was elected to position of Superintendent of Public schools at Hamilton, Ohio and was reelected and held the office until he became State Commissioner.1883 – Earned Ph.D. at Baker University, San Luis Obispo.1884-1887 – Entered into a three-year office as Ohio State Commissioner of Common Schools.1887 – Brown moved his family to Alliance, Ohio to pursue the banking business.1887 – 1890 - At age 38, LeRoy Brown received an offer and moved his family of seven (wife, Esther, plus five small children) to Reno, Nevada to become Nevada State University President (September 1887 - January 1, 1890).1890-1892 – Became supervising Principal of Santa Monica Schools from 1890 to 18921893 to 1894 – moved to Los Angeles and became superintendent of city schools.  He was reelected for another year and his salary was raised from $2,700 to $3,000 per year.  Two weeks later he resigned, as he preferred the principal position of a High School and there was a vacant position.1898 – Died January 13. San Luis Obispo, CaliforniaPassage 3:Tsuruichi HayashiTsuruichi Hayashi (\u0000 \u0000\u0000, Hayashi Tsuruichi, June 13, 1873 – October 4, 1935) was a Japanese mathematician and historian of Japanese mathematics. He was born in Tokushima, Japan.He was the founder of the Tohoku Mathematical Journal.Passage 4:Keith AndesKeith Andes (born John Charles Andes, July 12, 1920 – November 11, 2005) was an American film, radio, musical theater, stage and television actor.Early life and educationAndes was born to Mr. and Mrs. William G. Andes in Ocean City, New Jersey. By the age of 12, he was featured on the radio.The family moved to Upper Darby, Pennsylvania, near Philadelphia. Andes attended Upper Darby High School and found work on radio singing and acting throughout his high school years.He attended St Edward's School in Oxford, England, and graduated from Temple University in Philadelphia, where he was a member of Sigma Pi fraternity, in 1943 with a bachelor's degree in education. While at Temple, he did not participate in the university's theater program, but spent his time working as a disc jockey for several Philadelphia-area radio stations, including KYW, WFIL, and WIP. After graduating from Temple, he studied voice at the Philadelphia Conservatory of Music in Center City Philadelphia. He was known for his baritone voice.CareerEarly performancesHe began his acting career while serving in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. He served three years and sang and acted in United Service Organization shows. He was cast in the play Winged Victory and then cast by 20th Century Fox in the film Winged Victory (1944).In 1947, Andes received a Theater World Award for his Broadway debut performance in a revival of the operetta The Chocolate Soldier.In 1947, he had a role in the movie The Farmer's Daughter, the film that won Loretta Young her Best Actress Oscar. Andes, Lex Barker and James Arness played the title character's powerfully built and highly protective brothers.Andes' first leading role in a feature film came with Project X (1949), a low-budget, independent movie.In June 1950, he joined the cast of Kiss Me, Kate on Broadway, taking over the lead from Alfred Drake, starring in the show for over a year, in New York and on tour. This re-ignited Hollywood's interest in him.RKO and UniversalAndes appeared as Marilyn Monroe's sweetheart and Barbara Stanwyck's brother in the cult film Clash by Night (1952), directed by Fritz Lang and co-written by Clifford Odets, for RKO.Also for that studio, he played the heroic Lt. Maynard in Blackbeard, the Pirate (1952) and a supporting role in Split Second (1953).In 1953 he starred in a short-lived Broadway musical, Maggie.In 1954, he signed a new contract with RKO even though that studio had kept him idle for a year, causing him to miss a part in The High and the Mighty. He was under contract to RKO for three years.He co-starred with Angela Lansbury in the film noir A Life at Stake (1954) and was one of several male leads in The Second Greatest Sex (1955) at Universal, where he signed a long-term contract.Andes begin guest starring on TV shows like Celebrity Playhouse, The Ford Television Theatre, Matinee Theatre, The Loretta Young Show, Conflict and Playhouse 90. He also starred in TV adaptations of The Great Waltz (playing Johann Strauss, Jr.), Bloomer Girl (1956) and Holiday (based on The Grand Tour) (1956).He made two films with Jeff Chandler at Universal, Away All Boats (1956) and Pillars of the Sky (1956), and did Back from Eternity (1956) at RKO. In 1956, he starred in a pilot for the series Doctor Mike, that was not picked up.At Universal, he had a role in Interlude (1957), then he appeared in The Girl Most Likely (1958), the last film made by RKO.Andes guest starred on Jane Wyman Presents The Fireside Theatre, Goodyear Theatre, Alcoa Theatre and The Gale Storm Show: Oh! Susanna.In 1958, Andes starred as crusading former Louisiana State Police Superintendent Francis Grevemberg in the film Damn Citizen at Universal. His co-stars were Margaret Hayes as Dorothy Maguire Grevemberg and Gene Evans as Police Major Al Arthur.He starred in two low-budget features: Model for Murder (1959) in England and Surrender - Hell! (1960) in the Philippines.TelevisionAndes was cast in a regular series, playing Frank Dawson in the police drama This Man Dawson (1959–60), the story of a former United States Marine Corps colonel who is hired to stop police corruption in a large, unnamed city. William Conrad did the series narration.On Broadway, Andes starred opposite Lucille Ball in the musical Wildcat (1960–61) which ran for 175 performances.When Wildcat ended Andes resumed his television career, guest starring on Sea Hunt, Have Gun - Will Travel, Follow the Sun, Vacation Playhouse and The Rifleman.In 1963, Andes was cast with Victor Buono and Arch Johnson in the episode \"Firebug\" of the anthology series GE True, hosted by Jack Webb. In the story line, Buono portrays Charles Colvin, a barber in Los Angeles, who is by night a pyromaniac. The United States Forest Service works to find Colvin before he can set more fires.Later in 1963, Andes was cast in a regular role as the lawyer-husband on the 1963 sitcom Glynis, starring Glynis Johns as his wife, a mystery writer and amateur sleuth.He guest-starred on 77 "}
{"doc_id":"doc_64","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Wonny SongWonny Song (born 1978) is a Canadian pianist.BiographySong was born in South Korea and grew up in Montreal. He began piano studies at the age of eight and received a full scholarship to Philadelphia's Curtis Institute of Music in 1994. He earned a bachelor's degree from Montreal University in 1998 and continued his studies with Anton Kuerti at the University of Toronto and at The Glenn Gould School with Marc Durand. He completed his doctoral studies at the University of Minnesota in 2004, studying with Lydia Artymiw. He has also studied with Leon Fleisher, Jorge Chaminé and Marie-Francoise Bucquet. He has performed as a soloist with the Cincinnati Symphony, the Peoria Symphony Orchestra, the Orchestre Symphonique de Montréal, the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, the National Arts Centre Orchestra and the EuroAsian Philharmonic Orchestra in Korea and Thailand.Song was director and director of artists-in-residence project of Lambda School of Music and Fine Arts in Montreal from 2008 to 2020. Wonny Song has been appointed Artistic Director of Orford Music (formerly the Orford Arts Centre) in May 2015. Mr. Song officially assumed his position at the beginning of summer 2015, at which time he began to prepare the 2016 program.Awards and recognitions1994 – Gold Medal at the World Piano Competition, Cincinnati.1995 – First Prize and Best Artistic Interpretation Prize at the Montreal Symphony Piano Competition.1997 – Ludmila Knezkova Piano Competition, Nova Scotia.2000 – First Elinor Bell Fellowship, University of Minnesota.2001 – First and Grand Prize winner of the Minnesota Orchestra's WAMSO Competition.2002 – Galaxy Rising Stars Award, Ottawa.2003 – Prix d'Europe, Canada.2010 – Young Canadian Musicians Award.Claire Tow Prize.Miriam Brody Aronson Prize.Fergus Orchestra Soloist Prize.Washington Performing Arts Society Prize.Saint Vincent College Concert Series Prize.DiscographySee alsoPianistsCanadian classical musicYoung Concert ArtistsLambda School of Music and Fine ArtsPassage 2:Hwang Te-songHwang Te-Song (born December 20, 1989) is a South Korean football player.Club statisticsPassage 3:CiaraCiara Princess Wilson ( see-AIR-\u0000; née Harris; born October 25, 1985) is an American singer, songwriter, businesswoman, dancer, model and actress. She rose to prominence with her debut studio album Goodies (2004), which spawned the top five singles \"1, 2 Step\" (featuring Missy Elliott), \"Oh\" (featuring Ludacris), and \"Goodies\" (featuring Petey Pablo), the latter of which topping the Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart. The album was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and garnered two nominations at the 48th Annual Grammy Awards. Ciara was also featured on Missy Elliott's \"Lose Control\" and Bow Wow's \"Like You\", both of which reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100.Her second studio album, Ciara: The Evolution (2006), topped the Billboard 200 and spawned the hit singles \" Get Up\" (featuring Chamillionaire), \"Promise\", \"Like a Boy\" and \"Can't Leave 'em Alone\" (featuring 50 Cent). Ciara's third studio album Fantasy Ride (2009), produced the international top-ten single \"Love Sex Magic\" (featuring Justin Timberlake), which received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. Her fourth studio album Basic Instinct (2010), included the R&B top-five single \"Ride\" (featuring Ludacris). After Basic Instinct was met with low sales, Ciara signed a new record deal with Epic Records in 2011. Ciara's fifth studio album, Ciara (2013), peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 and spawned the hit single \"Body Party\".Her sixth album, Jackie (2015), included the singles \"I Bet\" and \"Dance like We're Making Love\". The next year, Ciara would sign a modeling contract with IMG, become a Global Brand Ambassador for the cosmetics giant Revlon, and marry quarterback Russell Wilson. Her seventh album, Beauty Marks (2019), included the hit single \"Level Up\". Ciara signed a new record deal with Republic Records and Uptown Records, in partnership with her label Beauty Marks Entertainment. She released her single \"Jump\" as the lead for her upcoming eighth studio album on July 8, 2022.Ciara is also an actress, having appeared in All You've Got (2006), Mama, I Want to Sing! (2012), That's My Boy (2012), and The Game (2013). In March 2022, it was announced that Ciara had joined the cast of the 2023 remake of The Color Purple as Nettie. Ciara has received multiple accolades, including a Grammy Award, two BET Awards, the Woman of the Year award from Billboard Women in Music, two MTV Video Music Awards, seven Soul Train Awards, and thirteen Ascap Music Awards. As of 2019, Ciara's worldwide sales total over 45 million.Early lifeCiara Princess Harris was born in Fort Hood, Texas, on October 25, 1985, the only child of Jackie and Carlton Clay Harris. An army brat, she grew up in Georgia, New York, Utah, California, Arizona, and Nevada. She was named after the Revlon fragrance Ciara which was introduced in 1973. During her teens, Ciara and her family settled in College Park, Georgia, a suburb of Atlanta, where she attended North Clayton High School before graduating from Riverdale.In her mid-teens, Ciara formed the all-girl group Hearsay with two of her friends. The group recorded demos, but as time went on, they began to have differences and eventually parted ways. Despite this setback, Ciara signed a publishing deal as a songwriter.Her first writing credit was on Blu Cantrell's debut album, So Blu, for the song \"10,000 Times\". She also wrote the song \"Got Me Waiting\" for R&B singer Fantasia Barrino's debut album, Free Yourself. It was when she was writing songs that she met music producer Jazze Pha, whom she called her \"music soulmate\". In 2002, the two recorded four demos: \"1, 2 Step\", \"Thug Style\", \"Pick Up the Phone\", and \"Lookin' at You\", which all appeared on her debut album that was released two years later. \"1, 2 Step\" was the second single released from the album and it was a hit.Career2003–2005: GoodiesAfter graduating from Riverdale High School in Riverdale, Georgia, in 2003, she was signed by LaFace Records executive, L.A. Reid, whom she was introduced to by Jazze Pha. She began production on her debut album later that year. In early 2004, she wrote a demo with record producer, Sean Garrett, which came to the attention of Lil Jon and became her debut single \"Goodies\". Lil Jon stated later that he knew it would be big seeing how it sounded similar to Usher's international hit, \"Yeah!\".Ciara released her debut album Goodies on September 28, 2004. The album debuted at number three on the U.S. Billboard 200, selling 125,000 copies in its initial week and topped the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Following the release of the album, Ciara was called the \"First Lady of Crunk&B\". Goodies had a 71-week run on the Billboard 200, and was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America on October 10, 2006. Charting at twenty-two on the Canadian Albums Chart, it was certified Platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association. The album charted at 26 on the UK Albums Chart, and spent 20 weeks on the chart. It was certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry.Goodies' lead single, the title track, featuring Petey Pablo, was released on June 8, 2004. Conceived as a crunk female counterpart to Usher's \"Yeah!\", the lyrical content goes against the grain, speaking of abstinence, rejecting advances because \"the goodies will stay in the jar.\" Critics hailed it as an \"anthem of the summer\" and one of the best singles of the year, complementing its dance-feel and beat, and the irony of the \"clever\" lyrics. The single performed well worldwide, topping the charts in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom, and charting in the top 10 of other charts, receiving Platinum certification in the United States. \"1, 2 Step\" featuring Missy Elliott was released as the album's second single. The song peaked in the top 10 of many countries, topping the charts in Canada, and went on to become Platinum or Gold in many countries. \"Oh\" featuring Ludacris was released as the third single on March 5, 2005. The song performed well worldwide, appearing in the top 10 of seven charts, and certified either Platinum or Gold in multiple regions.Following the success of the album, Ciara released a CD/DVD entitled Goodies: The Videos & More in the United States on July 12, 2005, which featured remixes to \"1, 2 Step\" and \"Oh\", as well as two new songs. The release was certified platinum in the United States. She made guest appearances on Missy Elliott's single \"Lose Control\" and on Bow Wow's single \"Like You\", which both peaked at number three in the United States and obtained worldwide success. She was an opening act for Gwen Stefani's Harajuku Lovers Tour 2005 and went on tour with Chris Brown and Bow Wow on the Holiday Jam Tour in December 2005. At the 48th Annual Grammy Awards, Ciara received four nominations for Best New Artist, Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for \"1, 2 Step\", Best Rap Song for Missy Elliott's single \"Lose Control\", and won her last nomination, Best Short Form Music Video for \"Lose Control\".2006–2007: Ciara: The Evolution and acting debutOn December 5, 2006, Ciara released her second studio album, Ciara: The Evolution. According to the singer, the title of the album is \"about so much more than just my personal growth – it's about the evolution of music, the evolution of dance, the evolution of fashion.\" The source of the album's creativity such as the sound and edge comes from Ciara in general. Ciara: The Evolution became Ciara's first and only number one album on the U.S. Billboard 200, and her second number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts with sales of 338,000 in the first week. The album went on to be certified platinum by the RIAA in the United States, and has sold 1.3 million copies according to Nielsen SoundScan.The album's international lead single, \"Get Up\", which features Chamillionaire, reached number seven in the United States and gained a platinum accreditation. It reached number five in New Zealand. The song was used for the film Step Up (2006) and featured on the film's soundtrack. The album's US lead single, \"Promise\", reached number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 and became her third number one single on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. \" Like a Boy\" was released as the second international single which reached within the top 20 in the UK, Finland, France, Ireland, Sweden Switzerland, and also in the United States. The fourth and final single from the album, \"Can't Leave 'em Alone\", reached number 10 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song became Ciara's fifth single to peak in the top in New Zealand, peaking at number 4. The song achieved moderate success in other international markets.In support of the album, Ciara went on her first headlining tour in October 2006. The tour went to seventeen different clubs in cities throughout the United States. The tour was met with mixed to positive reviews; critics were divided regarding the pre-recorded backing tracks and remarked that Ciara was slightly under-prepared to host her headlining tour, but ultimately praised her energetic choreography. In August 2007, she headlined the Screamfest ' 07 tour with fellow rapper, T.I. Critics praised her performance for her gracious dancing and being able to command a sold-out arena. Ciara, along with Chris "}
{"doc_id":"doc_65","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Michael GovanMichael Govan (born 1963) is the director of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Prior to his current position, Govan worked as thedirector of the Dia Art Foundation in New York City.Early life and educationGovan was born in 1963 in North Adams, Massachusetts, and was raised in theWashington D.C. area, attending Sidwell Friends School.He majored in art history and fine arts at Williams College, where he met Thomas Krens, who was thendirector of the Williams College Museum of Art. Govan became closely involved with the museum, serving as acting curator as an undergraduate. After receivinghis B.A. from Williams in 1985, Govan began an MFA in fine arts from the University of California, San Diego.CareerAs a twenty-five year old graduate student,Govan was recruited by his former mentor at Williams, Thomas Krens, who in 1988 had been appointed director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation.Govan served as deputy director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum under Krens from 1988 to 1994, a period that culminated in the construction andopening of the Frank Gehry designed Guggenheim branch in Bilbao, Spain. Govan supervised the reinstallation of the museum's permanent collection galleriesafter its extensive renovation.Dia Art FoundationFrom 1994 to 2006, Govan was president and director of Dia Art Foundation in New York City. There, hespearheaded the conversion of a Nabisco box factory into the 300,000 square foot Dia:Beacon in New York's Hudson Valley, which houses Dia's collection of artfrom the 1960s to the present. Built in a former Nabisco box factory, the critically acclaimed museum has been credited with catalyzing a cultural and economicrevival within the formerly factory-based city of Beacon. Dia's collection nearly doubled in size during Govan's tenure, but he also came under criticism for\"needlessly and permanently\" closing Dia's West 22nd Street building. During his time at Dia, Govan also worked closely with artists James Turrell and MichaelHeizer, becoming an ardent supporter of Roden Crater and City, the artists' respective site-specific land art projects under construction in the Americansouthwest. Govan successfully lobbied Washington to have the 704,000 acres in central Nevada surrounding City declared a national monument in 2015.LACMAInFebruary 2006, a search committee composed of eleven LACMA trustees, led by the late Nancy M. Daly, recruited Govan to run the Los Angeles County Museumof Art. Govan has stated that he was drawn to the role not only because of LACMA's geographical distance from its European and east coast peers, but alsobecause of the museum's relative youth, having been established in 1961. \"I felt that because of this newness I had the opportunity to reconsider the museum,\"Govan has written, \"[and] Los Angeles is a good place to do that.\"Govan has been widely regarded for transforming LACMA into both a local and internationallandmark. Since Govan's arrival, LACMA has acquired by donation or purchase over 27,000 works for the permanent collection, and the museum's gallery spacehas almost doubled thanks to the addition of two new buildings designed by Renzo Piano, the Broad Contemporary Art Museum (BCAM) and the Lynda andStewart Resnick Pavilion. LACMA's annual attendance has grown from 600,000 to nearly 1.6 million in 2016.Artist collaborationsSince his arrival, Govan hascommissioned exhibition scenography and gallery designs in collaboration with artists. In 2006, for example, Govan invited LA artist John Baldessari to design anupcoming exhibition about the Belgian surrealist René Magritte, resulting in a theatrical show that reflected the twisted perspective of the latter's topsy-turvyworld. Baldessari has also designed LACMA's logo. Since then, Govan has also commissioned Cuban-American artist Jorge Pardo to design LACMA's Art of theAncient Americas gallery, described in the Los Angeles Times as a \"gritty cavern deep inside the earth ... crossed with a high-style urban lounge.\"Govan has alsocommissioned several large-scale public artworks for LACMA's campus from contemporary California artists. These include Chris Burden's Urban Light (2008), aseries of 202 vintage street lamps from different neighborhoods in Los Angeles, arranged in front of the entrance pavilion, Barbara Kruger's Untitled (Shafted)(2008), Robert Irwin's Primal Palm Garden (2010), and Michael Heizer's Levitated Mass, a 340-ton boulder transported 100 miles from the Jurupa Valley toLACMA, a widely publicized journey that culminated with a large celebration on Wilshire Boulevard. Thanks in part to the popularity of these public artworks,LACMA was ranked the fourth most instagrammed museum in the world in 2016.In his first three full years, the museum raised $251 million—about $100 millionmore than it collected during the three years before he arrived. In 2010, it was announced that Govan will steer LACMA for at least six more years. In a letterdated February 24, 2013, Govan, along with the LACMA board's co-chairmen Terry Semel and Andrew Gordon, proposed a merger with the financially troubledMuseum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles and a plan to raise $100 million for the combined museum.Zumthor ProjectGovan's latest project is an ambitiousbuilding project, the replacement of four of the campus's aging buildings with a single new state of the art gallery building designed by architect Peter Zumthor.As of January 2017, he has raised about $300 million in commitments. Construction is expected to begin in 2018, and the new building will open in 2023, tocoincide with the opening of the new D Line metro stop on Wilshire Boulevard. The project also envisages dissolving all existing curatorial departments anddepartmental collections. Some commentators have been highly critical of Govan's plans. Joseph Giovannini, recalling Govan's technically unrealizable onetimeplan to hang Jeff Koons' Train sculpture from the facade of the Ahmanson Gallery, has accused Govan of \"driving the institution over a cliff into an equivalentmid-air wreck of its own\". Describing the collection merging proposal as the creation of a \"giant raffle bowl of some 130,000 objects\", Giovannini also points outthat the Zumthor building will contain 33% less gallery space than the galleries it will replace, and that the linear footage of wall space available for displays willdecrease by about 7,500 ft, or 1.5 miles. Faced with losing a building named in its honor, and anticipating that its acquisitions could no longer be displayed, theAhmanson Foundation withdrew its support.On the merging of the separate curatorial divisions to create a non-departmental art museum, Christopher Knight haspointed out that \"no other museum of LACMA's size and complexity does it\" that way, and characterized the museum's 2019 \"To Rome and Back\" exhibition, thefirst to take place under the new scheme, as \"bland and ineffectual\" and an \"unsuccessful sample of what's to come\".Personal lifeGovan is married and has twodaughters, one from a previous marriage. He and his family used to live in a $6 million mansion in Hancock Park that was provided by LACMA - a benefit worth$155,000 a year, according to most recent tax filings - until LACMA decided that it would sell the property to make up for the museum's of almost $900 million indebt [2]. That home is now worth nearly $8 million and Govan now lives in a trailer park in Malibu's Point Dume region.Los Angeles CA 90020United States. Hehas had a private pilot's license since 1995 and keeps a 1979 Beechcraft Bonanza at Santa Monica Airport.Passage 2:The Seventh Company OutdoorsThe SeventhCompany Outdoors (French: La Septième Compagnie au clair de lune) is a 1977 French comedy film directed by Robert Lamoureux. It is a sequel to Now WhereDid the 7th Company Get to?.CastJean Lefebvre - PithivierPierre Mondy - ChaudardHenri Guybet - TassinPatricia Karim - Suzanne ChaudardGérard Hérold - Lecommandant GillesGérard Jugnot - GorgetonJean Carmet - M. Albert, le passeurAndré Pousse - LambertMichel BertoPassage 3:Peter LevinPeter Levin is anAmerican director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films.Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney& Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), PopeyeDoyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, forwhich she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. Hecostarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the CarnegieMellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He alsoco-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The InteractTheatre Company.Passage 4:Colin Low (filmmaker)Colin Archibald Low  (July 24, 1926 – February 24, 2016) was a Canadian animation and documentaryfilmmaker with the National Film Board of Canada (NFB). He was known as a pioneer, one of Canada's most important filmmakers, and was regularly referred toas \"the gentleman genius\". His numerous honors include five BAFTA awards, eight Cannes Film Festival awards, and six Academy Award nominations.EarlylifeLow was born and raised in Cardston, Alberta, to Gerald and Marion Low, ranchers who were members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Thetown borders the Kainai Nation (Blood Tribe), which later became the subject of two of his films; his 1960 film Circle of the Sun marked the first time the KainaiNation's sacred Sun Dance was filmed.CareerLow studied graphic design and animation at the Banff School of Fine Arts and then the Calgary Institute ofTechnology. In 1946, while he was at the latter, the National Film Board of Canada was hiring and put out a call for student submissions; one of Low's teacherssuggested that he send in his portfolio and, a week later, he was hired by the prominent NFB filmmaker Norman McLaren. McLaren placed Low under the tutelageof George Dunning, who would act as his mentor for five years. To hone his animation skills, he was also put to work with NFB animator Evelyn Lambart.Low wasrecognized as a filmmaker in 1949. In 1950, he was appointed Head of the Animation Unit. From 1972 to 1976, he was an executive producer for the NFB'sStudio C; in 1976, he became Director of Regional Production. He would stay with the NFB for the rest of his life, making 203 films and acting as a researcher andadvisor on many others. He officially retired in 1997, but continued to write about animation and large-format film, and to work on film projects.Influence onStanley Kubrick and Ken BurnsLow's 1957 documentary City of Gold made use of slow pans and zooms across archival photos and has been cited by Ken Burns as"}
{"doc_id":"doc_66","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Practical JokersPractical Jokers is a 1938 Our Gang short comedy film directed by George Sidney.  It was the 174th Our Gang short (175th episode,86th talking short, 87th talking episode, and sixth MGM produced episode) that was released.PlotHoping to get even for all the practical jokes perpetrated byneighborhood troublemaker Butch, the Gang plans to sabotage Butch's birthday party. The weapon of choice is a firecracker, which is substituted for one of thebirthday candles. Unfortunately, the kids in general and Alfalfa in particular are unable to escape from the party before the big (and tasty) explosion.CastTheGangDarla Hood as DarlaEugene Lee as PorkyGeorge McFarland as SpankyCarl Switzer as AlfalfaBillie Thomas as BuckwheatAdditional castTommy Bond asButchGary Jasgur as GarySidney Kibrick as WoimLeonard Landy as LeonardMarie Blake as Butch's motherGrace Bohanon as Party extraJoe Levine as PartyextraSee alsoOur Gang filmographyPassage 2:Henry Moore (cricketer)Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer whospent most of his life in New Zealand.Life and familyHenry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849. He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and LadyHarriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch. One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and wasknighted. Their great grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805. One of their sisters was a maid of honour to QueenVictoria.Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch. He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and theyhad one son. In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died.In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine. In 1897he married Alice Fish of Geraldine. They moved to England four years before his death in 1916.Cricket careerMoore was a right-handed middle-order batsman. Inconsecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75respectively. His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago. He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 forthe third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a \"very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence\".Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match. His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to136 for 6. The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, \"Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge insome forceful driving.\" Canterbury won again.Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of34.4. Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians. In 1896–97, at the age of 47, hetop-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team.Passage 3:John McMahon (Surrey and Somersetcricketer)John William Joseph McMahon (28 December 1917 – 8 May 2001) was an Australian-born first-class cricketer who played for Surrey and SomersetCounty Cricket Clubs in England from 1947 to 1957.Surrey cricketerMcMahon was an orthodox left-arm spin bowler with much variation in speed and flight whowas spotted by Surrey playing in club cricket in North London and brought on to the county's staff for the 1947 season at the age of 29. In the first innings of hisfirst match, against Lancashire at The Oval, he took five wickets for 81 runs.In his first full season, 1948, he was Surrey's leading wicket-taker and in the lasthome game of the season he was awarded his county cap – he celebrated by taking eight Northamptonshire wickets for 46 runs at The Oval, six of them comingin the space of 6.3 overs for seven runs. This would remain the best bowling performance of his first-class career, not surpassed, but he did equal it seven yearslater. In the following game, the last away match of the season, he took 10 Hampshire wickets for 150 runs in the match at Bournemouth. In the 1948 season asa whole, he took 91 wickets at an average of 28.07. As a tail-end left-handed batsman, he managed just 93 runs in the season at an average of 4.22.Theemergence of Tony Lock as a slow left-arm bowler in 1949 brought a stuttering end of McMahon's Surrey career. Though he played in 12 first-class matches in the1949 season, McMahon took only 19 wickets; a similar number of matches in 1950 brought 34 wickets. In 1951, he played just seven times and in 1952 onlythree times. In 1953, Lock split the first finger of his left hand, and played in only 11 of Surrey's County Championship matches; McMahon played as his deputy in14 Championship matches, though a measure of their comparative merits was that Lock's 11 games produced 67 wickets at 12.38 runs apiece, while McMahon's14 games brought him 45 wickets at the, for him, low average of 21.53. At the end of the 1953 season, McMahon was allowed to leave Surrey to join Somerset,then languishing at the foot of the County Championship and recruiting widely from other counties and other countries.Somerset cricketerSomerset's slowbowling in 1954 was in the hands of leg-spinner Johnny Lawrence, with support from the off-spin of Jim Hilton while promising off-spinner Brian Langford was onnational service. McMahon filled a vacancy for a left-arm orthodox spinner that had been there since the retirement of Horace Hazell at the end of the 1952season; Hazell's apparent successor, Roy Smith, had failed to realise his promise as a bowler in 1953, though his batting had advanced significantly.McMahoninstantly became a first-team regular and played in almost every match during his four years with the county, not missing a single Championship game until hewas controversially dropped from the side in August 1957, after which he did not play in the Championship again.In the 1954 season, McMahon, alongside fellownewcomer Hilton, was something of a disappointment, according to Wisden: \"The new spin bowlers, McMahon and Hilton, did not attain to the best standards oftheir craft in a wet summer, yet, like the rest of the attack, they would have fared better with reasonable support in the field and from their own batsmen,\" itsaid. McMahon took 85 wickets at an average of 27.47 (Hilton took only 42 at a higher average). His best match was against Essex at Weston-super-Mare wherehe took six for 96 in the first innings and five for 45 in the second to finish with match figures of 11 for 141, which were the best of his career. He was awardedhis county cap in the 1954 season, but Somerset remained at the bottom of the table.The figures for the 1955 were similar: McMahon this time took 75 wickets at28.77 apiece. There was a small improvement in his batting and the arrival of Bryan Lobb elevated McMahon to No 10 in the batting order for most of the season,and he responded with 262 runs and an average of 9.03. This included his highest-ever score, 24, made in the match against Sussex at Frome. A week later inSomerset's next match, he equalled his best-ever bowling performance, taking eight Kent wickets for 46 runs in the first innings of a match at Yeovil throughwhat Wisden called \"clever variation of flight and spin\". These matches brought two victories for Somerset, but there were only two others in the 1955 season andthe side finished at the bottom of the Championship for the fourth season running.At the end of the 1955 season, Lawrence retired and McMahon becameSomerset's senior spin bowler for the 1956 season, with Langford returning from National Service as the main support. McMahon responded with his mostsuccessful season so far, taking 103 wickets at an average of 25.57, the only season in his career in which he exceeded 100 wickets. The bowling averageimproved still further in 1957 to 23.10 when McMahon took 86 wickets. But his season came to an abrupt end in mid-August 1957 when, after 108 consecutiveChampionship matches, he was dropped from the first team during the Weston-super-Mare festival. Though he played some games for the second eleven later inAugust, he regained his place in the first team for only a single end-of-season friendly match, and he was told that his services were not required for the future, adecision, said Wisden, that \"proved highly controversial\".Sacked by SomersetThe reason behind McMahon's sacking did not become public knowledge for manyyears. In its obituary of him in 2002, McMahon was described by Wisden as \"a man who embraced the antipodean virtues of candour and conviviality\". It went on:\"Legend tells of a night at the Flying Horse Inn in Nottingham when he beheaded the gladioli with an ornamental sword, crying: 'When Mac drinks, everybodydrinks!'\" The obituary recounts a further escapade in second eleven match at Midsomer Norton where a curfew imposed on the team was circumvented by \"aPOW-type loop\" organised by McMahon, \"with his team-mates escaping through a ground-storey window and then presenting themselves again\". As the onlySomerset second eleven match that McMahon played in at Midsomer Norton was right at the end of the 1957 season, this may have been the final straw. But inany case there had been \"an embarrassing episode at Swansea's Grand Hotel\" earlier in the season, also involving Jim Hilton, who was also dismissed at the endof the season. Team-mates and club members petitioned for McMahon to be reinstated, but the county club was not to be moved.After a period in LancashireLeague cricket with Milnrow Cricket Club, McMahon moved back to London where he did office work, later contributing some articles to cricket magazines.==Notes and references ==Passage 4:Hartley LobbanHartley W Lobban (9 May 1926 – 15 October 2004) was a Jamaican-born first-class cricketer who played 17matches for Worcestershire in the early 1950s.Life and careerLobban played little cricket in Jamaica. He went to England at the end of World War II as a memberof the Royal Air Force, and settled in Kidderminster in Worcestershire in 1947, where he worked as a civilian lorry driver for the RAF. He began playing forKidderminster Cricket Club in the Birmingham League, and at the start of the 1952 season, opening the bowling for the club's senior team, he had figures of 7 for9 and 7 for 37.Worcestershire invited him to play for them, and he made his first-class debut against Sussex in July 1952. He took five wickets in the match (hismaiden victim being Ken Suttle) and then held on for 4 not out with Peter Richardson (20 not out) to add the 12 runs needed for a one-wicket victory after hiscounty had collapsed from 192 for 2 to 238 for 9. A week later he claimed four wickets against Warwickshire, then a few days later still he managed 6 for 52 (fiveof his victims bowled) in what was otherwise a disastrous innings defeat to Derbyshire. In the last match of the season he took a career-best 6 for 51 againstGlamorgan; he and Reg Perks (4 for 59) bowled unchanged throughout the first innings. Worcestershire won the game and Lobban finished the season with 23"}
{"doc_id":"doc_67","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Slaughter RuleThe Slaughter Rule is a 2002 independent film directed by Alex Smith and Andrew J. Smith and starring Ryan Gosling and DavidMorse.  The film, set in contemporary Montana, explores the relationship between a small-town high school football player (Gosling), and his troubled coach(Morse). The film was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize at the 2002 Sundance Film Festival.PlotRoy Chutney is a high school senior in the fictional Montanatown of Blue Springs. Roy does not have an especially close relationship with his mother Evangeline and has not seen his father in years. That does not preventRoy from feeling emotionally devastated when he learns that his father has killed himself, and Roy's self-esteem takes a beating when he is cut from the highschool football team shortly afterward. Roy whiles away his time by swilling beer with his best friend, Tracy Two Dogs, and falling into a romance with Skyla, abarmaid at a local tavern, but Roy's short time on the high school gridiron seems to have impressed Gideon Ferguson, a local character who coaches anunsanctioned high school six-man football team when he is not delivering newspapers or trying to score a gig singing country songs at nearbyhonky-tonks.Gideon thinks that Roy has potential and asks him to join his team; encouraged by Gideon's belief in him, Roy agrees, and he persuades Tracy andhis friend Russ to tag along. While playing hardscrabble six-man football helps restore Roy's self-confidence, he finds it does not answer his questions about hisfuture or his relationship with Skyla. When Gideon's overwhelming interest in Roy begins to lend credence to town rumors that Gideon is gay, Roy starts towonder just why he was asked to join the team.CastRyan Gosling as Roy ChutneyDavid Morse as Gideon FergusonClea DuVall as Skyla SiscoKelly Lynch asEvangeline ChutneyDavid Cale as StudebakerEddie Spears as Tracy Two DogsAmy Adams as DoreenKen White as Russ ColfaxProductionJay Farrar, founder of thealternative country bands Uncle Tupelo and Son Volt, composed the film's musical score. New songs were written and performed by Vic Chesnutt and Freakwater,and existing songs by Ryan Adams, Uncle Tupelo, and the Pernice Brothers were also included.Filming for the movie largely took place in Great Falls, Montana,and a series of small towns in the Great Falls vicinity.The title of the film comes from the term \"slaughter rule.\" The unofficial rule provides for an athleticcompetition's premature conclusion if one team is ahead of the other by a certain number of points prior to game's end. The rule helps to avoid humiliating thelosing team further.ReleaseThe film premiered in January 2002 during the Sundance Film Festival. Later that year, the film entered the South by Southwest FilmFestival and the AFI Film Festival. It went into limited release nationwide beginning January 2003.Critical receptionOn review aggregator website RottenTomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 74% based on 31 reviews, and an average rating of 5.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"A bleak butoriginal indie, The Slaughter Rule benefits from outstanding performances by Ryan Gosling and David Morse.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted averagescore of 65 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".While the performances by Morse and Gosling were generally receivedpositively, some reviews of the film criticized the script. Reviewing the film for The New York Times, Stephen Holden praised the performances of Gosling andMorse, but opined that the film is \"confused\" and \"doesn't have much dramatic momentum\". In her review for the Los Angeles Times, Manohla Dargis praised thefilm's cinematography but wrote that although the film has the virtue of sincerity, the story is \"over-explained\".Joe Leydon of Variety claimed the script \"plays likea first draft\". However, Marjorie Baumgarten of The Austin Chronicle thought that the \"writing and directing team of twin brothers Alex and Andrew Smith havemade an astonishingly good first feature\". J. R. Jones, writing in Chicago Reader, described the film as \"powerful\" and especially praised David Morse'sperformance.AccoladesThe film received the FIPRESCI Prize at the 2002 Stockholm Film Festival and the Milagro Award at the 2002 Santa Fe Film Festival. Thefilm was also nominated for the John Cassavetes Award at the 2003 Film Independent Spirit Awards and the Grand Jury Prize at the 2002 Sundance FilmFestival.See alsoList of American football filmsPassage 2:It's Never Too Late (1956 film)It's Never Too Late is a 1956 British comedy film directed by MichaelMcCarthy and starring Phyllis Calvert, Patrick Barr, Susan Stephen and Guy Rolfe. It was based on a 1952 play of the same name by Felicity Douglas.PlotFeelingher combative family has long taken her for granted, genteel British housewife Laura Hammond somehow finds time to write a film script amidst the chaos of herhome life. Her work catches the attention of a Hollywood producer, and Laura unexpectedly finds herself the author of a hit film. She also finds she can only writewhen she's surrounded by her dysfunctional family. Eventually, Laura must choose between being a highly paid writer and celebrity or a housewife.CastPhyllisCalvert as Laura HammondPatrick Barr as Charles HammondSusan Stephen as Tessa HammondGuy Rolfe as Stephen HodgsonJean Taylor Smith as GrannieSarahLawson as Anne HammondDelphi Lawrence as Mrs Madge DixonPeter Hammond as TonyRichard Leech as John HammondRobert Ayres as Leroy CranePeter Illingas GuggenheimerIrene Handl as NeighbourSam Kydd UncreditedFred Griffiths as Removal Man (uncredited)Critical receptionTV Guide noted, \"some clevermoments, but the film suffers from a staginess that makes it a mildly amusing comedy at best\" ; while the Radio Times found it \"an amiable comedy...This is verymuch of its time, with its West End origins masked by skilful art direction, but the period cast is a British film fan's delight: Guy Rolfe, Patrick Barr, SusanStephen, Irene Handl, and even a young Shirley Anne Field. Director Michael McCarthy whips up a fair old storm in this particular teacup, and, although nothingreally happens, there's a great deal of pleasure to be had from watching Calvert attempt to rule over her unruly household.\"Passage 3:Never Too Late (1997film)Never Too Late is a 1996 Canadian comedy-drama film starring Olympia Dukakis, Jean Lapointe, Cloris Leachman and Corey Haim. It was filmed in Montreal,Quebec.Plot summaryJoseph, Rose, and Olive suspect Carl, the owner of a retirement home, of misusing the funds of the home's residents. Together they set outto see that no one takes advantage of their unhealthy friend Woody.CastOlympia Dukakis as RoseCloris Leachman as OliveJan Rubeš as JosephMatt Craven asCarlJean Lapointe as WoodyCorey Haim as MaxAwardsAt the 17th Genie Awards in 1996, Paola Ridolfi received a nomination for Best Art Direction/ProductionDesign, and Donald Martin was nominated for Best Original Screenplay.Passage 4:Never Too Late (1935 film)Never Too Late is a 1935 American crime filmdirected by Bernard B. Ray and stars Richard Talmadge, Thelma White and Robert Frazer.PlotCastRichard Talmadge as Det. Dick ManningThelma White as HelenLloydRobert Frazer as Commissioner George HartleyMildred Harris as Marie Lloyd HartleyVera Lewis as Mother HartleyRobert Walker as Matt Dunning - Henchmanbidding at auctionGeorge Chesebro as Dude Hannigan - Second Henchman At AuctionBull Montana as Monte, an escaped convictPaul Ellis as Lavelle, the jewelthiefLloyd Ingraham as Chief of Detectives WinterPassage 5:It's Never Too Late to MendIt's Never Too Late to Mend (alternatively just Never Too Late to Mend;US release title Never Too Late) is a 1937 British melodrama film directed by David MacDonald and starring Tod Slaughter, Jack Livesey and Marjorie Taylor. Inthe film, a villainous squire and Justice of the Peace conspires to have his rival in love arrested on false charges.It is based on the 1856 novel It Is Never Too Lateto Mend by Charles Reade. The film was made at Shepperton Studios as a quota quickie for release by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It was popular enough to bere-released in 1942.The novel was adapted once before, as a British silent film in 1922, starring Russell Thorndike as Squire Meadows.Plot summaryCastTodSlaughter as Squire John MeadowsJack Livesey as Tom RobinsonMarjorie Taylor as Susan MertonIan Colin as George FieldingLaurence Hanray as LawyerCrawleyD.J. Williams as Farmer MertonRoy Russell as Reverend Mr. EdenJohn Singer as Matthew JosephsLeonard Sharp as BradshawMavis Villiers as BettyCecilBevan as Prison InspectorDouglas Stewart as Prison InspectorJack Vyvian as InnkeeperCritical receptionTV Guide wrote, \"Great fun in the old cloak-and-daggermelodrama style...Played in an exaggerated, bigger-than-life manner, this melodrama is a good enough outing, particularly for fans of camp.\" and Sky Movieswrote, \"As usual, Tod Slaughter ignores the intimacy of the film medium and roars through this movie at full throttle, giving the kind of marvellously stormingperformance that would easily have reached the back row of the upper circle...David MacDonald is more a referee than a conventional director, coming up with ahighly entertaining slice of ripe and fruity hokum.\"Passage 6:Alex Smith (golfer)Alexander Smith (28 January 1874 – 21 April 1930) was a Scottish-Americanprofessional golfer who played in the late 19th and early 20th century. He was a member of a famous Scottish golfing family. His brother Willie won the U.S. Openin 1899, and Alex won it in both 1906 and 1910. Like many British professionals of his era he spent much of his adult life working as a club professional in theUnited States.Early lifeSmith was born in Carnoustie, Scotland, on 28 January 1874, the son of John D. Smith and Joann Smith née Robinson. On 18 January1895 he was married to Jessie Maiden—sister of James Maiden—and they had two daughters, Fannie and Margaret, born in 1896 and 1899, respectively. Smithwas sometimes referred to as \"Alec\" Smith, especially early in his career.Golf careerHe was the head professional at Nassau Country Club in Glen Cove, New York,from 1901 through 1909. James Maiden, who would forge a successful golf career of his own, served as assistant professional under Smith at Nassau.In 1901,Smith lost to Willie Anderson in a playoff for the U.S. Open title. Smith's 1906 U.S. Open victory came at the Onwentsia Club in Lake Forest, Illinois. His 72-holescore of 295 was the lowest at either the U.S. Open or the British Open up to that time, and he won $300. The 1910 U.S. Open was played over the St. Martin'scourse at the Philadelphia Cricket Club. Smith won a three-man playoff against American John McDermott and another of his own brothers, Macdonald Smith.Alex Smith played in eighteen U.S. Opens in total and accumulated eleven top ten placings.Smith, who partnered with C. A. Dunning in the 1905 MetropolitanOpen four-ball tournament held on 16 September 1905 at Fox Hills Golf Club on Staten Island, tied for first place with George Low and Fred Herreshoff with ascore of 71. A playoff wasn't held due to the fact that Smith was also competing in the medal competition which he won from Willie Anderson.Smith also won the"}
{"doc_id":"doc_68","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Roy Rowland (film director)Roy Rowland (December 31, 1910 – June 29, 1995) was an American film director. The New York-born director helmed anumber of films in the 1950s and 1960s including Our Vines Have Tender Grapes, Meet Me in Las Vegas, Rogue Cop, The 5000 Fingers of Doctor T, and The GirlHunters. Rowland married Ruth Cummings, the niece of Louis B. Mayer and sister of Jack Cummings (MGM producer/director). They had one son, Steve Rowland,born in 1932, who later became a music producer in the UK.BiographyEarly lifeRoy Rowland was born in Brooklyn, the son of Russian Jewish immigrants. Thefamily moved to Edendale, California, when Roy was ten. He graduated from the University of Southern California with a law degree before beginning his career atMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) as a script clerk. He then began working as a prop man, grip, and assistant cameraman. In 1927 he met Ruth Cummings at theSanta Monica Beach Club. She was the niece of Louis B. Mayer and the sister of producer Jack Cummings. Her family disapproved of Rowlands, so they eloped.This resulted in Rowland being blacklisted. But Ruth Cummings arranged a rapprochement with Mayer.He was assistant director on most of the Tarzan films,starring Johnny Weissmuller in the 1930s.Short filmsRowland made his reputation directing short films, particularly the \"How to\" series of shorts starring RobertBenchley. One of them, How to Sleep (1937), won an Academy Award. He also worked with producer Pete Smith as the director of several of the short films in thePete Smith Specialties series, and directed several of the short films in the Crime Does Not Pay series.FeaturesRowland's debut feature was A Stranger in Town(1943). He made three films with the child actress Margaret O'Brien: Lost Angel (1943), Our Vines Have Tender Grapes (1945), and Tenth Avenue Angel (1948).He also directed musicals such as Hit the Deck (1955), Meet Me in Las Vegas (1956), and The Seven Hills of Rome (1957). He also made The 5,000 Fingers of Dr.T. (1953), from a story by Dr. Seuss. He directed Many Rivers to Cross with Robert Taylor and Gun Glory (1957) with Stewart Granger and Rowland's sonSteve.Rowland was survived by his wife Ruth and their son.Partial filmographyHollywood Party (1934) – co-directorSunkist Stars at Palm Springs (1936) –shortCinema Circus (1937) – shortHollywood Party (1937) – shortSong of Revolt (1937) – shortHow to Start the Day (1937) – shortA Night at the Movies (1937)– short film with Robert BenchleyMusic Made Simple (1938) – shortAn Evening Alone (1938) – shortHow to Raise a Baby (1938) – shortThe Courtship of the Newt(1938) – shortHow to Read (1938) – shortHow to Watch Football (1938) – shortOpening Day (1938) – shortMental Poise (1938) – shortHow to Sub-Let (1939) –shortAn Hour for Lunch (1939) – shortDark Magic (1939) – shortHome Early (1939) – shortHow to Eat (1939) – shortThink First (1939) – shortJack Pot (1940) –shortPlease Answer (1940) – short (documentary)You, the People (1940) – shortSucker List (1941) – shortChanged Identity (1941) – shortA Stranger in Town(1943)Lost Angel (1943)Our Vines Have Tender Grapes (1945)Boys' Ranch (1946)The Romance of Rosy Ridge (1947)Killer McCoy (1947)Tenth Avenue Angel(1948)Scene of the Crime (1949)The Outriders (1950)Two Weeks with Love (1950)Excuse My Dust (1951)Bugles in the Afternoon (1952)The 5,000 Fingers of Dr.T (1953)Affair with a Stranger (1953)The Moonlighter (1953)Rogue Cop (1954)Witness to Murder (1954)Light's Diamond Jubilee (1954, TV special, with six otherdirectors)Many Rivers to Cross (1955)Hit the Deck (1955)Meet Me in Las Vegas (1956)These Wilder Years (1956)Slander (1956)Gun Glory (1957)Seven Hills ofRome (1957)The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp (1959–60, TV series) – also producerThe Girl Hunters (1963) – also writerGunfighters of Casa Grande (1964)ManCalled Gringo (1965)The Sea Pirate (1966) – also producerIl grande colpo di Surcouf (1966)Land Raiders (1970) – associate producer onlyPassage2:QuerelleQuerelle is a 1982 West German-French English-language arthouse film directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder and starring Brad Davis, adapted fromFrench author Jean Genet's 1947 novel Querelle of Brest. It was Fassbinder's last film, released shortly after his death at the age of 37.PlotThe plot centers on thehandsome Belgian sailor Georges Querelle, who is also a thief and murderer. When his ship, Le Vengeur, arrives in Brest, he visits the Feria, a bar and brothel forsailors run by the Madame Lysiane, whose lover, Robert, is Querelle's brother. Querelle has a love/hate relationship with his brother: when they meet at La Feria,they embrace, but also punch one another slowly and repeatedly in the belly. Lysiane's husband Nono works behind the bar and also manages La Feria'sunderhanded affairs with the assistance of his friend, the corrupt police captain Mario.Querelle makes a deal to sell opium to Nono. During the execution of thedeal, he murders his accomplice Vic by slitting his throat.  After delivering the drugs, Querelle announces that he wants to sleep with Lysiane.  He knows that thismeans he will have to throw dice with Nono, who has the privilege of playing a game of chance with all of her prospective lovers. If Nono loses, the suitor isallowed to proceed with his affair. If the suitor loses, however, he must submit to anal sex with Nono first, according to Nono's maxim that \"That way, I can saymy wife only sleeps with arseholes.\" Querelle deliberately loses the game, allowing himself to be sodomized by Nono. When Nono gloats about Querelle's \"loss\" toRobert, who won his dice game, the brothers end up in a violent fight.  Later, Querelle becomes Lysiane's lover, and also has sex with Mario.Luckily for Querelle,a builder, Gil, murders his work mate Theo, who had been harassing and sexually assaulting him.  Gil hides from the police in an abandoned prison, and Roger,who is in love with Gil, establishes contact between Querelle and Gil in the hopes that Querelle can help Gil flee. Querelle falls in love with Gil, who closelyresembles his brother.  Gil returns his affections, but Querelle betrays Gil by tipping off the police. Querelle cleverly arranged it so that the murder of Vic is alsoblamed on Gil.Querelle's superior, Lieutenant Seblon, is in love with Querelle, and constantly tries to prove his manliness to him. Seblon is aware that Querellemurdered Vic, but chooses to protect him.  Later, Seblon reveals his love and concern to a drunken Querelle, and they kiss and embrace before returning to LeVengeur.CastBrad Davis as QuerelleFranco Nero as Lieutenant SeblonJeanne Moreau as LysianeLaurent Malet as Roger BatailleHanno Pöschl as Robert /GilGünther Kaufmann as NonoBurkhard Driest as MarioRoger Fritz as MarcellinDieter Schidor as Vic RivetteNatja Brunckhorst as PauletteWerner Asam asWorkerAxel Bauer as WorkerNeil Bell as TheoRobert van Ackeren as Drunken legionnaireWolf Gremm as Drunken legionnaireFrank Ripploh as DrunkenlegionnaireProductionAccording to Genet's biographer Edmund White, Querelle was originally going to be made by Werner Schroeter, with a scenario by BurkhardDriest, and produced by Dieter Schidor. However, Schidor could not find the money to finance a film by Schroeter, and therefore turned to other directors,including John Schlesinger and Sam Peckinpah, before finally settling on Fassbinder. Driest wrote a radically different script for Fassbinder, who then \"took thelinear narrative and jumbled it up\". White quotes Schidor as saying \"Fassbinder did something totally different, he took the words of Genet and tried to meditateon something other than the story. The story became totally unimportant for him. He also said publicly that the story was a sort of third-rate police story thatwouldn't be worth making a movie about without putting a particular moral impact into it\".Schroeter had wanted to make a black and white film with amateuractors and location shots, but Fassbinder instead shot it with professional actors in a lurid, expressionist color, and on sets in the studio. Edmund White commentsthat the result is a film in which, \"Everything is bathed in an artificial light and the architectural elements are all symbolic.\"SoundtrackJeanne Moreau – \"Each ManKills the Things He Loves\" (music by Peer Raben, lyrics from Oscar Wilde's poem \"The Ballad of Reading Gaol\")\"Young and Joyful Bandit\" (Music by Peer Raben,lyrics by Jeanne Moreau)Both songs were nominated to the 1984 Razzie Awards for \"Worst Original Song\".ReleaseQuerelle sold more than 100,000 tickets in thefirst three weeks after its release in Paris, the first time that a film with a gay theme had achieved such success. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, whichcategorizes reviews as positive or negative only, the film has an approval rating of 57% calculated based on 14 critics comments. By comparison, with the sameopinions being calculated using a weighted arithmetic mean, the rating is 6.10/10. Writing for The New York Times critic Vincent Canby noted that Querelle was \"amess...a detour that leads to a dead end.\"Penny Ashbrook calls Querelle Fassbinder's \"perfect epitaph: an intensely personal statement that is the mostuncompromising portrayal of gay male sensibility to come from a major filmmaker.\" Edmund White considers Querelle the only film based on Genet's book thatworks, calling it \"visually as artificial and menacing as Genet's prose.\" Genet, in discussion with Schidor, said that he had not seen the film, commenting \"Youcan't smoke at the movies.\"Passage 3:Angna EntersAnita \"Angna\" Enters (April 18, 1897 – February 25, 1989) was an American dancer, mime, painter, writer,novelist and playwright. She studied at the Art Students League of New York and was a 1934 Guggenheim fellow. She wrote a novel and three autobiographies aswell as the films Lost Angel (1943) and Tenth Avenue Angel (1948).Early lifeEnters was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and graduated from North Division HighSchool in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. She saw the first Denishawn concert tour in 1925, and the following year, an American tour of Sergei Diaghilev's Les BalletsRusses.Emergence as a dancerEnters moved to New York to study at the Art Students League of New York in 1920, and began to study dance with Michio Itō thefollowing year, eventually performing as Michio's partner in 1933. That year she created her first piece, an evocation of a statue of a Gothic Virgin, entitledEcclesiastique. The piece later became Moyen Age. In 1934, she borrowed $25 with which to present her first solo program at the Greenwich Village Theater. Hersolo program, The Theatre of Angna Enters, toured the United States and Europe until 1939 and was performed, though less often, until 1960. In 1934, Enterswas awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship to study Hellenistic art forms in Athens, Greece.Visual artistEnters created a large body of visual art, including sketches,landscape drawings, archaeological studies, costume plates, water colors and oil portraits. Many of her sketches and paintings were exhibited in the United Statesand Europe. Her sketches were often costume designs for characters of her mime performances or set designs for plays. The Metropolitan Museum of Art in NewYork holds selected works by Enters, as do other museums.Personal lifeEnters met journalist Louis Kantor in 1921. The two began dating secretly in 1924, wed"}
{"doc_id":"doc_69","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Infanta Adelgundes, Duchess of GuimarãesInfanta Adelgundes, Duchess of Guimarães (10 November 1858 – 15 April 1946) was the fifth child andfourth daughter of Miguel of Portugal and his wife Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg. A member of the House of Braganza by birth, Adelgundes becamea member of the House of Bourbon-Parma through her marriage to Prince Henry of Bourbon-Parma, Count of Bardi. She was also the Regent of the MonarchicRepresentation of Portugal and for that reason assumed the title of Duchess of Guimarães, usually reserved for the Head of the House.Early lifeAdelgundes deJesus Maria Francisca de Assis e de Paula Adelaide Eulália Leopoldina Carlota Micaela Rafaela Gabriela Gonzaga Inês Isabel Avelina Ana Estanislau SofiaBernardina, Infanta de Portugal, Duquesa de Guimarães, was born in Bronnbach, Wertheim, Germany. Her father died on November 14, 1866, a few days afterher eighth birthday, and Adelgundes and her siblings were educated in a Catholic and conservative environment by their mother. Her maternal uncle, Prince Carlzu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg, was like a second father to the children.MarriageAdelgundes married Prince Henry of Bourbon-Parma, Count of Bardi, fourthchild and youngest son of Charles III, Duke of Parma and his wife Princess Louise Marie Thérèse of France, on 15 October 1876 in Salzburg, Austria-Hungary.Henry, who was 25 years old, had been previously married to Princess Luisa Immacolata of the Two Sicilies, who had died three months after their marriage atthe age of 19 in 1874. Henry had taken part in the Carlist war and fought in the Battle of Lacar. War wounds turned him into an invalid.Their union produced noissue, as her nine pregnancies all ended in miscarriages. The failed pregnancies, the last of which she suffered in 1890, were a source of great grief to the couple.They divided their time between the Castle of Seebenstein in Austria and the Ca' Vendramin Calergi in Venice. After almost 30 years of marriage, Adelgundesbecame a widow in 1905.She was close to her many nephews and nieces, particularly Grand Duchess Marie-Adélaïde of Luxembourg, from the time of herabdication to her early death.. The composer, Richard Wagner died of a heart attack at the age of 69 on 13 February 1883 at Ca' Vendramin Calergi, a16th-century palazzo on the Grand Canal as a guest of Prince Henry, Count of Bardi and Infanta Adelgundes.Regent-in-absentiaBetween 1920 and 1928,Adelgundes acted as the regent-in-absentia on behalf of her nephew and Miguelist claimant to the Portuguese throne, Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza, who wasonly twelve years old when his father Miguel renounced his claim to the throne in his favor. At the beginning of her regency in 1920, Adelgundes assumed the titleof Duchess of Guimarães. In 1921 she authored a manifesto outlining the House of Braganza's goals for the restoration of the Portuguese monarchy. During herregency, the ex-King Manuel II of Portugal agreed that owing to an heir, the rights of succession could pass to Duarte Nuno (although Duarte Nuno's grandfatherMiguel I of Portugal was excluded from the throne and the Miguelist line deprived of its dynastic rights of succession). But Infanta Adelgundes failing to get anagreement mentioning the reestablishment of a traditional monarchy, the Integralists withheld their support to an accord, and on September 1925,  Adelgundes,in a letter to King Manuel, repudiated the incomplete agreement. Since any pact resolved the issue of succession (former Dover Pact and Paris Pact having beenboth repudiated) and without known documents, there was no direct heir to the defunct throne, but at the death of King Manuel, however, the monarchistIntegralismo Lusitano movement acclaimed Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza as King of Portugal. Duarte Nuno lived with Adelgundes at Seebenstein until theGerman occupation of Austria when the whole family relocated to Bern, Switzerland, where she died in Gunten on 15 April 1946 at age 87.AncestryPassage2:Carlota Joaquina of SpainDoña Carlota Joaquina Teresa Cayetana of Spain (25 April 1775 – 7 January 1830) was Queen of Portugal and Brazil as the wife ofKing Dom John VI. She was the daughter of King Don Charles IV of Spain and Maria Luisa of Parma.Detested by the Portuguese court — where she was called\"the Shrew of Queluz\" (Portuguese: a Megera de Queluz) — Carlota Joaquina gradually won the antipathy of the people, who accused her of promiscuity andinfluencing her husband in favor of the interests of the Spanish crown. After the escape of the Portuguese court to Brazil, she began conspiring against herhusband, claiming that he had no mental capacity to govern Portugal and its possessions, thus wanting to establish a regency. She also planned to usurp theSpanish crown that was in the hands of Napoleon's brother, Joseph Bonaparte.After the marriage in 1817 of her son Pedro with the Archduchess Leopoldina ofAustria and the later return of the royal family to Portugal in 1821, Carlota Joaquina was confined in the Royal Palace of Queluz, where she died alone andabandoned by her children on 7 January, 1830.LifeChildhoodBorn in the Royal Palace of Aranjuez on 25 April 1775 as the second (but eldest surviving) child ofCharles, Prince of Asturias, and his wife Maria Luisa of Parma, she was baptized with the names of Carlota Joaquina Teresa Cayetana, but she was called only byher first name, Carlota, a name that honored both her father and paternal grandfather, King Charles III of Spain—Carlota was his favorite granddaughter. Despitethe rigidity of her education and court etiquette, the Infanta was described as mischievous and playful.She received a rigid and deeply Catholic education, withbases in the fields of study of religion, geography, painting, and riding (Carlota's favorite sport). The closed and austere temperament of the Spanish monarchyimposed on the family and on the whole court rigid norms of behavior and etiquette. King Charles III, a man of reserved behavior, devoted more time to hisfamily than to the animations of the courtesan life, where his daughter-in-law Maria Luisa took an active part. Carlota's mother soon assumed the organization ofentertainments at court, with luxurious parties, where morals were easily forgotten. Soon the Princess of Asturias' image would be linked to that of a promiscuouswoman who betrayed her husband to other men. Among them, possibly, was the Prime Minister Manuel Godoy, whose alleged love affair was widely explored bythe press at the time. Not even the successive pregnancies and long-hoped birth of a living male heir to the throne in 1784 saved Maria Luísa from the contemptof the population. She would go down in history as one of the most unpopular queens in Spain and her bad reputation deeply affected her children, especiallyCarlota, the firstborn daughter.MarriageThe subject of Carlota Joaquina's marriage was arranged by both King Charles III and his sister Mariana Victoria, DowagerQueen of Portugal, in the late 1770s when Mariana went to Spain to encourage diplomatic relations between the estranged countries. Carlota Joaquina was tomarry Infante John, Duke of Beja (youngest grandson of Mariana Victoria), and Infante Gabriel of Spain (Carlota Joaquina's paternal uncle) was to marry InfantaMariana Vitória of Portugal (only surviving granddaughter and namesake of the Dowager Queen of Portugal).Carlota's apprenticeship would be tested when sheunderwent a series of public examinations in front of the Spanish court and Portuguese ambassadors sent on behalf of Queen Maria I of Portugal to evaluate thequalities of the princess destined to marry her second son. In October 1785, the Gazeta of Lisbon published an account of the tests:\"Everything has satisfied socompletely that one can not express the admiration which such a vast instruction ought to cause at such a tender age: but...the decided talent with which Godhas endowed this most serene Lady, her prodigious memory, understanding and that everything is possible, especially with the awakening and capacity withwhich the above-mentioned master promotes such useful and glorious applications.\"Having proven the talent of the bride, there was therefore no impediment tothe union with the Portuguese prince, so on 8 May 1785 was celebrated the proxy marriage; three days later, on 11 May, the 10-year-old Carlota Joaquina andher retinue left Spain for Lisbon. On the day she left the Spanish court, Carlota Joaquina asked her mother to make a painting of her in a red dress to place on thewall, instead of the painting of Infanta Margaret Theresa of Spain (which Carlota Joaquina claimed to be more beautiful). As a part of the infanta cortege wereFather Felipe Scio, famous Spanish theologian and scholar, Emília O'Dempsy, as lady-in-waiting, and Anna Miquelina, personal maid of Carlota Joaquina. Theofficial wedding ceremony between Infante John of Portugal and Carlota Joaquina took place on 9 June 1785; she was only 10 years old while her husband was18. Due to the bride's young age, the consummation of the union was delayed until 9 January 1790, when Carlota Joaquina was then able to conceive and bearchildren.Life in the Portuguese courtNevertheless, the climate in the Braganza court differed in many respects from that of the cheerful Spanish court. While inother parts of the Europe they represented the mark of a new society based on the Age of Enlightenment principles, in Portugal the Catholic Church still imposednorms prohibiting all types of amusement. The dramatization of comedies was banned, including the performance of dances and parties. The reign of Queen MariaI was marked by the rise of a conservative group of the nobility and clergy of Portugal; an extremely \"boredom\" environment, as defined by Dowager QueenMariana Victoria (Carlota Joaquina's great-aunt). In this way, Carlota Joaquina found herself in the midst of a very religious and austere environment, in contrastto the extravagance and the faust to which she was accustomed. Despite this, her relationship with her mother-in-law was very tender, as the letters exchangedbetween them proved. The joy and vivacity of Carlota were responsible for the rare hours of relaxation of the Queen.Her more liberal habits and customs differedin many ways from that of other women at court. Quite traditional in relation to female behavior, Portuguese men disapproved of the ease with which CarlotaJoaquina transited in public space, her performance in the political field and her distemper in the family routine. Since most Portuguese women were deprived ofsocial life, Carlota Joaquina's offending behavior allowed some malicious rumors about her in the court. Some of them were prejudiced, like the Duchess ofAbrantès, wife of the French General Junot, who later invaded Portugal. During her time in Lisbon, Madame Junot had ridiculed Carlota Joaquina both for hermanner of acting and for her dressing, and she had slain her as an extremely ugly woman.Princess of BrazilIn 1788, when his eldest brother Joseph, Prince ofBrazil died, Infante John became the first in line to his mother's throne. Soon he received the titles Prince of Brazil and 15th Duke of Braganza. Between 1788 and1816, Carlota Joaquina was known as Princess of Brazil as the wife of the heir-apparent of the Portuguese throne. Some scholars believe that she has had a rough"}
{"doc_id":"doc_70","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Melis AbzalovMelis Abzalov (Uzbek: Melis Abzalov, Мелис Абзалов; Russian: Мелис Абзалов; November 18, 1938  – October 26, 2016) was an Uzbekactor, film director, screenwriter, and film producer. His most famous films include Suyunchi (1982), Kelinlar qo\u0000zg\u0000oloni (1984), Armon (1986), and O\u0000tgankunlar (1997).Abzalov is celebrated as one of the founders and prominent members of the Uzbek film making industry. During his lifetime, he received manyhonorary titles and awards, including the title Meritorious Artist of Uzbekistan (1987).Life and workMelis Oripovich Abzalov was born on November 18, 1938, inYangiyul, then the Uzbek SSR. He graduated from the Ostrovsky Tashkent Theatre Arts Institute in 1961. A year later, in 1962, he started working at Uzbekfilm.He died on October 26, 2016, in Stockholm.FilmographyAs directorChinor tagidagi duel (Russian: Дуэль под чинарой) (The Duel under a PlaneTree)  (1979)Suyunchi (Russian: Бабушка-генерал) (1982)Kelinlar qo\u0000zg\u0000oloni (Russian: Бунт невесток) (The Rebellion of the Brides) (1985)Armon (Russian:Уходя, остаются) (Sorrow) (1986)Maysaraning ishi (Russian: Восточная плутовка) (The Case of Maysara) (1989)O\u0000tgan kunlar (Russian: Минувшие дни)(Days Gone By) (1997)Chimildiq (1999)Meshpolvon (2000)Baribir hayot go\u0000zal (Russian: Жизнь прекрасна или киллер поневоле) (After All, Life is Good)(2004)Sirli sirtmoq (The Secret Trap) (2008)Ta\u0000ziyadagi to\u0000y (Russian: Свадьба на поминках) (The Wedding at a Funeral) (2010)As actorLaylak keldi, yozbo\u0000ldi (Russian: Белые, белые аисты) (White Storks) (1966) (not credited)Влюбленные (The Lovers) (1969)Седьмая пуля (The Seventh Bullet) (1972)Встречии расставания (Meetings and Partings) (1973)Поклонник (The Worshiper) (1973)Ты, песня моя (You, My Song) (1975)Inson qushlar ortidan boradi (Russian:Человек уходит за птицами) (Man is after the Birds) (1975)Далекие близкие годы (Far, Near Years) (1976)Птицы наших надежд (The Birds of Our Hopes)(1976)Седьмой джинн (The Seventh Genie) (1976)Буйный «Лебедь» (The Wild \"Swan\") (1977)Qo\u0000qon voqeasi (Russian: Это было в Коканде) (This Happenedin Kokand) (1977)Olovli yo\u0000llar (Russian: Огненные дороги) (The Fiery Roads) (1978) (series)Любовь моя — революция (My Love — Revolution)(1981)Встреча у высоких снегов (The Meeting at High Snow Mountains) (1982)Новые приключения Акмаля (The New Adventures of Akmal) (1983) (notcredited)Уроки на завтра (Lessons for Tomorrow) (1983)Прощай, зелень лета... (Good-Bye, Summer) (1985) (not credited)Я тебя помню (I Remember You)(1985)Armon (Russian: Уходя, остаются) (Sorrow) (1986)Kлиника (The Clinic) (1987)Приключения Арслана (The Adventures of Arslan) (1988)Чудовище иликто-то другой (A Monster or Somebody Else) (1988)Maysaraning ishi (Russian: Восточная плутовка) (The Case of Maysara) (1989)Кодекс молчания (The Codeof Silence) (1989)Шок (Shock) (1989)La Batalla de los Tres Reyes (Russian: Битва трех королей) (Battle of the Three Kings) (1990)Tangalik bolalar (Russian:Мальчики из Танги) (1990) (not credited)Ангел в огне (The Angel on Fire) (1992)Маклер (The Broker) (1992)Shaytanat (Russian: Шайтанат — царство бесов)(1998)Alpomish (Russian: Алпомыш) (2000)Дронго (The Drongo) (2002)Синедиктум (Cinedictum) (2002)Devona (Russian: Влюбленный) (2004)Baribir hayotgo\u0000zal (Russian: Жизнь прекрасна или киллер поневоле) (After All, Life is Good) (2004)Vatan (Fatherland) (2006)Ходжа Насреддин: Игра начинается (HodjaNasreddin: The Game Starts) (2006)Застава (The Outpost) (2007) (TV series)Tilla buva (Russian: Золотой дедушка) (Golden Grandpa) (2011)AsscreenwriterO\u0000tgan kunlar (Russian: Минувшие дни) (Days Gone By) (1997)AwardsAbzalov is celebrated as one of the founders of the Uzbek film makingindustry. He received many honorary titles and awards throughout his career, including the title Meritorious Artist of Uzbekistan (1987). In 2008, he received aShuhrat Order.Passage 2:Pham Viet Anh KhoaPhạm Việt Anh Khoa (born May 11, 1981) is a Vietnamese movie producer, entrepreneur and founder of SaigaFilms, notable by some of Victor Vu films  including  Inferno (2010), Battle of the Brides (2011), Blood letter (2012), Scandal (2012) và Battle of the Brides2FilmographyInferno – Giao Lo Dinh Menh (2010)Battle of the Brides (2011)Blood letter (2012)Scandal (2012)Battle of the Brides 2 (2013)The Mask(2016)Passage 3:Gaius Suetonius PaulinusGaius Suetonius Paulinus (fl. AD 40–69) was a Roman general best known as the commander who defeated therebellion of Boudica.Early lifeLittle is known of Suetonius' family, but it likely came from Pisaurum (modern Pesaro), a town on the Adriatic coast of Italy. He is notknown to be related to the biographer Suetonius.Mauretanian campaignHaving served as praetor in 40 AD, Suetonius was appointed governor of Mauretania thefollowing year. In collaboration with Gnaeus Hosidius Geta, he suppressed the revolt led by Aedemon in the mountainous province that arose from the executionof the local ruler by Caligula. In 41 AD Suetonius was the first Roman commander to lead troops across the Atlas Mountains, and Pliny the Elder quotes hisdescription of the area in his Natural History.Governor of BritainIn 58, before being consul, he was appointed governor of Britain, replacing Quintus Veranius, whohad died in office. He continued Veranius's policy of aggressively subduing the tribes of modern Wales, and was successful for his first two years in the post. Hisreputation as a general came to rival that of Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo. Two future governors served under him: Quintus Petillius Cerialis as legate of Legio IXHispana, and Gnaeus Julius Agricola as a military tribune attached to II Augusta, but seconded to Suetonius's staff.In 60 or 61 Suetonius made an assault on theisland of Mona (Anglesey), a refuge for British fugitives and a stronghold of the druids. The tribes of the south-east took advantage of his absence and staged arevolt, led by queen Boudica of the Iceni. The colonia of Camulodunum (Colchester) was destroyed, its inhabitants tortured, raped, and slaughtered, and PetilliusCerialis's legion routed. Suetonius brought Mona to terms and marched along the Roman road of Watling Street to Londinium (London), the rebels' next target,but judged he did not have the numbers to defend the city and ordered it evacuated. The Britons duly destroyed it, the citizens of Londinium suffering the samefate as those of Camulodunum, and then did the same to Verulamium (St Albans).Suetonius regrouped with the XIV Gemina, some detachments of the XX ValeriaVictrix, and all available auxiliaries. The II Augusta, based at Exeter, was available, but its prefect, Poenius Postumus, declined to heed the call. Nonetheless,Suetonius was able to assemble a force of about ten thousand men. Heavily outnumbered (the Britons numbered 230,000 according to Cassius Dio), the Romansstood their ground. The resulting battle took place at an unidentified location in a defile with a wood behind him, probably in the West Midlands somewhere alongWatling Street – at Cuttle Mill, 2 miles southeast of Towcester in Northamptonshire, in front of a narrow defile which answers the topographical description ofTacitus, human bones have been found over a large area; High Cross in Leicestershire and Manduessedum near the modern day town of Atherstone inWarwickshire have also been suggested - where Roman tactics and discipline triumphed over British numbers. The Britons' flight was impeded by the presence oftheir own families, whom they had stationed in a ring of wagons at the edge of the battlefield, and defeat turned into slaughter. Tacitus heard reports that almosteighty thousand Britons were killed, compared to only four hundred Romans. Boudica poisoned herself, and Postumus, having denied his men a share in thevictory, fell on his sword.Suetonius reinforced his army with legionaries and auxiliaries from Germania and conducted punitive operations against any remainingpockets of resistance, but this proved counterproductive. The new procurator, Gaius Julius Alpinus Classicianus, expressed concern to the Emperor Nero thatSuetonius's activities would only lead to continued hostilities. An inquiry was set up under Nero's freedman, Polyclitus, and an excuse, that Suetonius had lostsome ships, was found to relieve him of his command. He was replaced by the more conciliatory Publius Petronius Turpilianus. But Suetonius was not disgraced: alead tessera found in Rome features both his and Nero's names and symbols of victory, and a man named Gaius Suetonius Paulinus was consul in 66, either a sonof the same name  or the general himself appointed for a second time.Year of Four EmperorsIn 69, during the year of civil wars that followed the death of Nero(see Year of Four Emperors), he was one of Otho's senior generals and military advisors. He and Aulus Marius Celsus defeated Aulus Caecina Alienus, one ofVitellius's generals, near Cremona, but Suetonius would not allow his men to follow up their advantage and was accused of treachery as a result. When Caecinajoined his forces with those of Fabius Valens, Suetonius advised Otho not to risk a battle but was overruled, leading to Otho's decisive defeat at Bedriacum.Suetonius was captured by Vitellius and obtained a pardon by claiming that he had deliberately lost the battle for Otho, although this was almost certainly untrue.His eventual fate remains unknown.NotesPassage 4:The Rebellion of the BridesThe Rebellion of the Brides (Uzbek: Келинлар \u0000ўз\u0000олони, romanized: Kelinlarqo\u0000zg\u0000oloni; Russian: Бунт невесток) is a 1984 Uzbek comedy film based on an eponymous play by the Uzbek writer Said Ahmad and directed by MelisAbzalov. Kelinlar qo\u0000zgvoloni is one of the most critically acclaimed Uzbek films of the Soviet period. Like Melis Abzalov's previous film Suyunchi, Kelinlarqo\u0000zg\u0000oloni tells the story of an authoritative grandmother.PlotFarmon bibi (played by Tursunoy Ja\u0000farova) is a wise and loving, but strict mother who liveswith the families of her seven sons in one house. Nigora, the wife of her youngest son, rebels against Farmon Bibi and the other wives sympathize with her. Inone scene, the mother and her daughters-in-law go to the bazaar. Toward the end of the film, Farmon bibi changes her attitude and gives in to the demands ofher daughters-in-law.Passage 5:Le Masque de la MéduseLe masque de la Méduse (English: The Mask of Medusa) is a 2009 fantasy horror film directed by JeanRollin. The film is a modern-day telling of the Greek mythological tale of the Gorgon and was inspired by the 1964 classic Hammer Horror film of the same nameand the 1981 cult classic Clash of the Titans. It was Rollin's final film, as the director died in 2010.CastSimone Rollin as la MéduseSabine Lenoël as EuryaleMarlèneDelcambre as SthénoJuliette Moreau as JulietteDelphine Montoban as CorneliusJean-Pierre Bouyxou as le gardienBernard Charnacé as le collectionneurAgnèsPierron as la colleuse d'affiche au Grand-GuignolGabrielle Rollin as la petite contrebassisteJean Rollin as l'homme qui enterre la têteThomas Smith asThomasProductionIt was thought that Rollin's 2007 film La nuit des horloges was the final film of his career, as he had mentioned in the past. However, in 2009,"}
{"doc_id":"doc_71","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Nancy BaronNancy Baron is an American rock singer who was active in New York City in the early 1960s, known for the singles \"Where Did My JimmyGo?\" and \"I've Got A Feeling\".Early lifeBorn into a family of singers and writers, Baron was introduced to many musical genres by her family at an early age.Noting her singing talents, her parents brought their young child to auditions for musical theater productions in New York City. The singer joined Glee clubs atschool and formed her own female singing groups at school. At the age of 11, she heard her first \"Rock and Roll\" song. This affected her taste in music and desireto emulate the style; it was the first time she heard a Rock group with a female lead singer. This was significant since she realized that she could be a leadsinger.Recording careerAt the age of 15, her parents sent her for vocal coaching in Manhattan, N.Y. After a while her coach sent her to record a demonstrationrecord in a sound studio near Broadway. Upon hearing her sing, the sound engineer contacted his friend who was a producer of a small record company in N.Y.C.;he was impressed by her voice and immediately signed her to a contract. The singer's mother co-signed the document since Baron was a fifteen-year-old minor atthe time.Baron became one of the many girl group/girl sound singers of the early 1960s. Baron was not a member of a group; her producers would hire \"pay forhire\" backup groups for her recordings. This \"sound\" as it is referred to had much to do with Phil Spector, one of its major creators; Spector produced recordingsof this genre prolifically. The groups were composed of young adult or teenage girls, each with a lead singer and any number of back up singers.At the time, thetroubled label (a small N.Y.C. record company owned by Wally Zober) could not promote Baron's \"I've Got A Feeling\"/\"Oh Yeah\" 45 vinyl and so she eventuallysigned a contract with Jerry Goldstein producer of FGG productions, also located in Manhattan. \"Where Did My Jimmy Go\"/\"Tra la la, I Love You\" was the result(Diamond).Later lifeBaron left the music industry at the age of 19, choosing to enter higher education due to changes in the music industry of those days; sheeventually received an advanced degree.Baron's \"I've Got a Feeling\" was covered by The Secret Sisters on their 2010 self-titled album as well as being releasedas a single. AllMusic describes Baron's song as \"an early-'60s pop/rock obscurity\".Passage 2:Elizabeth Brooke (1503–1560)Elizabeth Brooke, Lady Wyatt(1503–1560) was the wife of Sir Thomas Wyatt, the poet, and the mother of Thomas Wyatt the younger who led Wyatt's Rebellion against Mary I. Her parentswere Thomas Brooke, 8th Baron Cobham and Dorothy Heydon, the daughter of Sir Henry Heydon.  She was the sister of George Brooke, 9th Baron Cobham andwas considered a possible candidate for the sixth wife of Henry VIII of England.Marriage and issueElizabeth married twice.First MarriageIn 1520, Elizabethmarried Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503 – 6 October 1542) and a year later, bore him a son:Sir Thomas (1521–1554), who led an unsuccessful rebellion against Mary Iin 1554. The aim of the rebellion was to replace the Catholic Queen Mary with her Protestant half-sister, Elizabeth.Early in the marriage, marital difficulties arose,with Wyatt claiming they were  'chiefly'  her fault. He repudiated her as an adulteress, although there is no record linking her with any specific man. Elizabethseparated from Thomas Wyatt in 1526 and he supported her until around 1537, when he refused to do so any longer and sent her to live with her brother, LordCobham. In that same year, Lord Cobham attempted to force Wyatt to continue his financial support. He refused. It wasn't until 1541, when Wyatt, accused oftreason, was arrested and his properties confiscated, that the Brooke family was able to force a reconciliation as a condition for Wyatt’s pardon.In a letter toCharles V, the imperial ambassador, Eustace Chapuys wrote that Wyatt had been released from the Tower at the request of Catherine Howard. Chapuys notedthat the king had imposed two conditions; that Wyatt  'confess his guilt'  and that  'he should take back his wife from whom he had been separated upwards of 15years, on pain of death if he be untrue to her henceforth.'  There is no evidence that this provision was ever enforced or existed. After pursuing Anne Boleyn,before her relationship with the King, Wyatt had begun a long-term affair with Elizabeth Darrell and he continued his association with his mistress.On 14 February1542, the night after Catherine Howard had been condemned to death for adultery, Henry VIII held a dinner for many men and women. The king was said to havepaid great attention to Elizabeth and to Anne Basset and both were thought to be possible choices for his sixth wife. In early 1542, more than a year beforeWyatt’s death, Elizabeth Brooke's name appeared in Spanish dispatches as one of three ladies in whom Henry VIII was said to be interested as a possible sixthwife.The imperial ambassador, Chapuys, wrote that the lady for whom the king \"showed the greatest regard was a sister of Lord Cobham, whom Wyatt, sometime ago, divorced for adultery. She is a pretty young creature, with wit enough to do as badly as the others if she were to try.\" It would appear that theambassador was mistaken, as at the time, Elizabeth Brooke was nearly forty years old. Perhaps Elizabeth Brooke had been confused with her beautiful youngniece, Elisabeth Brooke, the eldest daughter of George Brooke, 9th Baron Cobham, who married William Parr, 1st Marquess of Northampton. Elisabeth Brooke,Lord Cobham’s daughter, may have been at court on this occasion, since she was definitely there the following year. She would have been nearly sixteen inJanuary 1542 and in later years was accounted one of the most beautiful women of her time. More important to a king who had just rid himself of a wife(Catherine Howard) who had committed adultery, this second  Elisabeth had a spotless reputation.Second marriageFollowing Wyatt’s death, Elizabeth Brookemarried Sir Edward Warner (1511–1565), of Polstead Hall and Plumstead, Norfolk,  Lord Lieutenant of the Tower. The couple had three sons:Edward, who died ininfancyThomasHenryWarner was removed from his position on July 28, 1553, at the start of the reign of Mary I, and was arrested on suspicion of treason thefollowing January at his house in Carter Lane when Thomas Wyatt the younger rebelled against the Crown. Warner was held for nearly a year. Elizabeth’s son wasexecuted. Edward, the son she had with Warner, died young. Two other sons died in infancy. The family fortunes were restored under Elizabeth I and Warnerreclaimed his post at the Tower of London. His wife died there in August 1560 and was buried within its precincts.AncestryPassage 3:Elizabeth JocelinElizabethBrooke Jocelin (sometimes spelled \"Joceline\" or \"Joscelin\") was an English writer believed to have lived from 1595–1622. She is best known for her work TheMother's Legacy to her Vnborn Child. The book was first published two years after Jocelin's death in childbirth.Early lifeShe was the daughter of Sir Richard Brookeof Norton, Cheshire, and his wife Joan, daughter of William Chaderton, bishop of Lincoln. Her parents separated, and her mother returned home. Jocelin'sgrandfather, Bishop Chaderton, was mainly responsible for her upbringing. Elizabeth's childhood was therefore passed in the house of Bishop Chaderton, whoeducated her. She was extremely well versed in art, religion and language. According to her editor Thomas Goad, she had an exceptional memory.Later lifeIn1616 she married Tourell Jocelin of Cambridgeshire. Foreboding her death in childbirth, she wrote a letter which gently but earnestly exhorted her son ordaughter to piety and good conduct; and a letter to her husband, giving him advice as to the bringing up of the child. These works are thought to have beenwritten at Crowlands, Oakington. She bore a daughter on 12 October 1622, and died nine days afterwards. The child, named Theodora, became the wife ofSamuel Fortrey.The Jocelins appeared to lead a rather happy marriage, one that appeared to be mainly based on genuine love. In The Mother's Legacy to herVnborn Child Jocelin writes of how excited she is to be carrying her husband's child and that they have been working together to plan the best possible life fortheir childJocelin is noted for being \"one of the most notable young women of the times of James I”The LegacieThe Legacie was first published in 1624 with a longApprobation by Thomas Goad giving some account of Elizabeth Jocelin's life. The second edition is dated 1624 and the third 1625. An exact reprint of the thirdedition, with an introduction by an anonymous Edinburgh editor, appeared in 1852. The edition printed at Oxford, 'for the satisfaction of the person of qualityherein concerned,' in 1684, and reprinted at the end of C. H. Cranford's Sermons in 1840, is an altered one, the editor having made changes in religious matters.The manuscript of the Legacie is in the British Museum (Addit. MS. 27467). It is still somewhat contentious whether the manuscript is by Jocelin, and whetherGoad's editorial work brought in substantive change in the content.Jocelin wrote The Mother’s Legacy to her Vnborn Child during the Early Modern period whenwomen were typically defined by their existence in the domestic sphere. Jocelin's work kept in line with the expectations of women during the period because ofher clear dedication to her position as a mother.One of the idiosyncratic things about the mother's advice text is Jocelin's choice of tone and word use to insurethat whether her child is a boy or a girl he or she will be able to follow the advice she leaves behind. There are clearly different expectations and techniques toraising a son or daughter and Jocelin makes sure to acknowledge these differences while leaving advice for both. For example, she addresses her daughter torespect, obey and be a good mother. Jocelin writes about her desire to protect her daughter “from a potentially difficult and uncomfortable way of life.” Jocelinhas been criticised for her different approaches to raising her child based on its gender. Much like women of her time Jocelin desired for her daughter to beacceptable to society even if it meant limiting her intelligence or unhappiness.One of the largest parts of The Mother’s Legacy to her Vnborn Child is the religiousadvice that Jocelin offers to her unborn child. She urges the child to pray regularly, avoid temptations, acknowledge holy days and be charitable.The tone of thebook is one filled with optimism and pride over becoming a new mother. Jocelin is clearly excited about meeting her child even though she seems to understandthat birthing the child will be a great risk to herself.Much of the books instruction is directed toward Jocelin's husband including how to properly select a wet nursefor their child if Elizabeth should die.Excerpts from The Mother's Legacy to her Vnborn Child:“I desire her bringing up may bee learning the Bible, as my sistersdoe, good housewifery, writing, and good works: other learning a woman needs not; though I admire it in those whom God hath blest with descretion, yet Idesired not much in my owne, having seene that sometimes women have greater portions of learning than wisdome, which is of no better use to them than a"}
{"doc_id":"doc_72","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The ChainReaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker(1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)TheDoctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 2:The Seventh Company OutdoorsThe Seventh Company Outdoors (French: La Septième Compagnie au clair de lune) is a1977 French comedy film directed by Robert Lamoureux. It is a sequel to Now Where Did the 7th Company Get to?.CastJean Lefebvre - PithivierPierre Mondy -ChaudardHenri Guybet - TassinPatricia Karim - Suzanne ChaudardGérard Hérold - Le commandant GillesGérard Jugnot - GorgetonJean Carmet - M. Albert, lepasseurAndré Pousse - LambertMichel BertoPassage 3:Now Where Did the 7th Company Get to?Now Where Did the 7th Company Get To? (French: Mais où estdonc passée la septième compagnie?) is a 1973 French-Italian comedy war film directed by Robert Lamoureux. The film portrays the adventures of a French Armysquad lost somewhere on the front in May 1940 during the Battle of France.PlotDuring the Battle of France, while German forces are spreading across the country,the 7th Transmission Company suffers an air raid near the Machecoul woods, but survive and hide in the woods. Captain Dumont, the company commander,sends Louis Chaudard, Pithiviers and Tassin to scout the area. After burying the radio cable beneath a sandy road, the squad crosses the field, climbs a nearbyhill, and takes position within a cemetery. One man cut down the wrong tree for camouflage, pulling up the radio cable and revealing it to the passing Germaninfantry. The Germans cut the cable, surround the woods, and order a puzzled 7th Company to surrender. The squad tries to contact the company, but thenwitness their capture and run away.Commanded by Staff Sergeant Chaudard, the unit stops in a wood for the night. Pithiviers is content to slow down and waitfor the end of the campaign. The next day, he goes for a swim in the lake, in sight of possible German fighters. When Chaudard and Tassin wake up, they leavethe camp without their weapons to look for Pithiviers. Tassin finds him and gives an angry warning, but Pithiviers convinces Tassin to join him in the lake.Chaudard orders them to get out, but distracted by a rabbit, falls into the lake. While Chaudard teaches his men how to swim, two German fighter planes appear,forcing them out of the water. After shooting down one of the German planes, a French pilot, Lieutenant Duvauchel, makes an emergency landing and escapesbefore his plane explodes. PFC Pithiviers, seeing the bad shape of one of his shoes, destroys what is left of his shoe sole. Tassin is sent on patrol to get food and anew pair of shoes for Pithiviers. Tassin arrives in a farm, but only finds a dog, so he returns and Chaudard goes to the farm after nightfall. The farmer returns withher daughter-in-law and Lt Duvauchel, and she welcomes Chaudard. Duvauchel, who is hiding behind the door, comes out upon hearing the news and decides tomeet Chaudard's men.When Chaudard and Duvauchel return to the camp, Tassin and Pithiviers are roasting a rabbit they caught. Duvauchel realizes thatChaudard has been lying and takes command.The following day, the men leave the wood in early morning and capture a German armored tow truck after killingits two drivers. They originally planned to abandon the truck and the two dead Germans in the woods, but instead realized that the truck is the best way todisguise themselves and free the 7th Company. They put on the Germans' uniforms, recover another soldier of the 7th Company, who succeeded in escaping, andobtain resources from a collaborator who mistook them for Germans.On their way, they encounter a National Gendarmerie patrol, who appear to be a 5th column.The patrol injures the newest member of their group, a young soldier, and then are killed by Tassin. In revenge, they destroy a German tank using the tow truck'scannon gun.They planned to go to Paris but are misguided by their own colonel, but find the 7th Company with guards who are bringing them to Germany. Usingtheir cover, they make the guards run in front of the truck, allowing the company to get away. When Captain Dumont joins his Chaudard, Tassin, and Pithiviers inthe truck, who salute the German commander with a great smile.CastingJean Lefebvre : PFC PithiviersPierre Mondy : Staff Sergent Paul ChaudardAldo Maccione:PFC TassinRobert Lamoureux: Colonel BlanchetErik Colin: Lieutenant DuvauchelPierre Tornade: Captain DumontAlain Doutey: CarlierRobert Dalban : ThepeasantJacques Marin: The collaborationistRobert Rollis: A French soldierProductionThe film's success spawned two sequels:– 1975 : On a retrouvé la septièmecompagnie (The Seventh Company Has Been Found) by Robert Lamoureux;– 1977 : La Septième Compagnie au clair de lune (The Seventh Company Outdoors))by Robert Lamoureux.The story is set in Machecoul woods, but it was actually filmed near Cerny and La Ferté-Alais, as well as Jouars-Pontchartrain andRochefort-en-Yvelines. The famous grocery scene was filmed in Bazoches-Sur-Guyonne.Robert Lamoureux based this film on his own personal experiences inJune 1940 during the war.The final scene with the parachute is based on a true story. The 58 Free French paratroopers were parachuted into Brittany in groups ofthree, on the night of 7 June 1944 to neutralize the rail network of Normandy Landings in Brittany, two days before.Box officeThe movie received a great successin France reaching the third best selling movie in 1974.NotesExternal linksMais où est donc passée la septième compagnie? at IMDbPassage 4:DanaBlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the boardof directors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and an Israeli cultureentrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israelin 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors. During her studiesshe worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film and academiccareerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged and promotedproductions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities.Blankstein directed the mini-series\"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed thenew director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launchof the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains(graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)Passage 5:The Eagle's EyeTheEagle's Eye is a 1918 American serial film consisting of 20 episodes that dramatizes German espionage in the United States during World War I. The stories arebased on the experiences of William J. Flynn during his career as chief of the United States Secret Service from 1912–1917.It features King Baggot as thepresident of the Criminology Club and Marguerite Snow as a Secret Service agent who investigate spies. Among the events depicted are the sending of theZimmermann Telegram, Franz von Rintelen's attempts to sabotage cargo loading in San Francisco Harbor, and the capture of the German espionage plans. It wasdirected by George Lessey, Wellington A. Playter, Leopold Wharton, and Theodore Wharton, and produced by the Whartons Studio. The serial is now consideredlost. Because this serial was a commercial failure, it was the last one made by Whartons due to the studio being forced to declare bankruptcy.BackgroundAfterFlynn's retirement from the Secret Service his work investigating sabotage during the war were interwoven with fictitious characters and events by CourtneyRyley Cooper into a 20-part spy thriller. These were also published as weekly installments in The Atlanta Constitution's magazine section during 1918 under thetitle The Eagle's Eye: A True Story of the Imperial German Government's Spies and Intrigues in America. Fifteen of the episodes were republished as chapters in abook the following year.CastKing Baggot as Harrison GrantMarguerite Snow as Dixie MasonWilliam Bailey as Heinrich von LertzFlorence Short as Madame AugustaStephanBertram Marburgh as Count Johann von BernstorffPaul Everton as Captain Franz von PapenJohn P. Wade as Captain Karl Boy-EdFred C. Jones as Dr.Heinrich AlbertWellington A. Playter as Franz von RintelenLouise HotalingLouis C. Bement as Uncle SamAllan MurnaneF.W. StewartRobin H. TownleyBessieWharton as Mrs. BlankChapter titlesHidden DeathThe Naval Ball ConspiracyThe Plot Against the FleetVon Rintelen, the DestroyerThe Strike BreedersThe PlotAgainst Organized LaborBrown Port FolioThe Kaiser's Death MessengerThe Munitions CampaignThe Invasion of CanadaThe Burning of HopewellThe CanalConspiratorsThe Reign of TerrorThe Infantile Paralysis EpidemicThe Campaign Against CottonThe Raid of the U-53Germany's U-Base in AmericaThe Great HinduConspiracyThe Menace of the I.W.W.The Great DecisionPassage 6:George LesseyGeorge Lessey (June 8, 1879 – June 3, 1947) was an American actor anddirector of the silent era. He appeared in more than 120 films between 1910 and 1946. He also directed more than 70 films between 1913 and 1922. Lessey wasborn in Amherst, Massachusetts, and as a boy he acted in theatrical productions there. He graduated from Amherst College.For a year, Lessey was a leading manfor Edison Studios, after which he directed films for the company for two years. In 1914, he joined Universal Studios as a director. He portrayed Romeo in theinitial film version of Romeo and Juliet, directed the first serial, What Happened to Mary, and played the first dual role in film as twins in The Corsican Brothers.Onstage, Lessey appeared in the original Broadway production of Porgy and Bess (1935) in one of the few white roles, that of the lawyer Mr. Archdale.In the 1930s,Lessey worked as a model for men's clothes.Lessey was married to the former May Abbey. On June 3, 1947, Lessey died on vacation in Westbrook, Connecticut,aged 67.Selected filmographyPassage 7:Arrington HighArrington High (1910 - 1988) was an American journalist and newspaper publisher. He published the Eagle"}
{"doc_id":"doc_73","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:A Slave of VanityA Slave of Vanity is a 1920 American silent drama film starring Pauline Frederick, and directed and written by Henry Otto. The film,which was adapted from Arthur Wing Pinero's 1901 play Iris, was produced and distributed by the Robertson-Cole Pictures Corporation that eventually becamepart of Film Booking Office of America. The film is now considered lost.PlotIris (Frederick), a British aristocrat, must choose between the poor Laurence (Barrie)and the rich Frederick (Louis). She decides to marry the wealthier Frederick, but at the last minute she changes her mind and runs off to Italy with Laurence.However, things do not work out quite the way she planned.CastPauline Frederick as Iris BellamyArthur Hoyt as Croker HarringtonNigel Barrie as LaurenceTrenwithWillard Louis as Frederick MaldonadoMaude Louis as Fanny SullivanDaisy Jefferson as Aurea VyseRuth Handforth as Miss PinsentHoward Gaye as ArthurKaneSee alsoList of lost filmsPassage 2:Shape of My HeartShape of My Heart may refer to:\"Shape of My Heart\" (Sting song), a 1993 song by Sting from thealbum Ten Summoner's Tales\"Shape of My Heart\" (Backstreet Boys song), a 2000 song by the Backstreet Boys\"Shape of My Heart\" (Noah and the Whale song),2008 song by Noah and the Whale, charting 94 in the UKShape of My Heart, a 2009 album by Katia Labèque\"Shape of My Heart\", a 2012 single by Rick Price fromThe Water's EdgeThe Shape of My Heart, the UK title of God-Shaped Hole, a 2003 novel by Tiffanie DeBartoloPassage 3:Half of My Heart (disambiguation)\"Half ofMy Heart\" is a 2009 song by John Mayer from his album Battle Studies featuring Taylor Swift.Half of My Heart may also refer to:\"Half of My Heart\", the lovetheme from the 1957 film Jeanne Eagels\"Half of My Heart\", a 1961 song by Emile Ford\"Half of My Heart\", a 2000 song by The Mooney Suzuki from People GetReady\"Half of My Heart\", a 2019 song by Megan McKennaPassage 4:Grace of My HeartGrace of My Heart is a 1996 American musical comedy-drama film writtenand directed by Allison Anders, and starring Illeana Douglas, Matt Dillon, Eric Stoltz, Patsy Kensit and John Turturro. The film charts the fictional music career ofDenise Waverly, an aspiring singer who writes for other artists in the pop music world of the mid-1960s. It premiered at the 1996 Toronto International FilmFestival and went into limited release on September 13, 1996. The soundtrack features artists Burt Bacharach, Elvis Costello, Joni Mitchell, Gerry Goffin and JillSobule, replicating the musical style that emerged from the Brill Building, New York City's  music factory in the heyday of girl groups and \"pre-fab\" acts like TheMonkees.PlotIn 1958, Philadelphia steel heiress Edna Buxton enters and wins a talent contest. When she attempts to record a demo, a studio producer tells herthat girl singers are not currently getting signed and record companies are even trying to get rid of the ones on their rosters. However, when Edna tells him thatshe wrote the song she wants to record, he is impressed enough to direct her to producer Joel Milner, who takes her under his wing, renames her \"DeniseWaverly\" and invents a blue-collar persona for her. Milner reworks her song for a male doo-wop group, the Stylettes, as male groups are far more marketable,and the song becomes a hit.Denise moves to New York City and becomes a songwriter in the Brill Building. At a party, she meets the arrogant songwriter HowardCaszatt, and despite an awkward initial meeting, they begin a relationship. Denise offers to write a song specifically for her three girlfriends, which culminates inJoel auditioning the girls and creating the girl group the Luminaries. Howard and Denise also begin writing together and eventually get married and have a child.They pen a song called “Unwanted Number,” based on a young girl's unwanted pregnancy. Although it is banned from radio, it attracts the attention of prominentand influential disc jockey John Murray, who, despite the negative attention around the song, credits Denise with sparking the girl group craze.Joel recruits thebeautiful English songwriter Cheryl Steed, who immediately catches Howard's eye, and initially, Denise's disdain. Cheryl diffuses Denise’s suspicion by informingher that she already has a songwriting partner – her husband Matthew. Joel tasks Denise and Cheryl with writing a song for the ingénue singer Kelly Porter. Thetwo women bond over the realization that the young songstress is in a closeted lesbian relationship with her roommate Marion. They write the coded song \"MySecret Love\" for Kelly, which becomes a hit.Denise’s relationship with Howard becomes strained due to his philandering with other women. When she learns she ispregnant with Howard's second baby, Cheryl convinces her to see an obstetrician, who safely performs an illegal abortion. Denise and Cheryl then become closefriends and Denise eventually breaks up with Howard.In 1966, Milner offers to send Denise to the studio to sing for herself. As an added incentive, he offers theproduction assistance of Jay Phillips, the frontman of California rock group the Riptides, to produce her single. Although initially hesitant as she says she finds thewhole \"surf and turf\" sound laughable, she writes and sings the song \"God Give Me Strength\" and is delighted by Jay's skillful orchestral arrangement. The recordshe puts out with him, however, is a commercial failure. Between the loss suffered by her foundering single and the advent of the British Invasion, Milner'sfortunes are depleted. Denise blames herself for making the song too personal and bankrupting Joel. He tells her she did more for him than she realized and thatit was time for them both to move on.Denise and Jay become a couple and resettle in California. Jay treats Denise’s daughter Luna as his own, but he is reclusiveand a user of recreational drugs like marijuana and peyote. Denise has since joined forces with the newly-divorced Cheryl to write songs for a bubblegum pop TVshow, Where the Action Is, though Jay insists to Denise that writing music for TV is beneath her.Jay's behavior becomes more erratic and he becomesincreasingly paranoid, causing his bandmates to distance themselves from him. He falls into a period of deep depression that seemingly abates after a visit fromhis friend \"Jonesy\", who reminds him of the things that are important in his life, including his \"groovy new old lady\", Denise.Thinking that the worst is over,Denise invites Jay to join her and Cheryl at the Whisky a Go Go to see Doris, a former Luminary member who embarked on a solo career after the girl groupbroke up, perform. Jay declines, saying he has a song idea he wants to explore, so Denise ends up going with Cheryl. While the women celebrate, Jay is revealedto be still in the throes of his depression; having put on a brave face for Denise's benefit. He walks into the ocean, taking his own life. Denise is further distraughtto discover that Jay's fans blame her for not intervening in his death.Numbed by the loss, Denise retires with her family to a hippie commune in northernCalifornia and tries to make sense of everything that has happened. Some time later, Joel visits Denise at the commune and takes her and the children to dinner.That night, he criticizes how far down she's allowed her grieving to take her and says that it's destroying her and her talent. Denise angrily lashes out, tellingMilner that he'd be nothing without her success. He agrees; however, the more he agrees with her, the angrier she becomes. She strikes him then collapses intears, grieving for Jay. Milner consoles her and the two are reconciled.With Joel's help, Denise creates the platinum-selling work \"Grace of My Heart\". As she laysdown the piano track for the song, her life is recounted in pictures, leading to the moment when her own mother receives a copy of her album in the mail with ahandwritten note. Seemingly proud of her daughter's success, she smiles.CastProductionThe story is loosely based on the career arc of singer-songwriter CaroleKing, who, like Denise, started out writing songs in the Brill Building for artists like Aretha Franklin, The Drifters, and Little Eva. The character Jay Phillips isloosely modeled on Brian Wilson of The Beach Boys.Allison Anders said she was inspired to make the film as a fan of the girl group The Shangri-Las. She was alsoinspired by the Alan Betrock book Girl Groups: The Story of A Sound, which contained photos of \"Carole King and Gerry Goffin then others like Cynthia Weil andBarry Mann...it was interesting to read what Alan had to say about what that time was like back then and how they were all really just kids when they had been apart of that.\"Martin Scorsese is credited as Grace of My Heart's executive producer, and the film is co-edited by Scorsese’s longtime editor ThelmaSchoonmaker.ReceptionReleaseGrace of My Heart debuted at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 1996. It was theatrically released a fewdays later on September 13, 1996, just weeks ahead of Oscar-winning actor Tom Hanks' directorial debut That Thing You Do!, which also covered the early tomid-1960s pop music scene and featured original, retro-styled songs on the soundtrack. Grace of My Heart grossed $660,313 worldwide.Critical responseOn thereview aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 79% of 28 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.9/10.David Ansen of Newsweek praised the filmand wrote while it \"is not the smoothest trip\" story-wise, \"Anders's rough edges are more than offset by the story's contagious vitality...Denise's funky journey toself-discovery is a fresh feminist take on an era that has always been seen through men's eyes. It may not be precision-tooled, but it's triumphantly alive.\"TimeOut wrote, \"There's a lovely sequence about a third of the way into Anders' delightful movie which follows a song from conception - the street scene that inspiresit - through the writing, to the recording session. This seamlessly edited passage swings like the snappy '60s girl pop it emulates. Like the film as a whole, itworks as a musical in its own right, and as history and critique of the pop process.\"Critics roundly praised the film's music, particularly the Brill Building scenes,and lauded the film's approach of pairing popular songwriters of the 1960s with contemporary artists. Mark Caro of the Chicago Tribune wrote:What Anderscaptures is the feel of the time: the nervous thrill of singing a song you love; the sanctified atmosphere of a recording studio, with red padded walls that matchthe singer's lipstick and a slit of a window that reveals a live bassist; the songwriter's excitement in realizing that songs can be about people's actual lives and stillbe commercial; the breathlessness of keeping up with an industry that may love a cappella vocal groups one day and rock bands the next.Criticism centered onthe film's shift of the action from New York City to California to center on Denise's relationship with Jay, with many arguing it is where the story loses focus. RogerEbert praised the music and Douglas' performance, but said Anders tries to cover too much ground and would have liked a less condensed story.In a 2020episode of his podcast Kermode on Film, film critic Mark Kermode named Grace of My Heart number one on his countdown of the top five most underrated films ofall time. Jim Hemphill of Filmmaker wrote the film \"feels both completely of the period in which it takes place and like something that could only have been made"}
{"doc_id":"doc_74","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:La voix (song)\"La voix\" (French pronunciation: [la vwa]; \"The voice\") is a song by Swedish singer Malena Ernman, which served as the Swedish entryat the 2009 Eurovision Song Contest, held in Moscow, Russia. It was composed by Fredrik Kempe, with lyrics by both Kempe and Ernman. It is the first Swedishentry to contain lyrics in French, as well as being the last Swedish entry to have contained lyrics in a language other than English. Despite the fact that France'sPatricia Kaas would get a relatively good placing in the final, Ernman drew further attention to Francophone culture in the semi-final, as well in the grand final (byclassing 3rd in the OGAE Second Chance round), despite her ultimate placing (21st).The song was the winner of Melodifestivalen 2009 on 14 March 2009, earningthe right to compete for Sweden in the first semi-final of Eurovision 2009 on 12 May 2009. The song qualified for the final round where it finished 21st place with33 points, making it Sweden's second lowest placing in the contest since 1992's \"I morgon är en annan dag\" (22nd), and also the second time the country failedto place within the Top 20.In 2010, the song was covered by Russian pop singer Philipp Kirkorov and opera singer Anna Netrebko with Kirkorov singing versesand Netrebko singing chorus. They recorded two versions of the song, one with original French and English lyrics and other sang exclusively in Russian.The songhas also been used as the backing track for the musical documentary Spaceplane Sailing. The short film covers the 33-mission career of the Space ShuttleAtlantis and was premiered on YouTube in February 2013.Melodifestivalen and Eurovision\"La voix\" participated in the fourth heat of the 2009 Melodifestivalenwhich was held on 28 February 2009 at the Malmö Arena in Malmö. The song was the last of the eight competing entries to perform and directly qualified to thecontest final as one of the two songs song which received the most telephone votes. On 14 March, during the final held at the Globe Arena in Stockholm, Ernmanwere the last of the eleven competing acts to perform, and \"La voix\" won the contest with 182 points, receiving the highest number of votes from the viewingpublic via telephone voting despite placing only eighth with the regional and international juries.Sweden participated in the first semi-final of the 2009 EurovisionSong Contest in Moscow, Russia on 12 May 2009. Ernman was the fifth competing artist to perform and Sweden were subsequently announced at the end of thebroadcast as one of the ten countries to have qualified for the final. Ernman performed again in the final on 16 May, with Sweden drawn to perform as the fourthcountry on stage, and subsequently finished in twenty-first place with a total of 33 points. The full breakdown of results published after the final revealed that inthe first semi-final Sweden had finished in fourth place with 105 points.Chart performanceThe song debuted on the Swedish Singles Chart on the week of 13March 2009 at number 31, before climbing to number 10 the following week and then number four in its third.On 26 April 2009, \"La voix\" went straight to numberone on the Svensktoppen radio chart.In May 2009, the single entered at 29 in the Belgium Ultratip, moved up to 27 in its second week and then fell off thechart.Track listingCD: (Sweden)\"La voix\" (radio edit)\"La voix\" (karaoke)ChartsPassage 2:Malena ErnmanSara Magdalena Ernman (born 4 November 1970) is aSwedish mezzo-soprano opera singer. Besides operas and operettas, she has also performed chansons, cabaret, jazz, and appeared in musicals. She is a memberof the Royal Swedish Academy of Music. Ernman represented Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 with the song \"La Voix\", finishing in 21st place.Life andcareerEarly lifeErnman was born in Uppsala, Sweden, spent her childhood and school years in Sandviken, and was educated at the Royal College of Music inStockholm, the Music Conservatory in Orléans, France, and the school of the Royal Swedish Opera. She is married to actor Svante Thunberg, with whom she hadappeared in a 2000 Swedish television musical documentary about the composer Joseph Martin Kraus, played by Thunberg. Together they have two daughters:singer Beata Ernman, and climate activist Greta Thunberg.OperasIn 1997, Ernman sang in the premiere of Ivar Hallström's 1897 opera Liten Karin in Vadstena;Opera magazine noted that \"the mezzo Malena Ernman was very expressive as Princess Cecilia, King Erik XIV's sister\". In 1998, her Rosina in The Barber ofSeville at the Royal Opera in Stockholm was described as \"displaying impressive technique\" and \"shaping the character with mocking good humour\". The sameyear, she sang Kaja in the premiere of Sven-David Sandström's Staden under Leif Segerstam also at the Royal Opera in Stockholm, where one reviewercommented that \"in vocal focus and expression, her full, rich voice is not that far behind Bartoli\". In July 1999, Ernman sang the trouser role of Ziöberg in thepremiere of Jonas Forssell's Trädgården (The Garden) at the Drottningholm Palace Theatre in Stockholm, conducted by Roy Goodman, the first new opera to bepremiered at the theatre in modern times.In Brussels in 2000, her Nerone in Handel's Agrippina, alongside Rosemary Joshua's Poppea and Anna CaterinaAntonacci's Aggripina was described as \"the most convincingly brattish young man imaginable\".In 2001, Ernman sang Sesto in Handel's Giulio Cesare at theDrottningholm Festival. She sang at the Glyndebourne Festival, in the Summer of 2002 as Nancy in Albert Herring and the next summer as Prince Orlovsky inJohann Strauss's Die Fledermaus, which was also performed at the BBC Proms that year.In 2002/2003 Ernman appeared in Vienna as Diana in La Calisto. In2003/2004 she sang the part of Donna Elvira in Don Giovanni at La Monnaie in Brussels and appeared at the Aix-en-Provence Festival as Lichas in Hercules byGeorge Frideric Handel, with Les Arts Florissants under conductor William Christie, revived at the Paris Opera and at the Vienna Festival.In the spring and summerof 2005, Ernman created the title role in Philippe Boesmans's Julie, appearing at la Monnaie, at the Vienna Festival, and in Aix-en-Provence. In 2006 she sang asNerone in L'incoronazione di Poppea in Brussels and Berlin, then as Dido in Dido and Aeneas with William Christie at the Vienna Festival. She also sang inAgrippina at Oper Frankfurt.In August 2006, Ernman made her debut at the Salzburg Festival as Annio in La clemenza di Tito under conductor NikolausHarnoncourt. In 2007, her roles included Sesto in Giulio Cesare with René Jacobs in Vienna, Cherubino in Le nozze di Figaro with Daniel Harding inAix-en-Provence, and Nerone in L'incoronazione di Poppea in Amsterdam. In 2008 she sang Angelina in La Cenerentola with the Royal Swedish Opera and Didoand Aeneas with Christie and the Opéra-Comique in Paris. In 2009 she reprised Angelina in La Cenerentola with Oper Frankfurt and the Swedish Royal Opera, andDido in Dido and Aeneas with Christie in Vienna and Amsterdam. In 2010, she sang the castrato role of Idamante in Idomeneo under Jérémie Rhorer at theTheatre de la Monnaie in Brussels, where her \"feisty\" portrayal of the prince was \"as if to the gender born, her efforts rewarded by the inclusion of the usually cutaria 'No, la morte'. Vienna saw her in the title role of Serse by Handel in October 2011 at the Theater an der Wien, and the following season she sang Eduige inthe Nicolas Harnoncourt-led production of Handel's Rodelinda at the same house, later released on DVD. Back in the city as Elena in La donna del lago in August2012, she was \"impressive... dealing with the vocal difficulties with aplomb and managing the extra dramatic demands made on her with genuine expressivity\".She added Béatrice to her repertoire in 2013 in performances at Theater an der Wien of Berlioz's late opéra-comique. Also in 2013 she returned to the part ofAggripina at the Gran Teatre del Liceu in Barcelona, in a production by David McVicar conducted by Harry Bicket.Ernman has sung several major roles with theStaatsoper Berlin, including Cherubino in Le nozze di Figaro and Zerlina in Don Giovanni, both under conductor Daniel Barenboim. She also performed Rosina inRossini's Il barbiere di Siviglia with Staatsoper Berlin and the Finnish National Opera. With the Royal Opera Stockholm she has also sung the title role inCarmen.Ernman worked with conductor René Jacobs in the roles of Nerone in Agrippina, Roberto in Scarlatti's Griselda and Diana in Cavalli's La Calisto.In 2018,she sang Gabriella in the Swedish musical Så som i himmelen (As It Is in Heaven), based on a 2004 film of the same name, with words by Kay Pollak and CarinPollak and the score by Fredrik Kempe, which premiered at the Oscarsteatern in September 2018.ConcertsEarly recitals on Swedish Radio included Rachmaninovin 1994, The airconditioned nightmare by Olov Olofsson, songs by Gunnar de Frumerie, and an eclectic mix of Fauré, Debussy, Jolivet, Ravel, Bizet, Barber, Ivesand Lehrer in 1996, Brahms lieder, and works by Carlid, Mahler and Berio in 1998.Ernman has performed several concert pieces as well. At the Salzburg Festivalshe sang Mozart's \"Waisenhausmesse\" with conductor Frans Brüggen. She performed Berio's \"Folksongs\" with the Stockholm Royal Philharmonic Orchestra underCarlo Rizzi, and at the Verbier Festival with Gustavo Dudamel. She sang the world premiere of \"Nachtgesänge\" by Fabian Müller with the Zurich TonhalleOrchestra. In Minneapolis she sang Mozart's \"Requiem\" with Arnold Östman.2009 Melodifestivalen and EurovisionOn 28 November 2008, it was announced thatErnman would enter Melodifestivalen 2009 for the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 with the song \"La voix,\" written by Fredrik Kempe. On 28 February 2009,Ernman competed in the 4th semi-final of Melodifestivalen in Malmö and became a finalist. She went on to win the final on 14 March at the Globe Arena inStockholm, and to represent Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest in Moscow. She qualified as a finalist on 12 May and performed in the finals on 16 May,where she finished 21st with 33 points. \"La voix\" was the first Swedish entry to contain a substantial amount of French lyrics; it was written by Ernman herself,who speaks French fluently. Prior to the competition a documentary about the life and career of Ernman was broadcast on Swedish television entitled 'RösternasMalena' ('The voice of Malena').Ernman revealed that the dress for her Eurovision performance cost 400,000 kronor (€37,471) and was made by designer CamillaThulin. Singer Dea Norberg joined Ernman as one of the choirgirls. Ernman later participated in the Second Chance round of Melodifestivalen 2015 as a guestsinger for Behrang Miris entry.Personal lifeErnman is married to Swedish actor Svante Thunberg. Their first daughter Greta Thunberg rose to worldwideprominence when she initiated the School Strike for Climate. She also has a younger daughter, who is three years younger. Ernman’s career was taking off whenGreta was born, and Svante stayed at home to look after their children.In August 2014, 11-year-old Greta suddenly stopped eating, talking, reading, or wantingto do anything. This condition lasted for several months, until she was diagnosed with Asperger syndrome. The acute period of her daughter's condition affected"}
{"doc_id":"doc_75","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Lethal Weapon 3Lethal Weapon 3 is a 1992 American buddy cop action film directed by Richard Donner and written by Jeffrey Boam and Robert MarkKamen. The sequel to Lethal Weapon 2 (1989), it is the third installment in the Lethal Weapon film series and stars Mel Gibson, Danny Glover, Joe Pesci, ReneRusso, and Stuart Wilson.In Lethal Weapon 3, LAPD Sergeants Martin Riggs (Gibson) and Roger Murtaugh (Glover) pursue Jack Travis (Wilson), a former LAPDlieutenant turned ruthless arms dealer, during the six days prior to Murtaugh's retirement. Riggs and Murtaugh are joined by Leo Getz (Pesci) as well as internalaffairs Sergeant Lorna Cole (Russo).The film was a box office success, grossing over $320 million worldwide. It was the fifth-highest-grossing film of 1992 and thehighest-grossing installment in the series overall. The film was followed by Lethal Weapon 4 in 1998.PlotA week before his retirement, L.A.P.D. Sergeant RogerMurtaugh and his partner Martin Riggs are demoted to uniform duties after failing to defuse an office building bomb. While on street patrol they witness the theftof an armored car, and help to thwart the crime assisted by armored car driver Delores. One of the two thieves gets away, but the other is taken into policecustody. The suspect is found to be a known associate of Jack Travis, a former LAPD lieutenant who is running an arms smuggling ring in Los Angeles. Thedepartment is further concerned that the thieves were using armor-piercing bullets. Riggs and Murtaugh are re-promoted and assigned to work with SergeantLorna Cole from internal affairs to track down Travis.Travis is currently negotiating with mobster Tyrone regarding his arms deal. The armored car thief thatescaped is brought to Travis, who subsequently kills him in front of Tyrone for putting the police on his trail. Travis then uses his old police credentials to enter theinterrogation room and kill the suspect in custody before he can be interviewed. Travis is unaware that closed-circuit cameras have been installed in the station,and Cole is able to confirm Travis' identity. While the three are reviewing the footage, their good friend Leo Getz, who has been helping Murtaugh sell his house,arrives and immediately recognizes Travis from several prior business deals and his love of ice hockey. Murtaugh, Riggs, and Getz narrowly miss capturing Travisat a hockey match, and Getz is wounded. However, Getz manages to provide them with information of a warehouse Travis owns, which they suspect is where hehas stored his arms shipments.Riggs and Murtaugh contact Cole for backup before they raid the warehouse, and stop at a food truck to wait for her. As they waitfor their food, they witness a drug deal and attempt to stop it. Murtaugh kills a gunman who fired at them, while the rest escape. Murtaugh recognizes thegunman, Darryl, a close friend of his son Nick. With Murtaugh emotionally distraught, Riggs and Cole head to the warehouse, where they successfully secure hisnext arms shipment delivery. That night, Riggs and Cole find they have feelings for each other and sleep together. Riggs later finds a guilt-ridden Murtaugh drunkin his boat and consoles him in time for Darryl's funeral. There, Darryl's father passionately insists that Murtaugh find the person responsible for giving Darryl thegun.Cole finds that Darryl's gun, the armor-piercing bullets, and the arms they recovered were originally in police custody, meant to be destroyed, and werestolen by Travis; they revoke his credentials from the system. They further tie the guns to Tyrone and interrogate him. Tyrone directs them to an auto garagewhere many of his henchmen work from. Riggs, Murtaugh, and Cole are able to arrest several of the men. Meanwhile, Travis has one of his men hack into thecomputer system to find another arms storage area. He then forces Captain Murphy under gunpoint to take him to this new facility so he can steal the guns usingMurphy's credentials. Cole finds the evidence of hacking and Murphy's absence, and the three, along with a rookie cop, Edwards, who looks up to Riggs andMurtaugh, intercept Travis. They are able to rescue Murphy and stop Travis and his men before he can take the weapons, but Edwards is killed during theirpursuit.Getz provides information on a housing development owned by Travis's shell company. Riggs, Murtaugh, and Cole infiltrate the site at night and enter alarge-scale gunfight. Riggs sets the construction site on fire and most of Travis' men are killed, while Travis wounds Cole. When Travis uses a bulldozer to chasedown Riggs, using its blade as a bullet shield, Murtaugh tosses Daryl's gun, now loaded with the armor-piercing bullets, to Riggs, who then shoots and kills Travisthrough the blade. After finding out Cole wore two layers of kevlar vests, Riggs admits his love for her as she is taken away in a chopper.The next day,Murtaugh's family is celebrating his retirement, when Murtaugh reveals to Getz that he has decided to not sell the house and stay with the force, preserving hispartnership with Riggs. As the film ends, Riggs announces his relationship with Cole to Murtaugh.CastProductionThe movie was filmed from October 1991 toJanuary 1992.Richard Donner, an animal-rights and pro-choice activist, placed many posters and stickers for these causes in the film. Of note are the T-shirt wornby one of Murtaugh's daughters (the actress's idea), an 18-wheeler with an anti-fur slogan on the side, and a sticker on a locker in the police station.DemolitionscenesIn the film's first scene, Riggs accidentally sets off a bomb that destroys the ICSI Building. The ICSI Building was actually the former City Hall building ofOrlando, Florida, located at the intersection of Orange Avenue and South Street in Downtown Orlando. Warner Bros. decided to use the destruction of the buildingin the film, and as a result paid $500,000 for the demolition. From August to October 1991, the production crew fitted the old Orlando City Hall building featuredin the opening scene with carefully placed explosives to create the visual effect of a bomb explosion. Bill Frederick, then mayor of Orlando, Florida, was thepoliceman who sarcastically claps and said \"Bravo!\" to Murtaugh and Riggs after the explosion.The building was demolished so that it would collapse slightlyforward (toward Orange Avenue), minimizing the chances of it damaging the new City Hall building, built directly behind it. The space was cleared out andbecame a plaza for the new City Hall, with a fountain and a monument.The film's climax scene, where an under-construction housing development is set ablaze,was filmed at an unfinished housing development in Lancaster, California. The unfinished houses, which had been sitting abandoned and slated to be torn down,were coated in flame retardant and propane gas lines to ensure that the houses could withstand re-shoots. The original homes were eventually demolished andwas eventually redeveloped into another housing development.During the closing credits, Riggs and Murtaugh drive up to an old hotel where another bomb hasbeen placed. Before they (their doubles) can exit the car, the bomb explodes and destroys the building. The hotel was actually the former Soreno Hotel indowntown St. Petersburg, Florida. The film's producers agreed to help with the cost of the 68-year-old building's implosion for the purposes of their film.HockeygameA November 26, 1991 NHL game between the Los Angeles Kings and the Toronto Maple Leafs at the Great Western Forum served as the basis for thehockey scene featured in the movie.The league allowed production to capture the real-life action, although goaltender Kelly Hrudey eventually became annoyedwith the additional lights used by the crew and asked filming to stop.The NHL also let Donner stage part of the scene, where Riggs commandeers the arena's PAsystem to lure out Jack Travis, during the game's second intermission. It was completed in two takes. However, the director was not allowed to film the segmentwhere Riggs chases down Travis onto the ice that evening. It was completed after a Kings practice. In closer shots, these sequences used extras dressed inunlicensed jerseys that only roughly resemble those worn by the actual teams. A contemporary AP report cites Lethal Weapon's excessive violence as the reasonwhy the NHL limited its collaboration. However, the organization took a relaxed stance towards the more intense Sudden Death a few years later. The Los AngelesKings later featured in a season three episode of the Lethal Weapon TV series, entitled \"What The Puck?\".WritingJeffrey Boam's first two drafts of the script weredifferent from the final film. The character of Lorna for example was not a woman in original drafts, but the original character still had the same personality andwas just as lethal and crazy as Riggs, making him his match. Riggs also had an affair with Roger's daughter Rianne, and a few parts in the final film where Rogersuspects that Riggs and Rianne are interested in each other are only parts left from the original drafts.Director Richard Donner demanded some big changes onthe script which included changing the original character of Lorna (who had a different name in earlier drafts) into a woman and turning her into Riggs's girlfriend.He also re-worked the script to be less story-oriented and not focus on the main villains but instead on the relationship between Riggs and Murtaugh. He alsotoned down action scenes from the script and brought back Leo Getz into the story. All of his scenes were written in afterwards. In the original script Leo had leftL.A. for New York. Boam had some disagreements with changes that Donner made, but he was not against them. Boam was fired after he wrote his first twodrafts of the script. One of the reasons for this was because Donner wasn't interested in the script and he disagreed with some parts of Boam's original draft.After another writer, Robert Mark Kamen, was hired to re-write the script, Boam was called to return to work on it again. The filmmakers realized that Kamen'sre-writes were not working. Boam asked to work alone on the script and ended up constantly changing it from October 1991 until January 1992 while filming wastaking place. These types of changes also occurred during the filming of Lethal Weapon 2.According to Kamen in a 2012 interview, many of his writingcontributions ended up in the final film. Kamen also wrote many parts of the previous film in the series, with the most significant portions being the South Africanvillains.Screenwriter Jeffrey Boam is credited twice in the 'screenplay by' credits. This is because he did one draft by himself (granting him the first credit) and asecond draft collaborating with Robert Mark Kamen (granting him the second credit). In this rare scenario, Boam was hired to rewrite his own script with a secondwriter. After receiving the unusual writing credits, the advertising department assumed it was a misprint and produced posters with the credits \"Story by JeffreyBoam, Screenplay by Jeffrey Boam and Robert Mark Kamen\". After a few of the posters had been sent out, the WGA contacted the department, telling them thatthe initial credits were the correct ones, and ordering the posters to be recalled and destroyed.Carrie Fisher was an uncredited script doctor on the film.MartialartsRusso received martial arts training for a month before shooting from Cheryl Wheeler-Dixon, who had a karate background and was a former kickboxing"}
{"doc_id":"doc_76","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ladies in DistressLadies in Distress is a 1938 American drama film directed by Gus Meins and written by Dorrell McGowan and Stuart E. McGowan. The film stars Alison Skipworth, Polly Moran, Robert Livingston, Virginia Grey, Max Terhune and Berton Churchill. The film was released on June 13, 1938, by Republic Pictures.PlotCastAlison Skipworth as Josephine BonneyPolly Moran as Lydia BonneyRobert Livingston as Pete BraddockVirginia Grey as SallyMax Terhune as Dave EvansBerton Churchill as Fred MorganLeonard Penn as Daniel J. RomanHorace McMahon as 2nd ThugAllen Vincent as SpadeEddie Acuff as HoraceCharles Anthony Hughes as LieutenantJack Carr as PolicemanWalter Sande as DuncanBilly Wayne as BrownPassage 2:Kyōen KobanzameKyōen Kobanzame (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, Kyōen Kobanzame) is a 1958 black-and-white Japanese film directed by Nobuo Nakagawa.There are two parts of the film: the first part Kyōen Kobanzame zenpen (\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000) and the second part Kyōen Kobanzame kōhen (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000). Both parts have the same staff and the same actors.CastKanjūrō Arashi (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)Misako Uji (\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000)Ryūzaburō Nakamura (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) - dual roleUreo Egawa (\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000)Tomohiko Ōtani (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)Saburō Sawai (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)Tetsurō Tamba (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) Masao Takamatsu (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)Kōtarō Bandō (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)Fumiko Miyata (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)Namiji Matsuura (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)Passage 3:A Damsel in Distress (1919 film)A Damsel in Distress is a silent romantic comedy film released in 1919, starring June Caprice and Creighton Hale. The film is based on the 1919 novel A Damsel in Distress by English humorist P. G. Wodehouse. The director was George Archainbaud. The same novel later inspired a 1937 film.Plot summaryCastJune Caprice as Maud MarshCreighton Hale as George BevanWilliam H. Thompson as John W. MarshCharlotte Granville as Mrs. Caroline ByngArthur Albro as Reggie ByngGeorge Trimble as KeggsKatherine Johnson as Alice FarradayMark Smith as Percy MarshProductionThe film was directed by George Archainbaud, with Philip Masi as assistant director. The art director was Henri Menessier.Passage 4:Sidney OlcottSidney Olcott (born John Sidney Allcott, September 20, 1872 – December 16, 1949) was a Canadian-born film producer, director, actor and screenwriter.BiographyBorn John Sidney Allcott in Toronto, he became one of the first great directors of the motion picture business. With a desire to be an actor, a young Sidney Olcott went to New York City where he worked in the theatre until 1904 when he performed as a film actor with the Biograph Studios.In 1907, Frank J. Marion and Samuel Long, with financial backing from George Kleine, formed a new motion picture company called the Kalem Company and were able to lure the increasingly successful Olcott away from Biograph. Olcott was offered the sum of ten dollars per picture and under the terms of his contract, Olcott was required to direct a minimum of one, one-reel picture of about a thousand feet every week. After making a number of very successful films for the Kalem studio, including Ben Hur (1907) with its dramatic chariot race scene, and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1908), Olcott became the company's president and was rewarded with one share of its stock.In 1910 Sidney Olcott demonstrated his creative thinking when he made Kalem Studios the first ever to travel outside the United States to film on location.Of Irish ancestry, and knowing that in America there was a huge built-in Irish audience, Olcott went to Ireland where he made a film called A Lad from Old Ireland. He would go on to make more than a dozen films there and later on only the outbreak of World War I prevented him from following through with his plans to build a permanent studio in Beaufort, County Kerry, Ireland. The Irish films led to him taking a crew to Palestine in 1912 to make the first five-reel film ever, titled From the Manger to the Cross, the life story of Jesus.The film concept was at first the subject of much scepticism but when it appeared on screen, it was lauded by the public and the critics. Costing $35,000 to produce, From the Manger to the Cross earned the Kalem Company profits of almost $1 million, a staggering amount in 1912. The motion picture industry acclaimed him as its greatest director and the film influenced the direction many great filmmakers would take such as D.W. Griffith and Cecil B. DeMille. From the Manger to the Cross is still shown today to film societies and students studying early film making techniques. In 1998 the film was selected for the National Film Registry of the United States Library of Congress.Despite making the studio owners very rich men, they refused to increase his salary beyond the $150 a week he was then earning. From the enormous profits made for his employers, Olcott's dividend on the one share they had given him amounted to $350. As a result, Sidney Olcott resigned and took some time off, making only an occasional film until 1915 when he was encouraged by his Canadian friend Mary Pickford to join her at Famous Players–Lasky, later Paramount Pictures. The Kalem Company never recovered from the mistake of losing Olcott and a few years after his departure, the operation was acquired by Vitagraph Studios in 1916.Olcott was a founding member of the East Coast chapter of the Motion Picture Directors Association, a forerunner to today's Directors Guild of America and would later serve as its president. Like the rest of the film industry, Sidney Olcott moved to Hollywood, California, where he directed many more successful and acclaimed motion pictures with the leading stars of the day.Olcott married actress Valentine Grant, the star of his 1916 film, The Innocent Lie.During World War II, Olcott opened his home to visiting British Commonwealth soldiers in Los Angeles. In his book titled Stardust and Shadows: Canadians in Early Hollywood, writer Charles Foster tells of this period in Olcott's life, and of how he was introduced to many members of Hollywood's Canadian community through Olcott. Olcott died in Hollywood, California, in the house of his friend Robert Vignola where he lived after the death of Valentine Grant. Wanting to be buried in Canada, he is buried in Park Lawn cemetery in Toronto, Ontario.Partial filmography190719081909191019111912191319141915191619181919Marriage for Convenience (1919)1920Scratch My Back (1920)1921The Right Way (1921)God's Country and the Law (1921)Pardon My French (1921)1922Timothy's Quest (1922)1923The Green Goddess (1923)Little Old New York (1923)1924The Humming Bird (1924)Monsieur Beaucaire (1924)The Only Woman (1924)1925Salome of the Tenements (1925)The Charmer (1925)Not So Long Ago (1925)The Best People (1925)1926The White Black Sheep (1926)Ranson's Folly (1926)The Amateur Gentleman (1926)1927The Claw (1927)See alsoCanadian pioneers in early HollywoodPassage 5:When Lovers PartWhen Lovers Part is an American silent film produced by Kalem Company and directed by Sidney Olcott with Gene Gauntier, Jack J. Clark, Robert Vignola and JP McGowan in the leading roles.A copy is kept in the Desmet collection at Eye Film Institute (Amsterdam).PlotIn the Antebellum South, Nell is banned from seeing her lover by her father. They decide to elope, but their plans are thwarted by the father. When the American Civil War begins both Nell's father and former lover enlist the Confederate Army. Nell's father returns and her lover is traumatized and matured by the war, and at her father's funeral Nell finally accepts his hand in marriage.CastGene Gauntier - NellJack J. Clark -Robert Vignola - Back servantJP McGowan - Nell's fatherProduction notesThe film was shot in Jacksonville, Florida.Passage 6:Damsels in Distress (film)Damsels in Distress is a 2011 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Whit Stillman and starring Greta Gerwig, Adam Brody, and Lio Tipton. It is set at a United States East Coast university. First screened at the 68th Venice International Film Festival and the Toronto International Film Festival, it opened in New York and Los Angeles on April 6, 2012.PlotNewly transferred college student Lily becomes friends with Violet, Heather and Rose, a clique who run the campus' suicide prevention center. They date less attractive men to help the men's confidence; they try to clean up the \"unhygenic\" Doar Dorm; they clash with the editor of the campus newspaper, The Daily Complainer, who wants to close down the \"elitist\" fraternities; and they try to start a new dance craze, The Sambola!CastDevelopmentDamsels in Distress was Stillman's first produced feature since The Last Days of Disco (1998). In August 1998, he had moved from New York to Paris with his wife and two daughters. In that time, he wrote a novelization of The Last Days of Disco, in addition to several original film scripts which were not made, including one set in Jamaica in the 1960s. He resolved to make a lower-budgeted film in the style of his debut, Metropolitan (1990). In 2006, he met with Liz Glotzer and Mart Shafer at Castle Rock Entertainment, who had financed his second and third films. According to Shafer:Whit said, 'I want to write a movie about four girls in a dorm who are trying to keep things civil in an uncivil world.' It took him a year to write 23 pages. Six months later, a few more dribbled in. He just doesn't work very fast. Finally we had a draft. When we started production he said, 'I think 12 years is the right amount of time between movies.'Castle Rock provided most of the $3 million budget.ProductionThe movie was filmed on location in New York City on Staten Island at the Sailors' Snug Harbor Cultural Center. Filming finished on November 5, 2010.Stillman has said that the film was cut between its festival and theatrical runs:I felt the MPAA helped us out there. I'd hoped to get a PG-13 even with the Venice cut, but in the first viewing they thought it was R. So we looked at it, the editor [Andrew Hafitz] and I, and we saw immediately some things that would make it pretty clearly PG-13, and we felt would help the movie. There could've been a little heaviness of talking a little too much about what was going on, and it would delay the laugh until later – which I think is always good. We were really happy with the small changes we made. We made tiny changes in two scenes: we took out the text for what the ALA stood for... I think it gave it a Lubitschean vagueness and delayed the laugh.MusicThe film features an original score by Mark Suozzo. The song \"Sambola!\" is written by Suozzo, Michael A. Levine, and Lou Christie.ReceptionOn review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 75% based on reviews from 143 critics. The website's critics consensus reads, \"Damsels in Distress can sometimes feel mannered and outlandish, but it's redeemed by director Whit Stillman's oddball cleverness and Greta Gerwig's dryly funny performance.\" On Metacritic, it has a score of 67% based on reviews from 33 critics.In Variety, Leslie Felperin wrote, \"a film that raises laughs even with its end credits, Whit Stillman's whimsical campus comedy Damsels in Distress is an utter delight.\" In Time, critic Richard Corliss wrote, \"Innocence deserted teen movies ages ago, but it makes a comeback, revived and romanticized, in this joyous anachronism.\" Andrew O'Hehir of Salon praised Gerwig's \"powerful and complicated performance\" and said that \" it's both a relief and a delight to discover that Stillman remains one of the funniest writers in captivity.\" He concluded, \"I laughed until I cried, and you may too (if "}
{"doc_id":"doc_77","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ole Arntzen LützowOle Arntzen Lützow (14 November 1801 – 2 November 1871) was a Norwegian politician.He was elected to the Parliament ofNorway in 1839, 1842 and 1845, representing the rural constituency of Hedemarkens Amt. He worked as a farmer.Passage 2:Harry A. McMackinHarry AlbertMcMackin (February 10, 1880 – October 13, 1946) was a Canadian politician. He served in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick as member of theProgressive Conservative party from 1939 to 1944.Passage 3:Harry A. KeeganHarry Albert Keegan (November 18, 1882 – August 25, 1968) was a member of theWisconsin State Assembly.BiographyKeegan was born on November 18, 1882 in what is now Madison, South Dakota. He later moved to Monroe, Wisconsin.Keegan died in August 1968.CareerKeegan was a member of the Assembly twice. First, from 1939 to 1946 and second, from 1949 to 1956. He was a Republican.He was a dairy farmer and also worked in the grocery business. Keegan served on the Monroe Common Council.Passage 4:Harry Sieben Sr.Harry Albert Sieben II(August 23, 1914 - April 25, 1979) was an American public servant, active in government and politics in Minnesota throughout his life.Family, early life, andeducationSieben was born on August 23, 1914, in Hastings, Minnesota into a family active in government and politics. Sieben's father, also named Harry AlbertSieben (1890-1945), a 1911 graduate of the University of Illinois, served as mayor of Hastings from 1922 to 1926. Sieben's grandfather, J. George Sieben,served three terms as mayor of Hastings, while also serving on the city council for twelve years.Sieben's mother, Irene H. Buckley Sieben (1891-1982), was a1911 graduate of the University of Minnesota and was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1948.The Sieben family originally arrived in the UnitedStates from Firmenich, near Cologne, Germany, in the then-Kingdom of Prussia, in 1847.Sieben graduated from the University of Minnesota and, later, fromWilliam Mitchell College of Law.Early careerBefore his career in law and government, Sieben managed his family's drug store, which was founded by hisgrandfather in 1885. During World War II, Sieben joined the Army and served at the bomber modification center at Holman Field in St. Paul.Sieben married hiswife, the former Mary Luger, in April 1940, in Minneapolis, where they later made their home before moving to Hastings.Political careerSieben was a long-timemember of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL) and active in local and state politics for over thirty years. After assisting with the political activityof his father in Hastings, an early political experience of Sieben's came during Hubert Humphrey's successful 1948 bid for US Senate.In 1950, Sieben ran forMinnesota's 2nd Congressional District of the US Congress, against incumbent-since-1941, Joseph O'Hara. Sieben supported the Marshall Plan and providingmilitary assistance to Europe and Asia, including Korea, where his brother James G. Sieben served. Sieben ultimately lost 69,304 to 46,452.In February 1951, hewas also appointed acting director of the Office of Price Stabilization in Minnesota after being recommended for it by then-Senator Hubert Humphrey.In 1954,Sieben again ran for US Congress in the 2nd District. A highlight of Sieben's campaign was a fundraising dinner for 700 people in Mankato with sitting SenatorHubert Humphrey at $5 per plate.In January 1955, Minnesota Governor Orville Freeman appointed Sieben as liquor control commissioner. In 1957, GovernorFreeman appointed Sieben as the Minnesota highway safety director, a role in which he served for four years.Sieben was appointed as US Marshal for Minnesotaby President John F. Kennedy on May 1, 1961.Sieben stepped down from US Marshal position in the summer of 1962 to become the regional director of the SmallBusiness Administration for Minnesota, North and South Dakota, and northern Wisconsin. During this time, Sieben was also a confidante of Governor KarlRolvaag.In 1966, at the age of 52, he graduated from William Mitchell College of Law and worked as a lawyer. In 1968, Sieben was elected president of the TwinCities chapter of the Federal Bar Association.From 1971 until his death, Sieben served as chief clerk of the United States District Court for the District ofMinnesota.Death & legacyOn April 22, 1979, Sieben he suffered a stroke or a heart attack and was hospitalized. He died shortly afterwards on April 25, 1979, inHastings.Two of Sieben's sons, Harry A. Sieben, Jr. and Mike Sieben, served in the Minnesota House of Representatives: Harry, Jr. served 14 years, including asSpeaker of the House, while Mike served 10 years. Harry, Jr. also served as a Major General and Adjutant General of the Minnesota National Guard. Another ofSieben's sons, William, served on Walter Mondale's senate staff in Minnesota, and later, on his White House staff during his vice presidency. Sieben'sgranddaughter, Katie Sieben, served in the Minnesota Senate. Sieben was also the brother of Major General James G. Sieben, who served as Adjutant General ofthe Minnesota National Guard.Passage 5:Harry Atkinson (socialist)Harry Albert Atkinson (15 October 1867 – 21 January 1956) was a New Zealand engineer,socialist and insurance agent. He was born in Urenui, Taranaki, New Zealand on 15 October 1867, and was educated at Nelson College.Passage 6:Ole ArntzenOleArntzen (4 February 1910 – 7 August 1973) was a Norwegian businessman and resistance member during World War II. He was a brother of Sven Arntzen. Hewas a member of the Central Committee of Milorg, where he served as General Inspector (\"Stor I\") from April 1944 to May 1945. His cover name was \"Ørnulf\". Inhis World War II memoirs, Gunnar Sønsteby devotes one chapter to the arrest of Milorg leaders Jens Christian Hauge and Arntzen by the State police on 10 April1945, but their central role was not discovered.Passage 7:Harry Albert WillisHarry Albert Willis (July 11, 1904 – March 23, 1972) was a Canadian Senator andlong-time fundraiser and organizer for the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in Ontario.Born in Belfountain, Ontario, Wilson was Ontario chairman of thefederal party's Ontario wing from 1943 until 1963.A lawyer by training, Willis was a graduate of McMaster University and Osgoode Hall Law School. He wasappointed to his party position by then federal leader John Bracken.Under John Diefenbaker, Willis was one of the \"three musketeers\" who ran the Ontario wingalong with Edwin A. Goodman and Senator William Brunt.Diefenbaker appointed Willis to the Senate in June 1962. He stepped down as Ontario chairmanfollowing the 1963 federal election in which the Tories were defeated by Lester Pearson's Liberals with only 26 Progressive Conservative MPs being elected inOntario.In the business world, Willis sat on several boards of directors, including those of Denison Mines and Standard Trust. He was president of CaledonHoldings Limited, which developed residential subdivisions. The company owned 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) near which Wilson wished to develop despite theprovince's plans to create park Forks of the Credit Provincial Park. Wilson continued buying property in the area despite the province's plans. The provincialProgressive Conservative government purchased the land from Wilson in 1971, giving him an 81% profit, which resulted in complaints by the parliamentaryopposition and a formal inquiry which found no wrongdoing on the part of Willis but which criticized the government for not bargaining for a lower price.Willis diedin flight from Ottawa to Toronto.Passage 8:Charalampos MavriasCharalampos Mavrias (Greek: Χαράλαμπος Μαυρίας; born 21 February 1994), known as \"Charis\"(Greek: Χάρης) or \"Harry\", is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a right back and right midfielder for Greece national team.ClubcareerPanathinaikosMavrias joined Panathinaikos' youth academy in 2007, aged 13, and was promoted to the first-team squad in 2010, after signing aprofessional contract in the previous year. On 20 October 2010 he made his first-team – and UEFA Champions League – debut, playing the last 12 minutes of a0–0 home draw against Rubin Kazan, thus becoming the youngest Greek ever to appear in the competition, and the second youngest overall (only behindCelestine Babayaro, being surpassed later by Alen Halilović, Youri Tielemans and Rayan Cherki). Four days later he made his league debut, again as a substitutein a 0–1 loss at AEK.Mavrias scored his first professional goal on 18 February 2012, netting his side's last of a 2–0 success at Ergotellis; he scored his firstEuropean goal on 31 July 2012, again netted the last of a 2–0 win at Motherwell in the first leg of the third qualifying round of the Champions League, one minuteafter coming onto the pitch as a substitute.SunderlandOn 22 August 2013, Mavrias joined English Premier League side Sunderland on a four-year contract, for anundisclosed fee, rumoured to be £2-3 million. However, he was left out of the squad to play Southampton due to lack of match fitness.Mavrias made his debutfive days later, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 4–2 home success over Milton Keynes Dons, for the campaign's Football League Cup. He scored his firstgoal on 25 January of the following year, netting the winner against Kidderminster Harriers in the fourth round of the FA Cup.On 2 February 2015, it wasconfirmed Mavrias had joined his former club Panathinaikos on loan until the end of the 2014–15 season.Mavrias returned to Sunderland where he has beentraining and playing for the Black Cats Under-21s – and is understood to have impressed the club's coaching staff with his attitude and contribution. But Mavriashas not come close to being included in the first-team squad, however is not bitter over seeing his career stall on Wearside. “I took the decision to leavePanathinaikos and go to Sunderland, and I think anyone in my position would take this decision,” he told the Greek press. On 9 January 2016, almost two yearsafter his last match with the first team, Mavrias entered the game in second half as a substitute in a 3–1 away loss against Arsenal for FA Cup.FortunaDüsseldorfHe was loaned to Fortuna Düsseldorf on 27 January 2016.Mavrias - who has 18 months remaining on his Sunderland contract - now has a chance toplay regular first-team football after joining Düsseldorf until the end of the campaign, with a view to a permanent switch next summer. On 6 February 2016, hemade his debut with a club, in a 0–1 home loss against Heidenheim.Mavrias performance in Düsseldorf was satisfying, leading the club to set an offer for theGreek international winger. Unfortunately on 24 June 2016, Sunderland reject Fortuna Düsseldorf's lower bid than the £400,000 clause to convert the loan into apermanent switch.Karlsruher SCOn 6 September 2016, after three seasons spent playing for Sunderland, only 7 official caps overall collected as a Black Catsman, plus 2 experiences as a loanee (at Fortuna Düsseldorf and Panathinaikos), he joined 2. Bundesliga side Karlsruher SC for a three-years contract. On 10September 2016, he made his debut with the club in a 4–0 away loss against Union Berlin. Unfortunately, KSC harboured hopes of promotion back to the"}
{"doc_id":"doc_78","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Wonderful World of Captain KuhioThe Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, Kuhio Taisa, lit. \"Captain Kuhio\") is a 2009 Japanese comedy-crime film, directed by Daihachi Yoshida, based on Kazumasa Yoshida's 2006 biographical novel, Kekkon Sagishi Kuhio Taisa (lit. \"Marriage swindler Captain Kuhio\"), that focuses on a real-life marriage swindler, who conned over 100 million yen (US$1.2 million) from a number of women between the 1970s and the 1990s.The film was released in Japan on 10 October 2009.CastMasato Sakai - Captain KuhioYasuko Matsuyuki - Shinobu NaganoHikari Mitsushima - Haru YasuokaYuko Nakamura - Michiko SudoHirofumi Arai - Tatsuya NaganoKazuya Kojima - Koichi TakahashiSakura Ando - Rika KinoshitaMasaaki Uchino - Chief FujiwaraKanji Furutachi - Shigeru KurodaReila AphroditeSei AndoAwardsAt the 31st Yokohama Film FestivalBest Actor – Masato SakaiBest Supporting Actress – Sakura AndoPassage 2:We Dive at DawnWe Dive at Dawn is a 1943 war film directed by Anthony Asquith and starring John Mills and Eric Portman as Royal Navy submariners in the Second World War. It was written by Val Valentine and J. B. Williams with uncredited assistance from Frank Launder. It was produced by Edward Black. The film's sets were designed by Walter Murton.PlotIt is April, 1942. Lieutenant Freddie Taylor and some crew of the submarine Sea Tiger are given a week's leave after an unsuccessful patrol. Leading Seaman Hobson goes home to save his marriage, while a reluctant Torpedo Gunner's Mate Corrigan departs for his wedding in London. When the crew are recalled early Corrigan is relieved, though later regrets not completing his marriage. Sea Tiger has been assigned the top secret mission to sink Nazi Germany's new battleship, the Brandenburg, before she transits the Kiel Canal for sea trials in the Baltic Sea. Sea Tiger must put to sea immediately.Crossing the North Sea, the submarine picks up three shot-down Luftwaffe pilots from a rescue buoy, and prevents their radio alert to German forces. When the submarine enters a minefield, an airman panics and reveals the Brandenburg is further ahead than thought. The airman is attacked by a countryman and subsequently dies. Taylor decides on a desperate gamble to pursue the Brandenburg into the German-controlled Baltic Sea.When the Brandenburg is spotted, Sea Tiger fires all its torpedoes, but dives before assessing their impact due to German destroyers dropping depth charges. By expelling oil and other debris including the body of the German airman, Taylor deceives the Germans into believing that the submarine has sunk. Although successfully escaped, Sea Tiger no longer has enough oil to reach Britain. The Germans, convinced that the Sea Tiger has been sunk, have Lord Haw Haw broadcast to Britain announcing the destruction of the Sea Tiger.Taylor decides to have his crew abandon ship on the Danish island of Hågø (which is in fact the island of Bågø). Hobson, a former merchant seaman who speaks German and knows the port on the island, persuades Taylor to let him go ashore and search for oil. He succeeds, and Sea Tiger enters the harbour under cover of darkness, using Hobson's intelligence about the harbour depth. Aided by friendly Danish sailors, they refuel while Hobson and other crewmen hold off the German garrison. Although Pincher (the cook) is killed and Oxford and Lieutenant Johnson are wounded, they get back to the re-fuelled submarine and start to leave the port. While they leave though, the tanker they were able to refuel from is hit by German shells and catches fire. Taylor, not wanting to risk the Sea Tiger any longer, continues to leave the port and makes it out to the open sea.While returning to Britain, the crew are met by an escorting trawler and learn from them that they sank the Brandenburg. The Sea Tiger returns to base, flying the Jolly Roger for the first time.CastJohn Mills as Lieutenant Freddie Taylor, CaptainLouis Bradfield as Lieutenant Brace, First OfficerRonald Millar as Lieutenant Ronnie Johnson, Third OfficerJack Watling as Lieutenant Gordon, Navigating OfficerReginald Purdell as C/P.O. (Chief Petty Officer) \"Dicky\" Dabbs, CoxswainCaven Watson as C/P.O. Jock Duncan, Chief Engine Room ArtificerNiall MacGinnis as C/P.O. Mike Corrigan, Torpedo Gunner's MateEric Portman as L/S (Leading Seaman) James Hobson, on hydrophonesLeslie Weston as L/S Tug Wilson, Leading Torpedo OperatorNorman Williams as \"Canada\", Periscope OperatorLionel Grose as \"Spud\", Torpedo OperatorDavid Peel as \"Oxford\", HelmsmanPhilip Godfrey as \"Flunkey\", StewardRobb Wilton as \"Pincher\", CookJoan Hopkins as Ethel DabbsWalter Gotell as the ardent Nazi pilot, uncreditedJohn Slater as CharliePhilip Friend as Captain HumphriesProductionWe Dive at Dawn was filmed at Gaumont-British Studios in London, with the co-operation of the British Admiralty. John Mills prepared for his role as the captain of Sea Tiger by sailing in a submarine on a training mission down the Clyde. He recalled a crash dive: The ship then seemed to stand on her nose and I felt her speeding like an arrow towards the sea bed; charts and crockery went flying in all directions; I hung on to a rail near the periscope trying to look heroic and totally unconcerned; the only thing that concerned me was the fact that I was sure that my face had turned a pale shade of pea-green.Exterior shots of the submarines P614 and P615 were used for Sea Tiger (with the final number painted over to make \"P61\"). The vessels were a Turkish S-class submarine that had been part of a consignment ordered by the Turkish Navy from the British company Vickers in 1939. But with the outbreak of World War II, the four boats were requisitioned by the Royal Navy and designated the P611 class in the British Fleet. They were similar in design but slightly smaller than the British S class, although with a higher conning tower. The S-class boat HMS Safari also appears in the film.Home mediaThe film has been issued on VHS by Madacy Records and Timeless Multimedia among others, and on DVD by ITV DVD and Carlton.Passage 3:Coney Island Baby (film)Coney Island Baby is a 2003 comedy-drama in which film producer Amy Hobby made her directorial debut. Karl Geary wrote the film and Tanya Ryno was the film's producer. The music was composed by Ryan Shore. The film was shot in Sligo, Ireland, which is known locally as \"Coney Island\".The film was screened at the Newport International Film Festival. Hobby won the Jury Award for \"Best First Time Director\".The film made its premiere television broadcast on the Sundance Channel.PlotAfter spending time in New York City, Billy Hayes returns to his hometown. He wants to get back together with his ex-girlfriend and take her back to America in hopes of opening up a gas station. But everything isn't going Billy's way - the townspeople aren't happy to see him, and his ex-girlfriend is engaged and pregnant. Then, Billy runs into his old friends who are planning a scam.CastKarl Geary - Billy HayesLaura Fraser - BridgetHugh O'Conor - SatchmoAndy Nyman - FrankoPatrick Fitzgerald - The DukeTom Hickey - Mr. HayesConor McDermottroe - GerryDavid McEvoy - JoeThor McVeigh - MagicianSinead Dolan - JuliaMusicThe film's original score was composed by Ryan Shore.External linksConey Island Baby (2006) at IMDbMSN - Movies: Coney Island BabyPassage 4:Murder at DawnMurder at Dawn is a 1932 American Pre-Code film directed by Richard Thorpe. The film is also known as The Death Ray in the United Kingdom.CastJack Mulhall as DannyJosephine Dunn as Doris FarringtonEddie Boland as FreddieMarjorie Beebe as GertrudeMartha Mattox as The HousekeeperMischa Auer as HenryPhillips Smalley as Judge FolgerCrauford Kent as ArnsteinFrank Ball as Dr. FarringtonAlfred Cross as GoddardExternal linksMurder at Dawn at IMDbMurder at Dawn at the TCM Movie DatabaseMurder at Dawn is available for free viewing and download at the Internet ArchivePassage 5:HMS Al Rawdah (1911)HMS Al Rawdah was a ship of the Royal Navy. She was built in 1911 and originally christened Chenab for the Nourse Line of London.In 1930 the ship was sold to Khedivial Mail Steamship & Graving Dock and renamed Ville De Beyrouth. In 1939 the ship was sold again and renamed Al Rawdah.In 1940 the British Ministry of Shipping requisitioned the vessel and she was managed by the British-India Steam Navigation Company Ltd. In 1946 Al Rawdah was returned to her owners, and scrapped in 1953.InternmentBetween 1940 and 1946 the vessel (described as a \"hulk\") was used as a military base and prison ship for Irish Republican internees and prisoners. Internment on the Al Rawdah began in 1939 as it was moored just off Killyleagh in Strangford Lough. Conditions on board the ageing ship were not good - food was described as \"abominable\" by survivors. Internees were packed in \"bronchitic squalor\" for months or years. On 18 November 1940 Irish Republican internee Jack Gaffney from Belfast died onboard the Al Rawdah. Some of the Irish detainees placed in the hold of Al Rawdah had also been interned on the British prison ship HMS Argenta.See alsoHMS ArgentaHMS MaidstonePassage 6:Tomorrow at DawnTomorrow at Dawn (French: Demain dès l'aube) is a 2009 French drama film directed by Denis Dercourt. It competed in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival.CastVincent Perez as MathieuJérémie Renier as PaulAurélien Recoing as Capitaine DépréesAnne Marivin as JeanneFrançoise Lebrun as Claire GuibertGérald Laroche as Major RogartBarbara Probst as ChristelleBéatrice Agenin as The DuchessPassage 7:Invasion of the Neptune MenInvasion of the Neptune Men (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, Uchū Kaisokusen) is a 1961 superhero film produced by Toei Company Ltd. The film stars Sonny Chiba as Iron Sharp (called Space Chief in the U.S. version).The film was released in 1961 in Japan and was later released in 1964 direct to television in the United States. In 1998, the film was featured on an episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000.PlotAstronomer Shinichi Tachibana has a secret identity as superhero \"Iron Sharp\" and has many children as friends. When they are attacked by a group of metallic aliens (\"Neptune Men\" in English), Iron Sharp drives the aliens away. The resourceful Tachibana helps develop an electric barrier to block the aliens from coming to the Earth.  After several losses by the aliens, they announce that they will invade the Earth, throwing the world into a state of panic. The aliens destroy entire cities with their mothership and smaller fighters. After Iron Sharp destroys multiple enemy ships, Japan fires nuclear missiles at the mothership, destroying it.CastSonny Chiba as scientist Shinichi Tachibana / Iron SharpKappei Matsumoto as Dr. TanigawaRyuko Minakami as Yōko (Tanigawa's daughter)Shinjirō Ehara as scientist YanagidaMitsue Komiya as scientist SaitōStyleInvasion of the Neptune Men is part of Japan's tokusatsu genre, which involves science fiction and/or superhero films that feature heavy use of special effects.ProductionInvasion of the Neptune Men was an early film for Sonny Chiba. Chiba started working in Japanese television where he starred in superhero television series in 1960. Chiba continued working back and forth between television and film until the late 1960s when he became a more popular star.ReleaseUchū Kaisokusen was released in Japan on 19 July 1961. The film was not released theatrically in the United States, but it was released "}
{"doc_id":"doc_79","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Bernie BonvoisinBernard Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: [b\u0000\u0000na\u0000 b\u0000̃vwaz\u0000̃]), known as Bernie Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: [b\u0000\u0000nib\u0000̃vwaz\u0000̃], born 9 July 1956 in Nanterre, Hauts-de-Seine), is a French hard rock singer and film director. He is best known for having been the singer of Trust.Hewas one of the best friends of Bon Scott the singer of AC/DC and together they recorded the song \"Ride On\" which was one of the last songs by BonScott.External linksBernie Bonvoisin at IMDbPassage 2:Margery CuylerMargery Cuyler is an American children's book author. She has written many picture books,including That's Good! That's Bad! and the rest of its series.Cuyler grew up in Princeton, NJ. She graduated from Sarah Lawrence College in 1970. Besides writingher own books, she has worked as a children's book editor and in executive positions at Amazon.com, Marshall Cavendish, Golden Books Family Entertainment,Henry Holt and Company, and Holiday House. In 2011, she appeared on The Celebrity Apprentice television show, judging the contestants on their work creatinga children's book.Cuyler lives in Lawrenceville, New Jersey.BibliographyPicture booksSir William and the Pumpkin Monster, Henry Holt, 1984Freckles and Willie: AValentine's Day Story, Henry Holt, 1986Fat Santa, Henry Holt, 1987Freckles and Jane, Henry Holt, 1989Shadow's Baby, Clarion Books, 1989Daisy's CrazyThanksgiving, Henry Holt, 1990Baby Dot: A Dinosaur Story, Clarion Books, 1990Buddy Bear and the Bad Guys, Clarion Books, 1990That's Good! That's Bad!,Henry Holt, 1991The Christmas Snowman, Arcade Books, 1992The Biggest, Best Snowman, Scholastic, 1998From Here to There, Henry Holt, 1999100th DayWorries, Simon & Schuster, 2000Road Signs, Winslow Press, 2000Stop, Drop and Roll, Simon & Schuster, 2001Ah-choo!, Scholastic, 2002That's Good! That'sBad! In the Grand Canyon, Henry Holt, 2002Skeleton Hiccups, Margaret K. McElderry, 2002Big Friends, Walker and Company, 2004Please Say Please! Penguin'sGuide to Manners, Scholastic, 2004Groundhog Stays Up Late, Walker/Bloomsbury, 2005The Bumpy Little Pumpkin, Scholastic, 2005Please Play Safe! Penguin'sGuide to Playground Safety, Scholastic, 2006Kindness Is Cooler, Mrs. Ruler, Simon & Schuster, 2007That's Good! That's Bad! In Washington, D.C., Henry Holt,2007Hooray for Reading Day!, Simon & Schuster, 2008Monster Mess, Margaret McElderry Books/Simon & Schuster, 2008We’re Going on a Lion Hunt, MarshallCavendish, 2008The Little Dump Truck, Henry Holt, 2009That's Good! That's Bad! On Santa's Journey, Henry Holt, 2009Bullies Never Win, Simon & Schuster,2009Princess Bess Gets Dressed, Simon & Schuster, 2009I Repeat, Don't Cheat!, Simon & Schuster, 2010Guinea Pigs Add Up, Walker and Company, 2010TickTock Clock, HarperCollins, 2012Skeleton for Dinner, Albert Whiteman, 2013The Little School Bus, Henry Holt, 2014The Little Dump Truck, Henry Holt,2014NovelsThe Trouble with Soap, E.P. Dutton, 1982Weird Wolf, Henry Holt, 1989Invisible in the Third Grade, Henry Holt, 1995The Battlefield Ghost, Scholastic,1999NonfictionJewish Holidays, Henry Holt, 1978The All-Around Pumpkin Book, Henry Holt, 1980The All-Around Christmas Book, Henry Holt, 1982Passage3:That's Good, That's Bad (Frankie Laine song)\"That's Good, That's Bad\" is a 1951 hit song sung by Jo Stafford and Frankie Laine. It was written by Ervin Drakeand Jimmy Shirl.Passage 4:Kristian LeontiouKristian Leontiou (born February 1982) is an English singer. Formerly a solo artist, he is the lead singer of indie rockband One eskimO.Early lifeKristian Leontiou was born in London, England and is of Greek Cypriot descent. He went to Hatch End High School in Harrow andworked several jobs in and around London whilst concentrating on music when he had any free time.  In 2003 he signed a major record deal with Polydor. At thetime, Leontiou was dubbed \"the new Dido\" by some media outlets. His debut single \"Story of My Life\" was released in June 2004 and reached #9 in the UKSingles Chart. His second single \"Shining\" peaked at #13 whilst the album Some Day Soon was certified gold selling in excess of 150,000 copies.Leontiou touredthe album in November 2004 taking him to the US to work with L.A Reid, Chairman of the Island Def Jam music group.  Unhappy with the direction his career wasgoing, on a flight back from the US in 2004 he decided to take his music in a new direction.  Splitting from his label in late 2005, he went on to collaborate withFaithless on the song \"Hope & Glory\" for their album ‘'To All New Arrivals'’.  It was this release that saw him unleash the One eskimO moniker.  It was throughworking with Rollo Armstrong on the Faithless album, that Rollo got to hear an early demo of \"Astronauts\" from the One eskimO project. Being more thanimpressed by what he heard, Rollo opened both his arms and studio doors to Leontiou and they began to co-produce the ‘'All Balloons’' album.It was at this timethat he paired up with good friend Adam Falkner, a drummer/musician, to introduce a live acoustic sound to the album. They recorded the album with engineerPhill Brown (engineer for Bob Marley and Robert Plant) at Ark studios in St John's Wood where they recorded live then headed back to Rollo's studio to add thecinematic electro touches that are prominent on the album.Shortly after its completion, One eskimO's \"Hometime\" was used on a Toyota Prius advert in the USA.The funds from the advert were then used to develop the visual aspect of One eskimO. He teamed up with friend Nathan Erasmus (Gravy Media Productions)along with animation team Smuggling Peanuts (Matt Latchford and Lucy Sullivan) who together began to develop the One eskimO world, the first animationproduced was for the track ‘Hometime’ which went on to win a British animation award in 2008.In 2008 Leontiou started a new management venture with ATCMusic. By mid-2008 Time Warner came on board to develop all 10 One eskimO animations which were produced the highly regarded Passion Pictures inLondon.  Now with all animation complete and a debut album, One eskimO prepare to unveil themselves fully to the world in summer 2009.Leontiou released acover version of Tracy Chapman's \"Fast Car\", which was originally released as a single in 2005. Leontiou's version was unable to chart, however, due to therebeing no simultaneous physical release alongside the download single, a UK chart rule that was in place at the time. On 24 April 2011, the song entered thesingles chart at number 88 due to Britain's Got Talent contestant Michael Collings covering the track on the show on 16 April2011.DiscographyAlbumsSinglesNotesA  - Originally released as a single in April 2005, Leontiou's version of \"Fast Car\" did not chart until 2011 in the UK.Alsofeatured onNow That's What I Call Music! 58 (Story of My Life)Win a Date with Tad Hamilton! OST, Love Love Songs - The Ultimate Love Collection(Shining)Summerland OST (The Crying)Passage 5:Frankie LaineFrankie Laine (born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio; March 30, 1913 – February 6, 2007) was anAmerican singer and songwriter whose career spanned nearly 75 years, from his first concerts in 1930 with a marathon dance company to his final performanceof \"That's My Desire\" in 2005. Often billed as \"America's Number One Song Stylist\", his other nicknames include \"Mr. Rhythm\", \"Old Leather Lungs\", and \"Mr.Steel Tonsils\". His hits included \"That's My Desire\", \"That Lucky Old Sun\", \"Mule Train\", \"Jezebel\", \"High Noon\", \"I Believe\", \"Hey Joe!\", \"The Kid's Last Fight\",\"Cool Water\", \"Rawhide\", and \"You Gave Me a Mountain\".He sang well-known theme songs for many Western film soundtracks, including 3:10 To Yuma, Gunfightat the O.K. Corral, and Blazing Saddles, although his recordings were not charted as a country & western. Laine sang an eclectic variety of song styles andgenres, stretching from big band crooning to pop, western-themed songs, gospel, rock, folk, jazz, and blues. He did not sing the soundtrack song for High Noon,which was sung by Tex Ritter, but his own version (with somewhat altered lyrics, omitting the name of the antagonist, Frank Miller) was the one that became abigger hit. He also did not sing the theme to another show he is commonly associated with—Champion the Wonder Horse (sung by Mike Stewart)—but releasedhis own, subsequently more popular, version.Laine's enduring popularity was illustrated in June 2011 when a TV-advertised compilation called Hits reached No.16 on the UK Albums Chart. The accomplishment was achieved nearly 60 years after his debut on the UK chart, 64 years after his first major U.S. hit and fouryears after his death.Early lifeFrankie Laine was born Francesco Paolo LoVecchio on March 30, 1913, to Giovanni and Cresenzia LoVecchio (née Salerno). His CookCounty, Illinois, birth Certificate, No. 14436, was already Americanized at the time of his birth, with his name written as \"Frank Lovecchio,\" his mother as \"AnnaSalerno,\" and his father as \"John Lovecchio,\" with the \"V\" lower case in each instance, except in the \"Reported by\" section with \"John Lo Vecchio (father)\" writtenin. His parents had emigrated from Monreale, Sicily, to Chicago's Near West Side, in \"Little Italy,\" where his father worked at one time as the personal barber forgangster Al Capone. Laine's family appears to have had several organized crime connections, and young Francesco was living with his grandfather when the latterwas killed by rival gangsters.The eldest of eight children, Laine grew up in the Old Town neighborhood (first at 1446 N. North Park Avenue and later at 331 W.Schiller Street) and got his first taste of singing as a member of the choir in the Church of the Immaculate Conception's elementary school across the street fromthe North Park Avenue home. He later attended Lane Technical High School, where he helped to develop his lung power and breath control by joining the trackand field and basketball teams. He realized he wanted to be a singer when he missed time in school to see Al Jolson's current talking picture, The Singing Fool.Jolson would later visit Laine when both were filming pictures in 1949, and at about this time, Jolson remarked that Laine was going to put all the other singersout of business.Early career and stylistic influencesEven in the 1920s, his vocal abilities were enough to get him noticed by a slightly older \"in crowd\" at hisschool, who began inviting him to parties and to local dance clubs, including Chicago's Merry Garden Ballroom. At 17, he sang before a crowd of 5,000 at TheMerry Garden Ballroom to such applause that he ended up performing five encores on his first night. Laine was giving dance lessons for a charity ball at the MerryGarden when he was called to the bandstand to sing:Soon I found myself on the main bandstand before this enormous crowd, Laine recalled. I was reallynervous, but I started singing 'Beside an Open Fireplace,' a popular song of the day. It was a sentimental tune and the lyrics choked me up. When I got done, thetears were streaming down my cheeks and the ballroom became quiet. I was very nearsighted and couldn't see the audience. I thought that the people didn't likeme.Some of his other early influences during this period included Enrico Caruso, Carlo Buti, and especially Bessie Smith—a record of whose somehow wound up in"}
{"doc_id":"doc_80","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Pete TownshendPeter Dennis Blandford Townshend (; born 19 May 1945) is an English musician. He is the co-founder, leader, guitarist, second leadvocalist and principal songwriter of the Who, one of the most influential rock bands of the 1960s and 1970s. Due to his aggressive playing style and innovativesongwriting techniques, Townshend's works with the Who and in other projects have earned him critical acclaim.Townshend has written more than 100 songs for12 of the Who's studio albums. These include concept albums, the rock operas Tommy (1969) and Quadrophenia (1973), plus popular rock radio staples such asWho's Next (1971); as well as dozens more that appeared as non-album singles, bonus tracks on reissues, and tracks on rarities compilation albums such asOdds & Sods (1974). He has also written more than 100 songs that have appeared on his solo albums, as well as radio jingles and television theme songs.Whileknown primarily as a guitarist, Townshend also plays keyboards, banjo, accordion, harmonica, ukulele, mandolin, violin, synthesiser, bass guitar, and drums; heis self-taught on all of these instruments and plays on his own solo albums, several Who albums, and as a guest contributor to an array of other artists'recordings. Townshend has also contributed to and authored many newspaper and magazine articles, book reviews, essays, books, and scripts, and he hascollaborated as a lyricist and composer for many other musical acts. In 1983, Townshend received the Brit Award for Lifetime Achievement and in 1990 he wasinducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Who. Townshend was ranked No. 3 in Dave Marsh's 1994 list of Best Guitarists in The New Bookof Rock Lists. In 2001, he received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award as a member of the Who; and in 2008 he received Kennedy Center Honors. He wasranked No. 10 in Gibson.com's 2011 list of the top 50 guitarists, and No. 10 in Rolling Stone's updated 2011 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. He andRoger Daltrey received The George and Ira Gershwin Award for Lifetime Musical Achievement at UCLA on 21 May 2016.Early life and educationTownshend wasborn in Chiswick, West London, at the Chiswick Hospital, Netheravon Road, in the UK. He came from a musical family: his father, Cliff Townshend, was aprofessional alto saxophonist in the Royal Air Force's dance band the Squadronaires and his mother, Betty (née Dennis), was a singer with the Sydney Torch andLes Douglass Orchestras. The Townshends had a volatile marriage, as both drank heavily and possessed fiery tempers. Cliff Townshend was often away from hisfamily touring with his band while Betty carried on affairs with other men. The two split when Townshend was a toddler and he was sent to live with his maternalgrandmother Emma Dennis, whom Pete later described as \"clinically insane\". The two-year separation ended when Cliff and Betty purchased a house together onWoodgrange Avenue in middle-class Acton, and the young Pete was happily reunited with his parents. His neighbourhood was one-third Polish, and a devoutJewish family upstairs shared their housing with them and cooking with them—many of his father's closest friends were Jewish.Townshend says he did not havemany friends growing up, so he spent much of his boyhood reading adventure novels like Gulliver's Travels and Treasure Island. He enjoyed his family's frequentexcursions to the seaside and the Isle of Man. It was on one of these trips in the summer of 1956 that he repeatedly watched the 1956 film Rock Around theClock, sparking his fascination with American rock and roll. Not long thereafter, he went to see Bill Haley perform in London, Townshend's first concert. At thetime, he did not see himself pursuing a career as a professional musician; instead, he wanted to become a journalist.Upon passing the eleven-plus exam,Townshend was enrolled at Acton County Grammar School. At Acton County, he was frequently bullied because he had a large nose, an experience thatprofoundly affected him. His grandmother Emma purchased his first guitar for Christmas in 1956, an inexpensive Spanish model. Though his father taught him acouple of chords, Townshend was largely self-taught on the instrument and never learned to read music. Townshend and school friend John Entwistle formed ashort-lived trad jazz group, the Confederates, featuring Townshend on banjo and Entwistle on horns. The Confederates played gigs at the Congo Club, a youthclub run by the Acton Congregational Church, and covered Acker Bilk, Kenny Ball, and Lonnie Donegan. However, both became influenced by the increasingpopularity of rock 'n' roll, with Townshend particularly admiring Cliff Richard's debut single, \"Move It\". Townshend left the Confederates after getting into a fightwith the group's drummer, Chris Sherwin, and purchased a \"reasonably good Czechoslovakian guitar\" at his mother's antique shop.Townshend's brothers Pauland Simon were born in 1957 and 1960, respectively. Lacking the requisite grades to attend university, Pete was faced with the decision of art school, musicschool, or getting a job. He ultimately chose to study graphic design at Ealing Art College, enrolling in 1961. At Ealing, Townshend studied alongside future RollingStones guitarist Ronnie Wood. Notable artists and designers gave lectures at the college such as auto-destructive art pioneer Gustav Metzger. Townshenddropped out in 1964 to focus on music full-time.Musical career1961–1964: the DetoursIn late 1961, Entwistle joined the Detours, a skiffle/rock and roll band, ledby Roger Daltrey. The new bass player then suggested Townshend join as an additional guitarist. In the early days of the Detours, the band's repertoire consistedof instrumentals by the Shadows and the Ventures, as well as pop and trad jazz covers. Their lineup coalesced around Roger Daltrey on lead guitar, Townshendon rhythm guitar, Entwistle on bass, Doug Sandom on drums, and Colin Dawson as vocalist. Daltrey was considered the leader of the group and, according toTownshend, \"ran things the way he wanted them.\" Dawson quit in 1962 after arguing too much with Daltrey, who subsequently moved to lead vocalist. As aresult, Townshend, with Entwistle's encouragement, became the sole guitarist. Through Townshend's mother, the group obtained a management contract withlocal promoter Robert Druce, who started booking the band as a support act for bands including Screaming Lord Sutch, Cliff Bennett and the Rebel Rousers,Shane Fenton and the Fentones, and Johnny Kidd and the Pirates. In 1963, Townshend's father arranged an amateur recording of \"It Was You\", the first song hisson ever wrote. The Detours became aware of a group of the same name in February 1964, forcing them to change their name. Townshend's roommate RichardBarnes came up with \"The Who\", and Daltrey decided it was the best choice.1964–1982: The WhoNot long after the name change, drummer Doug Sandom wasreplaced by Keith Moon, who had been drumming semi-professionally with the Beachcombers for several years. The band was soon taken on by a mod publicistnamed Peter Meaden who convinced them to change their name to the High Numbers to give the band more of a mod feel. After bringing out one failed single(\"I'm the Face/Zoot Suit\"), they dropped Meaden and were signed on by two new managers, Chris Stamp and Kit Lambert, who had paired up with the intentionof finding new talent and creating a documentary about them. The band anguished over a name that all felt represented the band best, and dropped the HighNumbers name, reverting to the Who. In June 1964, during a performance at the Railway Tavern, Townshend accidentally broke the top of his guitar on the lowceiling and proceeded to destroy the entire instrument. The on-stage destruction of instruments soon became a regular part of the Who's live shows.With theassistance of Lambert, the Who caught the ear of American record producer Shel Talmy, who had the band signed to a record contract. Townshend wrote a song,\"I Can't Explain\", as a deliberate sound-alike of the Kinks, another group Talmy produced. Released as a single in January 1965, \"I Can't Explain\" was the Who'sfirst hit, reaching number eight on the British charts. A follow-up single (\"Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere\"), credited to both Townshend and Daltrey, also reachedthe top 10 in the UK. However, it was the release of the Who's third single, \"My Generation\", in November that, according to Who biographer Mark Wilkerson,\"cemented their reputation as a hard-nosed band who reflected the feelings of thousands of pissed-off adolescents at the time.\" The Townshend-penned singlereached number two on the UK charts, becoming the Who's biggest hit. The song and its famous line \"I hope I die before I get old\" was \"very much about tryingto find a place in society\", Townshend stated in an interview with David Fricke.To capitalise on their recent single success, the Who's debut album My Generation(The Who Sings My Generation in the US) was released in late 1965, containing original material written by Townshend and several James Brown covers thatDaltrey favoured. Townshend continued to write several successful singles for the band, including \"Pictures of Lily\", \"Substitute\", \"I'm a Boy\", and \"Happy Jack\".Lambert encouraged Townshend to write longer pieces of music for the next album, which became \"A Quick One, While He's Away\". The album was subsequentlytitled A Quick One and reached No. 4 in the charts upon its release in December 1966. In their stage shows, Townshend developed a guitar stunt in which hewould swing his right arm against the guitar strings in a style reminiscent of the vanes of a windmill. He developed this style after watching Rolling Stonesguitarist Keith Richards warm up before a show.The Who commenced their first US tour on 22 March 1967. Townshend took to trashing his hotel suites, thoughnot to the extent of his bandmate Moon. He also began experimenting with LSD, though stopped taking the drug after receiving a potent hit after the MontereyPop Festival on 18 June. Released in December, their next album was The Who Sell Out—a concept album based on pirate radio, which had been instrumental inraising the Who's popularity. It included several humorous jingles and mock commercials between songs, and the Who's biggest US single, \"I Can See for Miles\".Despite the success of \"I Can See for Miles\", which reached No. 9 on the American charts, Townshend was surprised it was not an even bigger hit, as heconsidered it the best song he had written up to that point.By 1968, Townshend became interested in the teachings of Meher Baba. He began to develop amusical piece about a deaf, dumb, and blind boy who would experience sensations musically. The piece would explore the tenets of Baba's philosophy. The resultwas the rock opera Tommy, released on 23 May 1969 to critical and commercial success. In support of Tommy, the Who launched a tour that included amemorable appearance at the Woodstock Festival on 17 August. While the Who were playing, Yippie leader Abbie Hoffman jumped the stage to complain aboutthe arrest of John Sinclair. Townshend promptly knocked him offstage with his guitar, shouting, \"Fuck off my fucking stage!\"In 1970, the Who released Live at"}
{"doc_id":"doc_81","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Man with the Glass EyeThe Man with the Glass Eye (German: Der Mann mit dem Glasauge) is a 1969 West German crime film directed by AlfredVohrer and starring Horst Tappert, Karin Hübner and Hubert von Meyerinck. It is part of Rialto Film's long-running series of Edgar Wallace adaptations.The film'ssets were designed by the art directors Walter Kutz and Wilhelm Vorwerg. It was shot at the Spandau Studios and on location in West Berlin, Hamburg andLondon.CastPassage 2:The Return of Pom PomThe Return of Pom Pom (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) is a 1984 Hong Kong comedy film directed by Philip Chan and starringRichard Ng and John Shum. It is the second film in the Pom Pom film series which is a spin-off the Lucky Stars series.PlotHaving been together for years, policeofficer Beethoven (John Shum) must find a new place to live as his friend and fellow officer Ng Ah Chow (Richard Ng) is marrying his fiancée Anna (Deanie Yip).Furthermore, the two officers are transferred to a new department run by fearsome Inspector Tien (James Tin Chuen). While here their former boss inspectorChan (Philip Chan) is set up after evidence is stolen by \"The Flying Spider\" (Lam Ching-ying), the two officers must track down the thief to prove Chan'sinnocence.CastRichard Ng as officer Ng Ah ChiuJohn Shum as officer BeethovenDeannie Yip as Anna, Ng's love interestLam Ching-Ying as The Flying SpiderPhilipChan as Inspector ChanJames Tin Chuen as Inspector TienPassage 3:Mr. Boo Meets Pom PomMr. Boo Meets Pom Pom (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) is a 1985 Hong Kongcomedy film directed by Wu Ma and starring Richard Ng and John Shum. It is the third film in the Pom Pom film series which is a spin-off the Lucky Starsseries.PlotWorking at the police forensic department Mr Boo (Michael Hui) although absent-minded and scruffy is successful at his job. His beautiful wife (TerryHu) begin to be courted by handsome billionaire Yang (Stuart Ong) and now Mr Boo must try to win back her love. While on a job involving a bank robbery hebefriend detectives Chow (Richard Ng) and Beethoven (John Shum) who promise to help him with his love life.CastMichael Hui as Mr. BooTerry Hu as Mr. Boo'swifeRichard Ng Yiu-Hon as officer Ng Ah ChiuJohn Shum Kin-Fun as officer BeethovenDeannie Yip Tak-Han as Anna, Ng's loverStuart Ong as YangPassage 4:TheMan with the Fake BanknoteThe Man with the Fake Banknote or The Man with the Counterfeit Money (German: Der Mann mit der falschen Banknote) is a 1927German silent crime film directed by Romano Mengon and starring Nils Asther, Vivian Gibson and Margarete Lanner.The film's art direction was by Robert A.Dietrich.CastNils AstherVivian GibsonMargarete LannerSig ArnoPhilipp ManningKarl PlatenPassage 5:Pom Pom Strikes BackPom Pom Strikes Back is a 1986 HongKong comedy film directed by Wu Ma and starring Richard Ng and John Shum. It is the fourth and final film in the Pom Pom film series which is a spin-off theLucky Stars series.PlotPolice officers Chow (Richard Ng) and Beethoven (John Shum) are close friend who must protect a witness May (May Lo Mei Mei) after shewitnesses a gangland murder. Meanwhile Beethoven mistakenly discovers that Chow is dying of cancer and sets out to make his last few monthsmemorable.CastRichard Ng as officer Ng Ah ChiuJohn Shum as officer BeethovenDeannie Yip as Mrs Anna Ng, Ng's wifeMay Lo Mei-Mei as MayPassage 6:TheMan with Two Faces (1975 film)The Man with Two Faces (Korean: \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; RR: Gongpoui ijongingan) is a 1975 South Korean horror film.CastLeeYe-chunKim Ok-jinJin Bong-jinPassage 7:The Pom Pom GirlsThe Pom Pom Girls (also known as Palisades High) is a 1976 American film directed by JosephRuben. The screenplay was written by Ruben and based on a story by him and Robert J. Rosenthal. The movie was shot on location at Chaminade High School inLos Angeles. The Pom Pom Girls is a teensploitation film, female relationships and cheerleaders in locations that are \"any town\" American, and includesdisobedient teens in a date movie with romance and sex, plenty of outdoor activities, stunts that are coordinated for actors and actresses, and indoor activitiesfor a new audience.PlotA football player falls for a girl who is dating another guy, while another cannot figure out which girl he likes.The big game against rivalHardin High School is looming while a full scale prank war is underway.ProductionThe modest profits of the prior exploitation/teensploitation film TheCheerleaders (1975) inspired The Pom Pom Girls writers with cheerleader themes and scenes. Easy Rider had an influence on the film, the huge success of thatfilm had film makers like the scriptwriters Robert Rosenthal and Joseph Ruben, who is the director, include the theme of the value of freedom. Many shots andautomobiles were included, drive-in restaurant, \"suicide chicken\" race, many scenes of nostalgia that was incorporated from the present day. Even a tagline wasborrowed from a \"50s picture\", the exploitation film Rebel Without a Cause (1955). The tagline \"How can anyone ever forget the girls who really turned us on?\",is a promotional line and used in the film's cover art, and is to express nostalgia.CastRobert Carradine as JohnnieJennifer Ashley as LaurieMichael Mullins asJesseLisa Reeves as SallyBill Adler as DuaneJames Gammon as CoachSusan Player as Su AnnCheryl Smith (Credited as Rainbeaux Smith) as RoxanneDiane LeeHart as JudySondra Lowell as Miss PritchettReceptionThe film earned $4.3 million in rentals during its initial release.DVDThis film has been issued on Too CoolFor School: 12 Movie Collection from Mill Creek Entertainment September 29, 2009 and on The Starlite Drive-In Theater: (The Pom Pom Girls / The Van ) fromBCI / Eclipse September 26, 2006Passage 8:Alfred VohrerAlfred Vohrer (29 December 1914 – 3 February 1986) was a German film director and actor. Hedirected 48 films between 1958 and 1984. His 1969 film Seven Days Grace was entered into the 6th Moscow International Film Festival. His 1972 film Tears ofBlood was entered into the 8th Moscow International Film Festival. His 1974 film Only the Wind Knows the Answer was entered into the 9th MoscowInternational Film Festival.Selected filmographyPassage 9:Joseph RubenJoseph Porter Ruben (born May 10, 1950) is an American retired filmmaker.MoviecareerHis earlier films, such as The Stepfather, have become cult classics. In the 1990s, he went to direct high-grossing mainstream films such as Sleeping withthe Enemy starring Julia Roberts (which grossed over $150,000,000 at the box office), the controversial thriller The Good Son starring Macaulay Culkin andElijah Wood, Money Train starring Woody Harrelson and Wesley Snipes, and Return to Paradise starring Vince Vaughn and Joaquin Phoenix. He frequentlycollaborates with film editor George Bowers.He has won awards at various film festivals for his films The Stepfather, True Believer, starring Robert Downey Jr.and James Woods, and Dreamscape, starring Dennis Quaid. His 2013 feature, Penthouse North, stars Michael Keaton and Michelle Monaghan. He will return todirect the serial killer thriller Jack after not working for six years. Ruben is also attached to direct the film The Politician's Wife written by Nicholas Meyer.TheOttoman Lieutenant was released around the period of the film The Promise, a film depicting the Armenian genocide. The perceived similarities between thefilms resulted in accusations that The Ottoman Lieutenant existed to deny the Armenian genocide.FilmographyPassage 10:The Man with the GunThe Man withthe Gun (Russian: Человек с ружьём, romanized: Chelovek s ruzhyom, lit. 'Person with a rifle') is a 1938 Soviet history drama film directed by SergeiYutkevich.PlotThe film takes place during the October Revolution, when the army is approaching the army of General Krasnov. Ivan Shadrin, a peasant whobecame a soldier, goes to Petrograd in order to convey a letter to Vladimir Lenin with questions that concern his comrades.CastMaksim Shtraukh as VladimirLeninMikheil Gelovani as Joseph Stalin (removed from cut version)Boris Tenin as Ivan ShadrinVladimir Lukin as Nikolai ChibisovZoya Fyodorova as KatyaFainaRanevskaya as mansion owner, séance psychic (uncredited)Boris Chirkov as YevtushenkoNikolay Cherkasov as generalNikolai Sosnin as Zakhar ZakharovichSibirtsev, millionaireSerafima Birman as Varvara Ivanovna, his wifeMark Bernes as Kostya ZhigilyovStepan Kayukov as Andrei Dymov, sailorPavel Sukhanov asMatushkin, captiveKonstantin Sorokin as honor guardNikolai Kryuchkov as SidorovPavel Kadochnikov as soldier with seedsMikhail Yanshin as officer, séanceguestYuri Tolubeyev as revolutionary sailorPyotr Aleynikov as soldierVladimir Volchik as soldierYelizaveta Uvarova as freeloaderVasili Vanin as general's batman"}
{"doc_id":"doc_82","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Bloom of YesterdayThe Bloom of Yesterday (German: Die Blumen von gestern) is a 2016 German-Austrian comedy film directed by ChrisKraus.CastReceptionThe film won the Grand Prize and the Audience Award at the 2016 Tokyo International Film Festival and subsequently won several awardsand nominations.  Martin Schwickert, of Zeit Online, said the dialogue had \"almost Woody Allen's brilliance and speed.\"Passage 2:Shima (film)Shima is a 2007film from Uzbekistan.PlotAt the end of the Second World War, imperial Japanese fanaticism seals the fate of an island's inhabitants and its garrison, through amassacre, interrupting the love between a soldier and a fisherman's daughter. The daughter survives, but the other survivor Taro- a soldier cut off from allcommunication- continues to serve the emperor for another thirty years. Tormented in his dreams by memories and his secret aspiration for eternal peace.Taro isregularly 'inspected' by his former military inspector Yamada, who exploits the situation to entertain former Japanese officers, nostalgic of Imperial Japan, byluring visitors to the island through his War Veterans Association. The visitors are held captive and enrolled by Taro to serve in the army of the Great Emperor.For the sadistic pleasure of the former Japanese officers, Yamada organises \"inspections\" during which the new recruits must prove their devotion to the emperorby sacrificing their lives.Many years later Shintaro, the son of the fisherman's daughter, finds himself on the island after searching for his father. He learns hisfather disappeared on the island just before the massacre. He contacts Yamada through the War Veterans Association, who agrees to take him and others to theisland. But once they arrive he abandons them and puts Taro in charge. For Shintaro and his comrades this means forced enrolment, military drills and suffering.After months of torture Shintaro and the other captives start to accept Taro's twisted sense of reality. The training intensifies as Taro prepares the recruits to fighta mysterious enemy.CastSeidula Moldakhanov as TaroMikhail Vodzumi as ShintaroAnvar Kenjaev as YamadaInfluencesBased on the true story of Lieutenant HirooOnoda, a Japanese holdout who did not surrender until 1974. During his service, it has been estimated that he killed about thirty people, including Americansoldiers and local police militia.Passage 3:Circus of LoveCircus of Love (German: Rummelplatz der Liebe) is a 1954 drama film directed by Kurt Neumann andstarring Eva Bartok, Curd Jürgens and Bernhard Wicki. It was made as a co-production between West Germany and the United States. It premiered at the BerlinInternational Film Festival.The film was shot at the Bavaria Studios in Munich and on location in the city. The film's sets were designed by the art directors HansKuhnert and Theo Zwierski. It was produced by King Brothers and released in West Germany by RKO Pictures. A separate English-language version Carnival Storywas shot simultaneously.CastEva Bartok as LilliCurd Jürgens as ToniBernhard Wicki as FranzRobert Freitag as RichardWilli Rose as KarlAdy Berber as Groppo theWildmanHelene Stanley as LoreJacob Möslacher as The DwarfJosef Schneider as The Sword-swallowerAmalie Lindinger as The Fat LadyLy Maria as The SnakeLadyAnni Trautner as The Bearded LadyJadin Wong as The Chinese DancerPassage 4:Dragon's GoldDragon's Gold is a 1954 American crime film directed byAubrey Wisberg and Jack Pollexfen and starring John Archer, Hillary Brooke and Philip Van Zandt.PlotCastJohn Archer as Mack RossiterHillary Brooke as VivianCrosbyNoel Cravat as General Wong Kai HaiPhilip Van Zandt as SenMarvin Press as ChengDayton Lumis as Donald McCutcheonWilliam Kerwin as GenePassage5:Kal: Yesterday and TomorrowKal: Yesterday and Tomorrow is a 2005 Indian Hindi-language thriller drama film written and directed by Ruchi Narain. Producedby Sudhir Mishra under Sudhir Mishra Productions, the film features an ensemble cast of Chitrangda Singh, Shiney Ahuja, Smriti Mishra, Ram Kapoor, MalaikaShenoy, Sarika and Boman Irani. Shantanu Moitra composed the soundtrack and Sneha Khanwalkar composed the title track and the background score. WhilePrakash Kutty and Ranjeet Bahadur handled cinematography and editing respectively. The film was premiered at 7th Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian and ArabCinema in July 2005 won Indian Critics’ Award and released on 16 September 2005.PlotBhavna Dayal and Maya Jalan had been fellow collegians and closefriends, both come from very wealthy families. Bhavna is in love with another ex-fellow collegian, Tarun Haksar, who also comes from a wealthy family, and isalso in love with Bhavna. Their respective families' expect both to marry each other. However, Tarun and Maya suddenly announce their engagement, and getmarried, leaving a shocked and heart-broken Bhavna to deal with this situation on her own. She eventually breaks off all contact with her former lover and friendrespectively. One night, several months later, a disturbed Tarun returns to her life and apartment, and stays there overnight. The next day she is shocked to findout that Maya has been shot dead, and the police suspect Tarun of killing her. The question remains if Tarun had spent the entire night with Bhavna, then whokilled Maya, and further why did Tarun decide to return to Bhavna's life all of a sudden?CastReceptionTaran Adarsh writing for Bollywood Hungama gave 1 out of5 stars stating, \"Ruchi has a different style of narrating a story, but cinema such as KAL - YESTERDAY & TOMORROW is not everybody's cup of tea. It gets toocomplicated as it unfolds!\".Passage 6:Cry VengeanceCry Vengeance is a 1954 American film noir crime film directed by and starring Mark Stevens. The cast alsoincludes Joan Vohs and Martha Hyer. It was produced by Lindsley Parsons and distributed by Allied Artists.PlotSan Francisco ex-cop Vic Barron's family has died ina car bombing and he has been disfigured, framed and imprisoned when he crossed the wrong mobsters. After his release, he wants revenge on gangster TinoMorelli, whom he considers responsible.Morelli is hiding out in Ketchikan, Alaska. After his arrival there, Vic finds Morelli and Morelli's charming little daughter.With the help of tavern owner Peggy Harding, Barron discovers that Morelli did not order the bombing and that the true murderer was a hitman named Roxey.Harding also takes Barron on scenic tours of Alaska, hoping to calm his rage and make him realize that life is still worth living.Barron intends to kidnap Morelli'syoung daughter Marie as \"leverage\", but the little girl is so friendly toward him and blind to his disfigurement that he cannot go through with it. Morelli's deathalso cools his initial anger.Roxey, who has followed Barron, murders Morelli, but is wounded by Barron in a shootout, then falls from atop a dam. After sayingfarewell to Peggy and to Morelli's orphaned daughter, Barron travels back to San Francisco, but with a hint that he might return.CastMark Stevens as VicBarronMartha Hyer as Peggy HardingSkip Homeier as RoxeyJoan Vohs as Lily ArnoldDouglas Kennedy as Tino MorelliCheryl Callaway as Marie MorelliMort Mills asJohnny Blue-eyesWarren Douglas as Mike WaltersLewis Martin as Nick BudaDon Haggerty as Lt. Pat RyanJohn Doucette as Red MillerDorothy Kennedy as EmilyMillerRichard Deacon as San Francisco bartender (uncredited)Edward Clark as Pawnbroker (uncredited)Passage 7:The Dark Angel (1925 film)The Dark Angel is a1925 American silent drama film, based on the play The Dark Angel, a Play of Yesterday and To-day by H. B. Trevelyan, released by First National Pictures, andstarring Ronald Colman, Vilma Bánky (in her first American film), and Wyndham Standing.PlotDuring the First World War, Captain Alan Trent, while on leave inEngland with his fiancée Kitty Vane, is suddenly recalled to the front before being able to get a marriage license. Alan and Kitty spend a night of love at a countryinn \"without benefit of clergy\" and he sets off.At the front things go badly for Alan, who is blinded and becomes a Prisoner of War after being captured by theGermans. He is reported dead, and his friend, Captain Gerald Shannon, discreetly woos Kitty, seeking to soothe her grief with his gentle love.After the war,however, Gerald discovers that Alan is still alive, in a remote corner of England, writing children's stories for a living. Loyal to his former comrade in arms, Geraldinforms Kitty of Alan's reappearance. She goes to him, and Alan conceals his blindness and tells Kitty that he no longer cares for her. She sees through hisdeception, however, and they are reunited.CastReceptionThe film has a 100% fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 9 positive contemporaryreviews.Mordaunt Hall's October 12, 1925, review for The New York Times conveys what made this film a compelling success 7 years after the end of the FirstWorld War.PreservationA print of The Dark Angel has been recently located in a film archive, so it is currently not considered a lost film.See alsoList of lostfilmsPassage 8:A Kind of AmericaA Kind of America (Hungarian: Valami Amerika) is a Hungarian comedy film from 2002.PlotThe film is situated in Budapest,where the brothers Ákos, András, and Tamás live. Tamás is a director of video clips and commercials, but dreams of directing a feature film. He has written ascript with the title 'The Guilty City', but has trouble financing the project. At his surprise, he receives an email from an American film producer named AlexBrubeck, who writes that he likes the script. Offering to pay half the budget, he wants to meet Tamás personally in Budapest to talk things through. With the helpof his brothers Ákos, a successful manager and sex addict, and András, a failed poet, he does everything to impress the American producer.External linksA Kindof America at IMDbPassage 9:Fireworks (1954 film)Fireworks (German: Feuerwerk) is a 1954 West German period musical comedy film directed by KurtHoffmann and starring Lilli Palmer, Karl Schönböck, and Romy Schneider. Palmer's rendition of the song \"O mein Papa\" became a major hit. It was Palmer's debutfilm in her native Germany, having spent many years in exile in Britain, and launched her career as a major star in the country.The film is based on the 1950stage musical Das Feuerwerk partly written by Erik Charell. It was made at the Bavaria Studios in Munich and on location in Switzerland. The film's sets weredesigned by the art director Werner Schlichting.It is a circus film set at the beginning of the twentieth century.CastPassage 10:Morena ClaraMorena Clara is a1954 film directed by Luis Lucia starring Lola Flores and Fernando Fernán Gómez.PlotThe film begins by depicting the fabled tale of how the gypsies came to be.According to folklore gypsies are descendants of an Egyptian pharaoh. In the film, actors are dressed in ancient Egyptian costumes as they dance to flamencomusic. As the story continues, the gypsies are run out of their lands and are forced to live nomadic lives, stealing and thieving as a means to survive. The MontyPythonesque history lesson then continues to present the protagonists’ ancestors and the scene that drives the rest of the film: Trinidad’s (Lola Flores) ancestorplaces a spell on Enrique’s (Fernando Fernán Gómez) ancestor that will cause his descendant to fall in madly in love with her descendant.The story continues to"}
{"doc_id":"doc_83","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Hiding PlaceThe Hiding Place or Hiding Place may refer to:FilmThe Hiding Place (Playhouse 90), March 22, 1960 episode of American TV series; based on Robert Shaw's 1959 novelThe Hiding Place (film), 1975 American drama based on the 1971 book by Corrie ten BoomThe Hiding Place, 2000 American drama starring Kim Hunter and Timothy Bottoms, from the play by Mitch GiannunzioThe Hiding Place, 2008 American drama by Jeff WhittyLiteratureThe Hiding Place, 1959 British novel by Robert ShawThe Hiding Place (biography), 1971 memoir by Corrie ten Boom, who hid Dutch Jews during WWIIHiding Place (Wideman novel), 1981 middle volume of \"Homewood Trilogy\" by American John Edgar WidemanThe Hiding Place (Azzopardi novel), 2000 Welsh Booker Prize shortlistThe Hiding Place (Bell novel), 2012 American mysteryMusicHiding Place (band), Scottish rock band, active from 2004 to 2007Hiding Place (Selah album), 2004Hiding Place (Don Moen album), 2006Hiding Place (Tori Kelly album), 2018See alsoNo Hiding Place, 1959–1967 British police detective TV seriesHiding Places, 2019 American album by Brooklyn rapper Billy WoodsPassage 2:Hotel ReserveHotel Reserve is a 1944 British spy film starring James Mason as an innocent man caught up in pre-Second World War espionage. Other cast members include Lucie Mannheim, Raymond Lovell and Herbert Lom. It was based on Eric Ambler's 1938 novel Epitaph for a Spy. Unusually, it was both directed and produced by a trio: Lance Comfort, Mutz Greenbaum and Victor Hanbury. It was shot at Denham Studios with sets designed by the art director William C. Andrews. The film was produced and distributed by the British branch of RKO Pictures.PlotIn 1938, refugee Peter Vadassy decides to take a holiday at the Hotel Reserve to celebrate both his completion of medical school and his impending French citizenship. When he goes to pick up some photographs at the local pharmacy, he is taken away and questioned by Michel Beghin of French naval intelligence. When his negatives had been developed, some of them turned out to be of French military installations. It is discovered that while the camera is the same make as Peter's, the serial number is different. Peter is released on condition that he find out which other hotel guests have cameras like his.Peter does some snooping and eavesdrops on a suspicious conversation between Paul Heimberger and the hotel's proprietor, Madame Suzanne Koch. He searches Heimberger's room and finds several passports, all with different names and nationalities. Heimberger catches him in the act, but eventually matters are straightened out. Heimberger explains that he was originally a Social Democratic newspaper publisher who was anti-Nazi and been sent to a concentration camp for two years. After he was released, he joined an underground movement against the German regime.Peter spots his camera in the pocket of a dressing-gown belonging to Odette and Andre Roux, a couple on their honeymoon. Andre first tries to bribe Peter into giving him the negative and, when that fails, threatens him with a pistol. The police arrive at that moment and arrest Peter for espionage.The Rouxs leave the hotel, but find Heimberger trying to disable the hotel's car. Andre shoots him dead and the couple speed off to Toulon, unaware that they are being tracked by the police. Beghin had known the identity of the spies all along and merely used Peter to further his true goal; to find out who the Rouxs are reporting to. The spy ring is captured. Andre gets away, but is caught on a roof by Peter. Andre slips and falls to his death.CastJames Mason as Peter VadassyLucie Mannheim as Madame Suzanne KochRaymond Lovell as Robert Duclos, a hotel guest given to exaggerationJulien Mitchell as Michel BeghinHerbert Lom as Andre RouxMartin Miller as Walter VogelClare Hamilton as Mary Skelton, a hotel guest who is attracted to Peter. A sister of Maureen O'Hara, her real name was Florrie Fitzsimons. This was her only film appearance.Frederick Valk as Emil Schimler, alias Paul HeimbergerPatricia Medina as Odette RouxAnthony Shaw as Major Anthony Chandon-Hartley, a guestLaurence Hanray as Police Commissioner (as Lawrence Hanray)David Ward as Henri Asticot, a guestValentine Dyall as Warren SkeltonJoseph Almas as Albert, the waiter (as Josef Almas)Patricia Hayes as Servant (waitress)Hella Kürty as Hilda VogelIvor Barnard as P. Molon, the pharmacistErnst Ulman as Detective in Black SuitCritical receptionThe Radio Times noted, \"this subdued thriller, set just before the Second World War, is lifted by James Mason's performance as a 'wronged man',\" and concluded, \"The plot has enough suspense and intrigue built in, but this movie only fitfully comes to life as Mason sets out discover who the real villain is\"; Dennis Schwartz found it \"a visually attractive film, though hampered because it's so slow moving\"; whereas Leonard Maltin thought more highly of the piece, finding it a \"Suspenseful, moody film.\"Passage 3:The Hiding Place (film)The Hiding Place is a 1975 film based on the autobiographical book of the same name by Corrie ten Boom that recounts her and her family's experiences before and during their imprisonment in a Nazi concentration camp during the Holocaust during World War II.The film was directed by James F. Collier. Jeanette Clift George received a Golden Globe nomination for Most Promising Newcomer - Female. The film was given limited release in its day and featured the last appearance from Arthur O'Connell.CastJeannette Clift as Corrie ten BoomJulie Harris as Betsie ten BoomArthur O'Connell as Casper ten Boom, 'Papa'Robert Rietti as Willem ten BoomPamela Sholto as TinePaul Henley as Peter ten BoomRichard Wren as Kik ten BoomBroes Hartman as Dutch PolicemanLex van Delden as Young German OfficerTom van Beek as Dr. HeemstraNigel Hawthorne as Pastor De RuiterJohn Gabriel as Professor ZeinerEdward Burnham as Underground LeaderCyril Shaps as Building Inspector SmitForbes Collins as Mason SmitEileen Heckart as KatjeReviewsOne review noted that the performers’ “Dutch accents sound quite Swedish on occasion.”See alsoList of American films of 1975List of Holocaust filmsPassage 4:The Wonderful World of Captain KuhioThe Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio (\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000, Kuhio Taisa, lit. \"Captain Kuhio\") is a 2009 Japanese comedy-crime film, directed by Daihachi Yoshida, based on Kazumasa Yoshida's 2006 biographical novel, Kekkon Sagishi Kuhio Taisa (lit. \"Marriage swindler Captain Kuhio\"), that focuses on a real-life marriage swindler, who conned over 100 million yen (US$1.2 million) from a number of women between the 1970s and the 1990s.The film was released in Japan on 10 October 2009.CastMasato Sakai - Captain KuhioYasuko Matsuyuki - Shinobu NaganoHikari Mitsushima - Haru YasuokaYuko Nakamura - Michiko SudoHirofumi Arai - Tatsuya NaganoKazuya Kojima - Koichi TakahashiSakura Ando - Rika KinoshitaMasaaki Uchino - Chief FujiwaraKanji Furutachi - Shigeru KurodaReila AphroditeSei AndoAwardsAt the 31st Yokohama Film FestivalBest Actor – Masato SakaiBest Supporting Actress – Sakura AndoPassage 5:Coney Island Baby (film)Coney Island Baby is a 2003 comedy-drama in which film producer Amy Hobby made her directorial debut. Karl Geary wrote the film and Tanya Ryno was the film's producer. The music was composed by Ryan Shore. The film was shot in Sligo, Ireland, which is known locally as \"Coney Island\".The film was screened at the Newport International Film Festival. Hobby won the Jury Award for \"Best First Time Director\".The film made its premiere television broadcast on the Sundance Channel.PlotAfter spending time in New York City, Billy Hayes returns to his hometown. He wants to get back together with his ex-girlfriend and take her back to America in hopes of opening up a gas station. But everything isn't going Billy's way - the townspeople aren't happy to see him, and his ex-girlfriend is engaged and pregnant. Then, Billy runs into his old friends who are planning a scam.CastKarl Geary - Billy HayesLaura Fraser - BridgetHugh O'Conor - SatchmoAndy Nyman - FrankoPatrick Fitzgerald - The DukeTom Hickey - Mr. HayesConor McDermottroe - GerryDavid McEvoy - JoeThor McVeigh - MagicianSinead Dolan - JuliaMusicThe film's original score was composed by Ryan Shore.External linksConey Island Baby (2006) at IMDbMSN - Movies: Coney Island BabyPassage 6:C.J. TudorC.J. Tudor is a British author whose books include The Chalk Man and The Hiding Place (The Taking of Annie Thorne). She was born in Salisbury, England but grew up in Nottingham, where she still lives.The Chalk ManThe Chalk Man was published in January 2018 by Crown Publishing. Reviews were mixed. The Sun said \"[Tudor] weaves a complex and captivating story in her first novel.\". The Irish Independent said the book \"has an intriguing and creepy premise - but ultimately falls apart after a series of improbable, shading to outlandish, plot twists.\" The book received the 2019 Barry Award for Best First Novel.The SixthA book which to be called \"The Sixth\" was planned in 2022. But with a difficult 12 months between 2020 and 2021, a manuscript was written (approximately 86,000 words) and submitted to the publisher. Unhappy with the result, Tudor got a return from her editor that the book didn't work and needed a complete re-write. Not willing to do the job, Tudor preferred to offer a new book to be published in January 2023 and her publisher will instead publish her first short story collection in Autumn 2022.BibliographyBooksThe Chalk ManThe Taking of Annie Thorne (The Hiding Place)The Other PeopleThe Burning Girls“A Sliver of Darkness”“The Drift”Short storiesThe Man in the Box-Included in \"The Other People\" audiobookThe Lion at the Gate-Included in \"The Other People\" audiobookThe February House-Included in \"The Other People\" audiobookButterfly Island in After Sundown anthologyPassage 7:Return to the Hiding PlaceReturn to the Hiding Place is a 2013 film based upon the factual accounting of Hans Poley's World War II encounter with Corrie ten Boom, her involvement in the Dutch resistance and the wartime harboring of Jewish refugees. A non-Jewish fugitive after he refused to pledge his allegiance to the Nazis, Poley was the first person hidden from the Nazis in the Ten Boom House, which is today a museum in Haarlem, Netherlands.   The film is adapted, in part, from Poley's book, Return to the Hiding Place (1993),  personal recollections, relayed to screenwriter Dr. Peter C. Spencer, and research from the Dutch National Archives. The film is neither a prequel nor is it a sequel to the 1975 film The Hiding Place, instead, it is a congruent accounting of the Dutch underground's resistance efforts from Poley's perspective.  It was directed by Peter C. Spencer and starred John Rhys-Davies, Mimi Sagadin and Craig Robert Young.BackgroundOn May 15, 1940, German occupation of the Netherlands begins with the nation's surrender, food and materials are rationed and evening curfews are imposed, gradually tightening from 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. Persecution of the Jewish population also is gradually implemented, starting with the requirement of wearing a yellow star bearing the word \"Jew\" and attacks against Jewish businesses and places of worship and culminating in the mass transport of Jewish citizens to unknown locations. Conspiracy theories begin to emerge on the fate of those being transported to the concentration camps.Corrie ten Boom (15 "}
{"doc_id":"doc_84","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Yan Yan (Three Kingdoms)Yan Yan (fl. 211–214 A.D.) was a Chinese military general and politician who served under Liu Zhang, the Governor of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing), during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. Although there is very little information about Yan Yan in historical records, he is given a much prominent role in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms as a general who initially serves under Liu Zhang before switching allegiance to Liu Bei later.LifeYan Yan was from Linjiang County (\u0000\u0000\u0000), Ba Commandery (\u0000\u0000), which is around present-day Zhong County, Chongqing. He served as a military officer in Ba Commandery under Liu Zhang, the Governor of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing); Ba Commandery was one of the commanderies in Yi Province.In 211, Liu Zhang invited the warlord Liu Bei to lead his troops into Yi Province to help him counter the threat posed by his rival, Zhang Lu, in Hanzhong Commandery. When Yan Yan heard about it, he remarked: \"This is equivalent to sitting on an isolated hill and setting a tiger free to protect oneself!\"Around 212, conflict broke out between Liu Zhang and Liu Bei when the latter turned against his host and tried to seize control of Yi Province. In 214, Liu Bei summoned reinforcements from his base in Jing Province to enter Yi Province and assist him in attacking Liu Zhang. Zhang Fei, a general under Liu Bei, led troops to attack Jiangzhou (\u0000\u0000; around present-day Yuzhong District, Chongqing), which was defended by Yan Yan. Zhang Fei defeated Yan Yan, captured him alive, and asked him: \"When my army showed up, why did you put up resistance instead of surrendering?\" Yan Yan replied: \"You people launched an unwarranted attack on my home province. There may be generals in my province who will lose their heads, but there are none who will surrender.\" Zhang Fei was enraged and he ordered Yan Yan's execution. Yan Yan remained expressionless and said: \"If you want to chop off my head, then do it! What's with that outburst of anger?\" Zhang Fei was so impressed with Yan Yan's courage that he released him and treated him like an honoured guest. Nothing was recorded in history about Yan Yan from this point onwards.In Romance of the Three KingdomsYan Yan has a greater role as a character in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which romanticises the events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. In Chapter 63 of the novel, as in history, he is defeated and captured by Zhang Fei, who initially wants to execute him but changes his mind and spares him after feeling impressed with Yan Yan's strong sense of loyalty. Zhang Fei also manages to convince Yan Yan to switch his allegiance to Liu Bei. Yan Yan appears again later in Chapters 70 and 71, when he joins Huang Zhong to attack Cao Cao's forces at the Battle of Mount Dingjun.See alsoLists of people of the Three KingdomsNotesPassage 2:Marco BortolamiMarco Bortolami ([\u0000marko b\u0000rto\u0000lami]; born 12 June 1980) is a rugby union coach and retired Italian international player, whose career includes experience playing in the national top-level Italian (Petrarca Padova), French (RC Narbonne), and English (Gloucester Rugby) championships, before joining the then recently-born Pro14 (with Aironi Rugby and then Zebre). Praised for his leadership skills, he captained all the teams he played for at professional level. At international level, he also captained the Italian side since 2002 till the 2007 Rugby World Cup, before being replaced in the permanent role by Sergio Parisse. He currently serves as head coach for Benetton Rugby in the United Rugby Championship.Club careerBortolami began his playing career with the team of his native Padua, making his debut as a second row aged only 18.After a two-year spell with RC Narbonne in the French Top14, in the summer of 2006 he joined English Premiership side Gloucester Rugby when he was considered by many to be one of the best players in the world around the time, being selected into the starting team for their first game of the season and immediately taking the role of captain. At Gloucester he made up a formidable partnership with Alex Brown and shared captaincy with Peter Buxton. Due to injuries and his World Cup commitments, the 2007–08 season ended up not being as consistent in performance and he lost the Italian captaincy to Italian No. 8 Sergio Parisse, but continued to put in powerful performances for Gloucester. His outstanding leadership qualities meant he retained captaincy. He made 23 appearances for Gloucester in 2008–09.In 2010 he returned to Italy signing for the new Aironi team which started to compete in the Celtic League from the 2010–11 season. After Aironi folded due to financial problems, Bortolami signed for the new franchise Zebre in the Pro12 for the 2012/13 season.On 7 May 2016, Bortolami announced his retirement from professional rugby with immediate effect.International careerBortolami was made captain of Italy's Under-21 side, before making his international debut at elite level against Namibia in June, 2001, when he was just 20. At the age of 22, Bortolami was made Italy's youngest ever captain by then coach John Kirwan.In his first-ever World Cup start, against Tonga, he suffered an injury and missed the decisive group-stage match against Wales, which saw the Azzurri eliminated from the competition.After impressing in the 2004 Six Nations Championship, he was once awarded the full captaincy for the 2005 Summer tour of Japan by coach Pierre Berbizier. After this tour he joined French club Narbonne.In the 2007 Six Nations Championship, Bortolami led Italy to their first away win in the competition against Scotland at Murrayfield, which was also the first time Italy have won more than one game in a single Six Nations Championship. At the 2007 Rugby World Cup, he led the Italian team to a decisive final group-stage match against Scotland, again missing access to the knock-out stage.With the 2007 Six Nations Championship, under new coach Nick Mallett, Bortolami was replaced as Italian skipper by Sergio Parisse.Bortolami suffered an injury against Australia in June 2012, but in May 2013 it was announced that he would be returning to the international stage.Coaching careerBortolami left Zebre at the end of the Celtic League 2015/16 season, and became Assistant Coach at Benetton Treviso from the start of the 2016/17 season.Other informationIn an interview in 2006, Bortolami stated that he wishes to become a mechanic for Ferrari after he retires from professional rugby, using the mechanical skills that he picked up in college. Shortly after the interview had taken place, he received a letter from Ferrari offering him a position as soon as he completed his rugby career. Something must be changed since then because now Bortolami moved into coaching the forwards for Benetton Treviso in Italy, after his last match on 7 May 2016.Although he has never been considered a violent player, his rough and direct playing style and his sometimes conflictual approach with the referees have led Bortolami to collect seven yellow cards in his long international career, surpassed in this unenviable ranking only by the Australian Michael Hooper and the Georgian Viktor Kolelishvili, both with eight.Passage 3:XiaxueCheng Yan Yan Wendy (born Cheng Yan Yan; 28 April 1984), better known by her pseudonym Xiaxue, is a Singaporean blogger and online television personality who writes about her life, fashion and local issues in a provocative style. Her main blog, which attracts about 50,000 readers daily, has won prestigious blog awards and earned her sponsorship deals, as well as stints as a columnist and TV show host, but some of her posts have sparked national controversies. She is married to American engineer Mike Sayre and they have one child.Personal lifeBorn in Singapore on 28 April 1984, Wendy Cheng studied at River Valley High School and graduated from Singapore Polytechnic with a diploma in mass media, then briefly worked as a project coordinator. Her father, an antique dealer, and her mother, a property agent, are divorced; she also has a younger brother. For a year, she maintained a paper diary, which her ex-boyfriend's new girlfriend threw away during a Chinese New Year spring cleaning. Wanting to air her thoughts in a space that nobody could throw away, she started blogging in April 2003. She underwent plastic surgery, sponsored by MediaCorp TV, to \" correct her bulbous nose\" in 2006.In 2010, she married American engineer Mike Sayre, whom she met online and had dated for three years, and in March 2013, she gave birth to a boy named Dashiel.In 2023, she announced that she and Mike Sayre had split up.BloggingWendy Cheng has several blogs, including her untitled main blog (usually known as xiaxue.blogspot.com), and several private blogs. Although she writes in the English language, she selected her pseudonym Xiaxue (\u0000\u0000, pronounced something like sh'ya-shweh), which means \"snowing\" in Mandarin Chinese, because it \"had that tinge of mysterious, beautiful girl thing about it\". On her main blog, which attracts about 50,000 readers daily, she provides updates about her personal life, posts photographs, writes about topics such as fashion, discusses local issues such as \"nasty taxi drivers\", and posts paid advertorials. She often uses profanity in her posts and her success has been attributed to her provocative writing style. According to a survey she conducted, which attracted 6000 responses, her readers are mainly Singaporean, female, young adults interested in fashion and \"looking for an alternative voice\". Awards that her main blog has won include the 2004 and 2005 Wizbang Weblog Awards Best Asian Blog and the 2005 Bloggies Best Asian Weblog. In July 2005, a hacker defaced the blog, but she managed to restore its contents. Her main blog, the first from Singapore to enter the Technorati Global Top 100 Blogs List, was selected for the National Library Board archive in 2008.Other mediaDue to the popularity of her main blog, Xiaxue has earned jobs in mainstream media, notably as a columnist for national newspapers TODAY and The New Paper, Maxim magazine and Snag magazine. In addition, she has served as an editor for blog aggregator Tomorrow.sg, a Star Blogger for the STOMP portal and a presenter at the 2005 Singapore Writer's Festival. She has struck sponsorship deals with many companies, including online eyewear store HoneyColor, childcare merchandise retailer Mothercare, T-shirt maker LocalBrand, hair salon Kimage and nail studio Voxy. In 2006, she and DJ Rosalyn Lee co-hosted Girls Out Loud, a reality TV series on MediaCorp Channel 5, where they engage in \"outrageous antics and no-holds-barred banter\". She has a fortnightly series, called Xiaxue's Guide to Life, on the web television channel clicknetwork.tv; its highest-rated episode had more than a million views. The Health Promotion Board selected her as an ambassador for their Get Fresh campaign to discourage women from smoking and help female smokers quit.ControversyIn October 2005, Xiaxue wrote an entry condemning a disabled man, who scolded a non-disabled man for using the toilet for the disabled, leading to an online backlash that prompted two sponsors to cancel their deals. Two months later, she suggested that foreign workers be banned from Orchard Road, as they were molesting Singaporean girls; many netizens condemned her "}
{"doc_id":"doc_85","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Bernie BonvoisinBernard Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: [b\u0000\u0000na\u0000 b\u0000̃vwaz\u0000̃]), known as Bernie Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: [b\u0000\u0000nib\u0000̃vwaz\u0000̃], born 9 July 1956 in Nanterre, Hauts-de-Seine), is a French hard rock singer and film director. He is best known for having been the singer of Trust.Hewas one of the best friends of Bon Scott the singer of AC/DC and together they recorded the song \"Ride On\" which was one of the last songs by BonScott.External linksBernie Bonvoisin at IMDbPassage 2:Billy MilanoBilly Milano (born June 3, 1964) is an American heavy metal and hardcore punk musician. He isthe singer and occasionally guitarist and bassist of crossover thrash band M.O.D., and was the singer of its predecessor, Stormtroopers of Death. Prior to thesebands, Milano played in early New York hardcore band the Psychos, which also launched the career of future Agnostic Front vocalist Roger Miret. Milano was alsothe singer of United Forces, which included his Stormtroopers of Death bandmate Dan Lilker. Milano managed a number of bands, including Agnostic Front, forwhom he also co-produced the 1997 Epitaph Records release Something's Gotta Give and roadie for Anthrax.DiscographyStormtroopers of DeathalbumsStormtroopers of Death videosMethod of Destruction (M.O.D.)MasteryPassage 3:Just Playing (Dreams)Just Playing (Dreams) is a promotional single byAmerican hip hop artist The Notorious B.I.G. for his 1994 debut album Ready to Die. It was produced by Rashad Smith, and contains a sample of James Brown's\"Blues and Pants\" from Hot Pants. Complex magazine ranked the song number two on its list of \"The 50 Funniest Rap Songs\".Although the song does not appearon the original version of Ready to Die, it appears on the 2004 remastered version.BackgroundSome of the lyrics initially appeared on Mary J. Blige's \"What's the411?\" remix. The song was released as a promotional single for Biggie's debut album Ready to Die.Composition\"Just Playing (Dreams)\" was written by TheNotorious B.I.G. and Rashad \"Ringo\" Smith. The song is built on a sample of \"Blues and Pants\" written by James Brown, and its production was done by Ringo.Inthe song, Biggie takes aim at 20 of his favorite R&B singers and lists what he'd like to do to them. The list includes female R&B singers Mary J. Blige, Patti LaBelle,Mariah Carey, Chaka Khan, and Rupaul, who didn't take offense to the song. However, Raven-Symoné was 8 years old when Biggie rapped the line, “makeRaven-Symoné call date rape.”The R&B quartet Xscape didn't appreciate the song, which contained the line \"those ugly-ass Xscape bitches.\" In a 2009 interview,group member Kandi Burruss said that her bandmate Tameka \"Tiny\" Cottle ran into Biggie on the evening of his death, and he apologized for the lyric.Coverversions and remixesIn 1996, Lil Kim's song \"Dreams Freestyle\" sampled the lyrics of \"Just Playing\" on her debut studio album Hard Core.In 1996, Mad Skillz,sampled the line “Everybody, move ya body” as the chorus of his song \"Move Ya Body\" on his debut album From Where???In 2015, rapper Young M.A droppedher \"Dreams Freestyle\" from her debut 13-track mixtape Sleep Walkin.In 2018, rapper Nicki Minaj sampled the song for her studio album Queen in the song\"Barbie Dreams\". The single reached number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 36 on the UK Singles Chart.Passage 4:The Notorious B.I.G.ChristopherGeorge Latore Wallace (May 21, 1972 – March 9, 1997), better known by his stage names the Notorious B.I.G., Biggie Smalls, or simply Biggie, was an Americanrapper. Rooted in East Coast hip hop and particularly gangsta rap, he is cited in various media lists as one of the greatest rappers of all time. Wallace becameknown for his distinctive laid-back lyrical delivery, offsetting the lyrics' often grim content. His music was often semi-autobiographical, telling of hardship andcriminality, but also of debauchery and celebration.Born and raised in Brooklyn, New York City, Wallace signed to Sean \"Puffy\" Combs' label Bad Boy Records as itlaunched in 1993, and gained exposure through features on several other artists' singles that year. His debut album Ready to Die (1994) was met withwidespread critical acclaim, and included his signature songs \"Juicy\" and \"Big Poppa\". The album made him the central figure in East Coast hip hop, and restoredNew York's visibility at a time when the West Coast hip hop scene was dominating hip hop music. Wallace was awarded the 1995 Billboard Music Awards' Rapperof the Year. The following year, he led his protégé group Junior M.A.F.I.A., a team of himself and longtime friends, including Lil' Kim, to chart success.During1996, while recording his second album, Wallace became ensnarled in the escalating East Coast–West Coast hip hop feud. Following Tupac Shakur's murder in adrive-by shooting in Las Vegas in September 1996, speculations of involvement in Shakur's murder by criminal elements orbiting the Bad Boy circle circulated asa result of Wallace's public feud with Shakur. On March 9, 1997, six months after Shakur's murder, Wallace was murdered by an unidentified assailant in adrive-by shooting while visiting Los Angeles. Wallace's second album Life After Death, a double album, was released two weeks later. It reached number one onthe Billboard 200, and eventually achieved a diamond certification in the United States.With two more posthumous albums released, Wallace has certified sales ofover 28 million copies in the United States, including 21 million albums. Rolling Stone has called him the \"greatest rapper that ever lived\", and Billboard namedhim the greatest rapper of all time. The Source magazine named him the greatest rapper of all time in its 150th issue. In 2006, MTV ranked him at No. 3 on theirlist of The Greatest MCs of All Time, calling him possibly \"the most skillful ever on the mic\". In 2020, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.Life andcareer1972–1991: Early lifeChristopher George Latore Wallace was born at St. Mary's Hospital in the New York City borough of Brooklyn on May 21, 1972, theonly child of Jamaican immigrant parents. His mother, Voletta Wallace, was a preschool teacher, while his father, Selwyn George Latore, was a welder andpolitician. His father left the family when Wallace was two years old, and his mother worked two jobs while raising him. Wallace grew up at 226 St. James Place inBrooklyn's Clinton Hill, near the border with Bedford-Stuyvesant. Raised Catholic, Wallace excelled at Queen of All Saints Middle School, winning several awardsas an English student. He attended St Peter Claver Church in the borough. He was nicknamed \"Big\" because he was overweight by the age of 10. Wallace claimedto have begun dealing drugs at about age 12. His mother, often at work, first learned of this during his adulthood.He began rapping as a teenager, entertainingpeople on the streets, and performed with local groups, the Old Gold Brothers as well as the Techniques. His earliest stage name was MC CWest. At his request,Wallace transferred from Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School in Fort Greene to George Westinghouse Career and Technical Education High School in DowntownBrooklyn, which future rappers Jay-Z and Busta Rhymes were also attending. According to his mother, Wallace was still a good student but developed a\"smart-ass\" attitude at the new school. At age 17 in 1989, Wallace dropped out of high school and became more involved in crime. That same year in 1989, hewas arrested on weapons charges in Brooklyn and sentenced to five years' probation. In 1990, he was arrested on a violation of his probation. A year later,Wallace was arrested in North Carolina for dealing crack cocaine. He spent nine months in jail before making bail.1991–1994: Early career and first childAfterrelease from jail, Wallace made a demo tape, Microphone Murderer, while calling himself Biggie Smalls, alluding both to Calvin Lockhart's character in the 1975film Let's Do It Again and to his own stature and obesity, 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m) and 300 to 380 pounds (140 to 170 kg). Although Wallace reportedly lackedreal ambition for the tape, local DJ Mister Cee, of Big Daddy Kane and Juice Crew association, discovered and promoted it, thus it was heard by The Source rapmagazine's editor in 1992.In March, The Source column \"Unsigned Hype\", dedicated to airing promising rappers, featured Wallace. He then spun the attentioninto a recording. Upon hearing the demo tape, Sean \"Puffy\" Combs, still with the A&R department of Uptown Records, arranged to meet Wallace. Promptly signedto Uptown, Wallace appeared on labelmates Heavy D & the Boyz's 1993 song \"A Buncha Niggas\". Mid-year, or a year after Wallace's signing, Uptown fired Combs,who, a week later, launched Bad Boy Records, instantly Wallace's new label.On August 8, 1993, Jan Jackson, Wallace's long-time girlfriend, gave birth to his firstchild, T'yanna, although the couple had parted by then. Himself a high-school dropout, Wallace promised his daughter \"everything she wanted\", reasoning that ifonly he had that in childhood, he would have graduated at the top of his class. Wallace continued dealing drugs, but Combs discovered this, and obliged him tostop. Later that year, Wallace gained exposure on a remix of Mary J. Blige's single \"Real Love\". Having found his moniker Biggie Smalls already claimed, he took anew one, holding for good, The Notorious B.I.G.Around this time, Wallace became friends with fellow rapper Tupac Shakur. Lil' Cease recalled the pair as close,often traveling together whenever they were not working. According to him, Wallace was a frequent guest at Shakur's home and they spent time together whenShakur was in California or Washington, D.C. Yukmouth, an Oakland emcee, claimed that Wallace's style was inspired by Shakur.The \"Real Love\" remix single wasfollowed by another remix of a Mary J. Blige song, \"What's the 411?\" Wallace's successes continued, if to a lesser extent, on remixes of Neneh Cherry's song\"Buddy X\" and of reggae artist Super Cat's song \"Dolly My Baby\", also featuring Combs, all in 1993. In April, Wallace's solo track \"Party and Bullshit\" was releasedon the Who's the Man? soundtrack. In July 1994, he appeared alongside LL Cool J and Busta Rhymes on a remix of his own labelmate Craig Mack's \"Flava in YaEar\", the remix reaching No. 9 on the Billboard Hot 100.1994: Ready to Die and marriage to Faith EvansOn August 4, 1994, Wallace married R&B singer FaithEvans, whom he had met eight days prior at a Bad Boy photoshoot. Five days later, Wallace had his first pop chart success as a solo artist with double A-side,\"Juicy / Unbelievable\", which reached No. 27 as the lead single to his debut album.Ready to Die was released on September 13, 1994. It reached No. 13 on theBillboard 200 chart and was eventually certified four times platinum. The album shifted attention back to East Coast hip hop at a time when West Coast hip hopdominated US charts. It gained strong reviews and has received much praise in retrospect. In addition to \"Juicy\", the record produced two hit singles: theplatinum-selling \"Big Poppa\", which reached No. 1 on the U.S. rap chart, and \"One More Chance\", which sold 1.1 million copies in 1995. Busta Rhymes claimed tohave seen Wallace giving out free copies of Ready to Die from his home, which Rhymes reasoned as \"his way of marketing himself\".Wallace also befriended"}
{"doc_id":"doc_86","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:World and Time EnoughWorld and Time Enough is a 1994 independent gay-themed romantic comedy-drama written and directed by Eric Mueller andstarring Gregory Giles, Matt Guidry, and Kraig Swartz.CastPlotNarrated by their friend David (Swartz), World and Time Enough is the story of Mark (Guidry) andJoey (Giles). Mark is an HIV-positive art student who creates temporary \"sculptures\" on topics including AIDS, abortion and the Bush economy. Joey works as agarbage collector, picking up trash along the roadways. He sometimes brings home interesting items that he finds on the job.Mark's mother was killed when hewas a child, in a freak accident in a church when she was crushed by a large falling cross. Since that day, his father has been obsessed with building modelcathedrals. Mark and his father are somewhat distant and out of touch and Mark reaches out to him through a series of phone calls, leaving messages on hisfather's answering machine. Unknown to Mark, his father has died alone in his home but hasn't yet been discovered.Joey's relationship with his adoptive parentsis also strained because of his father's issues with Joey's homosexuality. Although he remains close with his sister, Joey feels the need to seek out his birthparents through the adoption social service agency.Mark discovers his father's body and in his grief he assumes his father's obsession with cathedral building.Rather than a model, however, Mark begins work on a full-size cathedral in a local open field.Joey learns the identity of his birth parents, but also learns that theyhave died. He visits their gravesite and says the things there that he would have told them while they were alive.Mark experiences a vision of his father, who tellshim that he's making a mistake, to go home. Mark feverishly climbs the scaffolding and falls off it to the ground. Joey discovers him there.Later, together, out ofthe scaffolds, surviving bits of Mark's sculptures and the things Joey's gathered, they build their own \"cathedral.\"ProductionIt was filmed on location in Edina andMinneapolis, Minnesota. The film was made with grants from the National Endowment for the Arts, the American Film Institute, and a local film organization. Thefinal budget was about $60,000.ReceptionThe film was generally well-received by critics, although having 2 heterosexual actors play romantic leads in anLGBTQ+ film was noted in reviews.AwardsPassage 2:Michael GovanMichael Govan (born 1963) is the director of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Prior tohis current position, Govan worked as the director of the Dia Art Foundation in New York City.Early life and educationGovan was born in 1963 in North Adams,Massachusetts, and was raised in the Washington D.C. area, attending Sidwell Friends School.He majored in art history and fine arts at Williams College, wherehe met Thomas Krens, who was then director of the Williams College Museum of Art. Govan became closely involved with the museum, serving as acting curatoras an undergraduate. After receiving his B.A. from Williams in 1985, Govan began an MFA in fine arts from the University of California, San Diego.CareerAs atwenty-five year old graduate student, Govan was recruited by his former mentor at Williams, Thomas Krens, who in 1988 had been appointed director of theSolomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. Govan served as deputy director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum under Krens from 1988 to 1994, a period thatculminated in the construction and opening of the Frank Gehry designed Guggenheim branch in Bilbao, Spain. Govan supervised the reinstallation of themuseum's permanent collection galleries after its extensive renovation.Dia Art FoundationFrom 1994 to 2006, Govan was president and director of Dia ArtFoundation in New York City. There, he spearheaded the conversion of a Nabisco box factory into the 300,000 square foot Dia:Beacon in New York's HudsonValley, which houses Dia's collection of art from the 1960s to the present. Built in a former Nabisco box factory, the critically acclaimed museum has beencredited with catalyzing a cultural and economic revival within the formerly factory-based city of Beacon. Dia's collection nearly doubled in size during Govan'stenure, but he also came under criticism for \"needlessly and permanently\" closing Dia's West 22nd Street building. During his time at Dia, Govan also workedclosely with artists James Turrell and Michael Heizer, becoming an ardent supporter of Roden Crater and City, the artists' respective site-specific land art projectsunder construction in the American southwest. Govan successfully lobbied Washington to have the 704,000 acres in central Nevada surrounding City declared anational monument in 2015.LACMAIn February 2006, a search committee composed of eleven LACMA trustees, led by the late Nancy M. Daly, recruited Govan torun the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Govan has stated that he was drawn to the role not only because of LACMA's geographical distance from its Europeanand east coast peers, but also because of the museum's relative youth, having been established in 1961. \"I felt that because of this newness I had theopportunity to reconsider the museum,\" Govan has written, \"[and] Los Angeles is a good place to do that.\"Govan has been widely regarded for transformingLACMA into both a local and international landmark. Since Govan's arrival, LACMA has acquired by donation or purchase over 27,000 works for the permanentcollection, and the museum's gallery space has almost doubled thanks to the addition of two new buildings designed by Renzo Piano, the Broad Contemporary ArtMuseum (BCAM) and the Lynda and Stewart Resnick Pavilion. LACMA's annual attendance has grown from 600,000 to nearly 1.6 million in 2016.ArtistcollaborationsSince his arrival, Govan has commissioned exhibition scenography and gallery designs in collaboration with artists. In 2006, for example, Govaninvited LA artist John Baldessari to design an upcoming exhibition about the Belgian surrealist René Magritte, resulting in a theatrical show that reflected thetwisted perspective of the latter's topsy-turvy world. Baldessari has also designed LACMA's logo. Since then, Govan has also commissioned Cuban-American artistJorge Pardo to design LACMA's Art of the Ancient Americas gallery, described in the Los Angeles Times as a \"gritty cavern deep inside the earth ... crossed with ahigh-style urban lounge.\"Govan has also commissioned several large-scale public artworks for LACMA's campus from contemporary California artists. Theseinclude Chris Burden's Urban Light (2008), a series of 202 vintage street lamps from different neighborhoods in Los Angeles, arranged in front of the entrancepavilion, Barbara Kruger's Untitled (Shafted) (2008), Robert Irwin's Primal Palm Garden (2010), and Michael Heizer's Levitated Mass, a 340-ton bouldertransported 100 miles from the Jurupa Valley to LACMA, a widely publicized journey that culminated with a large celebration on Wilshire Boulevard. Thanks in partto the popularity of these public artworks, LACMA was ranked the fourth most instagrammed museum in the world in 2016.In his first three full years, themuseum raised $251 million—about $100 million more than it collected during the three years before he arrived. In 2010, it was announced that Govan will steerLACMA for at least six more years. In a letter dated February 24, 2013, Govan, along with the LACMA board's co-chairmen Terry Semel and Andrew Gordon,proposed a merger with the financially troubled Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles and a plan to raise $100 million for the combined museum.ZumthorProjectGovan's latest project is an ambitious building project, the replacement of four of the campus's aging buildings with a single new state of the art gallerybuilding designed by architect Peter Zumthor. As of January 2017, he has raised about $300 million in commitments. Construction is expected to begin in 2018,and the new building will open in 2023, to coincide with the opening of the new D Line metro stop on Wilshire Boulevard. The project also envisages dissolving allexisting curatorial departments and departmental collections. Some commentators have been highly critical of Govan's plans. Joseph Giovannini, recallingGovan's technically unrealizable onetime plan to hang Jeff Koons' Train sculpture from the facade of the Ahmanson Gallery, has accused Govan of \"driving theinstitution over a cliff into an equivalent mid-air wreck of its own\". Describing the collection merging proposal as the creation of a \"giant raffle bowl of some130,000 objects\", Giovannini also points out that the Zumthor building will contain 33% less gallery space than the galleries it will replace, and that the linearfootage of wall space available for displays will decrease by about 7,500 ft, or 1.5 miles. Faced with losing a building named in its honor, and anticipating that itsacquisitions could no longer be displayed, the Ahmanson Foundation withdrew its support.On the merging of the separate curatorial divisions to create anon-departmental art museum, Christopher Knight has pointed out that \"no other museum of LACMA's size and complexity does it\" that way, and characterizedthe museum's 2019 \"To Rome and Back\" exhibition, the first to take place under the new scheme, as \"bland and ineffectual\" and an \"unsuccessful sample ofwhat's to come\".Personal lifeGovan is married and has two daughters, one from a previous marriage. He and his family used to live in a $6 million mansion inHancock Park that was provided by LACMA - a benefit worth $155,000 a year, according to most recent tax filings - until LACMA decided that it would sell theproperty to make up for the museum's of almost $900 million in debt [2]. That home is now worth nearly $8 million and Govan now lives in a trailer park inMalibu's Point Dume region.Los Angeles CA 90020United States. He has had a private pilot's license since 1995 and keeps a 1979 Beechcraft Bonanza at SantaMonica Airport.Passage 3:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editoronly)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990)(mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation!(2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 4:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a ManySplendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of histelevision film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), QueenSized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day TimeSpecial in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of"}
{"doc_id":"doc_87","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Salang RiverThe Salang is a 438 kilometre long river of Afghanistan, flowing through Parwan Province. It is a tributary of the Indus River and theGhorband River and the Panjshir River and the Kabul River.GeographyThe Salang River originates on the south side of the central mountains of the Hindu Kush inthe north-east of Salang Pass, which links the region to Kabul with the northern part of the country.Its valley and the Salang Pass form an important internationalwaterway. It is north–south oriented. The Salang flows into the Ghorband River at the locality of Jabal Saraj in Parwan. In Jabal Saraj, the average annual flowmodule between 1961 and 1964 was about 763 millimeters per year, which is considered a high rate.Passage 2:Pigna Barney RiverPigna Barney River, a partlyperennial river of the Manning River catchment, is located in the Upper Hunter district of New South Wales, Australia.Course and featuresPigna Barney River riseson the eastern slopes of Mount Royal Range, south of the locale of Glenrock, and flows generally east by south before reaching its confluence with the ManningRiver, south of Mount Myra. The river descends 818 metres (2,684 ft) over its 40 kilometres (25 mi) course.See alsoRivers of New South WalesList of rivers ofNew South Wales (L–Z)List of rivers of AustraliaPassage 3:Trubizh RiverThe Trubizh (Ukrainian: Трубі́ж, Russian: Трубе́ж) is a river entirely located in Ukraine, aleft tributary of Dnieper. It falls into the Dnieper's Kaniv Reservoir (named after Kaniv). It is 113 kilometres (70 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 4,700square kilometres (1,800 sq mi).Major cities: Pereiaslav.Passage 4:Tesechoacan RiverThe Tesechoacan River is a river of Mexico in Veracruz state.It is formedwhere the Cajones River joins the Manso River, both flowing eastward from the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca and is a tributary of the Papaloapan River.See alsoList ofrivers of MexicoPassage 5:Lunga River (Zambia)The Lunga River is the name of two rivers in Zambia. One is a tributary of the Kafue River and the other atributary of the Kabompo River, both of which are tributaries of the Zambezi.Passage 6:Yadboro RiverYadboro River, a perennial river of the Clyde Rivercatchment, is located in the Southern Tablelands and the upper ranges of the South Coast regions of New South Wales, Australia.Course and featuresYadboroRiver rises below Currockbilly Mountain on the eastern slopes of the Budawang Range within Budawang National Park, east northeast of Braidwood, and flowsgenerally northerly parallel to the range, then east, joined by one minor tributary before reaching its confluence with the Clyde River at Campus Head, nearYadboro Flat. The river descends 965 metres (3,166 ft) over its 26 kilometres (16 mi) course.See alsoRivers of New South WalesList of rivers of New South Wales(L–Z)List of rivers of AustraliaPassage 7:Peters Creek (Pennsylvania)Peters Creek is a 16.8-mile-long (27.0 km) tributary of the Monongahela River and part ofthe Ohio River and Mississippi River watersheds, flowing through southwestern Pennsylvania in the United States.Variant namesAccording to the GeographicNames Information System, it has also been known historically as:Peter's CreekCoursePeters Creek starts in Nottingham Township in Washington County andruns generally northerly until it joins the Monongahela River at Clairton in Allegheny County.WatershedThe Peters Creek watershed is a diverse fifty square milesin southwestern Allegheny County and northeastern Washington County. From the heavy industry in the east where Peters Creek enters the Monongahela River,to the commercial northeast, the suburban northern communities, and the still rural and farming south, the watershed is a veritable patchwork of land use types.There is also a county park, a turnpike, a landfill, and a coal mining legacy to add to the mix. Some communities are relatively stable while others are undergoingrapid development. Peters Creek and its tributaries provide utility to them all in a myriad of ways.TributariesLewis Run, in Jefferson HillsBeam's Run, in JeffersonHillsLick Run, in South Park TownshipPiney Fork Run, in South Park TownshipPeters Creek also collects numerous unnamed tributaries along its course.Waterquality and recreationBecause of past water quality issues, Peters Creek was not considered to have any recreational purpose, but since the 1990s the waterquality has improved dramatically. Once plagued with garbage and acid mine drainage, the water quality is now high enough to support its own fish population,which includes trout, bass, catfish, carp, and bluegill.  It is now again possible to enjoy the stream through such activities as fishing, swimming, and during highwater, kayaking. There is also a new bike trail that runs along its bank, formerly part of the Montour Railroad.See alsoList of rivers of PennsylvaniaPassage8:Crocodile River (Limpopo)The Crocodile River (Tswana: Oodi, Afrikaans: Krokodilrivier) is a river in South Africa. At its confluence with the Marico River, theLimpopo River is formed.CourseThe Crocodile River has its source in the Witwatersrand mountain range, originating in Constantia Kloof, Roodepoort, Gautengprovince. The first dam on the river is the Lake Heritage Dam just west of Lanseria International Airport. Just north of this airport is its confluence  with theJukskei River. Further downstream into the North West province are the Hartbeespoort Dam and the Roodekoppies Dam. Beyond the Hartbeespoort Dam, thestream passes the town of Brits. The Elands River joins downstream from the Vaalkop Dam, about 20 km further the Pienaars River joins its right bank, shortlyafter exiting the Klipvoor Dam.In Limpopo province, about 35 km further, the river passes the town of Thabazimbi and meanders for many miles through asparsely inhabited area before joining the Marico River just west of Rooibokkraal at the limit of North West province to form the start of the LimpopoRiver.TributariesThe tributaries of the Crocodile River include the Bloubankspruit, Hennops River, Jukskei River, Magalies River, Sterkstroom River, Rosespruit,Skeerpoort River, Kareespruit, Elands River, Bierspruit River and Sundays River.PollutionThe Crocodile River is one of the most polluted river systems in SouthAfrica. The effects of pollution from two of South Africa's metropolitan areas, Johannesburg and Tshwane, has been detrimental to the ecology of the system.Untreated industrial, mining, agricultural and household waste has deteriorated the water quality throughout most of its course and led to massive algal blooms inthe Hartbeespoort Dam and Roodekoppies Dam. Invasive plant species have negatively affected the integrity of the system. Unsustainable farming practices haveled to sediment overloads and erosion further harming the river.DamsThe Crocodile River is part of the Crocodile (West) and Marico Water Management Area.Dams in the river basin are:Hartbeespoort DamRoodekoppies DamRietvlei Dam, in the Rietvlei RiverBon Accord Dam and Leeukraal Dam, in the ApiesRiverKlipvoor Dam and Roodeplaat Dam, in the Pienaars/Moretele RiverVaalkop Dam, in the Elands RiverBospoort Dam, in the Hex River (Matshukubjana)SeealsoDrainage basin AList of rivers of South AfricaList of reservoirs and dams in South AfricaPassage 9:São Sebastião RiverThere are two rivers named SãoSebastião River in Brazil:São Sebastião River (Espírito Santo)São Sebastião River (Paraná)See alsoSão Sebastião (disambiguation)Passage 10:EtheostomaobamaEtheostoma obama, the spangled darter,  is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the familyPercidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the eastern United States where it is only known to occur in the Duck Riverand the Buffalo River, both in Tennessee.Discovery and namingSteven Layman of Geosyntec Consultants and Rick Mayden of Saint Louis University studied thefreshwater darters, most of which are native to Alabama and Tennessee in the United States. While they were studying color variation of Etheostoma stigmaeum,the speckled darter, Layman and Mayden discovered that there were populations with enough variation that they should be described as unique species.Thisspecies was one of five distinct species of fish that were named after former U.S. presidents and a vice-president, based on their leadership in conservation. E.obama was named after Barack Obama, for his work \"particularly in the areas of clean energy and environmental protection, and because he is one of our firstleaders to approach conservation and environmental protection from a more global vision,\" according to Layman.DescriptionEtheostoma obama males have brightorange and iridescent blue speckles, stripes, and checked patterns, with a bright fan-shaped fin that has orange stripes. The males can reach up to 48 mm (1.9in) long, while the females reach 43 mm (1.7 in) long. 29% of the studied fish had palatine teeth.See alsoList of organisms named after famous people (born1950–present)"}
{"doc_id":"doc_88","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:George Gordon, 2nd Earl of HuntlyGeorge Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly (died 8 June 1501) was a Scottish nobleman and Chancellor of Scotland from1498 to 1501.LifeGeorge was the son of Alexander (Seton) Gordon, 1st Earl of Huntly and his second wife Elizabeth Crichton, daughter of William Crichton, 1stLord Crichton. George is first mentioned by name in 1441 when the lands which later became part of the Earldom were settled on him and his heirs. George wasalmost certainly born shortly before this time, c. 1441 as his parents married before 18 March 1439–40.In his contract with Elizabeth Dunbar, Countess of Moray,dated 20 May 1455 he is styled the Master of Huntley. He is addressed as \"Sir George Seton, knight\", in a royal precept dated 7 March 1456–7, and in a crowncharter dated a year later he uses the name of Gordon for the first time, indicating he had assumed that surname. As George, Lord Gordon, he was keeper of thecastles of Kildrummy, Kindrochat and Inverness. He succeeded his father as Earl of Huntly c. 15 July 1470.Shortly after becoming Earl of Huntly he was involvedwith the Earl of Ross in a private war in which the king, James III of Scotland, interceded. Ross was charged with treason, but after refusing a summons from theking, was outlawed. One of the expeditions sent against the errant Earl of Ross was led by Alexander. After he captured Dingwall Castle and pressed his army intoLochaber, Ross relented and sought pardon for his actions from the king. In 1479 he was justiciary north of the River Forth, one of his primary duties was thesuppression of feuds between Highland clans. In 1497 George Gordon was appointed High Chancellor of Scotland, the honour probably bestowed at the sametime as his daughter Catherine married Perkin Warbeck, an adventurer in favour with King James IV of Scotland. George was Chancellor until 1500. George, thesecond earl, died at Stirling Castle on 8 June 1501.FamilyOn 20 May 1455, George Gordon was married by contract to Lady Elizabeth Dunbar, daughter of JamesDunbar, 7th Earl of Moray. The marriage was annulled due to affinity, before March 1459–60; the couple had no children.George secondly married, before March1459–60, Princess Annabella of Scotland, youngest daughter of King James I of Scotland and Joan Beaufort (the granddaughter of John of Gaunt). After severalyears of marriage, the Earl of Gordon instituted proceedings to have this marriage annulled as well, on the grounds that Princess Annabella was related in thethird and fourth degrees of consanguinity to his first wife, Elizabeth Dunbar, and the marriage was dissolved on 24 July 1471.George Gordon had a number ofchildren, but with few exceptions, there remains no clear consensus as to which child was of the second marriage and which was of the third:Lady Isabella Gordon(d. 1485), wife of William Hay, 3rd Earl of Erroll (d. 1507).Alexander Gordon, 3rd Earl of Huntly (died 21 January 1523/24)Adam Gordon, who married LadyElizabeth de Moravia, daughter and heir of John de Moravia, 8th Earl of Sutherland, and in her right became Countess of Sutherland after her brother's death.Their son was Alexander Gordon, Master of Sutherland.William Gordon, who married Janet Ogilvy and was the ancestor of the Gordons of Gight, from whom LordByron was a descendant.James Gordon, mentioned in an entail in 1498.Lady Janet Gordon, who married firstly, Alexander Lindsay, Master of Crawfurd; secondly,Patrick, Master of Gray (annulled); thirdly, Patrick Buttar of Gormark; and fourthly, James Halkerston of Southwood. She died before February 1559.LadyElizabeth Gordon, mother was Annabella, who was contracted to marry William Keith, 3rd Earl Marischal, in 1481.George obtained an annulment from his secondmarriage on 24 July 1471. He then married, thirdly, his mistress, Lady Elizabeth Hay, daughter of William Hay, 1st Earl of Erroll, and swore a solemn oath to haveno 'actual delen' with the lady until after they were married. He married Elizabeth Hay on 12 May 1476, and they had the following children:Lady CatherineGordon (died October 1537), probably a daughter of Elizabeth Hay, she married firstly, Perkin Warbeck (d. 1499), notorious for claiming to be Richard ofShrewsbury, 1st Duke of York, one of the young princes who disappeared from history in the Tower of London; she married secondly, James Strangeways ofFyfield (d. 1515); she married thirdly, Matthew Cradock of Swansea (d. 1531); and she married fourthly, Christopher Assheton of Fyfield. She was well receivedat the court of King Henry VII of England, who styled her \"the White Rose.\" She had no issue by any of her four husbands.Lady Eleanor GordonLady AgnesGordonNotesPassage 2:Hubba bint HulailHubba bint Hulail (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) was the grandmother of Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf, thus thegreat-great-great-grandmother of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.BiographyHubbah was the daughter of Hulail ibn Hubshiyyah ibn Salul ibn Ka’b ibn Amral-Khuza’i of Banu Khuza'a who was the trustee and guardian of the Ka‘bah (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 'Cube'). She married Qusai ibn Kilab and after her fatherdied, the keys of the Kaaba were committed to her. Qusai, according to Hulail's will, had the trusteeship of the Kaaba after him.Hubbah never gave up ambitioushopes for the line of her favourite son Abd Manaf. Her two favourite grandsons were the twin sons Amr and Abd Shams, of ‘Ātikah bint Murrah. Hubbah hopedthat the opportunities missed by Abd Manaf would be made up for in these grandsons, especially Amr, who seemed much more suitable for the role than any ofthe sons of Abd al-Dar. He was dear to the ‘ayn (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, eye) of his grandmother Hubbah.FamilyQusai ibn Kilab had four sons by Hubbah: Abd-al-Daribn Qusai dedicated to his house, Abdu’l Qusayy dedicated to himself, Abd-al-Uzza ibn Qusai to his goddess (Al-‘Uzzá) and Abd Manaf ibn Qusai to the idol reveredby Hubbah. They also had two daughters, Takhmur and Barrah. Abd Manaf's real name was 'Mughirah', and he also had the nickname 'al-Qamar' (the Moon)because he was handsome.Hubbah was related to Muhammad in more than one way. Firstly, she was the great-great-grandmother of his father Abdullah. Shewas also the great-grandmother of Umm Habib and Abdul-Uzza, respectively the maternal grandmother and grandfather of Muhammad's mother Aminah.Familytree* indicates that the marriage order is disputedNote that direct lineage is marked in bold.See alsoFamily tree of MuhammadList of notable HijazisPassage3:James Gordon, 2nd Viscount AboyneJames Gordon, 2nd Viscount Aboyne (c. 1620 – February 1649) was the second son of George Gordon, 2nd Marquess ofHuntly, a Scottish royalist commander in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.Early lifeAboyne was a member of the powerful Gordon family, who were notable fortheir Roman Catholic sympathies in a kingdom where supporters of the Protestant Reformation controlled the central government. Although there is little directevidence for Aboyne's personal religious views, he was clearly opposed to extreme Protestantism, and he played a significant role in recruiting Catholics for theroyalist cause.He was educated at King's College, Aberdeen, and earned youthful military experience in France, where his father commanded of the GardeÉcossaise. Unusually for a younger son, James Gordon also inherited a peerage, becoming 2nd Viscount Aboyne in 1636.The Bishops' WarsIn 1639, the FirstBishops' War broke out, in which the Protestant faction known as the Covenanters attempted to seize control of church and state. The Covenanter armydispatched the dashing young James Graham, Earl of Montrose to deal with the Gordons.Viscount Aboyne was just nineteen, but he seems to have been regardedthroughout the campaign as the effective leader of the anti-Covenanter forces, even before his father and elder brother surrendered. Later, he continued the warin spite of a lack of effective support from King Charles's royal government.The teenage general suffered two reverses in June 1639 at Megray Hill and Brig o'Dee, attributed to unsteady infantry and dissent between his officers, but his losses were light, and his cavalry performed credibly, remaining in the field untilthey learned that the king had made peace with the Covenanters. It is also worth noting that Aboyne's defence of Aberdeen at Brig o'Dee was so determined thatthe battle lasted two days (18 and 19 June) before Montrose finally dislodged him.In this short campaign, the Gordon cavalry anticipated the tactics of the EnglishCivil War: they often moved as a mounted column without infantry support, and they usually charged with the sword, discovering how ineffective a pistol caracolecould be at Megray. Unusually, it seems that Aboyne's elite troop of one hundred \"gentleman volunteer cuirassiers\" were clad in full armour, in contrast to thebuff coats and breastplate now favored by most cavalry regiments. This was still sought-after equipment, as it gave protection against bullet and sword-thrusts,and in the English Civil War it was worn by generals' bodyguards and the famous London lobsters.Scottish Civil WarFor the next few years, a tenuous peace heldin Scotland. Viscount Aboyne seems to have kept a low profile, living partially in England, but in 1642, the First English Civil War broke out, setting King Charlesagainst his Parliament.Aboyne now worked hard to arrange a military alliance with Clan Donald and the Irish Confederates, and came to be associated politicallywith the Scottish earls of Nithsdale, Crawford and Airlie - all open or suspected Catholics. Not unreasonably, their enemies saw this as a war plan to restore theold religion.But Aboyne also found common cause with his former opponent Montrose, a loyal royalist as well as  a committed Presbyterian; both of them believedthe Scottish Covenanters were now likely to enter the war on Parliament's side.Aboyne spent 1644 with royalist forces around Carlisle, while his brothers raisedthe family's forces in the north. The next spring, he returned to Scotland, fighting in Montrose's victories at Auldearn, Alford, and at Kilsyth; in each battle, he leda flanking charge on the left wing that broke the Covenanters' right. After Alford, there is some evidence that he was promoted in the peerage, under the title ofEarl of Aboyne.Yet while the army was victorious on the field, Aboyne's personal position was increasingly difficult. His father, the Marquess of Huntly, believedthe family's troops should be used to eliminate the Covenanters in the north - in contrast with Montrose, who intended to march south into England. At the sametime, the relationship between Montrose and Aboyne was becoming strained, not least when the Earl of Crawford was appointed to command the army's cavalry,an awkward role when Aboyne commanded the only large mounted force.In September 1645, Aboyne and the Gordon cavalry withdrew to the north, shortlybefore the Battle of Philiphaugh. With hindsight, Aboyne's action is sometimes said to have cost the royalists the battle and the war.In reality, the war was farfrom over at Philiphaugh. Montrose moved north, and in spite of Huntly's increasingly pathological inability to cooperate with him, the royalist armies provedlargely successful in the field. Aboyne, caught between his father and his general, busied himself raising troops in the central Highlands.The cause was"}
{"doc_id":"doc_89","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Jason Moore (director)Jason Moore (born October 22, 1970) is an American director of film, theatre and television.Life and careerJason Moore was bornin Fayetteville, Arkansas, and studied at Northwestern University. Moore's Broadway career began as a resident director of Les Misérables at the Imperial Theatrein during its original run. He is the son of Fayetteville District Judge Rudy Moore.In March 2003, Moore directed the musical Avenue Q, which openedOff-Broadway at the Vineyard Theatre and then moved to Broadway at the John Golden Theatre in July 2003.  He was nominated for a 2004 Tony Award for hisdirection. Moore also directed productions of the musical in Las Vegas and London and the show's national tour. Moore directed the 2005 Broadway revival ofSteel Magnolias and Shrek the Musical, starring Brian d'Arcy James and Sutton Foster which opened on Broadway in 2008. He directed the concert of JerrySpringer — The Opera at Carnegie Hall in January 2008.Moore, Jeff Whitty, Jake Shears, and John \"JJ\" Garden worked together on a new musical based onArmistead Maupin's Tales of the City. The musical premiered at the American Conservatory Theater, San Francisco, California in May 2011 and ran through July2011.For television, Moore has directed episodes of Dawson's Creek, One Tree Hill, Everwood, and Brothers & Sisters. As a writer, Moore adapted the play TheFloatplane Notebooks with Paul Fitzgerald from the novel by Clyde Edgerton. A staged reading of the play was presented at the New Play Festival at the Charlotte,North Carolina Repertory Theatre in 1996, with a fully staged production in 1998.In 2012, Moore made his film directorial debut with Pitch Perfect, starring AnnaKendrick and Brittany Snow. He also served as an executive producer on the sequel. He directed the film Sisters, starring Tina Fey and Amy Poehler, which wasreleased on December 18, 2015. Moore's next project will be directing a live action Archie movie.FilmographyFilmsPitch Perfect (2012)Sisters (2015)ShotgunWedding (2022)TelevisionSoundtrack writerPitch Perfect 2 (2015) (Also executive producer)The Voice (2015) (1 episode)Passage 2:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barryis an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986)(mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie andMe (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 3:NowWhere Did the 7th Company Get to?Now Where Did the 7th Company Get To? (French: Mais où est donc passée la septième compagnie?) is a 1973 French-Italiancomedy war film directed by Robert Lamoureux. The film portrays the adventures of a French Army squad lost somewhere on the front in May 1940 during theBattle of France.PlotDuring the Battle of France, while German forces are spreading across the country, the 7th Transmission Company suffers an air raid near theMachecoul woods, but survive and hide in the woods. Captain Dumont, the company commander, sends Louis Chaudard, Pithiviers and Tassin to scout the area.After burying the radio cable beneath a sandy road, the squad crosses the field, climbs a nearby hill, and takes position within a cemetery. One man cut down thewrong tree for camouflage, pulling up the radio cable and revealing it to the passing German infantry. The Germans cut the cable, surround the woods, and ordera puzzled 7th Company to surrender. The squad tries to contact the company, but then witness their capture and run away.Commanded by Staff SergeantChaudard, the unit stops in a wood for the night. Pithiviers is content to slow down and wait for the end of the campaign. The next day, he goes for a swim in thelake, in sight of possible German fighters. When Chaudard and Tassin wake up, they leave the camp without their weapons to look for Pithiviers. Tassin finds himand gives an angry warning, but Pithiviers convinces Tassin to join him in the lake. Chaudard orders them to get out, but distracted by a rabbit, falls into the lake.While Chaudard teaches his men how to swim, two German fighter planes appear, forcing them out of the water. After shooting down one of the German planes,a French pilot, Lieutenant Duvauchel, makes an emergency landing and escapes before his plane explodes. PFC Pithiviers, seeing the bad shape of one of hisshoes, destroys what is left of his shoe sole. Tassin is sent on patrol to get food and a new pair of shoes for Pithiviers. Tassin arrives in a farm, but only finds adog, so he returns and Chaudard goes to the farm after nightfall. The farmer returns with her daughter-in-law and Lt Duvauchel, and she welcomes Chaudard.Duvauchel, who is hiding behind the door, comes out upon hearing the news and decides to meet Chaudard's men.When Chaudard and Duvauchel return to thecamp, Tassin and Pithiviers are roasting a rabbit they caught. Duvauchel realizes that Chaudard has been lying and takes command.The following day, the menleave the wood in early morning and capture a German armored tow truck after killing its two drivers. They originally planned to abandon the truck and the twodead Germans in the woods, but instead realized that the truck is the best way to disguise themselves and free the 7th Company. They put on the Germans'uniforms, recover another soldier of the 7th Company, who succeeded in escaping, and obtain resources from a collaborator who mistook them for Germans.Ontheir way, they encounter a National Gendarmerie patrol, who appear to be a 5th column. The patrol injures the newest member of their group, a young soldier,and then are killed by Tassin. In revenge, they destroy a German tank using the tow truck's cannon gun.They planned to go to Paris but are misguided by theirown colonel, but find the 7th Company with guards who are bringing them to Germany. Using their cover, they make the guards run in front of the truck, allowingthe company to get away. When Captain Dumont joins his Chaudard, Tassin, and Pithiviers in the truck, who salute the German commander with a greatsmile.CastingJean Lefebvre : PFC PithiviersPierre Mondy : Staff Sergent Paul ChaudardAldo Maccione: PFC TassinRobert Lamoureux: Colonel BlanchetErik Colin:Lieutenant DuvauchelPierre Tornade: Captain DumontAlain Doutey: CarlierRobert Dalban : The peasantJacques Marin: The collaborationistRobert Rollis: A FrenchsoldierProductionThe film's success spawned two sequels:– 1975 : On a retrouvé la septième compagnie (The Seventh Company Has Been Found) by RobertLamoureux;– 1977 : La Septième Compagnie au clair de lune (The Seventh Company Outdoors)) by Robert Lamoureux.The story is set in Machecoul woods, butit was actually filmed near Cerny and La Ferté-Alais, as well as Jouars-Pontchartrain and Rochefort-en-Yvelines. The famous grocery scene was filmed inBazoches-Sur-Guyonne.Robert Lamoureux based this film on his own personal experiences in June 1940 during the war.The final scene with the parachute isbased on a true story. The 58 Free French paratroopers were parachuted into Brittany in groups of three, on the night of 7 June 1944 to neutralize the railnetwork of Normandy Landings in Brittany, two days before.Box officeThe movie received a great success in France reaching the third best selling movie in1974.NotesExternal linksMais où est donc passée la septième compagnie? at IMDbPassage 4:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historianand museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director ofMaihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order ofSt. Olav.Passage 5:Andrzej FidykAndrzej Fidyk (born in 1953, Warsaw) is a  Polish documentary filmmaker, producer, and professor of the Krzysztof KieślowskiFilm School in Katowice. He is best known for work his 1989 documentary Defilada (The Parade), which depicts the mass parades choreographed to celebrate thefortieth anniversary of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) in 1988.Initially, Fidyk planned to be an economist.  During 1972 and 1977 hestudied foreign trade atthe Central School of Planning and Statistics at the Warsaw School of Economics. After graduation, he worked at the ForeignTrade Bureaufor two years, work which he hated He first started working for television in 1980, since when he has made over 40 documentary films shown primarily on Polishand British television. From 1991 to 1996 he worked for the BBC in the Music and Arts Department.  Between 1996 and 2004 he was Head of Documentaries atPolish Television.Filmography1982Idzie Grześ przez wieś, production, script,1983Optymistyczny film o niewidomych, director,1984Ich teatr,  director,script,1985Prezydent,  director,1986Noc w pałacu,  director, script,Praga,  director, script,1987Królewna Śnieżka, telefon i krowa,  director, script,1988Paryż,miasto kontrastów,  director, script,1989Defilada,  production, script,1990Ostatki, script, production1993Sen Staszka w Teheranie,  director, script,1994Niebooplutych,  production,Pocztówka z Japonii,  production, script,The Russian Striptease,  director, production,1995Carnaval. The Biggest Party In TheWorld,  production, production,Ostatki,  production, script,1997Ciężar nieważkości,  editing,Cross,  art consultation,Dziewczyny z Szymanowa,  production,EastOf Eastenders,  director,Historia Jednej Butelki,  art consultation,Jeden dzień z życia Tomka Karata,  art consultation,Kanar,  production,El Porvenir de UnaIlusion,  production,1998Dotknięci,  art consultation,Ganek,  production,Kiniarze z Kalkuty,  director, script, production,Marzenia i śmierć,  artconsultation,199924 dni,  production,Oni,  editing,Takiego pięknego syna urodziłam,  art consultation,Twarzą w twarz z Papieżem,  editing,1989-1999 wdziesiątkę,  editing,2000Jan Paweł II w Ziemi Świętej,  editing,Ziemia podwójnie obiecana. Jan Paweł II w Ziemi ŚwiętejŚlub w Domu Samotności,  editing,Taniectrzcin,  production, script,2001Prawdziwe psy (TV documentary/novel),  editing,Serce Z Węgla,  editing,2002Bobrek Dance,  editing,Mój synRomek,  editing,Przedszkolandia (TV documentary/novel), editing,2003Imieniny,  art consultation,2008Yodok Stories,  director i script,2009Balcerowicz. Gra owszystko, director, script.2016Lech Walesa, A Portrait, director.Passage 6:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is anIrish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody EssexMuseum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the directorof the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and worksin the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the"}
{"doc_id":"doc_90","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ludwig II (2012 film)Ludwig II is a 2012 German-Austrian historical film directed by Peter Sehr and Marie Noëlle, starring Sabin Tambrea as theyounger Bavarian King Ludwig II and Sebastian Schipper as the king in his later years.PlotCrown Prince Ludwig suffers under the authoritarian education of hisfather King Maximilian II and has no interest in his militaristic attitude. In addition, because of his love for music and the fine arts, Ludwig repeatedly incurs thedispleasure of his father. For Ludwig, art is more important than daily bread.Maximilian II dies unexpectedly of erysipelas, so Ludwig, full of idealism, ascends theBavarian throne at the age of 18. At a time when war and poverty are omnipresent, he believes in a better world and wants to use his power to ensure that hispeople can live in peace and happiness. He wants his kingdom to become a place where beauty, art and culture will flourish; instead of weapons, Ludwig wants toinvest public money in theatre, music and education.He spends his free time with his young cousin, Sophie, the sister of the Austrian Empress Sissi. With her hecan philosophise about music and the beauty of the world. Moreover, he has all of his rooms in the castle remodelled and designed according to his ideas.He lovesRichard Wagner's operas, and his passion and admiration for the controversial composer's works and their legends are so great that he wants to bring Wagner tohis court. To achieve this, he instructs the well-known music lover Johann von Lutz to track down Wagner and bring him to his court. He awaits the arrival of hisidol impatiently and receives him with great respect. He settles Wagner's debts and obtains a pardon for the revolutionary and politically persecuted composer.However, his ministers rebel against his expensive sponsorship of the composer.At first, Ludwig throws himself into political business with enthusiasm. Heinitiates a school reform and distributesmusical instruments instead of weapons to his young cadets. He is of the opinion that if Bavaria should ever be attacked,the sound of Wagner's music will immediately disarm them. Even a conversation with his cousin, Elisabeth of Austria, who wants to ask for help in preventingPrussia from waging war against Austria, fails because of his naive belief that music alone is capable of keeping people's hearts in a peaceful .Ludwig's ministersare not satisfied with the power that Wagner's ideas seem to have over the young king. Ludwig increasingly neglects the affairs of government. The news of animpending war reaches him while he is on the road with Wagner in the Bavarian mountains. The composer suggests that he replace the ministers who now wantto go to war. They in turn threaten to resign from their positions if Ludwig does not part with Wagner and his influence. Since the king fears for his friend's life, heurges him to leave Bavaria. He realises that circumstances are against him, and his beloved kingdom gets involved in the war with Prussia against his will.Disheartened, and showing first signs of delusional illnesses, Ludwig withdraws from public life.The news of the defeat of his army hits him hard, since he hasspent the money that was intended for modern rifles on musical instruments. His stable master, Richard Hornig, is at his side and is willing to support him, butLudwig does not want to admit his affection for men. In order to deal with the war defeat, he travels his country and shows himself to his people. Moreover, heplans his wedding with Sophie because he is convinced that the people expect this from him. As part of the wedding preparations, Wagner arrives at court againto take over the musical design. As a result, Ludwig meets a young singer, Heinrich Vogel, whom he wants to hear singing as Lohengrin, which incurs Wagner'sdispleasure.Sophie demands proof of love in the form of a kiss from her future husband. This leads to a scandal, and Ludwig cancels his already planned andlonged-for wedding because he realises that, due to his homosexuality, which he does not confess to her or to others, he cannot have more than friendship withhis fiancée. In a letter, he asks Sophie's forgiveness and understanding. In his opinion, she has the right to be happy, which would not be possible at his side inthe long run.In addition to those private problems, political events are catching up with him again. Bavaria's defeat by Prussia forces the country to enter the1870-71 war against France as a compulsory ally of Otto von Bismarck. Bismarck's efforts to create an all-German empire, headed by an emperor, destroys thedream of a sovereign Bavarian kingdom continuing to exist. Ludwig's brother Otto suffers a nervous breakdown and has to be taken to a sanatorium. Theattending physician assumes that Otto will not recover from his mental derangement. Ludwig promises to build his brother a castle where he can be who he is,just as he also longs himself to have a place where he can be who he is. With this in mind, he has Neuschwanstein Castle built.Nevertheless, Ludwig does notachieve peace: the abysses of his soul are too deep, tormenting him and making him despair. Disillusioned, he retires again from public life and takes refuge inthe world of opera melodies. He does not want to admit the financial problems that the state budget has to suffer due to his excessive  construction activities. Butreality catches up with him, and Ludwig's opponents team up to depose him and the castles in his dream realm of fantasy. Even his long-standing devotee Johannvon Lutz, whom he had made minister, comes to doubt Ludwig's common sense. After a fire breaks out in the castle, Richard Hornig is seriously injured. Thesadness of never being allowed to stand by his love for the stable master drives him even further into madness, which his opponents are now increasingly awareof. One of his ministers has a medical report drawn up in order to justify deposing the king.Ludwig senses the plan and intends to blow himself up with his castlesbefore he can be chased away from them, but the project fails due to the inappropriate explosives. Following that, the minister succeeds in taking the king intomedical care against his will in Castle Berg.Desperate about the disregard for his royal privileges, and his treatment as a \"poor lunatic\", he decided to escape histreatment. While taking a walk with his doctor, he escapes him and runs into Lake Starnberg, where he drowns.Historical inaccuraciesThe death of KingMaximilian II, Ludwig's father, in the film is shown as if it were extremely sudden. Actually, the sickness which led to his death lasted for many weeks, duringwhich Ludwig was criticized for the audiences he granted to the tenor Albert Niemann, a behaviour considered disrespectful towards his sick father.The meetingbetween Ludwig and Richard Hornig where Hornig himself finds Wagner, which in the film takes place in March 1864, happened instead in May 1867In the film thefamous official portrait of Ludwig is painted in 1867 while in reality it was already painted in 1865.In the film Richard Wagner is found by Hornig while in reality hewas found by the king's minister Pfistermeister. Indeed, it was to him that Ludwig gave the photograph with the ruby to give to the composer, and not to Lutz asseen in the film.Ludwig decides to curl his hair for the arrival of Wagner, but this decision was actually made when he was still crown prince to hide his protrudingears, a physical defect that he could not bear.In the film Ludwig signs the famous Kaiserbrief in the Residenz, while it happened in Hohenschwangau, which isneither shown nor mentioned, although it was a castle very dear to Ludwig.CastSabin Tambrea as King Ludwig II (young)Sebastian Schipper as King LudwigIIHannah Herzsprung as Empress Elisabeth of AustriaEdgar Selge as Richard WagnerTom Schilling as Prince OttoJustus von Dohnányi as Johann von LutzFriedrichMücke as Richard HornigSamuel Finzi as Lorenz MayrChristophe Malavoy as Napoleon IIIAxel Milberg as King Maximilian IIKatharina Thalbach as Queen MarieUweOchsenknecht as Prince LuitpoldPaula Beer as Duchess Sophie in BavariaAugust Wittgenstein as Alfred Eckbrecht von Dürckheim-MontmartinPassage 2:Marie ofPrussiaMarie of Prussia (German: Marie Friederike Franziska Auguste Hedwig von Preußen; October 15, 1825 – May 17, 1889) was Queen of Bavaria by marriageto Maximilian II of Bavaria, and the mother of Kings Ludwig II and Otto of Bavaria.LifeBorn and raised in Berlin, she was the daughter of Prince Wilhelm ofPrussia, a younger brother of King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia, and his wife, Landgravine Marie Anna of Hesse-Homburg. The family spent half of the year atFischbach (today Karpniki) Castle in Silesia, where they loved to hike in the Giant Mountains. In her youth, Marie was seriously considered as a wife for Ernest II,Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, until her engagement to Maximilian was announced.QueenOn 12 October 1842, she married the Crown Prince, and later King ofBavaria, Maximilian II.Marie was loved equally by both the Catholic and Protestant populations. (At that time, Bavaria was mostly Catholic, whilst Prussia wasmostly Evangelical.) A specific emphasis of her \"great social engagement\" was a reactivation of the Bavarian Women's Association, which took place on 18December 1869 with the aid of her son, Ludwig II. Its aim was \"Pflege und Unterstützung der im Felde verwundeten und erkrankten Krieger\" (Care and support ofsoldiers wounded and injured in the field). The Bavarian Red Cross was officially founded as a result of the Bavarian Women's Association. The Red Crosseventually took over for the Queen.Queen dowagerWith the sudden death of Maximilian II on 10 March 1864, Marie became a widow. On 12 October 1874, sheconverted to Catholicism.As a widow she lived at Nymphenburg Palace. She spent her summer holidays at Schloss Hohenschwangau near Füssen, a castle herhusband had redecorated in Gothic Revival style, and at her country estate in Elbigenalp in the Lechtal Alps. She enjoyed hiking the mountains, which she hadoften done with her sons when they were young. Marie looked after her second son Otto, who was declared insane. She outlived her elder son, Ludwig II, bynearly three years; his unusual death occurring on 13 June 1886. He had not liked her very much (just as he disliked most of his other relatives) and had tried toavoid contact as far as possible. Marie died in 1889 in Hohenschwangau.She is interred in the Theatine Church in Munich in a side chapel opposite herhusband.IssueLudwig II of Bavaria (25 August 1845 - 13 June 1886); succeeded as King of Bavaria as Ludwig II. Declared mentally incompetent withoutexamination and deposed in a coup in favour of his uncle, Prince Luitpold, on 10 June 1886; died under disputed circumstances.Otto I of Bavaria (27 April 1848 -11 October 1916); succeeded as King of Bavaria as Otto I, but reigned only in name due to the regency of his uncle, Prince Luitpold. Declared mentallyincompetent and deposed on 5 November 1913 by his cousin Prince Ludwig, later King Ludwig III of Bavaria.HonoursKingdom of Bavaria: Grand Mistress of theOrder of Theresa Kingdom of Prussia:Dame of the Order of Louise, 1st DivisionCross of Merit for Women and Girls Spain: Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa,17 June 1856 Kingdom of Saxony: Dame of the Order of Sidonia, 1871AncestryPassage 3:Ernst LubitschErnst Lubitsch (; January 29, 1892 – November 30,"}
{"doc_id":"doc_91","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Jesse E. HobsonJesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955. Prior to SRI, he wasthe director of the Armour Research Foundation.Early life and educationHobson was born in Marshall, Indiana. He received bachelor's and master's degrees inelectrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology. Hobson was also selected as anationally outstanding engineer.Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children.CareerAwards and membershipsHobson wasnamed an IEEE Fellow in 1948.Passage 2:Bobby ColemanRobert Moorhouse \"Bobby\" Coleman III (born May 5, 1997) is an American actor.  He is best known forhis roles as a child actor in the films Martian Child (2007), as the title character, and The Last Song (2010).Life and careerRobert Coleman was born in LosAngeles, California, the son of Doris Berg and Robert Moorhouse Coleman Jr. He is the younger brother of actress Holliston Coleman, and lives with his family inthe Los Angeles area.Coleman began acting at the age of five in commercials, and has since appeared in several film and television productions. He had briefappearances in a number of series such as Medium and JAG, before moving into film roles. He appeared in the feature films Must Love Dogs and Friends withMoney, and also had a recurring role in the television series Surface, before taking leading roles in the films Glass House: The Good Mother and Take. He playedthe title lead role in the film Martian Child, his second role alongside John Cusack and is set to appear with his sister in Proving Ground: From the Adventures ofCaptain Redlocks, in which he will play the younger brother of his real-life sister. They are both set to star together again in the science-fiction adventure film,Robosapien: Rebooted. He appeared in the 2010 film The Last Song as Jonah Miller, the younger brother of Miley Cyrus's character.FilmographyAwards2008Young Artist AwardBest Performance in a Feature Film - Young Actor Age Ten or Younger for Martian Child — NominatedPassage 3:Martian ChildMartian Child is a2007 American comedy-drama film directed by Menno Meyjes and based on David Gerrold's 1994 novelette (not the expanded 2002 novel) of the same name.The film stars John Cusack as a writer who adopts a strange young boy (Bobby Coleman) who believes himself to be from Mars. The film was theatrically releasedon November 2, 2007, by New Line Cinema.PlotDavid Gordon, a popular science fiction author, widowed two years prior as they were trying to adopt a child, isfinally matched with a young boy, Dennis. Initially hesitant to adopt alone, he is drawn to him, seeing aspects of himself in him.Believing he is from Mars, Dennisprotects himself from the sun's harmful rays, wears weights to counter Earth's weak gravity, eats only Lucky Charms, and hangs upside down to facilitatecirculation. He refers often to his mission to study Earth and its people, taking pictures, taking things to catalog, and spending time consulting an ambiguoustoy-like device with flashing lights that produces seemingly unintelligible words.Once David decides to adopt Dennis, he spends time getting to know him,patiently coaxing him out of the large cardboard box he hides in. Soon, David is cleared to take Dennis home and meet David's dog, \"Somewhere.\" In Dennis'sbedroom is a projector of the solar system that he pronounces inaccurate. With the help of his friend Harlee and sister Liz, David tries to help Dennis overcomehis delusion by both indulging it and encouraging him to act like everyone else. Dennis attends school but is quickly expelled for repeatedly 'stealing' items for hiscollection. Frustrated, David tells Liz that perhaps Dennis is from Mars.Meanwhile, David's literary agent, Jeff, pushes him to finish writing his commissionedsequel, which is due soon. He struggles to make time for writing, regularly pulled away from it to deal with Dennis. While sitting down to write, the flash fromDennis's Polaroid camera catches him off-guard and he accidentally breaks some glass. David picks Dennis up and carries him across the room. Upset by David'sabrupt action, the boy fears he is going to be sent away. David explains that he was just worried he'd get cut by the glass and that he loves him more than hismaterial possessions. Assuring him that he will never send him away, he encourages Dennis to break more things. They move to the kitchen and break dishes andthen spray ketchup and dish detergent at each other. Lefkowitz, from Social Services, appears in the window and sees the mayhem. He rebukes David, setting upa case review.David encourages Dennis to be from Mars only at home; though he must be from Earth everywhere else. Passing his interview by saying he waspretending, he stays with David. Now his adoptive father, he insists Dennis acknowledge being from Earth, making him hurt and angry. David leaves him with Lizto attend the reveal of his new book, supposedly a sequel. He confesses to Tina, the publisher, that rather than being a sequel, it is a new book titled MartianChild, about Dennis. In her fury, Tina makes a scene, but takes the manuscript as David leaves to be with Dennis.Meanwhile, Dennis has left the house with hissuitcase of earthly artifacts. When David arrives home, he finds the police and learns the boy is gone, he remembers the place he'd said he was found. David asksHarlee to drive him to the location, where they spot Dennis high up on the outside ledge of the museum's domed roof. David climbs up to him as the police andLiz arrive. Dennis points out a bright searchlight in a nearby cloud as someone coming to take him home, but David assures him it's just a helicopter. Davidprofesses his love for Dennis and asserts he will never ever leave him. Eventually Dennis trusts David and they hug.David's voiceover tells about the parallel ofchildren who come into our world, struggling to understand it, being like little aliens. As Tina reads the manuscript aboard an airplane, she begins to cry.CastInaddition, Anjelica Huston plays Tina, David's publisher.ProductionDespite persistent misperceptions, this film is not based on David Gerrold's 2002semi-autobiographical novel The Martian Child, (although it shares some of the same incidents) but rather is based on his 1994 fictional Hugo and NebulaAward-winning novella of the same name, which has caused much confusion about the source material, especially for Gerrold's fans in segments of the gaycommunity.  The short story does not specify the protagonist's sexual orientation.  Only when, years later, Gerrold rewrote and expanded his story to novellalength did he choose to include his sexuality. While Gerrold had, in real life, adopted a son as an openly gay man, in the film the protagonist is straight and has afemale love interest. Because of the confusion surrounding the different publication dates of the original short story and the latter novella, some members of thegay community have criticized the lead role in the film being portrayed as straight, even though the main character in the short story was never identified as gay.Gerrold has expressed disappointment that the producers forced the protagonist to be changed from a gay man to a straight widower but felt it was a worthwhiletrade-off to get published a story about a child in a group home needing a parent.The film began shooting in Vancouver on May 2, 2005, and completed filming inJuly 2005, with the studio repeatedly pushing back the release date. Jerry Zucker was hired to direct uncredited reshoots shortly before the film'srelease.ReleaseBox officeMartian Child opened in 2,020 venues on November 2, 2007 and earned $3,376,669 in its first weekend, ranking seventh in thedomestic box office and third among the weekend's new releases. The film closed six weeks later on December 13, having grossed $7,500,310 domestically and$1,851,434 overseas, totaling $9,351,744 worldwide.Critical receptionThe film received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 33%score, based on 106 reviews, with an average rating of 5/10. The site's consensus states: \"Despite some charms, overt emotional manipulation and aninconsistent tone prevents Martian Child from being the heartfelt dramedy it aspires to be.\" Metacritic reports a 48 out of 100 rating, based on 26 critics,indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".Home mediaMartian Child was released on DVD on February 12, 2008. It opened at #20 the DVD sales chart, selling69,000 units for revenue of $1.3 million. As per the latest figures, 400,000 DVD units have been sold, acquiring revenue of $7,613,945. This does not includeDVD rentals/Blu-ray sales.  The film is available on Netflix streaming.AwardsPassage 4:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of thePeabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. Hewas the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedycurrently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he becamethe ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Earlylife and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees fromUniversity College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission,Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). Hemarried Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Associationof Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of theNational Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged forseveral major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensivemulti-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, BettyChurcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant privatedonations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect onmoral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years"}
{"doc_id":"doc_92","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She wasappointed by the board of directors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and anIsraeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. Shemoved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors.During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She alsodirected and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film andacademic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged andpromoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities.Blankstein directed themini-series \"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen wasappointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, shespearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series;director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter,2006)Passage 2:Richard T. JonesRichard Timothy Jones (born January 16, 1972) is an American actor. He has worked extensively in both film and televisionproductions since the early 1990s. His television roles include Ally McBeal (1997), Judging Amy (1998–2005), CSI: Miami (2006), Girlfriends (2007), Grey'sAnatomy (2010), Hawaii Five-0 (2011–2014), Narcos (2015), and Criminal Minds (2017). Since 2018, he has played Police Sergeant Wade Grey on the ABC policedrama The Rookie.His film roles include portrayals of Lamont Carr in Disney's Full Court Miracle (2003), Laveinio \"Slim\" Hightower in Rick Famuyiwa'scoming-of-age film The Wood (1999), Mike in Tyler Perry's dramatic films Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010), and CaptainRussell Hampton in the Hollywood blockbuster Godzilla (2014).Early lifeJones was born in Kobe, Japan, to American parents and grew up in Carson, California. Heis the son of Lorene, a computer analyst, and Clarence Jones, a professional baseball player who at the time of Jones' birth was playing for the Nankai Hawks inOsaka. He has an older brother, Clarence Jones Jr., who works as a high school basketball coach. They would return to North America after Clarence's retirementfollowing the 1978 season. His parents later divorced. Jones attended Bishop Montgomery High School in Torrance, California, then graduated from TuskegeeUniversity.CareerSince the early 1990s, Jones has worked in both film and television productions.His first television role was in a 1993 episode of the seriesCalifornia Dreams. That same year, he appeared as Ike Turner, Jr. in What's Love Got to Do with It. From 1999 to 2005, he starred as Bruce Calvin van Exel inthe CBS legal drama series Judging Amy.Over the next two decades, Jones starred or guest-starred in high-profile television series such as Ally McBeal (1997),CSI: Miami (2006), Girlfriends (2007), Grey's Anatomy (2010), Hawaii Five-0 (2011–2014), Narcos (2015), and Criminal Minds (2017).His film roles includeportrayals of Lamont Carr in the Disney film Full Court Miracle (2003), Laveinio \"Slim\" Hightower in Rick Famuyiwa's coming-of-age film The Wood (1999), andMike in Tyler Perry's dramatic films Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010), and Captain Russell Hampton in the Hollywoodblockbuster Godzilla (2014).From 2017 to 2018, Jones played Detective Tommy Cavanaugh in the CBS drama series Wisdom of the Crowd.Since February 2018,Jones has played the role of Sergeant Wade Gray in the ABC police procedural drama series The Rookie with Nathan Fillion.Personal lifeJoshua Media Ministriesclaims that its leader, David E. Taylor, mentors Jones in ministry, and that Jones has donated $1 million to its efforts.FilmographyFilmTelevisionPassage 3:BrianKennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and nowlives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was thedirector of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery ofAustralia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the HoodMuseum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe asthe executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. Hereceived B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the IrishDepartment of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government PublicationsOffice (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland inDublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the travelingexhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at themuseum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annualvisitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gainedgovernment support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building provedcontroversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy'stenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's ABigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring theHolmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian PrintWorkshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which wascompleted in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\"implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGAduring his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchiand attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dungand was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" andan \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscureddiscussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedlyquestioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational healthand safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announcedin 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a jointIrish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings andsculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the fieldof art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read, understandand write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website,www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy hasbeen a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding themuseum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibandehave been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the ToledoMuseum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold tothe museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture ofGanesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005.During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public"}
{"doc_id":"doc_93","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Alexandru CristeaAlexandru Cristea (1890–1942) was the composer of the music for \"Limba Noastră\", current national anthem of Moldova.BiographyAchoir director, a composer and music teacher. Taught at the  \"Vasile Kormilov\" music school (1928) with Gavriil Afanasiu and the  \"Unirea\" Conservatory(1927–1929) in Chişinău with Alexandru Antonovschi (canto), he was the master of vocal music from Chişinău (1920–1940), professor of music and conductor ofthe choir in the boys gymnasium \"Ion Heliade Rădulescu\" in Bucure\u0000ti (1940–1941). Later, between 1941 and 1942, he directed the choir at the \"Queen MotherElena\" high school from Chişinău. In 1920, he was ordained as a deacon of the St. George Church in Chişinău, from 1927 to 1941 was a deacon holds theMetropolitan Cathedral of Chişinău.CreationHis main creation is considered the music for \"Limba Noastră\", current national anthem of Moldova, composed in thelyrics of the priest-poet Alexei Mateevici. He was awarded the “Răsplata muncii pentru biserică”.Passage 2:Karl Wilhelm (conductor)Karl Wilhelm, also CarlWilhelm (5 September 1815, Schmalkalden – 26 August 1873, Schmalkalden) was a German choral director. He is best known as the composer of the music ofthe song “Die Wacht am Rhein.”BiographyWilhelm was born in Schmalkalden. He studied at Cassel under Louis Spohr, and then in Frankfurt am Main with AloysSchmitt and A. André. From 1841 to 1864 he was the director of the Krefeld Liedertafel for which he composed numerous male choruses. In Krefeld in 1854 heset to words “Die Wacht am Rhein,” the poem Max Schneckenburger wrote in 1840. In recognition of the success and the national importance of this song, hereceived the title of “Royal Prussian Musical Director” in 1860, and four years later received a gold medal from Queen (later Empress) Augusta.On 24 June 1871,he received a personal acknowledgement from Chancellor of the German Empire Otto von Bismarck. In the same year, he received an annual gift from thegovernment of 3,000 marks, which was then more than four times a typical salary.From 1865 on, Wilhelm worked as the director of the music society inSchmalkalden, where he died eight years later.NotesPassage 3:Pydimarri Venkata Subba RaoPydimarri Venkata Subba Rao (10 June 1916 – 1988) was a Teluguauthor who is best remembered as the composer of the National Pledge of India.Writer and polyglotSubba Rao was a native of Anneparthy village in the NalgondaDistrict of Telangana. He was a polyglot, having mastered Sanskrit, Telugu, English and Arabic. He was also a naturopathy doctor and a bureaucrat who wroteseveral books in Telugu, the most famous of which is the novel Kalabhairavudu.Composer of the National PledgeSubba Rao composed the National Pledge inTelugu in 1962 while he was serving as the District Treasury Officer of Vishakhapatnam District of Andhra Pradesh. He was a close associate of the nationalistleader Tenneti Viswanadham, who forwarded the pledge to the then Education Minister of Andhra Pradesh, P.V.G. Raju who was also known as the Raja Saheb ofVizianagaram. Raju directed all the schools in the district to have the students take the pledge and it was subsequently taken up at the national level. TheAdvisory Committee of the Department of Education, Government of India at its meeting in Bangalore in 1964 decided to introduce the pledge in all schoolsnationally from 26 January 1965. The Government of India had it translated into seven languages and directed that it be taken in schools every day.  Curiously,Subba Rao himself remained unaware of the status of this pledge as the National Pledge. It was only when, after his retirement, he happened to hear hisgranddaughter read the pledge from a textbook that he and his family realised this. The records with the Union Human Resources Development Ministry alsorecord him as the author of the Pledge although his family's letters to the central and state governments remained unanswered until his death in 1988.GoldenJubilee Celebrations2012 marks the golden jubilee year of the National Pledge and there are plans afoot to commemorate it and the author as part of thecelebrations.Passage 4:Alexander CourageAlexander Mair Courage Jr. (December 10, 1919 – May 15, 2008) familiarly known as \"Sandy\" Courage, was anAmerican orchestrator, arranger, and composer of music, primarily for television and film. He is best known as the composer of the theme music for the originalStar Trek series.Early lifeCourage was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He received a music degree from the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, New York,in 1941. He served in the United States Army Air Forces in the western United States during the Second World War. During that period, he also found the time tocompose music for the radio. His credits in this medium include the programs Adventures of Sam Spade Detective, Broadway Is My Beat, Hollywood Soundstage,and Romance.CareerCourage began as an orchestrator and arranger at MGM studios, which included work in such films as the 1951 Show Boat (\"Life Upon theWicked Stage\" number); Hot Rod Rumble (1957 film); The Band Wagon (\"I Guess I'll Have to Change My Plan\"); Gigi (the can-can for the entrance of patrons atMaxim's); and the barn raising dance from Seven Brides for Seven Brothers.He frequently served as an orchestrator on films scored by André Previn (My FairLady, \"The Circus is a Wacky World\", and \"You're Gonna Hear from Me\" production numbers for Inside Daisy Clover), Adolph Deutsch (Funny Face, Some Like ItHot), John Williams (The Poseidon Adventure, Superman, Jurassic Park, and the Academy Award-nominated musical films Fiddler on the Roof and Tom Sawyer),and Jerry Goldsmith (Rudy, Mulan, The Mummy, et al.).  He also arranged the Leslie Bricusse score (along with Lionel Newman) for Doctor Dolittle (1967).Apartfrom his work as a respected orchestrator, Courage also contributed original dramatic scores to films, including two westerns: Arthur Penn's The Left Handed Gun(1958) and André de Toth's Day of the Outlaw (1959), and the Connie Francis comedy Follow the Boys (1963). He continued writing music for movies throughoutthe 1980s and 1990s, including the score for Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987), which incorporated three new musical themes by John Williams inaddition to Courage's adapted and original cues for the film. Courage's score for Superman IV: The Quest for Peace was released on CD in early 2008 by the FilmMusic Monthly company as part of its boxed set Superman - The Music, while La-La Land Records released a fully expanded restoration of the score on May 8,2018, as part of Superman's 80th anniversary.Courage also worked as a composer on such television shows as Daniel Boone, The Brothers Brannagan, Lost inSpace, Eight Is Enough, and Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea. Judd, for the Defense, Young Dr. Kildare and The Brothers Brannagan were the only televisionseries besides Star Trek for which he composed the main theme.The composer Jerry Goldsmith and Courage teamed on the long-running television show TheWaltons in which Goldsmith composed the theme and Courage the Aaron Copland-influenced incidental music. In 1988, Courage won an Emmy Award for hismusic direction on the special Julie Andrews: The Sound of Christmas.  In the 1990s, Courage succeeded Arthur Morton as Goldsmith's primaryorchestrator.Courage and Goldsmith collaborated again on orchestrations for Goldsmith's score for the 1997 film \"The Edge.\"Courage frequently collaborated withJohn Williams during the latter's tenure with the Boston Pops Orchestra.FamilyAt the age of 35, Courage married Mareile Beate Odlum on October 6,1955.Mareile, born in Germany, was the daughter of Rudolf Wolff and Elisabeth Loechelt. After Wolff's suicide Elisabeth married Carl Wilhelm Richard Hülsenbeck,renowned for his involvement in the Dada movement in Europe. Hülsenbeck brought his wife (Elisabeth), son (Tom) and step-daughter (Mareile) to the UnitedStates in 1938 to avoid the political situation rapidly developing in Europe. After arriving in the US he changed his last name to Hulbeck.Mareile's marriage toCourage was her third. Her second marriage was to Bruce Odlum (son of financier Floyd Odlum) in 1944. That union produced two sons, Christopher (1947) andBrian (1949). When Courage married Mareile he accepted the responsibility of acting stepfather to them. The family originally lived together on Erskine Dr. inPacific Palisades, but later moved to a mountainside home on Beverly Crest Drive in Beverly Hills.Aside from his musical abilities Courage was also an avid andaccomplished photographer. He took many dramatic photos of bullfights and auto racing. He was a racing enthusiast, and his interest in that sport andphotography brought him into contact with many racing personalities of the era, notably Phil Hill and Stirling Moss, both of whom he considered friends. Moss paidat least one social visit to the Erskine residence.Though a dedicated stepfather to Christopher and Brian, Courage's musical career took precedence over hisfamilial responsibilities. He sought to interest his step-children in music, and was responsible for arranging Brian's first musical lessons, on alto saxophone. Laterin life Brian became a composer of serious electronic music, though the vocation was not apparent during his childhood, as he was a poor saxophonestudent.Alexander and Mareile were divorced April 1, 1963. Courage subsequently married Kristin M. Zethren on July 14, 1967. That marriage also ended indivorce in 1972.Star Trek themeCourage is best known for writing the theme music for the original Star Trek series, and other music for that series. Courage washired by Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry to score the original series at Jerry Goldsmith's suggestion, after Goldsmith turned down the job.  Courage went onto score incidental music for episodes \"The Man Trap\" and \"The Naked Time\" and some cues for \"Mudd's Women.\"Courage reportedly became alienated fromRoddenberry when Roddenberry claimed half of the theme music royalties. Roddenberry wrote words for Courage's theme, not because he expected the lyrics tobe sung on television, but so that he (Roddenberry) could receive half of the royalties from the song by claiming credit as the composition's co-writer. Couragewas replaced by composer Fred Steiner who was then hired to write the musical scores for the remainder of the first season. After sound editors had difficultyfinding the right effect, Courage himself made the iconic \"whoosh\" sound heard while the Enterprise flies across the screen.He returned to Star Trek to score twomore episodes for the show's third and final season, episodes \"The Enterprise Incident\" and \"Plato's Stepchildren,\" allegedly as a courtesy to Producer RobertJustman.Notably, after later serving as Goldsmith's orchestrator, when Goldsmith composed the music for Star Trek: The Motion Picture,  Courage orchestratedGoldsmith's adaptation of his original Star Trek theme.Following Star Trek: The Motion Picture, Courage's iconic opening fanfare to the Star Trek theme becameone of the franchise's most famous and memorable musical cues. The fanfare has been used in multiple motion pictures and television series,  notably Star Trek:"}
{"doc_id":"doc_94","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Don River (North Queensland)The Don River is a river in North Queensland, Australia.Course and featuresThe Don River rises in the Clarke Range, part of the Great Dividing Range, below Mount Roundhill and west of Proserpine. The river flows generally north by northeast through the Eungella National Park and is joined by thirteen minor tributaries, towards its mouth and empties into the Coral Sea north of Bowen. With a catchment area of 1,200 square kilometres (460 sq mi), the river descends 253 metres (830 ft) over its 60-kilometre (37 mi) course.High salinity levels have been recorded at the mouth of the river. Land use in the upper catchment is mostly beef cattle production with crops grown in the richer soils downstream.The river is crossed by the Bruce Highway via the Don River Bridge at Bowen.FloodingThe highest recorded flood was in 1970 when the river reached 7.25 metres (23.8 ft) at the Bowen Pumping Station. The river delta is particularly vulnerable to flooding during cyclones.Floods in 2008 left deposits of sand which raised the riverbed considerably. Approval to dredge sand was granted by the Queensland Government, however only about half of that has been removed in recent years. A flood in 2008 lead the Whitsunday Regional Council to create a channel so that similar flooding could be avoided.A management plan for the river was established late in 2008.  It included measures to encourage further sand extraction.See alsoList of rivers of Australia § QueenslandPassage 2:Bowen River (Queensland)The Bowen River is a river in North Queensland, Australia.Course and featuresFormed by the confluence of the Broken River and the Little Bowen River near Tent Hill in the Normanby Range, part of the Great Dividing Range, the Bowen River flows in a north-westerly direction along the base of the range then flows west across Emu Plains and is crossed by the Bowen Developmental Road just north of Havilah. The river then flows north-west again between the Herbert Range and Leichhardt Range then discharges into the Burdekin River, south southeast of Ravenswood. The river descends 98 metres (322 ft) over its 129-kilometre (80 mi) course.The catchment area of the river occupies 9,452 square kilometres (3,649 sq mi) of which an area of 236 square kilometres (91 sq mi) is composed of riverine wetlands. The catchment is in poor condition with much of the riparian habitat having been cleared and prone to erosion. The area is mostly used for cattle grazing with the towns of Collinsville and Glendon both drawing their town water supply from the Bowen River Weir. The river has a mean annual discharge of 1,618 gigalitres (3.56×1011 imp gal; 4.27×1011 US gal).The Bowen River Weir supplies water to a coal mine, power station and the township of Collinsville.HistoryThe river was named in 1861 by the Queensland Government, derived from the name of the town Bowen which was named in honour of Sir George Bowen, a  Governor of Queensland.In the 1860s, Richard Daintree made mineral discoveries along the river. Daintree made the first systematic examination of the Bowen River coal seams near Collinsville.Circa 1865, the Bowen River Hotel was built at the top of a steep bank of the river (20.534°S 147.5562°E\u0000 / -20.534; 147.5562\u0000 (Bowen River Hotel)). The hotel is now listed on the Queensland Heritage Register.Construction of the Bowen River Weir commenced in April 1982 and was completed in August 1983. The A$6.5 million project is situated approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) south of Collinsville and delivers water to the Newlands Coal Mine.See alsoList of rivers of Australia § QueenslandPassage 3:Alder Creek (Siskiyou County, California)Alder Creek is a  river located in Siskiyou County, California.Passage 4:Bighead RiverThe Bighead River is a river in Grey County in southern Ontario, Canada, that flows from the Niagara Escarpment between the communities along Ontario Highway 10 of Arnott and Holland Centre in the township of Chatsworth to empty into Nottawasaga Bay, an inlet of Georgian Bay on Lake Huron, at Meaford.The river crosses the Bruce Trail in the valley between the Spey River Forest Area and the Walters Falls Conservation Area.TributariesEast Minniehill Creek (right)Minniehill Creek (right)Rocklyn Creek (right)Walters Creek (right)See alsoList of rivers of OntarioPassage 5:Aibiki RiverThe Aibiki River (\u0000\u0000\u0000, Aibiki-gawa) is a river located in Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan.NameThe river is named \"Aibiki\" (roughly translating as \"mutual pulling\") because both its source and its mouth are in the Seto Inland Sea. During low tide, the river flows towards both the mouth and the origin, making it seem like it is being pulled both ways.It is also said that the name came about during the Battle of Yashima, which was fought between the Minamoto and Taira clans.Passage 6:Haughton RiverThe Haughton River is a river in North Queensland, Australia.Course and featuresThe headwaters of the river rise in the Haughton Valley of the Leichhardt Range near Mingela and flow in a north easterly direction almost immediately crossing the Flinders Highway. The river then passes between Mount Prince Charles and Mount Norman then past Glendale. Major Creek discharges into the Haughton under Major Creek Mountain and the river continues crossing the Bruce Highway just south of Giru. The Haughton enters Bowling Green Bay National Park and finally discharges into Bowling Green Bay south of Townsville near Cungulla and then into the Coral Sea.The assessed catchment area of the river varies, with one estimate of the area at 8,690 square kilometres (3,360 sq mi) and another assessed at 4,051 square kilometres (1,564 sq mi). Of this latter area, 316 square kilometres (122 sq mi) is composed of estuarine wetlands.The floodplain area of the catchment also holds valuable wetlands, parts of the Bowling Green Bay National Park and Ramsar site (QDEH 1991) are listed in the Directory of Important Wetlands. The upper part of the catchment has few permanent waterholes. An estimated 77% of the catchment is cleared, cattle grazing is the dominant land use in the area, with the production of sugarcane and other forms of horticulture taking up most of the catchment area. An area of 328 square kilometres (127 sq mi) is protected.A total of 27 species of fish have been found in the river, including the glassfish, Pacific Short-finned Eel, blue catfish, milkfish, Fly-specked hardyhead, mouth almighty, Empire gudgeon, barred grunter, barramundi, oxeye herring, mangrove jack, eastern rainbowfish, Bony bream, Freshwater Longtom and Seven-spot Archerfish.EtymologyThe river was named in 1861 after Richard Houghton, a stockman, by his friend the pastoralist and explorer James Cassady. Originally named Houghton River it was renamed to the current spelling by the Surveyor General in 1950 at the request of local residents and the electoral office.See alsoList of rivers of Australia § QueenslandPassage 7:Stuart River (Minnesota)The Stuart River is a river located in Minnesota, in the United States.See alsoList of rivers of MinnesotaPassage 8:Kakwa RiverThe Kakwa River is a tributary of the Smoky River in western Alberta, Canada.The river is named for Kakwa, the Cree word for porcupine. Porcupines are abundant in Kakwa Provincial Park and Protected Area.Tourism along the river revolves around bull trout fishing and white water rafting. Kakwa Falls (54.10913°N 119.92350°W\u0000 / 54.10913; -119.92350\u0000 (Kakwa Falls)) are developed in the course of the river, over a 30-metre (98 ft) high ledge formed by an outcrop of the Cadomin Formation. The area was designated a protected wildland (Kakwa Wildland Park). It can be accessed through the forestry road network south of Highway 666, approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) south of Two Lakes Provincial Park.CourseThe Kakwa River originates in Kakwa Lake, north of McBride, in British Columbia, at an elevation of 1,495 metres (4,905 ft). The surrounding area is protected by Kakwa Provincial Park and Protected Area. The river flows north-east into the province of Alberta in Kakwa Wildlands Park, then flows east and north-east through the foothills. It is crossed by the Bighorn Highway before it converges into the Smoky River, at an elevation of 670 metres (2,200 ft).TributariesFrom its origins to its mouth, Kakwa River receives waters from:Kakwa LakeCecilia CreekMouse Cache CreekMusreau CreekFrancis Peak CreekSouth Kakwa RiverLynx CreekRavine CreekChicken CreekDaniel CreekCopton CreekRedrock CreekRoute CreekPrairie CreekSee alsoList of rivers of AlbertaPassage 9:Dawson River (Queensland)The Dawson River is a river in Central Queensland, Australia.Course and featuresThe Dawson River rises in the Carnarvon Range, draining through the Carnarvon National Park, northwest of the settlement of Upper Dawson. The flows generally south by east, crossed by the Carnarvon Highway and then flows generally east through the settlement of Taroom where the river is crossed by the Leichhardt Highway. The river then flows in a northerly direction through the settlement of Theodore where the river is again crossed by the Leichhardt Highway. The river flows north through the settlement of Baralaba and towards Duaringa, crossed by the Capricorn Highway. A little further north, the Dawson River forms confluence with the Mackenzie River to form the Fitzroy River. From source to mouth, the river is joined by sixty-four tributaries, including the Don River, and descends 587 metres (1,926 ft) over its 735-kilometre (457 mi) course. Several weirs have been constructed along the river to provide water for cotton and dairy farming in the region. The river catchment covers an area of 50,800 square kilometres (19,600 sq mi).Expedition National Park and the Precipice National Park are protected areas along the Dawson River.The Dawson River was one of a number of Queensland rivers affected by the 2010–11 Queensland floods. As the river inundated the town of Theodore it was completely evacuated, a first in Queensland's history.HistoryGungabula (also known as Kongabula and Khungabula) is an Australian Aboriginal language of the headwaters of the Dawson River in Central Queensland. The language region includes areas within the local government area of Maranoa Region, particularly the towns of Charleville, Augathella and Blackall and as well as the Carnarvon Range.Ludwig Leichhardt explored the area in 1844 and named the river in honour of Robert Dawson, one of Leichhardt's financial backers.In the 1920s, shortly after the First World War, Australian Labor Party politician Ted Theodore (1884-1950) launched an irrigation program on the Dawson River for returning soldiers. His intentions was to provide them with arable land along the river for them to take up farming, thus eschewing a post-war recession. After the 1922 Irrigation Act was passed, he started irrigation schemes on the Dawson River, for an initial 8,000 new farmers. However, the scheme was abandoned after he realized the soil was unsuitable for farming and the returning soldiers had no agrarian skills.See alsoBoggomossList of rivers of Australia § QueenslandPassage 10:Dee River (Queensland)The Dee River is a river in Central Queensland, Australia.Course and featuresPart of the Fitzroy River system, the Dee River rises in the Razorback Range south of Bouldercombe Gorge Resources Reserve near Mount Gavial, south of Bouldercombe. The river flows generally south by west through the mining "}
{"doc_id":"doc_95","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Jesse E. HobsonJesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955. Prior to SRI, he wasthe director of the Armour Research Foundation.Early life and educationHobson was born in Marshall, Indiana. He received bachelor's and master's degrees inelectrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology. Hobson was also selected as anationally outstanding engineer.Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children.CareerAwards and membershipsHobson wasnamed an IEEE Fellow in 1948.Passage 2:The Time, the Place and the Girl (1946 film)The Time, the Place and the Girl is a 1946 American musical film directed inTechnicolor by David Butler. It is unrelated to the 1929 film The Time, the Place and the Girl.PlotSteve and Jeff are about to open a nightclub when a man namedMartin Drew who represents conductor Ladislaus Cassel claims that Cassel, who is living next door, objects to the club's music and that it disturbs hisgranddaughter, Victoria, an aspiring opera singer.It turns out that Cassel himself is fine with the club but Vicki's grandmother Lucia is against it. Cassel also urgesVicki not to marry Andrew, her fiance, without being certain. After she meets Steve, she is attracted to him. Steve has a girlfriend, Elaine Winters, who is trying topersuade John Braden, a rich Texan, to finance the club. Elaine is upset about Vicki's presence and threatens to marry Braden.Jeff and his girlfriend, singer SueJackson, hope to get a new show off the ground, but both Vicky's grandmother and Steve's girl Elaine keep interfering. Cassel offers to finance the show providedVicky can be in it. Lucia is livid until she reluctantly attends the show, at which she is charmed and gives her approval.CastSoundtrack\"A Rainy Night in Rio\"'Musicby Arthur SchwartzLyrics by Leo RobinPerformed by Jack Carson, Dennis Morgan, Janis Page and Martha Vickers (dubbed by Sally Sweetland)\"Oh, But I Do\"Musicby Arthur SchwartzLyrics by Leo RobinSung by Dennis Morgan\"A Gal in Calico\" (Nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song of 1948)Music by ArthurSchwartzLyrics by Leo RobinPerformed by Dennis Morgan, Jack Carson, Martha Vickers (dubbed by Sally Sweetland) and chorus\"Through a ThousandDreams\"Music by Arthur SchwartzLyrics by Leo Robin\"A Solid Citizen of the Solid South\"Music by Arthur SchwartzLyrics by Leo RobinPerformed by Jack Carsonand the Condos Brothers\"I Happened to Walk Down First Street\"Music by Arthur SchwartzLyrics by Leo RobinBox officeAccording to Warner Bros. records, it wasthe studio's most financially successful film of 1946–47, earning $3,461,000 domestically and $1,370,000 in foreign territories.Passage 3:The Divine NymphTheDivine Nymph (Italian: Divina creatura) is a 1975 Italian drama film directed by Giuseppe Patroni Griffi and starring Laura Antonelli, Marcello Mastroianni, MichelePlacido and Terence Stamp. It was entered into the 26th Berlin International Film Festival. It was distributed in the U.S. by Analysis Film ReleasingCorp.PlotDuring the Roaring Twenties, a beautiful woman (Laura Antonelli) is engaged to one man, but has an affair with both a young nobleman (TerenceStamp) and later his cousin (Marcello Mastroianni), playing them against each other.CastLaura Antonelli - Manoela RoderighiTerence Stamp - Dany diBagnascoMichele Placido - Martino GhiondelliDuilio Del Prete - ArmelliniEttore Manni - Marco PisaniCarlo Tamberlani - Majordomo PasqualinoCecilia Polizzi - Dany'sMaidPiero Di Iorio - Cameriere di StefanoMarina Berti - Manoela's AuntDoris Duranti - Signora FonesMarcello Mastroianni - Michele BarraTina AumontRitaSilvaCorrado AnnicelliGino CassaniSee alsoList of Italian films of 1975Passage 4:Giuseppe Patroni GriffiGiuseppe Patroni Griffi (26 February 1921 – 15 December2005) was an Italian playwright, screenwriter, director and author.He was born in Naples in an aristocratic family and moved to Rome immediately after the endof World War II and spent his professional life there. Patroni Griffi is considered one of the most prominent contributors to Italian theater and film in post-warItaly.Roberto Rossellini made a film from his play Anima nera.His first listed film writing credit was on the 1952 musical Canzoni di mezzo secolo. Patroni Griffiwould later direct Charlotte Rampling, Elizabeth Taylor, Marcello Mastroianni, Laura Antonelli, Florinda Bolkan, Terence Stamp, Fabio Testi.Patroni Griffi was alsoinvolved with numerous television productions of lyric opera, including Verdi's La Traviata. His many theatrical productions include works by Pirandello, EduardoDe Filippo, Jean Cocteau and Tennessee Williams. As a writer, he published a first collection of stories in 1955, Ragazzo di Trastevere. Later, he contributedsignificantly to the body of Italian gay literature with Scende giù per Toledo and La morte della bellezza, both set in Naples.He died in Rome.SelectedfilmographyAs a director, he is most noted for:Il Mare (1962)Metti una sera a cena (1969)Addio, fratello crudele (1971, film adaptation of 'Tis Pity She's a Whorewith Charlotte Rampling and Oliver Tobias)Identikit (1974) with Elizabeth TaylorThe Divine Nymph (1975)La gabbia (1985)La romana (1988)Tosca (1992)Latraviata (2000)Passage 5:S. N. MathurS.N. Mathur was the Director of the Indian Intelligence Bureau between September 1975 and February 1980. He was alsothe Director General of Police in Punjab.Passage 6:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museumdirector who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museumof Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United Statesafter leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum ofArt. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was bornin Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied bothart history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester BeattyLibrary (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was AssistantDirector at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of theCouncil of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery ofAustralia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad,increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years ofthe museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During hisdirectorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initialdesign for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was notdelivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art,including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museumby acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; andthe Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King EdwardTerrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGAfrom 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too closeto the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitionsat the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging toCharles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which usedelephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was\"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events inNew York had \"obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedywas also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA'soccupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003.Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He becamea joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintingsand sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in thefield of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read,understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of awebsite, www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so.Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest inexpanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and"}
{"doc_id":"doc_96","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Shaadi Ka LaddooShaadi Ka Laddoo is a 2004 Indian Hindi comedy film directed by Raj Kaushal. The film was released on 23 April 2004.PlotSummaryShomu and his wife Meenu are a happily married couple with two children. Shomu decides to travel to Britain for business purposes, as well as to meethis childhood friend, Ravi Kapoor. Once in Britain, Shomu finds himself getting close to single women, and realises that he is now ready for an extra-marital affair.His friend, Ravi Kapoor, on the contrary believes that Shomu is the luckiest man on earth, as he is in love with his wife, and their marriage is rock steady. Nottrusting her husband, Meenu asks a U.K. based friend to check up on him. The friend reports back that Shomu is involved with a woman named Tara. Meenudecides to go to Britain as well and catch Shomu red-handed. In the meantime, Ravi meets with a waitress named Menaka Choudhary and decides to proposemarriage to her, apprehensive that she too will turn him down. The stage is all set for sparks to fly, and emotions to rise.CastSanjay Suri as Som DuttaMandiraBedi as TaraAashish Chaudhary as Ravi KapoorDivya Dutta as GeetuSamita Bangargi as Meneka ChoudharySameer Malhotra as Geetu's UncleNegar Khan asSheenaJohn ClubbSoundtrackPassage 2:Gertrude of BavariaGertrude of Bavaria (Danish and German: Gertrud; 1152/55–1197) was Duchess of Swabia as thespouse of Duke Frederick IV, and Queen of Denmark as the spouse of King Canute VI.Gertrude was born to Henry the Lion of Bavaria and Saxony and Clementiaof Zähringen in either 1152 or 1155. She was married to Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia, in 1166, and became a widow in 1167. In 1171 she was engaged and inFebruary 1177 married to Canute of Denmark in Lund. The couple lived the first years in Skåne. On 12 May 1182, they became king and queen. She did not haveany children. During her second marriage, she chose to live in chastity and celibacy with her husband. Arnold of Lübeck remarked of their marriage, that herspouse was: \"The most chaste one, living thus his days with his chaste spouse\" in eternal chastity.Passage 3:Marie-Louise CoidavidQueen Marie Louise Coidavid(1778 – 11 March 1851) was the Queen of the Kingdom of Haiti 1811–20 as the spouse of Henri Christophe.Early lifeMarie-Louise was born into a free blackfamily; her father was the owner of Hotel de la Couronne, Cap-Haïtien. Henri Christophe was a slave purchased by her father. Supposedly, he earned enoughmoney in tips from his duties at the hotel that he was able to purchase his freedom before the Haitian Revolution. They married in Cap-Haïtien in 1793, havinghad a relationship with him from the year prior. They had four children: François Ferdinand (born 1794), Françoise-Améthyste (d. 1831), Athénaïs (d. 1839) andVictor-Henri.At her spouse's new position in 1798, she moved to the Sans-Souci Palace. During the French invasion, she and her children lived underground until1803.QueenIn 1811, Marie-Louise was given the title of queen upon the creation of the Kingdom of Haiti. Her new status gave her ceremonial tasks to perform,ladies-in-waiting, a secretary and her own court. She took her position seriously, and stated that the title \"given to her by the nation\" also gave herresponsibilities and duties to perform. She served as the hostess of the ceremonial royal court life performed at the Sans-Souci Palace. She did not involve herselfin the affairs of state. She was given the position of Regent should her son succeed her spouse while still being a minor.  However, as her son became of agebefore the death of his father, this was never to materialize.After the death of the king in 1820, she remained with her daughters Améthyste and Athénaïs at thepalace until they were escorted from it by his followers together with his corpse; after their departure, the palace was attacked and plundered. Marie-Louise andher daughters were given the property Lambert outside Cap. She was visited by president Jean Pierre Boyer, who offered her his protection; he denied the spursof gold she gave him, stating that he was the leader of poor people. They were allowed to settle in Port-au-Prince. Marie-Louise was described as calm andresigned, but her daughters, especially Athénaïs, were described as vengeful.ExileThe Queen was in exile for 30 years. In August 1821, the former queen leftHaiti with her daughters under the protection of the British admiral Sir Home Popham, and travelled to London. There were rumours that she was searching forthe money, three million, deposited by her spouse in Europe. Whatever the case, she did live the rest of her life without economic difficulties. The English climateand pollution during the Industrial Revolution was determintal to Améthyste's health, and eventually they decided to leave.In 1824, Marie-Louise and herdaughters moved in Pisa in Italy, where they lived for the rest of their lives, Améthyste dying shortly after their arrival and Athénaïs in 1839. They lived discreetlyfor the most part, but were occasionally bothered by fortune hunters and throne claimers who wanted their fortune. Shortly before her death, she wrote to Haitifor permission to return. She never did, however, before she died in Italy. She is buried in the church of San Donnino. A historical marker was installed in front ofthe church on April 23, 2023 to commemorate the Queen, her daughter and her sister.See alsoMarie-Claire Heureuse FélicitéAdélina LévêquePassage 4:RajKaushalRaj Kaushal (15 August 1970 – 30  June 2021) was an Indian director, producer who was active during the 1990s and mid 2000s. He was married toactress and TV presenter Mandira Bedi. He died on 30 June 2021 due to a heart attack.FilmographyPassage 5:Samita BangargiSamita Bangargi is an Indianactress who is most known for her roles in Ramji Londonwaley (2005), Shaadi Ka Laddoo (2004) and Yeh Kya Ho Raha Hai? (2002).Personal lifeSamita Bangargimarried Ashish Chaudhary on 27 January 2006. The couple has 3 children, a son born in 2008 and twin daughters in 2014. Ashish lost his sister and brother inlaw in the 26 November attacks in 2008, since then Ashish's nephew and niece also live with them.FilmographyPassage 6:Princess Auguste of Bavaria(1875–1964)Princess Auguste of Bavaria (German: Auguste Maria Luise Prinzessin von Bayern; 28 April 1875 – 25 June 1964) was a member of the BavarianRoyal House of Wittelsbach and the spouse of Archduke Joseph August of Austria.Birth and familyAuguste was born in Munich, Bavaria, the second child of PrinceLeopold of Bavaria and his wife, Archduchess Gisela of Austria. She had one older sister, Princess Elisabeth Marie of Bavaria and two younger brothers, PrinceGeorg of Bavaria and Prince Konrad of Bavaria.Marriage and issueShe married Joseph August, Archduke of Austria, on 15 November 1893 in Munich. The couplehad six children;Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria, born on 28 March 1895; died on 25 September 1957(1957-09-25) (aged 62)Archduchess Gisela AugusteAnna Maria, born on 5 July 1897; died on 30 March 1901(1901-03-30) (aged 3)Archduchess Sophie Klementine Elisabeth Klothilde Maria, born on 11 March 1899;died on 19 April 1978(1978-04-19) (aged 79)Archduke Ladislaus Luitpold, born on 3 January 1901; died on 29 August 1946(1946-08-29) (aged 44)ArchdukeMatthias Joseph Albrecht Anton Ignatius, born on 26 June 1904; died on 7 October 1905(1905-10-07) (aged 1)Archduchess Magdalena Maria Raineria, born on 6September 1909; died on 11 May 2000(2000-05-11) (aged 90)AncestryWorld War IOn the outbreak of war with Italy in 1915, Augusta Maria Louise, though inher 40s and the mother of a son serving as an officer, went to the front with the cavalry regiment of which her husband, the Archduke Josef August, a corpscommander, was honorary colonel, and served a common soldier, wearing a saber and riding astride, until the end of the war.Passage 7:Mehdi AbrishamchiMehdiAbrishamchi (Persian: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 born in 1947 in Tehran) is a high-ranking member of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK).Early lifeAbrishamchicame from a well-known anti-Shah bazaari family in Tehran, and participated in June 5, 1963, demonstrations in Iran. He became a member of Hojjatieh, and leftit to join the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) in 1969. In 1972 he was imprisoned for being a MEK member, and spent time in jail until 1979.CareerShortly afterIranian Revolution, he became one of the senior members of the MEK. He is now an official in the National Council of Resistance of Iran.Electoral historyPersonallifeAbrishamchi was married to Maryam Rajavi from 1980 to 1985. Shortly after, he married Mousa Khiabani's younger sister Azar.LegacyAbrishamchi creditedMassoud Rajavi for saving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran after the \"great schism\".Passage 8:Heather D. GibsonHeather Denise Gibson (Greek:Χέδερ Ντενίζ Γκίμπσον) is a Scottish economist currently serving as Director-Advisor to the Bank of Greece (since 2011). She was the spouse of Euclid Tsakalotos,former Greek Minister of Finance.Academic careerBefore assuming her duties at the Bank of Greece and alternating child-rearing duties with her husband, Gibsonworked at the University of Kent, where she published two volumes on international exchange rate mechanisms and wrote numerous articles on this and othertopics, sometimes in cooperation with her husband, who was teaching at Kent at the time.Personal lifeGibson first came to Greece in 1993, with her husband,with whom she took turns away from their respective economic studies to raise their three children while the other worked.The couple maintain two homes inKifisia, along with an office in Athens and a vacation home in Preveza. In 2013, this proved detrimental to Tsakalotos and his party when his critics began callinghim «αριστερός αριστοκράτης» (aristeros aristokratis, \"aristocrat of the left\"), while newspapers opposed to the Syriza party seized on his property holdings as achance to accuse the couple of hypocrisy for enjoying a generous lifestyle in private while criticizing the \"ethic of austerity\" in public. One opposition newspaperpublished on the front page criticism reasoning that Tsakalotos own family wealth came from the same sort of investments in companies as made by financialinstitutions JP Morgan and BlackRock.WorksEditorEconomic Bulletin, Bank of GreeceBooksThe Eurocurrency Markets, Domestic Financial Policy and InternationalInstability (London, etc., Longman: 1989) ISBN 0312028261International Finance: Exchange Rates and Financial Flows in the International Financial System(London, etc., Longman: 1996) ISBN 0582218136Economic Transformation, Democratization and Integration into the European Union (London: PalgraveMacmillan: 2001) ISBN 9780333801222Articles and papers\"Fundamentally Wrong: Market Pricing of Sovereigns and the Greek Financial Crisis,\" Journal ofMacroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 39(PB), pp. 405–419 (with Stephen G. & Tavlas, George S., 2014)\"Capital flows and speculative attacks in prospective EU memberstates\" (with Euclid Tsakalotos, Economics of Transition Volume 12, Issue 3, pages 559–586, September 2004)\"A Unifying Framework for Analysing OffsettingCapital Flows and Sterilisation: Germany and the ERM\" (with Sophocles Brissimis & Euclid Tsakalotos, International Journal of Finance & Economics, 2002, vol. 7,"}
{"doc_id":"doc_97","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Shaheen KhanShaheen Khan may refer to:Shaheen Khan (Indian actress), Indian actressShaheen Khan (Pakistani actress) (born 1960), PakistaniactressShaheen Khan (British actress) (born 1960), British actressShaheen Khan (cricketer) (born 1987), South African cricketerPassage 2:Brooks, Meadows andLovely FacesBrooks, Meadows and Lovely Faces (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, translit. Brooks, Meadows and Lovely Faces) is a 2016Egyptian comedy film directed by Yousry Nasrallah. It was selected to be screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2016 Toronto InternationalFilm Festival.CastLaila ElouiBassem SamraMenna ShalabiPassage 3:Thou Wast Mild and LovelyThou Wast Mild and Lovely is a 2014 experimental thriller filmwritten and directed by Josephine Decker and starring Joe Swanberg, Sophie Traub, and Robert Longstreet.CastJoe Swanberg as AkinSophie Traub asSarahRobert Longstreet as JeremiahKristin Slaysman as DrewMatt Orme as CarenGeoff Marslett as RichardPlotAkin is hired to work a summer job on a farmowned by Jeremiah and his daughter Sarah. As he arrives at the property, he removes his wedding ring before getting out of the car, and tells the other two he issingle and has no children. He is given a room to live at the farm for the summer. Jeremiah drinks a lot, and gives Akin the nickname \"shoulders\" because hethinks the man's shoulders are always tense from keeping a secret. Akin tries to talk to his wife Drew on the phone, but the poor cell service makes it difficult.Sarah and Akin become interested in each other from afar, and spy on each other multiple times. While the two of them are tracking down a lost cow at the edgeof the property, Sarah finds a frog and bites its head off, which causes Akin to finally kiss her and ultimately rape her. She smiles afterwards.When Akin tells theother two at dinner that he has a roommate, Jeremiah reveals that he knows Akin's secret: the tan line on his finger makes it obvious that he's married. Jeremiahjokes that he too has a roommate that he has kept alive for a long time by continuing to clean his wounds. Sarah finds a family photo in Akin's room the next day,which shows he also has a son. Sarah and Akin continue to spend time together, and she teaches him how to improve his horseback skills.The landline phonerings, and Drew is on the other end explaining that she's been trying to contact them because she hasn't heard from Akin in a while. She tells him that she andtheir son are going to come visit the farm. The visit goes well at first, but during dinner when Drew comments about Akin being \"quiet\", Sarah responds that hehas been very talkative to her. Jeremiah explains that Akin had been lying about his marriage to get closer to Sarah, causing an awkward silence. That night,Drew is lying on the couch drunk, barely conscious. Jeremiah starts saying vulgar, sexual things about her, so Akin carries her to his room. He awakes later to anempty bed, and finds Drew back in the house chatting with Sarah. They mention that Drew and Akin had a daughter who had passed away. Sarah blindfolds Akinand the three of them begin to have sex together. In the middle of the act, Akin removes the blindfold and sees that Jeremiah and a neighbor have been watchingthem. Jeremiah attacks the neighbor and tries to force himself on Drew. Akin tries to carry Drew away, but Jeremiah knocks him out.Akin awakes tied up insidethe barn, where he sees a man's face that is covered in wounds and blood. Sarah appears and cuts Akin loose. They return to the house to find Jeremiah with aknife. He stabs Akin, but Sarah reacts by shooting him. As Sarah is crying over Jeremiah's dying body, Drew storms in with an axe and swings it on both Sarahand Jeremiah. Akin and Drew grab their son who is wandering the yard crying, and drive away.ProductionTo raise money for the film's post-production, Deckerran a crowdfunding campaign on the website Kickstarter with a goal of $15,500.  The campaign closed on August 22, 2013, having successfully raised$18,517.  Decker has cited John Steinbeck's novel East of Eden as inspiration for elements of the film, though David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter hascompared the visuals of the film to the works of Terrence Malick. The visual style continues some of the experimental camera techniques Decker andcinematographer Ashley Connor had used in their previous collaboration, Butter on the Latch, including some shots that were recorded without a lens on thecamera.ReleaseMediaIn September 2014, Thou Wast Mild and Lovely was picked up for theatrical and VOD distribution by Cinelicious Pics along with Decker's2013 film Butter on the Latch with a release set for November 2014.ReceptionCritical responseThou Wast Mild and Lovely received a positive response fromcritics. Richard Brody of The New Yorker highly praised the film, saying \"Like most classic stories, this one is simple, but its realization is so surprising in itsdetails, so original in its visual invention, as to make most other movies seem shot by the numbers.\" and \"Normally it would be an insult to say that a movie thatruns a mere hour and a quarter feels as if it were much longer, but here it’s both accurate and high praise: vast realms of emotional experience are condensedinto the movie’s brief span.\" In a subsequent piece for The New Yorker, Brody named Thou Wast Mild and Lovely the second best film of 2014, just behind WesAnderson's The Grand Budapest Hotel.  Brody also listed Robert Longstreet as \"Best Supporting Actor\"; Ashley Connor in \"Best Cinematography\". Decker's other2014 film, Butter on the Latch, also made the Brody's top ten, clocking in at tenth place. Subsequent to its Berlinale 2014 premiere, Peter Knegt of Indiewirecalled Thou Wast Mild and Lovely \"The talk of the Berlin International Film Festival… with tense eroticism and experimental, largely free-form filmmaking\". JoshSlater-Williams of Sound on Sight called it \"one of the strongest, most striking American Gothic works of recent memory.\"  In his review of the film, Eric Kohn ofIndiewire gave the film a B+ rating and commented, \"Its labyrinthine characteristics suggest the unholy marriage of Ingmar Bergman and David Lynch\" and\"Decker concocts a wholly enveloping vision of isolation told with a grimly poetic style that wanders all over the place but never stops playing by its own eerierulebook.\"  Jenni Miller of The A.V. Club moderately praised the film and described Sophie Traub's Sarah as \"fascinating\", despite noting \"There are a few toomany experimental flourishes to effectively build the sort of tension that’s necessary to really make the ending pay off.\"  Nicolas Rapold of The New York Timesgave the film a more mixed review, noting \"The setup's clichés grow harder to ignore, despite a welcome mischievous streak and some bucolic imagery.\"  DavidRooney of The Hollywood Reporter stated, \"It's not uninteresting but too self-consciously arty to rank Decker as a mature filmmaking voice.\"AccoladesThou WastMild and Lovely premiered in the U.S. at the Sarasota Film Festival, and internationally at the 2014 Berlin International Film Festival in the Forum section.  It hasalso played at the AFI Fest, the BFI London Film Festival, the Torino Film Festival, the Hong Kong International Film Festival, the Gothenburg Film Festival, theAthens International Film Festival, the Denver Film Festival, the Dallas VideoFest, the Flyway Film Festival, the Sidewalk Film Festival, the Fantasia InternationalFilm Festival, the Galway Film Fleadh, the BAMcinemFest and the Imagine Film Festival in the Netherlands.The film was nominated for the FIPRESCI prize at theHong Kong International Film Festival, and has won awards on the festival circuit, including the Dallas VideoFest Winner 2014: Best Narrative Feature, SarasotaFilm Festival 2014 Winner: Independent Visions Grand Prize & Tangerine Entertainment's Juice Award, Flyway Film Festival 2014: Breakout Filmmaker, IndieMemphis Film Festival 2014: Craig Brewer Emerging Filmmaker Award. It was acquired by Cinelicious Pics in fall of 2014.Passage 4:Mark Lewis (filmmaker)MarkLewis is an Australian documentary film and television producer, director and writer. He is famous for his film Cane Toads: An Unnatural History and for his bodyof work on animals. Unlike many other producers of nature films, his films do not attempt to document the animals in question or their behaviors but rather thecomplex relationships between people and society and the animals they interact with.His films have earned him many awards, including a British Academy Awardnomination, a nomination from the Directors Guild of America, two Emmy's for Outstanding Direction in documentary film, and an Emmy Award for OutstandingScience Program on American Television.As a student Lewis helped planning Philippe Petit's famous 1974 high-wire walk between the Twin Towers of the WorldTrade Center. He talks about his involvement in the acclaimed documentary Man on Wire (2008).Filmography(2010) Cane Toads: The Conquest(2007) ThePursuit of Excellence(2006) The Floating Brothel(2006) The Standard of Perfection: Show Cats(2006) The Standard of Perfection - Show Cattle(2000) The NaturalHistory of the Chicken(1999) Animalicious(1998) Rat(1994) Gordy.(1990) The Wonderful World of Dogs(1989) Round the Twist(1988) Cane Toads: An UnnaturalHistoryPassage 5:Mike JudgeMichael Craig Judge (born October 17, 1962) is an American actor, animator, filmmaker, and musician. He is the creator of theanimated television series Beavis and Butt-Head (1993–1997, 2011, 2022–present), and the co-creator of the television series King of the Hill (1997–2010,2023–present), The Goode Family (2009), Silicon Valley (2014–2019), and Mike Judge Presents: Tales from the Tour Bus (2017–2018). He wrote and directedthe films Beavis and Butt-Head Do America (1996), Office Space (1999), Idiocracy (2006), and Extract (2009), and co-wrote the screenplay to Beavis andButt-Head Do the Universe (2022).Judge was born in Guayaquil, Ecuador, and raised in the U.S. state of New Mexico. He graduated from the University ofCalifornia, San Diego, where he studied physics. After losing interest in a career in science, Judge focused on animation and short films. His animated short FrogBaseball was developed into the successful MTV series Beavis and Butt-Head, and the spin-off series Daria (with which Judge had no involvement).In 1995, Judgeand the former Simpsons writer Greg Daniels developed King of the Hill, which debuted on Fox in 1997 and quickly became popular with both critics andaudiences. Running for 13 seasons, it became one of the longest-running American animated series. During the run of the show, Judge took time off to write anddirect Office Space, Idiocracy and Extract. As King of the Hill was coming to an end, Judge created his third show, ABC's The Goode Family, which received mixedreviews and was cancelled after 13 episodes. After a four-year hiatus, he created his fourth show, the live-action Silicon Valley for HBO, which has receivedcritical acclaim. In 2017, Judge's fourth animated series, the music-themed Tales from the Tour Bus, premiered on Cinemax, to acclaim.Judge has won aPrimetime Emmy Award and two Annie Awards for King of the Hill and two Critics' Choice Television Awards and Satellite Awards for Silicon Valley.Early"}
{"doc_id":"doc_98","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Valley of DeathValley of Death may refer to:PlacesValley of Death (Bydgoszcz), the site of a 1939 Nazi mass murder and mass grave site in northernPolandValley of Death (Crimea), the site of the Charge of the Light Brigade in the 1854 Battle of BalaclavaValley of Death (Gettysburg), the 1863 GettysburgBattlefield landform of Plum RunValley of Death (Dukla Pass), the site of a tank battle during the Battle of the Dukla Pass in 1944 (World War II)The Valley ofDeath, an area of poisonous volcanic gas near the Kikhpinych volcano in RussiaThe Valley of Death, an area of poisonous volcanic gas near the Tangkuban Perahuvolcano in IndonesiaValley of Death, a nickname for the highly polluted city of Cubatão, BrazilOther usesThe Valley of Death (audio drama), a Doctor Who audioplayThe Valley of Death (film), a 1968 western film\"Valley of Death\", the flawed NewsStand: CNN & Time debut program that caused the Operation TailwindcontroversyA literary element of \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" by Alfred, Lord TennysonA reference to the difficulty of covering negative cash flow in the earlystages of a start-up company; see Venture capital\"The Valley of Death\", a song by the Swedish heavy metal band Sabaton from the 2022 album The War to EndAll WarsSee alsoAll pages with titles containing Valley of DeathDeath Valley (disambiguation)Valley of the Shadow of Death (disambiguation)Passage2:Beaulieu-sur-LoireBeaulieu-sur-Loire (French pronunciation: [boljø sy\u0000 lwa\u0000], literally Beaulieu on Loire) is a commune in the Loiret department innorth-central France. It is the place of death of Jacques MacDonald, a French general who served in the Napoleonic Wars.PopulationSee alsoCommunes of theLoiret departmentPassage 3:Place of originIn Switzerland, the place of origin (German: Heimatort or Bürgerort, literally \"home place\" or \"citizen place\"; French:Lieu d'origine; Italian: Luogo di attinenza) denotes where a Swiss citizen has their municipal citizenship, usually inherited from previous generations. It is not tobe confused with the place of birth or  place of residence, although two or all three of these locations may be identical depending on the person'scircumstances.Acquisition of municipal citizenshipSwiss citizenship has three tiers. For a person applying to naturalise as a Swiss citizen, these tiers are asfollows:Municipal citizenship, granted by the place of residence after fulfilling several preconditions, such as sufficient knowledge of the local language, integrationinto local society, and a minimum number of years lived in said municipality.Cantonal (state) citizenship, for which a Swiss municipal citizenship is required. Thisrequires a certain number of years lived in said canton.Country citizenship, for which both of the above are required, also requires a certain number of years livedin Switzerland (except for people married to a Swiss citizen, who may obtain simplified naturalisation without having to reside in Switzerland), and involves acriminal background check.The last two kinds of citizenship are a mere formality, while municipal citizenship is the most significant step in becoming a Swisscitizen. Nowadays the place of residence determines the municipality where citizenship is acquired, for a new applicant, whereas previously there was a historicalreason for preserving the municipal citizenship from earlier generations in the family line, namely to specify which municipality held the responsibility of providingsocial welfare. The law has now been changed, eliminating this form of allocating responsibility to a municipality other than that of the place of residence. Careneeds to be taken when translating the term in Swiss documents which list the historical \"Heimatort\" instead of the usual place of birth and place ofresidence.However, any Swiss citizen can apply for a second, a third or even more municipal citizenships for prestige reasons or to show their connection to theplace they currently live – and thus have several places of origin. As the legal significance of the place of origin has waned (see below), Swiss citizens can oftenapply for municipal citizenship for no more than 100 Swiss francs after having lived in the same municipality for one or two years. In the past, it was common tohave to pay between 2,000 and 4,000 Swiss francs as a citizenship fee, because of the financial obligations incumbent on the municipality to grant thecitizenship.A child born to two Swiss parents is automatically granted the citizenship of the parent whose last name they hold, so the child gets either themother's or the father's place of origin. A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the citizenship, and thus the place of origin, of the Swissparent.International confusionAlmost uniquely in the world (with the exception of Japan, which lists one's Registered Domicile; and Sweden, which lists themother's place of domicile as place of birth), the Swiss identity card, passport and driving licence do not show the holder's birthplace, but only their place oforigin. The vast majority of countries show the holder's actual birthplace on identity documents. This can lead to administrative issues for Swiss citizens abroadwhen asked to demonstrate their actual place of birth, as no such information exists on any official Swiss identification documents. Only a minority of Swisscitizens have a place of origin identical to their birthplace. More confusion comes into play through the fact that people can have more than one place oforigin.Significance and historyA citizen of a municipality does not enjoy a larger set of rights than a non-citizen of the same municipality. To vote in communal,cantonal or national matters, only the current place of residence matters – or in the case of citizens abroad, the last Swiss place of residence.The law previouslyrequired that a citizen's place of origin continued to bear all their social welfare costs for two years after the citizen moved away. In 2012, the National Councilvoted by 151 to 9 votes to abolish this law. The place of domicile is now the sole payer of welfare costs.In 1923, 1937, 1959 and 1967, more cantons signedtreaties that assured that the place of domicile had to pay welfare costs instead of the place of origin, reflecting the fact that fewer and fewer people lived in theirplace of origin (1860: 59%, in 1910: 34%).In 1681, the Tagsatzung – the then Swiss parliament – decided that beggars should be deported to their place oforigin, especially if they were insufficiently cared for by their residential community.In the 19th century, Swiss municipalities even offered free emigration to theUnited States if the Swiss citizen agreed to renounce municipal citizenship, and with that the right to receive welfare.See alsoAncestral home(Chinese)Bon-gwanRegistered domicile== Notes and references ==Passage 4:SennedjemSennedjem was an Ancient Egyptian artisan who was active during thereigns of Seti I and Ramesses II. He lived in Set Maat (translated as \"The Place of Truth\"), contemporary Deir el-Medina, on the west bank of the Nile, oppositeThebes. Sennedjem had the title \"Servant in the Place of Truth\". He was buried along with his wife, Iyneferti, and members of his family in a tomb in the villagenecropolis. His tomb was discovered January 31, 1886. When Sennedjem's tomb was found, it contained furniture from his home, including a stool and a bed,which he used when he was alive.His titles included Servant in the Place of Truth, meaning that he worked on the excavation and decoration of the nearby royaltombs.See alsoTT1 – (Tomb of Sennedjem, family and wife)Passage 5:Place of birthThe place of birth (POB) or birthplace is the place where a person was born.This place is often used in legal documents, together with name and date of birth, to uniquely identify a person. Practice regarding whether this place should be acountry, a territory or a city/town/locality differs in different countries, but often city or territory is used for native-born citizen passports and countries forforeign-born ones.As a general rule with respect to passports, if the place of birth is to be a country, it's determined to be the country that currently hassovereignty over the actual place of birth, regardless of when the birth actually occurred. The place of birth is not necessarily the place where the parents of thenew baby live. If the baby is born in a hospital in another place, that place is the place of birth. In many countries, this also means that the government requiresthat the birth of the new baby is registered in the place of birth.Some countries place less or no importance on the place of birth, instead using alternativegeographical characteristics for the purpose of identity documents. For example, Sweden has used the concept of födelsehemort (\"domicile of birth\") since 1947.This means that the domicile of the baby's mother is the registered place of birth. The location of the maternity ward or other physical birthplace is consideredunimportant.Similarly, Switzerland uses the concept of place of origin. A child born to Swiss parents is automatically assigned the place of origin of the parentwith the same last name, so the child either gets their mother's or father's place of origin. A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires theplace of origin of their Swiss parent. In a Swiss passport and identity card, the holder's place of origin is stated, not their place of birth. In Japan, the registereddomicile is a similar concept.In some countries (primarily in the Americas), the place of birth automatically determines the nationality of the baby, a practice oftenreferred to by the Latin phrase jus soli. Almost all countries outside the Americas instead attribute nationality based on the nationality(-ies) of the baby's parents(referred to as jus sanguinis).There can be some confusion regarding the place of birth if the birth takes place in an unusual way: when babies are born on anairplane or at sea, difficulties can arise. The place of birth of such a person depends on the law of the countries involved, which include the nationality of the planeor ship, the nationality(-ies) of the parents and/or the location of the plane or ship (if the birth occurs in the territorial waters or airspace of a country).Someadministrative forms may request the applicant's \"country of birth\". It is important to determine from the requester whether the information requested refers tothe applicant's \"place of birth\" or \"nationality at birth\". For example, US citizens born abroad who acquire US citizenship at the time of birth, the nationality atbirth will be USA (American), while the place of birth would be the country in which the actual birth takes place.Reference list8 FAM 403.4 Place of BirthPassage6:Dance of Death (disambiguation)Dance of Death, also called Danse Macabre, is a late-medieval allegory of the universality of death.Dance of Death or TheDance of Death may also refer to:BooksDance of Death, a 1938 novel by Helen McCloyDance of Death (Stine novel), a 1997 novel by R. L. StineDance of Death(novel), a 2005 novel by Douglas Preston and Lincoln ChildTheatre and filmThe Dance of Death (Strindberg play), a 1900 play by August StrindbergThe Dance ofDeath, a 1908 play by Frank WedekindThe Dance of Death (Auden play), a 1933 play by W. H. AudenFilmThe Death Dance, a 1918 drama starring Alice BradyTheDance of Death (1912 film), a German silent filmThe Dance of Death (1919 film), an Austrian silent filmThe Dance of Death (1938 film), crime drama starring"}
{"doc_id":"doc_99","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:W. Augustus BarrattW. Augustus Barratt (3 June 1873 – 12 April 1947) was a Scottish-born, later American, songwriter and musician.Early life andsongsWalter Augustus Barratt was born 3 June 1873 in Kilmarnock, the son of composer John Barratt; the family later lived in Paisley. In 1893 he won ascholarship for composition to the Royal College of Music.In his early twenties he contributed to The Scottish Students' Song Book, with three of his own songcompositions and numerous arrangements.By the end of 1897 he had published dozens of songs, such as Sir Patrick Spens, The Death of Cuthullin, an album ofhis own compositions, and arrangements of ten songs by Samuel Lover.He then, living in London, turned his attention to staged musical comedy, co-creating,with Adrian Ross, The Tree Dumas Skiteers, a skit, based on Sydney Grundy's The Musketeers that starred Herbert Beerbohm Tree. He co-composed with HowardTalbot the successful Kitty Grey (1900).He continued to write songs and to receive recognition for them. The 1901 and 1902 BBC Promenade Concerts, \"TheProms\", included four of his compositions, namely Come back, sweet Love, The Mermaid, My Peggy and Private Donald.His setting of My Ships, a poem by EllaWheeler Wilcox, was performed by Clara Butt and republished several times. It also appeared four times, with different singers, in the 1913 and 1914Proms.AmericaIn September 1904 he went to live in New York City, finding employment with shows on Broadway, including the following roles:on-stage actor(Sir Benjamin Backbite) in Lady Teazle (1904-1905), a musical version of The School for Scandal;musical director of The Little Michus (1907), also featuringsongs by Barratt;co-composer of Miss Pocahontas (1907), a musical comedy;musical director of The Love Cure (1909–1910), a musical romance;composer of TheGirl and the Drummer (1910), a musical romance with book by George Broadhurst. Tried out in Chicago and elsewhere, it did not do well and never reachedBroadway;musical director of The Quaker Girl (1911–1912);co-composer and musical director of My Best Girl (1912);musical director of The Sunshine Girl(1913);musical director of The Girl who Smiles (1915), a musical comedy;musical director and contributor to music and lyrics of Her Soldier Boy(1916–1917);composer, lyricist and musical director of Fancy Free (1918), with book by Dorothy Donnelly and Edgar Smith;contributor of a song to The PassingShow of 1918;composer and musical director of Little Simplicity (1918), with book and lyrics by Rida Johnson Young;contributor of lyrics to The Melting of Molly(1918–1919), a musical comedy;musical director of What's in a Name? (1920), a musical revue1921 in LondonThough domiciled in the US, he made several visitsback to England. During an extended stay in 1921 he played a major part in the creation of two shows, both produced by Charles B. Cochran, namelyLeague ofNotions, at the New Oxford Theatre, for which he composed the music and co-wrote, with John Murray Anderson, the lyrics;Fun of the Fayre, at the LondonPavilion, for which similarly he wrote the music and co-wrote the lyricsBack to BroadwayBack in the US he returned to Broadway, working ascomposer and lyricistof Jack and Jill (1923), a musical comedy;musical director of The Silver Swan (1929), a musical romanceRadio playsIn later years he wrote plays and operettasmostly for radio, such as:Snapshots: a radioperetta (1929)Sushannah and the Brush Wielders: a play in 1 act (1929)The Magic Voice: a radio series (1933)Men ofAction: a series of radio sketches (1933)Say, Uncle: a radio series (1933)Sealed Orders: a radio drama (1934)Sergeant Gabriel (with Hugh Abercrombie)(1945)PersonalIn 1897 in London he married Lizzie May Stoner. They had one son. In 1904 he emigrated to the US and lived in New York City. His first marriageended in divorce in 1915 and, in 1918, he married Ethel J Moore, who was American. In 1924, he became a naturalized American citizen. He died on 12 April1947 in New York City.Note on his first nameThe book British Musical Biography by Brown & Stratton (1897) in its entry for John Barratt refers to \"his son WilliamAugustus Barratt\" with details that make it clear that Walter Augustus Barratt is the same person and that a \"William\" Augustus Barratt is a mistake. Forprofessional purposes up to about 1900 he appears to have written as \"W. Augustus Barratt\", and thereafter mostly as simply \"Augustus Barratt\".Passage2:AlludugaruAlludugaru or Alludu Garu  is a 1990 Indian Telugu-language drama film directed by K. Raghavendra Rao and produced by Mohan Babu underLakshmi Prasanna Films. This film stars Mohan Babu and Shobhana in lead roles, while Ramya Krishna also appeared in an important supporting role. It wascommercially and critically successful running for more than 100 days. The music of the movie was composed by K. V. Mahadevan.This film is a remake ofMalayalam blockbuster Chithram.CastMohan Babu as VishnuShobana as KalyaniRamya Krishna as RevathiJaggayya as Ramachandra PrasadChandramohan asAnandKaikala Satyanarayana as JailerGollapudi Maruthi RaoSudhakarNizhalgal RaviSoundtrackSoundtrack composed by K. V. Mahadevan is owned by AdityaMusic.AwardsK. J. Yesudas won Nandi Award for Best Male Playback Singer for the song \"Muddabanthi Navvulo\".Passage 3:The Laughing Policeman (film)TheLaughing Policeman (released in the UK as An Investigation of Murder) is a 1973 American neo-noir thriller film loosely based on the 1968 novel of the samename by Maj Sjöwall and Per Wahlöö. The setting of the story is transplanted from Stockholm to San Francisco. It was directed by Stuart Rosenberg and featuresWalter Matthau as Detective Jake Martin.PlotA busload of passengers, including off-duty police detective Dave Evans, are gunned down and killed. Evans, on hisown time, has been following a man named Gus Niles in search of information linking businessman Henry Camarero to the murder of his wife, Teresa, two yearsearlier.Evans was the partner of Detective Sergeant Jake Martin, a veteran but cynical member of the Homicide Detail working the bus massacre investigation.Jake originally investigated the Teresa Camarero case and has been obsessed with his failure to \"make\" Camarero for the murder. Jake returns to it after manydead-end leads (including a disastrous confrontation with a deranged amputee who takes hostages at gunpoint) in the bus investigation. Niles was killed on thebus as well, and it was Niles who provided the alibi that enabled Camarero to cover up his wife's murder.The sullen Jake and enthusiastic but impulsive InspectorLeo Larsen are paired to interview suspects. Jake shuts out Larsen from his deductions, while Larsen, despite a loose-on-the-rules and brutal side, tries tounderstand and gain the confidence of his new partner. Defying the orders of their police superior Lt. Steiner, they seek, find and then smoke out Camarero,leading to a chase through the streets of San Francisco and a confrontation aboard another bus.CastWalter Matthau as Sgt. Jake Martin (Martin Beck in thenovel)Bruce Dern as Insp. Leo Larsen (Gunvald Larsson in the novel)Louis Gossett Jr. as Insp. James LarrimoreAnthony Zerbe as Lt. Nat SteinerAlbert Paulsen asHenry CamereroVal Avery as Insp. John PappasPaul Koslo as Duane HaygoodCathy Lee Crosby as Kay ButlerJoanna Cassidy as MonicaClifton James asMaloneyGregory Sierra as Ken VickeryMatt Clark as CoronerReceptionOn review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film has a score of 57% based onreviews from 14 critics, with an average rating of 5.5/10.Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times said, The Laughing Policeman is an awfully good police movie:taut, off-key, filled with laconic performances. It provides the special delight we get from gradually unraveling a complicated case... The direction is by StuartRosenberg, and marks a comeback of sorts... With The Laughing Policeman, he takes a labyrinthine plot and leads us through it at a gallop; he respects ourintelligence and doesn't bother to throw in a lot of scenes where everything is explained. All the pieces in the puzzle do fit together, you realize after the movie isover, and part of the fun is assembling them yourself. And there are a couple of scenes that are really stunning, like the bus shooting, and an emergency roomoperation, and scenes where the partners try to shake up street people to get a lead out of them. Police movies so often depend on sheer escapist action that it'sfun to find a good one.Variety praised the film saying that \"After an extremely overdone prolog of violent mass murder on a bus, The Laughing Policemanbecomes a handsomely made manhunt actioner, starring Walter Matthau and Bruce Dern in excellent performances as two San Francisco detectives\".According toChris Petit of Time Out, \"By the end, complete with car chase and split-second shooting, the film has become indistinguishable from all those movies it's trying sohard to disown\".The Laughing Policeman was released on Blu-ray on November 15, 2016. Matthew Hartman of High-Def Digest, who reviewed it, wrote \"[the film]could have been a great and gritty 70s thriller, unfortunately, it's primary story doesn't live up to the potential of the opening scene\".See alsoList of Americanfilms of 1973Passage 4:Piero SchivazappaPiero Schivazappa (born  14 April 1935) is an Italian film and television director and screenwriter.Life and careerBorn inColorno, Schivazappa entered the film industry in 1959 as an assistant director, collaborating with Valerio Zurlini, Mario Monicelli and  Carlo Lizzani, amongothers. In 1963, he started collaborating with RAI for news reports and documentaries.Schivazappa made his feature film debut in 1969, with the controversialBDSM-themed The Laughing Woman, which at the time had many problems with censorship. Following the success of his 1973 miniseries Vino e pane, in thefollowing years he focused on television films and TV-series.In 1986 Schivazappa directed Serena Grandi in the erotic drama La signora della notte , produced byGiovanni Bertolucci.Personal lifeSchivazappa is married to actress Scilla Gabel.Selected filmographyL'Odissea (TV, 1968)The Laughing Woman (1969)Una serac'incontrammo (1975)Dov'è Anna? (TV, 1976)Lady of the Night (1986)An American Love (TV, 1994)Passage 5:The Laughing Cavalier (film)The LaughingCavalier  is a 1917 British silent adventure film directed by A. V. Bramble and Eliot Stannard and starring Mercy Hatton, Edward O'Neill and George Bellamy. It isan adaptation of the 1913 novel The Laughing Cavalier by Baroness Emmuska Orczy.CastMercy Hatton - Gilda BeresteynGeorge Bellamy - LordStoutenbergEdward O'Neill - Governor BeresteynA.V. Bramble - DiogenesFrederick Sargent - Nicholas BeresteynEva Westlake - Lady StoutenbergPassage 6:TheLaughing WomanThe Laughing Woman (Latin: Femina ridens), also known as The Frightened Woman, is a 1969 Italian erotic thriller film directed by PieroSchivazappa.PlotDr. Sayer, the director of a philanthropic foundation, spends his weekends at his luxurious villa outside of Rome toying with sadistic fantasies.His games are usually acted out with the help of a prostitute conversant with his desires. When his regular prostitute becomes unavailable at the last minute,"}
{"doc_id":"doc_100","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Esdras HartleyEsdras Hartley (1892–1946) was the art director for the 1935 film Don't Bet on Blondes. He worked on over a hundred films during his career, many of them at the Hollywood studio Warner Brothers.Selected filmographyMiss Pacific Fleet (1935)A Night at the Ritz (1935)Bengal Tiger (1936)Times Square Playboy (1936)Talent Scout (1937)South of Suez (1940)River's End (1940)Ladies Must Live (1940)An Angel from Texas (1940)King of the Lumberjacks (1940)Three Cheers for the Irish ( 1940)The Case of the Black Parrot (1941)Flight from Destiny (1941)Highway West (1941)The Body Disappears (1941)Passage 2:The Only GirlThe Only Girl may refer to:The Only Girl (book), a 2018 memoir by Robin GreenThe Only Girl (film), 1933 filmThe Only Girl (musical), 1914 Broadway musical by Victor Herbert and Henry BlossomPassage 3:The Empress and IThe Empress and I (German: Ich und die Kaiserin) is a 1933 German musical comedy film directed by Friedrich Hollaender and starring Lilian Harvey, Mady Christians and Conrad Veidt. It is also known by the alternative title of The Only Girl. The film was produced as a multi-language version. Moi et l'impératrice a separate French-language version was released as well as The Only Girl in English. The multilingual Harvey played the same role in all three films.It was shot at the Babelsberg Studios in Berlin. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Robert Herlth and Walter Röhrig. It was made by Erich Pommer's production unit at UFA, several of whom left the country after the film's release due to the Nazi Party's assumption of power.SynopsisAfter a fall from a horse, a wealthy Marquis is believed to be dying. While he lies there, he is comforted by the singing of a beautiful woman. When he unexpectedly recovers, he tries to seek out this young woman. Due to a series of confusions, he believes her to be Empress Eugenie, the wife of Napoleon III of France. In fact, the woman was a Eugenie's hairdresser, a vivacious young woman engaged to be married to an aspiring composer and conductor currently working for the celebrated Jacques Offenbach.CastLilian Harvey as JulietteMady Christians as EmpressConrad Veidt as Marquis de PontignacHeinz Rühmann as DidierFriedel Schuster as AnnabelHubert von Meyerinck as FlügeladjutantJulius Falkenstein as Jacques OffenbachPaul Morgan as Erfinder des FahrradesHans Hermann Schaufuß as DoctorKate Kühl as MarianneHeinrich Gretler as SanitäterEugen Rex as Etienne, Diener des MarquisHans DeppeHans Nowack as Erfinder des TelefonsMargot HöpfnerPassage 4:Don't Bet on LoveDon't Bet on Love is a 1933 American comedy film directed by Murray Roth and written by Howard Emmett Rogers, Murray Roth and Ben Ryan. The film stars Lew Ayres, Ginger Rogers, Charley Grapewin, Shirley Grey, Tom Dugan and Merna Kennedy. The film was released on July 1, 1933, by Universal Pictures.PlotMolly Gilbert won't accept a marriage proposal from Bill McCaffery unless he promises to quit betting money on horse races. He gives her his word, but Molly is miffed when she realizes he wants to honeymoon in Saratoga, New York, due to its proximity to the racetrack.Behind her back, Bill unethically uses money from his dad Pop McCaffery's plumbing business to continue gambling. He gets on a hot streak, winning $50,000, then buys a horse of his own, cheats by disguising a faster horse as his, then loses all his money. Bill agrees to become a plumber, pleasing Molly.CastLew Ayres as Bill McCafferyGinger Rogers as Molly GilbertCharley Grapewin as Pop McCafferyShirley Grey as Goldie WilliamsTom Dugan as ScottyMerna Kennedy as Ruby 'Babe' NortonLucile Gleason as Mrs. GilbertRobert Emmett O'Connor as Edward SheltonPassage 5:Onmyōji (film)Onmyōji (\u0000\u0000\u0000) is a 2001 Japanese film directed by Yōjirō Takita. It tells of the exploits of famed onmyōji Abe no Seimei, who meets and befriends bungling court noble, Minamoto no Hiromasa. Together they protect the capital of Heian-kyō against an opposing onmyōji, Dōson, who is secretly plotting the downfall of the emperor.A sequel, Onmyōji 2, appeared in 2003.  Both movies are based on the Onmyōji series of novels by author Baku Yumemakura, which also inspired a manga series by Reiko Okano.PlotThe Heian period (9th–12th centuries) was a time when human beings and various supernatural beings still coexisted with each other, the latter occasionally causing trouble to humans. Practitioners of the art of onmyōdō, the onmyōji, were held to be able to control and subdue these malevolent entities and other paranormal phenomena, and were thus held in high regard, being employed by the imperial court.In Heian-kyō, nobleman Minamoto no Hiromasa meets court onmyōji Abe no Seimei, a mysterious man about whom many rumors have been told. On a dare by some courtiers, Seimei demonstrates his exceptional skills in onmyōdō by killing a butterfly without touching it (i.e. casting a spell on a leaf which then flies and cuts through it).Hiromasa later visits Seimei at his home, where he sees Seimei's shikigami in human form, one of whom was Mitsumushi, the butterfly he had killed (and subsequently revived) earlier. Seimei joins Hiromasa in inspecting a mysterious gourd growing from a pine tree in Lord Kaneie's house; Seimei reveals the gourd to have been caused by a curse cast by a former lover of Kaneie who committed suicide.One night, Hiromasa impresses an unseen lady on an oxcart with his flute playing. Unbeknownst to him, this woman is Sukehime, Minister of the Right Fujiwara no Motokata's daughter and one of the current emperor's wives, who is worried that she is losing the emperor's favor as another wife, Lady Tōko, the daughter of Minister of the Left Fujiwara no Morosuke, had just given birth to a baby boy, who is to be the heir to the throne.Meanwhile, the head onmyōji of the imperial Bureau of Onmyō, Dōson, is secretly plotting to overthrow the emperor by trying to awaken the vengeful spirit of Prince Sawara, who had died 150 years ago. Wrongfully accused of treason by his brother, the Emperor Kanmu, Sawara committed suicide, but not before swearing eternal vengeance on the Son of Heaven (i.e. the emperor). When Dōson curses the emperor's newborn son, Prince Atsuhira, to be possessed by an evil spirit, Seimei combats his spells and drives the demon away with the help of Hiromasa and the immortal Lady Aone, who was ordered by Kanmu to guard the burial mound where Prince Sawara's spirit is sealed away.Hiromasa once again meets Sukehime (again unseen by Hiromasa) on the oxcart. He confesses his feelings for Sukehime, who he calls 'Lady of the Full Moon' (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Mochizuki no kimi), but Sukehime, who still loves the emperor, rejects his advances.Both Seimei and Aone are put under arrest by Motokata and accused of cursing the infant prince. They are saved in the nick of time by Morosuke, who points out it is unlawful to kill a court onmyōji without imperial permission. Dōson, who is implied to be behind the allegation, enchants one of the imperial police to attack the two; Aone is severely wounded, but proves to be unharmed due to her immortality.Taking advantage of Sukehime's jealousy against Tōko, Dōson uses his powers to turn her into a namanari (a woman halfway to becoming an oni) that harasses both Tōko and the newborn Atsuhira. Seimei uses onmyōdō to transform straw effigies into the likenesses of the Emperor and the infant prince. Sukehime arrives and assaults the effigies, thinking them to be the real emperor and Atsuhira. The emperor, moved by a waka poem she recites (the same poem Hiromasa hears the lady on the oxcart recite earlier), speaks out loudly, breaking Seimei's spell. Hiromasa, recognizing Sukehime to be his 'Lady of the Full Moon', steps in to accost her.Sukehime briefly comes back to her senses when Seimei removes a paper talisman attached to her back, but Dōson doubles his efforts, and she completely transforms into an oni. When Hiromasa sacrifices himself by allowing her to bite on his arm, Sukehime comes back to her senses once more and kills herself with Hiromasa's tachi. In her final moments, Sukehime - now a human once more - begs to hear Hiromasa's flute one last time.Seimei shoots an arrow with the paper talisman towards the sky, ordering the curse to go back to its sender. The arrow, now on fire, lands in Dōson's secret lair, burning it to the ground. Dōson, swearing vengeance on Seimei, finally releases the spirit of Prince Sawara from its confinement in the burial mound. Sawara's ghost enters Dōson's body and summons a horde of vengeful spirits to attack Heian-kyō. Aone reveals to Seimei that he and Hiromasa are foretold by the stars to become the two protectors of the city: one cannot survive without the other. She, Seimei and Mitsumushi then go off in search of Hiromasa.Dōson makes his way to the imperial palace. Hiromasa tries to stop him in his tracks, but he is no match for his superhuman abilities; he is mortally wounded when Dōson throws back an arrow Hiromasa shot towards him. Seimei and Aone find him, but it is too late. Aone suggests that Seimei resurrect Hiromasa by performing the rite of Taizan-fukun, the Chinese god of the dead (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Taizan-fukun no matsuri), offering to sacrifice her immortality and life to do so.Hiromasa, brought back to life by the ritual, and Seimei go to face Dōson. Aone's spirit, speaking through Hiromasa's body, convinces Sawara to give up his hatred. While Sawara at first refuses to do so, he is finally moved by the prospect of being with Aone - who was the prince's lover during his lifetime - forever; he then passes peacefully with Aone into the afterlife. Although now without Sawara's spirit to empower him, Dōson resumes the fight. Seimei, using his wits, traps Dōson within a magical barrier. Finally admitting defeat, Dōson slashes his throat with the sword from Sawara's burial mound.At the end of the movie, Seimei and Hiromasa drink sake together in Seimei's house. Hiromasa teases Seimei for crying when he died and reflects on what Seimei said to him earlier: that the human heart can turn one into a demon or a buddha. Seimei tells Hiromasa that he is a 'very good man'; Hiromasa answers, \"So are you.\" The two share a laugh together.CastMansai Nomura as Abe no Seimei (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000): An exceptionally talented onmyōji whose very origins are shrouded in mystery. Although an onmyōji of the imperial court, he initially shows little regard for it or Heian-kyō itself, preferring instead to stay home with his shikigami and drink sake, yet eventually finds himself fulfilling his destined role as the capital's protector along with Hiromasa.Hideaki Itō as Minamoto no Hiromasa (\u0000\u0000\u0000): A nobleman in the court with a bumbling personality skilled in playing the flute. Although wary of onmyōji at first, he eventually becomes close friends with Seimei, being destined to become the guardian of Heian-kyō along with him.Eriko Imai as Mitsumushi (\u0000\u0000): A butterfly apparently killed by Seimei as a display of his power and subsequently brought back to life. She serves him as one of his shikigami.Hiroyuki Sanada as Dōson (\u0000\u0000): The head of the Bureau of Onmyō (\u0000\u0000\u0000 Onmyō-ryō), he secretly plots the downfall of the imperial line and attempts to use the vengeful spirit of Prince Sawara to further his goals.Ittoku Kishibe as the Emperor (\u0000 Mikado): Loosely based on the historical Emperor Murakami (reigned 946–967), who was the reigning emperor in the year the story takes place (944 CE). The emperor's newborn son and "}
{"doc_id":"doc_101","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland andAustralia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31,2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and theNational Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 todirect the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeededDan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended ClonkeenCollege. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He workedin the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), GovernmentPublications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery ofIreland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art MuseumDirectors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expandedthe traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitionsat the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annualvisitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gainedgovernment support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building provedcontroversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy'stenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's ABigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring theHolmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian PrintWorkshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which wascompleted in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\"implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGAduring his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchiand attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dungand was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" andan \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscureddiscussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedlyquestioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational healthand safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announcedin 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a jointIrish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings andsculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the fieldof art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read, understandand write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website,www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy hasbeen a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding themuseum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibandehave been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the ToledoMuseum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold tothe museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture ofGanesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005.During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater publicattention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hoodhas one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the AfricanBody, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually.Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles:Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written oredited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats:Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with DavisCoakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers(1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe,Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is atrustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the InternationalAssociation of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from LourdesUniversity. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education.==Notes ==Passage 2:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editoronly)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990)(mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation!(2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 3:Jesse E. HobsonJesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director ofSRI International from 1947 to 1955. Prior to SRI, he was the director of the Armour Research Foundation.Early life and educationHobson was born in Marshall,Indiana. He received bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the CaliforniaInstitute of Technology. Hobson was also selected as a nationally outstanding engineer.Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had fivechildren.CareerAwards and membershipsHobson was named an IEEE Fellow in 1948.Passage 4:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, televisionand theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some of his television series creditsinclude Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and JudgingAmy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us(1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy forBest Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in\"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becominga theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre"}
{"doc_id":"doc_102","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Frederick I, Count Palatine of SimmernFrederick I, the Hunsrücker (German: Friedrich I.; 19 November 1417 – 29 November 1480) was the CountPalatine of Simmern from 1459 until 1480.Frederick was born in 1417 to Stephen, Count Palatine of Simmern-Zweibrücken and his wife, Anna of Veldenz. In 1444his father partitioned his territories between Frederick and his younger brother Louis. Frederick married Margaret of Guelders, daughter of Duke Arnold, on 16August 1454. Frederick died in Simmern in 1480 and was buried in the Augustinian Abbey of Ravengiersburg.ChildrenWith Margaret (1436 – 15 August 1486),daughter of Arnold, Duke of Guelders:Katherine of Palatinate-Simmern (1455 – 28 December 1522), Abbess in the St Klara monastery in TrierStephen (25February 1457 – 1488/9) Canon in Strasbourg , Mainz and CologneWilliam (2 January 1458 – 1458)John I (15 May 1459 – 27 January 1509)Frederick (10 April1460 – 22 November 1518) Canon in Cologne, Speyer , Trier , Mainz, Magdeburg and StrasbourgRupert (16 October 1461 – 19 April 1507), bishop ofRegensburg.Anne (30 July 1465 – 15 July 1517)  Nun in TrierMargaret (2 December 1466 – August 1506) Nun in TrierHelene (1467 – 21 February 1555) Prioressin the St. Agnes monastery in TrierWilliam (20 April 1468 – 1481) Canon in TrierPassage 2:Reichard, Count Palatine of Simmern-SponheimReichard (25 July 1521– 13 January 1598) was the Count Palatine of Simmern-Sponheim from 1569 until 1598.Reichard was born in Simmern in 1521 to Johann II, Count Palatine ofSimmern. In 1569 he succeeded his brother Georg as Count Palatine of Simmern-Sponheim. Reichard died in Simmern in 1598. Without any surviving children,Simmern-Sponheim was inherited by his great-nephew Frederick IV.MarriageReichard married Juliane of Wied (c. 1545 - 30 April 1575, daughter of Count JohannIV of Wied, on 30 July 1569 and had several children:Juliana (21 November 1571 – 4 February 1592)Katherine (10 May 1573 – 12 October 1576)unnamed son(1574)unnamed son (30 April 1575)Reichard married Emilie of Württemberg (19 August 1550 - 4 June 1589), daughter of Christoph, Duke of Württemberg, on26 March 1578.Reichard married Anne Margaret of Palatinate-Veldenz (17 January 1571 - 1 November 1621), daughter of Count Palatine Georg Johann I, on 14December 1589.Passage 3:Louis Henry, Count Palatine of Simmern-KaiserslauternLouis Henry (German: Ludwig Heinrich) (11 October 1640 - 3 January 1674)was the Count Palatine of Simmern-Kaiserslautern from 1653 until 1673.LifeLouis Henry was born in 1640 as the only surviving son of Louis Philip, Count Palatineof Simmern-Kaiserslautern. He succeeded his father in 1655, and was under the regency of his mother, Marie Eleonore von Brandenburg, till 1658. He retiredfrom ruling in 1673. He died less than a year later, and was buried in the St-Stephan's Church in Simmern.MarriageLouis Henry married Maria of Orange-Nassau(5 September 1642 - 20 March 1688) in 1666, daughter of the Dutch prince Frederick Henry. The marriage remained childless.Passage 4:John I, Count Palatine ofSimmernJohn I (15 May 1459 – 27 January 1509) was the Count Palatine of Simmern from 1480 until 1509.John was born in 1459 to Frederick I, Count Palatineof Simmern. He married Joanna of Nassau-Saarbrücken (1464 - 1521) the daughter of Johann II of Nassau-Saarbrücken on 29 September 1481. John died inStarkenburg in 1509 and was buried in Simmern.ChildrenWith Joanna of Nassau-Saarbrücken (1464 - 1521) (14 April 1464 – 7 May 1521)Frederick (1490)John II(21 March 1492 – 18 May 1557)Frederick (1494–?)Passage 5:Sabina, Duchess of BavariaSabina, Duchess of Bavaria (1528–1578) was the daughter of John II,Count Palatine of Simmern and Beatrix of Baden.MarriageIn 1544 she married Lamoral, Count of Egmont with whom she had twelve children. When her husbandwas arrested and accused of treason in 1567, she wrote king Philip II, the king of Spain, a letter to plead for his release. It was to no avail and he was decapitatedin the following year. Sabina was buried in Egmont's crypt in Zottegem.ChildrenCharles, 7th Count of Egmont, Prince de Gavre: married to Marie de Lens,  Lady ofAubigny.WidowhoodAfter her death in 1578, she was buried next to her husband in Zottegem.Passage 6:Georg, Count Palatine of Simmern-SponheimGeorg (20February 1518 – 17 May 1569) was the Count Palatine of Simmern-Sponheim from 1559 until 1569.George was born in 1518 to Johann II, Count Palatine ofSimmern. In 1559 his elder brother Frederick inherited the Electorate of the Palatinate and gave George his old territories inherited from his father in 1557.George married Elisabeth of Hesse, daughter of Landgrave Wilhelm I, on 9 January 1541. George died in 1569 and was succeeded in Simmern by his youngerbrother Reichard.ChildrenWith Elisabeth of Hesse (4 March 1503 - 4 January 1563)John (c. 7 October 1541 – 28 January 1562)George also had a mistress inElisabeth of Rosenfeld and fathered two illegitimate children with herAdam (c.1565–1598)George (c.1566–1598)See alsoList of Counts Palatine of theRhinePassage 7:Stephen, Count Palatine of Simmern-ZweibrückenStephen of Simmern-Zweibrücken (German: Stefan Pfalzgraf von Simmern-Zweibrücken) (23June 1385 – 14 February 1459, Simmern) was Count Palatine of Simmern and Zweibrücken from 1410 until his death in 1459.LifeHe was the son of King Rupertof Germany and his wife Elisabeth of Nuremberg. After the death of Rupert the Palatinate was divided between four of his surviving sons. Louis III received themain part, John received Palatinate-Neumarkt, Stephen received Palatinate-Simmern and Otto received Palatinate-Mosbach.In 1410, Stephen married Anna ofVeldenz, who died in 1439. After the death of Anna's father in 1444, Stephen also gained control of Veldenz and of the Veldenz share of Sponheim. In the sameyear, he also divided the country between his sons Frederick I, who became Count Palatine of Simmern, and Louis I, who became Count Palatine of Zweibrücken.In 1448 he succeeded to one part of Palatinate-Neumarkt and sold the other to his younger brother Otto.He was buried in the Schlosskirche (German: palacechurch), formerly the church of the Knights Hospitallers in Meisenheim.FamilyStefan of Simmern-Zweibrücken and Anna of Veldenz had issue:Anne (1413 – 12March 1455)Margaret (1416 – 23 November 1426)Frederick I (24 April 1417 – 29 November 1480)Rupert (1420 – 17 October 1478)Stephen (1421 – 4September 1485) Canon in Strasbourg, Mainz, Cologne, Speyer and LiègeLouis I (1424 – 19 July 1489)John (1429–1475), Archbishop ofMagdeburgAncestryPassage 8:John Christian, Count Palatine of SulzbachJohn Christian (23 January 1700 – 20 July 1733; in German: Johann Christian Joseph)was the Count Palatine of Sulzbach from 1732–33. He was the second and youngest surviving son of duke Theodore Eustace, Count Palatine of Sulzbach(1659–1732) with his consort Eleonore Maria Amalia of Hesse-Rotenburg (1675–1720). His elder brother was Joseph Charles, Count Palatine of Sulzbach.LifeAfterthe death of his elder brother Joseph Charles, John Christian Joseph became the eventual designated heir of the Electoral Palatine. In 1732 he succeeded hisfather as Count Palatine of Sulzbach, but died in Sulzbach in 1733 before inheriting the Palatinate.Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine, a member of the PalatineNeuburg line of Wittelsbach failed to produce a legitimate male heir, and his brothers also. By 1716 it was evident that the Neuburg line would become extinctand that the Sulzbach branch would succeed them.MarriageHe married twice:Marie Anne Henriëtte Leopoldine de La Tour d'Auvergne (24 October 1708 – 28 July1728), daughter of Francois Egon de la Tour d'Auvergne, Prince of Auvergne, and had the following children:Charles Theodore (11 December 1724 – 16 February1799); became Elector Palatine in 1742, and Elector of Bavaria in 1777Maria Anne (30 May 1728 – 25 June 1728)Eleonore Philippina Christina Sophia ofHesse-Rotenburg  (1712-1759); married on 1731 but had no issue.== Ancestry ==Passage 9:Elisabeth of NurembergElisabeth of Nuremberg (1358 – 26 July1411) was Queen of Germany and Electress Palatine as the wife of Rupert, King of the Romans.LifeElisabeth was born in 1358, the daughter of Frederick V,Burgrave of Nuremberg and his wife Elisabeth of Meissen, daughter of Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen.In Amberg, on 27 June 1374, Elisabeth married Rupert,the son and heir of Rupert II, Elector Palatine. Upon Rupert's succession to the Palatinate in 1398, she became Electress consort of the Palatinate. When Rupertwas elected King of the Romans in 1400, Elisabeth became Queen of the Romans. She survived her husband, who died on 18 May 1410, by a year, dying on 26July 1411. Elisabeth was buried alongside her husband in the Church of the Holy Spirit, Heidelberg.IssueRupert Pipan (20 February 1375, Amberg – 25 January1397, Amberg)Margaret (1376 – 27 August 1434, Nancy), married on 6 February 1393 to Duke Charles II of LorraineFrederick (c. 1377, Amberg – 7 March 1401,Amberg)Louis III, Elector Palatine (23 January 1378 – 30 December 1436, Heidelberg)Agnes (1379 – 1401, Heidelberg), married in Heidelberg shortly beforeMarch 1400 to Duke Adolph I of ClevesElisabeth (27 October 1381 – 31 December 1408, Innsbruck), married in Innsbruck 24 December 1407 to Duke FrederickIV of AustriaCount Palatine John of Neumarkt (1383, Neunburg vorm Wald – 13–14 March 1443)Count Palatine Stephen of Simmern-Zweibrücken (23 June 1385– 14 February 1459, Simmern)Count Palatine Otto I of Mosbach (24 August 1390, Mosbach – 5 July 1461)Passage 10:Rudolph II, Count Palatine ofTübingenRudolph II, Count Palatine of Tübingen (died 1 November 1247) was Count Palatine of Tübingen and Vogt of Sindelfingen.  He was the younger son ofRudolph I and his wife Matilda of Gleiberg, heiress of Giessen.LifeRudolph II inherited the County Palatine of Tübingen when his elder brother Hugo III died in1216.  From 1224 onwards, he is described as Count Palatine in many imperial documents, while his younger brother William is merely styled as Count.  RudolphII supported Bebenhausen Abbey, which his parents had founded. Next to his father, Rudolph II is the second most mentioned Count Palatine of Tübingen inimperial documents, mostly in documents by King Henry (VII) of Germany, the son of Emperor Frederick II, who had been elected King of Germany in 1220, atthe age of 8.  Frederick II spent much of his time in Italy, leaving his ancestral Swabia in the hands of his son.  Later, in 1232, Henry revolted against his father,and did everything in his power to win the Swabian nobility over to his side.  Rudolph II appears to have been among the noblemen who sided with Henry VII, atleast, he is mentioned in 10 different documents of Henry VII and never by Frederick II.  Considering Rudolph's energetic character, one can assume that heintended to use the conflict between Henry VII and Frederick II to expand his own power and aim at an independent position.Swabian noblemen, includingRudolph II and his brother William, Count Hartmann I of Württemberg and a Count of Dillingen, visited Henry VII in Worms on 8 January 1224.  They met"}
{"doc_id":"doc_103","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Louise Elisabeth of CourlandLouise Elisabeth of Courland (12 August 1646 in Jelgava – 16 December 1690 in Weferlingen) was Landgravine ofHesse-Homburg by marriage to Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg.LifeLouise Elisabeth was a daughter of Duke Jacob of Courland (1610-1662) from hismarriage to Charlotte Louise (1617-1676), eldest daughter of Elector George William of Brandenburg.On 23 October 1670 in Cölln, she married the laterLandgrave Frederick II of Hesse-Homburg, the famous Prince of Homburg.  Frederick had converted to the Calvinist faith for the sake of their marriage.  Thisconversion brought him into closer relations with the princely houses in Brandenburg and Hesse-Kassel, who were also Calvinist.  Louise Elisabeth's sister MariaAmalia married Landgrave Charles of Hesse-Kassel in 1673.  Louise Elizabeth was a niece of Elector Frederick William of Brandenburg.  This relationship allowedFrederick to join the Prussian army and become commander of all the troops of the Electorate only two years later, in 1672.The Calvinist Louise Elisabeth played asignificant role in the settlement of displaced Huguenots and Waldenses in Friedrichsdorf and Dornholzhausen in as well as in the formation of Calvinistcongregations in Weferlingen and Bad Homburg.IssueCharlotte Dorothea Sophia (1672–1738)married 1694 Johann Ernst III, Duke of Saxe-Weimar(1664–1707)Frederick III Jacob (1673–1746), Landgrave of Hesse-Homburgmarried 1. 1700 Princess Elisabeth Dorothea of Hesse-Darmstadt(1676–1721)married 2. 1728 Princess Christiane Charlotte of Nassau-Ottweiler (1685–1761)Karl Christian (1674–1695), fell at the Siege of NamurHedwig Luise(1675–1760)married 1718 Count Adam Friedrich von Schlieben (1677–1752)Philipp (1676–1706), fell at the Battle of Speyerbach in the War of the SpanishSuccessionWilhelmine Maria (1678–1770)married 1711 Count Anton II of Aldenburg (1681–1738)Eleonore Margarete (1679–1763)Elisabeth Juliana Francisca(1681–1707)married 1702 Prince Frederick William Adolf, Prince of Nassau-Siegen (1680–1722)Johanna Ernestine (1682–1698)Ferdinand (born and died1683)Karl Ferdinand (1684–1688)Casimir William (1690–1726)Passage 2:Adelaide of HesseAdelaide of Hesse (Polish: Adelajda heska) (after 1323 – after May26, 1371) was queen consort of Poland by marriage to Casimir III of Poland. She was daughter of Henry II, Landgrave of Hesse, and his wife Elisabeth ofThuringia, daughter of Frederick I, Margrave of Meissen. Adelaide was a member of the House of Hesse.BiographyShe was named after her paternalgrandmother.Unhappy marriageOn September 29, 1341, in Poznań, Adelaide married Casimir III the Great, King of Poland. The marriage was a result of anagreement between Casimir III and Luxemburgs.The marriage was Casimir's second marriage, after the death of his first wife, Aldona of Lithuania. Casimir hadno male heir, though he had two daughters, Elizabeth and Kunigunde. On September 29, 1341, Adelaide was crowned in Poznań Cathedral. The marriage was anunhappy one, Casimir started living separately from Adelaide soon after their marriage.AnnulmentTheir loveless marriage lasted until 1356. Casimir separatedfrom Adelaide and married his mistress Christina. Christina was the widow of Miklusz Rokiczani, a wealthy merchant. The bigamy and his womanizing got Casimirinto severe trouble with the clergy.Casimir continued living with Christina despite complaints by Pope Innocent VI on behalf of Adelaide. The marriage lasted until1363/1364 when Casimir again declared himself divorced. They had no children. The marriage to Adelaide was annulled in 1368. Then Casimir married his fourthwife, Jadwiga (Hedwig) of Żagań.This marriage produced another three daughters.With Adelaide still alive and Christina possibly as well, the marriage to Jadwigawas also considered bigamous. The legitimacy of the three last daughters was disputed. Casimir managed to have two of his daughters, Anna and Kunigunde,legitimatized by Pope Urban V on December 5, 1369. Jadwiga the younger, was legitimatized by Pope Gregory XI on October 1, 1371.Later lifeAfter theannulment of her marriage, Adelaide went back home to Hesse. She spent the rest of her life in Hesse.After her ex-husband's death, she fought for her propertyrights. She intervened in this case to Pope Gregory XI. On May 26, 1371, the Pope urged King Louis to give back her property.In popular cultureFilmQueenAdelaide is one of the main characters in the second season of Polish historical TV drama series \"Korona Królów\" (\"The Crown of the Kings\"). She is played byAleksandra Przesław.Further readingBalzer Oswald: Genealogia Piastów. Kraków 1895, p. 386-387.Paszkiewicz H.: Adelajda. In: Polski Słownik Biograficzny. Vol.1. 1935, p. 28.Semkowicz Aleksander: Adelajda, Krystyna, Jadwiga, żony Kazimierza Wielkiego. Kwartalnik Historyczny 12. 1898, p. 561-566.Passage 3:Philip,Landgrave of Hesse-PhilippsthalPhilip of Hesse-Philippsthal (14 December 1655 – 18 June 1721) was the son of William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel andHedwig Sophia of Brandenburg. He was the first landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal from 1663 to 1721 and the founder of the fifth branch of the house ofHesse.Marriage and issueIn 1680, Philip of Hesse-Philipsthal married Catherine of Solms-Laubach (1654–1736) (daughter of Count Charles Otto ofSolms-Laubach).  They had 8 children:Wilhelmine of Hesse-Philipstahl (1681–1699)Charles I of Hesse-Philippsthal, landgrave of Hesse-PhilippsthalAmélie ofHesse-Philippsthal (1684–1754)Amoene of Hesse-Philippsthal (1685–1686)Philip of Hesse-Philipsthal (1686–1717) who, in 1714, married Marie von Limburg(1689–1759, (daughter of comte Albert von Limburg) and had children with herHenriette of Hesse-Philippsthal (1688–1761)William ofHesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld, landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld, founder of the sixth branch of the House of HesseSophie of Hesse-Philippsthal(1695–1728) who in 1723 married Peter August, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck (who died in 1775).BranchPhilip of Hesse-Philippsthal belonged tothe Hesse-Philipsthal branch - this fifth branch was issued from the first branch of the House of Hesse, itself issuing from the first branch of the House ofBrabant.After the abdication of landgrave Ernest of Hesse-Philippsthal (1846-1925) in 1868, the Hesse-Philippsthal branch perpetuated itself through the sixthbranch of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld, currently represented by William of Hesse-Philippsthal (1933-).AncestrySourcesgenroy.free.frPassage 4:Charles I,Landgrave of Hesse-KasselCharles of Hesse-Kassel (German: Karl von Hessen-Kassel; 3 August 1654 – 23 March 1730), of the House of Hesse, was theLandgrave of Hesse-Kassel from 1670 to 1730.ChildhoodCharles was the second son of William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, and Hedwig Sophia ofBrandenburg (1623–1683).  Until 1675 his mother ruled as his guardian and regent before Charles was old enough to take over the administration for the next 5years.  His older brother, William VII, had died in 1670 shortly after reaching adulthood, even before he had had the chance to make any changes with theadministration.PoliciesUnder the reign of Charles, the consequences of the Thirty Years' War in the agricultural county could be overcome more quickly than theywere in the more industrialized regions of the Holy Roman Empire.  He pushed for the recreation of a large army and put it in the service of other countries in theWar of Spanish Succession.   His soldiers, he gave, as well as other princes of his time, to foreign service for the Subsidiengelder [ subsidies ].  This policyremained controversial for its dealings with the mercenaries, according to the 1908 Brockhaus (Volume 9, page 96) :\"Dieses System verbesserte die Finanzen,aber nicht den Wohlstand des Landes,und brachte den glänzenden Hof selbst in ausländische Familienverbindungen.\"[ This system improved the finances but notthe prosperity of the country,and brought to the brilliant court itself foreign familial connections. ]Charles left in 1685 to his younger brother Philipp as the latter'sParagium a small part of the Landgraviate of Hesse, the so-called Landgraviate of Hesse–Philippsthal, named after Philippsthal [ \"Philipp's Valley\" ] (formerlyKreuzberg, a place near Vacha on the Werra River).EconomyEven before the Edict of Fontainebleau (October 1685), Charles adopted on 18 April 1685 theFreiheits-Concession [ \"Freedom Concession\" ], promising the exiles from France, the Huguenots and Waldensians, free settlement and their own churches andschools.  In the following years, about 4000 the Protestants fled persecution in their homelands for Northern Hesse and, for example, about 1700 of them settledin Oberneustadt, the newly created borough of Kassel.Following the ideas of mercantilism, Charles founded in 1679 the Messinghof, one of the firstmetal-processing plants in Hesse, in Bettenhausen, east of Kassel.In 1699 Charles founded Sieburg (since 1717 Karlshafen) and also moved some of theHuguenots and Waldensians there.  With the construction of the Landgrave-Carl-Canal from the Diemel River to Kassel (and beyond), he tried to circumvent theexisting customs borders but, after only a few kilometers, the construction was discontinued.CultureLandgrave Charles continued the design of the hillside park,Wilhelmshöhe (\"William's Peak\") in the Habichtswald (\"Hawk Forest\"), now a nature preserve west of Kassel. In particular, it was the construction of the Herculesmonument that brought the Italian-inspired cascades and other water features to the park. Under his rule, the Moritzaue (\"Maurice's Meadow\") park near thetown was extended over a large area to another park, the Karlsaue (\"Charles's Meadow\"), which still exists today, and the Schloss Orangerie was built.With theparticipation of the Landgrave, who was interested in history, the first archaeological excavations began in 1709 on the Mader Heide.FamilyCharles married hisfirst cousin, Maria Amalia of Courland (1653–1711), the daughter of Jacob Kettler, Duke of Courland, and had with her 24 children, fourteen of which lived longenough to have names:William (29 March 1674 – 25 July 1676)Charles (24 February 1675 – 7 December 1677)Friedrich (28 April 1676 – 5 April 1751), whosucceeded his father as Frederick, the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, and became, in 1720, the King of Sweden∞ 1 1700 Princess Louisa Dorothea of Brandenburg(1680–1705)∞ 2 1715 Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden (1688–1741)Christian (2 July 1677 – 18 September 1677)Sophie Charlotte (16 July 1678 – 30 May1749)∞ 1704 Frederick William, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1675–1713)Son (12 June 1679)Charles (12 June 1680 – 13 November 1702)Daughter (12 April1681)William (10 March 1682 – 1 February 1760), who succeeded his brother Frederick as William VIII, the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel∞ 1717 DorotheaWilhelmina of Saxe-Zeitz (1691–1743)Daughter (12 June 1683)Leopold (30 December 1684 – 10 September 1704)Son (12 November 1685)Louis (5 September1686 – 23 May 1706)Marie Louise (7 February 1688 – 9 April 1765)∞ 1709 Johan Willem Friso, Prince of Orange (1687–1711)Maximilian (28 May 1689 – 8 May"}
{"doc_id":"doc_104","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Grey Lady(The) Grey Lady or (The) Gray Lady may refer to:FilmsThe Grey Lady (film), 1937 German film also known as Sherlock Holmes: The Grey LadyGrey Lady (film), 2017 American film directed by John SheaFolkloreGrey Lady, a ghost reputed to haunt Rufford Old Hall, Lancashire, EnglandGrey Lady, a ghost reputed to haunt Theatre Royal, Bath, EnglandGrey Lady, a ghost reputed to haunt Fort St. Angelo, Birgu, MaltaThe Grey Lady, a spirit reputed to haunt Cumberland College, in Dunedin, New ZealandThe Gray Lady Ghost, reputed to haunt the old parsonage in Sims, North Dakota, United StatesThe Grey Lady, a ghost reputed to haunt the Dark Hedges, County Antrim, Northern IrelandThe Grey Lady, a ghost reputed to haunt Gainsborough Old Hall, Lincolnshire, EnglandEntertainmentThe Gray Lady, a spirit from GhostbustersThe Grey Lady, a character in The Good WitchThe Grey Lady, a character in Harry Potter; see Hogwarts staffOther usesMV Grey Lady, American catamaran ferryA member of the Gray Ladies, volunteers working with the American Red Cross in WWIIThe Gray Lady, a nickname for The New York TimesSee alsoThe Old Grey Lady, a nickname for Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama, USThe Little Grey Lady of the Sea, a nickname for Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, USPassage 2:Governor GreyGovernor Grey or Gray may refer to:Charles Edward Grey (1785–1865), Governor of Barbados from 1841 to 1846 and Governor of Jamaica from 1847 to 1853George Grey (1812–1898), Governor of South Australia from 1841 to 1845, Governor of New Zealand 1845 to 1854 and from 1861 to 1868, and Governor of Cape Colony from 1854 to 1861Isaac P. Gray (1828–1895), 18th and 20th Governor of the U.S. state of IndianaMatthew Gray (Governor of Bombay) (fl. 1670s), acting Governor of Bombay from 1669 to 1672Ralph Grey, Baron Grey of Naunton (1910–1999), Governor of British Guiana from 1958 to 1964, Governor of the Bahamas from 1964 to 1968, and Governor of Northern Ireland from 1968 to 1973William Grey (governor) (1818–1878), Governor of Jamaica from 1874 to 1877Governor Grey (horse), second-place finisher in the 1911 Kentucky DerbyPassage 3:The Little Gray LadyThe Little Gray Lady is a lost 1914 silent film drama directed by Francis Powers and starring Jane Grey of the Broadway stage. It was produced by Adolph Zukor continuing his making films with Broadway actors and stars, hence the name of his company Famous Players Film Company.CastJane Grey as Anna GrayJames Cooley as Perry CarlyleJane Fearnley as Ruth JordanHal Clarendon as Sam MeadeJulia Walcott as Mrs. JordanRobert Cummings as Richard GrahamMathaleen Aarnold as Mrs. GrahamEdgar Davenport as John MooreSue Balfour as Mrs. CarlylePassage 4:Gray Lady DownGray Lady Down is a 1978 American submarine disaster film directed by David Greene and starring Charlton Heston, David Carradine, Stacy Keach, Ned Beatty, Ronny Cox and Rosemary Forsyth, and includes the feature film debut of Michael O'Keefe and Christopher Reeve. It is based on David Lavallee's 1971 novel Event 1000.PlotAging, respected Captain Paul Blanchard is on his final submarine tour before promotion to command of a submarine squadron (COMSUBRON). Surfaced and returning to port, the submarine, USS Neptune, is struck by a Norwegian freighter en route to New York in heavy fog. With the engine room flooded and its main propulsion disabled, the Neptune sinks to a depth of 1,450 feet (440 meters) or approx. 241.6 fathoms) on a canyon ledge above the ocean floor. A United States Navy rescue force, commanded by Captain Hal Bennett, arrives on the scene, but Neptune is subsequently rolled by a gravity slide to a greater angle that does not allow the Navy's Deep-submergence rescue vehicle (DSRV) to complete its work. As technical malfunctions increase, the submarine's sections get flooded and men die, crewmen have nervous breakdowns and tensions grow between the commanding officers.A small experimental submersible, Snark, is brought in to assist with the rescue. Snark is very capable, but run by a U.S. Navy officer misfit, Captain Don Gates. The tiny submersible is the only hope for a rescue. Ultimately, the surviving members of the crew are rescued by the DSRV, thanks to Gates sacrificing himself by using the Snark to jam the Neptune in place as another gravity slide begins while the rescue is taking place. Moments later the gravity slide pushes the Neptune and the Snark off the ledge and into the ocean's abyss. The film ends with a somber Blanchard climbing out of the DSRV and being welcomed aboard the rescue ship USS Pigeon by Bennett and his officers.CastCharlton Heston as Captain Paul BlanchardDavid Carradine as Captain Don GatesStacy Keach as Captain Hal BennettNed Beatty as MickeyStephen McHattie as Lieutenant Danny MurphyRonny Cox as Commander David SamuelsonDorian Harewood as Lieutenant FowlerRosemary Forsyth as Vickie BlanchardHilly Hicks as HM3 PageCharles Cioffi as Vice Admiral Michael BarnesWilliam Jordan as WatersJack Rader as Chief HarknessMichael O'Keefe as RM2 HarrisCharlie Robinson as McAllisterChristopher Reeve as Lieutenant (JG) PhillipsMelendy Britt as Liz BennettLawrason Driscoll as Lieutenant BloomDavid Wilson as SK1 HansonRobert Symonds as Secretary of NavyTed Gehring as Admiral at Pentagon MeetingCharles Cyphers as LarsonWilliam Bryant as Admiral at Pentagon MeetingJeffrey Druce as Neptune Executive OfficerJames Davidson as Lt. Commander at SACLANTDavid Clennon as Neptune CrewmemberMichael Cavanaugh as P03 Peña (uncredited)Bob Harks as Radio Operator (uncredited)Robert Ito as Jim, Lieutenant at SACLANT (uncredited)Sandra De Bruin as Irma Barnes (uncredited)John Stuart West as Submariner (uncredited)ProductionEven though the submarine depicted in the movie is a Skate-class submarine, in the opening credits, footage of the real-life submarine USS Trout (SS-566) was filmed specifically for Gray Lady Down, depicting the fictional USS Neptune.  Gray Lady Down also re-used submarine special-effects footage and the large-scale submarine model originally used to portray the fictional submarine USS Tigerfish in the 1968 movie Ice Station Zebra to depict USS Neptune. The US Navy's USS Cayuga (LST-1186) appeared in the film as the fictional USS Nassau. The USS Pigeon (ASR-21) and her DSRV were prominently featured in the movie.See alsoA Fall of Moondust, 1961 science fiction novel about vehicle trapped under the lunar surface with similar plot elementsExternal linksGray Lady Down at IMDbGray Lady Down at Rotten TomatoesGray Lady Down at AllMoviePassage 5:Edmund GreyEdmund Grey or Gray is the name of:Edmund Grey (MP for Lynn) (died 1547), MP for LynnEdmund Grey (All My Children), fictional television character in U.S. soap opera, All My ChildrenEdmund Grey, 1st Earl of Kent (1416–1490), English noblemanEdmund Dwyer Gray (1845–1888), Home Rule League MP in the Parliament of the United Kingdom and newspaper proprietorEdmund Dwyer-Gray (1870–1945), his son, also a politician and newspaper proprietor, who became Premier of TasmaniaEdmund Gray (1878–1964), Australian politicianSee alsoEdward Gray (disambiguation)Edward Grey (disambiguation)Passage 6:Singapore DreamingSingapore Dreaming is a 2006 Singaporean drama film. It follows the Loh family, a typical Singaporean working-class family, through their aspirations and dreams for a better and affluent life and the reality that would make it difficult for them to fulfill these aspirations.The film is inspired by a 2000 Singaporean essay titled Paved with Good Intentions, that the writers of the film had written for the Singapore International Foundation. A concatenation of e-mails Singaporeans sent to writers Colin Goh and Woo Yen Yen on their life stories in relation to the Singaporean dream eventually led them to write, produce and direct Singapore Dreaming. The film stars Richard Low as Poh Huat, Alice Lim as Siew Luan, Serene Chen as Irene, Yeo Yann Yann as Mei, Lim Yu-Beng as CK and Dick Su as Seng.The film was theatrically released on 7 September 2006, and at one time ranked fifth on the Singaporean box office. It has been acclaimed as one of the best Singaporean films of the 2000s. It won the Montblanc New Screenwriters Award at the 54th San Sebastián International Film Festival, and was the first such Singaporean film to receive an IFFPA-recognised international feature film award. Owing to its nature as a local film, Singapore Dreaming received much attention from Singaporean viewers, film critics and public figures alike, including S. R. Nathan, the then President of Singapore. It has been praised by local critics as a relatable portrayal of working-class life in Singapore.PlotPoh Huat (Richard Low), the father of the Loh family, works as a lawyer's clerk. He is married to Siew Luan (Alice Lim), a housewife who likes to brew liang teh (herbal tea) for the family. Poh Huat has a habit of buying lottery tickets in hope of winning and enjoying a better life. He also keeps newspaper cuttings of car models and condominiums and stores them in a box in his room.The family has one son, Seng (Dick Su), and one daughter, Mei (Yeo Yann Yann). Despite Mei's superior academic performance, the family has consistently shown favouritism for Seng. Even though he was ostensibly the academically poorer sibling, dropping out of school in Secondary 3, his parents still chose to fund his overseas polytechnic education instead of furthering his sister's education. Seng is due to return after two years at Dubois Polytechnical University (at Idaho). To fund his overseas studies, he had to borrow extra money from his fiancée, Irene (Serene Chen), who stays with Seng's parents.Mei works as a secretary who maintains a friendly working relationship with her boss. She is due for delivery in two months' time, and for maternity leave in a month's time. Her husband, Chin Keong (Lim Yu-Beng), quit his job in the Singapore Armed Forces a month before and is now selling insurance, though unsuccessfully. He is therefore belittled by Mei. Even though they cannot afford it, they frequently go to a condominium showroom to take a look, revealing their aspirations for a more luxurious lifestyle.Seng returns from the United States. Tensions escalate in the family between Mei and Seng, due to the family's apparent favouritism for Seng. Seng goes for several job interviews, but is unsuccessful. He becomes immensely disappointed, and lies to his family about the sanguinity of his job prospects.Poh Huat strikes the Toto lottery, winning S$2 million, and the family is ecstatic. Seng decides that he wants to try starting a business. He gains his father's approval, who gives him effectively unlimited funding through a credit card. Seng also buys a car, without Irene's knowledge. Irene is infuriated when she learns Seng has been overspending without working first.Initially thrilled by his sudden elevation to the higher social class, Poh Huat dies suddenly of a heart attack while he was at a country club for a membership interview. Siew Luan goes into shock. At the funeral, Seng quarrels with Mei over the funeral expenses. Mei vents her anger on Chin Keong, who shows his displeasure by throwing the carton of drinks on the floor and storming off. Mei is called back to work one afternoon, even though she is still managing the funeral. Chin Keong expresses his "}
{"doc_id":"doc_105","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Steven TaylorSteven or Steve Taylor may refer to:Steve Taylor (missiologist) (born 1968), New Zealand theologianSteve Taylor (psychologist) (born1967), English author and lecturer in psychologySteven John Taylor, American singer and keyboardist for the band Rogue WaveSteve Taylor (politician) (born1956), American politician and Delaware state legislatorSteven W. Taylor (born 1949), American politician and Oklahoma Supreme Court justiceSteve Taylor(footballer) (born 1955), English footballer in The Football LeagueSteve Taylor (born 1957), American singer, songwriter and film directorSteve Taylor & ThePerfect Foil, a supergroup led by Steve TaylorSteven Taylor (cricketer, born 1963) (born 1963), English cricketerSteve Taylor (Canadian football) (born 1967),quarterbackSteven Taylor (American cricketer) (born 1993), American cricketerSteven Taylor (footballer) (born 1986), English footballerSteve Taylor, thenarrator for the YouTube channel KurzgesagtJohn Mahan (1851–1883), also known as Steve Taylor, Irish-born American bare-knuckle boxer and pugilistFictionalcharactersSteven Taylor (Doctor Who), one of the First Doctor's companionsSteve Taylor, a character in the 2008 British slasher movie Eden LakeSeealsoStephen Taylor (disambiguation)List of people with surname TaylorPassage 2:Steven ParkerSteven Parker may refer to:Steven Parker (defensive back) (born1995), American football playerSteven Parker, military police officer whose actions were the subject of the U.S. Supreme Court case Saucier v. KatzStevenParker, co-creator of the website NeowinSteven Christopher Parker (born 1989), actorSteven J. Parker (died 2009), Boston pediatrician and co-author of the 7thedition of The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child CareSee alsoStephen Parker (disambiguation)Steve Parker (disambiguation)Passage 3:Steven EllisStevenor Steve Ellis may refer to:Steve Ellis (comics) (born 1971), American comic book artist and illustratorSteve Ellis (musician) (born 1950), English singerSteve Ellis(literary scholar) (born 1952), British literary scholar and poetSteve Ellis (rower) (born 1968), British lightweight rowerSteven J. R. Ellis (born 1974), AustralianarchaeologistSee alsoStephen Ellis (disambiguation)Passage 4:Stephen GriffithsStephen or Steve Griffiths may refer to:Stephen Shaun Griffiths (born 1969),convicted of the Bradford murders in 2010Steve Griffiths (footballer) (1914–1998), English footballerSteve Griffiths (athlete) (born 1964), Jamaican sprinterSteveGriffiths (rugby union) (born 1973), English-born Scotland rugby union playerSteven Griffiths (born 1962), Australian politicianSteven Griffiths (cricketer) (born1973), English cricketerPassage 5:Stephen PalmerStephen or Steve Palmer is the name of: Steve Palmer (footballer) (born 1968), English footballerStephenPalmer (orienteer), British orienteerStephen Palmer, guitarist with The High StrungPassage 6:Steve BarancikSteve Barancik (born September 23, 1961, inChicago, Illinois) is a screenwriter whose first screenplay, Buffalo Girls, was filmed and released as The Last Seduction in 1994. The film premiered as an HBOmovie before going on shortly after to art house success. Actress Linda Fiorentino received notoriety for playing the movie's femme fatale, BridgetGregory/Wendy Kroy, and Barancik was nominated for an Edgar Allan Poe Award for best mystery/crime screenplay of 1994.Barancik received critical acclaim forhis screenplay for The Last Seduction. James Berardinelli called his dialogue \"scintillating, often hilarious, and occasionally insightful\", while Variety said hisdevelopment of the narrative \"is very skillful and original\". The Washington Post claimed it was \"a viciously funny first screenplay\" from Barancik, and KimNewman of Empire called his screenplay \"superb\". Barancik worked steadily in the industry but with little to show for it until receiving shared screenplay credit for2002's No Good Deed. He also received shared story credit for 2005's Domino. Barancik is also the founder and a regular performer in Monolog Cabin, a groupfeaturing writers performing comedic personal essays, which performs at Club Congress in Tucson, Arizona. He has developed a website devoted to the subject ofquality children's books and another to collecting the experiences of authors who have self-published.Passage 7:Steven RobertsSteven or Steve Roberts mayrefer to:Steven K. Roberts (born 1952), American journalist, writer, cyclist, archivist, and explorerSteven V. Roberts (born 1943), American journalist andwriterSteven Roberts (British Army soldier) (died 2003), first British soldier to die in the 2003 invasion of IraqSteve Roberts (American football) (born 1964),college football coach at Arkansas State UniversitySteve Roberts (comics), British comics artistSteve Roberts (drummer) (died 2022), British drummer (UKSubs)Steven Roberts (Missouri politician), Missouri State SenatorSee alsoStephen Roberts (disambiguation)Passage 8:Stephen ClarkStephen or Steve(n) Clark(e)may refer to:Arts and entertainmentStephen Carlton Clark (1882–1960), art collector and president of the Baseball Hall of FameSteve Clark (tap dancer)(1924–2017), member of the tap-dancing duo The Clark BrothersStephen Clarke (writer) (born 1958), British journalist and novelistSteve Clarke (drummer)(born 1959), British rock and heavy metal drummerSteve Clark (1960–1991), British guitarist for rock band Def LeppardStephen Clark (playwright), Britishplaywright, librettist and lyricistSteven A. Clark, American pop and R&B singer, active 2011–presentStephen Clark (musician), American bassist for heavy metalband DeafheavenSteve Clarke, British rock bassist for DumdumsSteve Clark (animator), animator and director of animated television seriesStephenClarke-Willson, video game and software developerSteve Clarke (EastEnders), fictional character in the British soap opera EastendersPoliticsStephen Clark (NewYork treasurer) (1792–?), New York State Treasurer 1856–1857Stephen D. Clark (1916–1997), Canadian politician, New BrunswickStephen P. Clark(1924–1996), Mayor of Miami, FloridaStephen R. Clark (born 1966), American federal judge from MissouriSteve Clark (Canadian politician) (born 1960), Canadianpolitician, OntarioSteve Clark (Arkansas politician), Arkansas Attorney GeneralSportsSteve Clark (swimmer) (born 1943), American swimmerStevan Clark (born1959), American football defensive endSteve Clark (American football, born 1960), American pro football tackleSteve Clark (defensive back) (born 1962),American football defensive backSteven Clark (Australian footballer) (1961–2005), VFL/AFL player for three clubsSteve Clarke (born 1963), Scottish footballplayer and managerStephen Clarke (swimmer) (born 1973), Canadian swimmerSteven Clark (English footballer) (born 1982), English footballerSteven Clark(cricketer) (born 1982), Leicestershire cricketerSteve Clark (soccer) (born 1986), American soccer playerSteven Clarke (gridiron football) (born 1991), Canadianfootball defensive backSteve Clark (referee), rugby refereeOthersStephen C. Clark (bishop) (1892–1950), bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of UtahStephen R. L.Clark (born 1945), British philosopherSteven Clarke (born 1949), biochemistStephen Clarke (archaeologist), Welsh archaeologistSee alsoStephen Clark Foster(1822–1898), mayor of New York CityStephen Clark Foster (Maine politician) (1799–1872), U.S. representative from MaineShooting of Stephon Clark, 2018shooting in Sacramento, California involving a man similarly named Stephon ClarkPassage 9:Helen CliftonHelen Clifton (née Ashman) (4 May 1948 – 14 June2011) was a British Salvation Army Commissioner. She spent her childhood in London, connected to the Edmonton Corps of The Salvation Army. She was ateacher before entering the International Training College at Denmark Hill, London, to become a full-time Officer of The Salvation Army. She married the 18thGeneral of The Salvation Army, Shaw Clifton, in 1967. He died in May 2023.She held a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) degree in English language and literature fromWestfield College, University of London and a Post-Graduate Certificate of Education from Goldsmiths’ College, University of London.External linksThe SalvationArmy international homepage Archived 2007-05-11 at the Wayback MachineGeneral Shaw Clifton and Commissioner Helen Clifton Archived 2017-04-25 at theWayback MachineWelcome and Dedication Meeting General Shaw Clifton and Commissioner Helen CliftonCliftons elected to leadCommissioner speaks out againsttraffickingDeath notice of Commissioner Helen Clifton Archived 2011-07-05 at the Wayback MachinePassage 10:Steven BakerSteven or Steve Baker is the nameof:SportsmenSteve Baker (baseball) (born 1956), major league pitcherSteve Baker (footballer, born 1962), English footballerSteve Baker (footballer, born 1978),English footballerSteve Baker (ice hockey) (born 1957), American ice hockey goaltenderSteve Baker (motorcyclist) (born 1952), former Grand Prix motorcycleroad racerSteve Baker (speedway rider), Australian motorcycle speedway riderSteven Baker (American football), American football player with the St. LouisRamsSteven Baker (Australian footballer) (born 1980), Australian rules footballerSteven Baker (figure skater), Croatian figure skater, winner of the Golden Bearof ZagrebOthersSteve Baker, designer of the Space Crusade boardgameSteve Baker (illusionist) (1938–2017), American comedian, magician and escapeartistSteve Baker (politician) (born 1971), British Conservative Party MP for WycombeSteven Baker (producer) (born 1976), Australian arranger, orchestrator andrecord producerSee alsoStephen Baker (disambiguation)"}
{"doc_id":"doc_106","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The ChainReaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker(1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)TheDoctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 2:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed alarge number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rapeand Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films.He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming adirector, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave theproduction when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions atthe Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with hiswife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 3:John Farrell (businessman)John Farrell is the director ofYouTube in Latin America.EducationFarrell holds a joint MBA degree from the University of Texas at Austin and Instituto Tecnologico de Estudios Superiores deMonterrey (ITESM).CareerHis business career began at Skytel, and later at Iridium as head of Business Development, in Washington DC, where he supported thedesign and launched the first satellite location service in the world and established international distribution agreements.He co-founded Adetel, the first companyto provide internet access to residential communities and businesses in Mexico. After becoming General Manager of Adetel, he developed a partnership with TVAzteca in order to create the first internet access prepaid card in the country known as the ToditoCard.  Later in his career, John Farrell worked for Televisa inMexico City as Director of Business Development for Esmas.com. There he established a strategic alliance with a leading telecommunications provider to launchco-branded Internet and telephone services. He also led initial efforts to launch social networking services, leveraging Televisa’s content and mediachannels.GoogleFarrel joined Google in 2004 as Director of Business Development for Asia and Latin America. On April 7, 2008, he was promoted to the positionof General Manager for Google Mexico, replacing Alonso Gonzalo. He is now director of YouTube in Latin America, responsible for developing audiences, managingpartnerships and growing Google’s video display business. John is also part of Google’s Latin America leadership management team and contributes to Google’sstrategy in the region. He is Vice President of the IAB (Interactive Advertising Bureau), a member of the AMIPCI (Mexican Internet Association) Advisory Board,an active Endeavor mentor, and member of YPO.Passage 4:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born artmuseum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum inSalem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the HoodMuseum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in theUnited States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the ToledoMuseum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career inIrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from UniversityCollege-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels(1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He marriedMary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of ArtHistorians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the NationalGallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for severalmajor shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-mediasite.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, onshowing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations andcorporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rightsgrounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private fundingsupported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built onthe established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints,screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\"entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the\"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that thedecision was due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculativeart investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privatelyowned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was ChrisOfili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani,campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedycancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was thetoughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the AustralianGovernment's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-oldair-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum ofArt is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. Themuseum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum'sart education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddlertours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the InternationalVisual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talkson visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Worksby Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of OldMaster paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection dueto claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germanyfollowed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.HoodMuseum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitionsand oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe,Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. Theexhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works ofart, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually. Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and hecurated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, andFrank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: Astudy in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of"}
{"doc_id":"doc_107","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ahmet BozerAhmet C. Bozer (born 1960) is a Turkish business executive. He is executive vice president and president of Coca-Cola International,which consists of The Coca-Cola Company's Asia Pacific, Europe, Eurasia & Africa, and Latin America operations.Early yearsBozer was born to Ali Bozer, anacademic of Commercial Law and politician, 1960 in Istanbul, Turkey. He finished TED Ankara Koleji and studied Business Administration at the Middle EastTechnical University in Ankara. Later, he earned a MBA degree in Business Information Systems from Georgia State University.CareerAfter beginning as aconsultant and instructor, Bozer was employed by Coopers and Lybrand, where he had various roles in audit, consultancy and management in the five yearsthere.In 1990, he joined Coca-Cola USA as Financial Control Manager at the company's headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. Bozer was appointed Region FinanceManager at the Turkish Enterprise in 1992.He was Finance Director and Deputy Managing Director of The Coca-Cola Company Bottling Operations in Turkey from1994 to 1999. After serving as the Managing Director of Coca-Cola Bottlers of Turkey (CCBT), Bozer became the President of Eurasia & Middle East Division basedin Istanbul, Turkey on January 1, 2006. On July 1, 2007, he was appointed President of the Eurasia and Africa Group, which comprises a total of more than 90countries, and served until December 31, 2012. In 2013, he became Executive Vice President and President of Coca-Cola International.Passage 2:Carl WareCarlWare (born 1943, Newnan, Georgia) is an American businessman. He is a retired executive vice-president of The Coca-Cola Company.BiographyEarly lifeCarlWare holds a bachelor's degree in political science from Clark College, a master's degree in Public Administration from the Graduate School of Public andInternational Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, and is a 1991 graduate of the Harvard Business School's International Senior Management Program.CareerHewas elected to the Atlanta City Council in 1973 and served as president of the Council from 1976 until 1979.In 1979, he was named Vice President of SpecialMarkets for Coca-Cola USA, with responsibility for expanding African-American and Hispanic marketing and advertising programs. In 1982, Ware was promoted toVice President of Urban Affairs. In 1986, he was elected Senior Vice President of Coca-Cola. Ware was named Deputy Group President, Northeast Europe andAfrica in 1991, and was appointed president of the Africa Group in 1993.He was elected a director of Chevron Corporation in 2001. He is a former senior adviserto the chief executive officer of The Coca-Cola Co., a position he held from 2003 to 2006. He also sits on the board of directors of the Council on Foreign Relationsand Georgia Power.Passage 3:Frank Mason RobinsonFrank Mason Robinson (September 12, 1845 – July 8, 1923) was an important early marketer and advertiserof what became known as Coca-Cola.CareerDuring the winter of 1885, Robinson and his business partner, David Doe, came to the South in order to sell amachine they invented called a \"chromatic printing device\" which had the capability to produce two colors in one imprint. Upon arrival in Atlanta, Robinson andDavid Doe approached Dr. John S. Pemberton, a chemist and pharmacist, and struck a deal. In 1886 Frank Robinson officially settled in Atlanta where a newbusiness was made called the Pemberton Chemical Company consisting of Robinson, Pemberton, David Doe and Pemberton's old partner, EdHolland.Coca-ColaPemberton was experimenting with a medicinal formula which included coca leaves and kola nuts as sources of its ingredients. Robinson, whoserved as bookkeeper and partner to Pemberton, gave the syrup formula the name Coca-Cola, where Coca came from the coca leaves used and Cola for the kolanuts. The name Coca-Cola was also chosen \"because it was euphonious, and on account of my familiarity with such names as 'S.S.S; and 'B.B.B'\" said Robinsonhimself. He was also responsible for writing the Coca-Cola name in Spencerian script which was popular with bookkeepers of the era and remains one of the mostrecognized trademarks in the world. The formula was introduced in May 1886 at the Jacobs Pharmacy in Atlanta. It sold 25 US gallons (95 L) the first year. Thenext year sales increased to 1,049 US gallons (3,970 L). In 1888 Pemberton sold the formula to Asa G. Candler, another Atlanta pharmacist and businessman, fora total investment of $2,300 before Pemberton died. Coca-Cola was granted a charter in 1892 and became the official Georgia Corporation named the Coca-ColaCompany with Asa G. Candler, his brother John S. Candler, Frank M. Robinson and two other associates.  Robinson served as treasurer and secretary andchanged the Coca-Cola syrup formula so as not to include any faint traces of cocaine by the time of the Pure Food and Drug Act initiated by the FederalGovernment in 1906. The starting capitalization for the company was at $100,000.Robinson overall was responsible for the early advertising of Coca-Cola beforeand after Candler bought the name and syrup formula from Pemberton, the first ads appearing in The Atlanta Journal in 1887. While still working with Pemberton,Robinson had the initial ads display short phrases such as \"Coca-Cola! Delicious! Refreshing! Exhilarating! Invigorating! The new and popular soda fountain drinkcontaining the properties of the wonderful Coca plant and the famous Cola nut.\" Marketing for the drink showed the syrup beverage with medicinal propertiescuring headaches but with a unique taste. The initial ads distributed invited citizens to try \"the new and popular soda fountain drink.\" Hand painted oil cloth signswere put outside stores displaying the Coca-Cola brand name with catchy words such as \"Drink\" in order to inform customers and other people passing by aboutthe new medicinal beverage that was also a soda fountain drink. First year sales showed an average of nine bottles sold per day.Robinson later retired in 1914,but remained one of the company's directors. In The Columbus Enquirer-Sun a newspaper founded in 1874, published an article in 1906 praising Robinson's workwith Coca-Cola: \"there is one person to whom particular credit is due for the fact that the Coca-Cola formula remained, in the hands of the Georgians, and thefurther fact that the drink soon became so popular. He is Mr. Robinson, and the present secretary of the Coca-Cola Company...In developing the drink, Mr.Robinson has also developed. He is said to be one of the best posted experts on advertising in America today, all due to his experience in advertising and pushingCoca-Cola.\"Personal lifeOriginally from Maine, as a young man he was in Iowa where he married Laura Clapp. Robinson had a home in Druid Hills, an early suburbof Atlanta. He also had a 40-acre (160,000 m2) country home on the Cobb County banks of the Chattahoochee River. The property had been a southernfortification defending the railroad bridge. The property is currently the Frank Mason Robinson Nature Preserve. He owned six residences which were occupiedrent free by family and friends.Robinson taught a large Bible class at the First Christian Church of Atlanta. A large English stained glass window dedicated to hismemory is above the pulpit of Peachtree Christian Church. He was a Republican in national politics but a Democrat in state and local politics.Robinson died in July1923 and was buried in Atlanta's Westview Cemetery.Passage 4:Douglas IvesterDouglas Ivester (born 1947) is an American businessman. He served as thechairman and chief executive officer of The Coca-Cola Company from 1997 to 2000.Early lifeMelvin Douglas Ivester was born in 1947 in New Holland, Georgia. Heattended New Holland Elementary School, where he met Kay Grindle in the third grade.  He grew up to marry her.  He attended North Hall High School and wenton to the University of Georgia, where he earned a degree in accounting, graduating with honors in 1969.CareerIvester began his career with the accounting firmof Ernst and Ernst.In 1979, Ivester joined Coca-Cola as assistant controller and director of corporate auditing, and in 1981 he became the youngest vice presidentin the company's history. Two years later he was elected senior vice president of finance, and in 1985 he was elected CFO at the age of 37. Ivester was electedchairman of the board and chief executive officer of The Coca-Cola Company on October 23, 1997.  Ivester received a retirement package estimated to be worth$166 million. Ivester received the FIFA Order of Merit in 1996.Ivester serves on the board of director of SunTrust Banks.In 1996 Ivester was honored with anEdison Achievement Award for his commitment to innovation throughout his career.PhilanthropyIvester contributes to the University of Georgia, Terry College ofBusiness as Executive-at-Large through the \"Deer Run Fellows\" program.Passage 5:Ayul KaithiAyul Kaithi (transl. Life sentence prisoner) is a 1991 IndianTamil-language crime drama film written and directed by K. Subash, starring Prabhu and Revathi. The film revolves around an escaped prisoner seeminglyseeking to kill his ex-girlfriend. It was released on 29 June 1991.PlotChandrasekhar, a prisoner sentenced to life imprisonment, escapes from prison to seeminglykill his ex-girlfriend Nithiya. Sudharshan, a police officer, tries to catch him.CastSoundtrackThe music was composed by Shankar–Ganesh, with lyrics byVaali.ReceptionSundarji of Kalki lauded the cinematography and Prabhu's performance.Passage 6:The Coca-Cola KidThe Coca-Cola Kid is a 1985 Australianromantic comedy film. It was directed by Dušan Makavejev and stars Eric Roberts and Greta Scacchi. The film is based on the short stories The Americans, Baby,and The Electrical Experience by Frank Moorhouse, who wrote the screenplay. It was entered into the 1985 Cannes Film Festival.PlotBecker, a hotshot Americanmarketing executive (played by Roberts) from The Coca-Cola Company, visits their Australian operations in Sydney and tries to figure out why a tiny corner ofAustralia (the fictional town of Anderson Valley) has so far resisted all of Coke's products. He literally bumps into the secretary (played by Scacchi) who isassigned to help him.Becker discovers that a local producer of soft drinks run by an old eccentric has been successfully fending off the American brand nameproducts. The executive vows an all out marketing war with the eccentric but eventually comes to reconsider his role as a cog in Coca-Cola's giant corporatemachinery. Along the way there are humorous subplots involving the office manager's violent ex-husband, Becker's attempt to find the 'Australian sound', and anodd waiter who is under the mistaken belief that Becker is a secret agent.CastProductionDavid Stratton gave a copy of Frank Moorhouse's book The Americans,Baby to Dusan Makavejev when he attended the Sydney Film Festival in 1975 with Sweet Movie. Production of the movie was difficult in part because ofMakavejev's work methods, which were different from the way films were normally made in Australia. Denny Lawrence came on board the film as aconsultant.The Coca-Cola Kid was shot on location in Sydney–various city landmarks can be seen briefly throughout the film.ReceptionRotten Tomatoes gives The"}
{"doc_id":"doc_108","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Michael NozikMichael Nozik is an American film producer. He won a BAFTA award for The Motorcycle Diaries in the category of 'Best Film Not in theEnglish Language' in 2004. His credits also include Love in the Time of Cholera, Syriana, Quiz Show, and The Legend of Bagger Vance.FilmographyHe was aproducer in all films unless otherwise noted.FilmProduction managerLocation managementSecond unit director or assistant directorThanksTelevisionProductionmanagerPassage 2:The Legend of Ero of ArmenteiraThe legend of Saint Ero of Armenteira. The romanic monastery of Armenteira has always been related to thelegend of its founder, the abbot Ero.The miracle of Saint MaryOnce upon a time in the 12th century, a knight named Don Ero lived with his wife in his palace inArmenteira, a beautiful natural setting located in the slopes of Mount Castrove, in the Province of Pontevedra (Galicia, Spain).Don Ero and his wife were not ableto have children, so they kept asking God to send them some descendants. God answered their prayers with the revelation that they would only have spiritualdescent. For this reason they decided to found their own monasteries. Don Ero founded Santa María de Armenteira, right there in his lands.He requested helpfrom Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, the founder of the Cistercian order, who sent him four monks to start the monastery. Years later, he became the abbot of themonastery himself.Ero the Abbot was always begging the Virgin Mary to show him just a little vision of what the divine grace would be like. He longed for the daywhen he would be able to understand the concept of paradise bliss, however he lived under the impression that his beloved Virgin did not listen to his prayers.Oneday, he decided to go for a walk around the woods that surrounded the monastery,  a beautiful setting full of pine trees, oaks and other native species. He took arest and sat on a stone. Suddenly, the joyous chirp of a bird caught his attention. He sat there for a while, listening,  entranced by the peace and beauty that thebird's singing brought to his soul.Not long after that, he headed back to his monastery, since it was already getting dark and he did not want his brethren to worryabout him. When he knocked at the door of the monastery, he was received by a monk completely unknown to him. Distrustful, the monk asked him who he was.When he answered him that he was the abbot Ero, the monk, bewildered, started to call his brothers, not sure if the man was in his right mind. Ero told them whohe was and what he had been doing. When the brethren explained what year they were in, Ero realized to his astonishment that three hundred years had passedby! And suddenly, he became aware that what he thought to have been only three minutes listening to a bird sing, had really been three hundred  yearscontemplating the glory of paradise. Virgin Mary had finally granted him his wish.Popularity of the legendThis legend, related to others of similar content relatedto the Celtic tradition, became really popular in the 13th century when the King Alfonso X the Wise included it in his famous Cantigas de Santa Maria, arecompilation of miracles attributed to Virgin Mary. He dedicated his cantiga (poem or song)  number 103 to the legend of Saint Ero.The great Galician writerRamón María del Valle Inclán also contributed to spreading the legend by including it in his work “Aromas de Leyenda” (1907), a collection of 14 poems inspired inseveral Galician traits like scenery, traditions and superstitions.Passage 3:The Odd Couple IIThe Odd Couple II is a 1998 American buddy comedy film and thesequel to the 1968 film The Odd Couple. It was the final film written and produced by Neil Simon, and starring Jack Lemmon and Walter Matthau. Released nearlythree decades later, it is unique among sequels for having one of the longest gaps between the release of both films in which all leads return. The Odd Couple IIpremiered on April 10, 1998, and was a critical and commercial failure, grossing less than half than its predecessor at the box office.PlotIt has been seventeenyears since Oscar Madison and Felix Ungar have seen one another. Oscar is still hosting a regular poker game and is still an untidy slob, now living in Sarasota,Florida, but still a sportswriter. One day, he is called by his son Brucey with an invitation to California for his wedding the following Sunday. A second shock forOscar—the woman his son is marrying is Felix's daughter, Hannah.On the flight from New York to Los Angeles, it becomes clear that Felix has not changed hisways—he is still a fussy, allergy-suffering neat freak nuisance. Oscar and Felix are reunited at the airport and very happy to be together again after 17 years ofseparation—at least for a couple of minutes. They share a rental car to San Malina for the wedding. however the trip begins with Oscar forgetting Felix's suitcaseat the Budget car rental, including wedding gifts and wardrobe inside. On the trip, Felix falls asleep and Oscar takes a wrong turn onto the freeway, then loses thedirections to San Malina when his cigar ashes burn them.He and Felix become hopelessly lost, and cannot remember the name of the town where they areheaded, so many California cities sounding alike. They end up in a rural area and argue about Felix's lost suitcase, when the rental car rolls off a cliff and catchesfire. If that were not enough, they get arrested several times by the same local police in Santa Menendez, first for catching a ride in a truck carrying illegalMexican immigrants.  They are released after the truck driver confesses, and learn the name of the town where the wedding will take place.  At a bar in town,they meet two extroverted women, Thelma and Holly, and buy them drinks. Accepting an offer of a ride from a stranger even older than themselves, Felix andOscar end up inside a $150,000 vintage Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith and trapped on the wrong side of the road when the stranger dies unexpectedly. Felix andOscar are arrested a second time by the same Santa Menendez police, but again are released when it is discovered that the elderly man died of naturalcauses.  Frustrated that this is second time they have been arrested in Santa Menendez, the police chief advises Oscar and Felix to take a bus to San Malina.Onthe bus, they meet Thelma and Holly, who are running away from their redneck husbands.  However, the bus gets stopped by the husbands, who take theirwives, along with Oscar and Felix, at gunpoint, and in their car tell them that they are going to \"cook a couple of fine geezers\" in the woods for flirting with theirwives.Somehow the bus driver is able to inform the police of the husbands' use of a gun on a public vehicle, and their car is stopped at a police roadblock beforeanything happens to Oscar and Felix. Everyone is again taken into custody by the Santa Menendez police.After meeting with the police chief for the third time, theboys are freed and driven directly to the local airport by the police, who are only too pleased to be rid of them, especially the chief, who tells his deputies not toarrest them again even if they were to commit notorious crimes. A woman boarding the airplane is also en route to the wedding and recognizes them. She isFelice Adams, the sister of Oscar's ex-wife, Blanche. Felix's eyes light up when he learns that her husband died of a heart attack, and they are mutually attracted.He calls her \"Lise,\" which causes Oscar to ask Felix if she calls him \"Lix.\" They arrive at the wedding house, only to find that Brucey is having second thoughtsabout the wedding due to his parents' bad history with marriage. Felix and Oscar argue with their ex-wives, after which Oscar persuades his son to go throughwith it. Felix's suitcase is returned and the wedding goes off without a hitch.The next day, Felix and Felice leave together on one flight to her home in SanFrancisco, and part ways with Oscar, who returns to Florida. Oscar is telling his poker friends about the wedding when the doorbell rings. It is Felix, who saysthings with Felice didn't work out. Felix wonders if he could move in with Oscar until he finds his own place. Oscar refuses, but eventually relents, insisting theirdays of being roommates will be over if Oscar catches Felix matching any of his socks, to which Felix very happily agrees. Before long Felix cleans up theapartment and Oscar is overcome with a sense of having been through all this before.CastProductionHoward W. Koch, the producer of the original 1968 film bywriter Neil Simon, had frequently discussed his desire for a sequel. Koch was unsuccessful in convincing Paramount Pictures to approve a sequel, despite theoriginal film's success and the return of Simon as the writer. Simon had 37 pages written for The Odd Couple 2, which he said were left \"sitting in the drawer\" for10 years. John Goldwyn and Paramount studio chairman Sherry Lansing began serious consideration of a sequel in July 1996, before announcing it on March 30,1997, without the involvement of Koch; instead, Paramount chose Robert W. Cort and Dave Madden as producers for the project. Silverman, Baranski, andHughes were cast in May 1997.Filming began on June 9, 1997, in Los Angeles, California. Filming continued throughout the summer in various southern andcentral California cities, including Arcadia, Guadalupe, Lancaster, Palmdale, Pomona, San Luis Obispo, Santa Maria, and Shafter. In August 1997, filming wasunderway at the same Paramount Studios stage where the original film had been shot. Filming also took place at Hidden Valley, located in Ventura County,California. The film was shot with the title The Odd Couple II — Travelin' Light. The film marked the tenth and final collaboration between Lemmon and Matthau.Jean Smart described the characters of Thelma and Holly as \"a bad '90s version of the Pigeon sisters,\" characters who appeared in the original film.ReceptionTheOdd Couple II  was a critical and commercial failure. Despite the fact Lemmon and Matthau had success with similar roles in their Grumpy Old Men films in themid-1990s, this project was not as successful as expected. The film grossed $18 million at the North American domestic box office, and although Lemmon andMatthau's previous film Out to Sea also disappointed, it was better received by critics and had a slightly higher box office gross.It holds a total of 27% on RottenTomatoes. Stephen Holden of The New York Times called it \"a dispiriting, flavorless travesty, the equivalent of moldy tofu mystery meat\".Audiences surveyed byCinemaScore gave the film a grade of \"B+\" on scale of A+ to F.At the 1998 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards, the film was nominated for Worst Sequel and MostPainfully Unfunny Comedy.Passage 4:Je suis né d'une cigogneJe suis né d'une cigogne (English: Children of the Stork) is a 1999 French road movie directed byTony Gatlif, starring Romain Duris, Rona Hartner, Ouassini Embarek, Christine Pignet and Marc Nouyrigat. Following its French release, it received mixed reviewsbut was nominated for a Golden Bayard at the International Festival of Francophone Film in Namur, Belgium.The film deals with themes like social exclusion andillegal immigration, along with references to the Romani, as in the other films by the director. Gatlif has also employed the French director Jean-Luc Godard's NewWave techniques in this film.PlotTwo French pals, one an unemployed young man named Otto (Romain Duris) living with his mother in state housing, and the"}
{"doc_id":"doc_109","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Keku\u0000iapoiwa IIKeku\u0000iapoiwa II was a Hawaiian chiefess and the mother of the king Kamehameha I.BiographyShe was named after her aunt Keku\u0000iapoiwa Nui (also known as Keku\u0000iapoiwa I), the wife of King Kekaulike of Maui.Her father was High Chief Ha\u0000ae, the son of Chiefess Kalanikauleleiaiwi and High Chief Kauaua-a-Mahi of the Mahi family of the Kohala district of Hawai\u0000i island, and brother of Alapainui. Her mother was Princess Kekelakekeokalani-a-Keawe (also known as Kekelaokalani), daughter of the same Kalanikauleleiaiwi and Keawe\u0000īkekahiali\u0000iokamoku, king of Hawaii. Her mother had been sought after by many who wished to marry into the Keawe line. She was the niece of Alapainui through both her father and mother.She married the High Chief Keōua to whom she had been betrothed since childhood. Through her double grandmother Kalanikauleleiaiwi, Keōua's own paternal grandmother, she was the double cousin of Keōua. When her uncle was staying at Kohala superintending the collection of his fleet and warriors from the different districts of the island preparatory to the invasion of Maui, in the month of Ikuwa (probably winter) Kamehameha was born probably in November 1758.: 135–136   He had his birth ceremony at the Mo\u0000okini Heiau, an ancient temple which is preserved in Kohala Historical Sites State Monument.Many stories are told about the birth of Kamehameha.One says that when Keku\u0000iapoiwa was pregnant with Kamehameha, she had a craving for the eyeball of a chief. She was given the eyeball of a man-eating shark and the priests prophesied that this meant the child would be a rebel and a killer of chiefs. Alapainui, the old ruler of the island of Hawai\u0000i, secretly made plans to have the newborn infant killed.Keku\u0000iapoiwa's time came on a stormy night in the Kohala district, when a strange star with a tail of white fire appeared in the western sky. This could have been Halley's Comet which appeared near the end of 1758. According to one legend, the baby was passed through a hole in the side of Kekuiapoiwa's thatched hut to a local Kohala chief named Nae\u0000ole, who carried the child to safety at Awini  on the island's north coast. By the time the infant in Nae\u0000ole's care was five, Alapainui had accepted him back into his household.After Kamehameha, Keku\u0000iapoiwa bore a second son, Keliimaikai. A few years later, Keōua died in Hilo, and the family moved with Alapainui to an area near Kawaihae, where she married a chief of the Kona district (and her uncle) Kamanawa.She had one daughter, Pi\u0000ipi\u0000i Kalanikaulihiwakama, from this second husband, who would later become an important military ally of Kamehameha, who was both step son and cousin through several relationships. Pi\u0000ipi\u0000i became first the wife of Keholoikalani, the father of her son Kanihonui, and later she married Kaikioewa, who she had a daughter Kuwahine with.: 18Kamehameha dynastyPassage 2:Billy MilanoBilly Milano (born June 3, 1964) is an American heavy metal and hardcore punk musician. He is the singer and occasionally guitarist and bassist of crossover thrash band M.O.D., and was the singer of its predecessor, Stormtroopers of Death. Prior to these bands, Milano played in early New York hardcore band the Psychos, which also launched the career of future Agnostic Front vocalist Roger Miret. Milano was also the singer of United Forces, which included his Stormtroopers of Death bandmate Dan Lilker. Milano managed a number of bands, including Agnostic Front, for whom he also co-produced the 1997 Epitaph Records release Something's Gotta Give and roadie for Anthrax.DiscographyStormtroopers of Death albumsStormtroopers of Death videosMethod of Destruction (M.O.D.)MasteryPassage 3:Bernie BonvoisinBernard Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: [b\u0000\u0000na\u0000 b\u0000̃vwaz\u0000̃]), known as Bernie Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: [b\u0000\u0000ni b\u0000̃vwaz\u0000̃], born 9 July 1956 in Nanterre, Hauts-de-Seine), is a French hard rock singer and film director. He is best known for having been the singer of Trust.He was one of the best friends of Bon Scott the singer of AC/DC and together they recorded the song \"Ride On\" which was one of the last songs by Bon Scott.External linksBernie Bonvoisin at IMDbPassage 4:Robin ThickeRobin Alan Thicke (born March 10, 1977)  is an American singer, songwriter and record producer. He is best known for his 2013 hit single \"Blurred Lines\" (featuring T.I. and Pharrell Williams), which is one of the best-selling singles of all time. At the 56th Annual Grammy Awards, he received nominations for Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance.Thicke is a son of actress Gloria Loring and actor Alan Thicke. He has collaborated with numerous artists, such as Nicki Minaj, Nas, 3T, T.I., Christina Aguilera, Jessie J, K. Michelle, Pharrell, DJ Cassidy, Usher, Jennifer Hudson, Flo Rida, Brandy, Kid Cudi, Mary J. Blige, Emily Ratajkowski and composed songs for Marc Anthony. He worked on albums such as Usher's Confessions and Lil Wayne's Tha Carter III, while releasing his own R&B singles in the United States including \"Lost Without U\", \"Magic\", and \"Sex Therapy\". He is currently a judge on the Fox musical competition show The Masked Singer.Life and career1977–1998: early years and familyThicke was born in Los Angeles, California, on March 10, 1977. His parents are American actress-singer Gloria Loring, who appeared on the NBC daytime drama Days of Our Lives, and Canadian actor Alan Thicke (1947–2016), known for his role on the TV sitcom Growing Pains. They divorced when Thicke was 7 years old. He has an older brother, Brennan, who worked as a voice actor and voiced the titular character on the Dennis the Menace cartoon, and a younger half-brother, Carter. Robin Thicke also appeared in small roles on The Wonder Years, The New Lassie, Just the Ten of Us and several episodes of Growing Pains.Thicke's parents were supportive of his musical inclinations; his father helped him to write and structure his first songs. According to Robin Thicke, his father would not pay for him (then in his early teens) and his vocal group, As One, to record a professionally produced demo tape, wanting Robin to focus on his studies and graduate from school before committing to the pursuit of a career in music. The demo ultimately was paid for by jazz vocalist Al Jarreau, an uncle of one of the group members. His demo made its way to R&B singer Brian McKnight, who was impressed enough by Thicke to invite him into the studio to work with him. Thicke was signed to McKnight's production company; \"Anyway\", a song co-written with Thicke, was featured on McKnight's second album I Remember You. Thicke's peers jokingly nicknamed him \"Brian McWhite\". It was Thicke's association with McKnight, who Thicke counts as one of his first mentors, that led him to his acquaintance with Jimmy Iovine and helped him to land his first recording contract with Interscope Records at the age of 16. Thicke later joined a hip hop duo with future Beverly Hills 90210 actor Brian Austin Green.Thicke moved out on his own at the age of 17, during his senior year of high school, earning a living and supporting himself as a professional record producer and songwriter. Thicke has noted that while his parents did not attempt to dissuade him from his desire to be in the music industry, their own experience with the nature of the entertainment business made them leery in the beginning. As Thicke's list of credits grew so did his parents' confidence in his decision.While initially signed as a singer and artist in his own right, Thicke first made a name for himself within the industry as a songwriter and producer for other artists before releasing and performing his own music. Among his work for other artists, Thicke co-wrote \"Love Is on My Side\" on Brandy's eponymous debut album; he also wrote for 3T's Brotherhood, and collaborated with Jordan Knight, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis on several songs in Knight's 1999 album Jordan Knight including the Billboard top 10 hit \"Give It to You\". According to Thicke, Knight also invested in the ability of the young songwriter early on by purchasing studio equipment for him.He also co-wrote the song \"When You Put Your Hands on Me\" for Christina Aguilera's debut album and co-wrote and produced three songs for Mýa's sophomore release, Fear of Flying. In 1999, Thicke co-wrote the song \"Fall Again\" with Walter Afanasieff, which was intended to be a track on Michael Jackson's 2001 album Invincible, but it failed to be presented as a completed song. The demo Michael recorded in 1999 was released on November 16, 2004, as an album track of his limited edition box set The Ultimate Collection. As an artist, he recorded and performed solely under his surname, Thicke. He would continue to do so until 2005.1999–2003: A Beautiful World and early successAt the age of 22, after an involvement with Tommy Mottola and Epic Records following the end of his first deal with Interscope, Thicke resolved himself to work chiefly on material for his debut album, initially titled Cherry Blue Skies, planning to use his own money to fund the project. As Thicke told Billboard, \"I decided I was going to save money to make my album, and I hoped to offer it to labels–take it or leave it–so I didn't have to negotiate how to make my music.\" While piecing his album together, Thicke began working with veteran producer and label executive Andre Harrell and, under his guidance, eventually signed with Interscope for a second time as part of Harrell's and Kenneth \"Babyface\" Edmonds' Nu America imprint label in 2001.In 2002, Thicke released his debut single \"When I Get You Alone\". The track samples Walter Murphy's \"A Fifth of Beethoven\", which itself is a disco rendition of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony. The music video for the song received some rotation on MTV2 and BET's Rated Next and was spun moderately on pop and urban radio, peaking at number 49 on Radio & Records Pop chart. Globally, however, \"When I Get You Alone\" became a chart success when it peaked in the Top 20 in Australia, Belgium, and Italy, and reached the Top 10 of the singles charts in New Zealand and the Top 3 in the Netherlands.The moderate success was enough to signal the release of the album in 2003 with its name changed to A Beautiful World. Despite the release of a second single, \"Brand New Jones\", the album received very little promotion and debuted at number 152 on the Billboard 200 albums chart, selling 119,000 copies as of January 2012. A Beautiful World fell below the label's commercial expectations. The album's under-performance troubled Thicke personally, but it proved enough to make him a wanted collaborator. Thicke has cited Mary J. Blige, Usher, and Lil' Wayne, among others, as those who subsequently reached out to him.Reflecting on A Beautiful World in 2013, Usher stated to The New York Times, \"I was blown away — I thought Beatles, Earth Wind & Fire, Shuggie Otis, Marvin Gaye — all in one album. [Robin's] got a soul you can't buy, man.\"Runner-up Blake Lewis performed \"When I Get You Alone\" during the 2007 season of American Idol when the Top 3 chose a song to sing. Lewis has often put Robin Thicke in his list of musical influences in interviews and on the American Idol website. The song was also performed by Blaine Anderson (played by Darren Criss) on Glee during the Season 2 episode \"Silly Love Songs\".2004–07: The Evolution of Robin Thicke and commercial breakthroughFollowing A Beautiful World, Thicke was keen to begin "}
{"doc_id":"doc_110","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Conaire CóemConaire Cóem (\"the beautiful\"), son of Mug Láma, son of Coirpre Crou-Chend, son of Coirpre Firmaora, son of Conaire Mór, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, the 111th High King of Ireland. He came to power on the death of his father-in-law Conn Cétchathach, and ruled for seven or eight years, at the end of which he was killed by Nemed, son of Sroibcenn, in the battle of Gruitine. He was succeeded by Conn's son Art.Time frameThe Lebor Gabála Érenn synchronises his reign with that of the Roman emperor Commodus (180–192). The chronology of Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to 136–143, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to 157–165.IssueConaire had three sons by Conn's daughter Saraid. From his third son came the Síl Conairi, named after Conaire Cóem himself or his ancestor Conaire Mór.Cairpre Músc, ancestor of the Múscraige and Corcu DuibneCairpre Baschaín, ancestor of the Corcu BaiscindCairpre Riata, ancestor of the Dál RiataPassage 2:Guillaume WittouckGuillaume Wittouck (1749 - 1829) was a Belgian lawyer and High Magistrate. He was the Grandfather of industrialist Paul Wittouck and of Belgian navigator Guillaume Delcourt.BiographyGuillaume Wittouck, born in Drogenbos on 30 October 1749 and died in Brussels on 12 June 1829, lawyer at the Brabant Council, became Counselor at the Supreme Court of Brabant in 1791. During the Brabant Revolution, he sided with the Vonckists, who were in favor of new ideas. When Belgium joined France, he became substitute for the commissioner of the Directory at the Civil Court of the Department of the Dyle, then under the consulate, in 1800, judge at the Brussels Court of Appeal, then from 1804 to 1814, under the Empire, counselor at the Court of Appeal of Brussels, then advisor to the Superior Court of Brussels. He married in Brussels (Church of Saint Nicolas) on 29 June 1778, Anne Marie Cools, born in Gooik on 25 January 1754, died in Brussels on 11 April 1824, daughter of Jean Cools and Adrienne Galmaert descendants of the Seven Noble Houses of Brussels.Guillaume Wittouck acquired on 28th Floreal of the year VIII (18 May 1800) the castle of Petit-Bigard in Leeuw-Saint-Pierre with a field of one hundred hectares. Petit-Bigard will remain the home of the elder branch until its sale in 1941.Passage 3:Coirpre mac FogartaigCoirpre mac Fogartaig (died 771) was a King of Brega of the Uí Chernaig sept of Lagore of the Síl nÁedo Sláine branch of the southern Ui Neill. He was the son of the high king Fogartach mac Néill (died 724).He is not listed in the poem on the Síl nÁedo Sláine rulers in the Book of Leinster, however at his death obit in the annals for 771 he is called King of Brega. His accession to the rule of the Uí Chernaig sept in south Brega cannot be dated with certainty. His brother Fergus mac Fogartaig (died 751) is called King of South Brega at his death obit. The annals then record the deaths of his cousin Domnall mac Áeda in 759 and his brother Finsnechta mac Fogartaig in 761 with no titles. As for his accession to all of Brega, the death of the Brega king Dúngal mac Amalgado of the rival northern Uí Chonaing sept of Cnogba (Knowth) occurred in 759.Coirpre is first mentioned in the annals with regard to the death of his son Cellach, who was killed by robbers in 767. Then Coirpre is driven into exile in 769 by Donnchad Midi (died 797) of the rival southern Ui Neill branch of Clann Cholmáin based in Mide. A battle had been fought between the men of Mide and Brega in 766. The year after Coirpre's exile the men of southern Brega were defeated at the Battle of Bolgg Bóinne in 770 and two members of the sept were slain, Cernach mac Flainn (a grandson of Fogartach) and Flaithbertach mac Flainn as well as the vassal king Uarchride mac Baeth of the Deisi Brega. This was in conjunction with a campaign of Donnchad Midi versus Leinster and may have been part of that or Donnchad may have defeated the men of southern Brega on is way home. Coirpre then reappears in the year 771 at his death obit with the title King of Brega.NotesSee alsoKings of BregaPassage 4:Fogartach mac NéillFogartach Mac'Artain (died 724), sometimes called Fogartach ua Cernaich, was an Irish king who is reckoned a High King of Ireland. He belonged to the Uí Chernaig sept of the Síl nÁedo Sláine branch of the southern Uí Néill. He was King of Brega and was the son of Niall mac Cernaig Sotal (died 701) and great-grandson of the high king Diarmait mac Áedo Sláine (died 665).King of BregaFogartach may be identified with the \"Focortoch\" who signed as a guarantor of the Cáin Adomnáin at Birr in 697.The earliest report of him in the Irish annals is his flight from the battlefield at the Battle of Claenath (Clane, Co. Kildare) in 704 following the defeat of a number of southern Uí Néill kings by Cellach Cualann (died 715), King of Leinster.In 714, Fogartach was deposed as king of Brega and exiled in Britain. It has been suggested that it was the High King, Fergal mac Máele Dúin (died 722), who deposed him, but it appears more likely that this was a dispute within the fractious Síl nÁedo Sláine, and that Fogartach was removed by his uncle Conall Grant (died 718), assisted by Murchad Midi (died 715) of Clann Cholmáin. Conall killed Murchad the following year and Fogartach returned in 716.He caused some manner of disturbance in 717 at the Oenach Tailtiu—an annual Uí Néill gathering held at Teltown—where \"Ruba's son and Dub Sléibe's son\" were killed, but the annalistic record lacks sufficient context to explain what happened there and why.The following year Conall Grant won a battle against a coalition of southern Uí Néill kings at Kells, but was killed by Fergal mac Máele Dúin later that year.In the early 720s, Fogartach's lands were under attack by the kings of Leinster and Cathal mac Finguine, king of Munster. Fergal mac Máele Dúin undertook campaigns against Leinster in revenge, but was killed by the Leinstermen on one of these, at the battle of Allen, on 11 December 722. His brother Áed Laigin was slain in this battle.High KingFogartach replaced Fergal as High King, but himself fell victim to the war within the Síl nÁedo Sláine, being killed in the battle of Cenn Deilgden by his distant kinsman and successor Cináed mac Írgalaig of the Uí Chonaing sept of North Brega. This was an old feud, Cináed's father having assassinated Fogartach's father in 701. The report of his death in the Annals of Ulster does not refer to him as High King.DescendantsHis sons included:Flann Foirbthe (died 716) who died in his father's lifetime.-His son Cernach was slain at the Battle of Bolg Bóinne in 770.Cernach mac Fogartaig (died 738) killed by his criminal adherents.Fergus mac Fogartaig (died 751) called King of South Brega at his death obit.Finsnechta mac Fogartaig (died 761)Coirpre mac Fogartaig (died 771) called King of Brega in his death obit.Fogartach mac Cummascaig (died 786) king of South BregaCummuscach mac Fogartaig (flourished 778)His descendants representing the main line of the Uí Chernaig sept based at Lagore were in rivalry with his uncle Conall Grant's descendants, the Síl Conaill Graint based at Calatruim for the rule of southern Brega.NotesPassage 5:Kaya AlpKaya Alp (Ottoman Turkish: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000, lit. ' Brave Rock') was, according to Ottoman tradition, the son of Kızıl Buğa or Basuk and the father of Suleyman Shah. He was the grandfather of Ertuğrul Ghazi, the father of the founder of the Ottoman Empire, Osman I. He was also famously known for being the successing name of Ertokus Bey’s son Kaya Alp. He was a descendant of the ancestor of his tribe, Kayı son of Gun son of Oghuz Khagan, the legendary progenitor of the Oghuz Turks.Passage 6:Prithvipati ShahPrithvipati Shah (Nepali: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000) was the king of the Gorkha Kingdom in the South Asian subcontinent, present-day Nepal. He was the grandfather of Nara Bhupal Shah and reigned from 1673–1716.King Prithvipati Shah ascended to the throne after the demise of his father. He was the longest serving king of the Gorkha Kingdom but his reign saw a lot of struggles.Passage 7:John WestleyRev. John Wesley (1636–78) was an English nonconformist minister. He was the grandfather of John Wesley (founder of Methodism).LifeJohn Wesly (his own spelling), Westley, or Wesley was probably born at Bridport, Dorset, although some authorities claim he was born in Devon, the son of the Rev. Bartholomew Westley and Ann Colley, daughter of Sir Henry Colley of Carbery Castle in County Kildare, Ireland. He was educated at Dorchester Grammar School and as a student of New Inn Hall, Oxford, where he matriculated on 23 April 1651, and graduated B.A. on 23 January 1655, and M.A. on 4 July 1657. After his appointment as an evangelist, he preached at Melcombe Regis, Radipole, and other areas in Dorset. Never episcopally ordained, he was approved by Oliver Cromwell's Commission of Triers in 1658 and appointed Vicar of Winterborne Whitechurch.The report of his interview in 1661 with Gilbert Ironside the elder, his diocesan, according to Alexander Gordon writing in the Dictionary of National Biography, shows him to have been an Independent. He was imprisoned for not using the Book of Common Prayer, imprisoned again and ejected in 1662. After the Conventicle Act 1664 he continued to preach in small gatherings at Preston and then Poole, until his death at Preston in 1678.FamilyHe married a daughter of John White, who was related also to Thomas Fuller. White, the \"Patriarch of Dorchester\", married a sister of Cornelius Burges. Westley's eldest son was Timothy (born 1659). Their second son was Rev. Samuel Wesley, a High Church Anglican vicar and the father of John and Charles Wesley. A younger son, Matthew Wesley, remained a nonconformist, became a London apothecary, and died on 10 June 1737, leaving a son, Matthew, in India; he provided for some of his brother Samuel's daughters.NotesAdditional sourcesMatthews, A. G., \"Calamy Revised\", Oxford University Press, 1934, page 521. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: \" Wesley, Samuel (1662-1735)\". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.Passage 8:Fujiwara no NagaraThis is about the 9th-century Japanese statesman.  For the 10th-century Japanese poet also known as Nagayoshi, see Fujiwara no Nagatō.Fujiwara no Nagara (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 802 – 6 August 856), also known as Fujiwara no Nagayoshi, was a Japanese statesman, courtier and politician of the early Heian period. He was the grandfather of Emperor Yōzei.LifeNagara was born as the eldest son of the sadaijin Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu, a powerful figure in the court of Emperor Saga. He was also a descendant of the early Japanese emperors and was well trusted by Emperor Ninmyō since his time as crown prince, and attended on him frequently. However, after Ninmyō took the throne, Nagara's advancement was overtaken by his younger brother Fujiwara no Yoshifusa. He served as director of the kurōdo-dokoro (\u0000\u0000 \u0000) and division chief (\u0000) in the imperial guard before finally making sangi and joining the kugyō in 844, ten years after his younger brother.In 850, Nagara's nephew Emperor Montoku took the throne, and Nagara was promoted to shō shi-i no ge (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) and then ju san-mi (\u0000\u0000\u0000), and in 851 to shō san-mi (\u0000\u0000\u0000). In the same year, though, Nagara was overtaken once more as his brother Fujiwara no Yoshimi, more than ten years his junior, was promoted to chūnagon. In "}
{"doc_id":"doc_111","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Henry Bryant (naturalist)Henry Bryant (May 12, 1820 – February 2, 1867) was an American physician and naturalist.Early lifeBryant was born in Boston, and graduated from Harvard University in 1840, and then followed this from a degree at Harvard Medical School in 1843. Following this, he went to Paris to study medicine, but his health broke down while researching at a Paris hospital. In order to restore his health, he joined the French army in Algeria as a surgeon. In October 1847, Bryant returned to Boston to work with Dr. Henry Jacob Bigelow as a surgeon, but after a few months his health broke down again. After being forced to abandon medicine because of ill health, Bryant turned to natural history, especially ornithology, which was a childhood passion. Bryant visited nearby Cohasset, Massachusetts for one of his first collecting trips, but he seriously injured his stomach from a fall while landing his boat. After his recovery, he decided to push himself further in an attempt to strengthen his body. His collecting trips became more frequent and more far flung.Civil War serviceBryant took a break from natural history to volunteer as a surgeon during the American Civil War. He accepted an appointment as a surgeon for the 20th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, which was also known as \"The Harvard Regiment.\" By September 1861, Bryant was promoted to brigade surgeon. Soon after, he served on the staff of General Frederick W. Lander until March 2, 1862, when the general died of pneumonia.After Lander's death, Bryant was appointed Medical Director for General James Shield, a future senator. While serving as this post, Bryant fell off his horse so hard that his knee was nearly amputated. Despite the pain, he continued his duties. In the middle of 1862, he was placed in charge of organizing several hospitals, including Cliffburn Hospital and Lincoln Hospital. However, his mental and physical health collapsed again, and he resigned his commission in May 1863.Life after the Civil WarAfter the Civil War ended, Bryant made several trips to France, including to purchase the Frédéric de Lafresnaye collection of birds in 1865, which he presented to the Boston Society of Natural History. This collection contained nearly 9,000 mostly non-American specimen. The unpacking and remounting of the specimen was conducted by younger naturalists, including Charles Johnson Maynard, and took about a year to complete.In addition to his visits to France, Bryant collected birds in Florida, the Bahamas, Ontario and Labrador, North Carolina, Cuba, Jamaica and Puerto Rico. He was one of the first American ornithologists in the Caribbean.He died in Puerto Rico on February 2, 1867 during a brief illness on a collecting trip.Passage 2:Abd al-MuttalibShayba ibn Hāshim (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; c. 497–578), better known as \u0000Abd al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, lit. 'Servant of Muttalib') was the fourth chief of the Quraysh tribal confederation. He was the grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.Early lifeHis father was Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf,: 81 the progenitor of the distinguished Banu Hashim, a clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. They claimed descent from Ismā'īl and Ibrāhīm. His mother was Salma bint Amr, from the Banu Najjar, a clan of the Khazraj tribe in Yathrib (later called Madinah). Hashim died while doing business in Gaza, before Abd al-Muttalib was born.: 81 His real name was \"Shaiba\" meaning 'the ancient one' or 'white-haired' because of the streak of white through his jet-black hair, and is sometimes also called Shaybah al-\u0000amd (\"The white streak of praise\").: 81–82 After his father's death he was raised in Yathrib with his mother and her family until about the age of eight, when his uncle Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf went to see him and asked his mother Salmah to entrust Shaybah to his care. Salmah was unwilling to let her son go and Shaiba refused to leave his mother without her consent. Mu\u0000\u0000alib then pointed out that the possibilities Yathrib had to offer were incomparable to Mecca. Salmah was impressed with his arguments, so she agreed to let him go. Upon first arriving in Mecca, the people assumed the unknown child was Muttalib's servant and started calling him 'Abd al-Muttalib (\"servant of Muttalib\").: 85–86Chieftain of Hashim clanWhen Mu\u0000\u0000alib died, Shaiba succeeded him as the chief of the Hāshim clan. Following his uncle Al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, he took over the duties of providing the pilgrims with food and water, and carried on the practices of his forefathers with his people. He attained such eminence as none of his forefathers enjoyed; his people loved him and his reputation was great among them.: 61 'Umar ibn Al-Kha\u0000\u0000āb's grandfather Nufayl ibn Abdul Uzza arbitrated in a dispute between 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib and \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, Abu Sufyan's father, over the custodianship of the Kaaba. Nufayl gave his verdict in favour of 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib. Addressing \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, he said:Why do you pick a quarrel with a person who is taller than you in stature; more imposing than you in appearance; more refined than you in intellect; whose progeny outnumbers yours and whose generosity outshines yours in lustre? Do not, however, construe this into any disparagement of your good qualities which I highly appreciate. You are as gentle as a lamb, you are renowned throughout Arabia for the stentorian tones of your voice, and you are an asset to your tribe.Discovery of Zam Zam Well'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib said that while sleeping in the sacred enclosure, he had dreamed he was ordered to dig at the worship place of the Quraysh between the two deities Isāf and Nā'ila. There he would find the Zamzam Well, which the Jurhum tribe had filled in when they left Mecca. The Quraysh tried to stop him digging in that spot, but his son Al-\u0000ārith stood guard until they gave up their protests. After three days of digging, 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib found traces of an ancient religious well and exclaimed, \"Allahuakbar!\" Some of the Quraysh disputed his claim to sole rights over water, then one of them suggested that they go to a female shaman who lived afar. It was said that she could summon jinns and that she could help them decide who was the owner of the well. So, 11 people from the 11 tribes went on the expedition. They had to cross the desert to meet the priestess but then they got lost. There was a lack of food and water and people started to lose hope of ever getting out. One of them suggested that they dig their own graves and if they died, the last person standing would bury the others. So all began digging their own graves and just as Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib started digging, water spewed out from the hole he dug and everyone became overjoyed. It was then and there decided that Abdul-Muttalib was the owner of the Zam Zam well. Thereafter he supplied pilgrims to the Kaaba with Zam Zam water, which soon eclipsed all the other wells in Mecca because it was considered sacred.: 86–89 : 62–65The Year of the ElephantAccording to Muslim tradition, the Ethiopian governor of Yemen, Abrahah al-Ashram, envied the Kaaba's reverence among the Arabs and, being a Christian, he built a cathedral on Sana'a and ordered pilgrimage be made there.: 21 The order was ignored and someone desecrated (some saying in the form of defecation: 696 note 35 ) the cathedral. Abrahah decided to avenge this act by demolishing the Kaaba and he advanced with an army towards Mecca.: 22–23 There were thirteen elephants in Abrahah's army: 99 : 26 and the year came to be known as 'Ām al-Fīl (the Year of the Elephant), beginning a trend for reckoning the years in Arabia which was used until 'Umar ibn Al-Kha\u0000\u0000āb replaced it with the Islamic Calendar in 638 CE (17 AH), with the first year of the Islamic Calendar being 622 CE.When news of the advance of Abrahah's army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinānah, Khuzā'ah and Hudhayl united in defence of the Kaaba. A man from the \u0000imyar tribe was sent by Abrahah to advise them that he only wished to demolish the Kaaba and if they resisted, they would be crushed. \"Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib told the Meccans to seek refuge in the nearest high hills while he, with some leading members of Quraysh, remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abrahah sent a dispatch inviting 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib to meet him and discuss matters. When 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib left the meeting he was heard saying, \"The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure He will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonour the servants of His House.\": 24–26 It is recorded that when Abrahah's forces neared the Kaaba, Allah commanded small birds (abābīl) to destroy Abrahah's army, raining down pebbles on it from their beaks. Abrahah was seriously wounded and retreated towards Yemen but died on the way.: 26–27 This event is referred to in the following Qur'anic chapter:Have you not seen how your Lord dealt with the owners of the Elephant?Did He not make their treacherous plan go astray?And He sent against them birds in flocks, striking them with stones of baked clay, so He rendered them like straw eaten up.Most Islamic sources place the event around the year that Muhammad was born, 570 CE, though other scholars place it one or two decades earlier. A tradition attributed to Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri in the musannaf of \u0000Abd al-Razzaq al-San\u0000ani places it before the birth of Muhammad's father.Sacrificing his son AbdullahAl-Harith was 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib's only son at the time he dug the Zamzam Well.: 64 When the Quraysh tried to help him in the digging, he vowed that if he were to have ten sons to protect him, he would sacrifice one of them to Allah at the Kaaba. Later, after nine more sons had been born to him, he told them he must keep the vow. The divination arrows fell upon his favourite son Abdullah. The Quraysh protested 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib's intention to sacrifice his son and demanded that he sacrifice something else instead. 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib agreed to consult a \"sorceress with a familiar spirit\". She told him to cast lots between Abdullah and ten camels. If Abdullah were chosen, he had to add ten more camels, and keep on doing the same until his Lord accepted the camels in Abdullah's place. When the number of camels reached 100, the lot fell on the camels. ' Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib confirmed this by repeating the test three times. Then the camels were sacrificed, and Abdullah was spared.: 66–68FamilyWivesAbd al-Muttalib had six known wives.Sumra bint Jundab of the Hawazin tribe.Lubnā bint Hājar of the Khuza'a tribe.Fatima bint Amr of the Makhzum clan of the Quraysh tribe.Halah bint Wuhayb of the Zuhrah clan of the Quraysh tribe.Natīla bint Janab of the Namir tribe.Mumanna'a bint Amr of the Khuza'a tribe.ChildrenAccording to Ibn Hisham, \u0000Abd al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib had ten sons and six daughters.: 707–708 note 97 However, Ibn Sa'd lists twelve sons.: 99–101 By Sumra bint Jundab:Al-\u0000ārith.: 708 He was the firstborn and he died before his father.: 99 Quthum.: 100 He is not listed by Ibn Hisham.By Fatima bint Amr:Al-Zubayr.: 707 He was a poet and a chief; his father made a will in his favour.: 99 He died before Islam, leaving two sons and daughters.: 101 : 34–35 Abu Talib, born as Abd Manaf,: 99 : 707 father of the future Caliph Ali. He later became chief of the Hashim clan.Abdullah, the father of Muhammad.: 99 : 707 Umm Hakim al-Bayda,: 100 : 707 the maternal grandmother of the third Caliph Uthman.: 32 Barra,: 100 : 707 the mother of Abu Salama.: 33 Arwa.: 100 : 707 Atika,: 100 : 707 a wife "}
{"doc_id":"doc_112","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:John VI, Duke of MecklenburgJohn VI, Duke of Mecklenburg (1439–1474) was a Duke of Mecklenburg.LifeJohn was the second son of Henry IV, Dukeof Mecklenburg, and his wife Dorothea, daughter of Elector Frederick I of Brandenburg.His earliest documented official act (jointly with the father) was in1451.  In 1464 he ruled an apanage of several districts jointly with his brother Albert VI, but did not participate actively in administering them.In 1472, John VIwas engaged to Sophie, the daughter of Duke Eric II of Pomerania.  The marriage was set to be celebrated in 1474.  However, John VI died before the marriagetook place.  The exact date of his death is unknown; he is last mentioned in a document dated 20 May 1474.His last illness was contracted on a journey toFranconia to visit his uncle Elector Albrecht III Achilles of Brandenburg.  In Kulmbach, he was infected with the plague and died.  He was probably buried in PoorClares monastery in Hof.External linksGenealogical table of the House of MecklenburgPassage 2:Eric II, Duke of MecklenburgEric II, Duke of Mecklenburg(German: Erich II., Herzog zu Mecklenburg; 3 September 1483 – 21/22 December 1508) was Duke of Mecklenburg, a son of Magnus II, Duke of Mecklenburg,and his wife Sophie of Pomerania-Stettin.Eric ruled Mecklenburg-Schwerin jointly with his brothers Henry V and Albert VII and his uncle Balthasar after hisfather's death on 27 December 1503.  Eric himself probably died on 21 December or 22 December 1508. He was buried in the Doberan Minster in Bad Doberan.He never married and died childless.Passage 3:John I, Duke of Mecklenburg-StargardJohn I, Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard (1326 – 9 August 1392 or 9 February1393), Duke of Mecklenburg from 1344 to 1352 and Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard from 1352 to 1392.FamilyHe was probably the youngest child from the secondmarriage of Lord Henry II \"the Lion\" of Mecklenburg and Anna of Saxe-Wittenberg, a daughter of Duke Albert II of Saxe-Wittenberg.LifeJohn I was probably bornin 1326.  His father died in 1329, and he remained under guardianship until 1344, when he came of age and began to carry a seal as a participant in thegovernance of Mecklenburg.  On 8 July 1348, Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV raised John and his brother Albert II to the rank of Duke in Prague.  John, Albertand Charles initially supported the False Waldemar, but in 1350 they reconciled with his supporter Duke Louis V of Bavaria.Upon the division of Mecklenburg on25 November 1352, John was awarded the Lordships of Stargard, Sternbuerg and Ture.  He supported his nephew Albert III of Mecklenburg in his attempts to berecognized as King of Sweden.Marriages and issueJohn married three times. His first wife Rixa (background unknown) probably died soon after the wedding andthe marriage remained childless.His second wife Anna was a daughter of the count Adolf VII of Pinneberg and Schauenburg.  She probably died in 1358.  Johnand Anna had a daughter Anna, who married Wartislaw VI of Pomerania-Wolgast on 4 April 1363.John's third wife Agnes was the daughter of Ulrich II ofLindow-Ruppin and widow of Lord Nicholas IV of Werle.  They probably married in 1358 and had five children together:John II (died between 6 July and 9 October1416), co-regent, then Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard, from 1408 Lord of Sternberg, Friedland, Fürstenberg and LychenUlrich I (died 8 April 1417), co-regent,then Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard (1392–1417), from 1408 Lord of Neubrandenburg, Stargard, Strelitz and Wesenberg (with Lize)Rudolf (died after 28 July1415), was initially Bishop of Skara and from 1390 as Rudolf III Bishop of SchwerinAlbert I (died 1397), co-regent of Mecklenburg, from 1396 Coadjutor ofDorpatContance (born c. 1373, died 1408)External linksGenealogical table of the House of MecklenburgPassage 4:Eilika of SaxonyEilika of Saxony (c. 1080 – 16January 1142) was a daughter of Magnus, Duke of Saxony and a member of the Billung dynasty. Through marriage to Otto of Ballenstedt, she was countess ofBallenstedt.LifeEilika was the younger daughter of Magnus, Duke of Saxony and Sophia, daughter of King Béla I of Hungary. Since Eilika had no brothers, afterher father's death in 1106, Eilika and her sister, Wulfhilde of Saxony, inherited his property. Eilika received property in Bernburg, Weißenfels, Werben andperhaps also in Burgwerden and Kreichau, as well as the Palatinate of Saxony.In 1130 Eilika was in conflict with the citizens of the city of Halle, probably becauseof her support for Archbishop Norbert of Magdeburg. Fighting broke out, during which Conrad of Eichstadt was killed, and from which Eilika only escaped withdifficulty.  Around 1131 Eilika wrested the advocacy of the monastery of Goseck (monastery) from Louis of Thuringia, and took it for herself. In 1133 Eilikaexpelled Abbot Bertold from Goseck for incompetency. In 1134 she introduced his successor, Abbot Penther, to the abbey with a solemn address to the monks. In1138 Eilika was accused of tyranny (tyrannis), and attacked at her castle of Bernburg.Marriage and childrenEilika married Count Otto of Ballenstedt before 1095.With Otto, Eilika had two children: Albert the Bear and Adelaide of Ballenstedt, who married Henry II, Margrave of the Nordmark.Passage 5:Henry IV, Duke ofMecklenburgHenry IV, Duke of Mecklenburg (1417 – 9 March 1477) was from 1422 to 1477 Duke of Mecklenburg.LifeHenry IV of Mecklenburg, because of hisobesity and lavish lifestyle also called the \"Henry the Fat\", was the son of the Duke John IV of Mecklenburg and Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg.He inheritedMecklenburg when his father died in 1422.  His mother, Catherine, and his uncle, Albert V, acted as Regents until 1436.  He then ruled jointly with his brotherJohn V, until his brothers death in 1442.  In May 1432, he married Dorothea of Brandenburg, the daughter of Elector Frederick I of Brandenburg.With the death ofPrince William of Werle in 1436, the male line of the Werle branch of the House of Mecklenburg died out, and Werle fell to the Duchy of Mecklenburg.  After DukeUlrich II of Mecklenburg-Stargard died in 1471, Mecklenburg was again united under one ruler.The Stettin War of Succession between the Pomeranian Dukes andthe Brandenburg Electors ended in late May 1472 through Henry's mediation.At the end of his life, he gradually transferred his power to his sons Albert, John andMagnus.  After Henry's death they ruled jointly, until John died in 1474 and Albert in 1483.  After Albert's death, Magnus ruled alone.  His younger brotherBalthasar cared little about the business of government.Henry died in 1477 and was buried in the Doberan Abbey.IssueAlbert VI († 1483), Duke ofMecklenburgJohn VI († 1474), Duke of MecklenburgMagnus II, Duke of MecklenburgBalthasar Duke of Mecklenburg, coadjutor of the diocese of Schwerin until1479.External linksGenealogical table of the House of MecklenburgPassage 6:John III, Duke of Mecklenburg-StargardJohn III, Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard(1389 – after 11 November 1438) was from 1416 to 1438 Duke of Mecklenburg, Lord of Stargard, Sternberg, Friedland, Fürstenberg, and Lychen.  To distinguishhim from John V, Duke of Mecklenburg, he is sometimes called John the Elder.FamilyHe was the oldest child of Duke John II and his wife Catherine (Wilheida) ofLithuania.LifeJohn III was probably born in 1389.  In 1416, he took over the reign of Sternberg from his father.  He was taken prisoner by Brandenburg, forunknown reasons.  He was released on 28 June 1427, under the condition that he had to swear an oath of allegiance to the Margrave of Brandenburg.In 1436, heand his cousin Henry and his remote cousin Henry IV of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, jointly inherited the Lordship of Werle.He married Luttrud, the daughter of AlbertIV of Anhalt-Köthen.  She was probably a sister of Anna, the first wife of William of Werle, the last Lord of Werle.  The marriage remained childless.John III died in1438 and was probably buried in Sternberg.  His cousin Henry of Mecklenburg-Stargard inherited his possessions.Passage 7:Magnus I, Duke ofMecklenburgMagnus I, Duke of Mecklenburg (1345 – 1 September 1384) was Duke of Mecklenburg from 1383 until his death.  Magnus was the third son of DukeAlbert II of Mecklenburg and his wife Euphemia of Sweden, the sister of the King Magnus IV of Sweden.  Sometime after 1362, he married Elizabeth ofPomerania-Wolgast, daughter of Barnim IV, Duke of Pomerania.Magnus had two children:John IV, Regent of Mecklenburg from 1384 to 1395 and co-regent from1395 to 1422Euphemia (d. 16 October 1417);married on 18 October 1397 with Lord Balthasar of WerleAfter the death of his brother Henry III in 1383, he ruledMecklenburg jointly with Henry's son Albert IV until his own death in 1384.External linksGenealogical table of the House of MecklenburgPassage 8:Euphemia ofSwedenEuphemia of Sweden (Swedish: Eufemia Eriksdotter; 1317 – 16 June 1370) was a Swedish princess. She was Duchess consort of Mecklenburg, heiress ofSweden and of Norway, and mother of King Albert of Sweden. (c. 1338-1412) .BiographyEarly lifeEuphemia was born in 1317 to Eric Magnusson (b. c.1282-1318), Duke of Södermanland, second son of King Magnus I of Sweden, and Princess Ingeborg of Norway (1300–1360), the heiress and the only legitimatedaughter of King Haakon V of Norway (1270– 1319).In 1319, her infant elder brother Magnus VII of Norway (1316–1374) succeeded their maternal grandfatherto the throne of Norway. That same year, Swedish nobles exiled their uncle, King Birger of Sweden, after which the infant Magnus was elected King of Sweden.Their mother Ingeborg had a seat in the guardian government as well as the position of an independent ruler of her own fiefs, and played an important partduring their childhood and adolescence.The 24 July 1321 marriage contract for Euphemia was signed at Bohus in her mother's fief in Bohuslän. Her mother hadplans to take control over Danish Scania, next to her duchy. The marriage was arranged with the terms that Mecklenburg, Saxony, Holstein, Rendsburg andSchleswig would assist Ingeborg in the conquest of Scania. This was approved by the council of Norway but not Sweden. When Ingeborg's forces under commandof Knut Porse of Varberg, invaded Scania in 1322–23, Mecklenburg betrayed her and the alliance was broken. Eventually, the affair of Euphemia's marriage led toa conflict between Ingeborg and the governments of Sweden and Norway, which led to the demise of Ingeborg's political position in the guardian governments.The marriage took place anyway, after a fifteen-year engagement. Euphemia did not lack influence in Sweden. She is known to have acted as the witness of sealsin several documents. In 1335, when King Magnus appointed Nils Abjörnsson (Sparre av Tofta) to drots, the condition that Euphemia would act as his adviser wasincluded in his appointment.Duchess of MecklenburgEuphemia was married in Rostock on April 10, 1336, to her distant kinsman, Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg(1318 – 2 February 1379), a North-German lord deeply interested in obtaining some power in Scandinavia. Later the same year, the couple returned to Swedenwith Rudolf of Saxony and Henry of Holstein to be present at the coronation of her brother and sister-in-law Blanche of Namur. In Germany, Euphemia's life as a"}
{"doc_id":"doc_113","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Vadim VlasovVadim Nikolayevich Vlasov (Russian: Вадим Николаевич Власов; born 19 December 1980) is a former Russian football player.Vlasovplayed in the Russian Premier League with FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod.He is a younger brother of Dmitri Vlasov.Passage 2:Claude BraceyClaude Bracey (June8, 1909 – September 23, 1940), known variously as the \"Texas Flyer,\" the \"Dixie Flyer,\" and the \"Texas Tornado,\" was an American sprinter who tied worldrecords in the 100-yard and 100-meter races between 1928 and 1932.  He competed for the United States at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam and alsowon the 100-yard and 220-yard sprints at the 1928 NCAA Men's Track and Field Championships.Early lifeBracey grew up in Humble, Texas and attended HumbleHigh School.  As a boy, he participated in games of \"hare-and-hound,\" in which the children would chase each other from one end of town to the other.  Braceywas so fast that rival sides would quarrel over who which side would have him.  He gained prominence as a runner at Humble High.Rice UniversityBraceyattended Rice Institute located in Houston, Texas.  He competed in intercollegiate track for the Rice Owls from 1927 to 1930 and for the United States at the 1928Summer Olympics in Amsterdam.  He was regarded as \"the first man to bring Rice Institute athletic fame.\"  Bracey was considered a \"big and rangy\"runner.  Between 1928 and 1929, he gained weight and was reported in 1929 to be six feet tall and approximately 160 pounds.  In 1929, Bracey described hisminimalist approach to training as follows:\"Sprinters are born, not made, and running comes natural with me.  As long as I take care of myself and eatreasonably, I get along fine. I don't train any during the summer.  That's vacation time and I make it that by spending those weeks fishing.  Laying off like thatdoesn't bother me.  After all, a dash man doesn't need much wind.  I only take two or three breaths in 100 yards.\"A feature story published in 1929 describedBracey as \"almost a recluse,\" a quiet person who rarely left campus, never wears formal clothes, and \"thinks society is all wet.\"Championships and recordsIn June1928, Bracey won both sprint events at the 1928 NCAA Men's Track and Field Championships with times of 9.6 seconds in the 100-yard race and 20.9 seconds inthe 220-yard race.  He was the first athlete from Rice to win an NCAA track championship in any event, and it was 1938 before another Rice athlete (FredWolcott) accomplished the feat.He qualified for the U.S. Olympic team in 1928 and traveled with the team to the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam.  Hefinished fifth in the semifinals of the 100-meter race at the Olympic games with a time of 10.8 seconds. He was the first Rice athlete to compete in the Olympicgames; it was 1948 before another Rice athlete competed in the Olympics.At the Texas Relays in March 1929, Bracey tied the world record in the 100-yard sprintwith a time of 9.5 seconds.  The next day, he ran the event in 9.4 seconds, but the record was not recognized due to wind conditions.  Football coach KnuteRockne officiated the sprint event in which Bracey's world record was disallowed due to wind conditions.  Rockne told reporters that Bracey was the best sprinterhe had seen and added: \"Bracey is a streak.  He is as good as any of them off the marks and runs the last 40 yards faster than any man I ever saw.  He had thewind with him when he did 9.4 at Dallas but on both that occasion and the day before he beat George Simpson of Ohio State by about four yards.  You all knowhow good Simpson is.\"At the 1929 NCAA Men's Track and Field Championships, Bracey lost his title in the sprint events as Ohio State's George Simpson won bothevents, and Bracey finished second in the 100-yard race and third in the 220-yard event.Bracey continued to compete through 1932.  He tied the world record inthe 100-meter race with a time of 10.4 seconds in June 1932.  In July 1932, he qualified in the preliminaries of the 100-meter and 200-meter events at the FarWestern Olympic team trials at Long Beach, California.  However, he was taken to a hospital the following day after an attack of appendicitis and was unable toparticipate in the finals, which were held while he was in the hospital.Death and posthumous honorsBracey died in Buckeye, Arizona on September 23, 1940,leaving behind wife, Anna Bess Singleton Bracey and daughter, Linda Anne Bracey (Mulpagano) who was 4 months of age at the time of her father's death.In1970, Bracey was selected as one of the initial inductees into the Rice Athletic Hall of Fame.Passage 3:John G. AdolfiJohn Gustav Adolfi (February 19, 1888 – May11, 1933) was an American silent film director, actor, and screenwriter who was involved in more than 100 productions throughout his career. An early actingcredit was in the recently restored 1912 film Robin Hood.BiographyHe was born in New York City to Gustav Adolfi and Jennie Reinhardt. Adolfi entered films as anactor in The Spy: A Romantic Story of the Civil War in 1907, but after appearing in thirty or so films he switched roles and concentrated on directing until hisdeath in 1933 from a brain hemorrhage in British Columbia, Canada while hunting bears.FilmographyPassage 4:Charles J. HuntCharles J. Hunt (April 8, 1881 –February 3, 1976) was an American film editor and director. He also worked at various times as an actor, production manager and associate producer.SelectedfilmographyThe Fate of a Flirt (1925)The Smoke Eaters (1926)The Dixie Flyer (1926)The Warning Signal (1926)Modern Daughters (1927)The Show Girl (1927)Onthe Stroke of Twelve (1927)The Midnight Watch (1927)South of Panama (1928)Queen of the Chorus (1928)Thundergod (1928)Smoke Bellew (1929)Rider of thePlains (1931)Riders of the North (1931)Police Court (1932)Trailing the Killer (1932)Law of the West (1932)The Devil on Horseback (1936)We're in the LegionNow! (1936)Go-Get-'Em, Haines (1936)Captain Calamity (1936)Passage 5:La Bestia humanaLa Bestia humana is a 1957 Argentine film whose story is based onthe 1890 novel La Bête Humaine by the French writer Émile Zola.External linksLa Bestia humana at IMDbPassage 6:Bucky MooreWilliam Elton \"Bucky\" Moore(May 5, 1905 – December 18, 1980) was an American football player who played two seasons in the National Football League with the Chicago Cardinals andPittsburgh Pirates. He played college football at Loyola University New Orleans and attended Loyola High School in New Orleans, Louisiana. He was inducted intothe Loyola Wolf Pack Hall of Fame in 1964. Morre was also nicknamed the \"Dixie Flyer\".Passage 7:Hugh Moore (businessman)Hugh Everett Moore (1887–1972)was an advertising expert and the founder and longtime president of the Dixie Cup Company, manufacturer of the disposable paper Dixie Cup. Inspired by WilliamVogt’s book Road to Survival, Moore started to work outside his business, using his fortune and expertise to support the development of transatlantic structuresfacilitating international peace and influence population discourse and policy for the primary purpose of decreasing the number of humans.Diplomatic, politicaland advocacy activitiesIn addition to his success in the cup business, Moore held many functions in the field of international relations, playing a role in thestabilization of world politics during and after the Second World War. He was founding member of the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies in 1940;chairman of the executive committee of the US League of Nations Association from 1940 to 1943 and president of Americans United for World Organization,1944.In 1944, Moore founded the Hugh Moore Fund for International Peace to fund organizations involved in population control. The Fund published Moore'spamphlet \"The Population Bomb is Everyone's Baby\" in 1954. He was credited by the authors of the globally bestselling 1968 book \"The Population Bomb\", AnneHowland Ehrlich and Paul R. Ehrlich to have used these words first.Moore was a consultant to the State Department at the United Nations Conference in1945.Moore was a member of the American Association for the United Nations from 1945 to 1954. He served as treasurer of the Committee for the Marshall Planin 1948. Moore was a member of the Atlantic Union Committee from 1949 to 1960 and Chair of the Executive Committee from 1949 to 1951. He was chairman ofthe finance committee of the Woodrow Wilson Foundation from 1951 to 1952 and chairman of the fundraising arm of the UN education program in 1955.He was amember of the US Committee on NATO from 1961 to 1972. Moore was Chairman of the Board of the Population Reference Bureau, vice-president of InternationalPlanned Parenthood Federation in 1964, president of the Association for Voluntary Sterilization from 1964 to 1969, and cofounder of the Population CrisisCommittee in 1965.Awards and honorsHugh Moore received an honorary degree of Humane Letters from Lafayette College in 1961.Passage 8:CollegeLoversCollege Lovers is a 1930 American talkie Pre-Code   comedy film produced and released by First National Pictures, a subsidiary of Warner Bros., anddirected by John G. Adolfi. The movie stars Jack Whiting, Marian Nixon, Frank McHugh and Guinn 'Big Boy' Williams. The film was based on the story by EarlBaldwin.PlotGuinn 'Big Boy' Williams, a star football player, decides to leave Sanford college after he has found that his girlfriend has eloped with another man. Heis driven to the train station by Russell Hopton, his best friend, and also a football player for the same college. Jack Whiting, who plays the part of the studentmanager of the Sanford college athletic association as well as part of the president of the student body, knows that the college needs Williams to win theimportant game against Colton college.Whiting conspires with his girlfriend, played by Marian Nixon, to stop Williams from leaving. He also makes use of FrankMcHugh, who plays the part of Whiting's assistant in the film. Nixon fakes a suicide on a bridge when she notices Hopton and Williams approaching. They quicklyrun to help  her and both of them fall in love with her, without realizing that she really love Whiting. Williams and Hopton soon become suspicious of each otherand constantly spy on each other, leaving Nixon to spend her time with Whiting. Just before the big game, Hopton and Williams have an argument and show nointerest in the upcoming game. Whiting suggests that Nixon write each of them an identical love note, telling the recipient that she loves him alone.When Williamsand Hopton receive these notes, they end their quarrelling, each thinking that Nixon prefers them to the other. Halfway through the game, one of them discoversthe other's note and they begin  accusing each other of stealing their notes. Their fighting causes them to be benched. Colton ties the score and promises to bethe winner, which so scares Hopton and Williams that they shake hands and go back into the game. When the winning touchdown for Sanford is a matter ofinches away from the goal line, the two backs waste the last minute of the game trying to decide which of them will have the honor of making the final touchdownand the game ends in a tie.CastJack Whiting as Frank TaylorMarian Nixon as Madge HuttonFrank McHugh as Speed HaskinsGuinn 'Big Boy' Williams as Tiny"}
{"doc_id":"doc_114","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Jon LeachJonathan Leach (born April 18, 1973) is a former professional tennis player from the United States. He is the husband of LindsayDavenport.Professional careerLeach, an All-American player at USC, made his Grand Slam debut at the 1991 US Open when he partnered David Witt in the men'sdoubles. He competed in the doubles at Indian Wells in 1992 with Brian MacPhie and before exiting in the second round they defeated a seeded pairing of LukeJensen and Laurie Warder. A doubles specialist, his only singles appearance came at Indian Wells in 1994. With Brett Hansen-Dent as his partner, Leach made thesecond round of the 1995 US Open, with a win over Dutch players Richard Krajicek and Jan Siemerink. At the 1996 US Open, his third and final appearance at thetournament, Leach partnered with his brother Rick. He also played in the mixed doubles, with Amy Frazier. His only doubles title on the ATP Challenger Tour cameat Weiden, Germany in 1996.Personal lifeThe son of former USC tennis coach Dick Leach, he was brought up in California and went to Laguna Beach High School.Leach married tennis player Lindsay Davenport in Hawaii on April 25, 2003. Their first child, a son named Jagger, was born in 2007. They have had a furtherthree children, all daughters. An investment banker, Leach is also involved in coaching and worked with young American player Madison Keys in the 2015 season.His elder brother, Rick Leach, was also a professional tennis player, who won five Grand Slam doubles titles and reached number one in the world fordoubles.Challenger titlesDoubles: (1)Passage 2:LapidothLapidoth (Hebrew: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Lapī\u0000ō\u0000, \"torches\") was the husband of Deborah the fourthJudge of Israel. Lapidoth is also a Hebrew male given name.Passage 3:Alan PownallStephen Alan Fletcher Pownall (born 30 December 1984) is an Englishsinger-songwriter and the husband of actress Gabriella Wilde.MusicThe son of Orlando Pownall, QC, he grew up in Richmond-upon-Thames and was educated atWindlesham House School, Marlborough College and Shiplake College. Originally interested in fashion, he worked for French designer Roland Mouret for twoyears, where he was advised to study in Milan. He went on to study fashion design but dropped out a year later in 2006 to pursue a music career in London.Aftermeeting Adele at one of her early gigs, he told her that he was making music and she should look it up. To his surprise, he was contacted via his MySpace profileand asked to support her on her first British tour. As he only had a four-song set, he wrote a lot of his material whilst on tour. He also toured with Paloma Faith,Lissie, Marina and the Diamonds, Noah and the Whale and Florence and the Machine.He shared a flat in London with fellow singer/songwriter Jay Jay Pistolet (whowould go on to become the front man of The Vaccines). He later moved in with Marcus Mumford and Winston Marshall from Mumford and Sons, who hesupposedly introduced to Ted Dwane.In one interview he claims to be \"all but deaf in right ear.\"Pownall's debut EP was released on 5 April 2010 through MercuryRecords and his album True Love Stories was released on 25 June 2010. They parted company shortly after the release in late 2010, with Pownall taking a twoand a half year break from music.Pownall and   formed the electro-pop duo Pale in late 2012, with Pownall as the singer. Pale has supported The Vaccines andSky Ferreira on tour.  They worked with Jas Shaw of Simian Mobile Disco to produce their first two singles, released through the independent label 37 Adventures.As of November 2017, their Facebook and Soundcloud pages show that Pale has been dormant since releasing an EP, The Comeback, in 2014.Since 2019, Pownallhas been releasing and performing under the pseudonym Alan Power.Personal lifeOn 13 September 2014, Pownall married actress Gabriella Wilde. The couple'sfirst son, Sasha Blue Pownall, was born on 3 February 2014. In 2016, Wilde gave birth to their second son, Shiloh Silva Pownall. Gabriella has since given birth totheir third son Skye in 2019.DiscographyStudio albumPassage 4:James Randall MarshJames Randall Marsh (1896–1966) was an American artist and the husbandof Anne Steele Marsh.BiographyMarsh was born in 1896 in Paris, France. He was the son of Frederick Dana Marsh and Alice Randall Marsh. He was the brother ofthe painter Reginald Marsh.He married Anne Steele in 1925 and the couple settled in Essex Fells, New Jersey. There Marsh set up a metal forge which he used tocreate industrial and residential lighting fixtures. In 1948, the Marshes relocated to Pittstown, New Jersey where James continued operating a forge, expandingthe operation to include decorative metal work. His work was mainly in the American Arts and Craft style.In 1952, Marsh was instrumental in establishing theHunterdon Art Museum. When an 1836 stone mill became available for sale, Marsh and his neighbors decided to turn it into an art center, with Marsh providingmost of the purchase price. The museum, with workshops, is still in operation and the building is listed as Dunham's Mill on the National Register of Historic Placeslistings in Hunterdon County, New Jersey.In 1964, he purchased the M. C. Mulligan & Sons Quarry, also listed on the NRHP, and donated it to the ClintonHistorical Museum, now known as the Red Mill Museum Village. On October 9, 1965, the James Randall Marsh Historical Park was dedicated at the museum.Marshdied on January 20, 1966, in Flemington.Passage 5:Devisingh Ransingh ShekhawatDevisingh Ramsingh Shekhawat (c. 1934 – 24 February 2023) was an Indianagriculturist and politician who served as the first gentleman of India as the husband of President Pratibha Patil. He also served as the first gentleman ofRajasthan and also as mayor of Amravati. He was a member of the Indian National Congress.Early lifeDevisingh Ramsingh Shekhawat, who was then a lecturer inchemistry, married Pratibha Patil on 7 July 1965. The couple had a daughter and a son, Raosaheb Shekhawat, who is also a politician.Shekhawat was awarded aPhD from the University of Mumbai in 1972. Prior to his wife's elevation to her presidential role, he had been principal of a college operated by his wife's VidyaBharati Shikshan Sanstha foundation and also a First Mayor of Amravati (1991–1992). Like his wife, he was a member of the Indian National Congress party. Hewas also an agriculturalist and a former member of the Legislative Assembly, being elected for the period 1985–1990 from the Amravati constituency in theMaharashtra state legislature. He lost his deposit in the 1995 contest for that constituency.Various accusations against Shekhawat and Patil emerged after thelatter was nominated for the office of president. Among these was the case of Kisan Dhage, a teacher in a school run by Vidya Prasarak Shikshan Mandal inBuldana district, who committed suicide in November 1998. He left a note saying that he was committing suicide because he was tired of the mental harassmentcaused by Shekhawat, who was chairman of the institution, and four others. When the police registered the case as \"accidental death\", Dhage's wife appealed tothe Judicial Magistrate First Class (JMFC) in Jalgaon Jamod, a tehsil in Buldana district. The JMFC ordered the police to start criminal proceedings. Shekhawatpetitioned the courts seeking dismissal of charges of abetting Dhage's suicide. Two lower courts turned down this plea and by June 2007 the issue was pending inthe Bombay High Court. A judge at that court dismissed the charges against Shekhawat in 2009 on the grounds that there was no proof of direct involvement,although one of his co-accused remained subject to the proceedings.In 2009, a court ruled that Shekhawat had colluded with five relatives and local officials toillegally transfer into his ownership 2.5 acres (1.0 ha) of land in Chandrapur belonging to a Dalit farmer. This was one of several allegations of corruption andirregularities to emerge during Patil's presidency in relation to her and her family.First Gentleman of Rajasthan (2004–2007)Upon Shekhawat's wife's successionas governor of Rajasthan, he moved into Raj Bhavan, Jaipur succeeding as the first gentleman of Rajasthan for 3 years.First Gentleman of India (2007–2012)On25 July 2007 Shekhawat became the first first gentleman of India upon his wife's succession as the twelfth — and first woman — President of India for a fullfive-year term.DeathShekhawat died on 24 February 2023 at the age of 89.Passage 6:Periyar E. V. RamasamyErode Venkatappa Ramasamy (17 September 1879– 24 December 1973), revered as Periyar or Thanthai Periyar, was an Indian social activist and politician who started the Self-Respect Movement and DravidarKazhagam. He is known as the 'Father of the Dravidian movement'. He rebelled against Brahminical dominance and gender and caste inequality in Tamil Nadu.Since 2021, the Indian state of Tamil Nadu celebrates his birth anniversary as 'Social Justice Day'.Ramasamy joined the Indian National Congress in 1919, butresigned in 1925 when he felt that the party was only serving the interests of Brahmins. He questioned the subjugation of non-Brahmin Dravidians as Brahminsenjoyed gifts and donations from non-Brahmins but opposed and discriminated against non-Brahmins in cultural and religious matters. He declared hispolitical/social views to be \"no god; no religion; no Gandhi; no Congress; and no brahmins.\"In 1924, Ramasamy participated in non-violent agitation (satyagraha)in Vaikom, Travancore. From 1929 to 1932 Ramasamy made a tour of British Malaya, Europe, and Soviet Union which influenced him. In 1939, Ramasamybecame the head of the Justice Party, and in 1944, he changed its name to Dravidar Kazhagam. The party later split with one group led by C. N. Annaduraiforming the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in 1949. While continuing the Self-Respect Movement, he advocated for an independent Dravida Nadu (land ofthe Dravidians).Ramasamy promoted the principles of rationalism, self-respect, women’s rights and eradication of caste. He opposed the exploitation andmarginalisation of the non-Brahmin Dravidian people of South India and the imposition of what he considered Indo-Aryan India.BiographyEarly yearsErodeVenkata Ramasamy was born on 17 September 1879 to a Kannada Balija merchant family in Erode, then a part of the Coimbatore district of the MadrasPresidency. Ramasamy's father was Venkatappa Nayakar (or Venkata), and his mother Chinnathyee, Muthammal was a Tamilian. He had one elder brothernamed Krishnaswamy and two sisters named Kannamma and Ponnuthoy. He later came to be known as \"Periyar\" meaning 'respected one' or 'elder' in theTamil.Ramasamy married when he was 19, and had a daughter who lived for only 5 months. His first wife, Nagammai, died in 1933. Ramasamy married for asecond time in July 1948. His second wife, Maniammai, continued Ramasamy's social work after his death in 1973, and his ideas then were advocated by DravidarKazhagam.In 1929, Ramasamy announced the deletion of his caste title Naicker from his name at the First Provincial Self-Respect Conference of Chengalpattu.He could speak three Dravidian languages: Kannada,Telugu and Tamil. Ramasamy attended school for five years after which he joined his father's trade at the"}
{"doc_id":"doc_115","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Margaret Clifford, Countess of DerbyMargaret Stanley, Countess of Derby (née Lady Margaret Clifford; 1540 – 28 September 1596) was the onlysurviving daughter of Henry Clifford, 2nd Earl of Cumberland and Lady Eleanor Brandon. Her maternal grandparents were Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolkand Mary Tudor, Queen of France. Mary was the third daughter of King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York.Early lifeMargaret was born at Brougham Castlein 1540. Her mother died when she was seven and her father left court.Claim to the throneAccording to the will of Henry VIII, Margaret was in line to inherit thethrone of England. Upon the death of her mother, Margaret became seventh in line. However, both her cousins Lady Jane Grey and Lady Mary Grey died withoutissue, and their sister, her other cousin, Lady Catherine Grey, died without the legitimacy of her two sons ever being proven (this was later established but onlyafter the death of Elizabeth I). Margaret quickly moved up to becoming the first in line to the throne but died prior to the death of Elizabeth I.Marriage andfamilyIn 1552, John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland suggested a marriage of his youngest son Guildford to Margaret, yet, although the proposal had thewarm support of Edward VI, her father was against it. A year later, in June 1553, the Imperial ambassador Jehan Scheyfve reported that Northumberland'sbrother Andrew Dudley would marry Margaret. The Dudleys were imprisoned when Mary I gained the throne.Margaret joined Mary's court and married HenryStanley, 4th Earl of Derby on 7 February 1555 in the Chapel Royal at Whitehall Palace. They had something of a stormy relationship. Margaret wrote that therewere several \"breaches and reconciliations\", but that her husband finally left her leaving serious debt. In 1567, Lady Le Strange petitioned the Queen's advisor,William Cecil, for a financial settlement from her estranged husband.With whom she had at least four children:Edward Stanley. Died young.Ferdinando Stanley,5th Earl of Derby (c. 1559 – 16 April 1594).William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby (c. 1561 – 29 September 1642).Francis Stanley (b. 1562). Died young.She latermarried Thomas Fitzwilliam Le Strange, and in 1563 gave birth to a daughter Frances Jenison (née Le Strange) and possibly several other children.Disgrace anddeathIn 1579, Margaret was arrested after she had been heard discussing a proposed marriage of Queen Elizabeth to the Duke d'Alençon. She was opposed to itas it threatened her own possible accession to the crown. She was then accused of using sorcery to predict when Elizabeth would die, and even of planning topoison Elizabeth.Simply predicting the death of a monarch was a capital offence at the time. The countess was put under house arrest. She wrote to FrancisWalsingham insisting on her innocence. She claimed that the accused sorcerer, William Randall, was in fact her physician, who was staying with her because hecould cure \"sickness and weakness in my body\". Randall was subsequently executed. No charges were brought against the countess, but she was banished fromcourt. She wrote repeatedly to the queen complaining that she was in a \"black dungeon of sorrow and despair....overwhelmed with heaviness through the loss ofyour majesty's favour and gracious countenance.\" She continued to be plagued by demands from creditors.Margaret died in 1596 without having recovered royalfavour, and having outlived her eldest son, Ferdinando. Her granddaughter, Lady Anne Stanley, Ferdinando's oldest daughter, inherited her claim. Elizabeth I waseventually succeeded by the genealogically senior claimant, James VI of Scotland.PortraitThere is a discrepancy as to who the sitter is in the Hans Eworth portraitwhich is featured. The coat of arms in the top left corner, which may have been added later, are the impaled arms (those of a husband and wife) of Henry Clifford,2nd Earl of Cumberland, and his wife Lady Eleanor, daughter of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, and Mary Tudor, Dowager Queen of France. As a result, thepainting has been frequently exhibited in the past as a portrait of Lady Eleanor, regardless of the fact that she died in 1547, well before the date of this portrait. Itis, however, a rule of heraldry that impaled arms are not used by the children of a marriage, as they would have their own. Hence the later addition anderroneous use of the arms here suggests that the identity of the portrait was already unclear only two or three generations after it was painted, a situation by nomeans unusual amid the frequent early deaths, multiple marriages, and shifting alliances and fortunes of the most powerful families of the Tudor era. Later theportrait was thought to represent the only child of Eleanor and Henry to survive infancy, Margaret. The inscription on the right which might have provided a check(Margaret would have been aged 25–28 at the time of this portrait) has been truncated; although the Roman numerals of the year can apply only to 1565–8, theage of the sitter cannot be ascertained with any useful accuracy.The National Portrait Gallery has an online sketch of this portrait identified as Lady Eleanor, butthe portrait remains in dispute.Passage 2:Henry Clifford, 2nd Earl of CumberlandHenry Clifford, 2nd Earl of Cumberland (1517 – January 1570) was a member ofthe Clifford family, seated at Skipton Castle from 1310 to 1676. His wife was Lady Eleanor Brandon, a niece of King Henry VIII.OriginsHenry was a son of HenryClifford, 1st Earl of Cumberland, by his wife, Margaret Percy, daughter of Henry Algernon Percy, 5th Earl of Northumberland, and Catherine Spencer.AncestryHismaternal great-grandfather was Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland, whose wife was Maud Herbert, Countess of Northumberland. His maternal grandmotherwas a daughter of Sir Robert Spencer and Eleanor Beaufort. Eleanor was a daughter of Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset, and Eleanor Beauchamp. Shewas a granddaughter of Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick, and Elizabeth Berkeley. He served as hereditary High Sheriff of Westmorland.Marriages andprogenyHenry Clifford married twice.Firstly, before June 1537, Henry married Lady Eleanor Brandon (she was his fourth-cousin through his mother's side), thesecond daughter of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, by his third wife, Mary Tudor, former Queen Consort of France. According to the Third Succession Act of23 March 1544, Lady Eleanor Brandon was the seventh-in-line to the throne of the Kingdom of England. With her death, her daughter, Lady Margaret Clifford,took her place in the line of succession. The expenses of this alliance seriously impoverished Henry's estate and obliged him to alienate the great manor ofTemedbury, Herefordshire, the oldest estate then remaining in the family. Eleanor was a younger sister of Henry Brandon (who died very young) and LadyFrances Brandon, and an older sister of Henry Brandon, 1st Earl of Lincoln (named after their dead brother). Her paternal grandparents were Sir William Brandonand Elizabeth Bruyn. Her maternal grandparents were King Henry VII of England and his queen consort, Elizabeth of York.  Following her death in 1547, Henryretired to the country and concentrated on increasing his paternal inheritance, and is said to have visited the court only thrice: at the coronation of Queen Mary I,on his daughter's marriage, and again soon after the accession of Queen Elizabeth I. By his wife Eleanor Brandon, Henry had three children:Lady Margaret Clifford(1540 – 29 September 1596), wife of Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby.Henry Clifford, died an infant.Charles Clifford, died an infant.Secondly, Henry married AnneDacre (c. 1521 – July 1581), the daughter of William Dacre, 3rd Baron Dacre, and Lady Elizabeth Talbot, daughter of George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury, andAnne Hastings. Anne Hastings was a daughter of William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings, and Lady Katherine Neville. Lady Katherine Neville was a daughter ofRichard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, and Alice Montacute, 5th Countess of Salisbury. By Anne Dacre, Henry had at least three children:George Clifford, 3rd Earlof Cumberland (8 August 1558 – 30 October 1605)Francis Clifford, 4th Earl of Cumberland (1559–1641)Lady Frances Clifford (d. 1592), wife of Philip Wharton,3rd Baron Wharton.CareerIn July 1561 Henry and Lord Dacre, his father-in-law, were accused of protecting the popish priests in the north. A similar charge wasadvanced in February 1562. He was in 1569 strongly opposed to the contemplated marriage of Mary Queen of Scots and Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk,and readily promised support to the great rebellion of that year. In May 1569 he was in London. As the year wore on he gave in his adherence to the scheme forproclaiming Mary queen of England; but when the critical moment arrived he did not act with vigour, but as a 'crazed man, leaving his tenants to the leadership ofLeonard Dacres'. He assisted Lord Scrope in fortifying Carlisle against the rebels. Henry is described by his daughter as having 'a good library,' being 'studious inall manner of learning, and much given to alchemy.'Death and burialHe died shortly after 8 January 1569–70, at Brougham Castle, and was buried at SkiptonCastle.Passage 3:Henry Clifford, 5th Earl of CumberlandHenry Clifford, 5th Earl of Cumberland (28 February 1592 – 11 December 1643) was an Englishlandowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1614 and 1622. He was created a baron in 1628 and succeeded to the title Earl ofCumberland in 1641.Clifford was the son of Francis Clifford, 4th Earl of Cumberland, and Grisold Hughes and a member of the Clifford family which held the seatof Skipton from 1310 to 1676. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford. In 1607, he became joint Lord Lieutenant of Cumberland, Northumberland andWestmorland. He was elected Member of Parliament for Westmorland in 1614, and was returned in 1621. In 1621, he became Custos Rotulorum of Westmorland.He was created Baron Clifford in 1628.Clifford was a supporter of Charles I during the so-called Bishops' Wars in Scotland, and also during the Civil War until hisdeath. He succeeded to the title of Earl of Cumberland in 1641 and died two years later in 1643 at the age of 52; as he left no sons the earldom becameextinct.Clifford married Lady Frances Cecil (1593 – 14 February 1644), daughter of Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury and Elizabeth Brooke on 25 July, 1610, at StMary Abbots Church, Kensington. They had one child: Lady Elizabeth Clifford who married Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Burlington.Passage 4:Eleanor Brandon,Countess of CumberlandEleanor Clifford, Countess of Cumberland (née Lady Eleanor Brandon; 1519 – 27 September 1547) was the third child and seconddaughter of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk and Princess Mary Tudor, the Dowager Queen consort of France. She was a younger sister of Lady FrancesBrandon and an elder sister of Henry Brandon, 1st Earl of Lincoln. She was also a younger paternal half-sister of Lady Anne Brandon and Lady Mary Brandon fromher father's second marriage. After her mother's death in 1533, her father remarried to Catherine Willoughby and Eleanor became an elder half-sister of HenryBrandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk and Charles Brandon, 3rd Duke of Suffolk.Her paternal grandparents were Sir William Brandon and Elizabeth Bruyn. Her maternal"}
{"doc_id":"doc_116","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Marie-Louise CoidavidQueen Marie Louise Coidavid (1778 – 11 March 1851) was the Queen of the Kingdom of Haiti 1811–20 as the spouse of HenriChristophe.Early lifeMarie-Louise was born into a free black family; her father was the owner of Hotel de la Couronne, Cap-Haïtien. Henri Christophe was a slavepurchased by her father. Supposedly, he earned enough money in tips from his duties at the hotel that he was able to purchase his freedom before the HaitianRevolution. They married in Cap-Haïtien in 1793, having had a relationship with him from the year prior. They had four children: François Ferdinand (born 1794),Françoise-Améthyste (d. 1831), Athénaïs (d. 1839) and Victor-Henri.At her spouse's new position in 1798, she moved to the Sans-Souci Palace. During theFrench invasion, she and her children lived underground until 1803.QueenIn 1811, Marie-Louise was given the title of queen upon the creation of the Kingdom ofHaiti. Her new status gave her ceremonial tasks to perform, ladies-in-waiting, a secretary and her own court. She took her position seriously, and stated that thetitle \"given to her by the nation\" also gave her responsibilities and duties to perform. She served as the hostess of the ceremonial royal court life performed at theSans-Souci Palace. She did not involve herself in the affairs of state. She was given the position of Regent should her son succeed her spouse while still being aminor.  However, as her son became of age before the death of his father, this was never to materialize.After the death of the king in 1820, she remained withher daughters Améthyste and Athénaïs at the palace until they were escorted from it by his followers together with his corpse; after their departure, the palacewas attacked and plundered. Marie-Louise and her daughters were given the property Lambert outside Cap. She was visited by president Jean Pierre Boyer, whooffered her his protection; he denied the spurs of gold she gave him, stating that he was the leader of poor people. They were allowed to settle in Port-au-Prince.Marie-Louise was described as calm and resigned, but her daughters, especially Athénaïs, were described as vengeful.ExileThe Queen was in exile for 30 years. InAugust 1821, the former queen left Haiti with her daughters under the protection of the British admiral Sir Home Popham, and travelled to London. There wererumours that she was searching for the money, three million, deposited by her spouse in Europe. Whatever the case, she did live the rest of her life withouteconomic difficulties. The English climate and pollution during the Industrial Revolution was determintal to Améthyste's health, and eventually they decided toleave.In 1824, Marie-Louise and her daughters moved in Pisa in Italy, where they lived for the rest of their lives, Améthyste dying shortly after their arrival andAthénaïs in 1839. They lived discreetly for the most part, but were occasionally bothered by fortune hunters and throne claimers who wanted their fortune.Shortly before her death, she wrote to Haiti for permission to return. She never did, however, before she died in Italy. She is buried in the church of San Donnino.A historical marker was installed in front of the church on April 23, 2023 to commemorate the Queen, her daughter and her sister.See alsoMarie-Claire HeureuseFélicitéAdélina LévêquePassage 2:Sophia Magdalena of DenmarkSophia Magdalena of Denmark (Danish: Sophie Magdalene; Swedish: Sofia Magdalena; 3 July1746 – 21 August 1813) was Queen of Sweden from 1771 to 1792 as the wife of King Gustav III. Born into the House of Oldenburg, the royal family ofDenmark-Norway, Sophia Magdalena was the first daughter of King Frederick V of Denmark and Norway and his first consort, Princess Louise of Great Britain.Already at the age of five, she was betrothed to Gustav, the heir apparent to the throne of Sweden, as part of an attempt to improve the traditionally tenserelationship between the two Scandinavian realms. She was subsequently brought up to be the Queen of Sweden, and they married in 1766. In 1771, Sophia'shusband ascended to the throne and became King of Sweden, making Sophia Queen of Sweden. Their coronation was on 29 May 1772.The politically arrangedmarriage was unsuccessful. The desired political consequences for the mutual relations between the two countries did not materialize, and on a personal level theunion also proved to be unhappy. Sophia Magdalena was of a quiet and serious nature, and found it difficult to adjust to her husband's pleasure seeking court.She dutifully performed her ceremonial duties but did not care for social life and was most comfortable in quiet surroundings with a few friends. However, she wasliked by many in the Caps party, believing she was a symbol of virtue and religion. The relationship between the spouses improved somewhat in the years from1775 to 1783, but subsequently deteriorated again.After her husband was assassinated in 1792, Sophia Magdalena withdrew from public life, and led a quiet lifeas dowager queen until her death in 1813.Early lifePrincess Sophie Magdalene was born on 3 July 1746 at her parents' residence Charlottenborg Palace, located atthe large square, Kongens Nytorv, in central Copenhagen. She was the second child and first daughter of Crown Prince Frederick of Denmark and his first consort,the former Princess Louise of Great Britain, and was named for her grandmother, Queen Sophie Magdalene. She received her own royal household at birth.Justone month after her birth, her grandfather King Christian VI died, and Princess Sophie Magdalene's father ascended the throne as King Frederick V. She was theheir presumptive to the throne of Denmark from the death of her elder brother in 1747 until the birth of her second brother in 1749, and retained her status asnext in line to the Danish throne after her brother until her marriage. She was therefore often referred to as Crown Princess of Denmark.In the spring of 1751, atthe age of five, she was betrothed to Gustav, the heir apparent to the throne of Sweden, and she was brought up to be the Queen of Sweden. The marriage wasarranged by the Riksdag of the Estates, not by the Swedish royal family. The marriage was arranged as a way of creating peace between Sweden and Denmark,which had a long history of war and which had strained relations following the election of an heir to the Swedish throne in 1743, where the Danish candidate hadlost. The engagement was met with some worry from Queen Louise, who feared that her daughter would be mistreated by the Queen of Sweden, Louisa Ulrika ofPrussia. The match was known to be disliked by the Queen of Sweden, who was in constant conflict with the Parliament; and who was known in Denmark for herpride, dominant personality and hatred of anything Danish, which she demonstrated in her treatment of the Danish ambassadors in Stockholm.After the death ofher mother early in her life, Sophia Magdalena was given a very strict and religious upbringing by her grandmother and her stepmother, who considered herfather and brother to be morally degenerate. She is noted to have had good relationships with her siblings, her grandmother and her stepmother; her father,however, often frightened her when he came before her drunk, and was reportedly known to set his dogs upon her, causing in her a lifelong phobia.In 1760, thebetrothal was again brought up by Denmark, which regarded it as a matter of prestige. The negotiations were made between Denmark and the Swedish Queen,as King Adolf Frederick of Sweden was never considered to be of any more than purely formal importance. Louisa Ulrika favored a match between Gustav and herniece Philippine of Brandenburg-Schwedt instead, and claimed that she regarded the engagement to be void and forced upon her by Carl Gustaf Tessin. Shenegotiated with Catherine the Great and her brother Frederick the Great to create some political benefit for Denmark in exchange for a broken engagement.However, the Swedish public was very favorable to the match due to expectations Sophia Magdalena would be like the last Danish-born Queen of Sweden, UlrikaEleonora of Denmark, who was very loved for her kindness and charity. This view was supported by the Caps political party, which expected Sophia Magdalena tobe an example of a virtuous and religious representative of the monarchy in contrast to the haughty Louisa Ulrika. Fredrick V of Denmark was also eager tocomplete the match: \"His Danish Majesty could not have the interests of his daughter sacrificed because of the prejudices and whims of the Swedish Queen\". In1764 Crown Prince Gustav, who was at this point eager to free himself from his mother and form his own household, used the public opinion to state to hismother that he wished to honor the engagement, and on 3 April 1766, the engagement was officially celebrated.When a portrait of Sophia Magdalena wasdisplayed in Stockholm, Louisa Ulrika commented: \"why Gustav, you seem to be already in love with her! She looks stupid\", after which she turned to PrinceCharles and added: \"She would suit you better!\"Crown PrincessOn 1 October 1766, Sophia Magdalena was married to Gustav by proxy at Christiansborg Palace inCopenhagen with her brother Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Denmark, as representative of her groom. She traveled in the royal golden sloop from Kronborg inDenmark over Öresund to Hälsingborg in Sweden; when she was halfway, the Danish cannon salute ended, and the Swedish started to fire. In Helsingborg, shewas welcomed by her brother-in-law Prince Charles of Hesse, who had crossed the sea shortly before her, the Danish envoy in Stockholm, Baron Schack, as wellas Crown Prince Gustav himself. As she was about to set foot on ground, Gustav was afraid that she would fall, and he therefore reached her his hand with thewords: \"Watch out, Madame!\", a reply which quickly became a topic of gossip at the Swedish court.The couple then traveled by land toward Stockholm, beingcelebrated on the way. She met her father-in-law the King and her brothers-in-law at Stäket Manor on 27 October, and she continued to be well-treated and likedby them all during her life in Sweden. Thereafter, she met her mother-in-law the Queen and her sister-in-law at Säby Manor, and on the 28th, she was formallypresented for the Swedish royal court at Drottningholm Palace. At this occasion, Countess Ebba Bonde noted that the impression about her was: \"By God, howbeautiful she is!\", but that her appearance was affected by the fact that she had a: \"terrible fear of the Queen\". On 4 November 1766, she was officially welcomedto the capital of Stockholm, where she was married to Gustav in person in the Royal Chapel at Stockholm Royal Palace.Sophia Magdalena initially made a goodimpression upon the Swedish nobility with her beauty, elegance and skillful dance; but her shy, silent, and reserved nature soon made her a disappointment inthe society life. Being of a reserved nature, she was considered cold and arrogant. Her mother-in-law Queen Louisa Ulrika, who once stated that she couldcomprehend nothing more humiliating than the position of a Queen Dowager, harassed her in many ways: a typical example was when she invited Gustav to herbirthday celebrations, but asked him to make Sophia Magdalena excuse herself by pretending to be too ill to attend. Louisa Ulrika encouraged a distance between"}
{"doc_id":"doc_117","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Charles James Irwin Grant, 6th Baron de LongueuilCharles James Irwin Grant, only son of Charles William Grant, 5th Baron de Longueuil and CarolineCoffin, was born in Montreal on 1 April 1815. He served in the 79th Regiment as a lieutenant for a while. He later married Henriet Colmore, from whom hefathered two sons (Alexander Frederick, died age 2 and Charles Colmore) as well as a daughter. His wife Henriet died in 1847 and he remarried in Charleston,South Carolina on 18 January 1849 to Anne Trapman, second daughter of Louis Trapman, a consul. He had many children from this union including ReginaldCharles and John Charles Moore. He died on 26 February 1879 at age 63.AncestryPassage 2:James BillmyerJames Irwin Billmyer (May 14, 1897 - July 9, 1989)was an American modern painter and illustrator.Early yearsJames Billmyer was born in Union Bridge, Maryland and received his BA from Western MarylandCollege. He continued his studies at the National Academy of Design, Beaux Arts, the Art Students’ League, Cooper Union, Maryland Institute, Baltimore CharcoalClub, and Baltimore Grand Central School of Art.Some of his influential teachers included John Sloan, George Luks, Frank Vincent Dumond, George Bridgeman,William De Leftwüch Dodge, Dean Cornwell, and Harvey Dunn.Billnyer was involved with the commercial art of periodicals and advertising, working as anillustrator for magazines such as “Cosmopolitan”, “Family Circle”, “House and Garden”, “Ladies Home Journal”, “Parents Magazine”, and Collier’s \"GoodHousekeeping”.  In 1931, he became a member of the American Society of Illustrators.WorkBillmyer travelled extensively in Latin and Central America, Canada,the Near East, and Europe, exploring the history and cultures of these locations, which ultimately impacts his work. In the 1950s and 1960s, he was a part of the10th Street galleries scene. For twelve years, he studied plastics under the tutelage of Hans Hofmann in New York and Provincetown.  Hofmann showed him theimportance of objects moved out from the canvas and resolved back into it.  This type of painting that deals with multiple rhythms, colors, and angles, offersviewers a higher-dimensional experience. Billmyer has created patterns in and out of divided planes that go in independent directions before receding back intothe canvas, which is his unique adaption of Hofmann’s methods. Many of his patterns and forms appear in the film “The Hypercube: Projections and Slicing.”Billmyer has taught and lectured at the New York School of Interior Design, The Hudson River School, Spellman College, Miami Art Center,  the Naskeay School,Maine, and his own New York School.Passage 3:John Charles Moore Grant, 9th Baron de LongueuilJohn Charles Moore de Bienville Grant, 9th Baron de Longueuilwas born in 1861 at Bath, Somerset. He was the son of Charles James Irwin Grant and Anne Marie Catherine Trapman. He succeeded to the title of Baron deLongueuil on 3 August 1931. He died on 17 October 1935 at Pau, France.AncestryPassage 4:Charlie PartridgeCharles James Partridge (born December 7, 1973) isan American college football coach. He is the assistant head football coach and defensive line coach at the University of Pittsburgh, a position he has held since2018. Partridge served as the head football coach at Florida Atlantic University from 2014 to 2016.Playing careerA native of Plantation, Florida, Partridge attendedDrake University, where he was a team captain of the football team. Later he also attended Iowa State University.Coaching careerPartridge's first coachingexperience was as a graduate assistant with the Drake Bulldogs and the Iowa State Cyclones. From there he became the defensive line coach of the EasternIllinois Panthers. Partridge served as defensive line coach, linebackers coach, and special teams coordinator of the Pitt Panthers for five seasons before joining theWisconsin Badgers. He was named co-defensive coordinator at Wisconsin in January 2011. On December 15, 2012 the University of Arkansas announced thehiring of Partridge as the defensive line coach. Partridge was widely credited as Wisconsin's lead recruiter in the state of Florida, and helped land five-star runningback Alex Collins for the Razorbacks in his first two months on the job. Partridge followed former Wisconsin Badgers head coach Bret Bielema toArkansas.Partridge was hired as the head coach at Florida Atlantic on December 16, 2013. He was fired on November 27, 2016.On February 14, 2017 Partridgewas announced as the defensive line coach at Pittsburgh.Personal lifePartridge is married with two children.Head coaching recordPassage 5:Charles William Grant,5th Baron de LongueuilCharles William Grant was born in 1782. He was the son of Captain David Alexander Grant and Marie-Charles-Joseph Le Moyne, Baronnede Longueuil. He served during the War of 1812 as Lieutenant Colonel of the Boucherville militia battalion and as a staff officer. He was taken prisoner by theAmericans on 8 December 1813, and was held hostage in Worcester, Massachusetts. He married Caroline Coffin, daughter of General John Coffin and AnneMathews, on 21 May 1814. He became a member of the Legislative Council of Lower Canada. He succeeded to the title of Baron de Longueuil on 17 January 1841.He died on 5 July 1848 at his residence of Alwington House in Kingston.AncestryPassage 6:Charles James (footballer)Charles James (1882–1960) was an Englishfootballer who played for Stoke.CareerJames was born in Stoke-upon-Trent and played for amateur side Halmerend before joining Stoke in 1908. He became abit-part player for Stoke in this three seasons there making a modest 13 appearances. He later worked at the Florence Colliery and also played for the worksfootball team.Career statisticsPassage 7:Anthony Robinson (Unitarian)Anthony Robinson (1762–1827) was an English Unitarian minister and friend of CharlesJames Fox.LifeRobinson was born in January 1762 at Kirkland near Wigton in Cumberland.  He was educated at Bristol Baptist Academy, under James Newton(1733-1790).  Robinson was baptized at The Pithay Meeting, Bristol, in 1784.  He became a minister, at the General Baptist Church, Glasshouse Yard, WorshipStreet, London.  About 1790, having succeeded to his father's estate, he retired to Wigan.  About 1796, he returned to London, where he became a successfulsugar refiner.Robinson had an influential circle of acquaintance, including Joseph Priestley, William Belsham, and Henry Crabb Robinson.He died in Hatton Garden,20 January 1827, and was buried in the Worship Street Baptist churchyard.FamilyRobinson's son Anthony, who disappeared in 1824, is alleged one of the victimsof Burke and Hare.PublicationsA Short History of the Persecution of Christians by Jews, Heathens, and Christians (Carlisle, 1793)A View of the Causes andConsequences of English Wars (London, 1798)An Examination of a Sermon preached at Cambridge by Robert Hall on Modern Infidelity (London, 1800)Passage8:Jonnie IrwinJonathan James Irwin (born 18 November 1973) is an English television presenter, writer, lecturer, business and property expert.Early lifeIrwingrew up on a small farm in the village of Bitteswell, Leicestershire. Irwin was educated at Lutterworth Grammar School and Community College. He obtained adegree from Birmingham City University in estate management.He is of Irish descent.CareerIrwin worked for business transfer specialists Christie & Co, becomingan associate director within three years, before going on to work for Colliers International.In 2004, Irwin was selected from hundreds of applicants along withco-presenter Jasmine Harman to present Channel 4's show A Place in the Sun – Home or Away, and has filmed over 200 episodes all around Britain. Theprogramme is also broadcast daily on More4, Discovery Real Time and Discovery Travel & Living, as well as channels throughout Europe and the rest of the world,including New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa. In 2022 Irwin accused A Place in the Sun producers of axing him as presenter after 18 years due to a cancerdiagnosis, leaving his mood “really low.”Irwin also presents episodes of BBC property shows Escape to the Country and To Buy or Not to Buy. Irwin has alsopresented the spin-off to Escape to the Country, Escape to the Perfect Town. In January 2011, Sky 1 broadcast Irwin's own show called Dream Lives for Sale,which saw him help people leave behind their lives in the UK and buy a business. In late 2011 he began a new series, The Renovation Game, which aired onweekday mornings on Channel 4.Over the past ten years, Irwin has advised clients on business and property, ranging from small high street gift shops tomultimillion pound corporate hotel packages. He still runs a property and business consultancy.Irwin writes a regular column for A Place in the Sun magazine. Heappears at A Place in the Sun Live giving presentations on his tips for buying property abroad. Irwin also regularly hosts seminars and corporate events.PersonallifeIrwin is a keen sportsman. He played rugby for Lutterworth RFC and then for Rugby Lions RFC, until an accident in a sevens tournament in which he broke hisback and subsequently retired.Irwin married Jessica Holmes in September 2016. Together they have three sons. Rex born 2018 and twin sons Rafa and Cormacborn 2020. Irwin and his family moved to the Hertfordshire town of Berkhamsted in 2018 and then to the Newcastle upon Tyne area.Health and illnessInNovember 2022, Irwin shared that he had terminal lung cancer, after being diagnosed in 2020. In an interview with Hello!, Irwin said, \"I don't know how long Ihave left, but I try to stay positive and my attitude is that I'm living with cancer, not dying from it. I set little markers – things I want to be around for [...] I'mdoing everything I can to hold that day off for as long as possible. I owe that to Jess and our boys. Some people in my position have bucket lists, but I just wantus to do as much as we can as a family.\"Passage 9:Charles Colmore Grant, 7th Baron de LongueuilCharles Colmore Grant, 7th Baron de Longueuil was the son ofCharles James Irwin Grant, 6th Baron de Longueuil and Harriet Cregoe-Colmore. He was born on 13 April 1844 at Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England. In 1878,he married Mary Wayne, daughter of Thomas Wayne. In 1880, he claimed a royal recognition of his right to the barony of Longueuil. By the treaty of Quebec thesovereignty of Canada passed from the Kings of France to the Kings of Great Britain but with the reservation that all rights and privileges \"of what kind soever\"should be reserved and secured to all individuals of French descent to which they had been entitled under the previous regime. Queen Victoria was graciouslypleased to recognise the claim of Charles Colmore Grant to the title of Baron de Longueuil. He died on 13 December 1898 at age 54 at New York City. He waswithout issue and his half-brother Reginald Charles succeeded him.Passage 10:Henry KrauseHenry J. \"Red\" Krause, Jr. (August 28, 1913 – February 20, 1987)was an American football offensive lineman in the National Football League for the Brooklyn Dodgers and the Washington Redskins.  He played college football atSt. Louis University."}
{"doc_id":"doc_118","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of NorfolkThomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, KG (22 March 1366 – 22 September 1399) was an English peer. Asa result of his involvement in the power struggles which led up to the fall of King Richard II, he was banished and died in exile in Venice.Background and youthTheMowbrays were an old family in the English peerage, having been first raised to the baronage in 1295. Several advantageous marriages, combined with loyalservice to the crown and rewards from it made them, by the late 14th century, a great political standing. Thomas was the son of John de Mowbray, 4th BaronMowbray and his wife Elizabeth Segrave, the daughter and heiress of John Segrave, 4th Baron Segrave by his wife Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk, daughter andheiress of Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk,  the fifth son of King Edward I.Thomas Mowbray was born in 1366; the precise date is unknown. He wasprobably named after the cult of St Thomas Becket, of which his mother was a follower. His elder brother John was their father's heir; he died in 1368. Four yearslater, they became the ward of their great-aunt, Blanche of Lancaster. John was created Earl of Nottingham on the coronation of King Richard II in 1377, but diedin early 1383. Almost immediately—within a few days—the earldom was re-granted to Thomas, and even though he was still legally a minor, he was allowedseisin of his patrimony and the comital penny.Political backgroundRichard II succeeded to the throne in 1377 on the death of his grandfather, Edward III, but hisunpopularity had been growing since Richard's suppression of the Peasants' Revolt in 1381. He was increasingly criticised for his patronage of a few select royalfavourites, to an extent that has been described as \"lavish to the point of foolishness\" by a biographer, historian Anthony Tuck. Parliament was also coming to theview that the King needed to rule as economically as possible, and they observed with displeasure the King's distribution of extravagant patronage to a limitedcircle, the greatest recipient of which was Michael de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk. Furthermore, the Hundred Years' War was going poorly for England. Severalexpeditions had left for France in the early years of Richard's reign to defend English territory, but they were almost all military and political failures.As a secondson, little is recorded of Mowbray's youth, although his background and status \"virtually guaranteed him a place at court\", says Saul. The King and Mowbray hadprobably been childhood friends, and was a royal favourite from at least 1382, when he was granted hunting rights in certain royal forests and was knighted. Itwas around this time that Bolingbroke began to fall out of favour with the King, with Mowbray supplanting him. Mowbray also married the ten-year-old LadyElizabeth Lestrange, heiress of John, Lord Blakemere, whose marriage cost the King around £1000. Elizabeth died in 1383, not long after the wedding.Career to1390Mowbray remained high in royal favour following the death of his wife, and he was elected to the Order of the Garter in October the same year, even thoughhe was militarily unproven. The King granted him grace and favour rooms at the royal palaces of Eltham and Kings Langley. Reflecting his role as an importantcourtier, Mowbray accompanied Richard on his tour of East Anglia in 1383. His closeness to the King drew the opprobrium of the King's uncle, John of Gaunt,Duke of Lancaster—probably the most powerful man in the Kingdom after the King—upon him. Gaunt accused Mowbray, along with Robert, Earl of Oxford andWilliam, Earl of Salisbury of plotting against the King. Gaunt himself was becoming increasingly unpopular and had withdrawn from the council. As a result, saysthe chronicler Thomas Walsingham, Mowbray, de Vere and Montacute plotted to kill the duke in February 1385. The King held jousts between the 13th and 14thof the month, and Gaunt's murder was to be committed on the 14th; it is possible that Richard did not disapprove, such had relations between him and his unclebroken down. Originally, this had been over foreign policy; Gaunt favoured a restoration of the war with France, while Richard was keen to invade Scotland Gaunthad also recently told Richard that he viewed the King's advisors as \"unsavoury\", and Mowbray and his friends deliberately exacerbated the two men'santagonism by proffering a series of accusations against the duke. Gaunt received a forewarning of the attack, however, and fled in the night.On 30 June1385—as the royal army was about to leave for Scotland—Mowbray received his great-grandfather's office of Marshal of England, although he could not haveforeseen this eventuality as at the time the campaign was announced the marshalcy was possessed by the Earl of Kent. Mowbray led a force of 99 men-at-armsand 150 archers, serving with Gaunt in the vanguard. Mowbray helped draw up the King's ordinances for the campaign when the royal army reached Durham,although by now, suggests Given-Wilson, Mowbray's relations with Richard \"may have been cooling\". Less than a year after his first wife's death, Mowbraymarried Elizabeth Fitzalan. Elizabeth was a daughter of Richard, Earl of Arundel, and, although the King attended their wedding and the week-long festivitiesaccompanying it, it is unlikely that the marriage was popular with Richard. His second marriage must have been a turning point. Richard doubtless saw Arundel asa negative influence on Mowbray and feared the strengthening of the earl's position against him. Mowbray and Elizabeth had also wed without his permission, andso the King distrained Mowbray's estates until he had received the value of the license. Tuck argues, in fact, that \"nor was the king's concern unfounded\";Mowbray had been increasingly isolated at court by the King's latest favourites, such as Oxford, and had moved into the circle of those who opposed the newroyal intimates, perhaps seeing them as the best way to dispose of his rival. This circle also included not only Richard's father-in-law but his uncle, Thomas, Dukeof Gloucester. In a sign that Mowbray was not completely out of favour, Elizabeth received her robes as a Lady of the Garter in 1386.Both men had played animportant role in parliament's attack on Richard's chancellor, Michael de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk at the Wonderful Parliament of 1386. The Wonderful Parliamenthad taken place against a backdrop of genuine fear of a French invasion—Walsingham described how Londoners, in his view, like \"timid mice they scurried hitherand thither—and Arundel had been appointed Admiral of England. In March the following year he, in turn, appointed Mowbray his deputy, and they took a fleetout of Margate and encountered a French-Flemish fleet almost immediately. The result was its crushing defeat. Between 50 and 100 French-Flemish ships werecaptured or destroyed. The King was unimpressed. When Arundel and Mowbray returned to court, Richard coolly claimed they had only defeated merchants, andOxford turned his back on the earls.AppellantFor most of the 1380s, Mowbray received what he doubtless considered his due from the King, in lands, offices andgrants. But by 1387 he became increasingly estranged from Richard's court. The main reason for this was probably jealousy of de Vere. While he was wealthyenough not to have to rely on royal favour, as de Vere did, he expected the honour and dignity that his birth and status demanded. This he saw increasinglysyphoned off to his rival. Although the Wonderful Parliament had set up a commission to effectively restrain the King, it failed so to do. Richard emasculated thecommission by leaving London straight away, and not only ignored its deliberations but his own councils in the provinces. He also took legal advice from hisjudges who, unsurprisingly, found in his favour that those responsible for parliament's treatment of the King should be deemed traitors. In response, Mowbrayjoined Bolingbroke, Gloucester, Arundel and Warwick in appealing several of the King's friends, including Oxford, of treason, and raised an army at Hornsey, northof London. The Appellants' army engaged Oxford's at the Battle of Radcot Bridge, inflicting a crushing defeat on the royalists in December. Mowbray did not takepart, as he was guarding the road back to the West Midlandsl at Moreton in Marsh, although he may have sent a portion of his retinue to the Appellantarmy.Mowbray appears to have been responsible for dissuading Gloucester, Arundel and Warwick from marching to London and deposing the King. Indeed, heand Bolingbroke may have been a moderating influence on the others. Converseley, due to his position as Earl Marshal—one of the two heads of the Court ofChivalry—his presence with the Appellants enabled them to frame their offensive juridically rather than as a traditional noble rebellion. He was one of the groupthat attended Richard in the Tower of London—with arms linked—on 30 December and accused the King of treachery towards them. They also demanded Richardorder the arrest of the appellees; Walsingham reports that he only agreed to do so on being threatened, once again, with deposition. The King attempted to divideMowbray from his colleagues, asking him to stay behind when the others were ready to leave.  With the King now under their control, Mowbray and theAppellants called parliament for early 1388. This session became known as the Merciless Parliament on account of the vengeance it laid on the King's closestsupporters. with Mowbray overseeing the executions with \"the aid and authority of the mayor, sheriffs, and aldermen of London\". Mowbray was to take thecondemned to the Tower and \"‘from there drag him through the city of London as far as the gallows at Tyburn, and there hang him by the neck\".Rapprochmentwith the KingFor his part, there are signs that Mowbray was becoming dissatisfied with his comrades through the course of the parliament, which Tuck suggestswas because Mowbray was \"never as committed to the destruction of the court faction as Gloucester, Arundel, and Warwick\". Given-Wilson suggests thatincluding Mowbray by the Appellants broadened their base among the nobility, by virtue of his having had less acrimonious relations with the King, but alsoweakened them as a body by diluting their grievances. As indicated by Mowbray's dispute with Warwick over the Gower lordship, they were already \"shot throughwith personal and political differences\" as it was. Tuck suggests that, while Mowbray seems able to have stomached the convictions of the others, \"the real riftoccurred over the question of Sir Simon Burley's fate\". Gloucester and Warwick accused him of exercising undue influence over Richard; Burley, theunder-chamberlain, had been tutor to the King, who wanted to save him. Mowbray and Bolingbroke agreed, but to no avail, and in May 1388 Burley was hangedat Tyburn. Mowbray was loyal to the King and court.Early indications of Mowbray's return to favour with the came in early 1389 when he had his estates restoredto him and was pardoned for having married without the King's licence. In March he was appointed warden of the East March and castellan of Berwick Castle,receiving wages of £6,000 in peacetime and twice that in time of war. His appointment was not a success; he alienated the traditional lord of the north, Henry"}
{"doc_id":"doc_119","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Erard II, Count of BrienneErard II of Brienne (died 1191) was count of Brienne from 1161 to 1191, and a French general during the Third Crusade,most notably at the Siege of Acre. He was the son of Gautier II, count of Brienne, and Humbeline Baudemont, daughter of Andrew, lord of Baudemont and Agnesof Braine.  His paternal grandparents were Erard I, Count of Brienne and Alix de Roucy. During this siege he saw his brother André of Brienne die on 4 October1189, before being killed himself on 8 February 1191.  Erard II's nephew was Erard of Brienne-Ramerupt.Before 1166 he married Agnès of Montfaucon († after1186), daughter of Amadeus II of Montfaucon and of Béatrice of Grandson-Joinville.  Their children were:Walter III of Brienne (died 1205) count of Brienne andclaimant to the throne of Sicily.William of Brienne (died 1199) lord of Pacy-sur-Armançon, married Eustachie of Courtenay, daughter of Peter I of Courtenay andElisabeth of Courtenay.John of Brienne (1170–1237), king of Jerusalem (1210–1225), then emperor of Constantinople (1231–1237).AndrewIda of Brienne whomarried Ernoul of Reynel lord of Pierrefitte.Passage 2:John Montgomery GloverJohn Montgomery Glover (September 4, 1822 – November 15, 1891) was a  NorthAmerican politician, who served as a U.S. Representative from Missouri, he was the uncle of John Milton Glover.Early lifeBorn in Harrodsburg, Kentucky, Gloverattended the public schools in Kentucky.He moved to Missouri in 1836 with his parents, who settled in Knox County, near Newark, and continued his schooling.Heattended Marion and Masonic Colleges, Philadelphia, Missouri.He studied law.He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in St. Louis, Missouri.He movedto California in 1850 and continued the practice of his profession.He returned to Knox County, Missouri, in 1855 to take charge of his father's affairs.CareerDuringthe Civil War served as colonel of the Third Regiment, Missouri Volunteer Cavalry, beginning September 4, 1861.  His service with the regiment was in a variety ofpoints within Missouri and Arkansas.  At various points during his service, he detached as the Commander of the District of Rolla, the Sub-District of Pilot Knoband the 2nd Brigade, Cavalry Division, Department of the Missouri.  On February 23, 1864 he tendered his resignation in Springfield, Illinois, on account ofimpaired health.He served as collector of internal revenue for the third district of Missouri from December 1, 1866, until March 3, 1867.Glover was elected as aDemocrat to the Forty-third, Forty-fourth, and Forty-fifth Congresses (March 4, 1873 – March 3, 1879).He served as chairman of the Committee on Expendituresin the Department of the Treasury (Forty-fifth Congress).He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1878.He engaged in agricultural pursuits.He diednear Newark, Missouri, November 15, 1891.He was interred on his farm near Newark, Missouri.He was reinterred in Woodland Cemetery, Quincy, Illinois.Passage3:Christopher H. ClarkChristopher Henderson Clark (1767 – November 21, 1828) was a congressman and lawyer from Virginia. He was the brother of JamesClark, the uncle of John Bullock Clark, Sr. and the great-uncle of John Bullock Clark, Jr.BiographyBorn in Albemarle County, Virginia, Clark attended WashingtonCollege, studied law in the office of Patrick Henry and was admitted to the bar in 1788, commencing practice in New London, Campbell County, Virginia. He was amember of the Virginia House of Delegates in 1790 and was elected a Democratic-Republican to the United States House of Representatives to fill a vacancy in1804, serving until his resignation in 1806. He resumed practicing law until his death near New London on November 21, 1828. He was interred at a privatecemetery at Old Lawyers Station near Lynchburg, Virginia.External linksUnited States Congress. \"Christopher H. Clark (id: C000424)\". Biographical Directory ofthe United States Congress.Passage 4:John of BrienneJohn of Brienne (c. 1170 – 19–23 March 1237), also known as John I, was King of Jerusalem from 1210 to1225 and Latin Emperor of Constantinople from 1229 to 1237. He was the youngest son of Erard II of Brienne, a wealthy nobleman in Champagne. John,originally destined for an ecclesiastical career, became a knight and owned small estates in Champagne around 1200. After the death of his brother, Walter III, heruled the County of Brienne on behalf of his minor nephew Walter IV (who lived in southern Italy).The barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem proposed that Johnmarry their queen, Maria. With the consent of Philip II of France and Pope Innocent III, he left France for the Holy Land and married the queen; the couple werecrowned in 1210. After Maria's death in 1212 John administered the kingdom as regent for their infant daughter Isabella II; an influential lord, John of Ibelin,attempted to depose him. John was a leader of the Fifth Crusade. Although his claim of supreme command of the crusader army was never unanimouslyacknowledged, his right to rule Damietta (in Egypt) was confirmed shortly after the city fell to the crusaders in 1219. He claimed the Armenian Kingdom of Ciliciaon behalf of his second wife, Stephanie, in 1220. After Stephanie and their infant son died that year, John returned to Egypt. The Fifth Crusade ended in failure(including the recovery of Damietta by the Egyptians) in 1221.John was the first king of Jerusalem to visit Europe (Italy, France, England, León, Castile andGermany) to seek assistance for the Holy Land. He gave his daughter in marriage to Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in 1225, and Frederick ended John's rule ofthe Kingdom of Jerusalem. Although the popes tried to persuade Frederick to restore the kingdom to John, the Jerusalemite barons regarded Frederick as theirlawful ruler. John administered papal domains in Tuscany, became the podestà of Perugia and was a commander of Pope Gregory IX's army during Gregory's waragainst Frederick in 1228 and 1229.He was elected emperor in 1229 as the senior co-ruler (with Baldwin II) of the Latin Empire, and was crowned inConstantinople in 1231. John III Vatatzes, Emperor of Nicaea, and Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria occupied the last Latin territories in Thrace and Asia Minor, besiegingConstantinople in early 1235. John directed the defence of his capital during the months-long siege, with the besiegers withdrawing only after Geoffrey II ofAchaea and united fleets from Italian towns defeated their fleet in 1236. The following year, John died as a Franciscan friar.Early lifeJohn was the youngest of thefour sons of Count Erard II of Brienne and Agnes of Montfaucon. He seemed \"exceedingly old ... about 80\" to the 14-year-old George Akropolites in 1231; ifAkropolites' estimate was correct, John was born around 1150. However, no other 13th-century authors described John as an old man. His father referred toJohn's brothers as \"children\" in 1177 and mentioned the tutor of John's oldest brother, Walter III, in 1184; this suggests that John's brothers were born in thelate 1160s. Modern historians agree that John was born after 1168, probably during the 1170s.Although his father destined John for a clerical career, according tothe late-13th-century Tales of the Minstrel of Reims he \"was unwilling\". Instead, the minstrel continued, John fled to his maternal uncle at the Clairvaux Abbey.Encouraged by his fellows, he became a knight and earned a reputation in tournaments and fights. Although elements of the Tales of the Minstrel of Reims areapparently invented (for instance, John did not have a maternal uncle in Clairvaux), historian Guy Perry wrote that it may have preserved details of John's life. Achurch career was not unusual for youngest sons of 12th-century noblemen in France; however, if his father sent John to a monastery he left before reaching theage of taking monastic vows. John \"clearly developed the physique that was necessary to fight well\" in his youth, because the 13th-century sources Akropolitesand Salimbene di Adam emphasize his physical strength.Erard II joined the Third Crusade and died in the Holy Land in 1191. His oldest son, Walter III, succeededhim in Brienne. John was first mentioned in an 1192 (or 1194) charter issued by his brother, indicating that he was a prominent figure in Walter's court. Accordingto a version of Ernoul's chronicle, John participated in a war against Peter II of Courtenay. Although the Tales of the Minstrel of Reims claimed that he was called\"John Lackland\", according to contemporary charters John held Jessains, Onjon, Trannes and two other villages in the County of Champagne around 1200. In1201, Theobald III granted him additional estates in Mâcon, Longsols and elsewhere. Theobald's widow, Blanche of Navarre, persuaded John to sell his estate atMâcon, saying that it was her dower.Walter III of Brienne died in June 1205 while fighting in southern Italy. His widow, Elvira of Sicily, gave birth to aposthumous son, Walter IV, who grew up in Italy. John assumed the title of count of Brienne, and began administering the county on his nephew's behalf in 1205or 1206. As a leading vassal of the count of Champagne, John frequented the court of Blanche of Navarre, who ruled Champagne during the minority of her son,Theobald IV. According to a version of Ernoul's chronicle, she loved John \"more than any man in the world\"; this annoyed King Philip II of France.The two versionsof Ernoul's chronicle tell different stories about John's ascent to the throne of Jerusalem. According to one version, the leading lords of Jerusalem sent envoys toFrance in 1208 asking Philip II to select a French nobleman as a husband for their queen, Maria. Taking advantage of the opportunity to rid himself of John, PhilipII suggested him. In the other version an unnamed knight encouraged the Jerusalemite lords to select John, who accepted their offer with Philip's consent. Johnvisited Pope Innocent III in Rome. The pope donated 40,000 marks for the defence of the Holy Land, stipulating that John could spend the money only with theconsent of the Latin patriarch of Jerusalem and the grand masters of the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller.King of JerusalemCo-rulerJohn landed atAcre on 13 September 1210; the following day, Patriarch of Jerusalem Albert of Vercelli married him to Queen Maria. John and Maria were crowned in theCathedral of Tyre on 3 October. The truce concluded by Maria's predecessor Aimery and the Ayyubid sultan Al-Adil I had ended by John's arrival. Although Al-Adilwas willing to renew it, Jerusalemite lords did not want to sign a new treaty without John's consent. During John and Maria's coronation, Al-Adil's son Al-Mu'azzamIsa pillaged the area around Acre but did not attack the city. After returning to Acre, John raided nearby Muslim settlements in retaliation.Although about 300French knights accompanied him to the Holy Land, no influential noblemen joined him; they preferred participating in the French Albigensian Crusade or did notsee him as sufficiently eminent. John's cousin, Walter of Montbéliard, joined him only after he was expelled from Cyprus. Montbéliard led a naval expedition toEgypt to plunder the Nile Delta. After most of the French crusaders left the Holy Land, John forged a new truce with Al-Adil by the middle of 1211 and sent envoysto Pope Innocent urging him to preach a new crusade.ConflictsMaria died shortly after giving birth to their daughter, Isabella, in late 1212. Her death triggered a"}
{"doc_id":"doc_120","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:En Aasai UnnoduthanEn Aasai Unnoduthan (transl. My desire is with you) is a 1983 Indian Tamil-language romance film edited and directed by K.Narayanan. The film stars Prem and Poornima Jayaram, with Thengai Srinivasan, Y. G. Mahendran, Rajini, Oru Viral Krishna Rao and Jaishankar in supportingroles. It was released on 30 September 1983.PlotCastPremPoornima JayaramThengai SrinivasanY. G. MahendranRajiniOru Viral KrishnaRaoJaishankarSoundtrackThe soundtrack was composed by Shankar–Ganesh. The song \"Devi Koondhalo\" is based on \"Happy Together\" by TheTurtles.ReceptionJayamanmadhan of Kalki said that, apart from the inclusion of Y. G. Mahendran, Thengai Srinivasan and Oru Viral Krishna Rao among others,there was nothing special about the film.Passage 2:En Aasai RasaveEn Aasai Rasave is a 1998 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by Kasthuri Raja. Thefilm stars Sivaji Ganesan and Murali while Raadhika, Roja and Suvalakshmi all play other supporting roles. The film, which focussed on the lives of karakattamdance artists, released on 28 August 1998.PlotValayapathi is a karakattam artist who is revered. Azhagurani is a well-to-do rich woman who falls in love with himand gets married leaving her riches behind. Due to a misunderstanding, they separate leaving their child Muthumani with Valayapathi who brings him up in thekarakattam tradition. Manoranjitham is in love with Muthumani.Enter Nagajyoti who claims she is the best and prods Valayapathu/Muthumani into a competitionthereby gaining entry into their lives. She slowly turns the tide and Muthumani and her fall in love. It is revealed that Nagajyoti is Muthumani's cross-cousin andhas come in with the ulterior motive of reuniting Azhagurani, her aunt, and Valayapathi. Does she succeed?CastSivaji Ganesan as ValayapathiRaadhika asAzhaguraniMurali as MuthumaniRoja as NagajyotiVijayakumarSuvalakshmi as ManoranjithamVinu ChakravarthySenthilManivannanDelhi GaneshG. Ramachandran(producer)R. SundarrajanManoramaMahanadhi ShankarSoundtrackThe music of this album was scored by Deva. Lyrics were written by Kasthuri Raja.ReceptionD.S. Ramanujam of The Hindu wrote, \"Age has withered and shackled Ganesan's virtuosity, the sparkle in his eyes and the authority in his voice that were his forteare no longer there. Whenever B. Kannan's camera takes a close-up of the veteran, it only raises visions of this great artiste in his prime in similar scenes in hisearlier movies and becomes a sad reminder\"Passage 3:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin hasamassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing,James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film creditsinclude Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and amongother films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior tobecoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leavethe production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productionsat the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with hiswife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 4:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of filmand TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra(1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)NotQuite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 5:Kasthuri RajaKasthuri Raja is anIndian film director. He is the father of director Selvaraghavan and actor Dhanush. He worked as an assistant director with Director K.S.G. Most of the films hedirected were either village based or infatuation of youngsters. He also worked with Director Visu on more than 16 films. Prior to entering the film industry, he ranaway from home to Chennai and worked in a mill.FilmographyAs directorAs an actorAval Sumangalithan (1985)Mouna Mozhi (1992)As lyricistSolaiyamma - allsongsDreams - all songsThaai Manasu - all songsKummi Paatu - all songsPassage 6:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of thePeabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. Hewas the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedycurrently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he becamethe ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Earlylife and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees fromUniversity College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission,Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). Hemarried Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Associationof Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of theNational Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged forseveral major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensivemulti-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, BettyChurcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant privatedonations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect onmoral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some yearslater.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tylercollection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for theconstruction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building projectabove).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some ascensorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit theprivate collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. Theexhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its mostcontroversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of NewYork, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" InNovember 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". Hehas said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues duringthe Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA'stwenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of hiscontract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtTheToledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese printsand netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy hasfocused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives haveincluded baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museumhosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art byindigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum hasmade major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return ofseveral objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeatstand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological"}
{"doc_id":"doc_121","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Girl from LeningradThe Girl from Leningrad (Russian: Фронтовые подруги) is a 1941 Soviet adventure film directed by Viktor Eisymont.PlotThefilm takes place during the Finnish war. A group of girls voluntarily go to the front. Young girls help doctors save the lives of wounded soldiers, and also fight withthe enemy.StarringZoya Fyodorova as NatashaMariya Kapustina as TamaraOlga Fyodorina as The CricketTamara Alyoshina as ZinaYekaterina Melentyeva asShuraAndrei Abrikosov as Lt. Sergei KorovinKonstantin Adashevsky as Dr. KatnerYury Tolubeev as Maj. BraginskyBoris Blinov as Andrei MorosovPassage2:Everyone ElseEveryone Else (German: Alle Anderen) is a 2009 German romantic drama film written and directed by Maren Ade. The film was awarded with theSilver Bear at the 59th Berlin Film Festival.PlotGitti and Chris are a young German couple on vacation at Chris's family villa in Sardinia. Gitti is much morespontaneous and light-hearted than Chris, wanting to go out and try to make friends while Chris remains introverted, preferring to stay in and read, even hidingfrom his neighbour; her playful demeanor often annoys him, while his guarded attitude exasperates her. When he tries to speak to Gitti about his unhappyfeelings about his life and career she interrupts him to say that he muses too much over everything and should consider settling down with her. Chris is upset andinsulted by her outburst. Later, Gitti and Chris admit to each other that they often worry they're not the right person for each other.While shopping for groceriesChris spots Hans, a successful old classmate, and unsuccessfully tries to hide from him. Hans invites the couple to a barbecue at his home with his wife Sana, asuccessful fashion designer, which Gitti tries to decline as she has already received an invitation from a bohemian couple she has recently met. Chris overridesher and accepts the invitation. While Sana and Hans appear to be the perfect, thriving couple, they quickly prove to be obnoxious, bland, and vapid. Hanseventually reveals that Chris has declined an architecture prize because his design would be melded with another architect, though Chris had previously told Gittithat he hadn't heard back from the competition, which angers Gitti. When Gitti stands up for Chris in the face of Hans's subtle insults, Chris becomes upset.Thefollowing day Chris is hyper critical of Gitti, taking her on a long hike during which they get lost. Afterwards he informs her that he will be going for a drink withHans alone, as Gitti embarrassed him the previous evening. When he asks Gitti why she can't be more normal, like Sana, Gitti argues that she doesn't want to belike everybody else. Though Gitti begs him not to leave her alone at night, he goes anyway, returning in the morning. The following day Chris informs Gitti that heis considering taking an architecture job on the island. While Chris meets with his potential client, Gitti goes exploring on her own, trying out a new makeover andchoosing to keep the dress she previously regarded as too \"bourgeoisie\" in an effort to please Chris. After meeting up with Chris by chance, he suggests theyinvite Hans and Sana to their home. The atmosphere becomes uncomfortable when Gitti runs into the bohemian couple she had previously met; they are put offby her new, put-together appearance and are somewhat hurt that she had stood them up. When they extend the invitation again, Chris clumsily declines, whichannoys Gitti.Gitti makes an effort to tone down her appearance and mannerisms for the dinner with Hans and Sana, but it nevertheless becomes awkward asChris starts behaving oddly in an attempt to impress the other couple. Gitti becomes more uncomfortable when Chris takes them into his mother's private dreamroom and mocks her interests for Hans and Sana's amusement. At the end of the night, Hans playfully throws Sana into the villa pool, leading Chris to throw Gittiin as well even as she begs him not to. Upset, she asks Sana to make an excuse so that she and Hans will leave. Chris tells Gitti he loves her and initiates sex,which she accepts dispassionately.The next day, Chris overhears Gitti concocting an excuse to leave early without letting him know. After confronting her, Gittiasserts that she is leaving him, and no longer loves him anymore because he is a weakling. Chris fires back that she is a naive hypocrite and asks her to leave.While packing her things, Gitti falls to the floor and plays dead. At first worried, and then upset by her games, Chris resolves to make things work and let hisguard down. He blows raspberries into her stomach, which makes her laugh, and the two finally look at each other.CastBirgit Minichmayr as GittiLars Eidinger asChrisNicole Marischka as SanaHans-Jochen Wagner as HansReleaseCritical receptionThe film received positive reviews from film critics. On the review aggregatorwebsite Rotten Tomatoes, 88% of 42 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.6/10. The website's consensus reads: \"Alle Anderen (Everyone Else)taps into the unpredictable energy between two couples to throw finely detailed - and richly rewarding - sparks of emotional truth.\" Metacritic, which uses aweighted average, assigned the film a score of 71 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".Awards andnominationsSubmissionsBerlin International Film FestivalGolden Bear (nominated)German Film AwardsBest Direction (nominated)Best Performance by an Actressin a leading role (nominated)Outstanding Feature Film (nominated)Passage 3:The Girl from the ChartreuseThe Girl from the Chartreuse (original title: La PetiteChartreuse) is a French novel written by Pierre Péju and published for the first time in France in 2002. It has been translated in several other languages includingEnglish and it has been adapted in an eponymous film by Jean-Pierre Denis.The filmThe adapted film was shot in 2004, in the French Alps around Grenoble, andreleased in France and Belgium in 2005. It stars Olivier Gourmet, Marie-Josée Croze, Yves Jacques and young newcomer Bertille Noël-Bruneau. The scenario wasco-written by director Jean-Pierre Denis with Yvon Rouvé. The original soundtrack was composed by Michel Portal.External linksLa petite Chartreuse atIMDbPassage 4:The Girl from ManhattanThe Girl from Manhattan is a 1948 American comedy drama film directed by Alfred E. Green, starring Dorothy Lamour,George Montgomery, and Charles Laughton.The guest house setting allows a multiplicity of characters to interact with the main characters.PlotNew York actressand fashion model Carol arrives to stay with her uncle Homer Purdy in a boarding house in the mid-west America town of Pittsfield.Meanwhile, ex-football player,the handsome Tom Walker, appears in the same state to chat with the bishop regarding his becoming a minister in the town. It is concluded that the churchneeds new heroes and his background as a  football star should be a benefit not a hindrance. The bishop has arranged for him to stay at Purdy's boarding house.On arrival he meets Carol and they recognise each other. Tom is cryptic about his plans.Tom meets the church council who present a local benefactor Mr Birchwho is going to buy the 150-year-old church and build a new church closer to the town centre: the chosen site is Purdy's boarding House.Uncle Homer is revealedto be giving most of his rooms free until the various residents get rich, and is involved in many of their madcap schemes. He makes little money and the oldhouse is crumbling. Carol and Homer rearrange one of the rooms to serve as Tom's study until the new church is built. They do not know the chosen site is theirhouse.The bishop calls in Tom to discuss his reputation if being seen with a fashion model.Oscar, one of the more eccentric guests, is allowed to build a miniaturerailway in Purdy's basement. Mr Birch appears at the boarding house to assess its demolition. Everyone knows the plan except Carol. Uncle Homer hassquandered the $3,000 Carol sent him on investing in his guests crazy ventures. The train engine blows up and Homer is injured. Tom and carol join forces tosave the boarding house. Several guests also start to raise money.Ultimately Rev Tom sends his own $3,000 to pay off Homer's debts and Mr Birch's \"generous\"offer for the old church is proven to be a scam. Although they will need to keep using the old church, the bishop approves.CastPassage 5:Jean-PierreDenisJean-Pierre Denis (born 29 March 1946) is a French film director and screenwriter. He has directed seven films since 1980. His directorial debut Adrien'sStory won the Caméra d'Or at the 1980 Cannes Film Festival. His film Field of Honor was entered into the 1987 Cannes Film Festival.FilmographyAdrien's Story(1980)La palombière (1983)Champ d'honneur (1987)Les yeux de Cécile (1993)Les blessures assassines (2000)La petite Chartreuse (2005)Ici-bas (2011)Passage6:The Girl from the IslandsThe Girl from the Islands or Maibritt, the Girl from the Islands (German: Maibritt, das Mädchen von den Inseln) is a 1964 WestGerman-Swedish comedy film directed by Bostjan Hladnik and starring Jane Axell, Gunnar Möller, and Karl Schönböck. It was part of an attempt by some Germancomedy films of the era to be slightly more risqué.ProductionIt was shot on location in Yugoslavia. The film's sets were designed by the art director HeinrichMager. It was shot using Eastmancolor. The Swedish actress Jane Axell was handpicked for the starring role, but after appearing in another German filmVenusberg the same year she made only a few further minor appearances.SynopsisA German businessmen is sent to Stockholm by his boss to secure animportant contract, in the face of foreign competition. He discovers that the intended client has gone sailing round the Swedish islands and follows him. Hebecomes mixed up with a mysterious young woman named Maibritt, who eventually turns out to be the daughter of his intended client.CastPassage 7:The Girlfrom the WardrobeThe Girl from the Wardrobe (Polish: Dziewczyna z szafy) is a 2013 Polish drama film directed by Bodo Kox.CastWojciech Mecwaldowski -TomekPiotr Głowacki - JacekMagdalena Rózanska - MagdaEryk Lubos - KrzysztofTeresa Sawicka - KwiatkowskaOlga Bołądź - AgaAwards and nominationsPolishAcademy Award for Discovery of the Year, for directing, Bodo Kox, awardZbigniew Cybulski Award for best young Polish actor, Piotr Głowacki, awardPolishAcademy Award for Best Supporting Actor, Eryk Lubos, nominationPolish Academy Award for Best Production Design, Andrzej Haliński, nominationPassage 8:TheGirl from MonterreyThe Girl from Monterrey is a 1943 American film directed by Wallace Fox starring Armida Vendrell as PRCs version of the Mexican Spitfire.Thefilm is also known as The Girl from Monterey (American alternative spelling).Plot summaryIn a Mexican nightclub, some American fight promoters witness Alberto'Baby' Valdez, the brother of Lita Valdez knock out a champion fighter.  At first Lita is angered that her brother has quit his law studies to become a fighter, butthe two move to the United States.  Lita literally bumps into reigning champion Jerry O'Leary with the three becoming inseparable friends.  However the Americanfight promoters force Alberto and Jerry to fight each other or face suspension.CastArmida Vendrell as Lita ValdezEdgar Kennedy as Doc Hogan, Fight"}
{"doc_id":"doc_122","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Antonio Maceo AirportAntonio Maceo Airport (IATA: SCU, ICAO: MUCU) is an international airport located in Santiago, Cuba.OverviewThe airport has adrawing of Che Guevara on one of its outside walls. Pope John Paul II flew to this airport during his last visit to Cuba, flying a round trip between here and JoséMartí International Airport in Havana. Likewise, Pope Benedict XVI, during the second papal visit to Cuba, flew here for Mass and other activities, from his visit toLeón and Guanajuato in Mexico, before moving on to Havana.The airport is basically a turbo-prop centre. Nevertheless, jet aircraft also fly to this airport. Mostcommercial flights into SCU are domestic, but there are about twenty international flights each week; while these international flights were at one point donemostly by domestic airlines, the international routes have nevertheless awakened the interest of some foreign airlines that have opened flights into this airportand might open more flights in the future.Airlines and destinationsSantiago de Cuba BaseThe airport was home to the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces:35thTransport Regiment - Antonov An-2 and Antonov An-26 transports36th Helicopter Regiment - Mil Mi-8 and Mil Mi-24The helipads are now part of the executive jetterminal on the north end of the airport.Accidents and incidentsOn 2 October 1959, a Viscount of Cubana de Aviación was hijacked on a flight from Havana toAntonio Maceo Airport, Santiago de Cuba by three men demanding to be taken to the United States. The aircraft landed at the Miami International Airport.On 4November 2010, Aero Caribbean Flight 883, an ATR 72-212, crashed in the centre of the country with 68 people on board. The aircraft was flying from Santiagode Cuba to Havana when it went down. 28 foreigners were reported to be among the passengers. There were no survivors.Passage 2:RosamondSkyparkRosamond Skypark (FAA LID: L00) is a residential airpark and public-use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) west of the central business districtof Rosamond, in Kern County, California, United States. It is privately owned by the Rosamond Skypark Association.Facilities and aircraftRosamond Skyparkcovers an area of 100 acres (40 ha) at an elevation of 2,415 feet (736 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 8/26 with an asphalt surfacemeasuring 3,600 by 50 feet (1,097 x 15 m).For the 12-month period ending May 3, 2011, the airport had 15,000 general aviation aircraft operations, an averageof 41 per day. At that time there were 71 aircraft based at this airport: 89% single-engine, 4% multi-engine, 1% helicopter, 3% glider, and 3% ultralight.Thefacility was designed by aeronautical engineer Sam Ramsey, who resided at the sleepy airport for years prior to the development. He envisioned an airport wherepilots could commute to Los Angeles while enjoying the quiet High Desert as a residence.See alsoList of airports in Kern County, CaliforniaPassage 3:AmpanihyAirportAmpanihy Airport (IATA: AMP, ICAO: FMSY) is an airport located in Ampanihy, Madagascar.Airlines and destinations== Sources ==Passage 4:Crow IslandAirportCrow Island Airport (also known as Crow Island Airpark) is a private airport along the Assabet River in Stow, Massachusetts, United States. It has a 2,300foot grass airstrip which is popular with \"pilots flying a variety of aircraft including, trikes, ultralights, vintage taildraggers, seaplanes, hang gliders, poweredparagliders, powered parachutes, RC aircraft and more.\"Crow Island had previously been used for a gravel business operated by George Morey. In 1978 RobAlbright, an ultralight enthusiast, received permission to fly at the island, and he eventually purchased and redeveloped the land for full-time use as a smallairport.Passage 5:Madang AirportMadang Airport (IATA: MAG, ICAO: AYMD), is an airport located in Madang, Papua New Guinea.Airlines anddestinationsHistoryWorld War IIDuring World War II, occupied by the Imperial Japanese Army in January 1943, as a forward operating airfield for aircraft basedat Wewak. Later expanded to a 3250' x 240' runway with a single taxiway with 31 revetment areas. Bombed by the allies during late 1943 and early 1944 theairfield became unserviceable.Imperial Japanese Army Air Force Units at MadangImperial Japanese Army Air Force59th Sentai (Nakajima Ki-43 Oscar)68th Sentai(Kawasaki Ki-61 Tony)248th Sentai (Nakajima Ki-43-III Oscar)Allied LiberationLiberated by Australian Army forces on 24 April 1944. A large amount of highoctane fuel was captured and used by the Australians for use in the Royal Australian Navy motor launch boats. The airfield was repaired and used by the RoyalAustralian Air Force until the end of the war.Post WW2 in 1947, the Department of Civil Aviation sent an airport manager to Madang to oversee the building of theairport. Accommodation for the workers also had to be built as well as airplane hangars and a control tower. Wooden floors on concrete slabs were laid. Knittedwoven bark for the walls was floated downstream, made by the natives, who were paid in cash. When the bark hut accommodation was ready, motor mechanics,radio technicians and other workers arrived along with wives and children. Eventually packaged Hawksley houses arrived from Britain and were built in thetownship of Madang.Royal Australian Air Force Units at MadangHeadquarters, RAAF Northern Command (NORCOM)No. 4 Squadron RAAF (CAC Boomerang)No. 8Communication Unit RAAFNo. 15 Squadron RAAF (Bristol Beaufort)No. 111 Air-Sea Rescue Flight RAAF (PBY Catalina)No. 120 (Netherlands East Indies) SquadronRAAFNo. 2 Medical Receiving Station RAAFNo. 109 Mobile Fighter Sector Headquarters RAAFAccidents and incidentsOn 11 April 1972, Douglas C-47 VH-PNB ofTrans Australia Airlines overran the runway on landing, ending up in the sea damaged beyond economic repair.On 17 July 1972, Douglas C-47A VH-MAE of AnsettAirlines of Papua New Guinea was damaged beyond economic repair when the starboard undercarriage collapsed on landing. The aircraft was operating adomestic cargo flight from Wapenamanda Airport.On 30 October 1972, Douglas C-47B VH-PNA of Ansett Airlines of Papua New Guinea overran the runway onlanding. The aircraft was subsequently withdrawn from use and used for fire practice, eventually being scrapped in 1978.On 31 May 1995 an Air Niugini FokkerF-28 Fellowship 1000, registration P2-ANB, attempted a landing in bad weather and aquaplaned off the runway and fell into a ditch at the eastern end of therunway. The aircraft was carrying 4 crew and 35 passengers, none of whom was injured.On 19 October 2013 an Air Niugini Avions de Transport RegionalATR-42-300 cargo plane, registration P2-PXY, made a failed takeoff attempt and fell into in Mero Creek at the western end of the runway. The right wing andengine were destroyed by fire but the three crew escaped to safety with minor injuries. There were no passengers on board.See alsoNaval BaseAlexishafenPassage 6:Breakaway AirportBreakaway Airport, also known as Hank Sasser Airport, (ICAO: 40XS) is a privately-owned, private use airport in CedarPark, Texas, United States. Located about 3 miles (4.8 km) northeast of Downtown Cedar Park, it covers 25 acres (10.1 ha) and has one runway. It serves as thebase for the fly-in community Breakaway Park.HistoryFoundingIn 1977, United States Marine Corps veteran and amateur pilot Walter Yates purchased land forthe purpose of establishing a fly-in community. This land would become Breakaway Park, a subdivision of the City of Cedar Park that featured a 3,000 foot (914.4m) grass runway at its center. Initially, Breakaway would consist of the single unpaved runway and a handful of hangars near its northern end, but would seecontinuous development that continues to the present day. The subdivision would be managed by Breakaway Park, Incorporated, of which Yates was thepresident until the company's dissolution on March 26, 2001.Modern HistoryOn January 1, 2008, Breakaway Park fell under the management of residents DonaldRichie and Dennis Gale, operating as D&D Airport Holdings LLC.Runway ResurfacingOver the years 2014 and 2015, Breakaway's grass runway would be pavedover with asphalt, but its length and width would remain unchanged.Name ChangeIn 2014, Breakaway Airport's name would be changed to HankSasser/Breakaway Airport in honor of amateur pilot John Henry \"Hank\" Sasser. He was a Cedar Park native that operated his personal aircraft out of Breakaway,and died in an airplane crash in Lago Vista, Texas on August 23, 2014.FacilitiesBreakaway Airport offers fuel and oxygen services to residents of Breakaway Park.There are no air traffic control facilities on-site.Runway and HangarsBreakaway Airport has one runway. Hangars are located on either side of the runway, manyof which are attached to private residences.StatisticsAs of December 2021, there are 23 aircraft based at Breakaway Airport.Passage 7:Edmonton/Twin IslandAirparkEdmonton/Twin Island Airpark (TC LID: CEE6), also known as Twin Island Air Park, is located 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) southeast of Edmonton,Alberta, Canada.See alsoList of airports in the Edmonton Metropolitan RegionPassage 8:Esquimalt AirportEsquimalt Airport (IATA: YPF, ICAO: CYPF) was anairport located in Esquimalt, British Columbia, Canada.Passage 9:Mayerthorpe AirportMayerthorpe Airport (TC LID: CEV5) is located 1.3 nautical miles (2.4 km;1.5 mi) southwest of Mayerthorpe, Alberta, Canada.Passage 10:Erzincan AirportErzincan Yıldırım Akbulut Airport (IATA: ERC, ICAO: LTCD) is an airport located inErzincan, Turkey.Airlines and destinationsTraffic Statistics(*)Source: DHMI.gov.tr"}
{"doc_id":"doc_123","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Adventures of FridolinThe Adventures of Fridolin (German: Die seltsamen Abenteuer des Herrn Fridolin B.) is an East German film. It was released in 1948.External linksThe Adventures of Fridolin at IMDbPassage 2:The Adventures of Smilin' Jack (serial)The Adventures of Smilin' Jack (1943) is a Universal movie serial based on the popular comic strip The Adventures of Smilin' Jack by Zack Mosley. It was directed by Lewis D. Collins and Ray Taylor.PlotIn 1941, an American aviator, 'Smilin' Jack' Martin wishes to resign as an advisor to the Nationalist Chinese Army in order to return to the United States to enlist as an aviator in America's military buildup prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor.  He is delayed when the Chinese discover that the neutral Tibetan like Mandon \"Province\" contains a secret road from India to China crucial for the Allied war effort.  Determined to obtain the secret for themselves, or equally determined to have the secret destroyed is the Japanese espionage organisation \"The Black Samurai\" and the German intelligence agent Fräulein von Teufel who masquerades as an American newspaper reporter.CastProductionThe serial was based on the comic strip by Zack Moseley but it was not in the spirit of the strip as would normally be expected from a Universal production. Very little of the original comic strip was used and a new character, Tommy Thompson, was created by Universal. The similarity to Tommy Tomkins, of the Tailspin Tommy stories, may imply a crossover of sorts. Cline suggests that it was \"a quick attempt to get a story on screen about a topical subject, and could have had almost any flyer with any name as a hero.”Chapter titlesThe High Road to DoomThe Rising Sun StrikesAttacked by BombersKnives of VengeanceA Watery GraveEscape by ClipperFifteen Fathoms BelowTreachery at SeaThe Bridge of PerilBlackout in the IslandsHeld for TreasonThe Torture Fire TestSinking the Rising SunSource:QuotesUnited Nations means united friends-Capt. WingPassage 3:Terminator 3: Rise of the MachinesTerminator 3: Rise of the Machines is a 2003 American science fiction action film directed by Jonathan Mostow. Starring Arnold Schwarzenegger, Nick Stahl, Claire Danes, and Kristanna Loken, it is the third installment in the Terminator franchise and a sequel to Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991). In its plot, the malevolent artificial intelligence Skynet sends a T-X (Loken)—a highly advanced Terminator—back in time to ensure the rise of machines by killing top members of the future human resistance as John Connor's (Stahl) location is unknown. The resistance sends back a reprogrammed T-850 (Schwarzenegger) to protect John and his future wife, Kate (Danes).While Terminator creator James Cameron was interested in directing the third film, he ultimately had no involvement with Terminator 3. Andrew G. Vajna and Mario Kassar, who had produced Terminator 2: Judgment Day through their company Carolco Pictures, obtained the rights for the franchise through both Carolco's liquidation auction and negotiations with producer Gale Ann Hurd. In 1999, Tedi Sarafian was hired to write the first draft of the script. Mostow joined the project as director in 2001, and he brought on John Brancato and Michael Ferris to rewrite Sarafian's script. The $187 million budget included a $5 million salary for Mostow and a record $30 million salary for Schwarzenegger. Filming took place in California from April to September 2002. Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) and Stan Winston created the special effects, as they did for the previous film.Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines premiered in Westwood, Los Angeles, on June 30, 2003, and was released on July 2, 2003, by Warner Bros. Pictures in the United States and by Columbia TriStar Film Distributors International in worldwide territories. It received generally positive reviews and earned $433.4 million worldwide, finishing its theatrical run as the seventh-highest-grossing film of 2003. A sequel, Terminator Salvation, was released in 2009.PlotTen years after destroying Cyberdyne Systems, John Connor has been living as a nomad following the death of his mother, Sarah, to hide from the malevolent artificial intelligence Skynet, despite a war between humans and machines not happening in 1997, as foretold. Unable to locate John in the past, Skynet sends the T-X, an advanced prototype Terminator made of virtually impervious shapeshifting liquid metal covering a metal endoskeleton, back in time to John's present in Los Angeles, to instead kill his future allies in the human resistance. The human resistance sends back a reprogrammed T-850 Terminator, a less-advanced model covered in living flesh, to protect John and his future wife Kate Brewster.After killing other targets, the T-X locates the pair at an animal hospital where Kate works. John becomes the T-X's primary target, but the Terminator helps him and Kate escape, taking them to a mausoleum where John's mother is supposedly interred. Inside her vault, they find a weapons cache left at Sarah's request in case Judgment Day was not averted and the Terminators returned. They escape from an armed battle with the police and fend off the pursuing T-X. The Terminator reveals that John and Sarah's actions only delayed Judgment Day and that Skynet's attack will occur that day; the Terminator intends to drive John and Kate to Mexico to escape the fallout when Skynet begins its nuclear attack at 6:18 p.m. John orders the Terminator to take Kate and him to see her father, U.S. Air Force Lieutenant General Robert Brewster. The Terminator refuses, however when Kate also demands to see her father, the Terminator obeys. It is revealed that in the future, the Terminator killed John, after which Kate captured and reprogrammed the Terminator and sent it back in time.Meanwhile, General Brewster is supervising the development of Skynet for Cyber Research Systems (CRS), which also develops autonomous weapons. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff pressures him to activate Skynet to stop an anomalous computer virus from invading servers worldwide. General Brewster fails to discover that the virus was Skynet becoming sentient, and John and Kate arrive too late to stop him from activating it. The T-X fatally injures General Brewster and controls the CRS weaponized drones, which kill the employees. Before he dies, the general gives Kate and John the location of what John believes is Skynet's system core. The pair head for the tarmac to take General Brewster's single-engine plane to Crystal Peak, a facility built inside the Sierra Nevada. After a battle, the T-X severely damages the Terminator, reprogramming it to kill John, and pursues John and Kate through the CRS facility. When a particle accelerator is activated, it magnetically binds the T-X to the equipment. The still-conscious Terminator struggles to control its outer functions. As it prepares to kill John, he urges the Terminator to choose between its conflicting programming; it deliberately forces a shutdown of its corrupted system, enabling the pair's escape. Shortly after they leave, the Terminator's system reboots. Meanwhile, the T-X escapes the accelerator and resumes pursuit.After John and Kate reach Crystal Peak, the T-X arrives by helicopter. Before it can attack, the Terminator arrives in a second helicopter and crashes into and crushes the T-X. The T-X pulls itself from the wreckage, losing its legs, and attempts to drag itself inside the bunker to follow the pair. The Terminator holds the bunker door open long enough for the pair to lock them inside then uses its last hydrogen fuel cell to destroy both itself and the T-X.John and Kate discover that Crystal Peak is not Skynet's core, but rather a nuclear fallout shelter and command facility for government and military officials. Having no core, Skynet has become a part of cyberspace after becoming self-aware. Judgment Day begins as Skynet fires nuclear missiles worldwide, starting a nuclear holocaust that kills billions. The pair begin receiving radio transmissions on the emergency equipment; John tentatively assumes command by answering radio calls, and they reluctantly accept their fate.CastArnold Schwarzenegger as the Terminator.Nick Stahl as John Connor. Stahl replaces Edward Furlong from the second film.Kristanna Loken as the T-X, an advanced Terminator sent back to murder John's resistance lieutenantsClaire Danes as Kate Brewster, John's former classmate and Scott's fiancé.David Andrews as Lieutenant General Robert Brewster, Kate's father who is also the program director at CRS, which has acquired Cyberdyne Systems' remaining assetsMark Famiglietti as Scott Mason, Kate's fiancé who is killed by the T-X. The character was originally named Scott Peterson, but the name was changed in order to avoid association with the case involving the murder of Laci Peterson and her unborn son Conner by her husband Scott Peterson. In the ending credits his name is still listed as \"Scott Petersen\".Earl Boen as Dr. Peter Silberman: Reprising his role from the first two films, Boen appears in one scene, attempting to comfort Kate after she witnesses the acts of the Terminator.Jay Acovone portrayed an LAPD Officer. Kim Robillard and Mark Hicks portrayed Detective Edwards and Detective Bell. In the film's dialogue Bell is identified correctly, however in the film's end credits his name is listed as \"Detective Martinez\". One of Schwarzenegger's stunt doubles, Billy D. Lucas, portrayed a civilian who has his car accidentally wrecked by John.ProductionConceptionJames Cameron had directed and co-written the previous Terminator films. The film rights to the franchise were held by Carolco Pictures and by Cameron's ex-wife and Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991) executive producer Gale Anne Hurd, who both held 50 percent of the rights. Cameron had sold his stake to Hurd for $1 prior to directing The Terminator (1984). In July 1991, Cameron said that if Terminator 2 was successful, \"there may be some economic pressure\" to do a sequel. Hurd said that month, \"I've always felt the story lent itself wonderfully to being a continuing tale.\" She believed it was natural that a third film would happen, but was unsure at that time if Arnold Schwarzenegger would reprise his role as the Terminator. Hurd said that for Schwarzenegger to commit to another film, he would have to read a finished script, approve a director, and see if the project fit into his schedule.Following Terminator 2's release, Cameron said he had no intentions for further sequels, believing it \"brings the story full circle and ends. And I think ending it at this point is a good idea,\" and co-writer William Wisher said they wrote the script intending to leave no option for a sequel. Even so, Carolco Pictures co-founder Mario Kassar said in May 1992 that he intended to make a Terminator 3 film within the next five to seven years. TriStar, which distributed Terminator 2, would be involved in the new film. That month, TriStar chief Mike Medavoy said the film would probably take a couple of years.DevelopmentBy the end of 1995, Carolco had filed for bankruptcy, and Cameron wanted to direct a third film with the involvement of 20th Century Fox. Cameron's 3D film ride, Terminator 2 3-D: Battle Across Time, would open later in 1996. The project reunited the main cast of Terminator 2: Judgment Day, and had prompted Cameron to begin writing a script for a Terminator 3 film. Cameron said Terminator 2 3D: Battle Across Time would serve as a \"stepping stone\" toward a third Terminator film. However, such a film would not be "}
{"doc_id":"doc_124","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Campanal IGuillermo González del Río García, nicknamed Campanal I or Guillermo Campanal (born 9 February 1912 in Avilés; died 22 January 1984 inSeville) was a Spanish footballer. During his career he played for Sporting de Gijón and Sevilla FC (1929–1946), and earned 3 caps and scored 2 goals for theSpain national football team, and participated in the 1934 FIFA World Cup.He later became manager of Sevilla FC.HonoursSevillaLa Liga: 1945–46Copa del Rey:1935, 1939Passage 2:Mirza Faiz MuhammadMirza Faiz Muhammad, also known by his title of Azādud Daulah, was an Indian nobleman and official in the Mughalempire during the 18th century. He was a descendant of Mirza Hadi Baig and the great-great grandfather of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian.Life and reignDuringFaiz Muhammad's life, Qadian had developed close relations with Delhi. Faiz Muhammad was successful in suppressing the anarchy that prevailed in the Punjabduring this period as a result of which, in 1716, the Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar conferred upon him the rank of Haft Hazārī which authorised him to keepregular force of 7,000 soldiers. He was also conferred the title Azādud Daulah (Strong Arm of the Government) by the Emperor.Passage 3:Muhammad I TaparAbuShuja Ghiyath al-Dunya wa'l-Din Muhammad ibn Malik-Shah (Persian: \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000, romanized: AbūShujā\u0000 Ghiyāth al-Dunyā wa ’l-Dīn Mu\u0000ammad ibn Malik-Šāh; 1082 – 1118), better known as Muhammad I Tapar (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), was the sultan ofthe Seljuk Empire from 1105 to 1118. He was a son of Malik-Shah I (r. 1072–1092) and Taj al-Din Khatun Safariya. In Turkish, Tapar means \"he who obtains,finds\".ReignMuhammad was born in January 1082. He succeeded his nephew, Malik Shah II, as Seljuq Sultan in Baghdad, and thus was theoretically the head ofthe dynasty, although his brother Ahmad Sanjar in Khorasan held more practical power. Muhammad I probably allied himself with Radwan of Aleppo in the battleof the Khabur River against Kilij Arslan I, the sultan of Rüm, in 1107, in which the latter was defeated and killed. Following the internecine conflict with his halfbrother, Barkiyaruq, he was given the title of malik and the provinces of Armenia and Azerbaijan. Dissatisfied by this he revolted again, but had to flee back toArmenia. By 1104, Barkiyaruq, ill and tired of war, agreed to divide the sultanate with Muhammad. Muhammad became sole sultan following the death ofBarkiyaruq in 1105.In 1106, Muhammad conquered the Ismaili fortress of Shahdiz, and ordered the Bavandid ruler Shahriyar IV to participate in his campaignagainst the Ismailis. Shahriyar, greatly angered by the message Muhammad sent him, refused to aid him against the Ismailis. Shortly after, Muhammad sent anarmy headed by Amir Chavli, who tried to capture Sari but was unexpectedly defeated by an army under Shahriyar and his son Qarin III. Muhammad then sent aletter, which requested Shahriyar to send one of his sons to the Seljuq court in Isfahan. He sent his son Ali I, who impressed Muhammad so much that he offeredhim his daughter in marriage, but Ali refused and told him to grant the honor to his brother and heir of the Bavand dynasty, Qarin III. Qarin III then went to theIsfahan court and married her.In 1106/1107, Ahmad ibn Nizam al-Mulk, the son of the famous vizier Nizam al-Mulk, went to the court of Muhammad I to file acomplaint against the rais (head) of Hamadan. When Ahmad arrived to the court, Muhammad I appointed him as his vizier, replacing Sa'd al-Mulk Abu'l-MahasenAbi, who had been recently executed on suspicion of heresy. The appointment was due mainly to the reputation of Ahmad's father. He was then given varioustitles which his father held (Qewam al-din, Sadr al-Islam and Nizam al-Mulk).Muhammad I, along with his vizier Ahmad, later campaigned in Iraq, where theydefeated and killed the Mazyadid ruler Sayf al-dawla Sadaqa ibn Mansur, who bore the title \"king of the Arabs\". In 1109, Muhammad I sent Ahmad and ChavliSaqavu to capture the Ismaili fortresses of Alamut and Ostavand, but they failed to achieve any decisive result and withdrew. Ahmad was shortly replaced byKhatir al-Mulk Abu Mansur Maybudi as vizier of the Sejluq Empire. According to Ali ibn al-Athir (a historian who lived about a hundred years later), Ahmad thenretired to a private life in Baghdad, but, according to the contemporary biographer, Anushirvan ibn Khalid, Muhammad I had Ahmad imprisoned for tenyears.Muhammad I died in 1118 and was succeeded by Mahmud II, although after Muhammad I's death Sanjar was clearly the chief power in the Seljuqrealms.FamilyOne of Muhammad's wives was Gawhar Khatun, the daughter of Isma'il, son of Yaquti. Another wife was Qutlugh Khatun. Another wife wasNistandar Jahan Khatun. She was the mother of Sultan Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud and Fatimah Khatun. After Muhammad's death Mengubars, the governor of Iraq,married her. Their daughter Fatimah married Abbasid Caliph Al-Muqtafi in 1137, and died in September 1147. Another of his daughters married Arslan Shah, sonof Kirman Shah, and the grandson of Qavurt.Legacy and assessmentMuhammad was the last Seljuk ruler to have strong authority in the western part of thesultanate. The Seljuk realm was in a dire state after Muhammad's death, according to bureaucrat and writer Anushirvan ibn Khalid (died in 1137/1139); \"InMuhammad's reign the kingdom was united and secure from all envious attacks; but when it passed to his son Mahmud, they split up that unity and destroyed itscohesion. They claimed a share with him in the power and left him only a bare subsistence.\" Muhammad is mainly portrayed in a positive light by contemporaryhistorians. According to the historian Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani (died in 1201), Muhammad was \"the perfect man of the Seljuk dynasty and their strongeststeed\".Muhammad's ceaseless campaigns inspired one of his poets, Iranshah, to compose the Persian epic poem of Bahman-nama, an Iranian mythological storyabout the constant battles between Kay Bahman and Rostam's family. This implies that the work was also written to serve as advice for solving the socio-politicalissues of the time.Passage 4:Faiz MuhammadFaiz Muhammad (23 September 1937 – 29 October 2014) was a Pakistani freestyle wrestler. He was from 5 AK regt(HAIDER DIL BN). During his time, he was one of the  National Champions and Army Champions of Pakistan.Early life and careerMuhammad was born in 1937 inthe Kandi (Rajauri district area of Jammu and Kashmir) and migrated to Azad Kashmir after the partition of British India in 1947. His family settled Iin Khanpurvillage, present day Kotli District of Azad Kashmir. In June 1953, he was enlisted at training center number 3 of Azad Kashmir Regular Forces at Sohawa town (avillage at that time). He had his first success in wrestling by winning the Pakistan Army Training Centres Wrestling Championship, an army-level competition. Inthe same year, he won the National and Army Wrestling Championships. He won the Army Championship every year from 1954 to 1984 and won several goldmedals. At Pakistani national level, he is the only one who has this-record of Army Championships. From 1953 to 1986, he won the National WrestlingChampionship for 33 years.Passage 5:Faiz Mohammad KhanFaiz Muhammad Khan Bahadur, (r.1742–1777) the third Nawab of Bhopal, was the son of YarMuhammad Khan, the second Nawab of Bhopal (as a reagent), and the stepson of Mamola Bai a very influential Hindu wife of Yar Muhammad and a directdescendant of Dost Mohammad Khan.See alsoMuhammad ShahAlamgir IIPassage 6:Catherine I of RussiaCatherine I Alekseevna Mikhailova (Russian: Екатери́наI Алексе́евна Миха́йлова, tr. Ekaterína I Alekséyevna Mikháylova; born Polish: Marta Helena Skowrońska, Russian: Ма́рта Самуи́ловна Скавро́нская, tr. MártaSamuílovna Skavrónskaya; 15 April [O.S. 5 April] 1684 – 17 May [O.S. 6 May] 1727) was the second wife and empress consort of Peter the Great, and empressregnant of Russia from 1725 until her death in 1727.Life as a servantThe life of Catherine I was said by Voltaire to be nearly as extraordinary as that of Peter theGreat himself. Only uncertain and contradictory information is available about her early life. Said to have been born on 15 April 1684 (o.s. 5 April), she wasoriginally named Marta Helena Skowrońska. Marta was the daughter of Samuel Skowroński (later spelled Samuil Skavronsky), a Roman Catholic farmer from theeastern parts of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, born to Minsker parents. In 1680 he married Dorothea Hahn at Jakobstadt. Her mother is named in atleast one source as Elizabeth Moritz, the daughter of a Baltic German woman and there is debate as to whether Moritz's father was a Swedish officer. It is likelythat two stories were conflated, and Swedish sources suggest that the Elizabeth Moritz story is probably incorrect. Some biographies state that Marta's father wasa gravedigger and handyman, while others speculate that he was a runaway landless serf.Marta's parents died of the plague around 1689, leaving five children.According to one of the popular versions, at the age of three Marta was taken by an aunt and sent to Marienburg (the present-day Alūksne in Latvia, near theborder with Estonia and Russia) where she was raised by Johann Ernst Glück, a Lutheran pastor and educator who was the first to translate the Bible into Latvian.In his household she served as a lowly servant, likely either a scullery maid or washerwoman.  No effort was made to teach her to read and write and sheremained illiterate throughout her life.Marta was considered a very beautiful young girl, and there are accounts that Frau Glück became fearful that she wouldbecome involved with her son. At the age of seventeen, she was married off to a Swedish dragoon, Johan Cruse or Johann Rabbe, with whom she remained foreight days in 1702, at which point the Swedish troops were withdrawn from Marienburg. When Russian forces captured the town, Pastor Glück offered to work asa translator, and Field Marshal Boris Sheremetev agreed to his proposal and took him to Moscow.There are unsubstantiated stories that Marta worked briefly inthe laundry of the victorious regiment, and also that she was presented in her undergarments to Brigadier General Rudolph Felix Bauer, later the Governor ofEstonia, to be his mistress. She may have worked in the household of his superior, Sheremetev. It is not known whether she was his mistress, or householdmaid.  She travelled back to the Russian court with Sheremetev's army.Afterwards she became part of the household of Prince Alexander Menshikov, who was thebest friend of Peter the Great of Russia. Anecdotal sources suggest that she was purchased by him. Whether the two of them were lovers is disputed, asMenshikov was already engaged to Darya Arsenyeva, his future wife. It is clear that Menshikov and Marta formed a lifetime alliance.It is possible that Menshikov,who was quite jealous of Peter's attentions and knew his tastes, wanted to procure a mistress on whom he could rely. In any case, in 1703, while visitingMenshikov at his home, Peter met Marta. In 1704, she was well established in the Tsar's household as his mistress, and gave birth to a son, Peter. In 1703, she"}
{"doc_id":"doc_125","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:A Place in the Sun (film)A Place in the Sun may refer to:A place in the sun, a phrase used to refer to the German Empire's foreign policy (Weltpolitik)and colonial empireFilm and televisionA Place in the Sun (1916 film), a British silent filmA Place in the Sun (1951 film), an American dramatic filmA Place in theSun (British TV series) (2000–present), a British Channel 4 lifestyle programme about buying property abroadA Place in the Sun (2012 film), a Swedish filmbased on the Liza Marklund novelA Place in the Sun (South Korean TV series), a 2019 South Korean television seriesMusicA Place in the Sun (Lit album), 1999APlace in the Sun (Pablo Cruise album), 1977A Place in the Sun (Tim McGraw album), 1999\"A Place in the Sun\" (Stevie Wonder song), 1966\"A Place in the Sun\"(Pablo Cruise song), 1977\"A Place in the Sun\", a 1983 song by the Marine Girls, from their Lazy Ways albumSee alsoEn plats i solen (disambiguation)\"A PlaceUnder the Sun\", a 1999 single by Miho NakayamaUm Lugar ao Sol, a 2021 Brazilian telenovelaUn Lugar al sol, a 1965 Argentine filmUn posto al sole, a 1996Italian soap operaPassage 2:Christian-Peter FrieseChristian-Peter Friese (August 5, 1948, Munich - December 25, 1970, East Berlin) was one of the victims at theBerlin Wall. Members of the Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic shot him while trying to escape from East Germany.BiographyHe was his mother'sonly child, and grew up with her in Naumburg. His father is unknown. After school, he trained as a car mechanic. In Naumburg he took a job at the DeutscheReichsbahn (East Germany).DeathOn the evening of December 24, 1970, he left  his home and his mother without saying goodbye or leaving a message. Hewent to East Berlin by train. Once there he went to the allotment Vogelsang II in Treptow which was right on the border. He watched the border and climbedaround midnight on the interior fence. He triggered alarm by touching the subsequent signal fence. A total of five border guards opened fire on Christian-PeterFriese, who took cover in the vehicle barrier ditch. Shortly afterwards Friese began again to run in the direction of the last border fence. He was hit several timesin the legs and upper body. He succumbed to his injuries in the death strip. In the crime scene sketch of the files of the Stasi were recorded a total of 98 shots onChristian-Peter Friese.AftermathA senate speaker and the American City Commandant expressed their protest over the incident. The West-Berlin police initiatedan investigation.The mother of the deceased was informed on January 7, 1971, by members of the Stasi about the death. The legend was that Christian-PeterFriese was traveling by car into a tree. The body had been cremated. The urn was transferred one month later to Naumburg and buried there in the municipalcemetery, under the supervision of the Stasi.After the German reunification, the mother said to Naumburg police that her son revealed his intention of fleeing. Ina Mauerschützenprozess (process against guards of the wall who had shot) the border guards involved were acquitted because intent to kill could not beestablished, and because the court could not determine which of the defendants was responsible for the actual killing.See alsoList of deaths at the BerlinWallBerlin Crisis of 1961Passage 3:Chris GueffroyChris Gueffroy (21 June 1968 – 6 February 1989) was the last person to be shot and the second-last to die in anescape attempt while trying to escape from East Berlin to West Berlin across the Berlin Wall.BiographyChris Gueffroy was born in Pasewalk, BezirkNeubrandenburg (present-day Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) on 21 June 1968. He had an older brother, Stefan Gueffroy.He moved to Schwedt in 1970, the sameyear that his mother, Karin Gueffroy, and his father, Allois Gueffroy, divorced. Three years later, when he was five years old, he moved to Berlin with his motherand his brother. When he was in the third grade, he was sent to the youth sports school SC Dynamo Berlin, based on his gymnastic talent. After he finishedschool he refused to pursue an officer’s career track in the National People’s Army and was consequently denied the right to study at university, ending his dreamof becoming an actor or a pilot. In September 1985 he began an apprenticeship in the Schönefeld airport restaurant near Berlin after which he worked in anumber of different restaurants. As a waiter, his income was better than average, and he had a strong degree of freedom, but he was disgusted by thewidespread corruption in the restaurant business. His friend Christian Gaudian, whom he had met at gastronomy school, shared his feelings. At twenty, he foundit increasingly unbearable to think that he would remain locked up with the knowledge that it would always be this way and that he would never have the freedomto decide for himself where he wanted to live. In mid-January 1989, upon learning that he was to be conscripted into the East German army the following May, heand Gaudian decided to leave East Germany.DeathGueffroy and Gaudian based their decision to try to flee over the wall on mistaken beliefs that theSchießbefehl, the standing order to shoot anyone who attempted to cross the wall, had been lifted (it had not), and that the Swedish prime minister IngvarCarlsson was to pay a state visit to East Berlin (he had already left when they attempted their escape). Their attempted escape from East Berlin to West Berlin,along the Britz district canal would take place on the night of 5–6 February 1989, about two kilometres (1¼ miles) from what would be Gueffroy's last residenceon Südostallee 218, Johannisthal, Treptow, East Berlin. Climbing the last metal lattice fence, the two were discovered and came under fire from the NVA bordertroops. Gueffroy was hit in the chest by two shots and died in the border strip. Gaudian, badly but not fatally injured, was arrested and was sentenced on 24 May1989 to imprisonment of three years by the Pankow district court for attempted illegal border-crossing of the first degree (\"versuchten ungesetzlichenGrenzübertritts im schweren Fall\"). In September 1989 Gaudian was freed on bail by the East German government, and on 17 October 1989 he was transferredto West Berlin.Chris Gueffroy is often erroneously named as the last person to die in the attempt to cross the wall, but he was in fact only the last to be killedthrough the use of weapons, and the second-last to die in an escape attempt. Winfried Freudenberg died in the crash of an improvised balloon aircraft by whichhe crossed the border into West Berlin on 8 March 1989.AftermathAs compensation for her loss, the East German government allowed Karin Gueffroy to emigrateto West Berlin and visit Chris's grave in Baumschulenweg weekly, with the condition that she did not speak to western media about the incident. She would takeresidence in the West Berlin district of Moabit, on Oldenburger Straße 36.The four border guards involved at the time at first obtained an award(Leistungsabzeichen der Grenztruppen) from the chief of the Grenzkommandos Mitte border guards, Erich Wöllner, and a prize of 150 East German Marks each.However, after the reunification of East and West Germany, they were prosecuted by the Berlin regional court. Two of the former border guards, Mike Schmidt(now a millwright with two children), and Peter Schmett (now an electrician with three children), were acquitted and released in January 1992, because thepresiding judge, Theodor Seidel, ruled that they \"did not kill and did not intend to kill\". A third former border guard, Andreas Kuehnpast (now unemployed),received a suspended sentence of two years. The fourth former border guard, Ingo Heinrich (now an electronic engineer), who was responsible for the mortal shotin the heart, was at first sentenced to three and a half years of jail. On appeal, the Bundesgerichtshof (High Court of Justice) in 1994 reduced the penalty to asuspended sentence of two years.In 2000, two SED functionaries, Siegfried Lorenz and Hans-Joachim Böhme, were tried for the death of Gueffroy and two otheryoung men, but acquitted as the judge could find no evidence that they might have been able to lift the shoot-to-kill order. The case was retried on 7 August2004, and the two men were found guilty and given suspended sentences of 15 months each. The judge explained that the short sentences were due to thelength of time since the events. This was the last case concerning deaths on the inner German border.On 21 June 2003, which would have been his 35th birthday,a monument to Gueffroy was erected on the bank of the Britz district canal. The monument was designed by Berlin artist Karl Biedermann. One of the crosses atthe White Crosses memorial site next to the Reichstag building is devoted to him.On 13 August 2010 the Britzer Allee between Treptow and Neukölln wasrenamed Chris-Gueffroy-Allee.See alsoSven HüberList of deaths at the Berlin WallBerlin Crisis of 1961Passage 4:Escape from East BerlinEscape from East Berlin isa 1962 American-West German thriller film directed by Robert Siodmak and starring Don Murray, Christine Kaufmann and Werner Klemperer.It was shot at theTempelhof Studios in Berlin. The film's sets were designed by the art director Dieter Bartels and Ted Haworth.PlotThe story takes place in East Berlin soon afterthe Berlin Wall is built, and is based on an actual escape on January 24, 1962. Kurt Schröder is a chauffeur to East German Major Eckhardt and his seductive wifeHeidi, with whom he is having an affair. One night he sees a friend, Günther Jurgens, who works at the garage where Kurt has the Major's car maintained, drivehis tow-truck through a gate and get killed trying to escape to the west. Günther's sister, Erika, comes looking for Günther when he doesn't return, and is toldthat Kurt saw him last night. She then goes to Kurt's house, where he lives with his mother, Uncle Albrecht (a musician), sister Ingeborg and kid brother Helmutwithin sight of the wall. Erika is intent on escaping to West Berlin, thinking that her brother made it. Kurt, reasonably satisfied with his life, has no intention ofrisking his life to attempt an escape. Erika then attempts to escape over the wall but Kurt catches her as she tries to crawl under the barbed wire, and theypretend to be lovers to hide her intentions from suspicious guards. Kurt then hides her in his house. A piece of Erika's clothing is caught in the barbed wire, andthe guards track her to the Schröder's house. She hides in a room without a floor, and narrowly escapes the guards after they conclude that she could not be inthe room.The Schröders and their neighbors, including a woman named Marga who has a baby and whose husband has already escaped to the west, want toescape East Germany. Kurt comes up with the idea of building a tunnel under the wall, through which they can escape to West Berlin. Although he willmastermind the plan, Kurt has no intention of going with them. They drill through the basement wall using Uncle Albrecht's band as a noise cover when the actualdrilling takes place. One member of the family keeps watch while the others work on the tunnel itself. After they start digging the tunnel, they are joined byWalter Brunner, who had his own plan to dig a tunnel. All the while, Kurt is falling in love with Erika, and he eventually summons the courage to tell her that her"}
{"doc_id":"doc_126","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Wayne BridgeWayne Michael Bridge (born 5 August 1980) is an English former professional footballer who played as a left back.A graduate of theSouthampton academy, he made his debut in 1998 and would go on to make over 150 league appearances in Premier League before going on to have anextensive career with Chelsea where he won all three domestic competitions over the course of his six-year stay at Stamford Bridge. He also spent time on loanwith Fulham before later in 2009 joining Manchester City, where he remained for four seasons, although his final two were spent on loan with West Ham andSunderland as well as a spell in the EFL Championship with Brighton & Hove Albion. He retired in 2014 following a season with ReadingBridge made 36appearances for the England national team between 2002 and 2009, being selected for two FIFA World Cup squads and UEFA Euro 2004.ClubcareerSouthamptonBridge was born in Southampton, but moved to Olivers Battery, Winchester, at an early age. He attended Oliver's Battery Primary and Kings'School, Winchester. When playing for Olivers Battery he was spotted by Micky Adams, who recommended him to Southampton, who signed him as a trainee inJuly 1996. He made his reserve team debut as a centre-forward against Portsmouth on 13 August 1997 and turned professional in January 1998.Bridge made hisfirst-team debut on 16 August 1998 (the opening day of the 1998–99 season) coming on as a replacement for John Beresford, who had badly damaged his knee.Bridge made his first senior start in the next match on 22 August in a 5–0 defeat away to Charlton Athletic. As Southampton struggled to pick up points (with onlytwo points after the first nine games), Bridge played (on the left wing) in most of Saints' league games until early December before losing his place to HassanKachloul. For the remainder of the 1998–99 Premier League season, Bridge was only used occasionally as Saints narrowly avoided relegation. He completed hisfirst season as a first-team player with 15 starts and eight substitute appearances.The following season carried on in a similar vein with Bridge making occasionalappearances on the left wing until injuries to Francis Benali and the poor form of his intended replacement Patrick Colleter gave Bridge the opportunity to play atleft-back, where he soon became a fixture in the Saints starting line-up. In the 1999–2000 season, he made 15 starts (plus four substitute appearances) scoringhis first senior goal, with a powerful free-kick over the wall, in the final match of the season on 14 May 2000 against Wimbledon, as a result of which Wimbledonwere relegated to Division 1 after 14 years in the top flight.In the 2000–01 season, Bridge was an ever-present at left-back as Saints finished their final season atThe Dell in tenth place in the Premier League table. Bridge was rewarded by being voted the Southampton Player of the Year for the 2000–01 season.Bridge was\"fast, determined, skilful and full of youthful promise\" and \"his forward runs became an exciting sight at The Dell and then at St Mary's.\" He was an ever-presentyet again in the following season as Saints again finished their first season at their new stadium comfortably in mid-table.Bridge's temperament and consistency,together with a high level of fitness, enabled him to continue to play every match until 18 January 2003 when he limped off with an injury in a 1–0 defeat toLiverpool. This brought to an end a run of 113 consecutive appearances, a Premier League record for an outfield player (since surpassed by Frank Lampard, Jr.).His run started on 4 March 2000, from when Bridge played 10,160 consecutive minutes of Premier League football, not missing any play through injury orsuspension.By now, bigger clubs were trailing Bridge, and he was finally tempted away to join Chelsea for £7 million in the 2003 close season. His last appearancefor the club came in the 2003 FA Cup Final defeat to Arsenal. During his five years as a Saints first-team player, he made 173 appearances, with two league goalsagainst Wimbledon and Bolton Wanderers.Chelsea2003–04 seasonAfter five years with the Saints, Bridge moved to Chelsea in July 2003 for a fee of £7 millionplus Graeme Le Saux, and was initially a regular starter. His finest moment came in the Champions League quarter-final against Arsenal in 2003–04. Bridgescored the winning goal in the 88th minute to send Chelsea into the semi-finals and end an 18-game winless run against Arsenal. The goal was later voted goal ofthe season. Bridge also scored against Beşiktaş and Portsmouth in the 2003–04 season.2004–05 seasonBridge started the 2004–05 season playing regularlyunder new manager José Mourinho, but he picked up a serious ankle injury in an FA Cup tie against Newcastle United on 20 February 2005. This ended his seasonand also meant he missed the following weekend's League Cup Final. Chelsea went on to win the Premier League in his absence but Bridge had already madeenough appearances (15) to receive a winners' medal.2005–06 seasonFor the 2005–06 season, Chelsea signed Spanish left-back Asier del Horno and Bridgefaced a challenge to get back into the side when he recovered from the injury that kept him out of the team in the latter stages of the 2004–05 campaign. He onlymade two appearances for Chelsea that season, both in domestic cup games. These limited first team opportunities saw him join Fulham on loan on 19 January2006. He made his debut in a 2–1 defeat to West Ham United at Upton Park. The move seemed to benefit him as he managed to secure his place in the 2006World Cup English squad for the tournament in Germany. Chelsea won the Premier League again, but Bridge was not eligible for a medal this time as he had notmade a single league appearance for them all season.2006–07 seasonBridge's main competition for the Chelsea left back position then came from fellow Englandinternational left back Ashley Cole. Bridge played the full match in Chelsea's 3–0 victory over Manchester City on the opening day of the 2006–07 Premier Leagueseason, providing a telling cross for the third goal, scored by a header from Didier Drogba. His strong early season form, however, was not enough to hold downthe left-back position, with Mourinho preferring Ashley Cole in most games. Following Cole's injury in the 3–0 Premier League win against Blackburn Rovers earlyin 2007, Bridge became Chelsea's natural choice for left-back.Bridge featured in attack for an injury struck Chelsea side against League Two side WycombeWanderers in the 2007 semi-final 1st leg League Cup match, scoring one goal in the process.Bridge finished the 2006–07 season with two cup final winner'smedals after playing in both the League Cup Final against Arsenal in a 2–1 win and in the FA Cup Final against Manchester United in a 1–0 victory.2007–08seasonBridge played his third cup final for Chelsea in just over two years in the 2–1 loss in the 2008 League Cup Final against Tottenham Hotspur. Bridge wasadjudged to have handled the ball in the penalty area and Tottenham were awarded a penalty from which they scored, going on to win 2–1 afterextra-time.2008–09 seasonIn the League Cup fourth round tie against Burnley in the 2008–09 season, Bridge wore the captain's armband in the absence of JohnTerry and Frank Lampard, but the Blues lost on penalties.Manchester City2009–11 seasonsOn 2 January 2009, it was confirmed by Mark Hughes that ManchesterCity had agreed an undisclosed fee with Chelsea for Bridge, thought to be around £10 million and, on the following day, Manchester City agreed personal termswith the player, who later passed his medical, thus enabling the transfer to be completed and he signed a four-and-a-half-year deal. Bridge was unveiled to thehome fans that day at an FA Cup home tie against Nottingham Forest, and two weeks later made his debut for the club in a 1–0 win against Wigan Athletic in theleague. He was given the squad number 25. For the 2009–10 season, Bridge switched to the number 3, which was previously worn by Michael Ball.On 27February 2010, City inflicted Chelsea's first home Premier League defeat of the season with a 4–2 victory. Prior to the match, Bridge was involved in a highlypublicised incident in which he refused to shake hands with Chelsea captain and former club and international teammate John Terry, who was at the time thesubject of claims that he had had an affair with Bridge's ex-girlfriend Vanessa Perroncel. His position as left-back for Manchester City gradually faded with thearrival of two new left-backs. In the summer of 2010, Manchester City manager Roberto Mancini signed Aleksandar Kolarov from Lazio, and in 2011 signed GaëlClichy from Arsenal, thus indicating Bridge was surplus to requirements at City.West Ham (loan)On 12 January 2011, Bridge joined West Ham United on loan untilthe end of the season. He made his West Ham debut on 15 January 2011 in a 3–0 loss to Arsenal. Bridge made 18 appearances in all competitions for West Hambefore his loan ended.Sunderland (loan)On 31 January 2012, it was announced that Bridge had joined Sunderland on a loan deal until the end of the 2011–12season. He made his debut appearance as an 82nd minute substitute for Kieran Richardson in Sunderland's 3–0 victory over Norwich City the following day. Hemade his first start for Sunderland in their 1–0 win over Liverpool on 10 March 2012, and also featured in the FA Cup quarter-final draw with Everton the followingweek.Brighton & Hove Albion (loan)On 6 July 2012, it was confirmed that Bridge would join Brighton & Hove Albion on a season-long loan. He made his debut forBrighton on 14 August 2012 in a 3–0 away defeat to Swindon Town in the League Cup. His first Brighton goal came on 25 August 2012 in a 5–1 home victory overBarnsley, his first league goal since scoring for Chelsea in December 2003. Bridge played 37 league games for Brighton, scoring three goals and helping themreach fourth place in the league to qualify for the play-offs. He played in both semi-final games against Crystal Palace where Brighton were beaten 2–0 onaggregate. At the end of the season, Bridge thanked Brighton manager Gus Poyet for revitalising his footballing career. He told The Independent, \"Brighton havebeen great to me. I just want to say a big thank you to the chairman and the fans. Gus has revitalised my love for football after I was in the wilderness atManchester City.\"Reading and retirementIn June 2013, Bridge signed a one-year contract with Reading, who had just been relegated to the Football LeagueChampionship. Bridge chose Reading ahead of offers from Queens Park Rangers and Brighton, who wished to make his loan permanent.On 6 May 2014, Bridgewas released by Reading after 12 games in his only season for the club, subsequently retiring from professional football.International careerDuring his time withSouthampton, all Bridge's managers (Jones, Hoddle and Gray) predicted full international honours. He was soon making regular appearances for the Englandunder-21 team, and the managers' prophecy was realised when Sven-Göran Eriksson gave him his first full cap against the Netherlands on 13 February 2002. Hequickly proved himself and appeared twice as a substitute in the 2002 World Cup, although he did not appear at all in Euro 2004, with Ashley Cole being"}
{"doc_id":"doc_127","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Donny LucasDonald James \"Donny\" Lucas is a Canadian actor and comedian.He is best known for voicing Disco Kid in Punch Out!!, Zed in League ofLegends, Mr. Fix in Iron Man: Armored Adventures, and the Lucius Fox A.I. in Batwoman.Early lifeDonny Lucas was born, adopted, and raised in Montreal,Quebec.Lucas started his acting career in 1986 by taking classes, workshops, and community theater. His first credits were for HBO, Warner Bros, andNickelodeon.FilmographyFilmTelevisionVideogamesPassage 2:Lou ManfrediniLou Manfredini (born May 4, 1964) is an American television/radio personality andhome improvement expert. Born in Highland Park, Illinois he is the host of HouseSmarts TV, host of Chicago's WGN (AM) HouseSmarts Radio (formerly Mr.Fix-It), and is a contributor on NBC's Today Show.Early yearsManfredini was born to Massimo and Lida Manfredini in Highland Park, IL. His father worked as anauto and truck mechanic, mother was a homemaker. Manfredini worked with his father on cars and trucks  which ultimately led Manfredini to pursue a career inhome improvement. While a student at Deerfield High School (Illinois), Manfredini worked at a hardware store and at a steel company as a welder. Aftergraduating high school in 1982, Manfredini went to Millikin University in Decatur, Illinois on a musical theater scholarship. In 1987, Manfredini started aconstruction company in Chicago. After 8 years in business, he began a media career in 1995 when WGN (AM) Radio  launched his idea for a home improvementcall-in radio show.Television and Print MediaAs hostIn 1995 after writing letters to pitch his idea for a call-in home improvement radio show on WGN Radio,morning show host Bob Collins booked Manfredini on his show as a guest where his nickname, Mr. Fix It, was coined. Soon after Manfredini joined host RoyLeonard on his Saturday show as a regular contributor which then led to his own Saturday morning call-in radio show which still airs today.  In 2000, Manfredinibecame the home improvement contributor for NBC-TV's Today Show, from 2006 to 2013 for NBC-5 Chicago and in September 2013 for WGN-TV Chicago. In2006, he partnered with Frank DiGioia, President and CEO of Fort Productions, to create the news/magazine style home improvement and lifestyle showHouseSmarts. Manfredini is also the host of Lou Manfredini's HouseSmarts Minutes (formerly Lou Manfredini's Home Improvement Minutes) that are syndicatedon radio stations across the United States.On May 29, 2015 Manfredini was inducted into the WGN Radio Walk of Fame.On January 14, 2017 Manfredini debutedthe live show, HouseSmarts Radio, on 77-WABC New York.On October 14, 2017 Manfredini debuted the live show, HouseSmarts Radio, on 790-KABC LosAngeles.As spokespersonManfredini has represented Marvin Windows and Doors nationally as their spokesperson since 2004 and serves/has served asspokesperson in the Chicago market for: Perma Seal Basement Systems, Chicagoland and Northwest Indiana Chevy Dealers and Baxter Credit Union (BCU).Since2002 Manfredini has served as Ace Hardware's resident \"Home Expert\" and editorial media spokesperson.Manfredini has been host of satellite media toursrepresenting companies such as The Wood Promotion Network, 3M, Marvin Windows and Doors, Ace Hardware, Skil Power Tools.Manfredini has served as subjectmatter expert host for The Rug Doctor infomercial.Other appearancesManfredini has sung the National Anthem at Wrigley Field, home of the Chicago Cubs, threetimes – once in 1998, once in 2001  and once as a duet in 2009 with his producer, Lindsey Smithwick (formerly Kreutzer).From 2002 to 2003 Manfredini servedas the Home Category Expert for the Home Shopping Network (HSN).On August 18, 2011 Manfredini was a guest on the stage and radio show created by theChicago Tribune and The Second City, Chicago Live!On May 30, 2012, Manfredini guest starred in the Irish musical The Twelve Tenors for one night at theRiverfront Theater in Chicago.Bibliography2000: Mr. Fix It: 101 Answers to the Most Commonly Asked Questions About Repairing Your Home Rare Air Media ISBN1-892866-22-62002: Mr. Fix It Introduces You To Your Home Ballantine Books ISBN 0-345-44987-82004: House Smarts Ballantine Books ISBN0-345-44989-42004:Bath Smarts Ballantine Books ISBN 0-345-44990-82004: Kitchen Smarts Ballantine Books ISBN 0-345-44988-62004: Room SmartsBallantine Books ISBN 0-345-46722-1FamilyManfredini lives in Chicago with his wife and four children and runs the Edgebrook Ace Hardware and Villa Park AceHardware. Manfredini's oldest son, Quinn, is the founder of Deep Dish Sports Talk, Chicago's premier sports podcast.Passage 3:Mr. Fix-ItMr. Fix-It is a 1918American silent comedy film starring Douglas Fairbanks, Marjorie Daw, and Wanda Hawley, directed by Allan Dwan.PlotAs described in a film magazine, becauseof his ability to fix things Dick Remington (Fairbanks) becomes known as \"Mr. Fix-It\" and enters the aristocratic home of the Burroughs as their nephew. Beforelong he has melted the stone hearts of three aunts and one uncle and won the heart of Mary McCullough (Hawley) in addition to setting aright the affairs of prettyGeorgiana Burroughs (MacDonald) and Olive Van Tassell (Landis).CastReceptionLike many American films of the time, Mr. Fix-It was subject to restrictions andcuts by city and state film censorship boards. For example, the Chicago Board of Censors cut, in Reel 5, the policeman arresting women in kimono coming fromraided house of ill repute.Preservation statusOn July 16, 2011 at the Castro Theatre in San Francisco, the San Francisco Silent Film Festival presented a restoredprint of the film from George Eastman House.See alsoList of rediscovered filmsPassage 4:Allan DwanAllan Dwan (born Joseph Aloysius Dwan; April 3, 1885 –December 28, 1981) was a pioneering Canadian-born American motion picture director, producer, and screenwriter.Early lifeBorn Joseph Aloysius Dwan inToronto, Ontario, Canada, Dwan was the younger son of commercial traveler of woolen clothing Joseph Michael Dwan (1857–1917) and his wife Mary Jane Dwan,née Hunt. The family moved to the United States when he was seven years old on December 4, 1892, by ferry from Windsor to Detroit, according to hisnaturalization petition of August 1939. His elder brother, Leo Garnet Dwan (1883–1964), became a physician.Allan Dwan studied engineering at the University ofNotre Dame and then worked for a lighting company in Chicago. He had a strong interest in the fledgling motion picture industry, and when Essanay Studiosoffered him the opportunity to become a scriptwriter, he took the job. At that time, some of the East Coast movie makers began to spend winters in Californiawhere the climate allowed them to continue productions requiring warm weather. Soon, a number of movie companies worked there year-round, and in 1911,Dwan began working part-time in Hollywood. While still in New York, in 1917 he was the founding president of the East Coast chapter of the Motion PictureDirectors Association.CareerDwan started his directing career by accident in 1911, when he was sent by his employers to California, in order to locate a companythat had vanished. Dwan managed to track the company down, and learned that they were waiting for the film's director (who was an alcoholic) to return from abinge (and allowing them to return to work). Dwan wired back to his employers in Chicago, informing them of the situation, and suggested that they disband thecompany. They wired back, instructing Dwan to direct the film. When Dwan informed the company of the situation, and that their jobs were on the line, theyresponded: \"You're the best damn director we ever saw\".Dwan operated Flying A Studios in La Mesa, California, from August 1911 to July 1912. Flying A was oneof the first motion pictures studios in California history. On August 12, 2011, a plaque was unveiled on the Wolff building at Third Avenue and La Mesa Boulevardcommemorating Dwan and the Flying A Studios origins in La Mesa, California.After making a series of westerns and comedies, Dwan directed fellowCanadian-American Mary Pickford in several very successful movies as well as her husband, Douglas Fairbanks, notably in the acclaimed 1922 Robin Hood. Dwandirected Gloria Swanson in eight feature films, and one short film made in the short-lived sound-on-film process Phonofilm. This short, also featuring ThomasMeighan and Henri de la Falaise, was produced as a joke, for the April 26, 1925 \"Lambs' Gambol\" for The Lambs, with the film showing Swanson crashing theall-male club.Following the introduction of the talkies, Dwan directed child-star Shirley Temple in Heidi (1937) and Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1938).Dwanhelped launch the career of two other successful Hollywood directors, Victor Fleming, who went on to direct The Wizard of Oz and Gone With the Wind, andMarshall Neilan, who became an actor, director, writer and producer. Over a long career spanning almost 50 years, Dwan directed 125 motion pictures, some ofwhich were highly acclaimed, such as the 1949 box office hit, Sands of Iwo Jima. He directed his last movie in 1961.Being one of the last surviving pioneers of thecinema, he was interviewed at length for the 1980 documentary series Hollywood.He died in Los Angeles at the age of 96, and is interred in the San FernandoMission Cemetery, Mission Hills, California.Dwan has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6263 Hollywood Boulevard.Daniel Eagan of Film JournalInternational described Dwan as one of the early pioneers of cinema, stating that his style \"is so basic as to seem invisible, but he treats his characters withuncommon sympathy and compassion.\"Partial filmography as directorSee alsoCanadian pioneers in early HollywoodPassage 5:Saintly SinnersSaintly Sinners is a1962 American comedy-drama film directed by Jean Yarbrough and starring Don Beddoe, Ellen Corby, Stanley Clements and Paul Bryar.PlotEx-con Joseph Bradenhas his car temporarily stolen by a pair of bank robbers who hide their loot in the vehicle's spare tire. After the car is repossessed, it's sold to the kindly Rev.Daniel Sheridan, who immediately sets out on a fishing trip.CastDon Beddoe as Father Dan SheridanEllen Corby as Mrs. McKenzieStanley Clements as SlimPaulBryar as DukeAddison Richards as Monsignor CraigRon Hagerthy as Joe BreadenJacklyn O'Donnell as Sue Braeden (as Erin O'Donnell)Clancy Cooper as IdahoMurphyWilliam Fawcett as Horsefly BrownEarle Hodgins as Uncle CleteNorman Leavitt as Pittheus (as Norm Leavitt)Willis Bouchey as Police Chief HarrihanSeealsoList of American films of 1962Passage 6:Rauni MollbergRauni Mollberg (April 15, 1929 – October 11, 2007) was a Finnish film director who directed moviesand TV movies.In 1963 Mollberg directed movies for YLE. He directed a version of The Unknown Soldier in 1985, 30 years after Edvin Laine directed the originalversion of it. Mollberg's movie's plot was same as Laine's movie. But Mollberg used unknown actors and the movie was colourised and shot by a handholdcamera.Mollberg did not begin directing films for the cinema until he was well into his forties. He made a notable splash on the international festival circuit in"}
{"doc_id":"doc_128","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Walter UlfigWalter Ulfig was a German composer of film scores.Selected filmographyDas Meer (1927)Venus im Frack (1927)Svengali (1927)Bigamie(1927)Homesick (1927)The Awakening of Woman (1927)The Famous Woman (1927)Alpine Tragedy (1927)The Strange Case of Captain Ramper(1927)Assassination (1927)Queen Louise (1927)Homesick (1927)Das Schicksal einer Nacht (1927)The Hunt for the Bride (1927)The Orlov (1927)Serenissimusand the Last Virgin (1928)Mariett Dances Today (1928))The Woman from Till 12 (1928)The Beloved of His Highness (1928)The Schorrsiegel Affair (1928)ItAttracted Three Fellows (1928)Miss Chauffeur (1928)The King of Carnival (1928)The Weekend Bride (1928)Honeymoon (1928)Spring Awakening (1929)The Rightof the Unborn (1929)The Heath Is Green (1932)Höllentempo (1933)The Two Seals (1934)Pappi (1934)Mädchenräuber (1936)BibliographyJung, Uli & Schatzberg,Walter. Beyond Caligari: The Films of Robert Wiene. Berghahn Books, 1999.External linksWalter Ulfig at IMDbPassage 2:Bert GrundBert Grund (1920–1992) wasa German composer of film scores.Selected filmographyCrown Jewels (1950)Immortal Light (1951)I Can't Marry Them All (1952)We're Dancing on the Rainbow(1952)My Wife Is Being Stupid (1952)Knall and Fall as Detectives (1952)The Bachelor Trap (1953)The Bird Seller (1953)The Immortal Vagabond (1953)The Sunof St. Moritz (1954)The Witch (1954)The Major and the Bulls (1955)Operation Sleeping Bag (1955)Love's Carnival (1955)The Marriage of Doctor Danwitz(1956)Between Time and Eternity (1956)That Won't Keep a Sailor Down (1958)Arena of Fear (1959)The Thousand Eyes of Dr. Mabuse (1960)The Count ofLuxemburg (1972)Mathias Sandorf (1979, TV series)Die Wächter (1986, TV miniseries)Carmen on Ice (1990)Passage 3:Henri VerdunHenri Verdun (1895–1977)was a French composer of film scores.Selected filmographyNapoléon (1927)The Sweetness of Loving (1930)The Levy Department Stores (1932)The LacqueredBox (1932)The Weaker Sex (1933)The Flame (1936)Girls of Paris (1936)The Assault (1936)Les Disparus de Saint-Agil (1938)The Woman Thief (1938)Ernest theRebel (1938)Rail Pirates (1938)The Fatted Calf (1939)Camp Thirteen (1940)The Man Without a Name (1943)The Bellman (1945)My First Love (1945)TheMurderer is Not Guilty (1946)Distress (1946)The Fugitive (1947)The Ironmaster (1948)The Tragic Dolmen (1948)The Ladies in the Green Hats (1949)La Fugue deMonsieur Perle (1952)The Lovers of Midnight (1953)The Big Flag (1954)Blood to the Head (1956)Passage 4:Amedeo EscobarAmedeo Escobar (1888–1973) wasan Italian composer of film scores.Selected filmographyResurrection (1931)The Last of the Bergeracs (1934)The Countess of Parma (1936)I've Lost My Husband!(1937)The Thrill of the Skies (1940)Macario Against Zagomar (1944)Toto Looks for a House (1949)Toto Looks for a Wife (1950)Beauties on Bicycles(1951)Drama on the Tiber (1952)Passage 5:MithoonMithun Sharma (born 11 January 1985), also known as Mithoon, is an Indian Hindi film music director,lyricist-composer and singer.Mithoon composed the Hindi song \"Tum Hi Ho\" from the 2013 Bollywood romantic film Aashiqui 2. Mithoon received the FilmfareAward for Best Music Director, and in 2014 received a nomination for Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist in the 59th Filmfare Awards. He wrote and composed one ofthe most streamed Hindi songs on YouTube, \"Sanam Re\". The song was honoured with the award of \"Most Streamed Song of 2016\" at the Global Indian MusicAcademy Awards.Mithoon launched the talented singer Arijit Singh in 2011 with Mohammad Irfan Ali co-singer in his hit song Phir Mohabbat.Early lifeMithoon wasborn into a family of musicians. His grandfather, Pandit Ram Prasad Sharma, imparted music knowledge to thousands of aspirants, many of whom are amongsttoday's top musicians. His father, Naresh Sharma, was a leading expert of musical arrangements, having worked with almost all of the top composers in morethan two hundred movies. Mithoon's father and his uncle Pyarelal-ji (Pyarelal Ramprasad Sharma) formed one-half of the legendary composer duoLaxmikant-Pyarelal.Mithoon started learning music at the age of eleven. Since his father remained busy, he sent him to knowledgeable people to train himself. Hisfather observed him closely and would often notice what he was practicing. His father often listened to the tunes that he created as well. On 6 November 2022, hemarried playback singer Palak Muchhal.CareerMithoon began his career with two recreations: \"Woh Lamhe\" in Zeher and \"Aadat\" in Kalyug. In 2006, Mithoon'sfriend recommended his name to Onir, (director of Bas Ek Pal), who wanted an electro-based title track. This led to his first original song as a composer, \"Bas EkPal\" with singer KK, and was followed by \"Tere Bin\" (by singer Atif Aslam) in 2006. Both songs were included in the film Bas Ek Pal. .He wrote the score forAnwar, released in 2007 and his compositions Tose Naina Lage and Maula Mere are still extremely popular.He also worked as a guest composer for songs onseveral nonmovie albums, such as \"Kuch Is Tarah\" from Atif Aslam's album Doorie, and Abhijeet Sawant's and \"Ek Shaqs\" from the Abhijeet Sawant albumJunoon. He released his own album, Tu Hi Mere Rab Ki Tarah Hai in 2009 with T-Series. For this album, Mithoon traveled to the United Kingdom to rope inmusicians. There, he worked with musicians of the Philharmonic Orchestra.In 2011 he composed two songs \"Aye Khuda\", \"Phir Mohabbat\" for the film Murder2  which also marked the debut of Arijit Singh.The song \"Tum Hi Ho\" which he wrote for Aashiqui 2, and \"O saathi\" from the movie Shab became popular. He hasalso been a solo or guest composer for movies such as , Jism 2,Yaariyan, Ek Villain, Hate Story 2, Creature 3D, Samrat & Co, Alone, Hamari Adhuri Kahani, BhaagJohnny, All Is Well, Loveshhuda, Sanam Re, Ki & Ka, Shivaay, Wajah Tum Ho, Half Girlfriend, Shab, Aksar 2, Hate Story 4, Baaghi 2, Kabir Singh, Mercury, KhudaHaafiz, Radhe Shyam and Gadar 2.Bollywood discographyAlbumsSinglesAwards and nominationsList of awards and nominations received by MithoonAsiavisionAwardsBIG Star Entertainment AwardsFilmfare AwardsGlobal Indian Music Academy AwardsInternational Indian Film Academy AwardsMirchi MusicAwardsProducers Guild Film AwardsScreen AwardsStardust AwardsZee Cine AwardsGaana User's Choice Awards – Best Music Composer (for \"Phir Bhi TumkoChaahunga\") – WonBollywood Journalist Awards – Best Music Director (for \"Phir Bhi Tumko Chaahunga\") – NominatedPassage 6:Tarcisio FuscoTarcisio Fusco wasan Italian composer of film scores. He was the brother of the composer Giovanni Fusco and the uncle of operatic soprano Cecilia Fusco.SelectedfilmographyBoccaccio (1940)Free Escape (1951)Abracadabra (1952)The Eternal Chain (1952)Beauties in Capri (1952)Milanese in Naples (1954)Conspiracy of theBorgias (1959)Passage 7:Abe MeyerAbe Meyer (1901–1969) was an American composer of film scores.Selected filmographyPainted Faces (1929)HoneymoonLane (1931)Unholy Love (1932)A Strange Adventure (1932)Take the Stand (1934)Legong (1935)The Unwelcome Stranger (1935)Suicide Squad (1935)The Minewith the Iron Door (1936)The Devil on Horseback (1936)Song of the Trail (1936)County Fair (1937)The 13th Man (1937)Raw Timber (1937)Roaring Timber(1937)The Law Commands (1937)The Painted Trail (1938)My Old Kentucky Home (1938)The Secret of Treasure Island (1938)Saleslady (1938)NumberedWoman  (1938)The Marines Are Here (1938)Fisherman's Wharf (1939)Undercover Agent (1939)Passage 8:Alonso MudarraAlonso Mudarra (c. 1510 – April 1,1580) was a Spanish composer of the Renaissance, and also played the vihuela, a guitar-shaped string instrument.  He was an innovative composer ofinstrumental music as well as songs, and was the composer of the earliest surviving music for the guitar.BiographyThe place of his birth is not recorded, but hegrew up in Guadalajara, and probably received his musical training there.  He most likely went to Italy in 1529 with Charles V, in the company of the fourth Dukeof the Infantado, Íñigo López de Mendoza, marqués de Santillana.  When he returned to Spain he became a priest, receiving the post of canon at the cathedral inSeville in 1546, where he remained for the rest of his life.  While at the cathedral, he directed all of the musical activities; many records remain of his musicalactivities there, which included hiring instrumentalists, buying and assembling a new organ, and working closely with composer Francisco Guerrero for variousfestivities.  Mudarra died in Seville, and his sizable fortune was distributed to the poor of the city according to his will.Mudarra wrote numerous pieces for thevihuela and the four-course guitar, all contained in the collection Tres libros de musica en cifras para vihuela (\"Three books of music in numbers for vihuela\"),which he published on December 7, 1546 in Seville.  These three books contain the first music ever published for the four-course guitar, which was then arelatively new instrument. The second book is noteworthy in that it contains eight multi-movement works, all arranged by \"tono\", or mode.Compositionsrepresented in this publication include fantasias, variations (including a set on La Folia), tientos, pavanes and galliards, and songs. Modern listeners are probablymost familiar with his Fantasia X, which has been a concert and recording mainstay for many years.   The songs are in Latin, Spanish and Italian, and includeromances, canciones (songs), villancicos, (popular songs) and sonetos (sonnets).  Another innovation was the use of different signs for different tempos:  slow,medium, and fast.References and further readingJohn Griffiths: \"Alonso Mudarra\", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed March 24, 2005), (subscriptionaccess)Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.  ISBN 0-393-09530-4Guitar Music of the Sixteenth Century, Mel BayPublications (transcribed by Keith Calmes)The Eight Masterpieces of Alonso Mudarra, Mel Bay Publications (transcribed by Keith Calmes)Fantasia VI in hypermedia(Shockwave Player required) at the BinAural Collaborative HypertextJacob Heringman and Catherine King: \"Alonso Mudarra songs and solos\". Magnatune.com(http://www.magnatune.com/artists/albums/heringman-mudarra/hifi_play)External linksFree scores by Alonso Mudarra in the Choral Public Domain Library(ChoralWiki)Free scores by Alonso Mudarra at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)Passage 9:Thomas MorseThomas Morse (born June 30, 1968)is a composer of film and concert music.Life and composing careerHe began his musical career while in high school, writing his first orchestral work. Afterreceiving a bachelor's degree in composition from the University of North Texas, Morse began a composition master's degree at USC in Los Angeles, changingover to the film scoring program in the second year.In the years that followed, Morse composed orchestral scores for more than a dozen feature films includingThe Big Brass Ring, based on an Orson Welles script, with William Hurt & Miranda Richardson who received a Golden Globe nomination for her performance; The"}
{"doc_id":"doc_129","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Adolf I of LotharingiaAdolf I of Lotharingia, count of Keldachgau, Vogt of Deutz from 1008 until 1018, was the son of Hermann I \"Pusillus\" (the LittlePfalzgraf), count palatine of Lotharingia. He left three sons:Hermann III, Vogt of Deutz in St. Severin (Cologne) und Werden (died 1056);Adolf II of Lotharingia,count of Keldachgau, Vogt of Deutz (born 1002, died 1041);Erenfried, Probst of St. Severin.Passage 2:Henry of LaachHenry of Laach (in German: Heinrich vonLaach) was the first count palatine of the Rhine (1085/1087–1095). Henry was the son of Herman I, count of Gleiberg. Henry was a follower of Henry IV, HolyRoman Emperor. He had lands in the southeastern Eifel and on the Moselle River.Most of the holdings of Hermann II, Count Palatine fell back to the emperor,when Hermann died without successor. The emperor named Henry count palatine of the Rhine and during the emperor's trip to Italy tasked Henry to hold interimjudicial councils. Henry married Herman's widow, Adelaide of Weimar-Orlamünde (d. 1100). From this marriage, Henry may have taken control over some of herholdings along the Moselle. As a consequence, the geographic center of the palatinate moved towards the south.With his wife, Adelaide, Henry founded the MariaLaach Abbey. He was succeeded by his stepson, Siegfried of Ballenstedt.Passage 3:Hermann II, Count Palatine of LotharingiaHermann II (born 1049; diedDalhem, 20 September 1085), Count Palatine of Lotharingia 1064–1085. He was count in the Ruhrgau and the Zulpichgau, as well as a count ofBrabant.LifeAccording to Egon Kimpen he was the son of Henry I of Lotharingia († 1061) and Mathild of Verdun († 1060), daughter of Gozelo I of Lotharingia, butthe basis for this has been questioned. However, if that is the case, his maternal uncle was Pope Stephen IX. Until 1064, young Hermann was under theguardianship of Anno II, Archbishop of Cologne, who significantly reduced Hermann's territorial power.In 1080 he married Adelaide of Weimar-Orlamünde (†1100), widow of Adalbert II, Count of Ballenstedt. She was a daughter of Otto of Orlamünde, count of Weimar and margrave of Meissen in Thuringia, and Adela ofBrabant. Together they had two children who had died by 1085.He is assumed to have been the last Count Palatine of Lotharingia of the Ezzonian dynasty. Hewas killed in a duel with Albert III, Count of Namur, near his castle in Dalhem. His widow married again, her third husband being Henry of Laach, count in theMayfeldgau, who became the first count palatine of the Rhine between 1085 and 1087.Passage 4:John Christian, Count Palatine of SulzbachJohn Christian (23January 1700 – 20 July 1733; in German: Johann Christian Joseph) was the Count Palatine of Sulzbach from 1732–33. He was the second and youngest survivingson of duke Theodore Eustace, Count Palatine of Sulzbach (1659–1732) with his consort Eleonore Maria Amalia of Hesse-Rotenburg (1675–1720). His elderbrother was Joseph Charles, Count Palatine of Sulzbach.LifeAfter the death of his elder brother Joseph Charles, John Christian Joseph became the eventualdesignated heir of the Electoral Palatine. In 1732 he succeeded his father as Count Palatine of Sulzbach, but died in Sulzbach in 1733 before inheriting thePalatinate.Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine, a member of the Palatine Neuburg line of Wittelsbach failed to produce a legitimate male heir, and his brothers also.By 1716 it was evident that the Neuburg line would become extinct and that the Sulzbach branch would succeed them.MarriageHe married twice:Marie AnneHenriëtte Leopoldine de La Tour d'Auvergne (24 October 1708 – 28 July 1728), daughter of Francois Egon de la Tour d'Auvergne, Prince of Auvergne, and had thefollowing children:Charles Theodore (11 December 1724 – 16 February 1799); became Elector Palatine in 1742, and Elector of Bavaria in 1777Maria Anne (30May 1728 – 25 June 1728)Eleonore Philippina Christina Sophia of Hesse-Rotenburg  (1712-1759); married on 1731 but had no issue.== Ancestry ==Passage5:Philip William August, Count Palatine of NeuburgPhilip William August, Count Palatine of Neuburg (born 19 November 1668 in Neuburg an der Donau; died: 5April 1693 in Zákupy (German: Reichstadt)) was a  Prince and Count Palatine of Neuburg.LifePhilip William August was the 13th from a total of 17 children ofElector Palatine Philip William (1615-1690) from his second marriage to Elisabeth Amalie (1635-1709), a daughter of Landgrave George II ofHesse-Darmstadt.His oldest sister, Eleonor Magdalene married Emperor Leopold I in 1676.  In August 1689, after he had visited his brother in Breslau and hissister in Vienna, Philip William began his Grand Tour to Italy.Philip William August chose a secular career and entered into active military service.  He died at theage of 24 after suffering for seven days from a \"malignant fever\" and was buried in the parish church of Zákupy.  His heart lies in the Court Church in Neuburg onthe Danube.Marriage and issueHe married on 29 October 1690 in Raudnitz Anna Maria Franziska (1672–1741), a daughter of Duke Julius Francis ofSaxe-Lauenburg.  The wedding ceremony, which had to be postponed due to the illness and death of Philip William August's father, was carried out \"plainly\".  Hismarriage brought Philipp Wilhelm August the following children:Leopoldine Eleanor (1691–1693).Maria Anna Carolina (1693–1751), married in 1719 PrinceFerdinand of Bavaria (1699–1738).AncestryPassage 6:Henry I, Count Palatine of LotharingiaHenry I (German: Heinrich; d.1061), was Count Palatine ofLotharingia from 1045 until 1060. He was the son of Hezzelin I, Count in Zülpichgau, and a member of the Ezzonid dynasty. Historians have given severalnicknames to Heinrich: Furiosus (the Violent/the Insane), because he murdered his wife, and Monachus (the Monk), because he was confined into an abbey totreat his insanity.LifeHenry was the son of Hezzelin I and his unnamed wife, who was probably a daughter of  Conrad I of Carinthia.Around 1048 Henry marriedMathilda of Verdun (born abt 1025, died 27 July 1060), daughter of Duke Gozelo of Lotharingia, and sister of pope Stephen IX.He received the Mosellan castle ofCochem from his niece, Queen Richeza of Poland. He was elected as successor for the German kingdom during Emperor Henry III's illness.Shortly after 1058,Henry began to show signs of insanity, for which he was confined to the abbey of Gorze. He escaped however, and thinking that his wife Matilda had beenunfaithful to him, he killed her (27 July 1060). Henry then was definitely enclosed into the abbey of Echternach, where he died in 1061. His office and countieswere confiscated by Anno II, archbishop of Cologne, who became the guardian of their only son, the later count palatine Hermann II (1064-1085).Passage7:Rudolph II, Count Palatine of TübingenRudolph II, Count Palatine of Tübingen (died 1 November 1247) was Count Palatine of Tübingen and Vogt ofSindelfingen.  He was the younger son of Rudolph I and his wife Matilda of Gleiberg, heiress of Giessen.LifeRudolph II inherited the County Palatine of Tübingenwhen his elder brother Hugo III died in 1216.  From 1224 onwards, he is described as Count Palatine in many imperial documents, while his younger brotherWilliam is merely styled as Count.  Rudolph II supported Bebenhausen Abbey, which his parents had founded. Next to his father, Rudolph II is the second mostmentioned Count Palatine of Tübingen in imperial documents, mostly in documents by King Henry (VII) of Germany, the son of Emperor Frederick II, who hadbeen elected King of Germany in 1220, at the age of 8.  Frederick II spent much of his time in Italy, leaving his ancestral Swabia in the hands of his son.  Later, in1232, Henry revolted against his father, and did everything in his power to win the Swabian nobility over to his side.  Rudolph II appears to have been among thenoblemen who sided with Henry VII, at least, he is mentioned in 10 different documents of Henry VII and never by Frederick II.  Considering Rudolph's energeticcharacter, one can assume that he intended to use the conflict between Henry VII and Frederick II to expand his own power and aim at an independentposition.Swabian noblemen, including Rudolph II and his brother William, Count Hartmann I of Württemberg and a Count of Dillingen, visited Henry VII in Wormson 8 January 1224.  They met Margrave Herman V of Baden was also present, as was Eberhard, Sénéchal of Waldburg and councillor and former guardian ofHenry VII in Oppenheim on 5 April 1227 and in Hagenau on 1 May.  In the same year, Rudolph met Duke Louis I of Bavaria, who was an imperial vicar andConrad of Winterstetten, who was imperial cup-bearer and also a councilor of Henry VII.  He met the Lords of Neuffen and the imperial marshal Anselm ofJustingen in Ulm on 23 February 1228.  On 31 August 1228, Rudolph II appears, together with Margrave Herman V of Baden, Count Henry of Wirtemberg, aCount of Dillingen, Conrad of Weinsperg and the councillors mentioned above, as witnesses of a deed in which King henry VII confirms the privileges of AdelberAbbey in Esslingen.  Later that year, Rudolph II appeared as a witness in four deed by Duke Louis I of Bavaria and Bishop Ekbert of Bamberg, together with,among others, Margrave Herman V of Baden, Count Ulrich and Eberhard of Helfenstein, Counts Eberhard and Otto of Eberstein, Count Gottfried of Hohenlohe, andtwo councilors.Rudolph II stood at the head of a delegation of eight Swabian counts, among them Albert IV of Habsburg, Frederick IV of Zollern and a Count ofEberstein, at the Imperial Diet in Worms on 29 April 1231.  On 22 November 1231, Rudolph II and his brother William met Counts Albert of Rottenburg, Ulrich ofHefenstein and Eberhard of Walpurg at Henry VII's castle in Ulm.  On 31 December 1231, Rudolph witnessed a deed benefiting Neresheim Abbey in Wimpfen,together with Duke Conrad I of Teck and Margrave Hermann V of Baden.  The last time Rudolph II witnessed a deed of Henry VII was on 4 June 1233 inEsslingen, again with his brother William.In 1235, Pope Gregory IX called on the princes of the empire to organize a new crusade into the Holy Land, to renderassistance to the beleaguered church there.  Rudolph II is the only Swabian nobleman named in this call to arms; whether he actually went to the Holy Land isunknown.  The fact that he is not mentioned in any deed between 1235 and 1243 suggests that he may have been absent for an extended period.  In particular,no mention is made of his position in the struggle between King Conrad IV of Germany and anti-King Henry Raspe IV, which is remarkable, since this struggletook place mainly in Swabia.  However, a deed in favour of Bebenhausen Abbey which the papal legate made at Rudolph II's request in the army camp outsideUlm on 28 January 1247, suggests that he supported Henry Raspe.FamilyThe name of Rudolph II's wife has not been preserved.  She was a daughter of aMargrave Henry from the House of Ronsberg and Udilhild of Gammertingen. They had the following children:Hugo IV, Count Palatine of TübingenRudolf III ofScheer (d. 12 May 1277), Count of Tübingen-HerrenbergUlrichMathilda, married Burchard II, Count of Hohenberg (d. 14 July 1253, struck by lightning).  Their"}
{"doc_id":"doc_130","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Tales from the QuadeaD ZoneTales from the QuadeaD Zone (also stylized TALES From The QuadeaD Zone) is a 1987 American anthology blaxploitation horror film written, directed, and produced by Chester Novell Turner. The film was originally released straight to VHS. VHS copies of the film have become collector's items due to their difficulty to locate and extremely limited quantities, with one copy selling for $2000 on eBay.Turner has expressed interest in creating a sequel and began writing the film's script in 2013. Tales from the QuadeaD Zone was the only film produced by Erry Vision Film Co.Since its release Tales From the QuadeaD Zone has received several public screenings, one of which was a 2016 symposium at the Yale University Library, Terror on Tape.It was given a DVD release in 2013 through Massacre Video.SynopsisThe film is composed of two stories, plus a third wraparound story; \"Food For ?\" and \"The Brothers\", both of which are narrated by a mother (Shirley L. Jones) reading the tales to her deceased son Bobby. \"Food For ?\" centers upon a family that is so poor that they are unable to afford food for every family member. Their only solution is to get rid of some of their family in order to increase the amount of dinner for everyone else. \" The Brother\" follows two brothers who have hated each other their entire lives and have each made cruel jokes and attacks against the other. When one of them dies, the living brother tries to have the last laugh by stealing his brother's corpse and making him look like a circus clown. Little does he know that his brother's spirit has returned to his body, unhappy with his brother's plans.CastProductionWork on Tales from the QuadeaD Zone began three years after Turner completed his first film, Black Devil Doll From Hell, which was initially intended to be one of the anthology's stories. Two of the film's stories, \"Food For ?\" and the wraparound story \"Unseen Vision\", were shot in Alabama while \"The Brothers\" was shot in Chicago.ReleaseAs Turner released the film on his own, along with star Shirley L. Jones, Tales from the QuadeaD Zone was released in an extremely limited amount, estimated to be at or less than 100 copies. The copies were only circulated in the Chicago area due to the cost of gas and travel required by Turner and Jones and it is believed that many of these copies have been lost.Over time the video achieved cult status and VHS copies became much sought after collector's items. In 2011 one copy of the film sold for $665 on the online auction site eBay, a feat that was covered in the 2013 documentary Adjust Your Tracking. The winning bidder later sold his copy of the movie for twice the amount paid.The price reached an all time high when a copy was sold on eBay for $2000.In 2013, Massacre Video released the movie as part of a DVD box set along with Black Devil Doll From Hell. The box set features commentary from Turner and Jackson, a documentary about both films, and the director's cut of Black Devil Doll From Hell, which upon release had been heavily edited from Turner's original version.ReceptionHorronews.net commented that although the video could be seen as a \"complete and utter train wreck\", the film was made during a point in time when amateur filmmaking would be cost prohibitive for the average person and the creation of Tales from the QuadeaD Zone was evidence of Turner's \"heart and a dream to become a film maker\". Bloody Disgusting also reviewed the movie, stating that it was \"a no-budget, SOV labor of mad love\". DVD Talk reviewed the movie as part of Massacre Video's box set and gave it a poor review, which they felt was weaker than Black Devil Doll From Hell.Passage 2:Hiroshi IshikawaHiroshi Ishikawa (\u0000\u0000 \u0000, born May 18, 1963) is a Japanese film director and writer from Ōdate. He is best known for his 2005 film, Su-ki-da (2005). He won the Silver Iris for Best Director at the New Montreal Film Festival.FilmographyTokyo.sora (2002)Su-ki-da (2005)Kimi no Yubisaki (Short Film) (2007)Petal Dance (2013)Passage 3:Su-ki-daSu-ki-da (\u0000\u0000\u0000) is a 2005 Japanese romantic drama film. The plot centers on two teenagers who deal with tragedy and then have to grow up. It was written and directed by Hiroshi Ishikawa and stars Aoi Miyazaki, Hidetoshi Nishijima, Hiromi Nagasaku, and Eita.PlotHigh school student Yosuke spends most of his free time sitting near a floodgate and playing the same short tune on his acoustic guitar. He is often joined by a girl in his class, Yu. Yu hums Yosuke's tune to her older sister, who is mourning her deceased boyfriend. Yu sets up a few meetings between Yosuke and her sister. While talking with Yosuke after school, Yu kisses him, but Yosuke walks away, leaving Yu devastated. While walking to see Yosuke, Yu's sister is hit by a truck and enters a coma. Yu tells Yosuke that she wants to hear his song when he finishes it.17 years later, Yosuke is working in music production in Tokyo. He shoos away a man interfering with an intoxicated woman lying in the street and takes her to recover in his apartment. During a break at the studio, a woman plays a few notes from the song Yosuke played in his school days and he realizes she is Yu. They go back to Yosuke's apartment and drink sake. Yu tells him that her sister is still in a coma. She starts to cry, Yosuke comforts her, and they kiss.Yu and Yosuke visit her sister at the hospital and Yu leaves at the train station. Yosuke looks her up in the phone book and calls to say that he wants to play the finished song for her. On the way to meet her, he is stabbed by the man he shooed from the intoxicated woman. Yosuke lies in the street bleeding while Yu waits for him.Yu visits Yosuke in the hospital and tells him she loves him. Yosuke replies that he loves her, too.CastAoi Miyazaki as Yu (young)Hidetoshi Nishijima as YosukeHiromi Nagasaku as YuEita as Yosuke (young)Sayuri Oyamada as Yu's older sisterMaho NonamiRyo KaseNao ŌmoriProductionThe film was directed by Hiroshi Ishikawa and was his second full-length feature, after the 2003 film Tokyo.Sora. In addition to directing, Ishikawa was also the writer, editor, and cinematographer. Yoko Kanno composed the score, including Yosuke's song that plays throughout most of the film. It was shot in Tokyo, Japan.The Japanese title Su-ki-da translates to \"I love you\" in English.Release and receptionSu-ki-da was premiered at the New Montreal Film Festival on September 23, 2005. It won one award, the Silver Iris for Best Director. The film was released in Japan on February 26, 2006 and was also shown at the Hong Kong International Film Festival on April 8.Critical reviews were mixed. According to Variety's Eddie Cockrell (who viewed it at the NMFF), the film was filled with \"unchecked indulgences.\" He criticized the director, writing that: \"Jump cuts, cryptic silences, shots of various cloud formations and long takes bereft of movement are key weapons in Ishikawa's self-consciously arty arsenal, with little in the way of story or character development to engage viewers; Gus van Sant he's not.\"On the other hand, DVDBeaver.com praised the film for its \"heartfelt story,\" \"excellent visuals,\" and \" great cast.\" The reviewer noted its lack of dialogue but also said that \"the characters' body language says more than any words could ever express.\"The DVD was released in Japan on September 22, 2006, by Big Time Entertainment. It includes English and French subtitles.Passage 4:Golden age of physicsA golden age of physics appears to have been delineated for certain periods of progress in the physics sciences, and this includes the previous and current developments of cosmology and astronomy. Each \"golden age\" introduces significant advancements in theoretical and experimental methods. Discernible time periods marking a \" golden age\" of advancements are, for example, the development of mechanics under Galileo (1564–1642) and Newton (1642–1727). Another small epoch seen as a golden age is the unification of electricity, magnetism, and optics because of 19th century notables, including Faraday, Maxwell, and others.Significant advancements in methods of investigation were introduced for celestial mechanics, which includes realizing a universal gravitational force, with the introduction of the telescope. Basing mechanics on experimental results was possible with the development of devices that could measure time, and tools for measuring distance. The advances in electromagnetism in the 19th century enamored physicists, as another golden age closed, and there was a reluctance to perceive further advancement. Hence, the progress of one era, termed a \"golden age\" has appeared to mark the completion of physics as a science. Yet, this perception has turned out to be erroneous. For example, around 1980, Stephen Hawking predicted the end of theoretical physics within 20 years. Around 2001, he amended his prediction to twenty years more from that year. Steven Weinberg predicts a unified physics by 2050. Tadeusz Lulek, Barbara Lulek, and A. Wal – the authors of a 2001 book – believed themselves to be at the beginning of a new \"golden age of physics\".Paul Davies notes that whilst \"many elderly scientists\" may regard the first 30 years of the 20th century as a golden age of physics, historians may well, instead, regard it to be the dawning days of \"the New Physics\".The golden age of physics was the 19th century. According to Emilio Segrè, in Italy it came to an end in the 18th century, after the time of Alessandro Volta.  He reported in his autobiography that Enrico Fermi felt that it was coming to an end in 1933.  A golden age of physics began with the simultaneous discovery of the principle of the conservation of energy in the mid-19th century.  A golden age of physics was the years 1925 to 1927.  The golden age of nonlinear physics was the period from 1950 to 1970, encompassing the Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou problem and others.  This followed the golden age of nuclear physics, which had spanned the two decades from the mid-1930s to the mid-1950s.  A golden age of physics started at the end of the 1920s.The golden age of physics cabinets was the 18th century, with the rise of such lecturer-demonstrators as John Keill, John Theophilus Desaguliers, and William Whiston, who all invented new physics apparatus for their lectures.See alsoGolden age of general relativityGolden age of cosmologyGolden age (metaphor)Passage 5:The Vault of Horror (film)The Vault of Horror (otherwise known as Vault of Horror, Further Tales from the Crypt and Tales from the Crypt II) is a 1973 British anthology horror film directed by Roy Ward Baker, and starring Terry-Thomas, Dawn Addams, Denholm Elliott, Curd Jürgens, Tom Baker, Michael Craig, Terence Alexander, Glynis Johns, Mike Pratt, Robin Nedwell, Geoffrey Davies, Daniel Massey and Anna Massey. None of the film's stories are actually from Vault of Horror comics. All but one appeared in Tales from the Crypt, the exception being from Shock SuspenStories. The film omits the Vault Keeper character from the comics.PlotIntroFive strangers board a descending lift, one by one, in a modern office block in London. They reach the sub-basement, though none of them have pressed for that destination. There they find a large, elaborately furnished room that appears to be a gentlemen's club. The lift door has closed; there are no buttons to bring it back, nor any other exit. Resigned to waiting for help, they settle down with drinks and talk. The conversation turns to dreams, and each man tells of a recurring nightmare.\"Midnight Mess\" (Tales from the Crypt "}
{"doc_id":"doc_131","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Saad AbdulrahmanSaad Abdulrahman Ali (born 2 May 1985) is a former professional basketball player. He played for Al-Sadd of the Qatar BasketballLeague. He was also a member of the Qatar national basketball team.Saad competed for the Qatar national basketball team at the 2005 2007 and FIBA AsiaChampionship 2009.  He also competed for Qatar at their only FIBA World Championship performance to date, in 2006, where he averaged 12.8 points and 2.4assists per game.In 2009, Abdulrahman had his best individual international tournament to date, averaging 17.8 points per game for the Qataris.  He finished inthe top ten leaders in points, minutes and steals per game en route to being named to the All-Tournament third team.  However, despite his efforts, Qatarfinished sixth in the tournament and failed to qualify for their second consecutive FIBA World Championship.Passage 2:John McMahon (Surrey and Somersetcricketer)John William Joseph McMahon (28 December 1917 – 8 May 2001) was an Australian-born first-class cricketer who played for Surrey and SomersetCounty Cricket Clubs in England from 1947 to 1957.Surrey cricketerMcMahon was an orthodox left-arm spin bowler with much variation in speed and flight whowas spotted by Surrey playing in club cricket in North London and brought on to the county's staff for the 1947 season at the age of 29. In the first innings of hisfirst match, against Lancashire at The Oval, he took five wickets for 81 runs.In his first full season, 1948, he was Surrey's leading wicket-taker and in the lasthome game of the season he was awarded his county cap – he celebrated by taking eight Northamptonshire wickets for 46 runs at The Oval, six of them comingin the space of 6.3 overs for seven runs. This would remain the best bowling performance of his first-class career, not surpassed, but he did equal it seven yearslater. In the following game, the last away match of the season, he took 10 Hampshire wickets for 150 runs in the match at Bournemouth. In the 1948 season asa whole, he took 91 wickets at an average of 28.07. As a tail-end left-handed batsman, he managed just 93 runs in the season at an average of 4.22.Theemergence of Tony Lock as a slow left-arm bowler in 1949 brought a stuttering end of McMahon's Surrey career. Though he played in 12 first-class matches in the1949 season, McMahon took only 19 wickets; a similar number of matches in 1950 brought 34 wickets. In 1951, he played just seven times and in 1952 onlythree times. In 1953, Lock split the first finger of his left hand, and played in only 11 of Surrey's County Championship matches; McMahon played as his deputy in14 Championship matches, though a measure of their comparative merits was that Lock's 11 games produced 67 wickets at 12.38 runs apiece, while McMahon's14 games brought him 45 wickets at the, for him, low average of 21.53. At the end of the 1953 season, McMahon was allowed to leave Surrey to join Somerset,then languishing at the foot of the County Championship and recruiting widely from other counties and other countries.Somerset cricketerSomerset's slowbowling in 1954 was in the hands of leg-spinner Johnny Lawrence, with support from the off-spin of Jim Hilton while promising off-spinner Brian Langford was onnational service. McMahon filled a vacancy for a left-arm orthodox spinner that had been there since the retirement of Horace Hazell at the end of the 1952season; Hazell's apparent successor, Roy Smith, had failed to realise his promise as a bowler in 1953, though his batting had advanced significantly.McMahoninstantly became a first-team regular and played in almost every match during his four years with the county, not missing a single Championship game until hewas controversially dropped from the side in August 1957, after which he did not play in the Championship again.In the 1954 season, McMahon, alongside fellownewcomer Hilton, was something of a disappointment, according to Wisden: \"The new spin bowlers, McMahon and Hilton, did not attain to the best standards oftheir craft in a wet summer, yet, like the rest of the attack, they would have fared better with reasonable support in the field and from their own batsmen,\" itsaid. McMahon took 85 wickets at an average of 27.47 (Hilton took only 42 at a higher average). His best match was against Essex at Weston-super-Mare wherehe took six for 96 in the first innings and five for 45 in the second to finish with match figures of 11 for 141, which were the best of his career. He was awardedhis county cap in the 1954 season, but Somerset remained at the bottom of the table.The figures for the 1955 were similar: McMahon this time took 75 wickets at28.77 apiece. There was a small improvement in his batting and the arrival of Bryan Lobb elevated McMahon to No 10 in the batting order for most of the season,and he responded with 262 runs and an average of 9.03. This included his highest-ever score, 24, made in the match against Sussex at Frome. A week later inSomerset's next match, he equalled his best-ever bowling performance, taking eight Kent wickets for 46 runs in the first innings of a match at Yeovil throughwhat Wisden called \"clever variation of flight and spin\". These matches brought two victories for Somerset, but there were only two others in the 1955 season andthe side finished at the bottom of the Championship for the fourth season running.At the end of the 1955 season, Lawrence retired and McMahon becameSomerset's senior spin bowler for the 1956 season, with Langford returning from National Service as the main support. McMahon responded with his mostsuccessful season so far, taking 103 wickets at an average of 25.57, the only season in his career in which he exceeded 100 wickets. The bowling averageimproved still further in 1957 to 23.10 when McMahon took 86 wickets. But his season came to an abrupt end in mid-August 1957 when, after 108 consecutiveChampionship matches, he was dropped from the first team during the Weston-super-Mare festival. Though he played some games for the second eleven later inAugust, he regained his place in the first team for only a single end-of-season friendly match, and he was told that his services were not required for the future, adecision, said Wisden, that \"proved highly controversial\".Sacked by SomersetThe reason behind McMahon's sacking did not become public knowledge for manyyears. In its obituary of him in 2002, McMahon was described by Wisden as \"a man who embraced the antipodean virtues of candour and conviviality\". It went on:\"Legend tells of a night at the Flying Horse Inn in Nottingham when he beheaded the gladioli with an ornamental sword, crying: 'When Mac drinks, everybodydrinks!'\" The obituary recounts a further escapade in second eleven match at Midsomer Norton where a curfew imposed on the team was circumvented by \"aPOW-type loop\" organised by McMahon, \"with his team-mates escaping through a ground-storey window and then presenting themselves again\". As the onlySomerset second eleven match that McMahon played in at Midsomer Norton was right at the end of the 1957 season, this may have been the final straw. But inany case there had been \"an embarrassing episode at Swansea's Grand Hotel\" earlier in the season, also involving Jim Hilton, who was also dismissed at the endof the season. Team-mates and club members petitioned for McMahon to be reinstated, but the county club was not to be moved.After a period in LancashireLeague cricket with Milnrow Cricket Club, McMahon moved back to London where he did office work, later contributing some articles to cricket magazines.==Notes and references ==Passage 3:Saad Bin TeflaSaad Bin Tefla AlAjmi (also known as Saad Bin Tiflah or Saad Al Ajmi) is a Kuwaiti businessman and politician.He has been Kuwait's Minister of Information and Culture.Political careerHe has headed the Kuwait Information Center in London and worked as an interpreterand advisor in the Kuwaiti parliament. In 1999, he was appointed Minister of Information and Culture.Professional careerHe is a lecturer at Kuwait University anda journalist.He was director of the Kuwaiti Media Center in London and is currently a contributor to the London-based Arabic newspaper Asharq al-Awasat as wellas other Gulf publications.Passage 4:Wale AdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxfordwhere he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and aGoverning Board Fellow. He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. Adebanwi's research focuseson a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process,newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa.Education backgroundWale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from the University ofLagos, and later earned his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Ibadan. He also has an MPhil. and a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from theUniversity of Cambridge.CareerAdebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapers and magazines before he joined theUniversity of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher. He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the African American andAfrican Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA. He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016.Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journalof the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies.WorksHis published works include:Nation as Grand Narrative: The NigerianPress and the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency(Cambridge University Press, 2014)Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)Inaddition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including.The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers,2017)Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa(Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan,2013).(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the NigerianState (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).AwardsRhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary AreaStudies.Passage 5:Saad AlbazeiSaad Abdulrahman Albazei is a Saudi intellectual who is known for his critiques of Arabic culture and comparative studies that mapthe East-West cultural and literary relations.LifeAlbazei was born in Saudi Arabia in 1953. He completed his university education in Riyadh and earned his Ph.D.from Purdue University, in the USA in 1983.His dissertation dealt with \"literary Orientalism\" in Western literatures. He is currently a member of the Consultative"}
{"doc_id":"doc_132","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Prince Christian of HessePrince Christian of Hesse (Danish: Christian af Hessen; German: Christian von Hessen) (14 August 1776 – 14 November1814) was a German prince and member of the House of Hesse-Kassel. As a son of the Danish Field Marshal Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel and Princess Louise ofDenmark, he was a member of the extended Danish Royal Family and spent his entire life in Denmark.Early lifePrince Christian was born at Gottorp Castle,Schleswig as the third son of Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel, royal governor of the twin duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, and Princess Louise of Denmark,herself a daughter of King Frederick V of Denmark.As a member of the extended Danish Royal Family, Christian was destined for a military career in Denmarkfrom a young age. He was appointed Colonel in 1783, Major General in 1789 and in 1790 Commander of a Regiment. In 1803 he was appointed knight of theOrder of the Elephant. In 1805 he was put in charge of a cavalry brigade in Holstein, and as such accompanied his cousin King Frederick VI of Denmark toCopenhagen. In 1808 he assisted in suppressing the unrest of the Spanish auxiliary troops in Roskilde and was appointed Lieutenant General the following year.In 1809 he was appointed commanding General on the island of Funen. Finally, in 1812 he was made a General in the cavalry.EngagementIn September 1812,Christian was engaged to his niece, Princess Caroline of Denmark, daughter of King Frederick VI of Denmark and Christian's sister, Marie Sophie ofHesse-Kassel.DeathAlready at the time of his engagement, Prince Christian was weakened. A year after the engagement, he suffered a breakdown in OdensePalace. Shortly after it became clear that he was mentally ill, suffering from frequent fits. He died on 14 November 1814 at the age of 38 in Odense Palace,Denmark. He was buried in the Church of Saint John in Odense, but in 1862 his remains were transferred to Schleswig Cathedral.Passage 2:Princess Feodora ofDenmarkPrincess Feodora of Denmark (Feodora Louise Caroline-Mathilde Viktoria Alexandra Frederikke Johanne) (3 July 1910 – 17 March 1975) was a Danishprincess as a  daughter of Prince Harald of Denmark and granddaughter of Frederick VIII of Denmark.As the wife of Prince Christian of Schaumburg-Lippe shebecame a Princess of Schaumburg-Lippe by marriage.Early lifePrincess Feodora was born on 3 July 1910 at the Jægersborghus country house in Gentofte north ofCopenhagen, Denmark.She was the first child and daughter of Prince Harald of Denmark, son of King Frederick VIII of Denmark and Princess Louise of Sweden.Her mother was Princess Helena of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, daughter of Friedrich Ferdinand, Duke ofSchleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg and Princess Karoline Mathilde of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg.Marriage and issueFeodora marriedher first cousin, Prince Christian of Schaumburg-Lippe on 9 September 1937 at Fredensborg Palace, Zealand, Denmark. Prince Christian was a son of PrinceFrederick of Schaumburg-Lippe and Princess Louise of Denmark who was a sister of Feodora's father, Prince Harald. Prince Christian was the head of a junior lineof the House of Schaumburg-Lippe which resided at Náchod in Bohemia.Feodora and Christian had four children:Prince Wilhelm of Schaumburg-Lippe (b. 19August 1939).Prince Christian of Schaumburg-Lippe (b. 1971); married Lena Giese in 2009.Princess Desiree of Schaumburg-Lippe (b. 1974); married Michael Iueland have three children.Prince Waldemar of Schaumburg-Lippe (b. 19 December 1940 - d. 11 August 2020).Princess Eleonore-Christine Eugenie Benita FeodoraMaria of Schaumburg-Lippe (born 22 December 1978 in Hørsholm, Denmark)Mario-Max Prinz zu Schaumburg-Lippe (b.  23 December 1977), adultfoster-sonPrincess Marie of Schaumburg-Lippe (b. 27 December 1945).Prince Harald of Schaumburg-Lippe (b. 27 March 1948).Later lifePrince Christian died in1974. Princess Feodora died on 17 March the following year in Bückeburg, Lower Saxony, Germany.AncestryPassage 3:Prince Christian of Schaumburg-Lippe(1898–1974)Prince Christian of Schaumburg-Lippe (German: Christian zu Schaumburg-Lippe; 20 February 1898 – 13 July 1974) was a German prince and headof the Náchod branch of the princely house of Schaumburg-Lippe.Early lifeHe was born on 20 February 1898 in Sopron, Hungary as the only son and second childof Frederick of Schaumburg-Lippe (1868–1945) and his first wife Princess Louise of Denmark, younger sister of King Christian X of Denmark.Marriage and issueIn1927, his engagement to Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark, a daughter of Constantine I of Greece was announced. Nothing ever came of these plans,however. She later married Prince Aimone of Savoy-Aosta.He was also briefly considered as a marriage candidate for Princess Juliana, the heiress to the Dutchthrone. They had met each other in 1932 in Mecklenburg, the home of Juliana’s paternal relations. His reputation as a womanizer, his previous called offengagement and his German heritage did not make him a popular choice, but he was reconsidered after other candidates were rejected by the Queen or Julianaherself.These plans, however, did not prove fruitful either.On 9 September 1937, he married his cousin, Princess Feodora, daughter of Prince Harald of Denmark,a younger brother of King Christian X and Princess Louise, at Fredensborg Palace, Zealand, Denmark; they had four children.Prince Wilhelm of Schaumburg-Lippe(b. 19 August 1939)Prince Waldemar of Schaumburg-Lippe (19 December 1940 – 11 August 2020)Princess Marie of Schaumburg-Lippe (b. 27 December1945)Prince Harald of Schaumburg-Lippe (b. 27 March 1948)Later lifeHe died aged 76 on 13 July 1974 at Bückeburg, a year before his wife.His four children livein Germany and Denmark.AncestryPassage 4:Princess Louise of Denmark (1750–1831)Princess Louise of Denmark and Norway (Danish: Louise af Danmark ogNorge; 20 January 1750 – 12 January 1831) was born to Frederick V of Denmark and Louise of Great Britain. Her eldest daughter, Marie of Hesse-Kassel, was thewife of Frederick VI of Denmark.Early lifePrincess Louise was born on 20 January 1750 at Christiansborg Palace, the principal residence of the Danish Monarchy incentral Copenhagen. She was a daughter to Frederick V, King of Denmark and Norway, and his first wife Louise of Great Britain. At birth, Louise had two oldersisters, Princess Sophia Magdalena and Princess Wilhelmina Caroline, and an older brother Crown Prince Christian. In 1751, one year after Louise's birth, hermother Queen Louise died during her sixth pregnancy, just aged 27 years. The following year her father remarried to Duchess Juliana Maria ofBrunswick-Wolfenbüttel, who gave birth to Louise's half-brother, Prince Frederick in 1753.Princess Louise was considered the most beautiful and spirited ofFrederick V's children, but also the most reserved. She was Christian VII's favorite sister, and he was already from childhood strongly attached to his \"Louison,\"as he called her.Marriage and issueIn 1756, Queen Louise's sister, Mary, who was estranged from her husband, Landgrave Frederick II of Hesse-Kassel, moved toDenmark to take care of her deceased sister's children. She brought her three sons with her, who were brought up at the Danish court with their Danish cousins.On 30 August 1766 at the Christiansborg Palace Chapel, Louise married the second eldest of them, Landgrave Charles of Hesse-Kassel. The marriage took placewith her brother King Christian VII's consent, despite advice given against it, due to many accusations of debauchery by Landgrave Charles and the poor influencehe had on the King. This, however, did not last, as Christian VII's warm feelings for him soon evaporated, and in the spring 1767, the couple left Copenhagen tolive in Hanau.She had six children with Charles of Hesse-Kassel: Marie Sophie, Princess of Hesse (20 October 1767 – 21 March 1852), married on 31 July 1790 tothe future King Frederik VI of Denmark and NorwayWilhelm, Prince of Hesse (15 January 1769 – 14 July 1772)Prince Frederik of Hesse (24 May 1771 – 24February 1845)Juliane, Princess of Hesse (19 January 1773 – 11 March 1860), Protestant Abbess of ItzehoePrince Christian of Hesse (14 August 1776 – 14November 1814)Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel (28 September 1789 – 13 March 1867), married on 28 January 1810 to Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke ofSchleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-GlücksburgLater lifeShe would have her first child in Hanau, Marie Sophie, Princess of Hesse on 20 October 1767 and then hersecond, Wilhelm, Prince of Hesse on 20 January 1769. The family would then move to Gottorp Castle after her spouse was appointed governor of SchleswigHolstein. In 1770, King Christian VII gave his sister a parish and land in Güby, Schleswig-Holstein, which was named Louisenlund in her honour. In the summer of1770, Louise and Charles hosted the king and queen during their tour of the Duchies on their way to the German border.    During their stay, rumors circulatedabout the affair between the queen and Struensee because of their manner, and it was observed that the queen was anxious not to be near Struensee in thepresence of Louise.    When the royal couple left, Louise was reportedly disappointed that she was not asked to accompany them on their journey.She would haveher third child Prince Frederik of Hesse on 24 May 1771.After the removal and execution of Johann Friedrich Struensee on 28 April 1772 her husband found favourwith the King again and with it, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Norwegian army. in September 1772.  It was said that Charles planned to raisesupport in Norway for a coup to take the regency power over the king from prince Frederick and queen dowager Juliana.  Louise did not initially accompany himthere, but when he returned to Denmark in April 1773, she returned with him to Norway in June.  They were very well received in Christiania, and upon theirarrival in Trondhjem, one aristocrat, Nordahl Brun, welcomed them as the \"heavenly couple\", and greeted Louise with a poem.   In the Landgrave's own words,he became so popular that the Norwegians would gladly have him as King. This was clearly an illusion, and the people of Christiania soon found the cost ofconstantly entertaining the couple, a huge burden on town expenses.  Expensive demands, such as new golden chairs to sit in during church service, and atriumphal arch for the official entry of Louise in to Christiania where examples of the standard the royal couple demanded for their standard during their stay andcreated antipathy among the population.  On 4 September, Louise and Charles hosted a ball and a court reception in honor of the birthday of queen Juliana Mariaand departed on 8 September 1773.With her husband's larger income, he had Hermann von Motz build Louisenlund Castle on the land in Güby as a summerresidence for the couple. The Princess would have her fourth child Juliane, Princess of Hesse on 19 January 1773 before leaving Norway and moving intoLouisenlund Castle in 1774. Her husband was also made Field Marshal the same year but would stay away from political circles and remain at Louisenlund till the"}
{"doc_id":"doc_133","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Stein Erik GullikstadStein Erik Gullikstad (born 6 February 1952) is a Norwegian Nordic combined skier. He was born in Røros, and represented the clubRøros IL. He competed at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, where he placed 22nd.Passage 2:Roar EngelbergRoar Engelberg (born 26 July 1964 in Hamar,Norway) is the first international Norwegian artist on Panpipes, known for his long lasting and productive cooperation with Stein-Erik Olsen.CareerEngelbergbecame interested in panpipes as a 12-year-old when he heard the Romanian panpipe player Georghe Zamfir on the radio. He then taught himself to play theinstrument, and later studied in Hilversum with Nicolai Pirvu (1985–88). After his debut in London in 1986, he toured with Iver Kleive and Stein-Erik Olsen inNorway and around the world.He received the 2007 award \"Meritul Cultural în gradul de Cavaler\" of the Romanian state for his many years of effort for the musicof Romania.Honors«Meritul Cultural în gradul de Cavaler\" awarded by the Romanian stateDiscography1985: Alveland, with Iver Kleive1986: Panorama, with IverKleive og Stein-Erik Olsen1988: Julefred1989: Mosaic, with Stein-Erik Olsen1989: Herdens flöjt – Julesånger på pan-flöjt1990: Doina1991: Masterpieces of theBeatles1992: Café Europa 1992, with the Orchestra Primas1994: Balletto, with Stein-Erik Olsen1999: Har en drøm2000: O pasâre strâinâ2001: Fløyelstoner, withStein-Erik Olsen2002: Julefryd2007: Inim\u0000 de l\u0000utar2010: Suite Latina, with Stein-Erik Olsen2011: Willie Nickerson's Egg, guest soloist with Jon Larsen andTommy MarsPassage 3:Stein Erik LauvåsStein Erik Lauvås (born 3 May 1965) is a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.He served as a deputy representativeto the Norwegian Parliament from Østfold during the terms 2001–2005 and 2005–2009.On the local level Lauvås is the mayor of Marker municipality since2003.Passage 4:Mille-Marie TreschowMille-Marie Treschow (3 April 1954 – 29 September 2018) was a Norwegian landlord and  businessperson. She was knownfor her previous marriage to Stein Erik Hagen, well known as \"Rimi-Hagen\", being the former owner of the Rimi chain of low-cost discount stores.FamilyTreschowwas the daughter of estate owner Gerhard Aage Treschow (1923–2001) and Nanna, née Meidell (born 1926). She was named for her paralyzed aunt MarieTreschow (1913–1952). She belonged to the Treschow family, which was formerly noble, having bought the status of untitled lower nobility (cf. Briefadel) in the19th century in Denmark.She was married three times and had two children in her second marriage (1984–2000), with Andreas Stang. In 2004 she marriedbusinessman Stein Erik Hagen. In 2012 they announced their separation.Education and businessTreschow was a pupil at Croft House School in Dorset, England.She also had Norwegian examen artium. She received a Master of Business Administration in Switzerland, and had additional economic studies in the UnitedStates of America and home economics studies in France.Based in Larvik, Treschow managed Treschow Fritzøe, an extensive consortium consisting of propertiesand forest. She owned a private estate and resided at Fritzøehus Manor in Larvik. Succeeding her father in 1986, she was of the 6th generation owning andrunning the family industry.Treschow had an estimated private fortune of 1.5 billion Norwegian kroner (NOK) or about US$250 million. She was as such one ofthe wealthiest women in Norway. Her husband, Stein Erik Hagen, is worth about 10 billion NOK or about US$2 billion.DeathTreschow died aged 64 on 29September 2018 at Tønsberg hospital of an undisclosed illness.See alsoTreschow (noble family)Passage 5:Kiplangat SangKiplangat Sang (born 14 April 1981) is aKenyan judoka.He competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, in the men's 90 kg.Passage 6:Erik HagenErik Hagen (born 20 July 1975) is a retiredNorwegian footballer who played as a centre-back in Norway and Russia, as well as for the Norwegian national team, earning 28 caps.CareerClubDuring his timewith Vålerenga, Hagen received the nickname \"Panzer\" from the club's fans. Amongst other things he created a \"hate list\" of Norwegian footballers in the clubmagazine Vål'enga Magasin, containing the likes of Vidar Riseth.Hagen won the Kniksen Award as Defender of the Year, and as Kniksen of the Year in 2004. TheKniksen award is the highest individual award for a Norwegian footballer.In December 2004 Hagen was sold to Zenit Saint Petersburg, becoming the firstNorwegian footballer to play in Russia. In 2005, he played 28 league matches for Zenit, receiving 12 cautions. In January 2006 he was elected vice-captain by theteam.On 31 January 2008, it was announced that Hagen would be joining Premier League club Wigan Athletic, signing on loan until the end of the English season.However, he only made one appearance for the team, in the away defeat at Portsmouth.On 28 July 2008, Hagen appeared at the Vålerenga home game againstTromsø, where it was announced he had re-signed for the club until the end of the 2010 season. The return of one of Vålerenga's most popular players was wellreceived with supporters.During an interview in April 2014, Hagen admitted to bribing a referee in a European match during his time with Zenit SaintPetersburg.International careerHagen made his debut, aged 29, for the Norwegian national team away to Scotland on 9 October 2004. Norway won 1–0.PersonallifeHagen has a twin brother, Rune Hagen, who also plays professional football. He signed for Vålerenga at the same time as his brother.CareerstatisticsClubSource:InternationalSource:International goalsPassage 7:Catherine I of RussiaCatherine I Alekseevna Mikhailova (Russian: Екатери́на I Алексе́евнаМиха́йлова, tr. Ekaterína I Alekséyevna Mikháylova; born Polish: Marta Helena Skowrońska, Russian: Ма́рта Самуи́ловна Скавро́нская, tr. Márta SamuílovnaSkavrónskaya; 15 April [O.S. 5 April] 1684 – 17 May [O.S. 6 May] 1727) was the second wife and empress consort of Peter the Great, and empress regnant ofRussia from 1725 until her death in 1727.Life as a servantThe life of Catherine I was said by Voltaire to be nearly as extraordinary as that of Peter the Greathimself. Only uncertain and contradictory information is available about her early life. Said to have been born on 15 April 1684 (o.s. 5 April), she was originallynamed Marta Helena Skowrońska. Marta was the daughter of Samuel Skowroński (later spelled Samuil Skavronsky), a Roman Catholic farmer from the easternparts of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, born to Minsker parents. In 1680 he married Dorothea Hahn at Jakobstadt. Her mother is named in at least onesource as Elizabeth Moritz, the daughter of a Baltic German woman and there is debate as to whether Moritz's father was a Swedish officer. It is likely that twostories were conflated, and Swedish sources suggest that the Elizabeth Moritz story is probably incorrect. Some biographies state that Marta's father was agravedigger and handyman, while others speculate that he was a runaway landless serf.Marta's parents died of the plague around 1689, leaving five children.According to one of the popular versions, at the age of three Marta was taken by an aunt and sent to Marienburg (the present-day Alūksne in Latvia, near theborder with Estonia and Russia) where she was raised by Johann Ernst Glück, a Lutheran pastor and educator who was the first to translate the Bible into Latvian.In his household she served as a lowly servant, likely either a scullery maid or washerwoman.  No effort was made to teach her to read and write and sheremained illiterate throughout her life.Marta was considered a very beautiful young girl, and there are accounts that Frau Glück became fearful that she wouldbecome involved with her son. At the age of seventeen, she was married off to a Swedish dragoon, Johan Cruse or Johann Rabbe, with whom she remained foreight days in 1702, at which point the Swedish troops were withdrawn from Marienburg. When Russian forces captured the town, Pastor Glück offered to work asa translator, and Field Marshal Boris Sheremetev agreed to his proposal and took him to Moscow.There are unsubstantiated stories that Marta worked briefly inthe laundry of the victorious regiment, and also that she was presented in her undergarments to Brigadier General Rudolph Felix Bauer, later the Governor ofEstonia, to be his mistress. She may have worked in the household of his superior, Sheremetev. It is not known whether she was his mistress, or householdmaid.  She travelled back to the Russian court with Sheremetev's army.Afterwards she became part of the household of Prince Alexander Menshikov, who was thebest friend of Peter the Great of Russia. Anecdotal sources suggest that she was purchased by him. Whether the two of them were lovers is disputed, asMenshikov was already engaged to Darya Arsenyeva, his future wife. It is clear that Menshikov and Marta formed a lifetime alliance.It is possible that Menshikov,who was quite jealous of Peter's attentions and knew his tastes, wanted to procure a mistress on whom he could rely. In any case, in 1703, while visitingMenshikov at his home, Peter met Marta. In 1704, she was well established in the Tsar's household as his mistress, and gave birth to a son, Peter. In 1703, sheconverted to Orthodoxy and took the new name Catherine Alexeyevna (Yekaterina Alexeyevna). She and Darya Menshikova accompanied Peter and Menshikov ontheir military excursions.Marriage and family lifeThough no record exists, Catherine and Peter are described as having married secretly between 23 October and 1December 1707 in Saint Petersburg. They had twelve children, two of whom survived into adulthood, Anna (born 1708) and Elizabeth (born 1709).Peter hadmoved the capital to St. Petersburg in 1703. While the city was being built he lived in a three-room log cabin with Catherine, where she did the cooking andcaring for the children, and he tended a garden as though they were an ordinary couple. The relationship was the most successful of Peter's life and a greatnumber of letters exist demonstrating the strong affection between Catherine and Peter. As a person she was very energetic, compassionate, charming, andalways cheerful. She was able to calm Peter in his frequent rages and was often called in to do so.Catherine went with Peter on his Pruth Campaign in 1711.There, she was said to have saved Peter and his Empire, as related by Voltaire in his book Peter the Great. Surrounded by overwhelming numbers of Turkishtroops, Catherine suggested before surrendering, that her jewels and those of the other women be used in an effort to bribe the Ottoman grand vizier BaltacıMehmet Pasha into allowing a retreat.Mehmet allowed the retreat, whether motivated by the bribe or considerations of trade and diplomacy. In any case Petercredited Catherine and proceeded to marry her again (this time officially) at Saint Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg on 9 February 1712.  She was Peter'ssecond wife; he had previously married and divorced Eudoxia Lopukhina, who had borne him the Tsarevich Alexis Petrovich. Upon their wedding, Catherine tookon the style of her husband and became Tsarina. When Peter elevated the Russian Tsardom to Empire, Catherine became Empress. The Order of Saint Catherine"}
{"doc_id":"doc_134","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:George ClooneyGeorge Timothy Clooney (born May 6, 1961) is an American actor and filmmaker. He is the recipient of numerous accolades, includinga British Academy Film Award, four Golden Globe Awards, and two Academy Awards; one for his acting and the other as a producer. He has been honored withthe Cecil B. DeMille Award in 2015, the Honorary César in 2017, AFI Life Achievement Award in 2018, and the Kennedy Center Honors in 2022.Clooney started hiscareer in television, gaining wide recognition in his role as Dr. Doug Ross on the NBC medical drama ER from 1994 to 1999, for which he received two PrimetimeEmmy Award nominations. He expanded to leading roles in films, with his breakthrough role in From Dusk till Dawn (1996). followed by superhero film Batman &Robin (1997), Steven Soderbergh's Out of Sight (1998), David O. Russell's Three Kings (1999), Wolfgang Petersen's The Perfect Storm (2000), and the Coenbrothers' O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000). Greater stardom came from his starring role in Soderbergh's Ocean's film series from 2001 to 2007. Clooney madehis directorial debut with the spy drama Confessions of a Dangerous Mind (2002), and has since directed the historical drama Good Night, and Good Luck (2005),the political drama The Ides of March (2011), the war film The Monuments Men (2014), and the science fiction film The Midnight Sky (2020). Clooney won theAcademy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the thriller Syriana (2005), and earned Best Actor nominations for the legal thriller Michael Clayton (2007), and thecomedy-dramas Up in the Air (2009) and The Descendants (2011). He received the Academy Award for Best Picture for co-producing the political thriller Argo(2012). He has also starred in Burn After Reading (2008), The American (2010), Gravity (2013), Hail, Caesar! (2016), and Ticket to Paradise (2022).As of 2023,Clooney is one of two people to have been nominated for Academy Awards in six different categories, a position shared with Walt Disney. Clooney was included onTime's annual Time 100 list, which identifies the most influential people in the world, every year from 2006 to 2009. He is also noted for his political and economicactivism, and has served as one of the United Nations Messengers of Peace since 2008. Clooney is also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. He ismarried to human rights lawyer Amal Clooney. Outside of acting, Clooney is known for cofounding Casamigos tequila, which was one of the best-selling spirits of2022.Early lifeClooney was born on May 6, 1961, in Lexington, Kentucky. His mother, Nina Bruce (née Warren), was a beauty queen and city councilwoman. Hisfather, Nick Clooney, is a former anchorman and television host, including five years on the AMC network. Clooney is of Irish, German, and English ancestry. Hismaternal great-great-great-great-grandmother, Mary Ann Sparrow, was the half-sister of Nancy Lincoln, mother of President Abraham Lincoln, making Clooneyand Lincoln half-first cousins five times removed. Clooney has an older sister named Adelia (known as Ada). Cabaret singer and actress Rosemary Clooney was anaunt. Through Rosemary, his cousins include actors Miguel Ferrer, Rafael Ferrer, and Gabriel Ferrer, who is married to singer Debby Boone.Clooney was raised astrict Roman Catholic but said in 1998 that he did not know if he believed \"in Heaven or even God.\" He has said, \"Yes, we were Catholic, big-time, whole family,whole group.\" He began his education at the Blessed Sacrament School in Fort Mitchell, Kentucky. He attended St. Michael's School in Worthington, Ohio; thenWestern Row Elementary School (a public school) in Mason, Ohio, from 1968 to 1974; and St. Susanna School in Mason, where he served as an altar boy. TheClooneys moved back to Kentucky when George was midway through the seventh grade. In middle school, Clooney developed Bell's palsy, a medical conditionthat partially paralyzes the face. The malady went away within a year. In an interview with Larry King, he stated that \"yes, it goes away. It takes about ninemonths to go away. It was the first year of high school, which was a bad time for having half your face paralyzed.\" He also described one positive outcome of thecondition: \"It's probably a great thing that it happened to me because it forced me to engage in a series of making fun of myself. And I think that's an importantpart of being famous. The practical jokes have to be aimed at you.\"After his parents moved to Augusta, Kentucky, Clooney attended Augusta High School. He hasstated that he earned all As and a B in school, and played baseball and basketball. He tried out to play professional baseball with the Cincinnati Reds in 1977, buthe did not pass the first round of player cuts and was not offered a contract. He attended Northern Kentucky University from 1979 to 1981, majoring in broadcastjournalism, and very briefly attended the University of Cincinnati, but did not graduate from either. He earned money selling women's shoes, insurance door todoor, stocking shelves, working in construction, and cutting tobacco.CareerEarly work (1978–1993)Clooney's first role was as an extra in the televisionmini-series Centennial in 1978, which was based on the novel of the same name by James A. Michener and was partly filmed in Clooney's hometown of Augusta,Kentucky. Clooney's first major role came in 1984 in the short-lived CBS sitcom E/R (not to be confused with ER, the long-running medical drama). He played ahandyman on the series The Facts of Life and appeared as Bobby Hopkins, a detective, on an episode of The Golden Girls. His first prominent role was asemi-regular supporting role in the sitcom Roseanne, playing Roseanne Barr's supervisor Booker Brooks, followed by the role of a construction worker on BabyTalk, a co-starring role on the CBS drama Bodies of Evidence as Detective Ryan Walker, and then a year-long turn as Det. James Falconer on Sisters. In 1988,Clooney played one of the lead roles in the comedy-horror film Return of the Killer Tomatoes. In 1990, he starred in the short-lived ABC police drama SunsetBeat. During this period, Clooney was a student at the Beverly Hills Playhouse acting school for five years.Breakthrough and stardom (1994–1999)Clooney rose tofame when he played Dr. Doug Ross, alongside Anthony Edwards, Julianna Margulies, and Noah Wyle, on the hit NBC medical drama ER from 1994 to 1999. Afterleaving the series in 1999, he made a cameo appearance in the 6th season and returned for a guest spot in the show's final season. For his work on the series,Clooney received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 1995 and 1996. He also earned three Golden GlobeAward nominations for Best Actor – Television Series Drama in 1995, 1996, and 1997 (losing to co-star Anthony Edwards).Clooney began appearing in films whileworking on ER. His first major Hollywood role was in the horror comedy-crime thriller From Dusk till Dawn, directed by Robert Rodriguez and co-starring HarveyKeitel. He followed its success with the romantic comedy One Fine Day with Michelle Pfeiffer, and the action-thriller The Peacemaker with Nicole Kidman. Clooneywas then cast as Batman in Joel Schumacher's Batman & Robin, which was a modest box office performer, but a critical failure (with Clooney himself calling thefilm \"a waste of money\"). In 1998, he co-starred in the crime-comedy Out of Sight opposite Jennifer Lopez, marking the first of his many collaborations withdirector Steven Soderbergh. He also starred in Three Kings during the last weeks of his contract with ER.Established leading man (2000–2004)After leaving ER,Clooney starred in commercially successful films including Wolfgang Petersen's disaster film The Perfect Storm (2000) which was a box office success. The sameyear he starred in the Coen brothers adventure comedy O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000) alongside John Turturro, Tim Blake Nelson, and John Goodman. Thefilm, a modern satire, is loosely based on Homer's epic Greek poem the Odyssey and the Preston Sturges 1941 classic film Sullivan's Travels. This film is set in1937 rural Mississippi during the Great Depression. He plays escaped convict Ulysses Everett McGill. He received a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – MotionPicture Musical or Comedy nomination for his performance. Variety film critic Todd McCarthy compared Clooney to Clark Gable writing, \"Not for the first timerecalling Clark Gable in his looks and line delivery, Clooney clearly delights in embellishing Everett's vanity and in delivering the Coens’ carefully calibrated,high-toned dialogue\".The following year In 2001, Clooney reunited with Soderbergh for the heist comedy Ocean's Eleven, a remake of the 1960s Rat Pack film ofthe same name, with Clooney playing Danny Ocean, originally portrayed by Frank Sinatra. The film starred Clooney, Brad Pitt, Julia Roberts, Matt Damon, andAndy Garcia. The film cemented Clooney as a leading film star. It is Clooney's most successful film with him in the lead role, earning $451 million worldwide (heappeared, but did not star, in Gravity, which has a $723 million worldwide box office). Ocean's Eleven inspired two sequels starring Clooney, Ocean's Twelve in2004 and Ocean's Thirteen in 2007. In 2001, Clooney and Soderbergh co-founded Section Eight Productions, for which Grant Heslov was president oftelevision.The following year he would work with Soderbergh yet again in the science fiction drama Solaris (2002) an adaptation of the acclaimed 1972 filmdirected by Andrei Tarkovsky. Famed critic Roger Ebert praised the film and Clooney writing, \"Clooney has successfully survived being named People magazine'ssexiest man alive by deliberately choosing projects that ignore that image. His alliance with Soderbergh, both as an actor and co-producer, shows a taste forchallenge.\" That same year Clooney made his directorial debut in the 2002 film Confessions of a Dangerous Mind, based on the autobiography of TV producerChuck Barris. The film premiered out of competition at the Cannes Film Festival to critical acclaim. Though the film did not do well at the box office, critics statedthat Clooney's directing showed promise.In 2003, Clooney reunited with the Coen brothers in the romantic comedy Intolerable Cruelty opposite CatherineZeta-Jones. Elvis Mitchell of The New York Times praised their chemistry and the casting of Clooney in the role writing, \"the good work comes from GeorgeClooney, who happens to have the Art Deco profile fit for a 1930's comedy. He scores with his willingness to mock his above-average charisma level and thechiseled chin, cover-guy good looks\".Directorial debut and acclaim (2005–2013)In 2005, Clooney starred in Syriana, which was based loosely on former CentralIntelligence Agency agent Robert Baer's memoirs of his service in the Middle East. Clooney suffered an accident on the set of Syriana, which caused a brain injurywith complications from a punctured dura. The same year he directed, produced, and starred in Good Night, and Good Luck, a film about 1950s televisionjournalist Edward R. Murrow's famous war of words with Senator Joseph McCarthy. At the 2006 Academy Awards, Clooney was nominated for Best Director andBest Original Screenplay for Good Night, and Good Luck, as well as Best Supporting Actor for Syriana. He won the Oscar for his role in Syriana.Clooney next"}
{"doc_id":"doc_135","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Louis IV, Count of ChinyLouis IV the Young (1173 – 7 October 1226), count of Chiny from 1189 to 1226, son of Louis III, count of Chiny, andSophie.  Louis was the last of the first dynasty of counts of Chiny. Having no son, he prepared his eldest daughter Jeanne as his successor. Louis marked his reignby issuing the first postage stamp in the county.He succeeded as count in 1189 when his father died on the Third Crusade, but was under the supervision of hismother and uncle Thierry, Lord of Mellier, because of his young age. He likely participated in the Albigensian Crusade, where he died in Cahors.He married Matildaof Avesnes, widow of Nicolas IV, Lord of Rumigny, and daughter of James, Lord of Avesnes and Conde, and Adele, Lady of Guise. They had three children:Jeanne,Countess of Chiny, married to Arnold IV, Count of LoozAgnes, Lady of Givet and AbemontIsabelle, married to Otto, Lord of Trazegnies.Isabelle was referred to asMadame de Florenville during the Tournament of Chauvency in 1285, hosted by Louis' grandson Louis V, successor Count of Chiny,Upon Louis’ death, hisdaughter Jeanne became Countess of Chiny until her marriage to Arnold IV, when he became the first Count of Chiny of the second dynasty as Arnold II.Louis IVwas also a direct paternal descendant of Charlemagne.SourcesSettipani, Christian, La Préhistoire des Capétiens (Nouvelle histoire généalogique de l'augustemaison de France, vol. 1), Villeneuve d'Ascq, éd. Patrick van Kerrebrouck, 1993, 545 pg.Arlette Laret-Kayser, Entre Bar et Luxembourg : Le Comté de Chiny desOrigines à 1300, Bruxelles (éditions du Crédit Communal, Collection Histoire, série in-8°, n° 72), 1986Passage 2:Louis, Count of VerdunLouis I (murderedSeptember 29, 1025), Count of Chiny (987–1025) and Count of Verdun (as Louis) (1024–1025), son of Otto I, Count of Chiny, and an unknown mother.UponOtto’s death, Louis became the second Count of Chiny. Virtually nothing is known about his rule in Chiny.In 1024, Reginbert, the Bishop of Verdun, appointedLouis as Count of Verdun when Count Herman of Ename, son of Godfrey the Prisoner, retired to a monastery. Herman's nephew, Godfrey the Bearded, covetedthe position, and Gothelo (Herman’s brother and Godfrey’s father) invaded the city and murdered Louis.Louis married Adelaide (d. after 1025), of unknownparentage. They had two children:Louis II, Count of ChinyLiutgarde (born 1002), married to Richer de Sancy (died before 1084). Luitgarde and Richer had foursons:  Hughes (died after 1109), Louis (died after 1084), Roderic (d. after 1109) and Richwin (killed before 1084). Nothing further is known about them.Louis’son Louis II assumed the position of Count of Chiny after his father’s death, and Godfrey the Bearded was appointed Count of Verdun.Passage 3:Albert, Count ofChinyAlbert (Albert I) (before 1131 – 29 September 1162), Count of Chiny, son of Otto II, Count of Chiny, and Adélaïs of Namur.  He succeeded his father before1131 and spent most of his time in Chiny, not taking part in the various conflicts which shook the region.He married Agnes, daughter of Renaud I, Count of Barand Gisèle Vaudémont, daughter of Gerard, Count of Vaudémont.  Their children were:Louis III, Count of ChinyThierry (d. after 1207), Lord of Mellier, marriedElizabethArnulf of Chiny-Verdun (killed in 1181), Bishop of Verdun, 1172–1181Alix (d. after 1177), married to Manasses of HiergesIda of Chiny, married to GobertV, Lord of Aspremont (see Fredelon and the House of Esch for a discussion of their descendants)A daughter, mother of Roger WalehemHughes, married to adaughter of Renaud de DonchéryA daughter, Abbess of Givet.Arnulf was killed by an arrow to the head in front of the castle of Saint Manehulde during an attackon the bishopric of Verdun.Alix and Mannases were the parents of Albert II of Hierges, Bishop of Verdun (1186–1208). Ida and Gobert were the grandparents ofJohn I of Aspremont, Bishop of Verdun (1217–1224).Albert was succeeded as Count of Chiny by his son Louis.Passage 4:John I, Count of LoozJohn I (Jean) (d.1278 or 1279), Count of Looz and Count of Chiny, eldest son of Arnold IV, Count of Looz and Chiny, and Jeanne, Countess of Chiny. He succeeded his father in1272 or 1273, as the Count of Looz and Chiny.  Virtually nothing is known about his reign.He first married, in 1258, Matilda, daughter of William IV, Count ofJülich, and Matilda of Gelderland.  Their children were:Arnold V, Count of Looz and Count of Chiny (as Arnold II)Louis de LoozWilliam, Seigneur of Neufchatel andArdenne.Widowed, he married secondly, in 1269, Isabelle de Conde (d. after 1280), daughter of Jacques, Seigneur of Conde and Bailleul, and his wife Agnes ofRœulx.  Their children were:John II (1270-1311), Seigneur of Agimont, Givet and Warcq, married Marie, daughter of Raoul de Nesle and Alix de Roye (see Houseof Nesle)Jacques (Jacquemin) (d. February 27, 1330), Canon of Liege.Upon his death, he was succeeded as Count of Chiny by his brother Louis, and as Count ofLooz by his son Arnold.SourcesSettipani, Christian, La Préhistoire des Capétiens (Nouvelle histoire généalogique de l'auguste maison de France, vol. 1), Villeneuved'Ascq, éd. Patrick van Kerrebrouck, 1993, 545 p.Thonissen, JJ., Arnold IV, Royal Academy of Belgium, National Biography, Vol. 1, Brussels, 1866ArletteLaret-Kayser, Entre Bar et Luxembourg : Le Comté de Chiny des Origines à 1300, Bruxelles (éditions du Crédit Communal, Collection Histoire, série in-8°, n° 72),1986Passage 5:Otto II, Count of ChinyOtto II (1065 – after 1131), Count of Chiny, son of Arnold I, Count of Chiny, and Adélaïs.He succeeded his father in 1106and completed the construction of the Abbey of Orval that his father had started in 1070, installing the canons in 1124. The installation of a Cistercian communityin Orval in 1131 marked his last appearance in any proceedings.He married Adelaide (Alix) (1068–1124), daughter of Albert III, Count of Namur and Ida ofSaxony (widow of Frederick of Lower Lorraine). Their children were:Ida (died before 1125), married to Godfrey I, Count of LeuvenOda (died after 1134), marriedto Giselbert II, Count of DurasHugues, probably died youngAlbert of Chiny (before 1131–1162)Frederick, (died after 1124), Provost at Reims from 1120AdalberoII of Chiny-Namur (died 26 March 1145), Bishop of Liège, 1135–1145Eustache (died after 1156), married to a daughter of Wiger de Waremme, Avoué of LiègeSaint-Lambert and Hesbaye. His son Louis de Lumaine was also Avoué of Hesbaye.Ida (also known as Ida of Namur) and Godfrey I (also known as Godfrey theBearded, not to be confused with the uncle of his father Henry II, Godfrey) were parents of Adeliza of Louvain, wife of Henry I of England.  Oda’s husbandGislebert was son of Otto, Count of Duras and therefore the grandson of Giselbert, the first Count of Looz, whose family would eventually be merged with theCounts of Chiny with the marriage of Otto's great-great granddaughter Jeanne, Countess of Chiny, with Arnold IV of Looz.After his death, Otto was succeeded asCount of Chiny by his son Albert.Passage 6:Louis II, Count of ChinyLouis II (died before 1066), Count of Chiny (from 1025 until his death), son of Louis I, Countof Chiny and Verdun, and Adélaïde de Saint Varme.  He left very few traces in history and nothing is known about his reign.Louis was married to Sophie. They hadtwo children:Arnold I, Count of ChinyManasses (died 1068), a monk at the Church of St. Hubert.Legend has it that Louis held hunting parties in his huge gamepark.  Here, Thibault of Champagne established a hermitage and found a source of holy springs, and Louis built a shrine to the spring's healing powers. The shrinebecame famous, with many pilgrims who came to implore the grace of Saint-Thibault. Later, monks from Calabria, Italy, founded a monastery nearby at Orval atthe invitation of Louis’ son Arnold.Upon Louis' death, his son Arnold became Count of Chiny.Passage 7:Arnold VI of Rummen, Count of LoonArnold VI de Rumigny(died May 1373), Count of Looz and Count of Chiny (as Arnold IV) (1362–1364), son of William of Oreye, Lord of Rumigny (by donation of Louis IV, Count of Loozin 1331), and Jeanne de Looz, daughter of Arnold V, Count of Loon and Chiny, and, Marguerite Vianden, Lady of Perwez and Grimbergen.In 1336, at the death ofhis uncle, Louis IV, Count of Loon and Chiny, Arnold laid claim to the estates, but without success.  Instead, the estates passed to another nephew, Thierry deHeinsberg. Finally, on January 25, 1362, he bought the rights to the counties from his cousin Godfrey, Count of Looz and Chiny.  Looz, however, was still occupiedby the troops of Engelbert III of the Marck, Prince-Bishop of Liege.On December 25, Arnold approached the Emperor Charles IV for his help in financing thereconquest of Looz, but he failed in that endeavor.  Without options, he sold the counties to  Wenceslaus, Duke of Luxembourg, on June 16, 1364. On September23, 1366, he entered into a transaction with John of Arkel, Prince-Bishop of Liège, receiving some financial compensation for the occupation of the countiesIn1346, Arnold married Elizabeth of Flanders, illegitimate daughter of Louis of Flanders, Count of Nevers.  No children are recorded.SourcesArlette Laret-Kayser,Entre Bar et Luxembourg : Le Comté de Chiny des Origines à 1300, Bruxelles (éditions du Crédit Communal, Collection Histoire, série in-8°, n° 72), 1986Passage8:Arnold I, Count of ChinyArnold I (died 16 April 1106), Count of Chiny, son of Louis II, Count of Chiny, and his wife Sophie. He succeeded his father as countbefore 1066.Arnold is best known for his many clashes with the authorities.  The only known positive action of his was the founding of the Abbey of Orval withConrad I, Count of Luxembourg. In addition he began other religious institutions, apparently as atonement for his many crimes. He had many run-ins with theclergy, particularly with Henry, Bishop of Liège, a relative of Godfrey the Bearded, no doubt due to the murder of his grandfather by Godfrey’s father. There werealso issues with Henry's successor Otbert.A convenient story is that Arnold regularly confronted Godfrey’s grandson Count Godfrey of Bouillon, a leader of theFirst Crusade and nephew of Countess Mathilda of Tuscany, but that they eventually became friends. Because of this newly-found friendship, he allegedlyentrusted Godfrey with his sons Otto and Louis to take part in the crusade. The reality is that this is likely a story concocted by Count Louis V, much like the restof his version of the history of Chiny (see the discussion in the Counts of Chiny), to enhance his standing at the Tournament of Chauvency in 1285, which includedsuch royalty as Rudolf I, King of Germany.It is clear that Otto and Louis never actually joined the crusade, as their names are not listed among the participants inthe Holy quest. The reality of the situation appears that Godfrey's army included relatively few of the major nobles of the duchy, especially those of comital rank.The nobles of Lower Lotharingia were not all vassals of the Duke (and later Defender of the Holy Sepulchre) and felt no obligation to follow him, despite theseriousness of the taking of the cross. Notable absentees were Arnold, Albert III of Namur and Henry of Arlon and Limburg. These were all part of the coalitionthat had waged war on Godfrey and his principal allies Henry of Verdun and his successor Otbert, Prince-Bishops of Liège. There is some uncertainty as to his"}
{"doc_id":"doc_136","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Karel ZichKarel Zich (10 June 1949 – 13 July 2004) was a Czech singer, guitarist and composer whose voice was often compared with that of ElvisPresley.LifeKarel Zich was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia, into a musical family. His grandfather was Otakar Zich, composer and professor of music aesthetics,and his uncle was the composer Jaroslav Zich. Karel attended the Prague State Conservatory (Státní konzervatoř Praha) for three years and later graduated fromCharles University in sociology.Between 1964 and 1965 he performed with the band Framus as a singer. In 1968 Zich joined Spirituál kvintet and stayed withthem until 1973. His main interest was in rock'n'roll, and he is sometimes called the \"Czech Elvis\".After his successes in the Czech pop scene with various bands,Zich decided to start his solo career. In 1974 he left Spirituál kvintet and in 1976 released his first album, Dům č.5 (House No. 5). Although he sang his ownsongs, he also worked with famous composers Karel Svoboda, Petr Janda, and others.In 1975 Zich reached the top of his career by winning 4th place in ZlatýSlavík. In 1979 he founded the band Flop and recorded 50 singles and 15 albums, one with the legendary Wanda Jackson. During his career Zich sold over onemillion discs and performed at thousands of concerts in most European countries, the United States, Canada, Brazil, Chile and elsewhere. His most famous songsare Paráda (Awsome) and Měla na očích brýle. Twice took 2nd place in the country's top music festival and song contest, Bratislavská lýra, in 1977 and 1983.Inhis last years he often performed guitar solos and sometimes performed with his band. In 1992 he joined Spirituál kvintet again.DeathKarel Zich died ofcomplications following a heart attack during a diving holiday in Porto-Vecchio, Corsica.Selected discographyLet's Have a Party in Prague (with Wanda Jackson) –1988Passage 2:Karol HochbergKarol Hochberg (1911–1944, also Karl or Karel) was a collaborator during the Holocaust, who led the \"Department for SpecialAffairs\" within the Ústredňa Židov, the Judenrat in Bratislava which was created by the Nazis to direct the Jewish community of Slovakia.LifeHochberg was born inHungary in 1911 and studied in Vienna and Prague. He moved to Slovakia in 1939. In 1940, the Slovak Jews were forced to form the Ústredňa Židov (ÚŽ), aJudenrat, to implement Nazi orders. Most of the members of the ÚŽ had been prominent in Jewish public life before the Holocaust, and worked on public relief forJews who had been dispossessed by anti-Jewish measures. However, the ÚŽ's reputation was harmed by the Jews within it who informed or collaborated, ofwhom Hochberg was the most notorious, according to YIVO (Institute for Jewish Research). In early 1941, the first head of the ÚŽ was deposed and arrested forsabotaging a census of Jews in eastern Slovakia with an aim to remove them to the west of the country. His replacement was an ineffectual schoolteacher namedArpad Sebestyen, who took a position of complete collaboration with the Germans. Hochberg was appointed to lead the \"Department for Special Affairs\",  whichwas created to ensure the prompt implementation of Dieter Wisliceny's orders; he promptly organized the census and removal, tarnishing the ÚŽ's reputation inthe Jewish community. Due to Sebestyen's ineffectuality, Hochberg's department came to dominate the operations of the ÚŽ.In 1942, Hochberg's departmentworked on categorizing Jews for deportation, but it did not actually draw up the lists. About 57,000 Jews, two-thirds of the population, were deported that year;only a few hundred survived. Later, Hochberg played an important role in negotiations between the Bratislava Working Group, the resistance group within the ÚŽ,and Wisliceny. Hochberg, who made regular visits to Wisliceny's office, was the only feasible option because contact with Wisliceny had to be done clandestinely.The Working Group employed him as an intermediary despite its intense dislike and distrust of Hochberg, its fear that associating with him would harm theirreputations, and its belief that he was unreliable.In November 1942, as the Working Group began to negotiate the Europa Plan with Wisliceny in an effort to saveall European Jews from deportation and death, Hochberg was arrested for bribery and corruption. According to the Slovak police records, Hochberg had an illegalaccount in which large bribes were deposited in return for the cessation of transports. Andrej Steiner, a member of the Working Group, distrusted Hochberg andhad provided the Slovak police with evidence against him. However, his colleague Michael Dov Weissmandl advocated that the Working Group try to get Hochbergreleased; Weissmandl believed that he was useful and was concerned that he would reveal the negotiations. The leader of the Working Group, Gisi Fleischmann,sided with Steiner, and the Working Group did not intervene on Hochberg's behalf. Imprisoned at Nováky labor camp and later Ilava prison, Hochberg escapedduring the Slovak National Uprising and joined the partisans. He was executed as a collaborator by Jewish partisans.Passage 3:Maximus of TyreMaximus of Tyre(Greek: Μάξιμος Τύριος; fl. late 2nd century AD), also known as Cassius Maximus Tyrius, was a Greek rhetorician and philosopher who lived in the time of theAntonines and Commodus, and who belongs to the trend of the Second Sophistic.  His writings contain many allusions to the history of Greece, while there is littlereference to Rome; hence it is inferred that he lived longer in Greece, perhaps as a professor at Athens. Although nominally a Platonist, he is really a sophistrather than a philosopher, although he is still considered one of the precursors of Neoplatonism.WritingsThe DissertationsThere exist 41 essays or discourses ontheological, ethical, and other philosophical subjects, collected into a work called The Dissertations. The central theme is God as the supreme being, one andindivisible though called by many names, accessible to reason alone:In such a mighty contest, sedition and discord, you will see one according law and assertionin all the earth, that there is one God, the king and father of all things, and many gods, sons of God, ruling together with him.As animals form the intermediatestage between plants and human beings, so there exist intermediaries between God and man, viz. daemons, who dwell on the confines of heaven and earth. Thesoul in many ways bears a great resemblance to the divinity; it is partly mortal, partly immortal, and, when freed from the fetters of the body, becomes adaemon. Life is the sleep of the soul, from which it awakes at death. The style of Maximus is superior to that of the ordinary sophistical rhetorician, but scholarsdiffer widely as to the merits of the essays themselves.Dissertation XX discusses \"Whether the Life of a Cynic is to Be Preferred\". He begins with a narrative ofhow Prometheus created mankind, who initially lived a life of ease \"for the earth supplied them with aliment, rich meadows, long-haired mountains, andabundance of fruits\" – in other words, a Garden of Eden that resonates with Cynic ideas. It was \"a life without war, without iron, without a guard, peaceful,healthful unindigent\".Then, taking perhaps from Lucretius, he contrasts that Garden to mankind's \"second life\", which started with the division of the earth intoproperty, which they then enclosed into fortifications and walls, and started to wear jewellery and gold, built houses, “molested the earth by digging into it formetals”, and invaded the sea and the air (killing animals, fish and birds), in what he described as a “slaughter and all-various gore, pursuing gratification of thebody”. Humans became unhappy and, to compensate, sought wealth, “fearing poverty...dreading death...neglecting the care of life...They blamed base actionsbut did not abstain from them and “the hated to live, but dreaded to die”.He then contrasts the two lives – that of the original Garden and of the “second life” hehas just described and asks, which man would not choose the first, who “knows that by the change he shall be liberated from a multitude of evils” and what hecalls “a dreadful prison of unhappy men, confined to a dreadful prison of unhappy men, confined in a dark recess, with large iron fetters round their feet, a greatweight about their neck…passing their time in filth, in torment, and in weeping”. He asks, “Which of these images shall we proclaim blessed”? He goes on topraise Diogenes of Sinopeus, the Cynic, for choosing his ascetic life, but only because he avoided the often fearful fates of other philosophers – such as Socratesbeing condemned. But there is no mention of he himself taking up the ascetic life himself; rather he only talks about how the Garden would be preferable to thelife mankind has made for itself. So it is unlikely he was a Cynic, but was just envious of that idealised pre-civilisation Life in the Garden.Maximus of Tyre must bedistinguished from the Stoic Claudius Maximus, tutor of Marcus Aurelius.Ancient Greek TextMaximus Tyrius, Philosophumena, Dialexeis - Edited by GeorgeLeonidas Koniaris, Publisher Walter de Gruyter, 1995, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110882568 - this critical edition presents the Ancient Greek text ofMaximus of Tyre.TranslationsTaylor, Thomas, The Dissertations of Maximus Tyrius. C. Wittingham (1804)Trapp, Michael. Maximus of Tyre: The PhilosophicalOrations, (NY: Oxford University Press, 1997)Passage 4:Charles Emmanuel BisetCharles Emmanuel Biset or Karel Emmanuel Biset (1633 in Mechelen – between28 September 1693 and 1713) was a Flemish painter who had a peripatetic career working in various cities and countries including his hometown Mechelen, Paris,Annonay, Brussels, Antwerp and Breda.  He worked in many genres including genre scenes of interiors with merry companies and gallery paintings, historypainting, still life and portraiture.LifeCharles Emmanuel Biset was born on 26 December 1633 in Mechelen as Karel Emmanuel Biset.  He was the son of thedecorative painter Joris Biset who had trained under Michiel Coxie III, a grandson of the great Renaissance painter Michiel Coxie.  Charles Emmanuel Biset likelytrained under his father.He worked in Mechelen from about 1640 until the early or mid-1650s. He was subsequently active in Paris where he is presumed to haveworked for the court. Thereafter he is recorded for a while in Brussels before moving to Antwerp. Here he was active from 1661 to 1687.He became a master inAntwerp's Guild of Saint Luke in 1662 and was its dean in 1674.  He was also appointed a director of the Academy of Antwerp.He married in 1662 with the painterMaria van Uden who was the daughter of the landscape painter Lucas van Uden.  After her death in 1665, he began a relationship with her sister Anna.  In 1670he married Anna Cleymans.  Their children were the painters Jan Andreas (also called Jan Baptist) and Jan Karel Biset. He enjoyed the patronage of JuanDomingo de Zuñiga y Fonseca, Count of Monterrey, and later the Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands for whom he may have worked on a quasi-exclusive basisfor a while.In 1687 he is recorded in Breda.  It is possible he stayed there for the rest of his life while visiting Antwerp occasionally.  The last record of his lifedates to 28 September 1693 when he was in Antwerp.The place and date of his death are not clear but he is believed to have died between 28 September 1693"}
{"doc_id":"doc_137","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:David AldusDavid Aldus (born 18 September 1941) is a Welsh painter known for his landscape and maritime scenery.Personal lifeAldus was born andspent much of his life in the Garrison town of Brecon. His father, John Macdonald Aldus, was a Company Sergeant Major in the South Wales Borderers, as was hisfather, who was killed in action in the Khyber pass. His grandfather on his maternal side, William Godfrey, was a miner of the Blaenavon pit.ArtAldus developed arealist style, influenced in part by the French artist Jules Bastien-Lepage and the colourful primitivism of Cézanne.His painting \"A Tribute to the people of Malta\"resides in the Museum at Valletta, many of landscapes are views of his Buckinghamshire/Oxfordshire and its surrounding countryside. He was a finalist in theGarrick/Milne Prize exhibition held at London's Christies. He exhibited at the Lambeth Palace under the auspices of the Royal Society of Marine Artists. Other Aldusaccolades include full membership election in 1994 to UA United Artists.In that same year, he was awarded the Acrylic Painting prize at Westminster Central Hall,London. In 1995 David Aldus won the Oil paintings prize at UA annual exhibition.In 1995, he had work displayed at the Royal Institute of Oil Painters (R.O.I.) intheir annual exhibition held at the Mall Galleries, London.Aldus has exhibited with the Royal Society of British Artists (R.B.A.) He also had work displayed at theRoyal Society of Marine Artists (R.S.M.A.) at their annual exhibition. In November the Royal Society of Marine Artists asked him to display his work at LambethPalace where again he sold all his paintings.In December 1995, he had his work selected by the Discerning eye exhibition. Judge Edward Lucie-Smith and anotherart critic chose his work for the same exhibition. One of his Landscape paintings was purchased by the town of Brecon and presented to their twin town of Salinein the U.S.A.Aldus completed commissions for actor David Jason and ice skater Christopher Dean. In 1984, Aldus was also commissioned to paint Britain's firstblack female mayor Lydia Simmons in Slough. Aldus has also done work for Freddie Starr, the Duchess of Devonshire, Lord Carrington and rock starJamiroquai.External linksThe Discerning Eye - home pagedavidaldus.comPassage 2:Etan BoritzerEtan Boritzer (born 1950) is an American writer of children’sliterature who is best known for his book What is God? first published in 1989. His best selling What is? illustrated children's book series on character educationand difficult subjects for children is a popular teaching guide for parents, teachers and child-life professionals.Boritzer gained national critical acclaim after What isGod? was published in 1989 although the book has caused controversy from religious fundamentalists for its universalist views. The other current books in theWhat is? series include: What is Love?, What is Death?, What is Beautiful?, What is Funny?, What is Right?, What is Peace?, What is Money?, What is Dreaming?,What is a Friend?, What is True?, What is a Family?, and What is a Feeling? The series is now also translated into 15 languages.Boritzer was first published in1963 at the age of 13 when he wrote an essay in his English class at Wade Junior High School in the Bronx, New York on the assassination of John F. Kennedy.His essay was included in a special anthology by New York City public school children compiled and published by the New York City Department ofEducation.Boritzer now lives in Venice, California and maintains his publishing office there also. He has helped numerous other authors to get published throughHow to Get Your Book Published! programs. Boritzer is also a yoga teacher who teaches regular classes locally and guest-teaches nationally. He is also recognizednationally as an erudite speaker on The Teachings of the Buddha.Passage 3:Terence RobinsonTerence D. Robinson (date of birth and death unknown) was a malewrestler who competed for England.Wrestling careerHe represented England and won a bronze medal, in the bantamweight category of -57 kg , at the 1970British Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Scotland.Passage 4:Theodred II (Bishop of Elmham)Theodred II was a medieval Bishop of Elmham.The date ofTheodred's consecration unknown, but the date of his death was sometime between 995 and 997.Passage 5:Alfonso FadriqueDon Alfonso Fadrique (English:Alfonso Frederick; Catalan: N'Anfós Frederic d'Aragó; died 1338) was the eldest and illegitimate son of Frederick II of Sicily. He served as vicar general of theDuchy of Athens from 1317 to 1330.He was first proclaimed vicar general by his father in 1317 and sent off to govern Athens on behalf of his youngerhalf-brother Manfred. He arrived in Piraeus with ten galleys later that year, but Manfred had died and was succeeded by another brother, William II. In the year ofhis arrival, Fadrique married Marulla, the daughter of Boniface of Verona, thus allying himself with the chief lord of Euboea. By this marriage, also, he acquiredrights to the castles of Larmena, Karystos, Zetouni, and Gardiki.Over the next two years, Fadrique warred with the Republic of Venice and stormed the city ofNegroponte with Turks after Boniface of Verona died. In 1318, John II Ducas, the sebastokrator of Neopatras, died and Fadrique invaded Thessaly. He tookpossession of his castles at Zetouni and Gardiki and conquered Neopatras, Siderokastron, Loidoriki, Domokos, and Pharsalus. He conquered the palace of theDucae at Neopatras and took the title of Vicar General of the Duchy of Neopatras. He built a tower at Neopatras.In 1330, Alfonso was relieved of his duties asvicar general and replaced by Odo de Novelles. He was compensated with the Sicilian  counties of Malta and Gozo. He died in 1338 and left five sons, Peter;James, father of Louis Fadrique; William, lord of Livadeia; Boniface, lord of Aigina, Piada and Karystos; John, lord of Salamina and two daughters, Simona, whowed George II Ghisi and Jua.Passage 6:Brian Saunders (weightlifter)Brian Saunders (date of birth and death unknown) was a male weightlifter who competed forEngland.Weightlifting careerSaunders was the last person to be both the British Amateur Weight Lifters' Association (BAWLA) weightlifting champion and BAWLApowerlifting champion; the latter of which he won in 1970 and 1974.He represented England in the super heavyweight category of +110 kg Combined, at the1970 British Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Scotland.Passage 7:Frederick III of SicilyFrederick II (or III) (13 December 1272 – 25 June 1337) was theregent of the Kingdom of Sicily from 1291 until 1295 and subsequently King of Sicily from 1295 until his death. He was the third son of Peter III of Aragon andserved in the War of the Sicilian Vespers on behalf of his father and brothers, Alfonso ΙΙΙ and James ΙΙ. He was confirmed as king by the Peace of Caltabellotta in1302. His reign saw important constitutional reforms: the Constitutiones regales, Capitula alia, and Ordinationes generales.NameAlthough the second Frederick ofSicily, he chose to call himself \"Frederick III\" (being one of the rare medieval monarchs who actually used a regnal number) – presumably because only some fiftyyears before, his well-known and remembered great-grandfather had ruled Sicily and also used an official ordinal: Fridericus secundus, imperator etc.. Thus,Fridericus tertius was better in line with the precedent of his ancestor's ordinal. However, an anecdote attributes Frederick's choice of numeral to him being thethird son of Peter. The next man called Frederick to occupy the Sicilian throne was dubbed by later generations of historians as Frederick III: Frederick III theSimple, though he himself did not use an ordinal.BiographyEarly yearsFrederick was born in BarcelonaWhen his father died in 1285, he left the Kingdom ofAragon to his eldest son, Alfonso, and that of Sicily to his second son, James. When Alfonso died in 1291, James became king of Aragon and left Frederick asregent in Sicily. The war between the Angevins, who contested the title to Sicily from their peninsular possessions centred on Naples (the so-called Kingdom ofNaples), and the Crown of Aragon for the possession of the island was still in progress, and although the Crown of Aragon was successful in Italy, James’ positionin Spain became very insecure due to internal troubles and French attacks. Peace negotiations were begun with Charles II of Naples, but were interrupted by thesuccessive deaths of two popes. At last, under the auspices of Pope Boniface VIII, James concluded a shameful treaty, by which, in exchange for being leftundisturbed in the rest of the territories belonging to the Crown of Aragon and promised possession of Sardinia and Corsica, he gave up Sicily to the Church, forwhom it was to be held by the Angevins (Treaty of Anagni, 10 June 1295). The Sicilians refused to be made over once more to the hated French they had expelledin 1282 (in the Sicilian Vespers), and found a national leader in the regent Frederick. In vain the pope tried to bribe him with promises and dignities; he wasdetermined to stand by his subjects, and was crowned king by the nobles at Palermo in 1296.When Frederick heard that James was preparing to go to war withhim, he sent a messenger, Mountainer Pérez de Sosa, to Catalonia in an effort to stir up the barons and cities against James in 1298. Mountainer carried with himan Occitan poem, Ges per guerra no.m chal aver consir, intended as a communication with his supporters in Catalonia. This communiqué seems to have had inmind Ponç Hug as a recipient, for the count penned a response (under the title con d'Empuria), A l'onrat rei Frederic terz vai dir, in which he praised Frederick'stact and diplomacy, but told him bluntly that he would not abandon his sovereign. This poetic transaction is usually dated to January–March, Spring, or August1296, but Gerónimo Zurita in the seventeenth century specifically dated the embassy of Mountainer to 1298.ReignFrederick reformed the administration andextended the powers of the Sicilian parliament, which was composed of the barons, the prelates, and the representatives of the towns.His refusal to comply withthe pope's injunctions led to a renewal of the war. Frederick landed in Calabria, where he seized several towns, encouraged revolt in Naples, negotiated with theGhibellines of Tuscany and Lombardy, and assisted the house of Colonna against Pope Boniface. In the meanwhile James, who received many favours from theChurch, married his sister Yolanda to Robert, the third son of Charles II. Unfortunately for Frederick, a part of the Catalan-Aragonese nobles of Sicily favouredKing James, and both John of Procida and Roger of Lauria, the heroes of the war of the Vespers, went over to the Angevins, and the latter completely defeatedthe Sicilian fleet off Capo d'Orlando. Charles's sons Robert and Philip landed in Sicily, but after capturing Catania were defeated by Frederick, Philip being takenprisoner (1299), while several Calabrian towns were captured by the Sicilians.For two years more the fighting continued with varying success, until Charles ofValois, who had been sent by Boniface to invade Sicily, was forced to sue for peace, his army being decimated by the plague. In August 1302 the Treaty ofCaltabellotta was signed, by which Frederick was recognized king of Trinacria (the name Sicily was not to be used) for his lifetime, and was to marry Eleanor of"}
{"doc_id":"doc_138","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Mona Hopton BellMona Hopton Bell (1867–1940) was a British artist, best known for her portraits of civic figures.She was the grandmother of the painter Jean H. Bell.Passage 2:Hubba bint HulailHubba bint Hulail (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) was the grandmother of Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf, thus the great-great-great-grandmother of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.BiographyHubbah was the daughter of Hulail ibn Hubshiyyah ibn Salul ibn Ka’b ibn Amr al-Khuza’i of Banu Khuza'a who was the trustee and guardian of the Ka‘bah (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 'Cube'). She married Qusai ibn Kilab and after her father died, the keys of the Kaaba were committed to her. Qusai, according to Hulail's will, had the trusteeship of the Kaaba after him.Hubbah never gave up ambitious hopes for the line of her favourite son Abd Manaf. Her two favourite grandsons were the twin sons Amr and Abd Shams, of ‘Ātikah bint Murrah. Hubbah hoped that the opportunities missed by Abd Manaf would be made up for in these grandsons, especially Amr, who seemed much more suitable for the role than any of the sons of Abd al-Dar. He was dear to the ‘ayn (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, eye) of his grandmother Hubbah.FamilyQusai ibn Kilab had four sons by Hubbah: Abd-al-Dar ibn Qusai dedicated to his house, Abdu’l Qusayy dedicated to himself, Abd-al-Uzza ibn Qusai to his goddess (Al-‘Uzzá) and Abd Manaf ibn Qusai to the idol revered by Hubbah. They also had two daughters, Takhmur and Barrah. Abd Manaf's real name was 'Mughirah', and he also had the nickname 'al-Qamar' (the Moon) because he was handsome.Hubbah was related to Muhammad in more than one way. Firstly, she was the great-great-grandmother of his father Abdullah. She was also the great-grandmother of Umm Habib and Abdul-Uzza, respectively the maternal grandmother and grandfather of Muhammad's mother Aminah.Family tree* indicates that the marriage order is disputedNote that direct lineage is marked in bold.See alsoFamily tree of MuhammadList of notable HijazisPassage 3:TjuyuThuya (sometimes transliterated as Touiyou, Thuiu, Tuya, Tjuyu or Thuyu) was an Egyptian noblewoman and the mother of queen Tiye, and the wife of Yuya. She is the grandmother of Akhenaten, and great grandmother of Tutankhamun.BiographyThuya is believed to be a descendant of Queen Ahmose-Nefertari, and she held many official roles in the interwoven religion and government of ancient Egypt. She was involved in many religious cults; her titles included 'Singer of Hathor' and ' Chief of the Entertainers' of both Amun and Min. She also held the influential offices of Superintendent of the Harem of the god Min of Akhmin and of Amun of Thebes.  She married Yuya, a powerful ancient Egyptian courtier of the Eighteenth Dynasty.  She is believed to have died in around 1375 BC in her early to mid 50s.ChildrenYuya and Thuya had a daughter named Tiye, who became the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Amenhotep III. The great royal wife was the highest Egyptian religious position, serving alongside of the pharaoh in official ceremonies and rituals.Yuya and Thuya also had a son named Anen, who carried the titles Chancellor of Lower Egypt, Second Prophet of Amun, sm-priest of Heliopolis and Divine Father.They also may have been the parents of Ay, an Egyptian courtier active during the reign of pharaoh Akhenaten who became pharaoh after the death of Tutankhamun. However, there is no conclusive evidence regarding the kinship of Yuya and Ay, although certainly, both men came from Akhmim.TombThuya was interred in tomb KV46 in the Valley of the Kings, together with her husband Yuya, where their largely intact burial was found in 1905. It was the best-preserved tomb discovered in the Valley before that of Tutankhamun, Thuya's great-grandson. The tomb was discovered by a team of workmen led by archaeologist James Quibell on behalf of the American millionaire Theodore M. Davis. Though the tomb had been robbed in antiquity, much of its contents were still present, including beds, boxes, chests, a chariot, and the sarcophagi, coffins, and mummies of the two occupants.Thuya's large gilded and black-painted wooden sarcophagus was placed against the south wall of the tomb. It is rectangular, with a lid shaped like the sloping roof of the per-wer shrine of Upper Egypt, and sits on ornamental sledge runners, their non-functionality underscored by the three battens attached below them. Ancient robbers had partially dismantled it to access her coffins and mummy, placing its lid and one long side on a bed on the other side of the tomb; the other long side had been leaned against the south wall. Her outer gilded anthropoid coffin had been removed, its lid placed atop the beds, and the trough put into the far corner of the tomb; the lid of her second (innermost) coffin, also gilded, had been removed and placed to one side although the trough and her mummy remained inside the sarcophagus. Quibell suggests this is due to the robbers having some difficulty in removing the lid of this coffin.MummyThuya's mummified body was found covered with a large sheet of linen, knotted at the back and secured by four bandages. These bands were covered with resin and opposite each band were her gilded titles cut from gold foil. The resin coating on the lower layers of bandages preserved the impression of a large broad collar. The mummy bands that had once covered her wrapped mummy were recovered above the storage jars on the far side of the room.The first examination of her body was conducted by Australian anatomist Grafton Elliot Smith. He found her to be an elderly woman of small stature, 1.495 metres (4.90 ft) in height, with white hair. Both of her earlobes had two piercings. Her arms are straight at her sides with her hands against the outside of her thighs. Her embalming incision is stitched with thread, to which a carnelian barrel bead is attached at the lower end; her body cavity is stuffed with resin-soaked linen. When Dr. Douglas Derry, (who later conducted the first examination of Tutankhamun's mummy) assisting Smith in his examination, exposed Thuya's feet to get an accurate measurement of her height, he found her to be wearing gold foil sandals. Smith estimated her age at more than 50 years based on her outward appearance alone. Recent CT scanning has estimated her age at death to be 50–60 years old. Her brain was removed, though no embalming material was inserted, and both nostrils were stuffed with linen. Embalming packs had been placed into her eye sockets, and subcutaneous filling had been placed into her mid and lower face to restore a lifelike appearance; embalming material had also been placed into her mouth and throat. Her teeth were in poor condition at the time of her death, with missing molars. Heavy wear and abscesses had been noted in earlier x-rays. The scan revealed that she had severe scoliosis with a Cobb angle of 25 degrees. No cause of death could be determined. Her mummy has the inventory number CG 51191.Archaeological items pertaining to ThuyaPassage 4:Hannah ArnoldHannah Arnold may refer to:Hannah Arnold (née Waterman) (c.1705–1758), mother of Benedict ArnoldHannah Arnold (beauty queen) (born 1996), Filipino-Australian model and beauty pageant titleholderPassage 5:Diana GuardatoDiana Guardato was a member of the aristocratic Patrician Guardato family. She had at least two children with King Ferdinand I. Her first child was Ferdinando d' Aragona y Guardato, 1st Duke of Montalto who married 1st, Anna Sanseverino, 2nd, Castellana de Cardona whose daughter Maria d'Aragona, married Antonio Todeschini Piccolomini, Duke of Amalfi, a nephew of Pope Pius II and brother of Pope Pius III.Her second child was Giovanna d’ Aragona, who married Leonardo della Rovere, Duke of Arce and Sora, a nephew of Pope Sixtus IV and brother of Pope Julius II.Passage 6:Anne DenmanAnne Denman (1587–1661) was born in Olde Hall, Retford, Nottinghamshire. Through a second marriage with Thomas Aylesbury, she became the grandmother of Lady Anne Hyde, Duchess of York and great-grandmother of Queen Mary II and Queen Anne.Early lifeAnne was born in Olde Hall, West Retford in around 1587. She was the younger daughter of Francis Denman of Retford and Anne (Blount) Denman. Francis (born c. 1531, died 1599) was the rector of West Retford, Notts from 1578. He was the second son of Anne Hercy by her first husband, Nicholas Denman esq of East Retford, Notts. Francis had several sons who pre-deceased him and left two daughters as his heirs: Barbara (born c. 1583) who married Edward Darell (born c. 1582); and Anne.Anne's nephew, Dr John Darrell, was the youngest child of Barbara Denman and Edward Darell, and inherited substantial properties from both the Denman and Darell families. In 1665 just before his death he made a will dividing his estate between three charities. He donated the childhood home of Anne and Barbara, Olde Hall, to create a hospital for elderly men (an alms house), which became the site for Trinity Hospital, Retford (a Grade II listed building).MarriagesAnne was married at 20 and left a widow at 23 after the death of her first husband William, the younger son of Sir Thomas Darell. William was the half-brother of her sister Barbara's husband Edward.Anne left Retford due to some unknown trouble, or loss of fortune, in 1610 and proceeded to London by waggon-coach. Wilmshurst (1908) records that there had been a lawsuit between the two sisters in 1605.After reaching London, Anne is said to have halted at a hostel called the 'Goat and Compasses', where she rested before looking out for an occupation suitable for a country lady of good birth and family. The owner (not the landlord) of the hostel was Mr Thomas Aylesbury, a rich brewer of the Parish of St Andrew's, Holborn who happened to be making an inspection of his 'Houses' and required a housekeeper for his household, engaging Anne to this position. Thomas was a widower of 34, and a year later made Anne an offer of marriage.The marriage of Anne and Thomas was recorded in the Bishop of London's Registry, dated 3 October 1611, giving the couple's address as St Andrew's, Holborn. The registry notes that the marriage has 'the consent of his father, William Aylesbury, Esquire'. She is described in the register as 'Anne Darell, of the City of London, widow, whose husband died a year before'. Edwin Wilmshurst (1908) notes that Anne's first husband, William Darrel is described as 'of London', and apparently died there. He says this suggests Anne 'may have become acquainted with Mr Thomas Aylesbury before she became so young a widow and he a widower'. He also comments that on 17 April 1611, there was a partition of Estate between Edward Darrel and Barbara his wife, and her sister Anne, by an Indenture. This took place while she was working for Thomas Aylesbury but before she married him.Marrying Thomas was fortunate for Anne, as in 1627, he was created a Baronet, Master of the Mint, and Master of the Requests, by Charles I. After the King's death, the family moved to Antwerp with other Royalists. During this time in exile, Barbara, Anne's daughter died. Lady Anne Hyde, Duchess of York, and granddaughter of Anne Denman, later noted in her pocket book that her aunt Barbara died in Antwerp in 1652 and unmarried. 'My dear Aunt Bab was, when she died, 24 years of age.' Barbara, when in exile in Holland, was attached to the then Princess "}
{"doc_id":"doc_139","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Donnie ElbertDonnie Elbert (May 25, 1936 – January 26, 1989) was an American soul singer and songwriter, who had a prolific career from themid-1950s to the late 1970s. His U.S. hits included \"Where Did Our Love Go?\" (1971), and his reputation as a Northern soul artist in the UK was secured by \"ALittle Piece of Leather\", a performance highlighting his powerful falsetto voice.CareerElbert was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, but when aged three his familyrelocated to Buffalo, New York. He learned to play guitar and piano as a child, and in 1955 formed a doo-wop group, the Vibraharps, with friend Danny Cannon.Elbert acted as the group's guitarist, songwriter, arranger, and background vocalist, making his recording debut on their single \"Walk Beside Me\". He left thegroup in 1957 for a solo career, and recorded a demonstration record that earned him a recording contract with the King label's DeLuxe subsidiary. His solo debut\"What Can I Do?\" reached #12 in the U.S. R&B chart, and he followed it up with the less successful \"Believe It or Not\" and \"Have I Sinned?\", which became aregional hit in Pittsburgh.He continued to release singles on DeLuxe, but with little commercial success, and also played New York's Apollo Theater and toured theChitlin' Circuit of African-American owned nightclubs. After completing an album, The Sensational Donnie Elbert Sings, he left DeLuxe in 1959, joining first RedTop Records, where in 1960 he recorded \"Someday (You'll Want Me to Want You)\", and then Vee-Jay Records, where he had another regional hit with \"Will YouEver Be Mine?\", which reportedly sold 250,000 copies in the Philadelphia area but failed to take off nationwide. His career was also interrupted by a spell in the USArmy, from which he was discharged in 1961. He then recorded singles for several labels, including Parkway, Cub and Checker, but with little success. However,although the 1965 Gateway label release of \"A Little Piece of Leather\" failed to chart in the US, the record became a #27 pop hit when released on the Londonlabel in the UK several years later in 1972, and remains a Northern soul favorite.Elbert relocated to the UK in 1966, where he married. There, he recorded \"InBetween The Heartaches\" for the Polydor label in 1968, a cover version of the Supremes' hit \"Where Did Our Love Go?\" and an album of Otis Redding coverversions, Tribute To A King. His 1969 Deram release \"Without You\" had a rocksteady rhythm, and went to the top of the Jamaican charts.He returned to the USthe same year and had his first US chart hit in over a decade with the Rare Bullet release, \"Can't Get Over Losing You\", which reached #26 on the Billboard R&Bchart. The track and its b-side, \"Got To Get Myself Together\", both written by Elbert, were released several times on different labels in subsequent years. Afterthe success of that record, Elbert moved labels for a re-make of the Supremes' 1964 hit, \"Where Did Our Love Go?\" on All Platinum. It became his biggest hit,reaching #15 on the Billboard pop chart, #6 on the R&B chart, and (in 1972) #8 in the UK. Its follow-up, \"Sweet Baby\" reached #30 on the R&B chart in early1972.Elbert then signed with Avco-Embassy, where he entered the recording studio with the successful production team of Hugo & Luigi. His cover of the FourTops' \"I Can't Help Myself\" reached #14 on the Billboard R&B chart, but climbed as high as #2 on the alternative Cashbox R&B chart. Elbert baulked at the label'sinsistence that he record material associated with Motown and departed with only a few tracks left to record for an album. Even so, the album was released afterAvco sold it on to a budget label, Trip.He returned to All Platinum and had a run of minor R&B hits, but left after a disagreement over the claimed authorship ofShirley & Company's R&B chart-topper \"Shame Shame Shame\", which was credited to label owner Sylvia Robinson. Elbert was also involved in a copyrightwrangle over Darrell Banks' major R&B and pop hit in 1966, \"Open The Door To Your Heart\". He had originally written the song as \"Baby Walk Right In\" (still itsalternative legal title) and given it to Banks, but received no writing credit on the original record. Eventually, the matter was resolved by BMI with a disgruntledElbert awarded joint authorship with Banks. \"Open The Door\" has since been given award-winning status by BMI and is one of over 100 songs written orco-written by Elbert.For 1975's \"You Keep Me Crying (With Your Lying)\", Elbert formed his own label and \"I Got to Get Myself Together\", appeared on an imprintbearing his surname, but it was among his final recordings.By the mid-1980s, Elbert had retired from performing and became director of A&R for Polygram'sCanadian division. He suffered a massive stroke and died in 1989, at the age of 52.DiscographyChart singlesAlbumsThe Sensational Donnie Elbert Sings (King,1959)Tribute to a King (1968)Where Did Our Love Go? (All Platinum, 1971) U.S. #153, R&B #45Have I Sinned? (Deluxe, 1971)Stop in the Name of Love (Trip,1972)A Little Bit of Leather (1972)Roots of Donnie Elbert (Ember, 1973)Dancin' the Night Away (All Platinum, 1977)See alsoList of disco artists (A-E)Passage2:Sarah ScullinSarah Maria Scullin (née McNamara; 21 April 1880 – 31 May 1962) was the wife of James Scullin, the 9th Prime Minister of Australia.Early life andmarriageScullin was born in Ballarat, Victoria, to Sarah (née Simcocks) and Michael McNamara. Her mother was born in County Kerry, Ireland, and her father wasborn in Bodyke, County Clare. She was educated at local Catholic schools, and was known as a skilled dressmaker and a talented artist. She married JamesScullin at St Patrick's Cathedral, Ballarat, on 11 November 1907. The couple had no children.Public lifeScullin accompanied her husband on his electioncampaigns, but did not make speeches herself. According to his biographer John Robertson, she was \"significant politically in an indirect manner, for she provideda serene domestic haven as a base for her husband's political activities\". When her husband became prime minister in 1929, the couple chose to live in the HotelCanberra rather than The Lodge, as an economy during the Great Depression. She nursed him during his bouts of ill health, and during the four-hour \"sickroomcabinet\" meeting of August 1930 \"stood guard at the door, refusing entrance to all unwanted visitors\".Later lifeScullin was widowed in January 1953. Her husbandhad been seriously ill and frequently bed-ridden for about two years, during which she was his primary caregiver. She died at their house on Park Avenue, Kew, inMay 1962, aged 82. She was buried alongside her husband in the Catholic section of Melbourne General Cemetery.Passage 3:Joseph J. Sullivan(vaudeville)Joseph J. Sullivan was a blackface comedian and acrobat in New York.  He composed the song Where Did You Get That Hat? and first performed it in1888.  It was a great success and he performed it many times thereafter.Passage 4:Andrew Allen (singer)Andrew Allen (born 6 May 1981) is a Canadiansinger-songwriter from Vernon, British Columbia. He is signed to Sony/ATV and has released five top ten singles, and written and recorded many others, includingWhere Did We Go? with Carly Rae Jepsen. He also records covers and posts them on YouTube.BackgroundRaised in British Columbia's Okanagan Valley, hisacoustic pop/rock music is inspired by artists like Jason Mraz and Jack Johnson.CareerAndrew Allen scored his first hit in 2009, when I Wanna Be Your Christmascracked the Top Ten in his native Canada. He was honored as the feature performer for the Sochi 2014 hand off finale on the internationally broadcast ClosingCeremony of the 2010 Paralympic Winter Games held at Whistler, British Columbia. Allen continued building an international profile in 2010, and released hisbiggest single Loving You Tonight, which sold more than 100,000 copies worldwide, was featured on the Gold Selling NOW 37, hit #6 on the Canadian charts for22 weeks in a row and #30 on the US Hot AC charts, and got him a record deal with Epic after spending much of that year on the road. Because of the song'sattention, Allen had the opportunity to perform with some of the world's biggest artists like Bruno Mars, One Republic, The Barenaked Ladies, Train, MattNathanson, Joshua Radin, Andy Grammer, The Script, Nick Carter, Kris Allen, Carly Rae Jepsen and many others.Loving You Tonight was also featured on thesoundtrack of Abduction starring Taylor Lautner.CollaborationsAndrew Allen is also well known in the songwriting community, and has written songs with artistslike Meghan Trainor, Rachel Platten, Cody Simpson, Carly Rae Jepsen, Matt Simons, Conrad Sewell as well as writer/producers like Toby Gad, Ryan Stewart, EricRosse, Jason Reeves, John Shanks, Nolan Sipes, Mark Pellizzer (Magic), Brian West and Josh Cumbee. Numerous songs he has been a part of writing have beenreleased by various artists, including Last Chance, which was on the Grammy nominated album Atmosphere by Kaskade feat. DJ Project 46, Ad Occhi Chiusiwhich was on the Double Platinum release by Italian artist Marco Mengoni and Maybe (which Allen also later released himself) released by teen pop sensationDaniel Skye, as well as many others.SinglesI Wanna Be Your Christmas (2009)Loving You Tonight (2010)I Want You (2011)Where Did We Go? (2012)Satellite(2012)Play with Fire (2013)Thinking About You (2014)What You Wanted (2016)Favorite Christmas Song (2017)Maybe (2017)DiscographyThe Living RoomSessions (2008)Andrew Allen EP (2009)The Mix Tape (2012)Are We Cool? (2013)All Hearts Come Home (2014)The Writing Room (2020)12:34 (2022;pre-released on vinyl in 2021)Songwriting creditsLast Chance released by Kaskade featuring Project 46 on his Grammy nominated record Atmosphere.Ad OcchiChiusi released by Marco Mengoni on his Double Platinum record.Reasons released by Project 46.No Ordinary Angel released by Nick Howard from The VoiceGermany.Million Dollars released by Nick Howard from The Voice Germany.Maybe released by Daniel Skye.Passage 5:Nancy BaronNancy Baron is an Americanrock singer who was active in New York City in the early 1960s, known for the singles \"Where Did My Jimmy Go?\" and \"I've Got A Feeling\".Early lifeBorn into afamily of singers and writers, Baron was introduced to many musical genres by her family at an early age. Noting her singing talents, her parents brought theiryoung child to auditions for musical theater productions in New York City. The singer joined Glee clubs at school and formed her own female singing groups atschool. At the age of 11, she heard her first \"Rock and Roll\" song. This affected her taste in music and desire to emulate the style; it was the first time she hearda Rock group with a female lead singer. This was significant since she realized that she could be a lead singer.Recording careerAt the age of 15, her parents senther for vocal coaching in Manhattan, N.Y. After a while her coach sent her to record a demonstration record in a sound studio near Broadway. Upon hearing hersing, the sound engineer contacted his friend who was a producer of a small record company in N.Y.C.; he was impressed by her voice and immediately signedher to a contract. The singer's mother co-signed the document since Baron was a fifteen-year-old minor at the time.Baron became one of the many girl group/girl"}
{"doc_id":"doc_140","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland andAustralia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31,2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and theNational Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 todirect the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeededDan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended ClonkeenCollege. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He workedin the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), GovernmentPublications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery ofIreland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art MuseumDirectors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expandedthe traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitionsat the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annualvisitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gainedgovernment support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building provedcontroversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy'stenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's ABigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring theHolmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian PrintWorkshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which wascompleted in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\"implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGAduring his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchiand attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dungand was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" andan \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscureddiscussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedlyquestioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational healthand safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announcedin 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a jointIrish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings andsculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the fieldof art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read, understandand write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website,www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy hasbeen a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding themuseum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibandehave been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the ToledoMuseum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold tothe museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture ofGanesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005.During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater publicattention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hoodhas one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the AfricanBody, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually.Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles:Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written oredited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats:Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with DavisCoakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers(1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe,Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is atrustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the InternationalAssociation of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from LourdesUniversity. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education.==Notes ==Passage 2:Scott KalvertScott Kalvert (August 15, 1964 – March 5, 2014) was an American film director, known mainly for his 1995 film The BasketballDiaries, starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Mark Wahlberg, and 2002's Deuces Wild, starring Stephen Dorff and Brad Renfro.He was also a successful music videodirector, collaborating with artists such as Cyndi Lauper, Jetboy, Snoop Doggy Dogg, DJ Jazzy Jeff and The Fresh Prince, Bobby Brown, Taylor Dayne, Deep BlueSomething, Billy Ocean, Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch, LL Cool J, Samantha Fox, Eric B. & Rakim and Salt 'n' Pepa.Kalvert was found dead in his home inWoodland Hills, Los Angeles on March 5, 2014, from an apparent suicide. He left behind his wife and two daughters.Selected filmographyThe Basketball Diaries(1995)Deuces Wild (2002)Passage 3:Elliot SilversteinElliot Silverstein (born August 3, 1927) is a retired American film and television director. He directed theAcademy Award-winning western comedy Cat Ballou (1965), and other films including The Happening (1967), A Man Called Horse (1970), Nightmare Honeymoon(1974), and The Car (1977). His television work includes four episodes of The Twilight Zone (1961–1964).CareerElliot Silverstein was the director of six featurefilms in the mid-twentieth century. The most famous of these by far is Cat Ballou, a comedy-western starring Jane Fonda and Lee Marvin.The other Silversteinfilms, in chronological order, are The Happening, A Man Called Horse,  Nightmare Honeymoon, The Car, and Flashfire.Other work included directing for thetelevision shows The Twilight Zone, The Nurses, Picket Fences, and Tales from the Crypt.While Silverstein was not a prolific director, his films were oftendecorated. Cat Ballou, for instance, earned one Oscar and was nominated for four more. His high quality work was rewarded in 1990 with a Lifetime AchievementAward by the Directors Guild of America.AwardsIn 1965, at the 15th Berlin International Film Festival, he won the Youth Film Award – Honorable Mention, in thecategory of Best Feature Film Suitable for Young People for Cat Ballou.He was also nominated for the Golden Berlin Bear.In 1966, he was nominated for the DGAAward in the category for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (Cat Ballou).In 1971, he won the Bronze Wrangler award at the Western"}
{"doc_id":"doc_141","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Amaury I de MontfortAmaury I de Montfort (died c. 1053) was Lord of Montfort, son of Guillaume de Montfort of Hainaut, the first Lord of Montfort. Thecastle of Montfort l'Amaury, of which he started the construction, was completed by his son Simon I de Montfort, who succeeded him as Lord of Montfort. Hemarried Bertrade.He and his wife had three children:Simon I de Montfort (died 25 September 1087)Mainier de Montfort, Seigneur d'Épernon (died before1091)Eva (died 23 Jan 1099), married William Crispin (died 8 January 1074), son of Gilbert I CrispinPassage 2:Beatrice, Countess of MontfortBeatrice deMontfort, Countess of Montfort-l'Amaury (December 1249 – 9 March 1312) was a ruling sovereign countess of Montfort from 1249 until 1312. She was alsocountess of Dreux by marriage to Robert IV, Count of Dreux. She was the ancestor of the Dukes of Brittany from the House of Montfort-Dreux which derived itsname from her title.LifeBeatrice was born sometime between December 1248 and 1249, the only child of John I of Montfort, Count of Dreux and Jeanne, Dame deChateaudun.ReignIn 1249, Beatrice's father died in Cyprus, while participating in the Seventh Crusade. Thus, Beatrice succeeded her father as ruling countess ofMontfort at the age of about one year old.In 1251, Jeanne married her second husband, John II of Brienne, Grand Butler of France. Jeanne and John had adaughter, Blanche de Brienne, Baroness Tingry (1252–1302); Blanche married William II de Fiennes, Baron of Tingry. Jeanne died sometime after 1252, leavingBeatrice and her half-sister Blanche as her co-heiresses.Beatrice was married to Robert IV, Count of Dreux, Braine and Montfort-l'Amaury in 1260, when she wasabout eleven years old. He was the son of John I, Count of Dreux and Braine, and Marie de Bourbon. As was the custom for female rulers at this point in time, hebecame the co-ruler with Beatrice and Count of Montfort by right of his wife after their wedding.DeathBeatrice died on 9 March 1312 at the age of aroundsixty-three. She was buried in the Abbaye de Haute-Bruyère.IssueBeatrice and Robert had:Marie of Dreux (1261/62–1276), in 1275 married Mathieu deMontmorencyYolande de Dreux (1263–1323), Countess of Montfort, married, firstly, on 15 October 1285, King Alexander III of Scotland, and, secondly, in 1292,Arthur II, Duke of BrittanyJohn II of Dreux (1265–1309)Joan of Dreux, Countess of Braine, married, firstly, Jean IV de Roucy, and, secondly, John of BarBeatriceof Dreux, abbess of Port-Royal-des-Champs (1270–1328)Robert of Dreux, seigneur of Chateau-du-Loire.AncestryPassage 3:Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl ofLeicesterSimon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester (c. 1175 – 25 June 1218), known as Simon IV (or V) de Montfort and as Simon de Montfort the Elder, was aFrench nobleman and knight of the early 13th century. He is widely regarded as one of the great military commanders of the Middle Ages. He took part in theFourth Crusade and was one of the prominent figures of the Albigensian Crusade. Montfort is mostly noted for his campaigns in the latter, notably for his triumphat Muret. He died at the Siege of Toulouse in 1218. He was lord of Montfort-l'Amaury from 1188 to his death and Earl of Leicester in England from 1204. He wasalso Viscount of Albi, Béziers and Carcassonne from 1213, as well as Count of Toulouse from 1215.Early lifeHe was the son of Simon de Montfort (d. 1188), lord ofMontfort l'Amaury in France near Paris, and Amicia de Beaumont, daughter of Robert de Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Leicester. He succeeded his father as lord ofMontfort in 1181; in 1190 he married Alix de Montmorency, the daughter of Bouchard III de Montmorency. She shared his religious zeal and would accompanyhim on his campaigns.In 1199, while taking part in a tournament at Ecry-sur-Aisne, he took the cross in the company of Count Thibaud de Champagne and wenton the Fourth Crusade. The crusade soon fell under Venetian control, and was diverted to Zara on the Adriatic Sea. Pope Innocent III had specifically warned theCrusaders not to attack fellow Christians; Simon opposed the attack and urged a waiting Zara delegation not to surrender, claiming the Frankish troops would notsupport the Venetians in this. As a result, the delegation returned to Zara and the city resisted. Since most Frankish lords were in debt to the Venetians, they didsupport the attack and the city was sacked in 1202. Simon did not participate in this action and was one of its most outspoken critics. He and his associates,including Abbot Guy of Vaux-de-Cernay, left the crusade when the decision was taken to divert once more to Constantinople to place Alexius IV Angelus on thethrone. Instead, Simon and his followers travelled to the court of King Emeric of Hungary and thence to Acre.His mother was the eldest daughter of Robert ofBeaumont, 3rd Earl of Leicester. After the death of her brother Robert de Beaumont, 4th Earl of Leicester without children in 1204, she inherited half of hisestates and a claim to the Earldom of Leicester. The division of the estates was effected early in 1207, by which the rights to the earldom were assigned to Amiciaand Simon. However, King John of England took possession of the lands himself in February 1207, and confiscated its revenues. Later, in 1215, the lands werepassed into the hands of Simon's cousin, Ranulph de Meschines, 4th Earl of Chester.Later lifeSimon remained on his estates in France before taking the crossonce more, this time against Christian dissidence.  He participated in the initial campaign of the Albigensian Crusade in 1209, and after the fall of Carcassonne,was elected leader of the crusade and viscount of the confiscated territories of the Raymond-Roger Trencavel family.Simon was rewarded with the territoryconquered from Raymond VI of Toulouse, which in theory made him the most important landowner in Occitania. He became feared for his ruthlessness. In 1210he burned 140 Cathars in the village of Minerve who refused to recant – though he spared those who did. In another widely reported incident, prior to the sack ofthe village of Lastours, he brought prisoners from the nearby village of Bram and had their eyes gouged out and their ears, noses and lips cut off. One prisoner,left with a single good eye, led them into the village as a warning.Simon's part in the crusade had the full backing of his feudal superior, the King of France, PhilipAugustus. However, historian Alistair Horne, in his book Seven Ages of Paris, states that Philip \"turned a blind eye to Simon de Montfort's crusade... of which hedisapproved, but readily accepted the spoils to his exchequer\". Following the latter's success in winning Normandy from John Lackland of England, he wasapproached by Innocent III to lead the crusade but turned this down. He was heavily committed to defending his gains against John and against the emergingalliance among England, the Empire and Flanders.However, Philip claimed full rights over the lands of the house of St Gilles; some historians believe his dispatchof de Montfort and other northern barons to be, at the very least, an exploratory campaign to reassert the rights of the French Crown in Le Midi. Philip may wellalso have wanted to appease the papacy after the long dispute over his marriage, which had led to excommunication. He also sought to counter any adventure byKing John of England, who had marriage and fealty ties also with the Toulouse comtal house. Meanwhile, others have assessed Philip's motives to includeremoving over-mighty subjects from the North, and distracting them in adventure elsewhere, so they could not threaten his increasingly successful restoration ofthe power of the French crown in the north.Simon is described as a man of unflinching religious orthodoxy, deeply committed to the Dominican order and thesuppression of heresy. Dominic Guzman, later Saint Dominic, spent several years during the war in the Midi at Fanjeau, which was Simon's headquarters,especially in the winter months when the crusading forces were depleted. Simon had other key confederates in this enterprise, which many historians view as aconquest of southern lands by greedy men from the north. Many of them had been involved in the Fourth Crusade. One was Guy Vaux de Cernay, head of aCistercian abbey not more than twenty miles from Simon's patrimony of Montfort Aumary, who accompanied the crusade in the Languedoc and became bishop ofCarcassonne. Meanwhile, Peter de Vaux de Cernay, the nephew of Guy, wrote an account of the crusade. Historians generally consider this to be propaganda tojustify the actions of the crusaders; Peter justified their cruelties as doing \"the work of God\" against morally depraved heretics. He portrayed outrages committedby the lords of the Midi as the opposite.Simon was an energetic campaigner, rapidly moving his forces to strike at those who had broken their faith with him – andthere were many, as some local lords switched sides whenever the moment seemed propitious. The Midi was a warren of small fortified places, as well as home tosome highly fortified cities, such as Toulouse, Carcassonne and Narbonne. Simon showed ruthlessness and daring as well as being particularly brutal with thosewho betrayed their pledges – as for example, Martin Algai, lord of Biron. In 1213 Simon defeated Peter II of Aragon at the Battle of Muret. This completed thedefeat of the Albigensians, but Simon carried on the campaign as a war of conquest. He was appointed lord over all the newly acquired territory as Count ofToulouse and Duke of Narbonne (1215). He spent two years in warfare in many parts of Raymond's former territories; he besieged Beaucaire, which had beentaken by Raymond VII of Toulouse, from 6 June 1216 to 24 August 1216.Raymond spent most of this period in the Crown of Aragon, but corresponded withsympathisers in Toulouse. There were rumours in September 1216 that he was on his way to Toulouse. Abandoning the siege of Beaucaire, Simon partially sackedToulouse, perhaps intended as punishment of the citizens. Raymond returned in October 1217 to take possession of Toulouse. Simon hastened to besiege thecity, meanwhile sending his wife, Alix de Montmorency, with bishop Foulques of Toulouse and others, to the French court to plead for support. After maintainingthe siege for nine months, Simon was killed on 25 June 1218 while combating a sally by the besieged. His head was smashed by a stone from a mangonel,operated, according to one source, by the donas e tozas e mulhers (\"ladies and girls and women\") of Toulouse. He was buried in the Cathedral of Saint-Nazaire atCarcassonne. His body was later moved by one of his sons to be reinterred at Montfort l'Amaury. A tombstone in the south transept of the cathedral is inscribed\"of Simon de Montfort\".ChildrenSimon and Alix had:Amaury de Montfort married Beatrix of Viennois, died in 1241 returning from the Barons' CrusadeSimon deMontfort, 6th Earl of Leicester married Eleanor of England, killed at the Battle of Evesham on 4 August 1265Guy de Montfort, Count of Bigorre married Petronille,Countess of Bigorre, on 6 November 1216 and died at the siege of Castelnaudary on 20 July 1220Amicie de Montfort, married Gaucher de Joigny, founded theconvent at Montargis and died there in 1252Petronilla, became abbess of the Cistercian nunnery of St. Antoine'sInheritanceHis French estates passed to his eldest"}
{"doc_id":"doc_142","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:TjuyuThuya (sometimes transliterated as Touiyou, Thuiu, Tuya, Tjuyu or Thuyu) was an Egyptian noblewoman and the mother of queen Tiye, and thewife of Yuya. She is the grandmother of Akhenaten, and great grandmother of Tutankhamun.BiographyThuya is believed to be a descendant of QueenAhmose-Nefertari, and she held many official roles in the interwoven religion and government of ancient Egypt. She was involved in many religious cults; hertitles included 'Singer of Hathor' and 'Chief of the Entertainers' of both Amun and Min. She also held the influential offices of Superintendent of the Harem of thegod Min of Akhmin and of Amun of Thebes.  She married Yuya, a powerful ancient Egyptian courtier of the Eighteenth Dynasty.  She is believed to have died inaround 1375 BC in her early to mid 50s.ChildrenYuya and Thuya had a daughter named Tiye, who became the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Amenhotep III. Thegreat royal wife was the highest Egyptian religious position, serving alongside of the pharaoh in official ceremonies and rituals.Yuya and Thuya also had a sonnamed Anen, who carried the titles Chancellor of Lower Egypt, Second Prophet of Amun, sm-priest of Heliopolis and Divine Father.They also may have been theparents of Ay, an Egyptian courtier active during the reign of pharaoh Akhenaten who became pharaoh after the death of Tutankhamun. However, there is noconclusive evidence regarding the kinship of Yuya and Ay, although certainly, both men came from Akhmim.TombThuya was interred in tomb KV46 in the Valleyof the Kings, together with her husband Yuya, where their largely intact burial was found in 1905. It was the best-preserved tomb discovered in the Valley beforethat of Tutankhamun, Thuya's great-grandson. The tomb was discovered by a team of workmen led by archaeologist James Quibell on behalf of the Americanmillionaire Theodore M. Davis. Though the tomb had been robbed in antiquity, much of its contents were still present, including beds, boxes, chests, a chariot,and the sarcophagi, coffins, and mummies of the two occupants.Thuya's large gilded and black-painted wooden sarcophagus was placed against the south wall ofthe tomb. It is rectangular, with a lid shaped like the sloping roof of the per-wer shrine of Upper Egypt, and sits on ornamental sledge runners, theirnon-functionality underscored by the three battens attached below them. Ancient robbers had partially dismantled it to access her coffins and mummy, placing itslid and one long side on a bed on the other side of the tomb; the other long side had been leaned against the south wall. Her outer gilded anthropoid coffin hadbeen removed, its lid placed atop the beds, and the trough put into the far corner of the tomb; the lid of her second (innermost) coffin, also gilded, had beenremoved and placed to one side although the trough and her mummy remained inside the sarcophagus. Quibell suggests this is due to the robbers having somedifficulty in removing the lid of this coffin.MummyThuya's mummified body was found covered with a large sheet of linen, knotted at the back and secured by fourbandages. These bands were covered with resin and opposite each band were her gilded titles cut from gold foil. The resin coating on the lower layers ofbandages preserved the impression of a large broad collar. The mummy bands that had once covered her wrapped mummy were recovered above the storagejars on the far side of the room.The first examination of her body was conducted by Australian anatomist Grafton Elliot Smith. He found her to be an elderlywoman of small stature, 1.495 metres (4.90 ft) in height, with white hair. Both of her earlobes had two piercings. Her arms are straight at her sides with herhands against the outside of her thighs. Her embalming incision is stitched with thread, to which a carnelian barrel bead is attached at the lower end; her bodycavity is stuffed with resin-soaked linen. When Dr. Douglas Derry, (who later conducted the first examination of Tutankhamun's mummy) assisting Smith in hisexamination, exposed Thuya's feet to get an accurate measurement of her height, he found her to be wearing gold foil sandals. Smith estimated her age at morethan 50 years based on her outward appearance alone. Recent CT scanning has estimated her age at death to be 50–60 years old. Her brain was removed,though no embalming material was inserted, and both nostrils were stuffed with linen. Embalming packs had been placed into her eye sockets, and subcutaneousfilling had been placed into her mid and lower face to restore a lifelike appearance; embalming material had also been placed into her mouth and throat. Her teethwere in poor condition at the time of her death, with missing molars. Heavy wear and abscesses had been noted in earlier x-rays. The scan revealed that she hadsevere scoliosis with a Cobb angle of 25 degrees. No cause of death could be determined. Her mummy has the inventory number CG 51191.Archaeological itemspertaining to ThuyaPassage 2:Joan Holland, Duchess of BrittanyLady Joan Holland (1350 – October 1384) was Duchess of Brittany as the second wife of John IV,Duke of Brittany. She was the daughter of Joan of Kent and Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent. Her mother's second husband was Edward the Black Prince, and thechild of that marriage was King Richard II of England.Joan Holland's marriage to John IV took place in London in May 1366, but without the approval of KingEdward III of England, Joan's step-grandfather, who claimed overlordship of Brittany. The couple had no children.Joan's death, in her thirties, was politicallyinexpedient. In 1386, two years afterwards, John IV married Joan of Navarre, later the queen of King Henry IV of England.Passage 3:Louisa Montagu DouglasScott, Duchess of BuccleuchLouisa Jane Montagu Douglas Scott, Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry  (26 August 1836 – 16 March 1912) was the daughter ofJames Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn.  In 1884, she became the Duchess of Buccleuch and Duchess of Queensberry, the wife of William Henry Walter MontaguDouglas Scott, 6th Duke of Buccleuch and 8th Duke of Queensberry. She was the paternal grandmother of Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, and of MarianLouisa, Lady Elmhirst, as well as a maternal great-grandmother of Prince William of Gloucester and Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester, and agreat-great-grandmother of Sarah, Duchess of York. Diana, Princess of Wales, is one of her great-great-great-nieces.Early life, marriage, and familyLouisa JaneHamilton was born on Friday 26 August 1836 in Brighton, Sussex, England, the third child of fourteen born to James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn, and theformer Lady Louisa Russell, daughter of John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford.She married William Montagu Douglas Scott, Earl of Dalkeith, on 22 November 1859 inLondon. Lord Dalkeith was the eldest son of the Walter Montagu Douglas Scott, 5th Duke of Buccleuch, and his wife, the former Lady Charlotte Thynne. They hadsix sons and two daughters:Walter Henry Montagu Douglas Scott, Earl of Dalkeith (17 January 1861 – 18 September 1886)John Charles Montagu Douglas Scott,7th Duke of Buccleuch (30 March 1864 – 19 October 1935)Lord George William Montagu Douglas Scott (31 August 1866 – 23 February 1947); married on 30April 1903 Lady Elizabeth Emily Manners (daughter of John Manners, 7th Duke of Rutland and Janetta Hughan) and had issueLord Henry Francis Montagu DouglasScott (15 January 1868 – 19 April 1945)Lord Herbert Andrew Montagu Douglas Scott (30 November 1872 – 17 June 1944); married 26 April 1905 MarieJosephine Edwards and had issue, maternal grandfather of Sarah, Duchess of YorkLady Katharine Mary Montagu Douglas Scott (25 March 1875 – 7 March 1951);married Thomas Brand, 3rd Viscount Hampden, and had issueLady Constance Anne Montagu Douglas Scott (10 March 1877 – 7 May 1970); married on 21January 1908 The Hon. Douglas Halyburton Cairns (son of Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns and Mary Harriet McNeill) and had issueLord Francis George MontaguDouglas Scott (1 November 1879 – 26 July 1952); married on 11 February 1915 Lady Eileen Nina Evelyn Sibell Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound (daughter of GilbertElliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto, and Lady Mary Caroline Grey) and had issueCareerShe served as Mistress of the Robes to Queen Victoria from 1885– 1892 (Conservative), and again from 1895 – 1901. She was appointed Mistress of the Robes to Queen Alexandra in 1901, a position in which she served untilher death in 1912.DeathThe duchess died on Saturday 16 March 1912, in her 76th year, at Dalkeith Palace, Midlothian, Scotland.  She was survived by herhusband, and six of her children and their families.She was buried on Wednesday 20 March 1912 in the Buccleuch family crypt in St. Mary's Church, DalkeithPalace, Midlothian, Scotland.Titles, styles, and honours16 April 1884 – 1912: The Duchess of Buccleuch and QueensberryHonours1885: Invested as Lady, RoyalOrder of Victoria and Albert (VA), 3rd Class1885 – 1892 and 1895 – 1901:  Mistress of the Robes to Queen Victoria1901 – 1912: Mistress of the Robes to QueenAlexandraAncestryPassage 4:Hubba bint HulailHubba bint Hulail (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) was the grandmother of Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf, thus thegreat-great-great-grandmother of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.BiographyHubbah was the daughter of Hulail ibn Hubshiyyah ibn Salul ibn Ka’b ibn Amral-Khuza’i of Banu Khuza'a who was the trustee and guardian of the Ka‘bah (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 'Cube'). She married Qusai ibn Kilab and after her fatherdied, the keys of the Kaaba were committed to her. Qusai, according to Hulail's will, had the trusteeship of the Kaaba after him.Hubbah never gave up ambitioushopes for the line of her favourite son Abd Manaf. Her two favourite grandsons were the twin sons Amr and Abd Shams, of ‘Ātikah bint Murrah. Hubbah hopedthat the opportunities missed by Abd Manaf would be made up for in these grandsons, especially Amr, who seemed much more suitable for the role than any ofthe sons of Abd al-Dar. He was dear to the ‘ayn (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, eye) of his grandmother Hubbah.FamilyQusai ibn Kilab had four sons by Hubbah: Abd-al-Daribn Qusai dedicated to his house, Abdu’l Qusayy dedicated to himself, Abd-al-Uzza ibn Qusai to his goddess (Al-‘Uzzá) and Abd Manaf ibn Qusai to the idol reveredby Hubbah. They also had two daughters, Takhmur and Barrah. Abd Manaf's real name was 'Mughirah', and he also had the nickname 'al-Qamar' (the Moon)because he was handsome.Hubbah was related to Muhammad in more than one way. Firstly, she was the great-great-grandmother of his father Abdullah. Shewas also the great-grandmother of Umm Habib and Abdul-Uzza, respectively the maternal grandmother and grandfather of Muhammad's mother Aminah.Familytree* indicates that the marriage order is disputedNote that direct lineage is marked in bold.See alsoFamily tree of MuhammadList of notable HijazisPassage5:Margaret of France, Duchess of BerryMargaret of Valois, Duchess of Berry (French: Marguerite de Valois) (5 June 1523 – 15 September 1574) was Duchess ofSavoy by marriage to Duke Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy. She was the daughter of King Francis I of France and Claude, Duchess of Brittany.BiographyEarly"}
{"doc_id":"doc_143","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:War of the Buttons (1994 film)War of the Buttons is a 1994 comedy-drama adventure film directed by John Roberts. It was written by Colin Wellandand based on the French novel La Guerre des boutons, by Louis Pergaud. The story, about two rival boys' gangs in Ireland, the Ballys (working class) and theCarricks (middle class), is set in County Cork, where it was filmed on location.The film has been classified as a drama and comedy, and the tone is frequently lightand humorous. It examines issues of conflict and war, the actions and consequences of violence, and how it can divide and oppose people who can be friends aseasily as they can be enemies.PlotIn the Republic of Ireland in the 1960s, more precisely the centre of the bridge over the river that separates the Irish villages ofCarrickdowse and Ballydowse, there is a white line that few young people dare cross. The boys of each village spend most of their time trying to upstage theother, whether over the sale of hospital raffle tickets, or something more important, such as deciding who is a \"tosspot\" and who is not, or, for that matter,defining \"tosspot\". This \"War of the Buttons\", in which the buttons from the enemies clothes are captured, has gone on as long as the youths can remember, and\"to the death\", though rarely does either group hurt more than its pride.The leader of the Ballys is Fergus (Gregg Fitzgerald), the son of a pauper family and anunpromising student who lives in a trailer on the edge of Ballydowse with his mother and abusive stepfather. What Fergus lacks in education, he makes up for inleadership, and the youth of Ballydowse will follow him anywhere. The members of the Ballys include Marie (Eveanna Ryan), the narrator, who revisits hermemories of what happened from her adult viewpoint. The leader of the Carricks is Jerome (John Coffey), the son of a wealthy family. He is nicknamed Geronimoafter the Apache tribal chief.The story explores how events escalate, gang class differences (the original and main incentive for their war), Fergus's troubles withhis oppressive environment, conflicts that arise when the adults of the villages discover the feud, and conflicts within the Ballys. Their tactics to \"win\" the war,including a nude ambush of their enemies, are shown in great detail. After a series of battles, Fergus denounces Riley (Thomas Kavanagh) as a traitor to thecause before the final showdown which has the Ballys attacking an abandoned castle ruin defended by the Carricks. The Carricks lose, and, taken prisoner,Geronimo himself cuts off his buttons and gives them to Fergus. While the Ballys celebrate in their headquarters, Geronimo, driving Riley's father's tractor like atank, levels the Bally clubhouse. This puts a bitter end to the War of the Buttons.Finally fed up, the towns' adults, including Geronimo's father (Colm Meaney) andFergus' abusive stepfather (Jim Bartley), reclaim their children. Fergus runs off to the mountains, where Geronimo follows him in an unspoken gesture ofsolidarity. After being captured, the two boys are put in the church orphanage, where they put aside their differences and become best friends. Marie narrates thecoda, expressing that she married one of the boys, and that the other became the couple's closest friend, but she does not reveal whom she chose towed.CastLiam Cunningham as The MasterGregg Fitzgerald as FergusColm Meaney as Geronimo's DadGer Ryan as Fergus' MomBackgroundThe film's story isbased on the novel La Guerre des boutons, written by Louis Pergaud and published in 1912. Pergaud's popular book has been reprinted more than 30 times. Ithas been adapted as film for the first time in the French productions La Guerre des gosses (1936) (fr) and La Guerre des boutons (War of the Buttons, 1962), thelatter a black and white film directed by Yves Robert.The Irish screenplay was written by Colin Welland and the movie was directed by John Roberts. The producerDavid Puttnam and Welland had worked earlier on the Academy Award-winning Chariots of Fire. This was their second film together. The movie starred a youngAlan Maguire, the actor from Corofin, Co. Clare.During the same week in September 2011, two new French film adaptations of the novel were released: War ofthe Buttons, directed by Yann Samuell, set in the 1950s with the Algerian War as backdrop, and War of the Buttons, directed by Christophe Barratier and setduring World War II in Occupied France.Passage 2:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museumdirector who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museumof Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United Statesafter leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum ofArt. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was bornin Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied bothart history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester BeattyLibrary (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was AssistantDirector at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of theCouncil of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery ofAustralia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad,increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years ofthe museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During hisdirectorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initialdesign for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was notdelivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art,including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museumby acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; andthe Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King EdwardTerrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGAfrom 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too closeto the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitionsat the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging toCharles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which usedelephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was\"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events inNew York had \"obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedywas also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA'soccupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003.Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He becamea joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintingsand sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in thefield of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read,understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of awebsite, www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so.Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest inexpanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy andMary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During histenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exportedprior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), anIndian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum ofArt in July 2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bringgreater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and"}
{"doc_id":"doc_144","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Jesse E. HobsonJesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955. Prior to SRI, he wasthe director of the Armour Research Foundation.Early life and educationHobson was born in Marshall, Indiana. He received bachelor's and master's degrees inelectrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology. Hobson was also selected as anationally outstanding engineer.Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children.CareerAwards and membershipsHobson wasnamed an IEEE Fellow in 1948.Passage 2:Edmond T. GrévilleEdmond T. Gréville (born Edmond Gréville Thonger; 20 June 1906  – 26 May 1966) was a French filmdirector and screenwriter. He was married to the actress Vanda Gréville.CareerGréville began his career as a film journalist and critic. In parallel with a few actingperformances in some silent films and in the first talkie of René Clair, Sous les toits de Paris (1930), he directed his first short films. His first experience ofdirecting had been on the shooting of Abel Gance's Napoléon in 1927. He had then worked as an assistant director, notably on the English film Piccadilly,L'Arlésienne (directed by Jacques de Baroncelli), Augusto Genina's  Miss Europe (with Louise Brooks) and  Abel Gance's La Fin du Monde. Between 1930 and 1940he directed several French films:Le Train des suicidés (1931)Remous (1934) with Françoise Rosay, a social-realist film on the sensitive sexual issue of impotence,and released in the US in November 1939 under title Whirlpool of Desire after a legal battle over U.S. censorshipTwo comedy musical films Princesse Tam Tam(1935) with Josephine Baker, and Gypsy Melody (1936), with Lupe Vélez.In Britain again, he filmed Under Secret Orders (1937) with Dita Parlo and John Loder(1937), the English-language version of G. W. Pabst's Mademoiselle Docteur. Gréville also directed Menaces (1938) with Mireille Balin and Erich von Stroheim,with von Stroheim playing an Austrian refugee who commits suicide following the Anschluss. With a heavy atmosphere charged with eroticism which characterizeshis films, Gréville imposed his independence and original style on the cinema of the time.He stopped directing films during the Second World War and theOccupation - xenophobia and anti-Semitism ruined or put a stop to some careers, among film-makers those of Léonide Moguy and Pierre Chenal for example,both French Jews, and the half-British Gréville, and took away production and distribution companies belonging to Jews like the father and son distributorsSiriztky.In 1948 he made a film on the subject of resistance and collaboration in the Anglo-Dutch film Niet tevergeefs/But Not in Vain. The same year he made afilm with Carole Landis, Noose, released in the U.S. as The Silk Noose. In House on the Waterfront (1954) he directed Jean Gabin as a captain confronted by anunscrupulous smuggler and torn by his love for a young woman who is also loved by a younger man.In Gréville's last years he made Beat Girl (1959) with AdamFaith and a horror film The Hands of Orlac (1960) with Mel Ferrer. His last film was L'Accident (1963) with Magali Noël based on a Frédéric David novel.PersonallifeGréville was born in June 1906 in Nice, France, the adopted son of Franco-British parents. In May 1966, he died in hospital in Nice, thought to be the result ofcomplications following a car accident. It was subsequently discovered through the 23andMe genetic testing of his daughter and grandson in 2017, that he wasAshkenazim Jewish, likely from the area of Odessa, based on the present whereabouts of  his closest genetic relations today. Family speculation suggests that hisparents fled the 1905 Russian pogrom to Marseilles, where he may have been discovered in the Nice hospital his English father, a Salvation Army colonel andProtestant pastor, was associated with. His true origin and that of his biological parents, remains a mystery.Selected filmographyThe Train of Suicides (1931)TheTriangle of Fire (1932)Merchant of Love (1935)Gypsy Melody (1936)Brief Ecstasy (1937)Secret Lives (1937)What a Man! (1938)A Woman in the Night(1943)Dorothy Looks for Love (1945)But Not in Vain (1948)The Other Side of Paradise (1953)House on the Waterfront (1955)The Accident (1963)Passage3:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodictelevision and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky &Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980),A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", written byhis wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor inseveral Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into theArmy. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the PacificResident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also anassociate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 4:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the SamSpiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Filmand Television. She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director DediBaron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and TelevisionSchool, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and toRenen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at theBerlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Sabamunicipality. The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educationalcommunity activities.Blankstein directed the mini-series \"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.InNovember 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam SpiegelInternational Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in eastJerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debutfilm, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)Passage 5:Michael GovanMichael Govan (born 1963) is the director of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.Prior to his current position, Govan worked as the director of the Dia Art Foundation in New York City.Early life and educationGovan was born in 1963 in NorthAdams, Massachusetts, and was raised in the Washington D.C. area, attending Sidwell Friends School.He majored in art history and fine arts at Williams College,where he met Thomas Krens, who was then director of the Williams College Museum of Art. Govan became closely involved with the museum, serving as actingcurator as an undergraduate. After receiving his B.A. from Williams in 1985, Govan began an MFA in fine arts from the University of California, SanDiego.CareerAs a twenty-five year old graduate student, Govan was recruited by his former mentor at Williams, Thomas Krens, who in 1988 had been appointeddirector of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. Govan served as deputy director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum under Krens from 1988 to 1994, aperiod that culminated in the construction and opening of the Frank Gehry designed Guggenheim branch in Bilbao, Spain. Govan supervised the reinstallation ofthe museum's permanent collection galleries after its extensive renovation.Dia Art FoundationFrom 1994 to 2006, Govan was president and director of Dia ArtFoundation in New York City. There, he spearheaded the conversion of a Nabisco box factory into the 300,000 square foot Dia:Beacon in New York's HudsonValley, which houses Dia's collection of art from the 1960s to the present. Built in a former Nabisco box factory, the critically acclaimed museum has beencredited with catalyzing a cultural and economic revival within the formerly factory-based city of Beacon. Dia's collection nearly doubled in size during Govan'stenure, but he also came under criticism for \"needlessly and permanently\" closing Dia's West 22nd Street building. During his time at Dia, Govan also workedclosely with artists James Turrell and Michael Heizer, becoming an ardent supporter of Roden Crater and City, the artists' respective site-specific land art projectsunder construction in the American southwest. Govan successfully lobbied Washington to have the 704,000 acres in central Nevada surrounding City declared anational monument in 2015.LACMAIn February 2006, a search committee composed of eleven LACMA trustees, led by the late Nancy M. Daly, recruited Govan torun the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Govan has stated that he was drawn to the role not only because of LACMA's geographical distance from its Europeanand east coast peers, but also because of the museum's relative youth, having been established in 1961. \"I felt that because of this newness I had theopportunity to reconsider the museum,\" Govan has written, \"[and] Los Angeles is a good place to do that.\"Govan has been widely regarded for transformingLACMA into both a local and international landmark. Since Govan's arrival, LACMA has acquired by donation or purchase over 27,000 works for the permanentcollection, and the museum's gallery space has almost doubled thanks to the addition of two new buildings designed by Renzo Piano, the Broad Contemporary ArtMuseum (BCAM) and the Lynda and Stewart Resnick Pavilion. LACMA's annual attendance has grown from 600,000 to nearly 1.6 million in 2016.ArtistcollaborationsSince his arrival, Govan has commissioned exhibition scenography and gallery designs in collaboration with artists. In 2006, for example, Govaninvited LA artist John Baldessari to design an upcoming exhibition about the Belgian surrealist René Magritte, resulting in a theatrical show that reflected thetwisted perspective of the latter's topsy-turvy world. Baldessari has also designed LACMA's logo. Since then, Govan has also commissioned Cuban-American artist"}
{"doc_id":"doc_145","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Young and Dangerous: The PrequelYoung and Dangerous: The Prequel (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) is a 1998 Hong Kong crime film directed by Andrew Lau. It is the second prequel in the Young and Dangerous film series.The film shows Chan Ho-nam (Nicholas Tse), Big Head (Daniel Wu), Chow Pan (Benjamin Yuen), Chicken Chiu (Sam Lee), and their friends being recruited by Uncle Bee (Ng Chi-Hung) and joining the \"Hung Hing\" triad.CastNicholas Tse as Chan Ho-namDaniel Wu as Big HeadFrancis Ng as Ugly KwanShu Qi as FeiSam Lee as ChickenSandra Ng as Sister 13 (cameo)Kristy Yang as Yung (cameo)Benjamin Yuen as Chow PanNotesBecause he was only 17, and born on 29 August 1980, Nicholas Tse is not allowed to watch the movie when the movie opens in Hong Kong cinemas on 5 June 1998 because this movie is classified as Category III, which is a restricted category in the Hong Kong motion picture rating system and the category is strictly for persons aged 18 and above only.The story retcons the flashback from the first film, taking place in 1988 rather than 1985.Awards and nominations18th Hong Kong Film AwardsWon: Best New Performer (Nicholas Tse)External linksYoung and Dangerous: The Prequel at IMDbPassage 2:Hanuman Patal VijayHanuman Patal Vijay (Hindi: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, \"Hanuman's Victory Over Hell\") is a 1951 Hindi mythological film directed by Homi Wadia for his Basant Pictures banner. Meena Kumari starred in this devotional film with S. N. Tripathi playing Hanuman. Following her career as a child actress, Meena Kumari did heroine roles in mythologies made by Basant Pictures and directed by Homi Wadia. She had an extremely successful career for some years playing goddesses before her big commercial break in Baiju Bawra (1951). S. N. Tripathi, besides acting in the film, also composed the music. His costars were Meena Kumari, Mahipal, Niranjan Sharma, Dalpat and Amarnath.The story was about Hanuman's devotion to Ram and his battle with the two demon brothers Ahiravan and Mahiravan.PlotThe story is about Hanuman and his confrontations with The King of Patal, Ahiravan, and his brother Mahiravan, who have been asked by Ravan to kill Ram and Lakshman. Mahiravana kidnaps Naga princess chandrasena who is devoted to Rama. The film follows Hanuman's encounter with Makari, the daughter of the sea, who wants to marry him, but instead through the swallowing of a bead of his sweat she gives birth to Makardhwaj who guards the gates of Patal (Hell) where Ram and Lakshman are taken when kidnapped. Hanuman gets the better of Makardhwaj and rescues Ram and Lakshman. A major battle ensues and Ahiravan and Mahiravan are killed, but somehow they keep regenerating. Hanuman manages to find out the secret of their regeneration and puts a stop to it with the help of Ahiravan's wife Chandrasena. In the end, Rama tells Chandrasena that he will marry her in Dvapara Yuga when he will incarnate as Krishna and marry her as satyabhama.CastMeena KumariMahipalS. N. TripathiShanta KunwarVimalDalpatH. PrakashKanta KumarNiranjan SharmaBimlaAmarnathMusicSonglist.RemakeIt was remade in 1974 as Hanuman Vijay directed by Babubhai Mistri.Passage 3:Young and Dangerous 3Young and Dangerous 3 (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) is a 1996 Hong Kong triad film directed by Andrew Lau. It is the second sequel in the Young and Dangerous film series.   Starting from this movie, it is distributed by Golden Harvest Company.PlotWeeks after Chan Ho Nam (Ekin Cheng) is elected branch leader of Causeway Bay of the \" Hung Hing\" Society, \"Chicken\" Chiu (Jordan Chan), best friends Banana Skin (Jason Chu), Pou-pei (Jerry Lamb), Dai Tin-yee (Michael Tse) and K.K. (Halina Tam) after joining the Taiwanese \"San Luen\" triad, is reinstated into Hung Hing by Chairman Chiang Tin Sung (Simon Yam). At the same time, rival triad \"Tung Sing\", led by \"Camel\" Lok (Chan Wai Man) begins to make a name for itself, establishing bars and clubs alongside Hung Hing's areas of operations. Things become heated when Tung Sing member \"Crow\" (Roy Cheung) fuels a deep-seated rivalry between him and Ho Nam, with the threat of open war between the two societies. Meanwhile, Ho Nam's stuttering girlfriend Smartie (Gigi Lai), who was critically injured in a vehicular accident and slipped into a coma, reawakens but with no prior memories to her meeting with Ho Nam for the first time. Regardless, Ho Nam assures her he and his friends will protect her. To add in a stick of comedy, Father \" Lethal Weapon\" Lam (Spencer Lam) introduces his daughter Shuk Fan (Karen Mok) to Chicken, having been good friends and a source of advice for him.During a business trip to Amsterdam with his mistress and Ho Nam, Chairman Chiang is assassinated by thugs. While the rest of Hung Hing believes the hit was orchestrated by Ho Nam, it is the deranged Crow who ordered the chairman's death, using Chiang's mistress to falsify evidence, framing Ho Nam. While Ho Nam goes into hiding back in Hong Kong, Crow is reprimanded by Camel; to add to his insanity, Crow kills his own boss and makes it look like a Hung Hing assassination. Drunk with power, Crow wants nothing more than to destroy Hung Hing and orders his men to search frantically for Ho Nam, who is quick to realize the ambush and escapes with Smartie, until Crow's men manages to separate the two. In their attempt, Smartie is captured but suffers a blow to the head, restoring her memories. Crow tells Ho Nam if he wants his name cleared and his woman back, he must meet him alone.Yet, the crazed Crow does not keep his word and kills Smartie in cold blood in front of Ho Nam. Just as Crow is about to finish him, Chicken bursts in and reaches a stalemate with Crow to ensure Ho Nam's safety. The saddened Ho Nam carries Smartie's body out with him and gives her a proper funeral. Now fueled solely on vengeance, Ho Nam decides to march into Tung Sing territory and kill Crow at Camel's funeral haphazardly. Ho Nam's friends and the rest of Hung Hing manage to capture and threaten Tung Sing member \"Tiger\" (Ng Chi Hung), who tells all of Crow's madness in killing both their societies' leaders. Crow is left nowhere to run from his enemies, and in the midst of a Hung Hing/Tung Sing brawl, he is killed in the funeral pyre. With Crow dead, Tung Sing is left in disarray, and Hung Hing re-establishes control in its territories.CastSee alsoYoung and DangerousExternal linksYoung and Dangerous 3 at IMDbPassage 4:Shri Ganesh MahimaShri Ganesh Mahima also called Shri Krishna Vivah is a 1950 Hindi  mythological film directed by Homi Wadia. The film was made under Wadia's Basant Pictures Banner with music composed by S. N. Tripathi. Meena Kumari, after her career as a child artist, started doing adult roles as heroines in mythologicals and fantasy genres before she made it in mainstream cinema with Baiju Bawra (1952). The cast included Meena Kumari, Mahipal, S. N. Tripathi, Amarnath and Dalpat. It's a side story and indirect sequel to Hanuman Patal Vijay.PlotGanesha curses Chandra (Moon) for his vanity when he laughs at him. On asking forgiveness the curse is changed so that the effect occurs  only on the auspicious day of Ganesh Chaturthi.  Anyone looking at the moon will fall prey to false charges. Lord Krishna (Mahipal) looks at the moon and is accused of having stolen the Syamantaka Mani by Satrajit whose daughter Satyabhama (Meena Kumari) is keen on marrying Krishna. The film follows the fight between Lord Krishna and Jambavan for twenty-one days, with the recovery of the jewel and his marriage to Satyabhama.CastMeena Kumari as SatyabhamaMahipal as Lord KrishnaS. N. TripathiIndira BilliMoolchandVimalMangalaDalpatAmarnathBox-OfficeThe film did not strictly adhere to the telling of Ganesha's story from the classics but focused on a particular incident covering Lord Krishna. It attracted media publicity and became successful at the box-office \" breaking box-office records\".RemakesIt was remade in Telugu as Vinayaka Chavithi 1957 with NTR playing his iconic role, character of Krishna and in Hindi once again as Shree Ganesh in 1962 by Babubhai Mistry, with Mahipal reprising his iconic role as Lord Krishna, the actor who had played Satrajit, also reprised his role. The song Surya Dev Dinesh Hai, which played during Satrajit worship of Lord Surya was reused in that movie. In both remakes, Krishna Kumari starred as Rukmini.Ot was remade again in 1977 as Jai Dwarkadheesh, by Sushil Gupta, to serve as sequel to prequel remake Hanuman Vijay which also retained ensemble same cast, starring Ashish Kumar, Kanan Kaushal, Radha Saluja, Jayshree T, Manher Desai, Anita Guha, Hercules, B M Vyas, Bharat Bhushan, S.N.Tripati.Director: . MusicThe film had music directed by S. N. Tripathi and lyrics by Ramesh Pandey. The main singers were Mohammed Rafi and Geeta Dutt.Song listPassage 5:Young and Dangerous 4Young and Dangerous 4 (Chinese: 97\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; Literal Title 97 Wise Guys: No War Cannot Be Won) is a 1997 Hong Kong triad film directed by Andrew Lau. It is the third sequel to the Young and Dangerous film series.SynopsisThe film opens in 1996. It begins with the wedding of Dai Tin Yee and his girlfriend. At the wedding, Chan Ho Nam agrees to travel to Thailand with the other branch leaders of Hung Hing in order to try and recruit Chiang Tin Yeung to lead the Hung Hing triad. While 6 of the 12 branch leaders are in Thailand, Dinosaur, back in Hong Kong, who leads the Tuen Mun area for Hung Hing is assassinated by being thrown over a building by Tiger of rival gang Tung Sing society. The following day, Chan Ho Nam and his fellow leaders in Thailand learn of Dinosaur's demise and agree to elect a new branch leader for the Tuen Mun area. The two nominees are Barbarian (Dinosaur's right-hand man) and Chicken San Gai (Chan Ho Nam's right-hand man). Chan Ho Nam warns Chicken of the dangers of running for branch leader but Chicken chooses to run anyway, causing a feud among their friendship. Meanwhile, Chiang Tin Yeung agrees to head back to Hong Kong to lead the Hung Hing society. He declares that Barbarian and Chicken are given a time period to prove themselves worthy of leading Tuen Muen for Hung Hing. Barbarian gets support from Fatty Lai, the branch leader of North Point, and it's revealed that Fatty Lai's printing studio was once nearly burnt under the orders of Uncle Bee by Chan Ho Nam, which made them enemies. Meanwhile Chicken also gets support from Ben Hon, Sister 13, Tai Fei, and Prince.Back in Hong Kong, Shuk Fan begins her career as a teacher with the worst students in the high school and she is able to temporarily befriend them. She also introduces her colleague Yan Yan to Chan Ho Nam, who lost his girlfriend previously. Chan Ho Nam lies to Yan Yan, saying that he's a tutorial teacher. Meanwhile, Chicken is fighting an uphill battle for his candidacy for Tuen Mun. Barbarian, who is a local of Tuen Mun, already has the upper hand in terms of support from the locals. Chicken tries to throw parties, but no one attends as everyone else is at Barbarian's party. At every turn, Chicken is continuously humiliated by Barbarian. Barbarian even has help from Tiger of rival gang Tung Sing. Tiger provides Barbarian with his wisdom, support, and money. He hopes to gain his own control of the Tuen Muen area with his own society with Barbarian as his puppet.All of Chicken's supporters come "}
{"doc_id":"doc_146","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Goose WomanThe Goose Woman is a 1925 American silent drama film directed by Clarence Brown and starring Louise Dresser with Jack Pickfordas her son. The film was released by Universal Pictures.The Rex Beach short story is based in part on the then already sensational Hall-Mills murder case in whicha woman named Jane Gibson is described as a pig woman because of the pigs she raised on her property.PlotAs described in a film magazine reviews, operasinger Mary Holmes loses her voice as a result of giving birth to a boy, and develops an intense dislike of her offspring. She becomes a victim of drink, living alonein a shabby cottage and raises geese. Her son wins the love of Hazel Woods, a young actress, who repulsed the vicious advances of a millionaire theatre-owner.The latter is murdered. To gain publicity, Mary invents a wild story about having witnessed the murder. The district attorney furnishes her with fine clothes,reveals her identity as a former stage star, and she is the sensation of the day. However, the details she concocts about the crime cause her son’s arrest.Confronted with him, she experiences a sudden awakening of mother-love and confesses that her story is false. It transpires that the theatre doorman is theguilty person. The son is cleared and faces a happy future with his reformed parent and Hazel.CastReceptionBoth critics and audiences favorably received thefilm. The Goose Woman was remade in 1933 as The Past of Mary Holmes featuring Helen MacKellar and Jean Arthur.Passage 2:You Can No Longer RemainSilentYou Can No Longer Remain Silent (German: Du darfst nicht länger schweigen) is a 1955 West German romantic drama film directed by Robert A. Stemmleand starring Heidemarie Hatheyer, Wilhelm Borchert and Werner Hinz. It is based on the 1929 novel  Morning of Life by Kristmann Gudmundsson. It is setamongst feuding Scandinavian fishing families.It was shot at the Tempelhof Studios in Berlin with location shooting around in Sweden around Gothenburg. Thefilm's sets were designed by the art directors Helmut Nentwig and Karl Weber.CastPassage 3:The Goose Girl (1957 film)The Goose Girl (German: DieGänsemagd) is a 1957 West German family film directed by Fritz Genschow and starring Rita-Maria Nowotny, Renée Stobrawa and Renate Fischer. It is based onthe fairy tale The Goose Girl by the Brothers Grimm.CastRita-Maria Nowotny as Prinzessin RosemargretRenée Stobrawa as Königin-MutterRenate Fischer asMalice - KammermädchenGünter Hertel as Prinz FriedbertAlexander Welbat as Hinz - ReitburscheWolfgang Draeger as Kunz - ReitburscheFritz GenschowTheodorVogelerPeter HackPassage 4:Clarence BrownClarence Leon Brown (May 10, 1890 – August 17, 1987) was an American film director.Early lifeBorn in Clinton,Massachusetts, to Larkin Harry Brown, a cotton manufacturer, and Katherine Ann Brown (née Gaw), Brown moved to Tennessee when he was 11 years old. Heattended Knoxville High School and the University of Tennessee, both in Knoxville, Tennessee, graduating from the university at the age of 19 with two degrees inengineering. An early fascination in automobiles led Brown to a job with the Stevens-Duryea Company, then to his own Brown Motor Car Company in Alabama.He later abandoned the car dealership after developing an interest in motion pictures around 1913. He was hired by the Peerless Studio at Fort Lee, New Jersey,and became an assistant to the French-born director Maurice Tourneur.CareerAfter serving as a fighter pilot and flight instructor in the United States Army AirService during World War I, Brown was given his first co-directing credit (with Tourneur) for The Great Redeemer (1920). Later that year, he directed a majorportion of The Last of the Mohicans after Tourneur was injured in a fall.Brown moved to Universal in 1924, and then to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, where he remaineduntil the mid-1950s. At MGM he was one of the main directors of their major female stars; he directed Joan Crawford six times and Greta Garbo seven.Brown wasnominated six times (see below) for an Academy Award as a director, but he never received an Oscar. However, he won Best Foreign Film for Anna Karenina,starring Garbo at the 1935 Venice International Film Festival.Brown's films gained a total of 38 Academy Award nominations and earned nine Oscars. Brownhimself received six Academy Award nominations and in 1949, he won the British Academy Award for the film version of William Faulkner's Intruder in the Dust.In1957, Brown was awarded The George Eastman Award, given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film. Brown retired a wealthyman due to his real estate investments, but refused to watch new movies, as he feared they might cause him to restart his career.The Clarence Brown Theater,on the campus of the University of Tennessee, is named in his honor. He holds the record for most nominations for the Academy Award for Best Director without awin, with six.Personal lifeClarence Brown was married four times. His first marriage was to Paula Herndon Pratt in 1913, which lasted until their divorce in 1920.The couple produced a daughter, Adrienne Brown.His second marriage was to Ona Wilson, which lasted from 1922 until their divorce in 1927.He was engaged toDorothy Sebastian and Mona Maris, although he did not marry either of them, with Maris later saying she ended their relationship because she had her \"own ideasof marriage then.\"He married his third wife, Alice Joyce, in 1933 and they divorced in 1945.His last marriage was to Marian Spies in 1946, which lasted until hisdeath in 1987.DeathBrown died at the Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica, California from kidney failure on August 17, 1987, at the age of 97. He isinterred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.On February 8, 1960, Brown received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1752 Vine Street, forhis contributions to the motion pictures industry.Selected filmographyDirectorTrilby (1915)The Law of the Land (1917)The Blue Bird (1918)The Great Redeemer(1920)The Last of the Mohicans (1920)The Foolish Matrons (1921)The Light in the Dark (1922)Don't Marry for Money (1923)The Acquittal (1923)ActorThe SignalTower (1924) – Switch ManBen-Hur (1925) – Chariot Race Spectator (uncredited)Navy Blues (1929) – Roller Coaster Rider (uncredited)Possessed (1931) – Manon Merry-Go-Round (uncredited) (final film role)NotesPassage 5:Bill SalugaWilliam Saluga (September 16, 1937 – March 28, 2023) was an American comedianand founding member of the improvisational comedy troupe Ace Trucking Company. He appeared on several television programs, including Seinfeld.EarlylifeSaluga was born on September 16, 1937 in Youngstown, Ohio. When Saluga was 10, his father was killed in an industrial accident at the Republic Steel Millwhere he worked and his mother supported the family by working as a bookkeeper. Saluga, known as \"Billy\" to his friends and family, was a high schoolcheerleader and class clown. After graduation, he served two years in the Navy and then began working as a performer in local theaters.CareerSaluga spentseveral years performing in Youngstown, Ohio theaters and clubs. He played numerous roles in notable productions, including Guys and Dolls and Inherit theWind. Saluga became a talent coordinator for the Steve  Allen show in the late 1960s. in 1969, he created the \"Johnson\" character while a member of the comedictroupe Ace Trucking Company.Saluga's shtick as the character \"Johnson\" would be, when someone would refer to him as \"Mr. Johnson\" or by the common genericnickname \"Johnson,\" to exaggeratedly feign offense and list off all permutations of the name Raymond J. Johnson Jr. and nicknames thereof that do not mentionthe word \"Johnson:\"\"NOOO!!! You don't have to call me Johnson! My name is Raymond J. Johnson Jr.  Now you can call me Ray, or you can call me J, or you cancall me Johnny, or you can call me Sonny, or you can call me Junie, or you can call me Junior; now you can call me Ray J, or you can call me RJ, or you can callme RJJ, or you can call me RJJ Jr. . . but you doesn't hasta call me Johnson!\" Saluga would then smugly turn away and begin puffing on his cigar. Saluga's routinereceived more widespread attention in the late 1970s after being used in a series of commercials for Miller Lite beer, and subsequently, in the early 1980s forAnheuser-Busch Natural Light beer. Saluga appeared alongside comedian/pitchman Norm Crosby echoing (in a roundabout way) Norm's advice to unknowingcustomers on how to more easily order the lengthily-named beer: \"Well, y'doesn't hasta call it Anheuser Busch Natural Light Beer, and y'doesn't hasta call it'Busch Natural.'  Just say 'Natural!'\" Saluga then later launches into the \"You can call me Ray\" routine after Crosby warns not to ask Johnson his name.From 1977to 1978, Saluga appeared regularly as Raymond J. Johnson Jr. on Redd Foxx's eponymous variety show. Saluga as Johnson also made appearances on This IsTom Jones, Laugh-In  and The David Steinberg Show. He also made appearances on Chuck Barris' The Gong Show during 1977 and 1978.A novelty disco singlecalled \"Dancin' Johnson,\" based around Johnson's schtick, was released in 1978. a 1978 episode of Good Times contained a scene where Keith (while intoxicated)recited \"You can call me Ray, or you can call me J\" which was at the height of its popularity for the saying.Bob Dylan referenced the \"you may call me\" schtick inhis 1979 hit, \"Gotta Serve Somebody,\" when he sings, \"You may call me Terry, you may call me Timmy / You may call me Bobby, you may call me Zimmy / Youmay call me R.J., you may call me Ray / You may call me anything, but no matter what you say / You’re gonna have to serve somebody.\" The idea for the verseoriginated from Jerry Wexler, who suggested it during the recording sessions for Slow Train Coming.The character's popularity is referenced in multiple episodesof The Simpsons, with Saluga appearing as himself in the 2002 episode \"The Old Man and the Key\". Saluga also appeared as Johnson in the 2010 King of the Hillepisode \"Just Another Manic Kahn-Day\".Death and legacySaluga died of cardiopulmonary arrest in Los Angeles on March 28, 2023, at the age of 85. Saluga'snephew, Scott Saluga, told the media that his uncle was living in Burbank, California at the time of his death. Saluga did not have any surviving immediate familymembers.Saluga told friends he didn't mind being typecast and known to the public as Raymond Johnson. Comedian David Steinberg said that \"Billy was alwaysdoing Ray J. He was relentless with it. I would say 'Mr. Johnson' and Billy would be off. He did it everywhere. At parties. His timing and delivery were so funnyevery time.\"In 2017, Saluga said that people never recognized him outside his character and that it gave him great pleasure hearing people perform his shtick inhis presence without knowing who he was.BibliographySaluga, Bill (1982). Bill Saluga's Name Game Book. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0553207545.Passage 6:LaBestia humanaLa Bestia humana is a 1957 Argentine film whose story is based on the 1890 novel La Bête Humaine by the French writer Émile Zola.ExternallinksLa Bestia humana at IMDbPassage 7:Miloš ZličićMiloš Zličić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милош Зличић; born 29 December 1999) is a Serbian football forward who"}
{"doc_id":"doc_147","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Alexandru CristeaAlexandru Cristea (1890–1942) was the composer of the music for \"Limba Noastră\", current national anthem of Moldova.BiographyAchoir director, a composer and music teacher. Taught at the  \"Vasile Kormilov\" music school (1928) with Gavriil Afanasiu and the  \"Unirea\" Conservatory(1927–1929) in Chişinău with Alexandru Antonovschi (canto), he was the master of vocal music from Chişinău (1920–1940), professor of music and conductor ofthe choir in the boys gymnasium \"Ion Heliade Rădulescu\" in Bucure\u0000ti (1940–1941). Later, between 1941 and 1942, he directed the choir at the \"Queen MotherElena\" high school from Chişinău. In 1920, he was ordained as a deacon of the St. George Church in Chişinău, from 1927 to 1941 was a deacon holds theMetropolitan Cathedral of Chişinău.CreationHis main creation is considered the music for \"Limba Noastră\", current national anthem of Moldova, composed in thelyrics of the priest-poet Alexei Mateevici. He was awarded the “Răsplata muncii pentru biserică”.Passage 2:Pete TownshendPeter Dennis Blandford Townshend (;born 19 May 1945) is an English musician. He is the co-founder, leader, guitarist, second lead vocalist and principal songwriter of the Who, one of the mostinfluential rock bands of the 1960s and 1970s. Due to his aggressive playing style and innovative songwriting techniques, Townshend's works with the Who and inother projects have earned him critical acclaim.Townshend has written more than 100 songs for 12 of the Who's studio albums. These include concept albums,the rock operas Tommy (1969) and Quadrophenia (1973), plus popular rock radio staples such as Who's Next (1971); as well as dozens more that appeared asnon-album singles, bonus tracks on reissues, and tracks on rarities compilation albums such as Odds & Sods (1974). He has also written more than 100 songsthat have appeared on his solo albums, as well as radio jingles and television theme songs.While known primarily as a guitarist, Townshend also plays keyboards,banjo, accordion, harmonica, ukulele, mandolin, violin, synthesiser, bass guitar, and drums; he is self-taught on all of these instruments and plays on his ownsolo albums, several Who albums, and as a guest contributor to an array of other artists' recordings. Townshend has also contributed to and authored manynewspaper and magazine articles, book reviews, essays, books, and scripts, and he has collaborated as a lyricist and composer for many other musical acts. In1983, Townshend received the Brit Award for Lifetime Achievement and in 1990 he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Who.Townshend was ranked No. 3 in Dave Marsh's 1994 list of Best Guitarists in The New Book of Rock Lists. In 2001, he received a Grammy Lifetime AchievementAward as a member of the Who; and in 2008 he received Kennedy Center Honors. He was ranked No. 10 in Gibson.com's 2011 list of the top 50 guitarists, andNo. 10 in Rolling Stone's updated 2011 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. He and Roger Daltrey received The George and Ira Gershwin Award forLifetime Musical Achievement at UCLA on 21 May 2016.Early life and educationTownshend was born in Chiswick, West London, at the Chiswick Hospital,Netheravon Road, in the UK. He came from a musical family: his father, Cliff Townshend, was a professional alto saxophonist in the Royal Air Force's dance bandthe Squadronaires and his mother, Betty (née Dennis), was a singer with the Sydney Torch and Les Douglass Orchestras. The Townshends had a volatilemarriage, as both drank heavily and possessed fiery tempers. Cliff Townshend was often away from his family touring with his band while Betty carried on affairswith other men. The two split when Townshend was a toddler and he was sent to live with his maternal grandmother Emma Dennis, whom Pete later described as\"clinically insane\". The two-year separation ended when Cliff and Betty purchased a house together on Woodgrange Avenue in middle-class Acton, and the youngPete was happily reunited with his parents. His neighbourhood was one-third Polish, and a devout Jewish family upstairs shared their housing with them andcooking with them—many of his father's closest friends were Jewish.Townshend says he did not have many friends growing up, so he spent much of his boyhoodreading adventure novels like Gulliver's Travels and Treasure Island. He enjoyed his family's frequent excursions to the seaside and the Isle of Man. It was on oneof these trips in the summer of 1956 that he repeatedly watched the 1956 film Rock Around the Clock, sparking his fascination with American rock and roll. Notlong thereafter, he went to see Bill Haley perform in London, Townshend's first concert. At the time, he did not see himself pursuing a career as a professionalmusician; instead, he wanted to become a journalist.Upon passing the eleven-plus exam, Townshend was enrolled at Acton County Grammar School. At ActonCounty, he was frequently bullied because he had a large nose, an experience that profoundly affected him. His grandmother Emma purchased his first guitar forChristmas in 1956, an inexpensive Spanish model. Though his father taught him a couple of chords, Townshend was largely self-taught on the instrument andnever learned to read music. Townshend and school friend John Entwistle formed a short-lived trad jazz group, the Confederates, featuring Townshend on banjoand Entwistle on horns. The Confederates played gigs at the Congo Club, a youth club run by the Acton Congregational Church, and covered Acker Bilk, KennyBall, and Lonnie Donegan. However, both became influenced by the increasing popularity of rock 'n' roll, with Townshend particularly admiring Cliff Richard'sdebut single, \"Move It\". Townshend left the Confederates after getting into a fight with the group's drummer, Chris Sherwin, and purchased a \"reasonably goodCzechoslovakian guitar\" at his mother's antique shop.Townshend's brothers Paul and Simon were born in 1957 and 1960, respectively. Lacking the requisitegrades to attend university, Pete was faced with the decision of art school, music school, or getting a job. He ultimately chose to study graphic design at EalingArt College, enrolling in 1961. At Ealing, Townshend studied alongside future Rolling Stones guitarist Ronnie Wood. Notable artists and designers gave lectures atthe college such as auto-destructive art pioneer Gustav Metzger. Townshend dropped out in 1964 to focus on music full-time.Musical career1961–1964: theDetoursIn late 1961, Entwistle joined the Detours, a skiffle/rock and roll band, led by Roger Daltrey. The new bass player then suggested Townshend join as anadditional guitarist. In the early days of the Detours, the band's repertoire consisted of instrumentals by the Shadows and the Ventures, as well as pop and tradjazz covers. Their lineup coalesced around Roger Daltrey on lead guitar, Townshend on rhythm guitar, Entwistle on bass, Doug Sandom on drums, and ColinDawson as vocalist. Daltrey was considered the leader of the group and, according to Townshend, \"ran things the way he wanted them.\" Dawson quit in 1962after arguing too much with Daltrey, who subsequently moved to lead vocalist. As a result, Townshend, with Entwistle's encouragement, became the soleguitarist. Through Townshend's mother, the group obtained a management contract with local promoter Robert Druce, who started booking the band as a supportact for bands including Screaming Lord Sutch, Cliff Bennett and the Rebel Rousers, Shane Fenton and the Fentones, and Johnny Kidd and the Pirates. In 1963,Townshend's father arranged an amateur recording of \"It Was You\", the first song his son ever wrote. The Detours became aware of a group of the same name inFebruary 1964, forcing them to change their name. Townshend's roommate Richard Barnes came up with \"The Who\", and Daltrey decided it was the bestchoice.1964–1982: The WhoNot long after the name change, drummer Doug Sandom was replaced by Keith Moon, who had been drumming semi-professionallywith the Beachcombers for several years. The band was soon taken on by a mod publicist named Peter Meaden who convinced them to change their name to theHigh Numbers to give the band more of a mod feel. After bringing out one failed single (\"I'm the Face/Zoot Suit\"), they dropped Meaden and were signed on bytwo new managers, Chris Stamp and Kit Lambert, who had paired up with the intention of finding new talent and creating a documentary about them. The bandanguished over a name that all felt represented the band best, and dropped the High Numbers name, reverting to the Who. In June 1964, during a performanceat the Railway Tavern, Townshend accidentally broke the top of his guitar on the low ceiling and proceeded to destroy the entire instrument. The on-stagedestruction of instruments soon became a regular part of the Who's live shows.With the assistance of Lambert, the Who caught the ear of American recordproducer Shel Talmy, who had the band signed to a record contract. Townshend wrote a song, \"I Can't Explain\", as a deliberate sound-alike of the Kinks, anothergroup Talmy produced. Released as a single in January 1965, \"I Can't Explain\" was the Who's first hit, reaching number eight on the British charts. A follow-upsingle (\"Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere\"), credited to both Townshend and Daltrey, also reached the top 10 in the UK. However, it was the release of the Who's thirdsingle, \"My Generation\", in November that, according to Who biographer Mark Wilkerson, \"cemented their reputation as a hard-nosed band who reflected thefeelings of thousands of pissed-off adolescents at the time.\" The Townshend-penned single reached number two on the UK charts, becoming the Who's biggesthit. The song and its famous line \"I hope I die before I get old\" was \"very much about trying to find a place in society\", Townshend stated in an interview withDavid Fricke.To capitalise on their recent single success, the Who's debut album My Generation (The Who Sings My Generation in the US) was released in late1965, containing original material written by Townshend and several James Brown covers that Daltrey favoured. Townshend continued to write several successfulsingles for the band, including \"Pictures of Lily\", \"Substitute\", \"I'm a Boy\", and \"Happy Jack\". Lambert encouraged Townshend to write longer pieces of music forthe next album, which became \"A Quick One, While He's Away\". The album was subsequently titled A Quick One and reached No. 4 in the charts upon its releasein December 1966. In their stage shows, Townshend developed a guitar stunt in which he would swing his right arm against the guitar strings in a stylereminiscent of the vanes of a windmill. He developed this style after watching Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards warm up before a show.The Who commencedtheir first US tour on 22 March 1967. Townshend took to trashing his hotel suites, though not to the extent of his bandmate Moon. He also began experimentingwith LSD, though stopped taking the drug after receiving a potent hit after the Monterey Pop Festival on 18 June. Released in December, their next album wasThe Who Sell Out—a concept album based on pirate radio, which had been instrumental in raising the Who's popularity. It included several humorous jingles and"}
{"doc_id":"doc_148","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Popiel IPopiel I was a legendary ruler of Poland, member of the Popielids dynasty. According to the legends reported by Wincenty Kadłubek in hisChronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae, he was the son of Leszko III. Father of Popiel II.BibliographyJerzy Strzelczyk: Mity, podania i wierzeniadawnych Słowian. Poznań: Rebis, 2007. ISBN 978-83-7301-973-7.Jerzy Strzelczyk: Od Prasłowian do Polaków. Kraków: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, 1987.ISBN 83-03-02015-3.Passage 2:Beaulieu-sur-LoireBeaulieu-sur-Loire (French pronunciation: [boljø sy\u0000 lwa\u0000], literally Beaulieu on Loire) is a commune in theLoiret department in north-central France. It is the place of death of Jacques MacDonald, a French general who served in the Napoleonic Wars.PopulationSeealsoCommunes of the Loiret departmentPassage 3:Sermon of Zaynab bint Ali in the court of YazidSermon of Zaynab bint Ali in the court of Yazid  are thestatements made by Zaynab bint Ali in the presence of Yazid I in the aftermath of the Battle of Karbala when the captive family members of Muhammad, prophetof Islam, and the heads of those murdered were moved to the Levant (equivalent to the historical region of Syria) by the forces of Yazid I. Zaynab delivered adefiant sermon in the court of Yazid in which she humiliated Yazid and exposed his army's atrocities while honoring the Ahl al-Bayt and those killed in Karbala andexpounding upon the eternal consequences of the battle.Zaynab bint AliZaynab bint Ali (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) was one of the daughtersof Ali and Fatimah. Like other members of her family she became a great figure of sacrifice, strength, and piety in Islam – in both the Sunni and Shia sects of thereligion. Zaynab married Abdullah ibn Ja'far and had three sons and two daughters. When her brother Husayn defended Islam and opposed the tyranny of Yazidcaliph in 680 AD (61 AH), Zaynab accompanied his companions, 72 men who, together with Husayn, were brutally slain by government forces numbering 30,000men at the Battle of Karbala. Zaynab played an important role in disclosing the true events leading up to the massacre of the third Shia Imam Husayn, and hissupporters. She also protected the life of her nephew Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin, the fourth Shia Imam, as he lay seriously ill and unable to go to thebattlefield. Because of her sacrifice and heroism, she became known as the \"Hero of Karbala\". Zaynab died in 681, and her shrine is located in Damascus,Syria.BackgroundAfter the battle of Karbala the captured family of the prophet and the heads of those who were killed were taken to the Levant by the forces ofYazid. On the first day of the month of Safar, according to Turabi, they arrived in the Levant and the captured family and heads were taken into Yazid's presence.First, the identity of each head was told to him. Then he paid attention to a woman who was objecting. Yazid asked, \"Who is this arrogant woman?\" All theaudience paused for a moment. The woman rose to answer and said: \"Why are you asking them [the woman]? Ask me. I'll tell you [who I am]. I amMuhammad's granddaughter. I am Fatima's daughter.\" People at the court were impressed and amazed by her. According to the narration of Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid,in Yazid's presence a man with red skin asked Yazid for one of the captured women to be his slave. Yazid hit the lips and teeth of Hussein with his stick whilesaying: \"I wish those of my clan who were killed at Badr, and those who had seen the Khazraj clan wailing (in the battle of Uhad) on account of lancet wounds,were here. At this time, Zaynab bint Ali began to give her sermon.ContextZaynab bint Ali started her sermon with the praise of Allah:In the name of Allah, Themost Gracious, the most Merciful. All praise is due to Allah, the Lord of the worlds. May praise and salutations be upon my grandfather, the leader of Allah'smessengers and upon his progeny.God gives time to disbelieversVerse 178 of chapter of Al Imran was descended about polytheists of Mecca such as Abu Sufyanibn Harb. Zainab bint Ali once again relates this verse to Yazid, grandson of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb. She said: \"Do not be satisfied with this temporal achievement;this time passes quickly and Allah will punish you. You will be humiliated.\"As we see in the sermon:O Yazid! Do you think that we have become humble anddespicable owing to the martyrdom of our people and our own captivity? Do you think that by killing the godly persons you have become great and respectableand the Almighty looks at you with special grace and kindness? You have, however, forgotten what Allah says: The disbelievers must not think that our respite isfor their good We only give them time to let them increase their sins. For them there will be a humiliating torment. (Quran 3:178 (Yusuf Ali))Humiliate the enemyand honoring the Ahl al-BaytOne concern of Zaynab bint Ali in the battle of Karbala was the humiliation of the enemy and the honor of the Ahl al-Bayt.O son ofthe freed ones! Is it justice that you keep your women and slave-girls in seclusion but have made the helpless daughters of the Holy Prophet ride on swift camelsand given them in the hands of their enemies so that they may take them from one city to anotherPosition of those killed in KarbalaZaynab bint Ali told Yazid notto be happy because of his victory. She named verse 169 of Al Imran and emphasized that those dying for a just cause are victors and that Yazid's happiness willend with the torture of Allah.It will be the day when Allah will deliver the descendants of the Holy Prophet from the state of being scattered and will bring all ofthem together in Paradise. This is the promise which Allah has made in the Holy Quran. Do not think of those who are slain for the cause of Allah as dead. Theyare alive with their Lord and receive sustenance from Him.(Quran 3:169 (Yusuf Ali))Referring to the oppressionAt this point in the sermon she referred to all theoppression and injustices of the Umayyad from time of Abu Sufyan till the time of Yazid ibn Muawiyah. She also believed that the Umayyad owed their power tothe Islamic Ummah's failure to uphold the Quran and the rightful succession to Muhammad. She further stated that:Our blood is dripping from their hands andour flesh is falling down from their mouths.External consequences of the battleZaynab bint Ali stated that the battle of Karbala had a positive effect on history.She believed that jihad, struggle in the path of Allah, had eternal effects.You (Yazid) may employ your deceit and cunning efforts, but I swear by Allah that theshame and disgrace which you have earned by the treatment meted out to us cannot be eradicated.In the NewsIn his book, Explanations on Sermon of Zaynabbint Ali at the Levant, published by Bustan publications, Ali Karimi Jahromi reviews different opinions about this sermon.See alsoBattle of KarbalaSermon of Ali ibnHusayn in DamascusPassage 4:Motherland (disambiguation)Motherland is the place of one's birth, the place of one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnicgroup.Motherland may also refer to:Music\"Motherland\" (anthem), the national anthem of MauritiusNational Song (Montserrat), also called\"Motherland\"Motherland (Natalie Merchant album), 2001Motherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album), 2011Motherland (Daedalus album), 2011\"Motherland\"(Crystal Kay song), 2004Film and televisionMotherland (1927 film), a 1927 British silent war filmMotherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary filmMotherland(2015 film), a 2015 Turkish dramaMotherland (2022 film), a 2022 documentary film about the Second Nagorno-Karabakh WarMotherland (TV series), a 2016British television seriesMotherland: Fort Salem, a 2020 American science fiction drama seriesOther usesMotherland Party (disambiguation), the name of severalpolitical groupsPersonifications of Russia, including a list of monuments called MotherlandSee alsoAll pages with titles containing MotherlandMother Country(disambiguation)Passage 5:Place of birthThe place of birth (POB) or birthplace is the place where a person was born. This place is often used in legal documents,together with name and date of birth, to uniquely identify a person. Practice regarding whether this place should be a country, a territory or a city/town/localitydiffers in different countries, but often city or territory is used for native-born citizen passports and countries for foreign-born ones.As a general rule with respectto passports, if the place of birth is to be a country, it's determined to be the country that currently has sovereignty over the actual place of birth, regardless ofwhen the birth actually occurred. The place of birth is not necessarily the place where the parents of the new baby live. If the baby is born in a hospital in anotherplace, that place is the place of birth. In many countries, this also means that the government requires that the birth of the new baby is registered in the place ofbirth.Some countries place less or no importance on the place of birth, instead using alternative geographical characteristics for the purpose of identitydocuments. For example, Sweden has used the concept of födelsehemort (\"domicile of birth\") since 1947. This means that the domicile of the baby's mother isthe registered place of birth. The location of the maternity ward or other physical birthplace is considered unimportant.Similarly, Switzerland uses the concept ofplace of origin. A child born to Swiss parents is automatically assigned the place of origin of the parent with the same last name, so the child either gets theirmother's or father's place of origin. A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the place of origin of their Swiss parent. In a Swiss passportand identity card, the holder's place of origin is stated, not their place of birth. In Japan, the registered domicile is a similar concept.In some countries (primarilyin the Americas), the place of birth automatically determines the nationality of the baby, a practice often referred to by the Latin phrase jus soli. Almost allcountries outside the Americas instead attribute nationality based on the nationality(-ies) of the baby's parents (referred to as jus sanguinis).There can be someconfusion regarding the place of birth if the birth takes place in an unusual way: when babies are born on an airplane or at sea, difficulties can arise. The place ofbirth of such a person depends on the law of the countries involved, which include the nationality of the plane or ship, the nationality(-ies) of the parents and/orthe location of the plane or ship (if the birth occurs in the territorial waters or airspace of a country).Some administrative forms may request the applicant's\"country of birth\". It is important to determine from the requester whether the information requested refers to the applicant's \"place of birth\" or \"nationality atbirth\". For example, US citizens born abroad who acquire US citizenship at the time of birth, the nationality at birth will be USA (American), while the place ofbirth would be the country in which the actual birth takes place.Reference list8 FAM 403.4 Place of BirthPassage 6:Yazid IIIYazīd ibn al-Walīd ibn \u0000Abd al-Malik(701 – 3/4 October 744) (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) usually known simply as Yazid III was the twelfth Umayyad caliph. He reignedfor six months, from April 15 to October 3 or 4, 744, and he reigned until his death.Birth and backgroundYazid was the member of the influential Umayyad"}
{"doc_id":"doc_149","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:IwamuraIwamura (written: \u0000\u0000 lit. \"rock village\") is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:Akinori Iwamura, Japanese baseball playerNoboru Iwamura, Japanese biologistAi Iwamura, Japanese actressIwamura Michitoshi, Meiji era politicianShunichi Iwamura (\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000, born 1940), Japanese sprint canoeistSee alsoIwamura Castle in Gifu Prefecture, JapanIwamura, Gifu, former town in Gifu Prefecture, Japan67853 Iwamura, main-belt asteroidPassage 2:Little Rock Trojans women's basketballThe Little Rock Trojans women's basketball team represents the University of Arkansas at Little Rock in Little Rock, Arkansas, United States. The school will join the Ohio Valley Conference (OVC) on July 1, 2022 after 31 seasons in the Sun Belt Conference.HistoryLittle Rock has won the West Division in the Sun Belt in 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2013. They won the Sun Belt Conference Tournament in 2011, 2012, and 2015. They have made the WNIT in 2008, 2009, and 2013. They made the Second Round of the NCAA Tournament in 2010 beating Georgia Tech 63–53. They lost to Oklahoma 60–44 in the subsequent game. They made the Second Round in 2015 after beating Texas A&M 69–60. They lost 57–54 to Arizona State in the subsequent game. As of the end of the 2015–16 season, the Trojans have an all-time record of 384–485, with a 288–231 record since joining Division I in 1999.NCAA tournament resultsPassage 3:University of Arkansas at Little RockThe University of Arkansas at Little Rock (UA Little Rock) is a public research university in Little Rock, Arkansas. Established as Little Rock Junior College by the Little Rock School District in 1927, the institution became a private four-year university under the name Little Rock University in 1957. It returned to public status in 1969 when it merged with the University of Arkansas System under its present name. The former campus of Little Rock Junior College is now (2019) the campus of Philander Smith College.At 250 acres (100 ha), the UA Little Rock campus encompasses more than 56 buildings, including the Center for Nanotechnology Integrative Sciences, the Emerging Analytics Center, the Sequoyah Research Center, and the Ottenheimer Library Additionally, UA Little Rock houses special learning facilities that include a learning resource center, art galleries, KUAR public radio station, University Television, and a campus-wide wireless network. It is classified among \"R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity\".AcademicsThe university features more than 100 undergraduate degrees and 60 graduate degrees, including graduate certificates, master's degrees, and doctorates, through both traditional and online courses. Students attend classes in one of the university's three new colleges and a law school:College of Business, Health, and Human ServicesCollege of Humanities, Arts, Social Sciences, and EducationDonaghey College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and MathematicsWilliam H. Bowen School of LawStudent lifeThe student life at UA Little Rock is typical of public universities in the United States. It is characterized by student-run organizations and affiliation groups that support social, academic, athletic and religious activities and interests. Some of the services offered by the UA Little Rock Office of Campus Life are intramural sports and fitness programs, diversity programs, leadership development, peer tutoring, student government association, student support programs including groups for non-traditional and first generation students, a student-run newspaper, and fraternity and sorority life. The proximity of the UA Little Rock campus to downtown Little Rock enables students to take advantage of a wide array of recreational, entertainment, educational, internship and employment opportunities that are not available anywhere else in Arkansas.Campus livingUA Little Rock provides a variety of on-campus living options for students ranging from traditional resident rooms to multiple bedroom apartments. The university has four residence halls on the eastern side of the campus and the University Village Apartment Complex on the southern side of campus. Six learning communities focusing on criminal justice, arts and culture, majors and careers, future business innovators, nursing careers, and STEM are available to students.AthleticsUA Little Rock's 14 athletic teams are known as the Little Rock Trojans, with almost all teams participating in the Sun Belt Conference. Little Rock is one of two Sun Belt members that do not sponsor football (UT Arlington being the other); UA Little Rock last fielded a football team in 1955 when it was known as Little Rock Junior College. Little Rock's main athletic offices are located in the Jack Stephens Center. UA Little Rock offers the following sports:Two Little Rock teams that do not compete in the Sun Belt are the women's swimming and diving team (Missouri Valley Conference) and wrestling (Pac-12 Conference), neither of which the Sun Belt sponsors. Wrestling is the school's newest sport, starting in 2019 and is the first Division I program in Arkansas.Little Rock will move to the Ohio Valley Conference for the 2022-23 season.Collections and archivesOn July 1, 2014, the UA Little Rock Collections and Archives division was created. The division encompasses:Ottenheimer LibraryCenter for Arkansas History and CultureSequoyah National Research CenterWeekend programsThe Japanese School of Little Rock (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Ritoru Rokku Nihongo Hoshūkō), a weekend Japanese education program, holds its classes at the University Plaza.Notable students and alumniGovernmentCamille Bennett – Arkansas House of Representatives, 2015–presentKarilyn Brown – Arkansas House of Representatives, 2015–presentJames Richard Cheek (1957) – U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador (1979–1981), Ethiopia (1985–1988), Sudan (1989–1992) and Argentina (1993–1996)Charlie Daniels (attended) – Arkansas Commissioner of State Lands (1985–2001), Arkansas Secretary of State (2002–2010), Arkansas State Auditor (2001–present)Vivian Flowers (B.S. in political science) – Arkansas House of Representatives, 2015–presentKenneth Henderson - Arkansas House of Representatives, 2015–present Douglas House (1976) Arkansas House of Representatives, 2013–presentAllen Kerr (attended) – Arkansas Insurance Commissioner (2015–present) and former member of the Arkansas House of RepresentativesMike Ross (1987) – U.S. House of Representatives, 2001–2013Bill Sample (attended) – Arkansas House of Representatives, 2005–2010; Arkansas Senate 2011–presentRobert William Schroeder III (1989) - U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Texas, Nominated June 2014Frank Scott Jr. – current mayor of Little Rock, AR.Vic Snyder (1988) – U.S. House of Representatives, 1997–2011James Sturch – (B.S., Political Science) – Arkansas House of Representatives, 2015–presentEducationJames E. Cofer – Ed.D. alumnus, former UA Little Rock professor, and former president of both Missouri State University and the University of Louisiana at MonroeEntertainmentJulie Adams (1946) – Actress (film & television)Symone (2017) - Drag Performer & Model (winner of Rupaul's Drag Race Season 13)AthleticsMalik Dixon - basketball player, top scorer in the 2005 Israel Basketball Premier LeagueDerek Fisher – Former Los Angeles Lakers player and New York Knicks head coachRayjon Tucker - Professional basketball player in the NBA with Milwaukee BucksNotesPassage 4:Little Rock Port Authority RailroadThe Port of Little Rock Railroad, sometimes called the Little Rock Port Authority Railroad, provides switching services through a 20-mile system of tracks at the 4,000-acre Little Rock Port Industrial Park at the Port of Little Rock, Arkansas.  It provides port access and railroad interchange services not only to the more than twenty businesses at the park, but also to any business seeking to ship or receive cargo through the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System.HistoryPurchase of 151 acres in July 1967 started the planning process for the dock area at the Port.  Four miles of railroad were constructed by July, 1968, the year in which the port began operations.   In 1970, the railroad connected to what were then the Rock Island Railroad and the Missouri Pacific Railroad, and started work on a marshalling yard.  By 1974 the marshalling yard was complete.    In 1977, railroad engine storage and maintenance buildings were completed.InterchangeThe line extends from the dock to the interchange point with what is now the Union Pacific (UP) at a junction near Clinton National Airport.   Access to what is now the BNSF is obtained through trackage/haulage rights.OperationsThe port railroad operates with two locomotives and five crew members.  It utilizes a tandem unit with an EMD GP15-1 locomotive owned by the port, and one EMD SW1500 locomotive leased from GATX.  The railroad handles over 20,000 cars annually.Passage 5:Jamal BeygJamal Beyg (Persian: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000, also Romanized as Jamāl Beyg) is a village in Dezhkord Rural District, Sedeh District, Eqlid County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 305, in 76 families.Passage 6:Little Rock Trojans baseballThe Little Rock Trojans baseball team, is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of Arkansas at Little Rock in Little Rock, Arkansas, United States. The team is a member of the Ohio Valley Conference, which is part of the NCAA Division I. The team plays its home games at Gary Hogan Field in Little Rock, Arkansas.On July 1, 2015, the Trojans officially announced they would no longer be branded as Arkansas–Little Rock or \"UALR,\" but will be the Little Rock Trojans effective immediately.Year-by-year resultsReferences:See alsoList of NCAA Division I baseball programsPassage 7:The Abingtons, CambridgeshireThe Abingtons are a community in South Cambridgeshire consisting of two small villages: Little Abington and Great Abington, about 7 miles (11 km) south east of Cambridge.HistoryThough often listed as a single entity, Great and Little Abington have since early medieval times been two parishes divided by the River Granta and remain so. The southernmost of the two, Great Abington, covers 1,588 acres (6.43 km2) and is bounded to the south by the county border with Essex, to the west by a branch of the Icknield Way (now the A11), and to the east by the parish of Hildersham. Little Abington covers 1,309 acres (5.30 km2), again bordered by the Icknield Way and Hildersham to the west and east, and by the ancient thoroughfare of Wool Street to the north.The village history dates back to the Bronze Age, some 4000 years ago. The Saxons gave the village its name, originally called \"estate named after Abba\", and the village was listed as Abintone in the Domesday Book. The 'Great' and 'Little' prefixes came later: the Latin magna is observed from 1218 and the Modern English great from 1523 while the Latin parva is observed from 1218 and the Middle English littel from 1336.In the decades before the Second World War the Land Settlement Association created a site to the south of Great Abington consisting of over sixty houses and plots of land for unemployed miners mainly from the former shipyards of Tyneside and coalfields of Yorkshire and Durham.The Cambridge to Haverhill railway line that opened in 1865 crossed Great Abington just south of the village, but closed in 1967. The medieval Cambridge to Colchester road that "}
{"doc_id":"doc_150","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Wonderful World of Captain KuhioThe Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, Kuhio Taisa, lit. \"Captain Kuhio\") is a 2009 Japanese comedy-crime film, directed by Daihachi Yoshida, based on Kazumasa Yoshida's 2006 biographical novel, Kekkon Sagishi Kuhio Taisa (lit. \"Marriage swindler Captain Kuhio\"), that focuses on a real-life marriage swindler, who conned over 100 million yen (US$1.2 million) from a number of women between the 1970s and the 1990s.The film was released in Japan on 10 October 2009.CastMasato Sakai - Captain KuhioYasuko Matsuyuki - Shinobu NaganoHikari Mitsushima - Haru YasuokaYuko Nakamura - Michiko SudoHirofumi Arai - Tatsuya NaganoKazuya Kojima - Koichi TakahashiSakura Ando - Rika KinoshitaMasaaki Uchino - Chief FujiwaraKanji Furutachi - Shigeru KurodaReila AphroditeSei AndoAwardsAt the 31st Yokohama Film FestivalBest Actor – Masato SakaiBest Supporting Actress – Sakura AndoPassage 2:Star Quest: The OdysseyStar Quest: The Odyssey is a 2009 low budget American science-fiction film directed by Jon Bonnell, written by Carlos Perez, and starring Aaron Ginn-Forsberg, Davina Joy and Tamara McDaniel. The film was released on November 3, 2009.External linksStar Quest: The Odyssey at IMDbTrailer Star Quest: The Odyssey on YouTubePassage 3:Men's GroupMen's Group is a 2008 Australian drama film. The film is directed by Michael Joy from a screenplay co-written with John L. Simpson.PlotThe film follows the lives of six men over a period of months as they convene weekly in a self-help style group. Meeting at the home of Paul, the men include Freddy, a depressed stand-up comedian; the elderly Cecil; businessman Lucas; the bereaved Anthony; taciturn Moses; and talkative, middle-aged Alex. As trust grows between the men they gradually begin to open up and learn to listen to each other, discovering they are not alone in their fears as they had presumed. When a tragedy befalls the group, the men realize they must take responsibilities for their own lives and those of their loved ones.CastGrant Dodwell as AlexPaul Gleeson as PaulSteve Le Marquand as LucasDon Reid as CecilSteve Rodgers as FreddyPaul Tassone as MosesWilliam Zappa as AnthonyProductionDevelopmentThe concept of the film was conceived by Michael Joy and John L. Simpson, while working together on another project dealing with men's issues and their inability to communicate. At that time, director Michael Joy was experiencing depression and attended a men's support group on the advice of a telephone counsellor. Joy was struck by the pain of the men in the room and the safe environment in which they could express what they were going through.FilmingJoy worked with each of the actors separately, workshopping the script over two months. Using this technique, Michael and John L. would create scenes from key character points and events. Only then was a comprehensive screenplay drafted and delivered to the heads of departments.The actors were not allowed to see the screenplay prior to shooting, and had little or no idea of other characters' story lines. The filmmakers did this to capture the actors' first responses to what was unfolding in front of them. There was only one take for each shot that appears in the film, and the shoot lasted only 14 days. It was shot in sequence, so the filmmakers could not go back to reshoot. Before each scene, Joy spent time talking to the actors quietly and individually about their lives at that point, trying to get them to speak about specific things that needed to happen in the film.The film was a micro-budget production, created on a reverse finance model, with each key crew member and actor taking an equity position in the film.ReceptionThe film was praised and is particularly recognised for the strong performances by the lead actors. Anton Bitel of Eye for Film wrote the film \"represents a refreshing examination of the collective male psyche through pure drama\", and added the improvisational nature of the film results in an \"ensemble performances of searing, warts-and-all realism, so utterly believable that viewers themselves will feel like silent members of the party, compelled by the power of the proceedings to watch, listen, learn – and maybe join in the conversation after the credits have rolled.\" On At the Movies, Margaret Pomeranz awarded the film four stars and David Stratton awarded it three and a half stars.On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Men's Group has an approval rating of 86% based on 7 reviews.AFI Fellowship and TourFollowing the theatrical release of the film by Titan View, John L. Simpson was approached by men's health groups who wished to screen the film and use it as a tool to prompt discussions about men's mental health. With this interest, Simpson proposed to tour the film around Australia to non-theatrical venues for community group screenings, and in the process create a map of all venues in Australia suitable to screen from. For this proposal he was awarded the 2008 AFI Fellowship.The program has allowed the film to tour to towns such as Tamworth, Armidale, Bellingen, Dorrigo, Bowraville, and Bowral.In early March 2009, Men’s Group was screened to men's and women's prisons in Tasmania.Awards and nominationsFilm Critics Circle of Australia2009: Nominated, Best Actor – Grant DodwellInside Film Awards2008: Won, Best Actor – Grant Dodwell2008: Won, Best Feature Film – John L. Simpson, Michael Joy2008: Won, Best Script – John L. Simpson, Michael Joy2008: Nominated, Best Music – Haydn Walker2008: DigiSPAA AwardPassage 4:Un Soir de JoieUn Soir de Joie (French)  is a Belgian comic film directed by Gaston Schoukens and released in 1955.The film's plot takes place in German-occupied Belgium during World War II and focuses on the so-called Faux Soir, a satirical version of the German-controlled newspaper Le Soir produced by the resistance.The film includes extensive footage of Brussels in the 1950s, where it was filmed on location.Marcel Roels, Roger Dutoit, Jean-Pierre Loriot, Victor Guyau, Madeleine Rivière, Jacques Philippet, Francine Vendel all acted in the film.PlotBased on a true story from November 1943: the Resistance manages to publish a fake edition of the pro-German newspaper 'Le Soir', put on sale by surprise in the newsstands and stuffed full of parodic articles pouring ridicule upon occupying forces. The film faithfully traced the course of this humorous and enterprising attempt to wake up the populace, filling out the basic plot with irreverent patriotic gags.Passage 5:Times of Joy and SorrowTimes of Joy and Sorrow (USA title), The Lighthouse (UK title), or\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 (Yorokobi mo Kanashimi mo Ikutoshitsuki), is a 1957 color Japanese film directed by Keisuke Kinoshita, who shot on location at 10 different lighthouses throughout Japan, including opening scenes at Kannonzaki, the site of the country's first lighthouse.PlotIn 1932, a young lighthouse keeper returns from his father's funeral with a new bride, who quickly learns the importance of the marital bond to members of her husband's profession, which is often characterized by the hardships of physical isolation and sudden reassignment. Over the next 25 years they transfer to ten different lighthouses throughout Japan, raising two children and befriending multiple colleagues and their families. They endure wartime attacks on the strategically relevant lighthouses as well as a tragedy involving one of their children, ultimately celebrating the other's marriage and settling together into middle age.CastHideko Takamine as Kiyoko ArisawaKeiji Sada as Shiro ArisawaTakahiro Tamura as Mr. NozuKatsuo Nakamura as KotaroYōko Katsuragi as Fuji TatsukoKōji Mitsui as Mr. KanemakiKuniko Igawa as Itoko SuzukiShizue Natsukawa as Mrs. NatoriMasako Arisawa as YukinoHiroko Itō as MasakoNoboru Nakaya as Shingo NatoriTakeshi Sakamoto as PostmasterRyūji Kita as NatoriMutsuko Sakura as Mrs. KanemakiFeatured LighthousesKannonzaki Lighthouse - Miura Peninsula, KanagawaIshikari Lighthouse - Ishikari, HokkaidoIzu Oshima Lighthouse - Izu Ōshima, Izu IslandsMizunokojima Lighthouse - Bungo Channel, OitaMeshima Lighthouse - Gotō Islands, NagasakiHajiki Saki Lighthouse - Sado Island, NiigataOmaesaki Lighthouse - Omaezaki, ShizuokaAnorisaki Lighthouse - Shima, MieOgijima Lighthouse - Seto Inland Sea, KagawaHiyoriyama Lighthouse - Otaru, HokkaidoLegacyThe highly-popular film has been remade three times for Japanese television, and in 1986 Kinoshita himself reworked it as Big Joys, Small Sorrows, the Western version of its actual title (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), which translates roughly as New Times of Joy and Sorrow.Its rousing, eponymous theme song was a major hit for Akira Wakayama and became a cultural touchstone of 1950s Japan.In 1993 a statue depicting the movie's two stars in an iconic pose from publicity materials was erected at Hajikizaki Lighthouse on Sato Island, one of the filming sites, as a tribute to lighthouse staff nationwide.AvailabilityAlthough the film has not been released on disc or for streaming in the United States, Kinoshita's remake Big Joys, Small Sorrows was among the inaugural films available in Spring 2019 for streaming on The Criterion Channel.Passage 6:Eve's LeavesEve's Leaves is a 1926 American silent romantic comedy film starring Leatrice Joy and William Boyd. The film was produced and distributed by Cecil B. DeMille and directed by Paul Sloane It is based upon the 1925 play of the same name by Harry Chapman Ford.PlotCaptain Corbin (Edeson), who operates the tramp cargo ship Garden of Eden, has raised his daughter Eve (Joy) as a boy. After learning about men after reading some romance novels belonging to the cook Cookie (Harris), she goes ashore in a Chinese port to find her true love and spies American Bob Britton (Boyd), whom she then has kidnapped to augment the ship's crew. Pirate Chang Fang (Long) and his pirates capture the ship seeking passage to his stronghold. With Cookie's help, Eve remakes herself using an outfit made from a curtain and some beads, which draws the interest of both Chang and Bob. In the end, Eve saves the day and she and Bob are married on board by a missionary (Hoyt).CastProductionLeatrice Joy had impulsively cut her hair short in 1926, and DeMille, whom Joy had followed when he set up Producers Distributing Corporation, was publicly angry as it prevented her from portraying traditional feminine roles. The studio developed projects with roles suitable for her “Leatrice Joy bob”, and Eve's Leaves was the second of five films before she regrew her hair. In both Eve's Leaves and The Clinging Vine (1926), Joy's character is mistaken as being male in at least one scene. In 1928, a professional dispute would end the Joy / Demille partnership and she signed with MGM.Intertitles featuring quotes from stereotype Chinese characters are in a racist fictional Asian dialect that today would be considered offensive.PreservationA 16mm print of Eve's Leaves is preserved film at the UCLA Film and Television Archive and the film has been released on DVD.Passage 7:Wasted TimeWasted Time(s) may refer to:Songs\"Wasted Time\" (Fuel song), 2007\"Wasted Time\" (Keith Urban song), 2016\"Wasted Time\" (Kings of Leon song), 2003\"Wasted Time\" (Skid Row song), 1991\"Wasted Time\" (Vance Joy song), 2014\"Wasted Times\" (The Weeknd song), 2018\"Wasted Time\", by Bret Michaels from Custom Built, 2010\"Wasted Time\", by "}
{"doc_id":"doc_151","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Chow Ka WaChow Ka Wa (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000; Cantonese Yale: Jāu Gāwà ; born 23 April 1986 in Hong Kong) is a Hong Kong footballer who plays for Hong Kong First Division League club Southern as a right midfielder.Club careerCitizenChow began his professional career at Citizen, a newly promoted First Division club, in the 2004–05 season. However, as a young player, he failed to compete for a place in the starting line-up, only mostly played in the Senior Shield.Loan to Xiangxie PharDuring the season, Xiangxie Phar was rebuilt and players all left the club. To retain their presence in the league, six teams from the First Division league loaned their young players so that they could gain match experiences. Chow was one of them who was loaned from Citizen. However, as he was still a student at that time, he failed to attend every training session and therefore was not given many match-playing chances. He returned to Citizen at the end of the season.Kwun TongAfter spending a season in the top-tier division, he joined Third Division side Kwun Tong, as he had to focus on academic studies. Although he played most of the matches, he failed to help them gain promotion to the Second Division. He left the club at the end of the season.Hong Kong 08Chow made a return to the First Division in the 2006–07 season, joining Hong Kong 08, which was formed by a team of young players to let them gain match experiences before competing in the 2008 Olympics qualifiers. He was given plenty of match-playing chances although there were many wingers at the team. However, the club was relegated and was dissolved after the season.Although many players and coaches joined newly promoted side Workable, Chow did not follow them and joined Third Division side Shatin, meaning he would miss the First Division for the second time.ShatinChow joined Third Division side Shatin in the 2007–08 season. As a third-tier club, however, Shatin had many players with First Division playing experience, including Lee Wai Man who was the current most capped Hong Kong national team record player, Ng Yat Hoi, Kwok Yue Hung and so on. With an exceptionally strong squad in the league, Chow helped Shatin claim the league title without dropping any points in all 15 matches, meaning they had also gained promotion to Second Division. At the same time, Shatin also won the Junior Shield title in the season.Chow stayed at the club as Shatin were aiming at promotion to the First Division for their first time in club history. He continued to make a great impact in the team and eventually helped the club achieve their season goal as they claimed the league title with only losing one match in 18 matches. On the other hand, Shatin successfully defended their Junior Shield title, defeating Sham Shai Po 2–0 in the final. Chow played 90 minutes in the match, providing one assist in the match.He followed the team and made a second return to the First Division in the 2009–10 season. However, since Shatin bought several new players to strengthen their squad, Chow's match-playing chances were therefore reduced. Shatin failed to avoid relegation to the Second Division as they placed 2nd at the bottom of the league. Chow also left the club after the season.PonticChow made his third leave from the First Division as he joined Second Division side Pontic in the 2010–11 season. As a key member in the team, he only missed one game throughout the season, helping the club gain promotion to the First Division.However, since Pontic failed to find sponsors, they lacked sufficient funds to run the club. As a result, Pontic announced they refused to promote to the First Division. Soon later, Pontic was punished and had their club qualification cancelled, meaning that they were not able to compete in every league and cup organised by the Hong Kong Football Association. Chow became Free Agent afterwards.SouthernChow joined Second Division side Southern in the 2011–12 season. Under coaching of Fung Hoi Man, Chow was a usual starter for the club, featuring 20 league matches and scoring 2 goals. Southern successfully gain promotion to the First Division as they placed second in the league.The 2012–13 season was a year of breakthrough for Chow Ka Wa, as his impressive performance and co-operation with fellow team-mates Dieguito, Jonathan Carril and Ip Chung Long attracted people's eyes. He made a great impact on Southern's 8-game unbeaten in the league during the season. Unfortunately, Chow was injured in January and was forced to stay on the sidelines for two months.On 20 April 2013, he scored the winning goal in the 68th minute after being substituted in the 60th minute against South China, not just helping the club to win 3–2, but also helping them to secure the league 4th place. This was also Chow's first game after his recovery on his injury. This goal became more important as Southern qualified for the 2013 Hong Kong AFC Cup play-offs by finishing fourth in the league, as Kitchee won the FA Cup on 11 May 2013 after they had secure a place in the play-offs by finishing second in the league.Career statisticsClubAs of 5 May 2013.Remarks:1 Others include 2013 Hong Kong AFC Cup play-offs.2 Hong Kong League Cup only consists of top-tier division clubs.3 Hong Kong League Cup was not held in the 2009–10 and 2012–13 seasons.Passage 2:Kenneth GyangKenneth Gyang is a young filmmaker in Nigeria and was born in Barkin Ladi of Plateau State, Nigeria.He studied Film Production at the National Film Institute in Jos and screenwriting at Gaston Kaboré's IMAGINE in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Two of his short films as well as a script titled \"Game of Life\" were selected for the Berlinale Talent Campus 2006 and \"Mummy Lagos\" was well received as an official competition entry.  \"Mummy Lagos\" was also selected for the Sithengi Talent Campus as part of the Cape Town World Cinema Festival in South Africa.Honors and awardsHis film \"Omule\" won Best Documentary Film at the 1st Nigerian Students International Film Festival in 2006 and \"Mummy Lagos\" also won Best Film at the Nigerian Field Society Awards organised by the German Cultural Centre, Goethe-Institut, in Lagos as well as the Jury Special Mention at the ANIWA festival in Ghana.In 2006 he was profiled by the influential UK-based BFM magazine as the youngest film director in Nigeria.Kenneth has worked with the BBC World Service Trust directing their highly quality TV drama \"Wetin Dey\" which was recently presented at the International Emmy World Television Festival in New York City. He has also worked with Communicating For Change as an Associate Producer on Bayelsian Silhouettes- a series of seven short films on HIV/AIDS.His most recent work is Finding Aisha, a TV series he co-wrote, produced and directed for the Nigerian production company Televista.In 2013, his debut feature film Confusion Na Wa produced by Tom Rowland Rees won the top gong - Best Film - at the Africa Motion Awards in Bayelsa.Kenneth also won The Future Awards 2013 Prize In Arts & Culture.He directed the AMAA award-winning film Blood and Henna about Meningitis in Northern Nigeria.Kenneths Feature Film confusion Na Wa was highly acclaimed and went ahead to win the AMAA Awards 2013 for Best Film and Best Nigerian film, also the film went ahead in 2014 to win Nollywood Movie Award for Best Cinematography (Yinka Edwards) and Nollywood Movie Award for Best Director (Kenneth Gyang).Passage 3:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage 4:Confusion Na WaConfusion Na Wa is a 2013 Nigerian dark comedy drama film directed by Kenneth Gyang, starring Ramsey Nouah, OC Ukeje, Ali Nuhu and Tunde Aladese. The title of the film was inspired by the lyrics of the late Afrobeat singer Fela Kuti's song \"Confusion\". Confusion Na Wa won the Best picture at the 9th Africa Movie Academy Awards, it also won the award for Best Nigerian film.The film tells a story on how so many interconnected separate events come together to complicate the lives of people.PlotThe film starts with a monologue by an unnamed narrator explaining the synopsis of the film with images from the end of the film. Emeka Nwosu (Ramsey Nouah) is stuck in a traffic jam caused by the death of a pedestrian, when his concubine, Isabella (Tunde Aladese), sends him a text reminding him to get home early so they can have fun together. City hustlers Charles (OC Ukeje) and Chichi (Gold Ikponmwosa) arrive at the scene, and as a fight breaks out on the crowded road Emeka is knocked down and his phone falls out of his pocket, and after Emeka walks away unknowingly, Charles steals it. Bello (Ali Nuhu) is a diligent and honest civil servant, whose only \"crime\" at the office has been his refusal to partake in any of the corrupt practice by his co-workers. His raucous boss uses every opportunity to disrespect him. During a workday, Bello is given more jobs to do by his colleagues after work hours. He reluctantly accepts and is subsequently abused by his boss for not finishing the job on time despite his explanations.Charles and Chichi review the pictures on the stolen phone and try to reach an agreement on what to do with the phone. The two friends force their entry to the car of a publisher by breaking the wheel-screen, and steal the stereo. They buy some drinks with the money they got and begin discussing on their interpretation of The Lion King as seen by Africans. Emeka notices that his phone has been stolen and tries calling his number, but is told by Charlie that due to \"The Circle of Life\" in The Lion King ownership has been passed on to them from him. He furiously disengages from the conversation on the resistance of the friends to start a meaningful conversation. He is calmed by his concubine Isabella afterwards.Babajide (Tony Goodman) is the head publisher of Righteous Trumpet Newspaper. During a family dinner he explains the car robbery he faced and is surprised that both his wife and kids did not condemn the act by the thieves with complete disdain—instead, a sociological debate starts between him and his son, Kola (Nathaniel Deme) who is shifting the blame from the thieves to the government. His mum introduces another topic to end the heated debate since neither side will let go.Charles persuades Chichi to accompany him to a drug dealer, Muri (Toyin Oshinaike). Charles had previously had sex with Muri's sister but Chichi is negligent and wants to visit another dealer at \"Abbatoir\". He later retires then follows Charles. They buy drugs worth N200, and as Muri's sister walks outside and Muri notices Chichi facial expressions towards her, Muri tells them that his sister is about to get married . Charles and Chichi have a reflective discussion while having a cigar when Chichi informs Charles that he will be relocating to Bauchi State to start a new life with his uncle. Charles gives him the stolen phone as a farewell gift.The two friends interrupt the sexual intercourse between a disturbed Emeka and Isabella with a call, and they start to negotiate a ransom for the recovery of the phone, while Emeka's wife waits for him at home. Kola's sister, Doyin (Yachat Sankey) sneaks out of the house to attend a party and persuades "}
{"doc_id":"doc_152","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Anthony OsorioAnthony Osorio (born April 13, 1994) is a Canadian professional soccer player who last played as a defender and midfielder for theMississauga MetroStars in the Major Arena Soccer League.Club careerOsorio attended St. Edmund Campion where he represented the school team, having grownup in Brampton, Ontario. He was part of the team that won the school's second and third Ontario Federation of Schools Athletic Association Championship in fouryears.In 2013 after a successful trial in Uruguay Osorio joined the u19 side of Nacional. Then moved up to the reserve team the following year in 2014.Toronto FCIIHe joined the Toronto FC Academy in July 2014, and helped the club to become League1 Ontario champions and Inter-Provincial Cup Championship winners.Osorio was rewarded with a USL pro contract on December 9, 2015, joining Toronto FC II and going on to make 19 appearances in his inaugural season. Themidfielder made his professional debut on April 25, 2015, playing in a match against the Pittsburgh Riverhounds in the USL. Osorio would spend three seasonswith the club prior to be released at the conclusion of the 2017 season.Post-TFCIn 2018, he played for Vaughan Azzurri in League1 Ontario.  After that he joinedthe  Mississauga MetroStars of the Major Arena Soccer League.International careerOsorio represented Canada at the 2013 Francophone games in Nice, France.He made his international debut in a friendly as a halftime substitute vs Cameroon that ended in a 0–0 draw. Osorio made his first international start andrecorded his first international goal in a 1–0 win over Rwanda on September 8, 2013.Personal lifeOsorio's parents are Colombian – his father is a native of Cali,while his mother was born in Medellín. Osorio's older brother, Jonathan Osorio, plays for Toronto FC and represents the Canadian seniors. Osorio's youngerbrother, Nicholas, previously played in the Toronto FC system and represented the Canadian under-15s.In 2018, Osorio suffered a nasty ACL tear which forcedhim to undergo surgery and not participate at all in the Metrostars' inaugural season as well as take all of 2019 off on the sidelines to recover from the tragicinjury. Osorio was linked to a move to CPL side York 9 FC had the injury not occurred.Career statisticsAs of October 30, 2018Passage 2:Etta JonesEtta Jones(November 25, 1928 – October 16, 2001) was an American jazz singer. Her best-known recordings are \"Don't Go to Strangers\" and \"Save Your Love for Me\". Sheworked with Buddy Johnson, Oliver Nelson, Earl Hines, Barney Bigard, Gene Ammons, Kenny Burrell, Milt Jackson, Cedar Walton, and HoustonPerson.BiographyJones was born in Aiken, South Carolina, and raised in Harlem, New York. Still in her teens, she joined Buddy Johnson's band for a tour althoughshe was not featured on record. Her first recordings—\"Salty Papa Blues\", \"Evil Gal Blues\", \"Blow Top Blues\", and \"Long, Long Journey\"—were produced byLeonard Feather in 1944, placing her in the company of clarinetist Barney Bigard and tenor saxophonist Georgie Auld. In 1947, she recorded and released anearly cover version of Leon Rene's \"I Sold My Heart to the Junkman\" (previously released by the Basin Street Boys on Rene's Exclusive label) while at RCA VictorRecords. She performed with the Earl Hines sextet from 1949 to 1952.Following her recordings for Prestige, on which Jones was featured with high-profilearrangers such as Oliver Nelson and jazz stars such as Frank Wess, Roy Haynes, and Gene Ammons, she had a musical partnership of more than 30 years withtenor saxophonist Houston Person, who received equal billing with her. He also produced her albums and served as her manager after the pair met in one ofJohnny \"Hammond\" Smith's bands.Although Etta Jones is likely to be remembered above all for her recordings on Prestige, her close professional relationship withPerson (frequently, but mistakenly, identified as Jones' husband) helped ensure that the last two decades of her life would be marked by uncommon productivity.Starting in 1976, they began recording for Muse, which later changed its name to HighNote. Mr. Person became her manager, as well as her record producer andaccompanist, in a partnership that lasted until her death in 2001.Only one of her recordings—her debut album for Prestige Records (Don't Go to Strangers,1960)—enjoyed commercial success with sales of over 1 million copies. However, her remaining seven albums for Prestige, and beginning in 1976, her recordingsfor Muse Records, and for HighNote Records secured her a devoted following. She had three Grammy nominations: for the Don't Go to Strangers album in 1960,the Save Your Love for Me album in 1981, and My Buddy (dedicated to her first employer, Buddy Johnson) in 1998. In 2008 the album Don't Go to Strangers wasinducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 1996, she recorded the jazz vocalist tribute album, The Melody Lingers On, for the HighNote label. Her last recording,a tribute to Billie Holiday, was released on the day of Jones' death.She died in Mount Vernon, New York at the age of 72 from cancer. She was survived by herhusband, John Medlock, and a granddaughter.DiscographyThe Jones Girl...Etta...Sings, Sings, Sings (King, 1958)Don't Go to Strangers (Prestige,1960)Something Nice (Prestige, 1961)So Warm: Etta Jones and Strings (Prestige, 1961)From the Heart (Prestige, 1962)Lonely and Blue (Prestige, 1962)LoveShout (Prestige, 1963)Hollar! (Prestige, 1963)Soul Summit Vol. 2 (Prestige, 1963)Jonah Jones Swings, Etta Jones Sings (Crown, 1964)Etta Jones Sings (Roulette,1965)Etta Jones '75 (20th Century/Westbound 1975)Ms. Jones to You (Muse, 1976)My Mother's Eyes (Muse, 1978)If You Could See Me Now (Muse, 1979)SaveYour Love for Me (Muse, 1981)Love Me with All Your Heart (Muse, 1984)Fine and Mellow (Muse, 1987)I'll Be Seeing You (Muse, 1988)Sugar (Muse,1990)Christmas with Etta Jones (Muse, 1990)Reverse the Charges (Muse, 1992)At Last (Muse, 1995)My Gentleman Friend (Muse, 1996)The Melody Lingers On(HighNote, 1996)My Buddy: Etta Jones Sings the Songs of Buddy Johnson (HighNote, 1997)Some of My Best Friends Are...Singers with Ray Brown (Telarc,1998)All the Way (HighNote, 1999)Together at Christmas (HighNote, 2000)Easy Living (HighNote, 2000)Etta Jones Sings Lady Day (HighNote, 2001)Don'tMisunderstand: Live in New York  with Houston Person (HighNote, 2007)The Way We Were: Live in Concert  with Houston Person (HighNote, 2011)GuestappearancesWith Houston PersonThe Real Thing (Eastbound, 1973)The Lion and His Pride (Muse, 1994)Christmas with Houston Person and Friends (Muse,1994)Passage 3:David JiDavid Longfen Ji is an American businessman who co-founded Apex Digital, an electronics manufacturer.In 2004, he was arrested inChina following a dispute with Sichuan Changhong Electric, a supplier owned by the city of Mianyang and the province of Sichuan. Changhong accused him ofdefrauding them through bad checks. Ji was taken, according to an account by his lawyer, to the senior management and told, \"I decide whether you live or die.\"He has been held in China without charges.Ji's case highlighted an \"implicit racism\" in dealings with American businessmen. As a U.S. citizen he was not grantedthe same treatment by authorities as non-ethnically Chinese businessmen sharing the same nationality.Passage 4:Luther LindsayLuther Jacob Goodall (December30, 1924 – February 21, 1972) was an American professional football player and wrestler, known by his ringname Luther Lindsay or Lindsey, who competedthroughout the United States with the National Wrestling Alliance as well as international promotions such as All Japan Pro Wrestling, Joint Promotions andStampede Wrestling.One of the first African American wrestlers to become a major star, he was extremely popular in the Pacific Northwest and Mid-Atlanticterritory. A frequent rival and tag team partner of Shag Thomas, he also teamed with Bearcat Wright, Nick Bockwinkel, Pepper Gomez and was involved in feudswith \"Iron\" Mike DiBiase, Mad Dog Vachon, Beauregarde, Moondog Mayne, Tony Borne and Pat Patterson and The Hangman.For much of the early 1950s and'60s, Lindsay was billed as the U.S. Colored (or Negro) Heavyweight Champion and took part in the first interracial professional wrestling matches held in theUnited States. Between 1953 and 1956, he faced NWA World Heavyweight Champion Lou Thesz in a series of matches. Although largely resulting in time limitdraws, he was the first African-American to make a challenge to the title and earned Thesz's respect during these bouts publicly praising his wrestling ability.Hewas considered one of the top submission wrestlers of his day working with Don Leo Jonathan and Stu Hart. Lindsay was one of the few men who bested him inthe infamous \"Hart Dungeon\" and later became one of Hart's best friends. Hart reportedly carried a picture of him in his wallet until his death. He was held in highregard by his fellow wrestlers such as Lou Thesz, J. J. Dillon, Rip Hawk and Les Thatcher.CareerEarly careerLuther Goodall was born on a farm outside Norfolk,Virginia, on December 30, 1924. He moved to Sedalia but later resided in Gibsonville, North Carolina, and later played college football for Norfolk State andnearby Hampton Institute where he was also a CIAA wrestling champion. Although excelling in athletics as an All-American Negro tackle-guard, state segregationlaws prohibited him from playing against white athletes. He played two years of professional football in Hamilton and Victoria for the Canadian Football League.Lindsey began wrestling professionally making his debut in 1950 or 1951. Taking the surname of his wife, Gertrude Lindsey, his earliest recorded match wasagainst Al Tucker in Chicago, Illinois, for promoter Leonard Schwartz on November 21, 1951.As early as 1953, Lindsay was billed as the U.S. Colored or NegroHeavyweight Champion. He was one of the few African-Americans in professional wrestling and, in accordance with state segregation laws at the time, he wasonly allowed to travel with and compete against other African-American wrestlers during his early career. One of his most frequent opponents was Shag Thomaswho he later claimed knew better than any other opponent. During the late 1950s, he became the first African-American south of Washington, D.C., to compete ina wrestling event when he faced Ron Wright in Kingsport, Tennessee. Although the National Guard was brought in amid fears of rioting, the crowd unexpectedlyfavored Lindsay against Wright. As a result of Lindsay's success in the area, other African-American wrestlers were also brought into the area such as BearcatWright and Bobcat Brown.Pacific Northwest WrestlingIn early 1953, he appeared in Washington where he faced George Dusette, the Masked Marvel, CarlEngstrom, Walter Kameroff, Jack Kiser, Bronko Lubich, Axel Cadier. He was involved in a battle royal which included Kiser, Lubich, Cadier, Bud Rattal and PaulDeGalles in Yakima on May 12. On July 31, he faced Lou Thesz for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship in Tacoma and the two fought to a time limit draw.This was the first of several meetings between the two champions and the first time the title was defended against an African-American opponent. A rematch one"}
{"doc_id":"doc_153","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Jacob Le MaireJacob Le Maire (c. 1585 – 22 December 1616) was a Dutch mariner who circumnavigated the earth in 1615 and 1616. The straitbetween Tierra del Fuego and Isla de los Estados was named the Le Maire Strait in his honour, though not without controversy. It was Le Maire himself whoproposed to the council aboard Eendracht that the new passage should be called by his name and the council unanimously agreed with Le Maire. The author orauthors of The Relation took Eendracht captain Willem Schouten's side by proclaiming:“ ... our men had each of them three cups of wine in signe of ioy for ourgood hap ... [and the naming of] the Straights of Le Maire, although by good right it should rather have been called Willem Schouten Straight, after our MastersName, by whose wise conduction and skill in sayling, the same was found.”.Eendracht then rounded Cape Horn, proving that Tierra del Fuego was not acontinent.BiographyJacob Le Maire was born in either Antwerp or Amsterdam, one of the 22 children of Maria Walraven of Antwerp and Isaac Le Maire(1558–1624) of Tournai, who was then already a prosperous merchant in Antwerp. Isaac and Maria married shortly before the Spanish siege of Antwerp in 1585after which they fled to settle in Amsterdam. Jacob is thought to have been the oldest son, born perhaps the same year. Isaac was very successful in Amsterdam,and became one of the founders of the Dutch East Indies Company (VOC). However, in 1605 Isaac Le Maire was forced to leave the company after a dispute andfor the next decade tried to break the company's monopoly on the trade to the East Indies.By 1615 Isaac had established a new company (the AustralianCompany) with the goal to find a new route to the Pacific and the Spice Islands, thereby evading the restrictions of the VOC. He contributed to the outfitting oftwo ships, the Eendracht and Hoorn, and put his son Jacob in charge of trading during the expedition. The experienced ship master Willem Schouten was captainof the Eendracht and a participant of the enterprise in equal shares with Isaac Le Maire.On 14 June 1615 Jacob le Maire and Willem Schouten sailed from Texel inthe United Provinces. On 29 January 1616 they rounded Cape Horn, which they named for the Hoorn, which was lost in a fire.  The Dutch city of Hoorn was alsothe birthplace of Schouten. After failing to moor at the Juan Fernández Islands in early March, the ships crossed the Pacific in a fairly straight line, visiting severalof the Tuamotus. Between 21 and 24 April 1616 they were the first Westerners to visit the (Northern) Tonga islands: \"Cocos Island\" (Tafahi), \"Traitors Island\"(Niuatoputapu), and \"Island of Good Hope\" (Niuafo'ou). On 28 April they discovered the Hoorn Islands (Futuna and Alofi), where they were very well received andstayed until 12 May. They then followed the north coasts of New Ireland and New Guinea and visited adjacent islands, including, on 24 July, what became knownas the Schouten Islands.They reached the northern Moluccas in August and finally Ternate, the headquarters of the VOC, on 12 September 1616. Here they wereenthusiastically welcomed by Governor-General Laurens Reael, admiral Steven Verhagen, and the governor of Ambon, Jasper Jansz.The Eendracht sailed on toJava and reached  Batavia on 28 October with a remarkable 84 of the original 87 crew members of both ships on board. Although they had opened an unknownroute, Jan Pieterszoon Coen of the VOC claimed infringement of its monopoly of trade to the Spice Islands. Le Maire and Schouten were arrested and theEendracht was confiscated. After being released, they returned from Batavia to Amsterdam in the company of Joris van Spilbergen, who was on acircumnavigation of the earth himself, be it via the traditional Strait of Magellan.Le Maire was aboard the ship Amsterdam on this journey home, but died enroute. Van Spilbergen was at his deathbed and took Le Maire's report of his trip, which he included in his book Mirror of the East and West Indies. The rest of thecrew arrived in the Netherlands on 1 July 1617, two years and 17 days after they departed. Jacob's father Isaac challenged the confiscation and the conclusion ofthe VOC, but it took him until 1622 until a court ruled in his favour. He was awarded 64,000 pounds and retrieved his son's diaries (which he then published aswell), and his company was allowed trade via the newly discovered route. Unfortunately, by then, the Dutch West Indies Company had claimed the samewaters.FootnotesPassage 2:Éric RohmerJean Marie Maurice Schérer or Maurice Henri Joseph Schérer, known as Éric Rohmer (French: [e\u0000ik \u0000om\u0000\u0000]; 21 March1920 – 11 January 2010), was a French film director, film critic, journalist, novelist, screenwriter, and teacher.Rohmer was the last of the post-World War IIFrench New Wave directors to become established. He edited the influential film journal Cahiers du cinéma from 1957 to 1963, while most of hiscolleagues—among them Jean-Luc Godard and François Truffaut—were making the transition from critics to filmmakers and gaining internationalattention.Rohmer gained international acclaim around 1969 when his film My Night at Maud's was nominated at the Academy Awards. He won the San SebastiánInternational Film Festival with Claire's Knee in 1971 and the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival for The Green Ray in 1986. Rohmer went on to receive theVenice Film Festival's Career Golden Lion in 2001.After Rohmer's death in 2010, his obituary in The Daily Telegraph described him as \"the most durable filmmakerof the French New Wave\", outlasting his peers and \"still making movies the public wanted to see\" late in his career.Early lifeRohmer was born Jean-Marie MauriceSchérer (or Maurice Henri Joseph Schérer) in Nancy (also listed as Tulle), Meurthe-et-Moselle department, Lorraine, France, the son of Mathilde (née Bucher) andLucien Schérer. Rohmer was a Catholic. He was secretive about his private life and often gave different dates of birth to reporters. He fashioned his pseudonymfrom the names of two famous artists: actor and director Erich von Stroheim and writer Sax Rohmer, author of the Fu Manchu series. Rohmer was educated inParis and received an advanced degree in history, though he seemed equally interested and learned in literature, philosophy, and theology.Career as ajournalistRohmer first worked as a teacher in Clermont-Ferrand. In the mid-1940s he quit his teaching job and moved to Paris, where he worked as a freelancejournalist. In 1946 he published a novel, Elisabeth (AKA Les Vacances) under the pen name Gilbert Cordier. While living in Paris, Rohmer first began to attendscreenings at Henri Langlois's Cinémathèque Française, where he first met and befriended Jean-Luc Godard, François Truffaut, Claude Chabrol, Jacques Rivetteand other members of the French New Wave. Rohmer had never been very interested in film, preferring literature, but soon became an intense lover of films andabout 1949 switched from journalism to film criticism. He wrote film reviews for such publications as Révue du Cinéma, Arts, Temps Modernes and LaParisienne.In 1950, he co-founded the film magazine La Gazette du Cinéma with Rivette and Godard, but it was short-lived. In 1951 Rohmer joined the staff ofAndré Bazin's newly founded film magazine Cahiers du Cinéma, of which he became the editor in 1956. There, Rohmer established himself as a critic with adistinctive voice; fellow Cahiers contributor and French New Wave filmmaker Luc Moullet later remarked that, unlike the more aggressive and personal writings ofyounger critics like Truffaut and Godard, Rohmer favored a rhetorical style that made extensive use of questions and rarely used the first person singular. Rohmerwas known as more politically conservative than most of the Cahiers staff, and his opinions were highly influential on the magazine's direction while he was editor.Rohmer first published articles under his real name but began using \"Éric Rohmer\" in 1955 so that his family would not find out that he was involved in the filmworld, as they would have disapproved.Rohmer's best-known article was \"Le Celluloïd et le marbre\" (\"Celluloid and Marble\", 1955), which examines therelationship between film and other arts. In the article, Rohmer writes that in an age of cultural self-consciousness, film is \"the last refuge of poetry\" and the onlycontemporary art form from which metaphor can still spring naturally and spontaneously.In 1957 Rohmer and Claude Chabrol wrote Hitchcock (Paris: ÉditionsUniversitaires, 1957), the earliest book-length study of Alfred Hitchcock. It focuses on Hitchcock's Catholic background and has been called \"one of the mostinfluential film books since the Second World War, casting new light on a filmmaker hitherto considered a mere entertainer\". Hitchcock helped establish the auteurtheory as a critical method and contributed to the reevaluation of the American cinema that was central to that method.By 1963 Rohmer was becoming more atodds with some of the more radical left-wing critics at Cahiers du Cinéma. He continued to admire US films while many of the other left-wing critics had rejectedthem and were championing cinéma vérité and Marxist film criticism. Rohmer resigned that year and was succeeded by Rivette.Film career1950–1962: Shortsand early film careerIn 1950 Rohmer made his first 16mm short film, Journal d'un scélérat. The film starred writer Paul Gégauff and was made with a borrowedcamera. By 1951 Rohmer had a bigger budget provided by friends and shot the short film Présentation ou Charlotte et son steak. The 12-minute film wasco-written by and starred Jean-Luc Godard. The film was not completed until 1961. In 1952 Rohmer began collaborating with Pierre Guilbaud on a one-hour shortfeature, Les Petites Filles modèles, but the film was never finished. In 1954 Rohmer made and acted in Bérénice, a 15-minute short based on a story by EdgarAllan Poe. In 1956 Rohmer directed, wrote, edited and starred in La Sonate à Kreutzer, a 50-minute film produced by Godard. In 1958 Rohmer made Véroniqueet son cancre, a 20-minute short produced by Chabrol.Chabrol's company AJYM produced Rohmer's feature directorial debut, The Sign of Leo (Le Signe du lion) in1959. In the film an American composer spends the month of August waiting for his inheritance while all his friends are on vacation and gradually becomesimpoverished. It included music by Louis Sagver. The Sign of Leo was later recut and rescored by distributors when Chabrol was forced to sell his productioncompany, and Rohmer disowned the recut version. In 1962 Rohmer and Barbet Schroeder co-founded the production company Les Films du Losange (they werelater joined by Pierre Coltrell in the late 1960s). Les Films du Losange produced all of Rohmer's work (except his last three features produced by La CompagnieEric Rohmer).1962–1972: Six Moral Tales and television workRohmer's career began to gain momentum with his Six Moral Tales (Six contes moraux). Each of thefilms in the cycle follows the same story, inspired by F. W. Murnau's Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans (1927): a man, married or otherwise committed to awoman, is tempted by a second woman but eventually returns to the first.For Rohmer, these stories' characters \"like to bring their motives, the reasons for their"}
{"doc_id":"doc_154","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ben PalmerBen Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director.His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!(2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020). Palmer has alsodirected films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015).BiographyPalmer was born and raisedin Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness. He attended Chetwynde School.His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developedwith its main star, Leigh Francis. Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively.FilmographyBo'Selecta! (2002–06)Comedy Lab (2004–2010)Bo! in the USA (2006)The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)Comedy Showcase(2012)Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)Them from That Thing (2012)Bad Sugar (2012)Chickens (2013)London Irish (2013)Man Up (2015)SunTrap(2015)BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)Back (2017)Comedy Playhouse (2017)Urban Myths (2017–19)Click & Collect(2018)Semi-Detached (2019)Breeders (2020)Passage 2:Santa and the Fairy Snow QueenSanta and the Fairy Snow Queen is a 1951 short fantasy film directed bySid Davis.PlotSnoopy, (Rochelle Stanton) one of Santa Claus' (Edmund Penney) brownies, introduces herself to the audience, and explains that it is her job towatch little boys and girls, to see if they are behaving well, and to make sure all the toys Santa gives to children on Christmas are being taken care of. If she findsthem broken or forgotten, she hauls them off to the Land of Lost and Forgotten Toys. Snoopy then says Santa asked her to tell all the children the story of howthe Fairy Snow Queen gave life to toys, so that they might be more respectful of their gifts.Snoopy then begins the story: one Christmas Eve, long ago, right afterSanta and the brownies had finished making the toys, Santa asked the Fairy Snow Queen to come visit so they can have a sugar cookie. The Fairy Snow Queencame, but discovered Santa deeply asleep in his chair, exhausted from his hard work. At his feet, the queen found several of the toys that he was about todeliver: a rag doll, (Jenny Neal) a musical doll, (Lee Porter) a jack-in-the-box, (Don Oreck) a toy soldier, (Bob Porter) a baby doll, (Audrey Washburn) a dolldressed as a peasant, (Joanna Lamond) and a candy lion (Patrick Clement). Insulted at being forgotten about, the Fairy Snow Queen decided to play a trick onSanta, and brought the toys to life. As the toys take their first steps, the queen dances with the rag doll, and Santa wakes up. The toys demonstrate they cansing, and while Santa enjoyed their music, he asked the Fairy Snow Queen to revert them to their inanimate state. The queen protested, saying it's all good fun.The toy soldier and baby doll then show everyone a marching routine, after which the mischievous Jack jumps out of his box and frightens the other toys, until heis coaxed back into his dwelling by the toy soldier. The Fairy Snow queen then used her magic to calm everyone down, and Santa asked her once again to put thetoys back to normal, before the toys fall in love with each other, or break themselves. The queen then reveals that because she'd been irresponsible with hermagic, her powers were taken away. She tells Santa she can only change the toys back if they wish to return to their normal states, and they have no suchdesire, so she cannot. After this, Santa told the toys that if they don't change back, he won't have any gifts to give to the children. The Fairy Snow Queen thenoffered a compromise: the toys will come to life for one hour, at midnight, each night. The toys agree to this, and Santa appoints Snoopy the caretaker of all thetoys. Before she changed them back, the musical doll and the toy soldier reveal they have fallen in love with each other. In remembrance of her, the soldier gavethe doll his golden medal, and Santa decreed all musical dolls will wear golden medals to commemorate their love. The queen returned the toys back to normal,leaving Santa and Snoopy to load the toys onto his sleigh.MusicSome of the music used in the short film was from The Nutcracker Suite and The Sleeping Beautyby Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.ProductionOriginally a one act play written by Porter in 1949, the film wasn't copyrighted until two years later. It was distributed byEncyclopedia Britannia Films for televised broadcasts across the US.CastRochelle Stanton as SnoopyEdmund Penney as SantaMargot von Lou as the Fairy SnowQueenJenny Neal as Rag DollLee Porter as Musical DollDon Oreck as Jack-in-the-BoxBob Porter as Toy SoldierAudrey Washburn as Baby DollJoanna Lamond asPeasant DollPatrick Clement as Candy LionLegacyIt was spoofed by RiffTrax three times, the first being as the accompanying short prior to the live riffed versionof the 1964 cult classic Santa Claus Conquers the Martians, a film that was previously parodied on Mystery Science Theater 3000.External linksSanta and theFairy Snow Queen on Internet Movie DatabaseSanta and the Fairy Snow Queen on YouTubePassage 3:The Snow Queen (1995 film)The Snow Queen is a 1995British animated film directed by Martin Gates and inspired by Hans Christian Andersen's 1844 fairy tale The Snow Queen, featuring Helen Mirren in the titularrole. A direct sequel, The Snow Queen's Revenge, was released the following year.In the film, the evil Snow Queen plans to use an enormous magic mirror to sothat it will plunge the world into a perpetual winter so she can take it over, but when the mirror shatters and one piece enters the young Tom's body, she kidnapshim to have all the pieces. Tom's sister Ellie and her friend, Peeps the sparrow, set out to rescue him before it is too late.PlotEllie and her brother Tom listen totheir grandmother reading them a story about the Snow Queen. When their younger sister Polly asks if she is coming, Tom says that she only exists in the story.However, the Queen really does live in an icy palace in the North Pole with her three troll servants: Eric, Baggy, and Wardrobe. Her plan is to set up her hugemagic mirror on a mountain to reflect the sunlight away so the entire world will become her kingdom, but the mirror falls down the mountain and shatters intopieces. Two of its pieces hit Tom in the eye and the heart and he falls under a curse which turns him dark of spirit.The Snow Queen sends her bats to retrieve thepieces. As they cannot take the two that are inside Tom, the Queen goes out to kidnap him herself. Ellie and Tom connect their sleds to a bigger sled that isrevealed to be driven by the Queen. She takes Tom to her palace and cuts Ellie off, causing her to fall onto a talking sparrow named Peeps. Ellie goes out to saveTom and Peeps reluctantly decides to go with her. In a snowy forest, they find a house belonging to an old woman, who appears nice, but is actually a sly witchwho traps them to use Ellie's heart for her elixir of life so she can be eternally young. Peeps tricks the witch's cat, Cuddles, into chasing after him and knockingover the elixir of life, and uses the confusion to unlock Ellie from her cage. Ellie and Peeps escape and trap the old woman and her cat in the basement by puttinga box over the trapdoor, so they can avoid being chased by the old woman.They then meet two humanoid ravens named Les and Ivy, who, from Ellie'sdescription of Tom, tell her that Tom is going to marry princess Amy, so Ellie becomes a member of the staff to serve the princess her food. However, she soondiscovers that prince Sherman is not Tom. Meanwhile, Tom is rebuilding the Snow Queen's mirror, as he is good at puzzles. The trolls try to warn him that theQueen is going to kill him to get the last two pieces, but the Queen convinces him otherwise and kisses him, putting him into a hypnotic state while his veins arefull of ice, and will cause his death when it reaches his heart.Amy and Sherman give Ellie and Peeps a royal vehicle to ride to the Snow Queen's dominion, butthey run into a robber gang of humanoid rats. The Robber King promises his daughter, Angorra, that Ellie can become her slave, but later changes his mind. Ellieis locked in a room with a flying reindeer Dimly who was captured by the robbers. Peeps enters the room and unties Ellie's hands, and she unties Dimly. Angorraenters, but they trap her with a barrel. Dimly flies them away, but the King grabs onto the rope that is still wrapped around Dimly, resulting in the King slamminginto a building and falling over the edge on top of Angorra.Dimly does not know where the Snow Queen is, so he goes to his flying reindeer school and asks Freda,an old Lapland woman who runs the school. Freda has Dimly fly them over to the Queen's castle. There, they meet the three trolls, who ultimately decide to helpthem. Tom does not have much time left, and has finished putting the mirror together except for the two pieces that are inside him. Freda reveals that the piecesinside him will kill him, then makes a potion that will dissolve the mirror. Ellie tells Tom to drink it, but just as he is about to, the Queen blasts the vial away withher magic staff. They fight the Queen, but she freezes Eric and Freda, and Baggy and Wardrobe grab her staff just as they are frozen as well. The battleeventually causes the vial to fall on top of the mirror and shatter, dissolving the mirror and forming an icy cyclone that chases after the Queen's flying carriageand freezes her solid as she attempts to escape. The mirror pieces inside Tom dissolve and the effects of the Queen's kiss go away, freeing him. Freda and thetrolls are unfrozen.Freda warns the Snow Queen is not dead and might return in the future. She has Dimly take Ellie, Tom, and Peeps back to the village, andthen come back for her and the trolls. Dimly crash lands in the village and Ellie, Tom, and Peeps go to listen to the rest of the story as Dimly heads back to theQueen's palace. The film ends with a close-up shot of the frozen Queen's eyes lighting up.VoicesEllie Beaven as Ellie, a courageous and optimistic girl with a kindheart.Helen Mirren as the Snow Queen, the oppressive monarch of the North and South Poles.Damian Hunt as Tom, the intelligent twin brother of Ellie.HughLaurie as Peeps, a house sparrow and Ellie's best friend.Gary Martin as Dimly, a reindeer who struggles with flying.Julia McKenzie as Grandma, the grandmotherof Ellie, Tom and Polly who looks after them; Old Woman, a polite woman who is secretly an evil witch; and Freda, the Headmistress of a flying school forReindeer.David Jason as Eric, the leader of the trolls and the Snow Queen's army.Colin Marsh as Baggy, a bumbling troll and Wardrobe's best friend.Russell Floydas Wardrobe, a dim-witted troll and the kindest of the three.Scarlett Strallen as Princess Amy, an energetic and playful girl who is a Princess.Rik Mayall as theRobber King, a rat who is the leader of a gang of thieves.Richard Tate as Les, a raven who works for the Royal Household and the husband of Ivy.ImeldaStaunton as Ivy, a raven who likes picking flowers and the wife of Les; and Angorra, a rat who is also the spoiled and bratty daughter of the Robber King.RowanD'Albert as Prince Sherman, an immature but clever boy with a big appetite who has recently married Princess Amy.Zizi Vaigncourt Strallen as Polly, the younger"}
{"doc_id":"doc_155","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Salin MibayaSalin Mibaya (Burmese: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, pronounced [s\u0000l\u0000́\u0000 m\u0000b\u0000já]; also known as Narapati Medaw, (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)) was the chief queen of Viceroy Thado Dhamma Yaza II of Prome (r. 1551–1588).The second daughter of King Bayin Htwe of Prome and his chiefqueen Shwe Zin Gon was married three times. Her marriage to her first cousin Min Ba Saw—a son of her maternal uncle—was cut short when her brother KingNarapati had him executed. Narapati then married her off to Sithu Kyawhtin, then governor of Salin, a powerful figure in the Confederation of Shan States, in amarriage of state in the late 1530s. (Prome was then a de facto vassal state of the Confederation, which controlled all of Ava territories except Toungoo in UpperBurma.) Her stay at Salin lasted until January 1544 when the city was captured by Toungoo forces under Gen. Bayinnaung. Her husband escaped to Ava (Inwa)but she was captured and sent to Pegu (Bago). In 1545, she was married to Nanda Yawda, a younger brother of Bayinnaung, at the coronation ceremony ofTabinshwehti at the Pegu Palace.She returned to her native Prome as queen in 1551 when her husband was appointed viceroy of the region by King Bayinnaung.She had two daughters by Nanda Yawda, now styled as Thado Dhamma Yaza II. Their elder daughter Hsinbyushin Medaw became the chief queen of NawrahtaMinsaw, the viceroy (and later king) of Lan Na. The younger daughter Min Taya Medaw was a major queen of Nanda.AncestryThe following is her ancestry asreported in the Hmannan Yazawin chronicle, which in turn referenced contemporary inscriptions. Her parents were double cousins.NotesPassage 2:Motherland(disambiguation)Motherland is the place of one's birth, the place of one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnic group.Motherland may also referto:Music\"Motherland\" (anthem), the national anthem of MauritiusNational Song (Montserrat), also called \"Motherland\"Motherland (Natalie Merchant album),2001Motherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album), 2011Motherland (Daedalus album), 2011\"Motherland\" (Crystal Kay song), 2004Film and televisionMotherland(1927 film), a 1927 British silent war filmMotherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary filmMotherland (2015 film), a 2015 Turkish dramaMotherland (2022 film),a 2022 documentary film about the Second Nagorno-Karabakh WarMotherland (TV series), a 2016 British television seriesMotherland: Fort Salem, a 2020American science fiction drama seriesOther usesMotherland Party (disambiguation), the name of several political groupsPersonifications of Russia, including a listof monuments called MotherlandSee alsoAll pages with titles containing MotherlandMother Country (disambiguation)Passage 3:Where Was I\"Where Was I?\" mayrefer to:Books\"Where Was I?\", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind's IWhere Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan2009Film and TVWhere Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A. Seiter. With Reginald Denny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran.Where Was I? (2001film), biography about songwriter Tim RoseWhere Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953 Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location by looking atphotos\"Where Was I?\" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980Music\"Where was I\", song by W. Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and HisOrchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939\"Where Was I\", single from Charley Pride discography 1988\"Where Was I\" (song), a 1994song by Ricky Van Shelton\"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)\", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Pass album)\"Where Was I?\", song by Guttermouth from TheAlbum Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)\"Where Was I\", song by Sawyer Brown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can YouHear Me Now 2002\"Where Was I?\", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999\"Where Was I\", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) fromTime Flies (Melanie Laine album)\"Where Was I\", song by Rosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomas album)Passage 4:SennedjemSennedjem was an AncientEgyptian artisan who was active during the reigns of Seti I and Ramesses II. He lived in Set Maat (translated as \"The Place of Truth\"), contemporary Deirel-Medina, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes. Sennedjem had the title \"Servant in the Place of Truth\". He was buried along with his wife, Iyneferti,and members of his family in a tomb in the village necropolis. His tomb was discovered January 31, 1886. When Sennedjem's tomb was found, it containedfurniture from his home, including a stool and a bed, which he used when he was alive.His titles included Servant in the Place of Truth, meaning that he workedon the excavation and decoration of the nearby royal tombs.See alsoTT1 – (Tomb of Sennedjem, family and wife)Passage 5:Place of originIn Switzerland, theplace of origin (German: Heimatort or Bürgerort, literally \"home place\" or \"citizen place\"; French: Lieu d'origine; Italian: Luogo di attinenza) denotes where aSwiss citizen has their municipal citizenship, usually inherited from previous generations. It is not to be confused with the place of birth or  place of residence,although two or all three of these locations may be identical depending on the person's circumstances.Acquisition of municipal citizenshipSwiss citizenship hasthree tiers. For a person applying to naturalise as a Swiss citizen, these tiers are as follows:Municipal citizenship, granted by the place of residence after fulfillingseveral preconditions, such as sufficient knowledge of the local language, integration into local society, and a minimum number of years lived in saidmunicipality.Cantonal (state) citizenship, for which a Swiss municipal citizenship is required. This requires a certain number of years lived in said canton.Countrycitizenship, for which both of the above are required, also requires a certain number of years lived in Switzerland (except for people married to a Swiss citizen,who may obtain simplified naturalisation without having to reside in Switzerland), and involves a criminal background check.The last two kinds of citizenship are amere formality, while municipal citizenship is the most significant step in becoming a Swiss citizen. Nowadays the place of residence determines the municipalitywhere citizenship is acquired, for a new applicant, whereas previously there was a historical reason for preserving the municipal citizenship from earliergenerations in the family line, namely to specify which municipality held the responsibility of providing social welfare. The law has now been changed, eliminatingthis form of allocating responsibility to a municipality other than that of the place of residence. Care needs to be taken when translating the term in Swissdocuments which list the historical \"Heimatort\" instead of the usual place of birth and place of residence.However, any Swiss citizen can apply for a second, athird or even more municipal citizenships for prestige reasons or to show their connection to the place they currently live – and thus have several places of origin.As the legal significance of the place of origin has waned (see below), Swiss citizens can often apply for municipal citizenship for no more than 100 Swiss francsafter having lived in the same municipality for one or two years. In the past, it was common to have to pay between 2,000 and 4,000 Swiss francs as a citizenshipfee, because of the financial obligations incumbent on the municipality to grant the citizenship.A child born to two Swiss parents is automatically granted thecitizenship of the parent whose last name they hold, so the child gets either the mother's or the father's place of origin. A child born to one Swiss parent and oneforeign parent acquires the citizenship, and thus the place of origin, of the Swiss parent.International confusionAlmost uniquely in the world (with the exception ofJapan, which lists one's Registered Domicile; and Sweden, which lists the mother's place of domicile as place of birth), the Swiss identity card, passport anddriving licence do not show the holder's birthplace, but only their place of origin. The vast majority of countries show the holder's actual birthplace on identitydocuments. This can lead to administrative issues for Swiss citizens abroad when asked to demonstrate their actual place of birth, as no such information existson any official Swiss identification documents. Only a minority of Swiss citizens have a place of origin identical to their birthplace. More confusion comes into playthrough the fact that people can have more than one place of origin.Significance and historyA citizen of a municipality does not enjoy a larger set of rights than anon-citizen of the same municipality. To vote in communal, cantonal or national matters, only the current place of residence matters – or in the case of citizensabroad, the last Swiss place of residence.The law previously required that a citizen's place of origin continued to bear all their social welfare costs for two yearsafter the citizen moved away. In 2012, the National Council voted by 151 to 9 votes to abolish this law. The place of domicile is now the sole payer of welfarecosts.In 1923, 1937, 1959 and 1967, more cantons signed treaties that assured that the place of domicile had to pay welfare costs instead of the place of origin,reflecting the fact that fewer and fewer people lived in their place of origin (1860: 59%, in 1910: 34%).In 1681, the Tagsatzung – the then Swiss parliament –decided that beggars should be deported to their place of origin, especially if they were insufficiently cared for by their residential community.In the 19th century,Swiss municipalities even offered free emigration to the United States if the Swiss citizen agreed to renounce municipal citizenship, and with that the right toreceive welfare.See alsoAncestral home (Chinese)Bon-gwanRegistered domicile== Notes and references ==Passage 6:Valley of DeathValley of Death may referto:PlacesValley of Death (Bydgoszcz), the site of a 1939 Nazi mass murder and mass grave site in northern PolandValley of Death (Crimea), the site of the Chargeof the Light Brigade in the 1854 Battle of BalaclavaValley of Death (Gettysburg), the 1863 Gettysburg Battlefield landform of Plum RunValley of Death (DuklaPass), the site of a tank battle during the Battle of the Dukla Pass in 1944 (World War II)The Valley of Death, an area of poisonous volcanic gas near theKikhpinych volcano in RussiaThe Valley of Death, an area of poisonous volcanic gas near the Tangkuban Perahu volcano in IndonesiaValley of Death, a nicknamefor the highly polluted city of Cubatão, BrazilOther usesThe Valley of Death (audio drama), a Doctor Who audio playThe Valley of Death (film), a 1968 westernfilm\"Valley of Death\", the flawed NewsStand: CNN & Time debut program that caused the Operation Tailwind controversyA literary element of \"The Charge of theLight Brigade\" by Alfred, Lord TennysonA reference to the difficulty of covering negative cash flow in the early stages of a start-up company; see Venturecapital\"The Valley of Death\", a song by the Swedish heavy metal band Sabaton from the 2022 album The War to End All WarsSee alsoAll pages with titlescontaining Valley of DeathDeath Valley (disambiguation)Valley of the Shadow of Death (disambiguation)Passage 7:Beaulieu-sur-LoireBeaulieu-sur-Loire (French"}
{"doc_id":"doc_156","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:1928 Washington and Lee Generals football teamThe 1928 Washington and Lee Generals football team represented Washington and Lee Universityduring the 1928 college football season.SchedulePassage 2:Christian ComptonAsbury Christian Compton (October 24, 1929 – April 9, 2006) was an Americanattorney and judge who served as a justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1974 until 2000, and as a Senior justice until his death.Compton was a native ofAshland in Hanover County, Virginia, and graduated from Ashland High School in 1946. Compton earned his B.A. in history and politics from Washington and Leein 1950 and his LL.B. from the Washington and Lee University School of Law in 1953.  While at Washington and Lee, Compton served as president of Phi KappaSigma fraternity, class officer and captain of the basketball team. He was also a member of Omicron Delta Kappa, the lacrosse team, Phi Alpha Delta legalfraternity, the University Glee Club and the Cotillion Club.Compton served in the U.S. Navy from 1953 to 1956 and the U.S. Naval Reserve from 1953 to 1961. Hepracticed law in Richmond with May, Garrett, Miller, Newman and Compton from 1957 to 1966.In 1966, Gov. Mills Godwin appointed Compton to the Law &Equity Court of the City of Richmond and then to the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1974. The General Assembly re-elected him to another term in 1987. He retiredfrom the Supreme Court in February 2000 and began service as a senior justice.Compton maintained strong ties to Washington and Lee throughout hiscareer.  He served as president of the Alumni Association from 1972 to 1973.  He received an Honorary Doctorate of Laws from his alma mater in 1975. Heserved member of the Board of Trustees from 1978 to 1989.  He selected most of his law clerks from the top graduates of Washington and Lee School ofLaw.Compton was married to Betty Stephenson Compton for 52 years until his death.  They had three daughters—Leigh Compton Kiczales, Mary ComptonPsyllos, Melissa Compton Patterson; and eight grandsons-Nicholas Kiczales, Luke Kiczales, Noah Stephenson Kiczales, Thomas Psyllos, Christian Psyllos, DanielPatterson, James Patterson, and Henry Patterson.Resolution of the Virginia General Assembly on the Death of A. Christian ComptonPassage 3:1917 Washingtonand Lee Generals football teamThe 1917 Washington and Lee Generals football team represented the Washington and Lee Generals of Washington and Lee duringthe 1917 college football season.SchedulePassage 4:Shenandoah (magazine)Shenandoah: The Washington and Lee Review is a literary magazine publishedWashington and Lee University.HistoryOriginally a student-run quarterly, Shenandoah has evolved into a biannual literary journal. Since 2018, the magazine hasbeen edited by current English professor Beth Staples. According to Shenandoah's mission statement, the magazine aims to showcase diverse voices because\"reading through the perspective of another person, persona, or character is one of the ways we practice empathy, expand our understanding of the world, andexperience new levels of awareness.\"Shenandoah was founded in 1949 by a group of Washington and Lee University faculty members, including English professorSamuel Ashley Brown, who published the fiction and poetry of undergraduates including Tom Wolfe. In the 1950s Thomas H. Carter became one of the foundingstudent editors.  During his tenure the Shenandoah corresponded with E. E. Cummings, William Carlos Williams, William Faulkner, Ezra Pound and many otherSouthern writers and the Shenandoah grew in stature and national prominence. From the 1960s to the 1980s, W&L faculty member James Boatwright expandedthe journal and published occasional theme issues, including a 35th anniversary anthology. In 1995, R. T. Smith was selected as the first full-time editor of thejournal. In 2018 after twenty-three years as editor, R. T. Smith retired, and Beth Staples took over as editor of the magazine.  Today, the magazine publishesbiannually in the spring and fall. Shenandoah is funded and supported by Washington and Lee University through the Office of the Dean of the College and islocated in Mattingly House on W&L's campus. The magazine maintains a board of university advisors who offer guidance and advice, and the current editormaintains an intern program in which undergraduate students work for the journal and learn the craft of editing as an academic course in the English Department.Recent contributors include Wendell Berry, Joyce Carol Oates, Jacob M. Appel, Speer Morgan, Lee Smith, Claudia Emerson, May-lee Chai, and Rita Dove.  This listcomplements a long history of literary luminaries who have been published in Shenandoah such as W. H. Auden, James Merrill, J. R. R. Tolkien, T. S. Eliot, RayBradbury, and Flannery O'Connor.Since moving away from print in 2011, the magazine can now be found online in its entirety.Fellowships and ContestIn the past,Shenandoah has hosted several prestigious annual contests:  the James Boatwright III Prize for Poetry, the Goodheart Prize for Fiction, the Thomas H. CarterPrize for the Essay, and the Shenandoah/Glasgow Prize for Emerging Writers. Presently, Shenandoah host the Graybeal-Gowan Prize for Virginia Writers.  In2021, Shenandoah launched a fellowship for BIPOC editors. Through a competitive application process, the magazine selects one fellow for each issue to aid inthe selection of fiction, non-fiction, poems, or comics.Recent honors, awards and reviews2008 Governor's Award for the Arts \"The Worst You Ever Feel\" byRebecca Makkai was included in The Best American Short Stories 2008.\"Souvenir\" by Beth Ann Fennelly was included in The Best American Poetry 2006\"Death IsIntended\" by Linda Pastan was included in The Best American Poetry 2005\"A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Stalker\" by Kate Osana Simonian was \"noted\" in TheBest American Essays 2019\"Volume 68 Number 1: Bodies, Bones, and the Space We Occupy\" was given \"5 Stars\" on \"The Review Review\"See alsoList of literarymagazinesPassage 5:Lee McGeorge DurrellLee McGeorge Durrell  (née McGeorge; born September 7, 1949) is an American naturalist, author, zookeeper, andtelevision presenter. She is best known for her work at the Jersey Zoological Park in the British Channel Island of Jersey with her late husband, Gerald Durrell,and for co-authoring books with him.BiographyLee was born in Memphis, Tennessee, and showed an interest in wildlife as a child. She studied philosophy at BrynMawr College near Philadelphia before enrolling in 1971 for a graduate programme at Duke University, to study animal behaviour. She conducted research for herPhD on the calls of mammals and birds in Madagascar. She met Gerald Durrell when he gave a lecture at Duke University in 1977, and married him in 1979.LeeDurrell moved to Jersey and became involved with the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust (then the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust). She accompanied Durrellon his last three conservation missions:Mauritius, other Mascarene Islands and Madagascar (1982) (account in Gerald Durrell's Ark on the Move)Russia (1986)(account in Durrell in Russia, co-authored with Gerald Durrell)Madagascar (1990) (account in Gerald Durrell's The Aye-Aye and I)She became the honorarydirector of the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust after the death of her husband in 1995. She was instrumental in getting the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trustrenamed after Gerald Durrell, on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the Jersey Zoo. She is also a member of various expert groups on conservation, and isfondly called \"Mother Tortoise\" in certain areas of Madagascar due to her work with the ploughshare tortoise.In December 2005, Lee Durrell handed over a largecollection of dead animals (which had originally been collected and bred by her husband Gerald Durrell) to the National Museums of Scotland to aid geneticresearch of the critically rare species.Lee acted as consultant for The Durrells, a 2016 ITV six-part dramatisation of My Family and OtherAnimals.BibliographyDurrell is the author of three books:A Practical Guide for the Amateur Naturalist (with Gerald Durrell) (Hamish Hamilton (UK) / Alfred A.Knopf (USA), 1982) ISBN 0-241-10841-1Durrell in Russia (with Gerald Durrell) (MacDonald (UK) / Simon & Schuster (USA), 1986)State of the Ark – an atlas ofconservation in action (Bodley Head, 1986) ISBN 0-370-30754-2Foreword by Gerald DurrellDedicated \"To GMD for his contribution to conservation, which isgreater than most, because he shares his delight in the natural world so well\"She is also the editor of:The Best of Gerald Durrell (HarperCollins, 1996)Thecompanion book of a TV series documents the series where she was co-presenter: Ourselves and Other Animals – from the TV series with Gerald and Lee Durrell,Peter Evans (1987)HonoursNactus serpeninsula durrelli, or Durrell's night gecko, is the Round Island race of the Serpent Island gecko, named after Gerald andLee Durrell for their contribution to saving the gecko and Round Island fauna in general. Mauritius released a stamp depicting Durrell's night gecko.Lee Durrellwas made a Member of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2011 Birthday Honours.FilmographyThe Amateur Naturalist, TV series, CBC(Canada) / Channel 4 (UK) (1982)Ourselves & Other Animals, TV series, Primetime Television (1987)Durrell in Russia, TV series, Channel 4 (UK) (1986)Passage6:1920 Washington and Lee Generals football teamThe 1920 Washington and Lee Generals football team represented Washington and Lee University during the1920 college football season.SchedulePassage 7:Kenneth DubersteinKenneth Marc Duberstein (April 21, 1944 – March 2, 2022) was an American lobbyist whoserved as U.S. President Ronald Reagan's White House Chief of Staff from 1988 to 1989.Early life and educationDuberstein was born to a Jewish family inBrooklyn, the son of Jewel (Falb), a teacher, and Aaron Duberstein, a fundraiser for the Boy Scouts of America. He graduated from Poly Prep Country Day Schooland Franklin and Marshall College (A.B. 1965) and American University (M.A. 1966). He received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Franklin and Marshall in1989. While in college he was a member of Zeta Beta Tau.Political careerDuberstein began his public service on Capitol Hill as an intern for Sen. Jacob K. Javits.His other early government service included Deputy Under Secretary of Labor during the Gerald Ford Administration and Director of Congressional andIntergovernmental Affairs at the U.S. General Services Administration.During Reagan's eight years in office, he had two stints in the White House. His first wasas  Deputy Assistant to the President for Legislative Affairs (1981–83). His major accomplishment of this period was pushing Reagan's economic agenda througha Democratic House, including the  1982 Tax Bill. Duberstein was described as Reagan's invisible link to Congress. He was at the center of the Administrationspush for the bill, working on both sides of the political divide.   His second stint was also for two years, first as Deputy Chief of Staff and then for the final sixmonths of the Reagan presidency as White House Chief of Staff (1988–1989). Eight days after Reagan was on TV and acknowledged the Iran-Contra affair,"}
{"doc_id":"doc_157","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Heaven Knows, Mr. AllisonHeaven Knows, Mr. Allison is a 1957 American CinemaScope war film that tells the story of two people stranded on aJapanese-occupied island in the Pacific Ocean during World War II.The film was adapted by John Huston and John Lee Mahin from the 1952 novel by CharlesShaw and was directed by Huston. It was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Actress in a Leading Role (Deborah Kerr) and Best Writing, Screenplay Basedon Material from Another Medium.The movie was filmed on the islands of Trinidad and Tobago. Producer Eugene Frenke later filmed a low-budget variation on thestory, The Nun and the Sergeant (1962), starring his wife Anna Sten.PlotIn the South Pacific in 1944, U.S. Marine Corporal Allison and his reconnaissance partyare disembarking from a U.S. Navy submarine when they are discovered and fired upon by the Japanese. The submarine's captain is forced to dive and leave thescouting team behind. Allison reaches a rubber raft and, after days adrift, reaches an island. He finds an abandoned settlement and a chapel with one occupant:Sister Angela, a novice Irish nun who has not yet taken her final vows. She has been on the island for only four days, having come with an elderly priest toevacuate another clergyman only to find that the Japanese had arrived first. The frightened natives who had brought them to the island left the pair withoutwarning, and the priest died soon after.For a while, they have the island to themselves, but then a detachment of Japanese troops arrives to set up ameteorological camp, forcing them to hide in a cave. When Sister Angela is unable to stomach the raw fish that Allison has caught, he sneaks into the Japanesecamp for supplies, narrowly avoiding detection. That night, they watch flashes from naval guns being fired in a sea battle over the horizon.The Japaneseunexpectedly leave the island and Allison professes his love for Sister Angela, proposing marriage. But she shows him her engagement ring and explains that it isa symbol of her forthcoming final holy vows. Later both in celebration and frustration, Allison gets drunk on sake. He blurts out that he considers her devotion toher vows to be pointless since they are stuck on the island \"like Adam and Eve.\" She runs out into a tropical rain and falls ill as a result. Allison, now sober andcontrite, finds her shivering. He carries her back, but the Japanese have returned, forcing them to retreat to the cave. Allison sneaks into the Japanese camp toget blankets. He kills a soldier who discovers him, alerting the enemy. To force him into the open, the Japanese set fire to the vegetation.When a Japanese soldierdiscovers the cave, Allison and Sister Angela have two choices: surrender or die from a hand grenade thrown inside. An ensuing explosion is not a grenade, but abomb; the Americans have begun attacking the island in preparation for a landing. Allison comments that the landing will not be easy because when theyreturned, the Japanese brought four artillery pieces and concealed them well on the island.Responding to what he attributes to a message from God, Allisondisables the artillery during the barrage that will precede the American assault while the Japanese are still in their bunkers. He is wounded but sabotages all theguns by removing their breechblocks, saving many American lives. After the landing, the Marine officers are puzzled by the missing breechblocks.Sister Angelaand the wounded Allison then say their goodbyes as the Marines begin occupation. Allison has reconciled himself to Sister Angela's dedication to Jesus, thoughshe reassures him that they will always be close \"companions.\" After being found, Allison is transferred by the Marines to the ship, with Sister Angela walkingbeside him.CastProductionFilming took place in Trinidad and Tobago, allowing Huston and Fox to use blocked funds in the UK, receive British film finance andqualify for the Eady Levy. The film was set later in the war than it was in the novel, which had Allison escaping from the Battle of Corregidor. In the film, the Alliesare on the offensive and U.S. Marines capture the island.The screenplay compares the rituals and commitment of the Roman Catholic Church and the UnitedStates Marine Corps. The National Legion of Decency monitored the production of the film closely, sending a representative to watch the filming; knowing this,Kerr and Mitchum ad-libbed a scene (not included in the final print) in which their characters wildly kissed and grabbed at each other.: 306 The Marines providedtroops for the invasion climax. Six Japanese persons living in Brazil played some of the leading Japanese characters, while Chinese people from some of thelaundries and restaurants of Trinidad and Tobago played the rest of the Japanese soldiers.Screen Archives Entertainment released Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison onBlu-ray on June 10, 2014.ReceptionAccording to Kinematograph Weekly the film was \"in the money\" at the British box office in 1957.Awards and honorsSeealsoList of American films of 1957Passage 2:Henry Moore (cricketer)Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer whospent most of his life in New Zealand.Life and familyHenry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849. He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and LadyHarriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch. One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and wasknighted. Their great grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805. One of their sisters was a maid of honour to QueenVictoria.Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch. He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and theyhad one son. In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died.In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine. In 1897he married Alice Fish of Geraldine. They moved to England four years before his death in 1916.Cricket careerMoore was a right-handed middle-order batsman. Inconsecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75respectively. His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago. He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 forthe third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a \"very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence\".Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match. His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to136 for 6. The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, \"Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge insome forceful driving.\" Canterbury won again.Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of34.4. Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians. In 1896–97, at the age of 47, hetop-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team.Passage 3:Eugene FrenkeEugene Frenke (1 January 1895 –10 March 1984) was a Russian-born film producer, director and writer. He twice collaborated with the director John Huston on the films Heaven Knows, Mr. Allisonand The Barbarian and the Geisha.Frenke was married to the Ukrainian actress Anna Sten, from 1932 until his death in 1984. She appeared in a number of hisfilms.Partial filmographyGirl in the Case (1934)Life Returns (1935)A Woman Alone (1936)Miss Robin Crusoe (1954)As director: Life Returns (1934)Girl in theCase (1935)A Woman Alone (1936) (also known as Two Who Dared)Miss Robin Crusoe (1953)Passage 4:The Favor (1994 film)The Favor is a 1994 Americanromantic comedy film directed by Donald Petrie, and written by Sara Parriott and Josann McGibbon. It stars Harley Jane Kozak, Elizabeth McGovern, Bill Pullman,Brad Pitt and Ken Wahl. The original music score was composed by Thomas Newman.PlotKathy has seemingly been happily married to Peter, but theirrelationship has grown routine. She cannot help but wonder what would happen if she ever got together with her high school sweetheart, Tom, whom she hadnever slept with. Being married prevents Kathy from finding out what happened to Tom, so she asks her single, permiscuous, commitment-phobic friend Emily todo it for her. She asks her to look him up when she goes to Denver, sleep with him, then tell Kathy what it was like. Emily does this, but when she tells Kathy thatTom is awesome and they had sex all night, their friendship suffers, as does Kathy's marriage. Kathy becomes even more distracted, and regularly tries to seduceoblivious Peter. At the opening of Elliot, Emily's young lover, the women again talk about Tom. Emily  storms off, leaving Kathy to comfort him, which Peterobserves. Things become even more complicated when Emily learns she is pregnant, and says she is uncertain if Tom or her 'boyfriend' Elliot is the father. Kathytells Elliot about the pregnancy, simultaneously a work colleague of Peter's convinces him she may be cheating. Secretly following her, it seems like she's havingan affair with Elliot.Elliot has a show in Denver, and Kathy ends up on the same flight. She tells him the baby is actually Tom's, so she's going to find out if theystill have a spark. As her room in the Hyatt isn't ready yet, she leaves her bag with Elliot to look for Tom.As Tom has just finished a fishing competition, they goto his cabin so he can shower. In the meantime, Peter shows up at the hotel, hitting Elliot before he can explain. He then heads to get his wife Kathy, Emily soonfollows. Her taxi beats Peter's, so she can warn Kathy. In the end both women and all three men are at the cabin, the two couples reconciling and Tom showinghe's not relationship or father material. Kathy helps Emily plan her wedding with Elliot.CastHarley Jane Kozak as Kathy WhitingElizabeth McGovern as EmilyEmbryBill Pullman as Peter WhitingBrad Pitt as Elliot FowlerKen Wahl as Tom AndrewsGinger Orsi as GinaLeigh Ann Orsi as HannahLarry Miller as Joe DubinGaryPowell as FishermenReleaseThe Favor was filmed in 1990, but went into wide release in the United States and Canada on April 29, 1994, owing to Orion'sbankruptcy in 1991. It was released to home video on the DVD format for Region 1 on December 29, 2001, through MGM Home Entertainment.ReceptionThe filmreceived mixed to negative reviews from critics. On the film-critics aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes, it received a 27% approval rating based on 11 reviews, withan average rating of 4.9/10. On Metacritic, the film has a 51 out of 100 based on 11 reviews, indicating “mixed or average reviews.” Audiences polled byCinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"B-\" on an A+ to F scale.Year-end listsHonorable mention – Michael MacCambridge, AustinAmerican-StatesmanPassage 5:Wale AdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford wherehe was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing"}
{"doc_id":"doc_158","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Hanro SmitsmanHanro Smitsman, born in 1967 in Breda (Netherlands), is a writer and director of film and television.Film and TelevisionCreditsFilmsBrothers (2017)Schemer (2010)Skin (2008)Raak (aka Contact) (2006)Allerzielen (aka All Souls) (2005) (segment \"Groeten uit Holland\")Engel enBroer (2004)2000 Terrorists (2004)Dajo (2003)Gloria (2000)Depoep (2001)Television20 leugens, 4 ouders en een scharrelei (2013)De ontmaskering van devastgoedfraude (TV mini-series, 2013)Moordvrouw (2012-)Eileen (2 episodes, 2011)Getuige (2011)Vakantie in eigen land (2011)De Reis van meneer vanLeeuwen(2010)De Punt (2009)Roes (2 episodes, 2008)Fok jou! (2006)Van Speijk (2006)AwardsIn 2005, Engel en Broer won Cinema Prize for Short Film at theAvanca Film Festival.In 2007, Raak (aka Contact) won the Golden Berlin Bear Award at the Berlin International Film Festival, the Spirit Award at the Brooklyn FilmFestival, the first place jury prize for \"Best Live Action under 15 minutes\" at the Palm Springs International Short Film Festival, and the Prix UIP Ghent Award forEuropean Short Films at the Flanders International Film Festival.In 2008, Skin won the Movie Squad Award at the Nederlands Film Festival, an actor in the filmalso won the Best Actor Award.  It also won the Reflet d’Or for Best Film at the Cinema tous ecrans Festival in Geneva in the same year.Passage 2:Rasul SadrAmeliRasoul Sadrameli (Persian: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; born 1954 in Isfahan) is an Iranian film director, screenwriter, journalist and film producer. TheManaging Director of MILAD FILM (established in 1979, the first company in the distribution and production of Iranian films after revolution) began his journalismcareer when he was just 17. He collaborated with Etela'at Newspaper as a reporter, story writer and editor of Incident page and then as the Editor ofParliamentary Service. He studied sociology at Paul Valéry University of Montpellier in France. He began his professional activities in the Cinema by producing afilm entitled Blood Raining in 1981. This film is the first cinematic project after the revolution.Filmography (as a director)The Liberation — 1982Deliverance —1983Chrysanthemum — 1985During Autumn — 1987The Victim — 1991Symphony of Tehran — 1993The Girl in Sneakers — 1999I'm Taraneh, 15 — 2002Aida, ISaw Your Father Last Night — 2005Every Night Loneliness - 2008Life With Closed Eyes — 2010Waiting For A Miracle — 2011My Second Year in College —2019Passage 3:Long PantsLong Pants (also known as Johnny Newcomer) is a 1927 American silent comedy film directed by Frank Capra and starring HarryLangdon.  Additional cast members include Gladys Brockwell, Alan Roscoe, and Priscilla Bonner.PlotThe silent tells the story of Harry Shelby (Langdon) who hasbeen kept in knee-pants for years by his mother. One day, however, Harry finally gets his first pair of long pants.Immediately, his family expects him to marry hischildhood sweetheart Priscilla (Priscilla Bonner).  Yet, Harry soon falls for Bebe Blair (Alma Bennett), a femme fatale from the big city who has a boyfriend in themob.Harry thinks that Bebe is interested in him as well, so he risks everything when Bebe ends up in jail. This leads to a lot of trouble for Harry. Throughout thewhole ordeal Priscilla waits for Harry to face reality.CastCritical receptionWhen it was released, film critic Mordaunt Hall gave the film a positive review.  He wrote,\"Some hilarious passages enliven Harry Langdon's latest film oddity, Long' Pants...Although these incidents are acted with consummate skill, except for anoccasional repetition, it is quite obvious to any male who has made the decisive change from short to long trousers that the idea offers possibilities far greater andmore genuine than those that greet the eye. The answer is that Mr. Langdon has once again capitulated to his omnipotent band of gag-men. It may be all verywell for Harold Lloyd to rely on mechanical twists, but Langdon possesses a cherubic countenance, which offers him a chance in other directions...Mr. Langdon isstill Charles Spencer Chaplin's sincerest flatterer. His short coat reminds one of Chaplin, and now and again his footwork is like that of the great screencomedian.\"Film historian David Kalat reports that Buster Keaton, a long-time fan of Langdon's known for his own morbid jokes about death and killings, criticizeda scene in which Langdon's character tries to kill Priscilla as \"going too far\" in making light of murder.More recently, critic Maria Schneider reviewed Langdon'swork and wrote, \"Long Pants (1927), also directed by Capra, was a peculiar change of pace for Langdon, and possibly an attempt to poke fun at his baby-facedimage by casting him as a would-be lady-killer; sporting little of the ingenuity of The Strong Man, it was a box-office failure that set off the comedian's quickdecline into obscurity. An acquired taste, Harry Langdon's gentle absurdities and slow rhythms take some getting used to, but patient viewers will berewarded.\"Film critic Hal Erikson wrote of the film, \"Few comedies of the 1920s were as bizarre and surreal as Harry Langdon's Long Pants... Written by futuredirector Arthur Ripley, Long Pants is as kinky as any of Ripley's film noirs of the 1940s. Long Pants represents the second and final collaboration between starHarry Langdon and director Frank Capra, who was fired when Langdon wrong-headedly decided to become his own director, resulting in a series ofcareer-destroying flops.\"See alsoList of United States comedy filmsPassage 4:Jason Moore (director)Jason Moore (born October 22, 1970) is an American directorof film, theatre and television.Life and careerJason Moore was born in Fayetteville, Arkansas, and studied at Northwestern University. Moore's Broadway careerbegan as a resident director of Les Misérables at the Imperial Theatre in during its original run. He is the son of Fayetteville District Judge Rudy Moore.In March2003, Moore directed the musical Avenue Q, which opened Off-Broadway at the Vineyard Theatre and then moved to Broadway at the John Golden Theatre in July2003.  He was nominated for a 2004 Tony Award for his direction. Moore also directed productions of the musical in Las Vegas and London and the show'snational tour. Moore directed the 2005 Broadway revival of Steel Magnolias and Shrek the Musical, starring Brian d'Arcy James and Sutton Foster which openedon Broadway in 2008. He directed the concert of Jerry Springer — The Opera at Carnegie Hall in January 2008.Moore, Jeff Whitty, Jake Shears, and John \"JJ\"Garden worked together on a new musical based on Armistead Maupin's Tales of the City. The musical premiered at the American Conservatory Theater, SanFrancisco, California in May 2011 and ran through July 2011.For television, Moore has directed episodes of Dawson's Creek, One Tree Hill, Everwood, andBrothers & Sisters. As a writer, Moore adapted the play The Floatplane Notebooks with Paul Fitzgerald from the novel by Clyde Edgerton. A staged reading of theplay was presented at the New Play Festival at the Charlotte, North Carolina Repertory Theatre in 1996, with a fully staged production in 1998.In 2012, Mooremade his film directorial debut with Pitch Perfect, starring Anna Kendrick and Brittany Snow. He also served as an executive producer on the sequel. He directedthe film Sisters, starring Tina Fey and Amy Poehler, which was released on December 18, 2015. Moore's next project will be directing a live action Archiemovie.FilmographyFilmsPitch Perfect (2012)Sisters (2015)Shotgun Wedding (2022)TelevisionSoundtrack writerPitch Perfect 2 (2015) (Also executiveproducer)The Voice (2015) (1 episode)Passage 5:Frank CapraFrank Russell Capra (born Francesco Rosario Capra; May 18, 1897 – September 3, 1991) was anItalian-born American film director, producer, and writer who became the creative force behind some of the major award-winning films of the 1930s and 1940s.Born in Italy and raised in Los Angeles from the age of five, his rags-to-riches story has led film historians such as Ian Freer to consider him the \"American Dreampersonified\".Capra became one of America's most influential directors during the 1930s, winning three Academy Awards for Best Director from six nominations,along with three other Oscar wins from nine nominations in other categories. Among his leading films were It Happened One Night (1934), Mr. Deeds Goes toTown (1936), You Can't Take It with You (1938), and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939). During World War II, Capra served in the U.S. Army Signal Corpsand produced propaganda films, such as the Why We Fight series.After World War II, Capra's career declined as his later films, such as It's a Wonderful Life(1946), performed poorly when they were first released. In ensuing decades, however, It's a Wonderful Life and other Capra films were revisited favorably bycritics. Outside of directing, Capra was active in the film industry, engaging in various political and social activities. He served as President of the Academy ofMotion Picture Arts and Sciences, worked alongside the Writers Guild of America, and was head of the Directors Guild of America.Early lifeCapra was bornFrancesco Rosario Capra in Bisacquino, a village near Palermo, Sicily, Italy. He was the youngest of seven children of Salvatore Capra, a fruit grower, and theformer Rosaria \"Sara\" Nicolosi. Capra's family was Roman Catholic. Frank's siblings wereLuigia, Ignazia, Benedetto,Antonino Giuseppe, Antonia, and  Anne. Thename \"Capra\", notes Capra's biographer Joseph McBride, represents his family's closeness to the land, and means \"goat\". He notes that the English word\"capricious\" derives from it, \"evoking the animal's skittish temperament\", adding that \"the name neatly expresses two aspects of Frank Capra's personality:emotionalism and obstinacy.\"In 1903, when he was five, Capra's family emigrated to the United States, traveling in a steerage compartment of the steamshipGermania — the cheapest way to make the passage. For Capra, the 13-day journey remained one of the worst experiences of his life: You're all together—youhave no privacy. You have a cot. Very few people have trunks or anything that takes up space. They have just what they can carry in their hands or in a bag.Nobody takes their clothes off. There's no ventilation, and it stinks like hell. They're all miserable. It's the most degrading place you could ever be.Capraremembers the ship's arrival in New York Harbor, where he saw \"a statue of a great lady, taller than a church steeple, holding a torch above the land we wereabout to enter\". He recalls his father's exclamation at the sight: Ciccio, look! Look at that! That's the greatest light since the star of Bethlehem! That's the light offreedom! Remember that.The family settled in Los Angeles's East Side (today Lincoln Heights) on avenue 18, which Capra described in his autobiography as anItalian \"ghetto\". Capra's father worked as a fruit picker and young Capra sold newspapers after school for 10 years, until he graduated from high school. Heattended the Manual Arts High School, with Jimmy Doolittle and Lawrence Tibbett as classmates. Instead of working after graduating, as his parents wanted, heenrolled in college. He worked through college at the California Institute of Technology, playing banjo at nightclubs and taking odd jobs like working at the"}
{"doc_id":"doc_159","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ögedei KhanÖgedei Khagan (also Ogodei; c. 1186 – 11 December 1241) was second khagan-emperor of the Mongol Empire. The third son of Genghis Khan, he continued the expansion of the empire that his father had begun.Born in c. 1186 AD, Ögedei fought in numerous battles during his father's rise to power. After being granted a large appanage and taking a number of wives, including Töregene, he played a prominent role in the Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire. When his older brothers Jochi and Chagatai quarrelled over strategies when besieging Gurganj, Genghis appointed Ögedei sole commander; his successful capture of the city in 1221 ensured his military reputation. He was confirmed as heir after further infighting between his elder brothers led to both being excluded from succession plans. Genghis died in 1227, and Ögedei was elected as khagan in 1229, after a two-year regency led by his younger brother Tolui.As khan, Ögedei pursued the expansionist policies of his father. He launched a second invasion of Persia led by Chormaqan Noyan in 1230, which subdued the Khwarazmian prince Jalal al-Din and began to subjugate Georgia. He initiated the Mongol invasions of Korea, and his armies skirmished with the Song dynasty and in India. By the time of his death in 1241, large armies under the command of his nephew Batu Khan and Subutai had subdued the steppes and penetrated deep into Europe. These armies defeated Poland at Legnica and Hungary at Mohi before retreating. It is likely that this retreat was caused by the need to find a successor after Ögedei's death, although some scholars have speculated that the Mongols were simply unable to invade further because of logistical difficulties.As an administrator, Ögedei continued to develop the fast-growing Mongol state. Working with officials such as Yelü Chucai, he developed ortogh trading systems, instituted methods of tax collection, and established regional bureaucracies which controlled legal and economic affairs. He also founded the Mongol capital city, Karakorum, in the 1230s. Although historically disregarded in comparison to his father, especially on account of his alcoholism, he was known to be charismatic, good-natured, and intelligent.BackgroundÖgedei was the third son of Genghis Khan and Börte Ujin. He participated in the turbulent events of his father's rise. When Ögedei was 17 years old, Genghis Khan experienced the disastrous defeat of Khalakhaljid Sands against the army of Jamukha. Ögedei was heavily wounded and lost on the battlefield. His father's adopted brother and companion Borokhula rescued him. Although he was already married, in 1204 his father gave him Töregene, the wife of a defeated Merkit chief. The addition of such a wife was not uncommon in steppe culture.After Genghis was proclaimed Emperor or Khagan in 1206, myangans (thousands) of the Jalayir, Besud, Suldus, and Khongqatan clans were given to him as his appanage. Ögedei's territory occupied the Emil and Hobok rivers. According to his father's wish, Ilugei, the commander of the Jalayir, became Ögedei's tutor.Ögedei, along with his brothers, campaigned independently for the first time in November 1211 against the Jin dynasty. He was sent to ravage the land south through Hebei and then north through Shanxi in 1213. Ögedei's force drove the Jin garrison out of the Ordos, and he rode to the juncture of the Xi Xia, Jin, and Song domains.During the Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia, Ögedei and Chagatai massacred the residents of Otrar after a five-month siege in 1219–20 and joined Jochi who was outside the walls of Urganch. Because Jochi and Chagatai were quarreling over the military strategy, Ögedei was appointed by Genghis Khan to oversee the siege of Urganch. They captured the city in 1221. When the rebellion broke out in southeast Persia and Afghanistan, Ögedei also pacified Ghazni.Position as heirThe Empress Yisui insisted that Genghis Khan designate an heir before the invasion of the Khwarezmid Empire in 1219. After the terrible brawl between two elder sons Jochi and Chagatai, they agreed that Ögedei was to be chosen as heir. Genghis confirmed their decision.Genghis Khan died in 1227, and Jochi had died a year or two earlier. Ögedei's younger brother Tolui held the regency until 1229. Ögedei was elected supreme khan in 1229, according to the kurultai held at Kodoe Aral on the Kherlen River after Genghis' death, although this was never really in doubt as it was Genghis' clear wish that he be succeeded by Ögedei. After ritually declining three times, Ögedei was proclaimed Khagan of the Mongols on 13 September 1229. Chagatai continued to support his younger brother's claim.World conquestsExpansion in the Middle EastAfter destroying the Khwarazmian empire, Genghis Khan was free to move against Western Xia. In 1226, however, Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, the last of the Khwarizm monarchs, returned to Persia to revive the empire lost by his father, Muhammad ‘Ala al-Din II. The Mongol forces sent against him in 1227 were defeated at Dameghan. Another army that marched against Jalal al-Din scored a pyrrhic victory in the vicinity of Isfahan but was unable to follow up that success.With Ögedei's consent to launch a campaign, Chormaqan qorchi left Bukhara at the head of 30,000 to 50,000 Mongol soldiers. He occupied Persia and Khorasan, two long-standing bases of Khwarazmian support. Crossing the Amu Darya River in 1230 and entering Khorasan without encountering any opposition, Chormaqan passed through quickly. He left a sizable contingent behind under the command of Dayir Baghatur, who had further instructions to invade western Afghanistan. Chormaqan and the majority of his army then entered Tabaristan (modern-day Mazandaran), a region between the Caspian Sea and Alborz mountains, in the autumn of 1230, thus avoiding the mountainous area to the south, which was controlled by the Nizari Ismailis (the Assassins).Upon reaching the city of Rey, Chormaqan made his winter camp there and dispatched his armies to pacify the rest of northern Persia. In 1231, he led his army southward and quickly captured the cities of Qum and Hamadan. From there, he sent armies into the regions of Fars and Kirman, whose rulers quickly submitted, preferring to pay tribute to Mongol overlords rather than having their states ravaged. Meanwhile, further east, Dayir Baghatur steadily achieved his goals in capturing Kabul, Ghazni, and Zabulistan. With the Mongols already in control of Persia, Jalal al-Din was isolated in Transcaucasia where he was banished. Thus all of Persia was added to the Mongol Empire.The fall of the Jin dynastyAt the end of 1230, responding to the Jin's unexpected defeat of Doqolqu cherbi (Mongol general), the Khagan went south to Shanxi province with Tolui, clearing the area of the Jin forces and taking the city of Fengxiang. After passing the summer in the north, they again campaigned against the Jin in Henan, cutting through territory of South China to assault the Jin's rear. By 1232 the Jin Emperor was besieged in his capital of Kaifeng. Ögedei soon departed, leaving the final conquest to his generals. After taking several cities, the Mongols, with the belated assistance of the Song dynasty, destroyed the Jin with the fall of Caizhou in February 1234. However, a viceroy of the Song murdered a Mongol ambassador, and the Song armies recaptured the former imperial capitals of Kaifeng, Luoyang, and Chang'an, which were now ruled by the Mongols.In addition to the war with the Jin dynasty, Ögedei crushed the Eastern Xia founded by Puxian Wannu in 1233, pacifying southern Manchuria. Ögedei subdued the Water Tatars in the northern part of the region and suppressed their rebellion in 1237.Conquest of Georgia and ArmeniaThe Mongols under Chormaqan returned to the Caucasus in 1232. The walls of Ganjak were breached by catapult and battering ram in 1235. The Mongols eventually withdrew after the citizens of Irbil agreed to send a yearly tribute to the court of the khagan. Chormaqan waited until 1238, when the force of Möngke Khan was also active in the north Caucasus. After subduing Armenia, Chormaqan took Tiflis. In 1238, the Mongols captured Lorhe whose ruler, Shahanshah, fled with his family before the Mongols arrived, leaving the rich city to its fate. After putting up a spirited defense at Hohanaberd, the city's ruler, Hasan Jalal, submitted to the Mongols. Another column then advanced against Gaian, ruled by Prince Avak. The Mongol commander Tokhta ruled out a direct assault and had his men construct a wall around the city, and Avak soon surrendered. By 1240, Chormaqan had completed the conquest of Transcaucasia, forcing the Georgian nobles to surrender.KoreaIn 1224, a Mongol envoy was killed in obscure circumstances and Korea stopped paying tribute. Ögedei dispatched Saritai qorchi to subdue Korea and avenge the dead envoy in 1231. Thus, Mongol armies began to invade Korea in order to subdue the kingdom. The Goryeo King temporarily submitted and agreed to accept Mongol overseers. When they withdrew for the summer, however, Choe U moved the capital from Kaesong to Ganghwa Island. Saritai was hit with a stray arrow and died as he campaigned against them.Ögedei announced plans for the conquest of the Koreans, the Southern Song, the Kipchaks and their European allies, all of whom killed Mongol envoys, at the kurultai in Mongolia in 1234. Ögedei appointed Danqu commander of the Mongol army and made Bog Wong, a defected Korean general, governor of 40 cities with their subjects. When the court of Goryeo sued for peace in 1238, Ögedei demanded that the king of Goryeo appear before him in person. The Goryeo king finally sent his relative Yeong Nong-gun Sung with ten noble boys to Mongolia as hostages, temporarily ending the war in 1241.EuropeThe Mongol Empire expanded westward under the command of Batu Khan to subdue the western steppes and drive into Europe. Their western conquests included Volga Bulgaria, almost all of Alania, Cumania, and Rus', along with a brief occupation of Hungary. They also invaded Poland, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, the Latin Empire, and Austria. During the siege of Kolomna, the Khagan's half brother Khulgen was killed by an arrow.Amid the conquest, Ögedei's son Güyük and Chagatai's grandson Büri ridiculed Batu, and the Mongol camp suffered dissension. The Khagan harshly criticized Güyük: \"You broke the spirit of every man in your army... Do you think that the Russians surrendered because of how mean you were to your own men?\". He then sent Güyük back to continue the conquest of Europe. Güyük and another of Ögedei's sons, Kadan, attacked Transylvania and Poland, respectively.Although Ögedei Khan had granted permission to invade the remainder of Europe, all the way to the \"Great Sea\", the Atlantic Ocean, the Mongol advance stopped in East Europe early in 1242, the year after his death. Mongol accounts would later attribute the drive's failure to his untimely demise necessitating Batu's withdrawal to personally participate in the election of Ögedei's successor. Batu, however, never reached Mongolia for such an election and a successor wouldn't be named until 1246. A likely reason the advance stalled and never regained momentum is that European fortifications posed a strategic problem that Mongol commanders were unable to surmount with the resources they had available.Conflict with Song "}
{"doc_id":"doc_160","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She wasappointed by the board of directors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and anIsraeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. Shemoved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors.During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She alsodirected and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film andacademic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged andpromoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities.Blankstein directed themini-series \"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen wasappointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, shespearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series;director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter,2006)Passage 2:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of creditsdirecting episodic television and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase,Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: TheRideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart inHiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levinworked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when hewas drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long WharfTheatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey DavisLevin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 3:Michael GovanMichael Govan (born 1963) is the director of the Los AngelesCounty Museum of Art. Prior to his current position, Govan worked as the director of the Dia Art Foundation in New York City.Early life and educationGovan wasborn in 1963 in North Adams, Massachusetts, and was raised in the Washington D.C. area, attending Sidwell Friends School.He majored in art history and finearts at Williams College, where he met Thomas Krens, who was then director of the Williams College Museum of Art. Govan became closely involved with themuseum, serving as acting curator as an undergraduate. After receiving his B.A. from Williams in 1985, Govan began an MFA in fine arts from the University ofCalifornia, San Diego.CareerAs a twenty-five year old graduate student, Govan was recruited by his former mentor at Williams, Thomas Krens, who in 1988 hadbeen appointed director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. Govan served as deputy director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum under Krens from1988 to 1994, a period that culminated in the construction and opening of the Frank Gehry designed Guggenheim branch in Bilbao, Spain. Govan supervised thereinstallation of the museum's permanent collection galleries after its extensive renovation.Dia Art FoundationFrom 1994 to 2006, Govan was president anddirector of Dia Art Foundation in New York City. There, he spearheaded the conversion of a Nabisco box factory into the 300,000 square foot Dia:Beacon in NewYork's Hudson Valley, which houses Dia's collection of art from the 1960s to the present. Built in a former Nabisco box factory, the critically acclaimed museumhas been credited with catalyzing a cultural and economic revival within the formerly factory-based city of Beacon. Dia's collection nearly doubled in size duringGovan's tenure, but he also came under criticism for \"needlessly and permanently\" closing Dia's West 22nd Street building. During his time at Dia, Govan alsoworked closely with artists James Turrell and Michael Heizer, becoming an ardent supporter of Roden Crater and City, the artists' respective site-specific land artprojects under construction in the American southwest. Govan successfully lobbied Washington to have the 704,000 acres in central Nevada surrounding Citydeclared a national monument in 2015.LACMAIn February 2006, a search committee composed of eleven LACMA trustees, led by the late Nancy M. Daly, recruitedGovan to run the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Govan has stated that he was drawn to the role not only because of LACMA's geographical distance from itsEuropean and east coast peers, but also because of the museum's relative youth, having been established in 1961. \"I felt that because of this newness I had theopportunity to reconsider the museum,\" Govan has written, \"[and] Los Angeles is a good place to do that.\"Govan has been widely regarded for transformingLACMA into both a local and international landmark. Since Govan's arrival, LACMA has acquired by donation or purchase over 27,000 works for the permanentcollection, and the museum's gallery space has almost doubled thanks to the addition of two new buildings designed by Renzo Piano, the Broad Contemporary ArtMuseum (BCAM) and the Lynda and Stewart Resnick Pavilion. LACMA's annual attendance has grown from 600,000 to nearly 1.6 million in 2016.ArtistcollaborationsSince his arrival, Govan has commissioned exhibition scenography and gallery designs in collaboration with artists. In 2006, for example, Govaninvited LA artist John Baldessari to design an upcoming exhibition about the Belgian surrealist René Magritte, resulting in a theatrical show that reflected thetwisted perspective of the latter's topsy-turvy world. Baldessari has also designed LACMA's logo. Since then, Govan has also commissioned Cuban-American artistJorge Pardo to design LACMA's Art of the Ancient Americas gallery, described in the Los Angeles Times as a \"gritty cavern deep inside the earth ... crossed with ahigh-style urban lounge.\"Govan has also commissioned several large-scale public artworks for LACMA's campus from contemporary California artists. Theseinclude Chris Burden's Urban Light (2008), a series of 202 vintage street lamps from different neighborhoods in Los Angeles, arranged in front of the entrancepavilion, Barbara Kruger's Untitled (Shafted) (2008), Robert Irwin's Primal Palm Garden (2010), and Michael Heizer's Levitated Mass, a 340-ton bouldertransported 100 miles from the Jurupa Valley to LACMA, a widely publicized journey that culminated with a large celebration on Wilshire Boulevard. Thanks in partto the popularity of these public artworks, LACMA was ranked the fourth most instagrammed museum in the world in 2016.In his first three full years, themuseum raised $251 million—about $100 million more than it collected during the three years before he arrived. In 2010, it was announced that Govan will steerLACMA for at least six more years. In a letter dated February 24, 2013, Govan, along with the LACMA board's co-chairmen Terry Semel and Andrew Gordon,proposed a merger with the financially troubled Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles and a plan to raise $100 million for the combined museum.ZumthorProjectGovan's latest project is an ambitious building project, the replacement of four of the campus's aging buildings with a single new state of the art gallerybuilding designed by architect Peter Zumthor. As of January 2017, he has raised about $300 million in commitments. Construction is expected to begin in 2018,and the new building will open in 2023, to coincide with the opening of the new D Line metro stop on Wilshire Boulevard. The project also envisages dissolving allexisting curatorial departments and departmental collections. Some commentators have been highly critical of Govan's plans. Joseph Giovannini, recallingGovan's technically unrealizable onetime plan to hang Jeff Koons' Train sculpture from the facade of the Ahmanson Gallery, has accused Govan of \"driving theinstitution over a cliff into an equivalent mid-air wreck of its own\". Describing the collection merging proposal as the creation of a \"giant raffle bowl of some130,000 objects\", Giovannini also points out that the Zumthor building will contain 33% less gallery space than the galleries it will replace, and that the linearfootage of wall space available for displays will decrease by about 7,500 ft, or 1.5 miles. Faced with losing a building named in its honor, and anticipating that itsacquisitions could no longer be displayed, the Ahmanson Foundation withdrew its support.On the merging of the separate curatorial divisions to create anon-departmental art museum, Christopher Knight has pointed out that \"no other museum of LACMA's size and complexity does it\" that way, and characterizedthe museum's 2019 \"To Rome and Back\" exhibition, the first to take place under the new scheme, as \"bland and ineffectual\" and an \"unsuccessful sample ofwhat's to come\".Personal lifeGovan is married and has two daughters, one from a previous marriage. He and his family used to live in a $6 million mansion inHancock Park that was provided by LACMA - a benefit worth $155,000 a year, according to most recent tax filings - until LACMA decided that it would sell theproperty to make up for the museum's of almost $900 million in debt [2]. That home is now worth nearly $8 million and Govan now lives in a trailer park inMalibu's Point Dume region.Los Angeles CA 90020United States. He has had a private pilot's license since 1995 and keeps a 1979 Beechcraft Bonanza at SantaMonica Airport.Passage 4:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the NorwegianMuseum of Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage 5:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian PatrickKennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United"}
{"doc_id":"doc_161","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Arthur BeauchampArthur Beauchamp (1827 – 28 April 1910) was a Member of Parliament from New Zealand. He is remembered as the father of Harold Beauchamp, who rose to fame as chairman of the Bank of New Zealand and was the father of writer Katherine Mansfield.BiographyBeauchamp came to Nelson from Australia on the Lalla Rookh, arriving on 23 February 1861.He lived much of his life in a number of locations around the top of the South Island, also Whanganui when Harold was 11 for seven years and then to the capital (Wellington). Then south to Christchurch and finally Picton and the Sounds. He had business failures and was bankrupted twice, in 1879 and 1884. He married Mary Stanley on the Victorian goldfields in 1854; Arthur and Mary lived in 18 locations over half a century, and are buried in Picton. Six of their ten children born between 1855 and 1893 died, including the first two sons born before Harold.Beauchamp represented the Picton electorate from 1866 to 1867, when he resigned.  He had the energy and sociability required for politics, but not the private income then required to be a parliamentarian. He supported the working man and the subdivision of big estates, opposed the confiscation of Māori land and was later recognised as a founding Liberal, the party that Harold supported and was a \"fixer\" for. Yska calls their life an extended chronicle of rootlessness, business failure and almost ceaseless family tragedy and Harold called his father a rolling stone by instinct. Arthur also served on the council of Marlborough Province and is best-remembered for a 10-hour speech to that body when an attempt was made to relocate the capital from Picton to Blenheim.In 1866 he attempted to sue the Speaker of the House, David Monro. At the time the extent of privilege held by Members of Parliament was unclear; a select committee ruled that the case could proceed, but with a stay until after the parliamentary session.See alsoYska, Redmer (2017). A Strange Beautiful Excitement: Katherine Mansfield's Wellington 1888-1903. Dunedin: Otago University Press. pp. 91–99. ISBN 978-0-947522-54-4.Passage 2:David Hyrum SmithDavid Hyrum Smith (November 17, 1844 – August 29, 1904) was an American religious leader, poet, painter, singer, philosopher, and naturalist. The youngest son of Joseph Smith and Emma Hale Smith, he was an influential missionary and leader in the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS Church). He was born approximately five months after the murder of his father. Joseph told Emma before he died what the child's name should be. From December 1847, David was raised by his mother and her second husband, Lewis C. Bidamon.Smith was a highly effective missionary for the RLDS Church. From 1865 to 1873, he conducted missionary trips throughout the Midwest, Utah Territory, and California, debating preachers of different theologies, including representatives of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). From 1873 to 1885, Smith was a counselor to his brother Joseph Smith III in the First Presidency of the RLDS Church. Later David's son Elbert A. Smith became a member of the First Presidency and a Presiding Patriarch in the RLDS Church.Smith was called the \"Sweet Singer of Israel\" because many who knew him, who heard him sing and joined him in song, said that he was the most inspiring singer of God they had encountered. The Joseph Smith Historic Site, maintained by the Community of Christ, houses Smith's original paintings of Nauvoo, Illinois.In a 1998 biography of Smith, From Mission to Madness: Last Son of the Mormon Prophet, author Valeen Tippetts Avery describes Smith's mental deterioration, starting with a probable breakdown early in 1870. In an 1869 letter to his mother, Emma Smith Bidamon, Smith had written at age 24:  Mother I must tell you ... I feel very sad and the tears run out of my eyes all the time and I don't know why. ... strive as I will my heart sinks like lead. ... I must tell someone my troubles.Smith was confined to Northern Illinois Hospital and Asylum for the Insane beginning in 1877. He was held there for most of 27 years, dying in the hospital in 1904. Avery's biography draws on a large body of Smith's correspondence and poetry to examine both his personality and his emotional state.NotesPassage 3:John Crockett (frontiersman)John Crockett (circa 1753 – after 1802) was an American frontiersman and soldier, and the father of David \"Davy\" Crockett.Early lifeCrockett was born about 1753 in either Maryland or Frederick County, Virginia. \"Davy\" Crockett said in his autobiography that John Crockett was born either in Ireland or during the journey from Ireland to America; but later scholars disagreed, saying this had been John's father, also named David. His ancestors were of Scotch-Irish and possible Huguenot backgrounds. The Crockett/Crocketague name is a Registered Lineage with the Huguenot Society of the Founders of Manakin in the Colony of Virginia (FMCV)   though \"Davy\" Crockett does not mention it in his autobiography.In 1775 or 1780, Crockett married Rebecca Hawkins, from Maryland.Father and family heads westIn 1776, David Crockett and the growing family moved to the Washington District in what is now the northeastern tip of Tennessee, near Rogersville, Tennessee.Father's demiseIn 1777, David Crockett and part of the family were killed in a Chickamauga Cherokee raid, led by Dragging Canoe, at the onset of the Cherokee–American wars. After the attack, the remaining Crocketts sold the property to a new settler in the area, a French Huguenot man, Colonel Thomas Amis.Military careerDuring the American War for Independence, Crockett fought along with the Overmountain Men from west of the Appalachians. The Overmountain Men often crossed the mountains to face the British in the war's southern campaign. Crockett fought at the Battle of Kings Mountain in 1780, a major victory for the colonists.Later life and workA respected man in the area, Crockett later became a magistrate, a farmer, and an unsuccessful land speculator. The family lived in what is now Greene County, Tennessee, close to the Nolichucky River and near the community of Limestone. It was here, at a location now commemorated as Davy Crockett Birthplace State Park, that David \"Davy\" Crockett was born in 1786. He was the fifth of the nine Crockett children, and was named for his grandfather. At the time of his birth, the area was part of the autonomous State of Franklin. In 1788, Crockett was justice of the court when a young Andrew Jackson received his law license according to some genealogies.After a flood destroyed their house, the Crocketts moved to the Morristown, Tennessee area (1792) and built a tavern on a newly constructed stage road between Abingdon, Virginia and Knoxville, Tennessee. The Crockett Tavern Museum now stands on the site, housed in a reconstruction of the tavern.Young \"Davy\" helps outIn 1798, when David was 12, Crockett hired him out to Jacob Siler to drive cattle. After young David fulfilled his original obligation to Siler, he returned to his father's home. The family sent Davy to a school that had been established nearby, but he did not like school and quit attending after a few days. The elder Crockett was drunk when he learned his son was avoiding school and he punished Davy severely, leading him to flee and stay away for years. David Crockett returned in 1802 and helped pay off his father's debts.DeathIt's not clear when Crockett died, though some genealogies have his year of death as 1834.Crockett family treePassage 4:Jorge TrezeguetJorge Ernesto Trezeguet (born 13 May 1951) is an Argentine former professional footballer who played as a defender. He is the father of David Trezeguet.CareerTrezeguet played for Estudiantes (BA), Almagro, Deportivo Español, Sportivo Italiano, El Porvenir and Chacarita Juniors in Argentina, as well as FC Rouen in France. It was while playing for Rouen that his son David was born.He was provisionally banned for failing a doping control in 1974 while playing for Estudiantes (BA) in the second-tier Primera B Nacional along with two teammates. He was subsequently pardoned, but his career was adversely impacted by the allegations.Trezeguet later in his career worked as a physical trainer. Currently he is the agent for his son David as well as a European scout for Juventus.Passage 5:Cleomenes IICleomenes II (Greek: Κλεομένης; died 309 BC) was king of Sparta from 370 to 309 BC. He was the second son of Cleombrotus I, and grandfather of Areus I, who succeeded him. Although he reigned for more than 60 years, his life is completely unknown, apart from a victory at the Pythian Games in 336 BC. Several theories have been suggested by modern historians to explain such inactivity, but none has gained consensus.Life and reignCleomenes was the second son of king Cleombrotus I (r. 380–371), who belonged to the Agiad dynasty, one of the two royal families of Sparta (the other being the Eurypontids). Cleombrotus died fighting Thebes at the famous Battle of Leuctra in 371. His eldest son Agesipolis II succeeded him, but he died soon after in 370. Cleomenes' reign was instead exceptionally long, lasting 60 years and 10 months according to Diodorus of Sicily, a historian of the 1st century BC. In a second statement, Diodorus nevertheless tells that Cleomenes II reigned 34 years, but he confused him with his namesake Cleomenes I (r. 524–490).Despite the outstanding length of his reign, very little can be said about Cleomenes. He has been described by modern historians as a \"nonentity\". Perhaps that the apparent weakness of Cleomenes inspired the negative opinion of the hereditary kingship at Sparta expressed by Aristotle in his Politics (written between 336 and 322). However, Cleomenes may have focused on internal politics within Sparta, because military duties were apparently given to the Eurypontid Agesilaus II (r. 400–c.360), Archidamus III (r. 360–338), and Agis III (r. 338–331). As the Spartans notably kept their policies secret from foreign eyes, it would explain the silence of ancient sources on Cleomenes. Another explanation is that his duties were assumed by his elder son Acrotatus, described as a military leader by Diodorus, who mentions him in the aftermath of the Battle of Megalopolis in 331, and again in 315.Cleomenes' only known deed was his chariot race victory at the Pythian Games in Delphi in 336. In the following autumn, he gave the small sum of 510 drachmas for the reconstruction of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, which had been destroyed by an earthquake in 373. Cleomenes might have made this gift as a pretext to go to Delphi and engage in informal diplomacy with other Greek states, possibly to discuss the consequences of the recent assassination of the Macedonian king Philip II.One short witticism of Cleomenes regarding cockfighting is preserved in the Moralia, written by the philosopher Plutarch in the early 2nd century AD:Somebody promised to give to Cleomenes cocks that would die fighting, but he retorted, \"No, don't, but give me those that kill fighting.\"As Acrotatus died before Cleomenes, the latter's grandson Areus I succeeded him while still very young, so Cleomenes' second son Cleonymus acted as regent until Areus' majority. Some modern scholars also give Cleomenes a daughter named Archidamia, who played an important role during Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese, "}
{"doc_id":"doc_162","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Mark RockefellerMark Fitler Rockefeller (born January 26, 1967) is a fourth-generation member of the Rockefeller family. He is the younger son offormer U.S. Vice President Nelson A. Rockefeller (1908–1979) and Happy Rockefeller (1926–2015). Through his father, Rockefeller is a grandson of Americanfinancer John D. Rockefeller Jr. and a great-grandson of Standard Oil co-founder John D. Rockefeller. He was chairman of the board of directors of the NationalFish and Wildlife Foundation in 2010.Early lifeRockefeller grew up at Kykuit, the central mansion at his family's estate in Pocantico, Westchester County, in NewYork State. He is an alumnus of the Buckley School, Deerfield Academy (1985), Princeton University (BA 1989), and Harvard University (MBA 1996). He playedfootball, basketball, and baseball at Deerfield, and played football at Princeton as a walk-on.CareerRockefeller and his former wife own South Fork Lodge andSouth Fork Outfitters, both in Swan Valley, Idaho. Previously, he was an associate in the Acquisition Finance Group at Chase Securities, Inc.In 1999 he waselected chairman of the non-profit organization, Historic Hudson Valley, founded by his grandfather, John D. Rockefeller Jr. in 1951. Mark Rockefeller's olderbrother, Nelson Rockefeller Jr., has also served on its board.In a 2013 article about federal farm subsidy programs, the New York Post reported that 1,500affluent New Yorkers had received payments. Among them was Rockefeller, who received $342,634 in farm subsidies over the course of ten years from 2001 to2011 for allowing farmland to return to its natural condition.Personal lifeIn 1998, Rockefeller married Renee Anne Anisko (born 1968) at the Church of theMagdalene in Pocantico Hills. She has a Juris Doctor degree cum laude from the Temple University Beasley School of Law. They have four children. They divorcedin 2020.Passage 2:Where Was I\"Where Was I?\" may refer to:Books\"Where Was I?\", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind's IWhere Was I?, book byJohn Haycraft 2006Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009Film and TVWhere Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A. Seiter. With Reginald Denny,Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran.Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim RoseWhere Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953 Quiz show with thepanelists attempting to guess a location by looking at photos\"Where Was I?\" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980Music\"Where was I\", song by W. FrankeHarling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939\"Where Was I\", single fromCharley Pride discography 1988\"Where Was I\" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton\"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)\", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (JoePass album)\"Where Was I?\", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)\"Where Was I\", song by SawyerBrown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can You Hear Me Now 2002\"Where Was I?\", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999\"WhereWas I\", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)\"Where Was I\", song by Rosie Thomas from With Love (RosieThomas album)Passage 3:Dance of Death (disambiguation)Dance of Death, also called Danse Macabre, is a late-medieval allegory of the universality ofdeath.Dance of Death or The Dance of Death may also refer to:BooksDance of Death, a 1938 novel by Helen McCloyDance of Death (Stine novel), a 1997 novelby R. L. StineDance of Death (novel), a 2005 novel by Douglas Preston and Lincoln ChildTheatre and filmThe Dance of Death (Strindberg play), a 1900 play byAugust StrindbergThe Dance of Death, a 1908 play by Frank WedekindThe Dance of Death (Auden play), a 1933 play by W. H. AudenFilmThe Death Dance, a1918 drama starring Alice BradyThe Dance of Death (1912 film), a German silent filmThe Dance of Death (1919 film), an Austrian silent filmThe Dance of Death(1938 film), crime drama starring Vesta Victoria; screenplay by Ralph DawsonThe Dance of Death (1948 film), French-Italian drama based on Strindberg's play,starring Erich von StroheimThe Dance of Death (1967 film), a West German drama filmDance of Death or House of Evil, 1968 Mexican horror film starring BorisKarloffDance of Death (1969 film), a film based on Strindberg's play, starring Laurence OlivierDance of Death (1979 film), a Hong Kong film featuring PaulChunMusicDance of Death (album), a 2003 album by Iron Maiden, or the title songThe Dance of Death & Other Plantation Favorites, a 1964 album by JohnFaheyThe Dance of Death (Scaramanga Six album)\"Death Dance\", a 2016 song by SevendustSee alsoDance of the Dead (disambiguation)Danse Macabre(disambiguation)Bon Odori, a Japanese traditional dance welcoming the spirits of the deadLa danse des morts, an oratorio by Arthur HoneggerTotentanz(disambiguation)Passage 4:John I, Duke of ClevesJohn I, Duke of Cleves, Count of Mark (16 February 1419 – 5 September 1481). Jean de Belliqueux (warlike),was Duke of Cleves and Count of Mark.LifeJohn was the son of Adolph I, Duke of Cleves and Mary of Burgundy. He was raised in Brussels at the Burgundian courtof his uncle Philip the Good. He ruled Cleves from 1448 from 1481, and Mark since 1461 after the death of his uncle Gerhard who had waged war on his ownbrother.John fought 3 wars with the Electorate of Cologne and finally defeated Ruprecht of the Palatinate, conquering the cities of Xanten and Soest. In thesewars, he was supported by his uncle Philip the Good, bringing Cleves-Mark into the Burgundian sphere of influence. His marriage with Elisabeth Countess ofNevers, from a sideline of the House of Burgundy, only strengthened this influence. John also took sides in the Münster Diocesan Feud supporting the aspirationsof the House of Hoya to the episcopacy in Münster.John was also made a Knight in the Burgundian Order of the Golden Fleece in 1451, with which he wasdepicted by Rogier van der Weyden. In 1473 he helped the Burgundian Duke Charles the Bold conquer the Duchy of Guelders.Marriage and childrenOn 22 April1455, John married Elizabeth of Nevers, daughter of John II, Count of Nevers.They had:John II, Duke of Cleves (13 April 1458 – 15 March 1521); married 3November 1489 Matilda of HesseAdolf (1461–1498); a canon of LiegeEngelbert, Count of Nevers (26 September 1462 – 21 November 1506); married 23February 1489 Charlotte de Bourbon-VendômeDietrich (1464)Marie of Cleves (1465–1513)Philip of Cleves (1467–1505); Bishop of Nevers, Amiens andAutunAncestryPassage 5:Place of birthThe place of birth (POB) or birthplace is the place where a person was born. This place is often used in legal documents,together with name and date of birth, to uniquely identify a person. Practice regarding whether this place should be a country, a territory or a city/town/localitydiffers in different countries, but often city or territory is used for native-born citizen passports and countries for foreign-born ones.As a general rule with respectto passports, if the place of birth is to be a country, it's determined to be the country that currently has sovereignty over the actual place of birth, regardless ofwhen the birth actually occurred. The place of birth is not necessarily the place where the parents of the new baby live. If the baby is born in a hospital in anotherplace, that place is the place of birth. In many countries, this also means that the government requires that the birth of the new baby is registered in the place ofbirth.Some countries place less or no importance on the place of birth, instead using alternative geographical characteristics for the purpose of identitydocuments. For example, Sweden has used the concept of födelsehemort (\"domicile of birth\") since 1947. This means that the domicile of the baby's mother isthe registered place of birth. The location of the maternity ward or other physical birthplace is considered unimportant.Similarly, Switzerland uses the concept ofplace of origin. A child born to Swiss parents is automatically assigned the place of origin of the parent with the same last name, so the child either gets theirmother's or father's place of origin. A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the place of origin of their Swiss parent. In a Swiss passportand identity card, the holder's place of origin is stated, not their place of birth. In Japan, the registered domicile is a similar concept.In some countries (primarilyin the Americas), the place of birth automatically determines the nationality of the baby, a practice often referred to by the Latin phrase jus soli. Almost allcountries outside the Americas instead attribute nationality based on the nationality(-ies) of the baby's parents (referred to as jus sanguinis).There can be someconfusion regarding the place of birth if the birth takes place in an unusual way: when babies are born on an airplane or at sea, difficulties can arise. The place ofbirth of such a person depends on the law of the countries involved, which include the nationality of the plane or ship, the nationality(-ies) of the parents and/orthe location of the plane or ship (if the birth occurs in the territorial waters or airspace of a country).Some administrative forms may request the applicant's\"country of birth\". It is important to determine from the requester whether the information requested refers to the applicant's \"place of birth\" or \"nationality atbirth\". For example, US citizens born abroad who acquire US citizenship at the time of birth, the nationality at birth will be USA (American), while the place ofbirth would be the country in which the actual birth takes place.Reference list8 FAM 403.4 Place of BirthPassage 6:Dietrich IX, Count of MarkDietrich IX, Count ofMark (1374–1398) was the Count of Mark from 1393 until 1398.Dietrich was the second son of Count Adolf III of the Marck and Margaret of Jülich.His father hadacquired the County of Cleves in 1368 and reserved this title for his eldest son Adolph to succeed him after his death. Dietrich already received the title of Countof Mark in 1393, when his father was still alive. When Dietrich fell in battle in 1398, he was succeeded by his elder brother Adolph, who had become Count ofCleves in 1394. Thus the County of Mark and the County of Cleves were reunited again.Passage 7:Beaulieu-sur-LoireBeaulieu-sur-Loire (French pronunciation:[boljø sy\u0000 lwa\u0000], literally Beaulieu on Loire) is a commune in the Loiret department in north-central France. It is the place of death of Jacques MacDonald, aFrench general who served in the Napoleonic Wars.PopulationSee alsoCommunes of the Loiret departmentPassage 8:Motherland (disambiguation)Motherland isthe place of one's birth, the place of one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnic group.Motherland may also refer to:Music\"Motherland\" (anthem), thenational anthem of MauritiusNational Song (Montserrat), also called \"Motherland\"Motherland (Natalie Merchant album), 2001Motherland (Arsonists Get All theGirls album), 2011Motherland (Daedalus album), 2011\"Motherland\" (Crystal Kay song), 2004Film and televisionMotherland (1927 film), a 1927 British silent warfilmMotherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary filmMotherland (2015 film), a 2015 Turkish dramaMotherland (2022 film), a 2022 documentary film about the"}
{"doc_id":"doc_163","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Howard W. KochHoward Winchel Koch (April 11, 1916 – February 16, 2001) was an American producer and director of film and television.Life andcareerKoch was born in New York City, the son of Beatrice (Winchel) and William Jacob Koch. His family was Jewish. He attended DeWitt Clinton High School andthe Peddie School in Hightstown, New Jersey. He began his film career as an employee at Universal Studios office in New York then made his Hollywoodfilmmaking debut in 1947 as an assistant director. He worked as a producer for the first time in 1953 and a year later made his directing debut. In 1964,Paramount Pictures appointed him head of film production, a position he held until 1966 when he left to set up his own production company. He had a productionpact with Paramount for over 15 years.Among his numerous television productions, Howard W. Koch produced the Academy Awards show on eight occasions.Dedicated to the industry, he served as President of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from 1977 to 1979. In 1990 the Academy honored him withThe Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award and in 1991 he received the Frank Capra Achievement Award from the Directors Guild of America.Together with actor TellySavalas, Howard Koch owned the thoroughbred racehorse Telly's Pop, winner of several important California races for juveniles including the Norfolk Stakes andDel Mar Futurity.Howard W. Koch suffered from Alzheimer's disease and died in at his home in Beverly Hills, California on February 16, 2001. He had two childrenfrom a marriage of 64 years to Ruth Pincus, who died in March 2009. In 2004, his son Hawk Koch was elected to the Board of Governors of the Academy ofMotion Picture Arts and Sciences.FilmographyDirectorFilm (director)Shield for Murder (1954)Big House, U.S.A. (1955)Untamed Youth (1957)Bop Girl GoesCalypso (1957)Jungle Heat (1957)The Girl in Black Stockings (1957)Fort Bowie (1957)Violent Road (1958)Frankenstein 1970 (1958)Born Reckless (1958)AndyHardy Comes Home (1958)The Last Mile (1959)Badge 373 (1973)Television (director)Maverick (1957) (1 episode)Hawaiian Eye (1959) (2 episodes)Cheyenne(1958) (1 episode)The Untouchables (1959) (4 episodes)The Gun of Zangara (1960) (TV movie taken from The Untouchables (1959 TV series))Miami Undercover(1961) (38 episodes)Texaco Presents Bob Hope in a Very Special Special: On the Road with Bing (1977)ProducerFilm (producer):War Paint (1953)Beachhead(1954)Shield for Murder (1954)Big House, U.S.A. (1955)Rebel in Town (1956)Frankenstein 1970 (1958)Sergeants 3 (1962)The Manchurian Candidate(1962)Come Blow Your Horn (1963)Robin and the 7 Hoods (1964)The Odd Couple (1968)On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (1970)A New Leaf (1971)PlazaSuite (1971)Last of the Red Hot Lovers (1972)Jacqueline Susann's Once Is Not Enough (1975)The Other Side of Midnight (1977)Airplane! (1980)Some Kind ofHero (1982)Airplane II: The Sequel (1982)Ghost (1990)Television (producer)Magnavox Presents Frank Sinatra (1973)Passage 2:Robert MulliganRobert PatrickMulligan (August 23, 1925 – December 20, 2008) was an American director and producer. He is best known for his sensitive dramas, including To Kill aMockingbird (1962), Summer of '42 (1971), The Other (1972), Same Time, Next Year (1978), and The Man in the Moon (1991). He was also known in the 1960sfor his extensive collaborations with producer Alan J. Pakula.Early lifeMulligan served in either the U.S. Navy or the U.S. Marine Corps during World War II as aradio operator. At war's end, he graduated from Fordham University, then obtained work in the editorial department of The New York Times, but left to pursue acareer in television.CareerTelevisionMulligan began his television career as a messenger boy for CBS television. He worked diligently, and by 1948 was directingmajor dramatic television shows.In the early 1950s he directed many episodes of Suspense. He followed this directing for The Philco Television Playhouse,Armstrong Circle Theatre, The Alcoa Hour, The United States Steel Hour, Studio One in Hollywood, Goodyear Playhouse and The Seven Lively Arts.1950s–1960sIn1957 Mulligan directed his first motion picture, Fear Strikes Out, starring Anthony Perkins as tormented baseball player Jimmy Piersall. The film was the firstfeature he would direct alongside longtime collaborator Alan J. Pakula, then a big-time Hollywood producer. Pakula once confessed that \"working with Bob set meback in directing several years because I enjoyed working with him, and we were having a good time, and I enjoyed the work.\"Mulligan returned to television todirect episodes of Playhouse 90, Rendezvous, The Dupont Show of the Month, and TV versions of Ah, Wilderness! and The Moon and Sixpence. In 1959 he won anEmmy Award for directing The Moon and Sixpence, a television production that was the American small-screen debut of Laurence Olivier.Mulligan returned tofeature films to make two Tony Curtis vehicles, The Rat Race and The Great Imposter. He was going to make a third, The Wine of Youth but it was notmade.Mulligan then made two Rock Hudson vehicles, Come September and The Spiral Road.Pakula collaborationIn the early 1960s, Pakula returned to Mulliganwith the proposition of directing To Kill a Mockingbird (1962), based on the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by Harper Lee. Mulligan accepted the offer despite theawareness that \"the other studios didn't want it because what's it about? It's about a middle-aged lawyer with two kids. There's no romance, no violence (exceptoff-screen). There's no action. What is there? Where's the story?\" With the help of a screenplay by Horton Foote as well as the pivotal casting of Gregory Peck inthe role of Atticus Finch, the film became a huge hit, and Mulligan was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Director.Mulligan and Pakula followed To Kill aMockingbird with five more films. Love With the Proper Stranger (1963), starred Natalie Wood and Steve McQueen. Baby the Rain Must Fall (1965) starredMcQueen. Inside Daisy Clover (1965) starred Wood. Up the Down Staircase (1967) was based on a humorous novel by Bel Kaufman and starred Sandy Dennis asthe schoolteacher Sylvia Barrett. The Stalking Moon (1968), based on a Western novel by T.V. Olsen and reuniting Mulligan and Pakula with Peck, this time in therole of Sam Varner, a scout who attempts to escort a white woman (Eva Marie Saint) and her half-Indian son to New Mexico after they are pursued by abloodthirsty Apache, the boy's father. After this film, Pakula parted company from Mulligan to pursue his own career in directing.1970sMulligan began the 1970swith The Pursuit of Happiness (1971), based on the 1968 novel by Thomas Rogers, which had been a finalist for the National Book Award. The film starred MichaelSarrazin as William Popper, a college student (disillusioned with both right-wing and left-wing American politics) whose life is complicated when he accidentallyruns over and kills an elderly woman and is quickly sentenced to one year in prison for vehicular manslaughter. He then contemplates breaking out of prison andfleeing the country with his girlfriend (played by Barbara Hershey), since neither feels their lives have made any significant difference in America.Also in 1971,Mulligan released Summer of '42 (1971), which was based on the coming-of-age novel by Herman Raucher and starred Gary Grimes as a teenage stand-in forRaucher who spends a summer vacation in 1942 on Nantucket Island lusting after a young woman (Jennifer O'Neill) whose husband has shipped off to fight in thewar. A box office smash, Summer of '42 went on to gross over $20 million, and Mulligan was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Director.Summer of'42 was followed by The Other (1972), a thriller film scripted by former Hollywood actor Thomas Tryon from his own book. It told the story of two 9-year-oldboys, Niles and Holland Perry (played by real-life twins Chris and Marty Udvarnoky), who get involved in a series of grisly murders at their home on PeaquotLanding in the 1930s. Although the film was not an immediate success at the box office, it has since gone on to gain a steady cult following.In the mid-1970s,Mulligan was briefly engaged in talks with producers Julia and Michael Phillips to direct Taxi Driver (1976), with Jeff Bridges to star as the psychotic Travis Bickle.Objections posed by screenwriter Paul Schrader caused the project to be turned over to Martin Scorsese and Robert De Niro instead.Mulligan proceeded byrounding out the 1970s with three films dominated by performances from A-list Hollywood actors: Jason Miller as a Los Angeles locksmith threatened by hitmen inThe Nickel Ride (1974); Richard Gere as an Italian-American youth trying to break from his working-class family in Bloodbrothers (1978); and Alan Alda and EllenBurstyn portraying George and Doris, a pair of long-term adulterers, in Same Time Next Year (1978), based on the play by Bernard Slade.1980sAs the 1980sdawned, Mulligan found work harder to come by, succeeding in directing only two films by the end of the decade. Mulligan had started directing Rich and Famousfor MGM but asked to be replaced after a week of shooting; George Cukor replaced him.Mulligan was also fired from directing The Pursuit of D.B. Cooper becausehe allegedly took seven days to shoot a whitewater rapids chase.At another point, according to screenwriter Hampton Fancher, Mulligan was attached to directBlade Runner; his adaptation would have starred Robert Mitchum. Fancher states that the deal with Mulligan fell apart because of \"ego\" and because the studio atthe time, Universal, wanted a happier ending. Mulligan was also briefly attached to direct Cutter's Way; his version would have starred Dustin Hoffman.Kiss MeGoodbye (1982), starring Sally Field, James Caan and Jeff Bridges, was an attempt at a comedic remake of the Brazilian film Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands,and was critically derided, although it was a modest commercial success.Clara's Heart (1988), starring Whoopi Goldberg and a young Neil Patrick Harris, wasreleased five years later to negative box office numbers and reviews, and was panned on television by Siskel and Ebert. It has, however, received recent praisefrom film professor Robert Keser.1990sIn the 1990s, at the age of 66, Mulligan would release his final film, The Man in the Moon (1991), starring a 14-year-oldReese Witherspoon, in her film debut. The film was praised by Roger Ebert, who included it at #8 in his Top 10 list of the best films of 1991, declaring, \"Nothingelse [Mulligan] has done... approaches the purity and perfection of The Man in the Moon... (with a) poetic, bittersweet tone, and avoid(ing) the sentimentalismand cheap emotion that could have destroyed this story.\"Later in March 1992, Mulligan made headlines when he angrily took his name off of airline cuts of TheMan in the Moon, after he had learned that the film would be heavily censored by American and Delta flights. In an interview with Ebert, Mulligan explained, \"Theairlines demanded so many excessive and unreasonable cuts and changes that I took my name off the film... it's the first time I've ever done that.\"Before hisdeath in 2008, Mulligan had commissioned playwright Beth Henley to write a screenplay from the novel A Long and Happy Life by Reynolds Price, which Mulligan"}
{"doc_id":"doc_164","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Princess Irene of Hesse and by RhinePrincess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine (Irene Luise Marie Anne; 11 July 1866 – 11 November 1953), later PrincessHenry of Prussia, was the third child and third daughter of Princess Alice of the United Kingdom and Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine. Her maternalgrandparents were Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Her paternal grandparents were Prince Charles of Hesse and by Rhine andPrincess Elisabeth of Prussia. She was the wife of Prince Henry of Prussia, a younger brother of Wilhelm II, German Emperor and her first cousin. The SSPrinzessin Irene, a liner of the North German Lloyd was named after her.Her siblings included Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine, wife of Prince Louis ofBattenberg, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna of Russia, wife of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia, Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine,and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia, wife of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. Like her younger sister, the empress, Irene was a carrier of the hemophilia gene,and Irene would lose her sisters Alix and Elisabeth in Russia to the Bolsheviks.Early lifeShe received her first name, which was taken from the Greek word for\"peace\", because she was born at the end of the Austro-Prussian War. Alice considered Irene an unattractive child and once wrote to her sister Victoria that Irenewas \"not pretty\". She would never be considered a great beauty like her sisters Elisabeth and Alix, but she did have a pleasant, even disposition. Princess Alicebrought up her daughters simply. An English nanny presided over the nursery and the children ate plain meals of rice puddings and baked apples and wore plaindresses. Her daughters were taught how to do housework, such as baking cakes, making their own beds, laying fires and sweeping and dusting their rooms.Princess Alice also emphasised the need to give to the poor and often took her daughters on visits to hospitals and charities.The family was devastated in 1873when Irene's haemophiliac younger brother Friedrich, nicknamed \"Frittie\", fell through an open window, struck his head on the balustrade and died hours later ofa brain hemorrhage. In the months following the toddler's death, Alice frequently took her children to his grave to pray and was melancholy on anniversariesassociated with him. In the autumn of 1878 Irene, her siblings (except for Elisabeth) and her father became ill with diphtheria. Her younger sister Princess Marie,nicknamed \"May\", died of the disease. Her mother, exhausted from nursing the children, also became infected. Knowing she was in danger of dying, Princess Alicedictated her will, including instructions about how to bring up her daughters and how to run the household. She died of diphtheria on 14 December1878.Following Alice's death, Queen Victoria resolved to act as a mother to her Hessian grandchildren. Princess Irene and her surviving siblings spent annualholidays in England and their grandmother sent instructions to their governess regarding their education and approving the pattern of their dresses. With hersister Alix, Irene was a bridesmaid at the 1885 wedding of their maternal aunt, Princess Beatrice, to Prince Henry of Battenberg.MarriageIrene married PrinceHenry of Prussia, the third child and second son of Frederick III, German Emperor and Victoria, Princess Royal on 24 May  1888 at the chapel of theCharlottenburg Palace in Berlin. As their mothers were sisters, Irene and Henry were first cousins. Their marriage displeased Queen Victoria because she had notbeen told about the courtship until they had already decided to marry. At the time of the ceremony, Irene's uncle and father-in-law, the German emperor, wasdying of throat cancer, and less than a month after the ceremony, Irene's cousin and brother-in-law ascended the throne as Kaiser Wilhelm II. Heinrich's mother,Empress Victoria, was fond of Irene. However, Empress Victoria was shocked because Irene did not wear a shawl or scarf to disguise her pregnancy when she waspregnant with her first son, the haemophiliac Prince Waldemar, in 1889. Empress Victoria, who was fascinated by politics and current events, also couldn'tunderstand why Heinrich and Irene never read a newspaper. However, the couple were happily married and they were known as \"The Very Amiables\" by theirrelatives because of their pleasant natures. The marriage produced three sons.ChildrenFamily relationshipsIrene transmitted the haemophilia gene to her eldestand youngest sons, Waldemar and Heinrich. Waldemar's health worried her from early childhood. She was later devastated when the youngest child,four-year-old Heinrich, died after he fell and bumped his head in February 1904. Six months after little Heinrich's death, Irene became an aunt to Tsarevich Alexeiof Russia, son of her youngest sister, Tsarina Alexandra, who also had hemophilia.Irene, raised to believe in a proper Victorian code of behaviour, was easilyshocked by what she saw as immorality. In 1884, the same year that her elder sister Victoria married Prince Louis of Battenberg, another sister, Elisabeth,married Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia, and when Elisabeth converted from Lutheranism to Russian Orthodoxy, in 1891, Irene was deeply upset. Shewrote to her father that she \"cried terribly\" over Elisabeth’s decision.  In 1892, Irene's father, Grand Duke Louis IV, died, and her brother, Ernest, succeeded himas Grand Duke of Hesse. Two years later, in May 1894, Ernest Louis was married off by Queen Victoria to a first cousin, Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Itwas amidst the wedding festivities that Irene's youngest surviving sister, Alix, accepted the marriage proposal of Tsarevich Nicholas, a second cousin, and whenNicholas' father died prematurely in November 1894, Irene and her husband travelled to St. Petersburg to be present at both his funeral and the wedding of Alix,who had taken the name Alexandra Feodorovna upon her conversion to Orthodoxy, to the new tsar, Nicholas II. Despite the disagreement that she had over theconversion of two of her sisters to Russian Orthodoxy, she remained close with all of her siblings. In 1907, Irene helped arrange what later turned out to be adisastrous marriage between Elisabeth’s ward, Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia, to Prince Vilhelm, Duke of Södermanland. Wilhelm's mother, the Queenof Sweden, was an old friend of both Irene and Elisabeth. Grand Duchess Maria later wrote that Irene pressured her to go through with the marriage when shehad doubts. She told Maria that ending the engagement would \"kill\" Elisabeth. In 1912, Irene was a source of support to her sister Alix when Alexei nearly died ofcomplications of haemophilia at the Imperial Family's hunting lodge in Poland.Later lifeIrene's ties to her sisters were disrupted by the advent of World War I,which put them on opposing sides of the war. When the war ended, she received word that Alix, her husband and children and her sister Elizabeth had been killedby the Bolsheviks.When Anna Anderson surfaced in Berlin in the early 1920s, claiming to be the surviving Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia, Irenevisited the woman, but decided that Anderson could not be the niece she had last seen in 1913. Princess Irene was not impressed.\"I saw immediately that shecould not be one of my nieces. Even though I had not seen them for nine years, the fundamental facial characteristics could not have altered to that degree, inparticular the position of the eyes, the ear, etc. .. At first sight one could perhaps detect a resemblance to Grand Duchess Tatiana.\"Grand Duchess OlgaAlexandrovna, sister of the murdered tsar, commented on the visit of Princess Irene,\"It was an unsatisfactory meeting, but the woman's supporters said thatPrincess Irene had not known her niece very well and all the rest of it.\" Irene's husband, Heinrich, said that the mention of Anderson upset Irene too much andordered that no one was to discuss Anderson in his presence. Heinrich died in 1929. Anna Anderson biographer Peter Kurth wrote that several years later, Irene'sson (Prince Sigismund) posed questions to Anderson through an intermediary about their shared childhood and declared that her answers were all accurate. Irenelater adopted Sigismund's daughter, Barbara, born in 1920, as her heir after Sigismund left Germany to live in Costa Rica during the 1930s. Sigismund declinedto return to Germany to live after World War II.HonoursGrand Duchy of Hesse: Dame of the Grand Ducal Hessian Order of the Golden Lion, 21 March 1883Kingdom of Prussia:Dame of the Order of Louise, 1st DivisionDame of the Wilhelm-OrdenRed Cross Medal, 1st Class, 22 October 1898 Kingdom of Bavaria: MeritCross for Volunteer Nurses  Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of the Imperial Austrian Order of Elizabeth, 1900 Russian Empire: Grand Cross of the Imperial Order ofSaint Catherine United Kingdom:Queen Victoria Golden Jubilee Medal, 1887Royal Order of Victoria and Albert, 2nd ClassAncestryPassage 2:Princess VictoriaMelita of Saxe-Coburg and GothaGrand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna of Russia  (born Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh; 25 November 1876 – 2 March 1936),was the third child and second daughter of Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and of Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia. She was agranddaughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and also of Emperor Alexander II of Russia.Born a British princess, Victoria spent her early life in Englandand lived for three years in Malta, where her father served in the Royal Navy. In 1889 the family moved to Coburg, where Victoria's father became the reigningduke in 1893. In her teens Victoria fell in love with her first cousin Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia (the son of her mother's brother, Grand DukeVladimir Alexandrovich of Russia) but his faith, Orthodox Christianity, discouraged marriage between first cousins. Bowing to family pressure, Victoria married herpaternal first cousin Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine in 1894, following the wishes of their grandmother, Queen Victoria. The marriage failed –Victoria Melita scandalized the royal families of Europe when she divorced her husband in 1901. The couple's only child, Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine,died of typhoid fever in 1903.Victoria married Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich in 1905. They wed without the formal approval of Britain's King Edward VII (as theRoyal Marriages Act 1772 would have required), and in defiance of Russia's Emperor Nicholas II. In retaliation, the Tsar stripped Kirill of his offices and honours,also initially banishing the couple from Russia. They had two daughters and settled in Paris before being allowed to visit Russia in 1909. In 1910 they moved toRussia, where Nicholas recognized Victoria Melita as Grand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna. After the fall of the Russian monarchy in 1917 they escaped to Finland(then still part of the Russian Empire) where she gave birth to her only son in August 1917. In exile they lived for some years among her relatives in Germany,and from the late 1920s on an estate they bought in Saint-Briac in Brittany. In 1926 Kirill proclaimed himself Russian emperor in exile, and Victoria supported herhusband's claims. Victoria died after suffering a stroke while visiting her daughter Maria in Amorbach (Lower Franconia).Early lifeVictoria was born on 25"}
{"doc_id":"doc_165","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Jesse E. HobsonJesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955. Prior to SRI, he wasthe director of the Armour Research Foundation.Early life and educationHobson was born in Marshall, Indiana. He received bachelor's and master's degrees inelectrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology. Hobson was also selected as anationally outstanding engineer.Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children.CareerAwards and membershipsHobson wasnamed an IEEE Fellow in 1948.Passage 2:The Heart of Maryland (1921 film)The Heart of Maryland is a lost 1921 American silent film feature produced anddistributed by the Vitagraph Company of America. It is based on David Belasco's 1895 play, The Heart of Maryland.When Warner Brothers acquired the VitagraphStudios in 1925, they obtained the screen rights to this property and remade the story in 1927 as The Heart of Maryland with Dolores Costello.CastCatherineCalvert as Maryland CalvertCrane Wilbur as Alan KendrickFelix Krembs as Col. Fulton ThorpeBen Lyon as Bob TelfairWilliam Collier, Jr. as Lloyd CalvertWarnerRichmond as Tom BooneBernard Siegel as Provost-Sergeant BlountHenry Hallam as General KendrickVictoria White as Nanny McNairMarguerite Sanchez as Mrs.ClaiborneJane Jennings as Mrs. ClaiborneSee alsoThe Heart of Maryland (1915)Passage 3:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historianand museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director ofMaihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order ofSt. Olav.Passage 4:The Heart of Maryland (1915 film)The Heart of Maryland is a lost 1915 silent film drama directed by Herbert Brenon based on David Belasco'splay The Heart of Maryland. Mrs. Leslie Carter, who starred in the original play on Broadway in 1895, makes her appearance in this film as the titlecharacter.CastMrs. Leslie Carter – Maryland CalvertWilliam E. Shay – Alan KendrickJ. Farrell MacDonald – Colonel ThorpeMatt B. Snyder – General HughKendrickRaymond Russell – Floyd CalvertMarcia Moore – Floyd Calver't SweetheartVivian Reed – Dolly GreyDoris Baker – True BlueHerbert Brenon – LloydCalvertBert Hadley – Private BooneJoseph Hazelton – The Sexton (*as Joe Hazelton)See alsoThe Heart of Maryland (1921)The Heart of Maryland (1927)Passage5:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction(1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno(1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor BlakeMysteries (2013)Passage 6:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number ofcredits directing episodic television and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The PaperChase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage:The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed\"Heart in Hiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director,Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production whenhe was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long WharfTheatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey DavisLevin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 7:The Heart of the WorldThe Heart of the World is a short film written anddirected by Guy Maddin, produced for the 2000 Toronto International Film Festival. Maddin was one of a number of directors (including Atom Egoyan and DavidCronenberg) commissioned to make four-minute short films that would screen prior to the various feature films at the 2000 festival as part of the special Preludesprogram. After hearing rumours that other directors were planning films with a small number of shots, Maddin decided that his film would instead contain over100 shots per minute, and enough plot for a feature-length film. Maddin then wrote and shot The Heart of the World in the style of Russian constructivism, takingthe commission at its literal face value, as a call to produce a propaganda film. Even in its expanded, 6-minute version, The Heart of the World runs at abreakneck speed, averaging roughly two shots per second, a pace intensified by the background music, Time, Forward! by Georgy Sviridov.Plot summaryThe plotof The Heart of the World concerns two brothers, Osip and Nikolai, who compete for the love of the same woman: Anna, a state scientist studying the Earth'score. Anna discovers that the heart of the world is in danger of a fatal heart attack (which would mean the end of the world), and the brothers compete amongstthe public panic. Nikolai is a mortician and tries to impress Anna with assembly-line embalming, while Osip is an actor playing Christ in the Passion Play and triesto impress Anna through his suffering. Anna is instead seduced by an evil capitalist, but has a change of heart and strangles the plutocrat, then slides down intothe heart of the world, where she manages to save the world from destruction by transforming into cinema itself, the world's \"new and better heart —Kino!\"CastLeslie Bais as Anna Caelum Vatnsdal as Osip Shaun Balbar as Nikolai Greg Klymkiw as AkmatovAwards and nominationsGenie Award:Win: Best LiveAction Short FilmAspen Shortsfest:Win: Best CinematographyBrussels International Festival of Fantasy Film:Win: Special Mention – Short FilmMiami FilmFestival:Win: FIPRESCI Prize, Best Short SubjectNational Society of Film Critics AwardsWin: Best Experimental Film—the same award Maddin won in 1991 forArchangel.San Francisco International Film FestivalWin: Film & Video – Short Narrative, Golden Gate Award – Guy MaddinPassage 8:A Woman's TriumphAWoman's Triumph is a lost 1914 silent film drama directed by J. Searle Dawley and starring Laura Sawyer. It was produced by Daniel Frohman and AdolphZukor  and based on an 1818 story The Heart of Midlothian by Sir Walter Scott.A rival British film The Heart of Midlothian was released in April 1914.CastLauraSawyer as Jeanie DeansBetty Harte as Effie DeansGeorge Moss as David DeansHal Clarendon as Georgie RobertsonWellington Playter as Reuben ButlerEmilyCalloway as Madge WildfireHelen Aubrey as Dame MurdocksonPassage 9:Guy MaddinGuy Maddin  (born February 28, 1956) is a Canadian screenwriter, director,author, cinematographer, and film editor of both features and short films, as well as an installation artist, from Winnipeg, Manitoba. Since completing his first filmin 1985, Maddin has become one of Canada's most well-known and celebrated filmmakers.Maddin has directed twelve feature films and numerous short films, inaddition to publishing three books and creating a host of installation art projects. A number of Maddin's recent films began as or developed from installation artprojects, and his books also relate to his film work. Maddin is known for his fascination with lost Silent-era films and for incorporating their aesthetics into his ownwork. Maddin has been the subject of much critical praise and academic attention, including two books of interviews with Maddin and two book-length academicstudies of his work. Maddin was appointed to the Order of Canada, the country's highest civilian honour, in 2012.Maddin first served as a visiting lecturer atHarvard University's Department of Art, Film, and Visual Studies in 2015. Until then, he had always lived in Winnipeg.Life and careerEarly life (1956–84)GuyMaddin was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, to Herdis Maddin (a hairdresser) and Charles \"Chas\" Maddin (grain clerk and general manager of the Maroons, aWinnipeg hockey team). Maddin has three older siblings: Ross (b. 1944), Cameron (1946–63), and Janet (b. 1949). Maddin attended Winnipeg public schools—the Greenway School (elementary school), General Wolfe (junior high school), and the Daniel McIntyre Collegiate Institute (high school).Maddin's early life wasmarked by tragedy—in February 1963, his brother Cameron killed himself on the grave of his girlfriend, who had died in a car accident. Maddin studied economicsat the University of Winnipeg, graduating in 1977 without a plan to become a filmmaker. That same year, Maddin's father died suddenly after a stroke, andMaddin married Martha Jane Waugh. Their daughter, Jilian, was born in 1978, and Maddin and Waugh divorced in 1979.After graduating, Maddin held a variety ofodd jobs, including bank manager, house painter, and photo archivist. Maddin began to take film classes at the University of Manitoba. There, Maddin met filmprofessor Stephen Snyder, who held regular film screenings of titles from the school's film library at his home. Maddin attended, as did some early collaborators,including his friend John Boles Harvie, the future star of Maddin's first film, and filmmaker John Paizs. Maddin appeared as an actor in two of Paizs' short films, asa student in Oak, Ivy, and Other Dead Elms (1982) and as a transvestite, homicidal nurse in The International Style (1983). Maddin drew early inspiration fromthe films of John Paizs, as well as experimental shorts by Stephen Snyder. Other early influences included L'Age d'Or by Luis Buñuel (in collaboration withSalvador Dalí) and Eraserhead by David Lynch. Maddin has stated that these films, along with the work of Paizs and Snyder, \"were movies that were primitive inmany respects. They were low budget, they used nonactors or nonstars, they used atmospheres and ideas, and were unbelievably honest, frank, and, therefore,exciting to me. They made moviemaking seem possible to me.\" Maddin also met film professor George Toles, who became Maddin's cowriter on many of hisfuture films. Maddin's core group of friends from this period, who played various roles in the production of his early film projects, were known as \"the Drones\" andincluded Harvie, Ian Handford, and Kyle McCulloch (now a writer for South Park).Maddin joined the Winnipeg Film Group around this time, and also becamefriends with producer Greg Klymkiw, with whom he began making a cable access television show, Survival (c. 1985–87). Survival was a satirical talk showcentred around, as its opening credits noted, how \"we must survive the inevitable social/economic collapse and/or nuclear holocaust\". The show became a cult hit"}
{"doc_id":"doc_166","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Mordechai RotenbergMordechai Rotenberg (born 1932) (Hebrew: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) is an Israeli professor of social work at the HebrewUniversity of Jerusalem.BiographyMordechai Rotenberg was born in Breslau, Germany (today Wrocław, Poland). His father was from Warsaw, descended fromRabbi Yitzchak Meir Alter, the founder of the Gur Hasidic sect.  His father owned a publishing house in Breslau. In 1939, on the eve of World War II, the familyimmigrated to Palestine. Rotenberg's father opened a small printing press in Jerusalem. Rotenberg grew up in a Haredi household, with three brothers and asister.In 1960, he graduated from the Hebrew University with a BA in education and sociology from the School of Social Work.  In 1962, he received his MSWfrom New York University. In 1969, he was awarded a Ph.D. in social welfare and social psychology at University of California, Berkeley.In 1970, Rotenberg joinedthe faculty of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, becoming a full professor in 1980. He founded a new sub-discipline in psychology and religion.  He is the authorof ten books, which have been translated into English, French, Portuguese and Japanese. Rotenberg has taught at University of Pennsylvania, University ofCalifornia, Berkeley, the Jewish Theological Seminary, City University of New York and Yeshiva University.Clinical approachRotenberg has developed innovativetheories based on psychological interpretations of Hasidic and Midrashic concepts. He describes his approach as \"re-biography\", i.e.,  \"rereading one's biographyso it becomes possible to live with the text.\" In an interview with Haaretz newspaper he said: \"All of life is a text, and I am proposing a new term - recomposition,rewriting the melody of life. You do not have to erase the past, but it can be re-composed, and to that end I cite examples from the Gemara.\"TzimtzumparadigmRotenberg has adopted the Kabbalistic-Hasidic tzimtzum paradigm, which he believes has significant implications for clinical therapy. According to thisparadigm, God's \"self-contraction\" to vacate space for the world serves as a model for human behavior and interaction. The tzimtzum model promotes a uniquecommunity-centric approach which contrasts starkly with the language of Western psychology.AwardsIn 2009, Rotenberg was awarded the Israel Prize for socialwork, in connection with his research in social welfare.Published worksDamnation and Deviance: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of FailureRewriting the Self:Psychotherapy and MidrashThe Yetzer: A Kabbalistic Psychology of Eroticism and Human SexualityHasidic Psychology: Making Space for OthersCreativity andSexuality: A Kabbalistic ExperienceBetween Rationality and Irrationality: The Jewish Psychotherapeutic SystemDialogue With DevianceThe Trance of Terror,Psycho-Religious FundaMentalism: Roots and RemediesDia-logo Therapy: Psychonarration and PaRDeSRe-Biographing and Deviance: PsychotherapeuticNarrativism and the MidrashSee alsoList of Israel Prize recipientsPassage 2:Dave Grossman (game developer)Dave Grossman is an American game programmerand game designer, most known for his work at Telltale Games and early work at LucasArts. He has also written several children's books, and a book of \"guypoetry\" called Ode to the Stuff in the Sink.Game industry careerGrossman joined Lucasfilm Games, later known as LucasArts in 1989. At LucasArts, Grossmanwrote and programmed The Secret of Monkey Island and Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge together with Ron Gilbert and Tim Schafer. He later co-designedDay of the Tentacle.Grossman quit LucasArts in 1994 to begin a freelance career. For Humongous Entertainment, a company co-founded by Ron Gilbert, hehelped create many critically acclaimed games aimed at children, such as the Pajama Sam series. Later he also wrote children's games for Hulabee Entertainmentand Disney.He then designed adventure games at Telltale Games, a company founded by LucasArts veterans. He joined Telltale in 2005 as lead designer. In2009, he returned to his Monkey Island roots, as Design Director on Telltale Games' episodic Tales of Monkey Island.He left Telltale in August 2014 and joinedAmazon Alexa gaming specialists, Reactive Studios, in November 2014 as Chief Creative Officer. Reactive Studios has since changed its name to EarPlay.In 2020he joined Ron Gilbert in developing Return to Monkey Island. The game was released in 2022.Children's booksLyrick Publishing published three books written byGrossman that were based on characters from Humongous Entertainment's games. They were Freddi Fish: The Big Froople Match, Pajama Sam: Mission to theMoon, and Freddi Fish: The Missing Letters Mystery.For Fisher-Price/Nickelodeon, Grossman authored two interactive books, SpongeBob SquarePants: SleepyTime and Fairly OddParents: Squawkers.Other worksGrossman claimed that his interests in other works were often inspired by his father, \"I guess I've inherited acertain restless tinkerer's curiosity from my father (who mainly works in words, wood, photography and architecture, often in combination).\" This include hisinterests in writing, drawing, sculpture, and music.Grossman is the author of \"Ode to the Stuff in the Sink: A Book of Guy Poetry,\" which he self-published in2002. It contains a selection of illustrated poems dedicated to different aspects of male life, including inability to dance, old stuff in the fridge, and unwillingnessto clean anything. The book is available from Dave Grossman's personal website, Phrenopolis.com. Many of the poems were first published in his Poem of theWeek electronic mailing list.Grossman co-designed a successful robot toy for Fisher-Price.Game contributionsGrossman also made contributions to The Dig, TotalAnnihilation, and Insecticide, and was a script editor on Voodoo Vince. He also designed the trophies / Steam achievements for the remastered version of Day ofthe Tentacle.Passage 3:Alan McKenzieAlan McKenzie is a British comics writer and editor known for his work at 2000 AD.BiographyMcKenzie worked for Marvel UKduring the early 1980s, editing Starburst, Cinema and Doctor Who Monthly magazines. After leaving the Marvel staff in 1985, he wrote several Doctor Who comicstories for the Monthly under the pseudonym Max Stockbridge. He then wrote three non-fiction books, The Harrison Ford Story (1985), Hollywood Tricks of theTrade (1986) and How to Draw and Sell Comic Strips (1987) before contributing comic scripts to IPC's Battle Action and later 2000 AD.In 1987, he joined theeditorial team of 2000 AD as a freelancer, and from 1987–1994 he created a number of stories including Bradley, Brigand Doom and Journal of Luke Kirby. Healso served in 1994 as the comic's editor.BibliographyComicsComics work includes:Doctor Who (with John Ridgway):\"War-Game\" (in Doctor Who Magazine#100-101, 1986)\"Funhouse\" (in Doctor Who Magazine #102-103, 1986)\"Kane's Story\" / \"Abel's Story\" / \"The Warrior's Story\" / \"Frobisher's Story\" (in DoctorWho Magazine #104-107, 1986)\"Exodus\" / \"Revelation\" / \"Genesis\" (in Doctor Who Magazine #108-110, 1986)Tharg's Future Shocks:\"The Star Warriors\" (withNik Williams, in 2000 AD #517, 1987)\"Some One is Watching Me\" (with Liam Sharp, in 2000 AD #531, 1987)\"Bliss\" (with Mark Farmer, in 2000 AD #571,1988)Universal Soldier (with Will Simpson & Brett Ewins):\"Universal Soldier\" (in 2000 AD #537-543, 1987)\"Universal Soldier II\" (in 2000 AD #672-682,1990)\"Universal Soldier: The Indestructible Man\" (in 2000 AD #750-759, 1991)The Journal of Luke Kirby:\"Summer Magic\" (with John Ridgway, in 2000 AD#571-577, 1988)\"A Winter's Tale\" (with Graham Higgins, in 2000 AD Winter Special 1, 1988)\"The Dark Path\" (with John Ridgway, in 2000 AD Sci-Fi Special1990)\"The Night Walker\" (with John Ridgway, in 2000 AD #800-812, 1992)\"Sympathy for the Devil Prologue\" (with John Ridgway, in 2000 AD #850-851,1993)\"Trick or Treat\" (with John Ridgway, in 2000 AD 1994 Yearbook, 1993)\"Sympathy for the Devil\" (with Steve Parkhouse, in 2000 AD #873-877 and 884-888,1994)\"The Old Straight Track\" (with Steve Parkhouse, in 2000 AD #954 - 963, 1995)\"The Price\" (with John Ridgway, in 2000 AD #972, 1995)Moon Runners (withMassimo Belardinelli):\"Moonrunners\" (co-written with Steve Parkhouse, in 2000 AD #591-606, 1988)\"Moonrunners: Old Acquaintance\" (in 2000 AD #641-644,1989)Bradley (with Simon Harrison):\"Bradley Goes Pop\" (in 2000 AD #660-682, 1990)\"Bradley's Bedtime Stories\" (in 2000 AD #795-799, 825-827,1992–1993)\"Bradley: The Sprog Prince\" (in 2000 AD #885-888, 1994)\"Bradley: Master of the Martial Arts\" (in 2000 AD #901-903, 1994)Brigand Doom (withDave D'Antiquis):\"Brigand Doom\" (in 2000 AD #717-722, 1991)\"Voodoo Child\" (in 2000 AD #764-773, 1992)\"Spirits Willing\" (in 2000 AD #815-818,1992–1993)\"House of Games\" (in 2000 AD #897-899, 1994)\"Account Yorga-Vampire\" (in 2000 AD #932-936, 1995)Tales from Beyond Science (with RianHughes, tpb, 88 pages, Image Comics, January 2012, ISBN 1-60706-471-5) collects:\"The Music Man\" (in 2000 AD #775, 1992)\"Agents of Mu-Mu\" (in 2000 AD#777, 1992)Mean Arena: \"Mean Arena\" (with Anthony Williams, in 2000 AD #852-863, 1993)Soul Gun Warrior (with Shaky Kane):\"Soul Gun Warrior\" (withco-writer M. Coulthard, in 2000 AD #867-872, 1993–1994)\"Soul Gun Assassin\" (with co-writer M. Coulthard, in 2000 AD #920-925, 1994–1995)Tharg's TerrorTales:\"The Last Victim\" (with Mick Austin, in 2000 AD #840, 1993)\"Meat is Meat\" (with Mick Austin, in 2000 AD Yearbook 1994), 1993)\"The Succubus\" (with PaulJohnson, in 2000 AD #894, 1994)Vector 13 (created format, with Dave D'Antiquis):\"Case Five: The Henderson Event\" (in 2000 AD #955, 1995)\"Case Five:Assassin\" (in 2000 AD #992, 1996)Chopper: \"Supersurf 13\" (with John Higgins, 2000 AD #964-971, 1995)BooksNon-comics work includes:The Harrison FordStory (Arbor House, 1984, ISBN 0-87795-667-7, Zomba Books, 1985, ISBN 0-946391-64-5, Air Pirate Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-9569149-1-0)How to Draw andSell Comic Strips (1987/1996/2005, Titan Books, ISBN 1-84576-076-X)Hollywood Tricks of the Trade (co-author, Gallery Books, 1987, ISBN0-8317-4240-2)Passage 4:Joseph L. ArmstrongJoseph L. Armstrong was a professor at Duke University (at the time, called \"Trinity College\") best known forreforming Duke's curriculum in the late nineteenth century, changing it to a German research university model with the help of John Franklin Crowell. Armstrongdid his undergraduate work at Johns Hopkins University and graduate work at the University of Leipzig.Passage 5:David ShuteDavid Shute is a British journalist,best known for his work at the BBC.CareerShute was educated at Brentwood School in Essex. While working on newspapers in Reading he was auditioned by theBBC in Bristol and immediately signed on contract. He made a reputation for engaging in adventurous broadcasts such as deep sea diving, riding on the back of aRoyal Artillery motorcycle during a display and, while covering a story on the changing face of circus life, going on the flying trapeze. David Shute was the firstperson to broadcast live to the UK while travelling through the sound barrier. He is regularly on BBC Radio Four's Today programme. As a reporter he covered"}
{"doc_id":"doc_167","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:La Bestia humanaLa Bestia humana is a 1957 Argentine film whose story is based on the 1890 novel La Bête Humaine by the French writer Émile Zola.External linksLa Bestia humana at IMDbPassage 2:Miloš ZličićMiloš Zličić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милош Зличић; born 29 December 1999) is a Serbian football forward who plays for Smederevo 1924. He is a younger brother of Lazar Zličić.Club careerVojvodinaBorn in Novi Sad, Zličić passed Vojvodina youth school and joined the first team at the age of 16. Previously, he was nominated for the best player of the \"Tournament of Friendship\", played in 2015. He made his senior debut in a friendly match against OFK Bačka during the spring half of the 2015–16 season, along with a year younger Mihajlo Nešković. Zličić made an official debut for Vojvodina in the 16th fixture of the 2016–17 Serbian SuperLiga season, played on 19 November 2016 against Novi Pazar.Loan to CementIn July 2018, Zličić joined the Serbian League Vojvodina side Cement Beočin on half-year loan deal. Zličić made his debut in an official match for Cement on 18 August, in the first round of the new season of the Serbian League Vojvodina, in a defeat against Omladinac. He scored his first senior goal on 25 August, in victory against Radnički.International careerZličić was called in Serbia U15 national team squad during the 2014, and he also appeared for under-16 national team between 2014 and 2015. He was also member of a U17 level later. After that, he was member of a U18 level, and scored goal against Slovenia U18.Career statisticsAs of 26 February 2020Passage 3:Roman PolanskiRaymond Roman Thierry Polański (né Liebling; 18 August 1933) is a French and Polish film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor. He is the recipient of numerous accolades, including an Academy Award, two British Academy Film Awards, nine César Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, as well as the Golden Bear and a Palme d'Or.His Polish Jewish parents moved the family from his birthplace in Paris back to Kraków in 1937. Two years later, the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany started World War II, and the family found themselves trapped in the Kraków Ghetto. After his mother and father were taken in raids, Polanski spent his formative years in foster homes, surviving the Holocaust by adopting a false identity and concealing his Jewish heritage. Polanski's first feature-length film, Knife in the Water (1962), was made in Poland and was nominated for the United States Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. After living in France for a few years, he moved to the United Kingdom, where he directed his first three English-language feature-length films: Repulsion (1965), Cul-de-sac (1966), and The Fearless Vampire Killers (1967). In 1968, he moved to the United States and cemented his status in the film industry by directing the horror film Rosemary's Baby (1968).In 1969, Polanski's pregnant wife, actress Sharon Tate, was murdered with four friends by members of the Manson Family. He made Macbeth (1971) in England and Chinatown (1974) back in Hollywood. Polanski was arrested and charged in 1977 with drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl. As a result of a plea bargain, he pleaded guilty to the lesser offence of unlawful sex with a minor. In 1978, upon learning that the judge planned to reject his plea deal and impose a prison term instead of probation, Polanski fled to Paris and has since been a fugitive from the U.S. criminal justice system. After fleeing to Europe, Polanski continued directing. His other critically acclaimed films include Tess (1979), The Pianist (2002) which won him the Academy Award for Best Director, The Ghost Writer (2010), Venus in Fur (2013), and An Officer and a Spy (2019).Early lifePolanski was born in Paris. He was the son of Bula (aka \"Bella\") Katz-Przedborska and Mojżesz (or Maurycy) Liebling (later Polański), a painter and manufacturer of sculptures, who after World War II was known as Ryszard Polański. Polanski's father was Jewish and originally from Poland; Polanski's mother, born in Russia, had been raised Catholic but was half Jewish. His mother had a daughter, Annette, by her previous husband. Annette survived Auschwitz, where her mother was murdered, and left Poland forever for France.  Polanski's parents were both agnostics. Polanski later stated that he was an atheist.World War II and the HolocaustThe Polański family moved back to Kraków, Poland, in early 1937, and were living there when World War II began with the invasion of Poland. Kraków was soon occupied by the German forces, and the racist and anti-Semitic Nuremberg Laws made the Polańskis targets of persecution, forcing them into the Kraków Ghetto, along with thousands of the city's Jews. Around the age of six, Polanski attended primary school for only a few weeks, until \"all the Jewish children were abruptly expelled\", writes biographer Christopher Sandford. That initiative was soon followed by the requirement that all Jewish children over the age of twelve wear white armbands with a blue Star of David imprinted for visual identification. After he was expelled, Polanksi would not be allowed to enter another classroom for six years.: 18 Polanski witnessed both the ghettoization of Kraków's Jews into a compact area of the city, and the subsequent deportation of all the ghetto's Jews to German death camps. He watched as his father was taken away. He remembers from age six, one of his first experiences of the terrors to follow:I had just been visiting my grandmother ... when I received a foretaste of things to come. At first, I didn't know what was happening. I simply saw people scattering in all directions. Then I realized why the street had emptied so quickly. Some women were being herded along it by German soldiers. Instead of running away like the rest, I felt compelled to watch.One older woman at the rear of the column couldn't keep up. A German officer kept prodding her back into line, but she fell down on all fours ... Suddenly a pistol appeared in the officer's hand. There was a loud bang, and blood came welling out of her back. I ran straight into the nearest building, squeezed into a smelly recess beneath some wooden stairs, and didn't come out for hours. I developed a strange habit: clenching my fists so hard that my palms became permanently calloused. I also woke up one morning to find that I had wet my bed.Polanski's father was transferred, along with thousands of other Jews, to Mauthausen, a group of 49 German concentration camps in Austria. His mother, who was four months pregnant at the time, was taken to Auschwitz and killed in the gas chamber soon after arriving. The forced exodus took place immediately after the German liquidation of the Warsaw Ghetto, a real-life backdrop to Polanski's film The Pianist (2002). Polanski, who was then hiding from the Germans, saw his father being marched off with a long line of people. Polanski tried getting closer to his father to ask him what was happening and got within a few yards. His father saw him, but afraid his son might be spotted by the German soldiers, whispered (in Polish), \"Get lost!\": 24 Polanski escaped the Kraków Ghetto in 1943 and survived with the help of some Polish Roman Catholics, including a woman who had promised Polanski's father that she would shelter the boy.: 21 Polanski attended church, learned to recite Catholic prayers by heart, and behaved outwardly as a Roman Catholic, although he was never baptized. His efforts to blend into a Catholic household failed miserably at least once, when the parish priest visiting the family posed questions to him one-on-one about the catechism, and ultimately said, \"You aren't one of us\". The punishment for helping a Jew in German-occupied Poland was death.As Polanski roamed the countryside trying to survive in a Poland now occupied by German troops, he witnessed many horrors, such as being \"forced to take part in a cruel and sadistic game in which German soldiers took shots at him for target practice\". The author Ian Freer concludes that Polanski's constant childhood fears and dread of violence have contributed to the \"tangible atmospheres he conjures up on film\". By the time the war ended in 1945, a fifth of the Polish population had been killed, the vast majority being civilians. Of those deaths, 3 million were Polish Jews, which accounted for 90% of the country's Jewish population. According to Sandford, Polanski would use the memory of his mother, her dress and makeup style, as a physical model for Faye Dunaway's character in his film Chinatown (1974).: 13After the warAfter the war, Polanksi was reunited with his father and moved back to Kraków. His father remarried on 21 December 1946 to Wanda Zajączkowska (whom Polanski had never liked) and died of cancer in 1984. Time repaired the family contacts; Polanski visited them in Kraków, and relatives visited him in Hollywood and Paris. Polanski recalls the villages and families he lived with as relatively primitive by European standards:They were really simple Catholic peasants. This Polish village was like the English village in Tess. Very primitive. No electricity. The kids with whom I lived didn't know about electricity ... they wouldn't believe me when I told them it was enough to turn on a switch!Polanski stated that \"you must live in a Communist country to really understand how bad it can be. Then you will appreciate capitalism.\" He also remembered events at the war's end and his reintroduction to mainstream society when he was 12, forming friendships with other children, such as Roma Ligocka, Ryszard Horowitz and his family.Introduction to moviesPolanski's fascination with cinema began very early when he was around age four or five. He recalls this period in an interview:Even as a child, I always loved cinema and was thrilled when my parents would take me before the war. Then we were put into the ghetto in Krakòw and there was no cinema, but the Germans often showed newsreels to the people outside the ghetto, on a screen in the market place. And there was one particular corner where you could see the screen through the barbed wire. I remember watching with fascination, although all they were showing was the German army and German tanks, with occasional anti-Jewish slogans inserted on cards.After the war, he watched films, either at school or at a local cinema, using whatever pocket money he had. Polanski writes, \"Most of this went on the movies, but movie seats were dirt cheap, so a little went a long way. I lapped up every kind of film.\" As time went on, movies became more than an escape into entertainment, as he explains:Movies were becoming an absolute obsession with me. I was enthralled by everything connected with the cinema—not just the movies themselves but the aura that surrounded them. I loved the luminous rectangle of the screen, the sight of the beam slicing through the darkness from the projection booth, the miraculous synchronization of sound and vision, even the dusty smell of the tip-up seats. More than anything else though, I was fascinated by the actual mechanics of the process. He was above all influenced by Sir Carol Reed's Odd Man Out (1947) – \"I still consider it as one of the best movies I've ever seen and a film which made me want to pursue this career more than anything else ... I always dreamt of doing things of this sort or that style. To a certain extent I must say that I somehow perpetuate the ideas of that movie in what I do.\"Early career in PolandPolanski attended the National Film School in Łódź, the third-largest city in "}
{"doc_id":"doc_168","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Paul BrookePaul Brooke (born 22 November 1944) is a retired English actor of film, television and radio. He made his film debut in 1972 in the Hammer film Straight on till Morning, followed by performances in For Your Eyes Only (1981), Return of the Jedi (1983), Scandal (1989), Saving Grace (2000), Bridget Jones's Diary (2001), Alfie (2004), The Phantom of the Opera (2004), and Oliver Twist (2005). Brooke is the father of actor Tom Brooke.CareerBrooke began as a stage actor and has played in many London productions, including several years as a member of Frank Dunlop's original Young Vic Company. He played Malakili the Rancor Keeper in the 1983 Star Wars film Return of the Jedi (his voiced dubbed over by Ernie Fosselius). He played British Conservative politician Ian Gow in the 2004 BBC series The Alan Clark Diaries. In 2006, he guest starred in the Doctor Who audio adventure Year of the Pig as well as the 1990 Mr. Bean sketch \"The Library\". He played Mr. Fitzherbert in the 2001 film Bridget Jones's Diary.Other appearances in television dramas and comedies featuring Brooke include The Blackadder, Bertie and Elizabeth, the BBC adaptation of Blott on the Landscape, Lovejoy, Foyle's War, Rab C. Nesbitt, Kavanagh QC, Sharpe's Revenge, Midsomer Murders, Hustle, Covington Cross, The Kit Curran Radio Show, Between the Lines, Relic Hunter and Mornin' Sarge. He appeared in the miniseries Nostromo in 1997.He played Gríma Wormtongue in the 1981 BBC radio adaptation of The Lord of the Rings.He, Linal Haft and Frank Mills are the only actors to appear in both the Classic and New series of Minder, but playing different roles in each.FilmographyFilmTelevisionExternal linksPaul Brooke at IMDbPassage 2:Peter HamelPeter Hamel (1911–1979) was a German screenwriter and a director of film and television. He appeared as himself in the 1948 comedy Film Without a Title. He is the father of the composer Peter Michael Hamel.Selected filmographyFilm Without a Title (1948)Artists' Blood (1949)Oh, You Dear Fridolin (1952)The Daring Swimmer (1957)Passage 3:Obata ToramoriObata Toramori (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 1491 – July 14, 1561) was Japanese samurai warrior of the Sengoku Period. He is known as one of the \"Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen\" He also recorded as having been wounded 41 times in 36 encounters. He was the father of Obata Masamori.See alsoIsao ObataPassage 4:Oskar RoehlerOskar Roehler (born 21 January 1959) is a German film director, screenwriter and journalist. He was born in Starnberg, the son of writers Gisela Elsner and Klaus Roehler. Since the mid-1980s, he has been working as a screenwriter, for, among others, Niklaus Schilling, Christoph Schlingensief and Mark Schlichter. Since the early 1990s, he has also been working as a film director. For his film No Place to Go he won the Deutscher Filmpreis. His 2010 film Jew Suss: Rise and Fall was nominated for the Golden Bear at the 60th Berlin International Film Festival.Partial filmographyGentleman (1995)Silvester Countdown (1997)Gierig (1999)Latin Lover (1999, TV film)No Place to Go (2000)Suck My Dick (2001)Beloved Sister (2002, TV film)Angst (2003)Agnes and His Brothers (2004)The Elementary Particles (2006)Lulu and Jimi (2009)Jew Suss: Rise and Fall (2010)Sources of Life (2013)Punk Berlin 1982 (2015)Subs (2017)Enfant Terrible (2020)Passage 5:Inoue Masaru (bureaucrat)Viscount Inoue Masaru (\u0000\u0000 \u0000, August 25, 1843 – August 2, 1910) was the first Director of Railways in Japan and is known as the \"father of the Japanese railways\".BiographyHe was born into the Chōshū clan at Hagi, Yamaguchi, the son of Katsuyuki Inoue. He was briefly adopted into the Nomura family and became known as Nomura Yakichi, though he was later restored to the Inoue family.Masaru Inoue was brought up as the son of a samurai belonging to the Chōshū fief. At 15, he entered the Nagasaki Naval Academy established by the Tokugawa shogunate under the direction of a Dutch naval officer. In 1863, Inoue and four friends from the Chōshū clan stowed away on a vessel to the United Kingdom. He studied civil engineering and mining at University College London and returned to Japan in 1868. After working for the government as a technical officer supervising the mining industry, he was appointed Director of the Railway Board in 1871. Inoue played a leading role in Japan's railway planning and construction, including the construction of the Nakasendo Railway, the selection of the alternative route (Tokaido), and the proposals for future mainline railway networks.In 1891 Masaru Inoue founded Koiwai Farm with Yanosuke Iwasaki and Shin Onogi.  After retirement from the government, Inoue founded Kisha Seizo Kaisha, the first locomotive manufacturer in Japan, becoming its first president in 1896. In 1909 he was appointed President of the Imperial Railway Association. He died of an illness in London in 1910, during an official visit on behalf of the Ministry of Railways.HonorsInoue and his friends later came to be known as the Chōshū Five. To commemorate their stay in London, two scholarships, known as the Inoue Masaru Scholarships, are available each session under the University College London 1863 Japan Scholarships scheme to enable University College students to study at a Japanese University. The value of the scholarships are £3000 each.His tomb is in the triangular area of land where the Tōkaidō Main Line meets the Tōkaidō Shinkansen in Kita-Shinagawa.Chōshū FiveThese are the four other members of the \"Chōshū Five\":Itō Shunsuke (later Itō Hirobumii)Inoue Monta (later Inoue Kaoru)Yamao Yōzō who later studied engineering at the Andersonian Institute, Glasgow, 1866-68 while working at the shipyards by dayEndō KinsukeSee alsoJapanese students in BritainStatue of Inoue MasaruPassage 6:Cleomenes IICleomenes II (Greek: Κλεομένης; died 309 BC) was king of Sparta from 370 to 309 BC. He was the second son of Cleombrotus I, and grandfather of Areus I, who succeeded him. Although he reigned for more than 60 years, his life is completely unknown, apart from a victory at the Pythian Games in 336 BC. Several theories have been suggested by modern historians to explain such inactivity, but none has gained consensus.Life and reignCleomenes was the second son of king Cleombrotus I (r. 380–371), who belonged to the Agiad dynasty, one of the two royal families of Sparta (the other being the Eurypontids). Cleombrotus died fighting Thebes at the famous Battle of Leuctra in 371. His eldest son Agesipolis II succeeded him, but he died soon after in 370. Cleomenes' reign was instead exceptionally long, lasting 60 years and 10 months according to Diodorus of Sicily, a historian of the 1st century BC. In a second statement, Diodorus nevertheless tells that Cleomenes II reigned 34 years, but he confused him with his namesake Cleomenes I (r. 524–490).Despite the outstanding length of his reign, very little can be said about Cleomenes. He has been described by modern historians as a \"nonentity\". Perhaps that the apparent weakness of Cleomenes inspired the negative opinion of the hereditary kingship at Sparta expressed by Aristotle in his Politics (written between 336 and 322). However, Cleomenes may have focused on internal politics within Sparta, because military duties were apparently given to the Eurypontid Agesilaus II (r. 400–c.360), Archidamus III (r. 360–338), and Agis III (r. 338–331). As the Spartans notably kept their policies secret from foreign eyes, it would explain the silence of ancient sources on Cleomenes. Another explanation is that his duties were assumed by his elder son Acrotatus, described as a military leader by Diodorus, who mentions him in the aftermath of the Battle of Megalopolis in 331, and again in 315.Cleomenes' only known deed was his chariot race victory at the Pythian Games in Delphi in 336. In the following autumn, he gave the small sum of 510 drachmas for the reconstruction of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, which had been destroyed by an earthquake in 373. Cleomenes might have made this gift as a pretext to go to Delphi and engage in informal diplomacy with other Greek states, possibly to discuss the consequences of the recent assassination of the Macedonian king Philip II.One short witticism of Cleomenes regarding cockfighting is preserved in the Moralia, written by the philosopher Plutarch in the early 2nd century AD:Somebody promised to give to Cleomenes cocks that would die fighting, but he retorted, \"No, don't, but give me those that kill fighting.\"As Acrotatus died before Cleomenes, the latter's grandson Areus I succeeded him while still very young, so Cleomenes' second son Cleonymus acted as regent until Areus' majority. Some modern scholars also give Cleomenes a daughter named Archidamia, who played an important role during Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese, but the age difference makes it unlikely.Passage 7:Yasuichi OshimaYasuichi Oshima (\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, Ōshima Yasuichi, born 24 March 1954 in Kyoto) is a Japanese manga artist. In 1984, he won the Kodansha Manga Award for shōnen for Bats & Terry.He is the father of manga artist Towa Oshima.Selected worksKenkaku Shōbai (2008–2021)Passage 8:Sources of LifeSources of Life (German: Quellen des Lebens) is a 2013 German film directed by Oskar Roehler.CastJürgen Vogel as Erich FreytagMoritz Bleibtreu as Klaus FreytagKostja Ullmann as Young Klaus FreitagMeret Becker as Elisabeth FreytagSonja Kirchberger as Marie FreytagLavinia Wilson as Gisela EllersLeonard Scheicher as Robert Freytag, 13–17 yearsLisa Smit as Laura, 13–17 yearsMargarita Broich as Hildegard EllersThomas Heinze as Martin EllersRolf Zacher as ErwinPassage 9:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 10:Lars EliassonLars Eliasson  (December 8, 1914 – June 5, 2002) was a Swedish politician. He was a member of the Centre Party. He was the party's first vice chairman 1957-69 and a member of the Parliament of Sweden 1952–1970. For a short time in 1957, he was a minister in the Government of Sweden, in the Second cabinet of Erlander.He is the father of the later Member of Parliament Anna Eliasson."}
{"doc_id":"doc_169","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Olivier BarouxOlivier Baroux (born 5 January 1964) is a French actor, comedian, writer and director who has acted both on stage and on screen. Hefirst became known in forming with Kad Merad, the duo Kad & Olivier then went solo, while finding Kad regularly. Baroux's movies on Le Tuche is inspired by thehurdles of the American dream. He is married to his wife Coralie since 2009. Baroux is set to appear in Les Tuche 3, with filming beginning in August2018.FilmographyActorWriter & DirectorVoiceExternal linksOlivier Baroux at IMDbPassage 2:Terence RobinsonTerence D. Robinson (date of birth and deathunknown) was a male wrestler who competed for England.Wrestling careerHe represented England and won a bronze medal, in the bantamweight category of -57kg , at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Scotland.Passage 3:Les TucheLes Tuche is a 2011 French comedy film directed by Olivier Baroux. Asequel, Les Tuche 2, was released on 3 February 2016.PlotThe Tuche family is the stereotypical unemployed lower class French family.Jeff (the father) is theproud descendant of the unemployment welfare inventor, and has never worked a day in his life. Out of his 3 kids, the youngest one seems to be extremelyintelligent. This will come in handy when all of a sudden, they win €100 million in the lottery, and will attempt to fit in the Monaco's upper class.CastJean-PaulRouve as Jeff TucheIsabelle Nanty as Cathy TucheClaire Nadeau as Grandma SuzeThéo Fernandez as Donald TucheSarah Stern as Stéphanie TuchePierre Lottinas Wilfried TucheFadila Belkebla as MounaKarina Testa as SalmaPhilippe Lefebvre as BickardRalph Amoussou as Georges DioufJérôme Commandeur asHermannValérie Benguigui as ClaudiaOmar Sy as Bouzolles's monkKad Merad as Bouzolles's fishmongerPierre Bellemare as Bouzolles's mayorOlivier Baroux asMonnierRemakeAn Italian remake entitled Poveri ma ricchi (lit. 'Poor but rich') was released in December 2016.Passage 4:Les Tuche 2Les Tuche 2 - Le rêveaméricain is a 2016 French comedy film directed by Olivier Baroux. It is the sequel to Les Tuche. It earned over US$32.5 million and was the highest-grossingdomestic film in France in 2016, with 4,619,884 tickets sold.CastJean-Paul Rouve as Jeff TucheIsabelle Nanty as Cathy TucheClaire Nadeau as Grandma SuzeThéoFernandez as Donald TucheSarah Stern as Stéphanie TuchePierre Lottin as Wilfried TucheRalph Amoussou as Georges DioufDarrell Dennis as IndianReleaseLesTuche 2 was distributed by Pathé in France.ReceptionThe Hollywood Reporter gave the film a negative review, finding the films comedy as \"puerile and naivewhenever it’s not straightforwardly moronic\", noting a list of American clichés and that \"like in local box-office monsters Intouchables and Serial (Bad) Weddings,what passes for crude humor in France can be perceived as racially insensitive in the U.S. and elsewhere\". The review commented on the writing as \"staggeringlylazy and unfocused\".Passage 5:Théo FernandezThéo Fernandez (born in Toulouse on 18 September 1998) is a French film actor. He is best known for playing therole of Donald Tuche in Les Tuche (2011), Les Tuche 2 - Le rêve américain (2016) and Les Tuche 3 (2018). He plays the lead role of Gaston in the 2018 filmGaston Lagaffe, the main character in the comics Gaston created by the Belgian cartoonist André Franquin. Fernandez has also appeared in a number of TV filmsand TV series.Passage 6:Theodred II (Bishop of Elmham)Theodred II was a medieval Bishop of Elmham.The date of Theodred's consecration unknown, but thedate of his death was sometime between 995 and 997.Passage 7:Les Tuche 3Les Tuche 3, also known as The Magic Tuche, is a 2018 French comedy filmco-written by Olivier Baroux, Nessim Chikhaoui, Julien Hervé, Philippe Mechelen and Jean-Paul Rouve and directed by Olivier Baroux. It is a sequel of Les Tucheand Les Tuche 2: Le Rêve américain. It was released in January 2018 and was a commercial success.SynopsisJeff Tuche (played by Jean-Paul Rouve) is initiallydelighted with the news that the new TGV is passing near his village Bouzolles, but then discovers to his horror that the TGV will not have a stop in  Bouzolles. Hepleads with the French President of the Republic to reconsider the itinerary of the new TGV so that his village doesn't remain in isolation from the world. But nothearing from the Élysée, he decides to run for the French presidential election and succeeds becoming the French President, leaving him with the daunting task ofhow to govern France.CastJean-Paul Rouve as Jeff TucheIsabelle Nanty as Cathy TucheClaire Nadeau as Mamie SuzeSarah Stern as Stéphanie TuchePierre Lottinas Wilfried TucheThéo Fernandez as Donald TucheMarc Duret as Laurent DupuisRalph Amoussou as Georges DioufPassage 8:Etan BoritzerEtan Boritzer (born1950) is an American writer of children’s literature who is best known for his book What is God? first published in 1989. His best selling What is? illustratedchildren's book series on character education and difficult subjects for children is a popular teaching guide for parents, teachers and child-lifeprofessionals.Boritzer gained national critical acclaim after What is God? was published in 1989 although the book has caused controversy from religiousfundamentalists for its universalist views. The other current books in the What is? series include: What is Love?, What is Death?, What is Beautiful?, What isFunny?, What is Right?, What is Peace?, What is Money?, What is Dreaming?, What is a Friend?, What is True?, What is a Family?, and What is a Feeling? Theseries is now also translated into 15 languages.Boritzer was first published in 1963 at the age of 13 when he wrote an essay in his English class at Wade JuniorHigh School in the Bronx, New York on the assassination of John F. Kennedy. His essay was included in a special anthology by New York City public school childrencompiled and published by the New York City Department of Education.Boritzer now lives in Venice, California and maintains his publishing office there also. Hehas helped numerous other authors to get published through How to Get Your Book Published! programs. Boritzer is also a yoga teacher who teaches regularclasses locally and guest-teaches nationally. He is also recognized nationally as an erudite speaker on The Teachings of the Buddha.Passage 9:Ian Barry(director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction(1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno(1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor BlakeMysteries (2013)Passage 10:Brian Saunders (weightlifter)Brian Saunders (date of birth and death unknown) was a male weightlifter who competed forEngland.Weightlifting careerSaunders was the last person to be both the British Amateur Weight Lifters' Association (BAWLA) weightlifting champion and BAWLApowerlifting champion; the latter of which he won in 1970 and 1974.He represented England in the super heavyweight category of +110 kg Combined, at the1970 British Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Scotland."}
{"doc_id":"doc_170","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Princess Florestine of MonacoPrincess Florestine Gabrielle Antoinette of Monaco (22 October 1833 – 4 April 1897) was the youngest child and onlydaughter of Florestan I, Prince of Monaco, and his wife, Maria Caroline Gibert de Lametz. Florestine was a member of the House of Grimaldi and a Princess ofMonaco by birth and a member of the House of Württemberg and Duchess consort of Urach and Countess of Württemberg through her marriage to Wilhelm, 1stDuke of Urach.Marriage and issueFlorestine married Count Wilhelm of Württemberg (later Wilhelm, 1st Duke of Urach), son of Duke Wilhelm of Württemberg andhis morganatic wife Baroness Wilhelmine von Tunderfeldt-Rhodis, on 15 February 1863 in Monaco. Florestine and Wilhelm had two sons:Wilhelm Karl FlorestanGero Crescentius (1864–1928), Count of Württemberg, 2nd Duke of Urach, and nominally King of Lithuania as Mindaugas II of Lithuania∞ 1892 Duchess Amaliein Bavaria (1865-1912), eldest daughter of the Duke Karl-Theodor in Bavaria∞ 1924 Princess Wiltrud Alix Marie of Bavaria (1884-1975), sixth daughter of LudwigIII of BavariaJosef Wilhelm Karl Florestan Gero Crescentius (1865–1925), Prince of UrachFlorestine's husband Wilhelm had converted to Roman Catholicism in1841, for his first marriage to Théodolinde de Beauharnais, who died in 1857.Monaco Succession Crisis of 1918Florestine, according to the rules governingsuccession to the throne of Monaco, was able to marry without relinquishing her rights. When her grandnephew Louis II, Prince of Monaco, ascended to theMonegasque throne, Florestine's son Wilhelm claimed his rights for his succession to the princely throne of Monaco and the Grimaldi noble titles. However, Francehad undergone two wars against Germany and did not wish to see German princes ruling the Principality of Monaco. Therefore, France reached an agreement withthe principality allowing the illegitimate daughter of Louis II, Charlotte, to be his heir presumptive to the princely throne and Grimaldi noble titles. Charlotterenounced and ceded her rights to the princely throne on 30 May 1944 to her son Rainier who became Rainier III, Prince of Monaco.HonoursWürttemberg: Dameof the Order of Olga, 1871 -  Spain: Dame of the Order of Queen Maria LuisaAncestryPassage 2:Charles III, Prince of MonacoCharles III (Charles HonoréGrimaldi; 8 December 1818 – 10 September 1889) was Prince of Monaco and Duke of Valentinois from 20 June 1856 to his death. He was the founder of thefamous casino in Monte Carlo, as his title in Monegasque and Italian was Carlo III. He was born in Paris, the only son of Florestan, Prince of Monaco, and MariaCaroline Gibert de Lametz.Marriage and reignWhile he was Hereditary Prince, Charles was married on 28 September 1846 in Brussels to Countess Antoinette deMérode-Westerloo.He succeeded his father Prince Florestan in 1856.During his reign, the towns of Menton and Roquebrune, constituting some 80 percent ofMonegasque territory, were formally ceded to France, paving the way for formal French recognition of Monaco's independence. Rebellions in these towns, aidedby the Kingdom of Sardinia, had exhausted Monaco's military resources for decades.The Principality was in dire need of cash flow, so Prince Charles and hismother, Princess Caroline, had the idea of erecting a casino. The Monte Carlo Casino was designed, according to the Prince's liking, in the German style andplaced at the site of Les Spélugues. Monte Carlo (in English, Mount Charles) itself takes its name from Charles, after all its founder. Charles established a society(business) to run the Casino; this society is today the Société des bains de mer de Monaco.Under Charles III, the Principality of Monaco increased its diplomaticactivities; for example, in 1864, Charles III concluded a Treaty of Friendship with the Bey of Tunis, Muhammad III as-Sadiq, which also regulated trade andmaritime issues.HonoursMonte Carlo is named after Charles III. It stands for the \"Mount Charles\" in Italian.The Order of Saint-Charles was instituted on 15 March1858, during the reign of Prince Charles III.He received the following decorations and awards: Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav, with Collar,27 March 1863 (Sweden-Norway) Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog, in Brilliants, 16 February 1865 (Denmark) Grand Cross of the Grand Ducal HessianOrder of Ludwig, 17 April 1865 (Grand Duchy of Hesse) Grand Cross of the Royal and Distinguished Order of Charles III, 17 February 1867 (Spain) Grand Cross ofthe Order of the Red Eagle, 7 July 1869 (Kingdom of Prussia) Grand Cross of the Order of the Zähringer Lion, 1869 (Grand Duchy of Baden) Officer of the Legiond'Honneur, for his service in the French Navy in the Franco-Prussian War (French Empire) Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (civil division), 30 August 1874(Belgium) Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1882 (Austria-Hungary) Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the White Eagle (civil division), 29May 1883 (Kingdom of Serbia) Knight of the Supreme Order of Christ (Holy See) Grand Cross of the Royal Military Order of the Tower and Sword (Kingdom ofPortugal)DeathIn his middle years his sight greatly weakened, and by the last decade of his life he had become almost totally blind. In fact, Dr. Thomas HenryPickering wrote in 1882: \"So far back as 1860, Prince Charles lost his eyesight....\"He died at Château de Marchais on 10 September 1889. He was succeeded byhis son Albert I of Monaco.CoinOn 1 June 2016, fifteen thousand 2 euro coins were issued by Monaco; commemorating the 150th anniversary of the foundation ofMonte Carlo by Charles IIIIn literatureCharles III is referenced, as Prince Charles Honoré, in a fictional entitled, The Fall of Prince Florestan of Monaco, by theBritish politician Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke. This work was one of satire and parody on a number of political characters of the day. It centered around aCambridge-educated, half-Württemberg nephew of Charles III who comes to the throne by way of Charles III and the next two heirs being wiped out of existence.The upstart \"Florestan II\", a radical republican, boldly attempts to democratize Monaco. He fails and then is forced to leave the country.AncestryPassage 3:MarianShields RobinsonMarian Lois Robinson (née Shields; born July 29, 1937) is the mother of Michelle Obama, former First Lady of the United States, and CraigRobinson, a basketball executive. She is the mother-in-law of 44th U.S. President Barack Obama.Ancestry and early lifeMarian Shields was born in Chicago in1937, the fourth of seven children—five girls, followed by two boys—born to Purnell Nathaniel Shields, a house painter and carpenter, and his wife RebeccaJumper, a licensed practical nurse. Both parents had multi-racial ancestry. Her mother's grandfather, Dolphus T. Shields (c. 1860–1950), was a direct descendantof slavery, with his mother a slave and his white father the heir of the slaveowner; he had moved from rural Georgia to Birmingham, Alabama, where heestablished his own carpentry and tool sharpening business. His descendants would eventually move to Chicago during the Great Migration.Personal lifeShieldsmarried Fraser Robinson III on October 27, 1960, in Chicago. They had two children together, Craig Malcolm and Michelle LaVaughn, named after Fraser'smother. She worked as a secretary for mail-order retailer Spiegel, the University of Chicago, and a bank. In the late 60's, Shields lived with her family in a rentedsecond floor apartment of a brick bungalow the South Side of Chicago that belonged to her aunt Robbie and her husband Terry. This is where she raised her twochildren, Michelle and Craig, and continued to live until she eventually moved to the White House with the Obamas. Michelle Obama, in her book Becoming,describes her mother's strong attachment to her Chicago home and her commitment to raising her children as a stay at home mother. Shields resumed work asan executive assistant at a bank when her daughter Michelle started high school.Relationship with Michelle ObamaMichelle describes her mother as forthright andhonest, and speaks of her implacability and her silent support as a child and beyond. Shields used to take her daughter Michelle to the library long before shestarted school and used to sit beside her as she learned to read and write. Usually the kind of mother who expected her children to settle their own disputes,Shields was quick to see real distress and stepped in to help when needed. For example, when Michelle was in second grade and was distressed because of beingdevalued by a teacher, Shields advocated for her and was instrumental in getting her daughter better learning opportunities at school. Shields encouraged herchildren to communicate with her about all subjects by being available when needed and giving practical advice. She entertained Michelle's school friends whenthey visited and enabled her to make her own choices in important matters.Obama campaign and life in the White HouseWhile Michelle and Barack Obamacampaigned for his candidacy as president in 2008, Robinson helped them by providing support to her granddaughters, Malia and Sasha Obama. During BarackObama's presidency, Robinson was living at the White House with the First Family.Passage 4:Florestan I, Prince of MonacoFlorestan (Tancrède Florestan RogerLouis Grimaldi; 10 October 1785, in Paris – 20 June 1856) was Prince of Monaco and Duke of Valentinois from 2 October 1841 until his death. He was the secondson of Prince Honoré IV and Louise d'Aumont Mazarin and succeeded to the throne on the death of his brother, Honoré V.Early life, education, and militarycareerBrought up by his mother, he showed an early and strong aptitude for literature. At the age of eleven, he enrolled in the School of Fontainebleau, but didnot stay there long. He entered the military, where he had many struggles and barely achieved the rank of Corporal. He was taken prisoner during the Frenchinvasion of Russia. He was not freed to return to France until 1814.Marriage and childrenPrince Florestan, age 29, married Maria Caroline Gibert de Lametz inCommercy on 27 November 1816. Apparently, his family disapproved of the union, so they had to marry \"quietly and modestly.\" Florestan received only a smallincome from his family, so, as it turned out, his marriage to an upper-bourgeois family member of the province of Champagne was, in fact, \"financiallyfavorable.\"The marriage produced the following:Charles III, Prince of Monaco (1818–1889)Princess Florestine of Monaco (1833–1897)ReignFlorestan wasill-prepared to assume the role of Sovereign Prince. Indeed, the British historian H. Pemberton wrote that, upon accession to the throne, Florestan was \"a manutterly unsuited for the task before him.\" He had been an actor in the Théâtre de l'Ambigu-Comique. The real power during his reign lay in the hands of his wife,Princess Caroline, who possessed great intelligence and \"excelled at social skills.\" According to the historian Gustave Saige, Princess Caroline's intelligence wasrequired to figure out the affairs of state, which Honoré V had handled absolutely by himself, not trusting anyone to advise or assist him. For some time, she wasable, by tax reform, to alleviate the difficult economic situation stemming from the Congress of Vienna assigning Monaco as a protectorate of the Kingdom of"}
{"doc_id":"doc_171","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Albertine, baroness Staël von HolsteinHedvig Gustava Albertina, Baroness de Staël-Holstein or simply Albertine (1797–1838), was the daughter of Erik Magnus Staël von Holstein and Madame de Staël, the granddaughter of Jacques Necker and Suzanne Curchod, wife to Victor de Broglie (1785–1870), and mother to Albert, a French monarchist politician, and Louise, a novelist and biographer. Her biological father may have been the author Benjamin Constant.LifeAlbertina, still very much part of the de Staël circle, shared her grandfather's anglomania, and introduced her husband to the \"erudite society that centred around that family.\" Victor de Broglie Souvenirs recall their married life and the political storms that surrounded it.Her letters were collected and edited by her son Albert and published in French and in English by Robert Baird as Transplanted flowers, or memoirs of Mrs. Rumpff, daughter of John Jacob Astor, Esq. and the Duchess de Broglie, daughter of Madame de Stael (1846).Passage 2:George Bogislaus Staël von HolsteinGeorge Bogislaus Staël von Holstein (born 6 December 1685 in Narva; died 17 December 1763 in Malmö) was a Swedish baron and field marshal. He was the Governor of Malmöhus County from 1754 to 1763.FamilyGeorge Bosiglaus Staël von Holstein was born on 6 December 1685, the son of Lt. Col. Johan Staël von Holstein and Julia Helena von der Pahlen. He was a member of the Staël von Holstein noble house which had then only recently joined the Swedish nobility.During his captivity in Russia he married the Countess Ingeborg Christina Horn af Rantzien in 1710, a daughter of the Field Marshal Henning Rudolf Horn von Rantzien, who had been taken captive with his daughters by the Russians during the Great Northern War.In 1722 Staël von Holstein planned a marriage with Sofia Elisabeth Ridderschantz. However, the marriage was broken off because his wife Ingeborg from Russia, where she had been held captive to that point, returned. In 1731 Staël von Holstein was raised to the rank of baron.In 1761 his first wife died, and Staël married Sofia Elisabeth Ridderschantz. Anna Helena Juliana, the daughter of George Bogislaus Staël von Holstein, died at the age of five. With her this branch of the Staël von Holstein noble family died out.Military careerStaël von Holstein began his military career on 20 February 1700 as a volunteer in the Swedish household guard. He was promoted to Unteroffizier (roughly equivalent to corporal) in the artillery. Staël von Holstein became a cornet in the Dragoon regiment of the province Ingria which was under the command of Otto Vellingk. He participated in the campaign in Livonia against the Russian and Saxon armies. He was promoted to Lieutenant in 1702 and a year later to Captain in the infantry regiment of Adam de la Gardie. This regiment was used in 1704 to free the besieged city of Narva from Russian troops. In April he was appointed commander of the grenadier company of this regiment.The Swedish attack failed and Staël von Holstein was captured. He was held captive in prison camps in Siberia and later in the region of Moscow. Staël von Holstein succeeded in being exchanged for a Russian officer in 1711. His wife, her sisters and his father-in-law were not allowed to leave Russia, however. After his return Staël von Holstein was under the direct command of the Swedish King Charles XII, who was in exile in Bender and was dispatched by him to the Skaraborg regiment.In 1713 Staël von Holstein was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and in 1715 he invaded Schonen with the Skaraborg regiment. Two years later he was appointed colonel. In 1718 he participated with his regiment in the campaign against Norway and took part in the Siege of Frederiksten.In 1719 the Skaraborg regiment was garrisoned in Göteborg. The attack of the Danish captain Peter Wessel Tordenskiold on the fortress of Nya Elfsborg was repulsed by his commander Johan Abraham Lillie with all his forces. The artillery division of the Skaraborg regiment began a counter-attack on the Danish navy on 24 July. They were so taken by surprise by artillery fire from land that the fleet withdrew and repulsed the attack.In 1720 Staël parted from the Swedish army and served in the following years under Duke Karl Friedrich von Holstein. He was a major general and commander in his bodyguard.In 1733 Staël von Holstein was appointed colonel and commandant of Kalmar Castle. A year later he was governor of Kalmar.Staël was appointed major-general in 1734. In 1742 he was the leader of the political group the Caps.In 1743 Staël von Holstein was promoted to lieutenant general. He was also a Knight in the Royal Order of the Seraphim. In 1754 he was appointed governor of Malmöhus län and commandant of Malmö. He remained in this position until his death.Civilian lifeIn 1737 Staël built a textile factory in Kalmar. In 1742 he founded the glasswork company Kosta Glasbruk together with the governor of Kronobergs län, Anders Koskull Kosta. Later Staël bought in the province of Halland a large property as a family seat. This was situated in the neighborhood of Vapnö and is still in the property of his family.Passage 3:Mathilda Staël von HolsteinChristina Mathilda Staël von Holstein (1876–1953) was a Swedish lawyer. She was the second woman to become a lawyer in Sweden, the first being Eva Andén. She was known as a feminist throughout her lifetime.BiographyShe was born in Kristianstad as the daughter of the nobleman and Colonel Axel Staël von Holstein and Cecilia Nordenfeldt and grew up in Värmland. She was orphaned early and left with responsibility for her eleven siblings, and never married.She was a correspondent at a law firm, then an assistant and an accountant at the Stockholm City Health Board. She became a Candidate of Law in Stockholm in 1918. She was also a member of the Fredrika Bremer Association and chairman of the Stockholm Women's Association. From 1919 to 1923 she was a partner in Eva Andén's law firm. As a lawyer, she primarily worked on family law and property issues.One of the biggest problems for women to obtain government office during this time was that the law defined the applicant for such jobs as a \"Swedish man\". The Ministry of Justice formed a committee in 1919 to investigate and remove this barrier from the law through a change of constitution. The chairman of the committee was Emilia Broomé, the first woman to chair a government committee. Staël von Holstein was a committee member. The committee's work resulted in the Competence Law of 1923.Staël von Holstein was awarded the Illis quorum by the King of Sweden in 1946.She died in Stockholm.See alsoAnna Pettersson, Swedish lawyerSourcesFurther readingMathilda Staël von Holstein at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikonPassage 4:Boris BogoslovskyBoris Basil Bogoslovsky (29 April 1890, in Ryazan – 2 December 1966, in Charleston, Illinois) was a Russian-American teacher and United Nations official.Bogoslovosky emigrated to the United States, where he became a naturalized citizen. He married a Swedish teacher, Christina Staël von Holstein, and the pair taught at the Cherry Lawn School, a progressive boarding school in Darien, Connecticut. In 1933 they became co-directors of the school. Bogoslovosky taught science there until 1945, when he joined the United Nations as a translator in the UN's Russian Language Section. He was also an observer for the US government at the Nuremberg Trials.WorksThe technique of controversy: principles of dynamic logic, 1928. In the series The International Library of Psychology, Philosophy and Scientific Method.The ideal school, 1936.Passage 5:Elin LauritzenElin Maria Lauritzen (born 11 July 1916 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; died 17 September 2006) was for many years one of Sweden's foremost family law attorneys.She was a member of the Board of Directors of the Pension Board in 1944 as well as Deputy Attorney at the lawyers Mathilda Staël von Holstein, Valborg Lundgren and Eva Andén 1945–1953. She became a member of the Swedish Bar Association in 1949.Passage 6:Monte Carlo (composer)Hans von Holstein, better known as Monte Carlo (14 July 1883 — 9 June 1967), was a Danish-born American Broadway composer and author.LifeVon Holstein was born in Skamlingsbanken, Gravenstein, Denmark, on 14 July 1883.He came to the U.S. in 1906 to avoid studying medicine.  He changed his name to Hans Carlo, and soon began using Monte Carlo as his name. He became a naturalized US citizen in 1914. He received pre-medical training in Chicago, with songwriting as chief avocation. He started writing music with Alma Sanders, whom he met at Jerome H. Remick's music publishing firm.  She eventually became his wife. They collaborated on a number of shows and a large number of songs.  He joined the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers in 1923.In 1930, he was living with his wife at 10 Williams Avenue in Mount Vernon, New York. In 1942, he was living at 145 West 55th Street, New York.After the death of his wife in 1956, he moved to Houston, Texas. There he became vice-president of Carsen Music Publishing, founded by his step-son, Edward C. Benjamin Sr. He died in Houston on June 9, 1967.Songs with music or lyrics by Monte Carlo\"Little Town in the old County Down\"\"Dinny Danny; The Irish Yacki Hula\"\"That Tumble-Down Shack in Athlone\"\"Every Tear Is a Smile in an Irishman's Heart\"\"By the waters of Killarney\"\"Just a bit of Irish lace\"\"Two Blue Eyes, One Little Green Isle\"\"My Home in the County Mayo\"\"The Hills of Connemara\"\"The Old Wooden Bridge in Athlone\"Several songs became very popular after being recorded by John McCormack in the early 1920s.ShowsThe Voice of McConnell by George M. Cohan, (1918; supplied songs)Tangerine (1921)Elsie (1923)The Chiffon Girl (1924)Bye Bye Barbara (1924)Princess April (1924)Oh! Oh! Nurse (1925)Houseboat on the Styx (1928; supplied songs)Mystery Moon (1930)Louisiana Lady (1947)Passage 7:Auguste-Théodore-Paul de BroglieAbbé Auguste-Théodore-Paul de Broglie (June 18, 1834 – May 11, 1895) was professor of apologetics at the Institut Catholique in Paris, and writer on apologetic subjects.He was the son of Achille-Victor, Duc de Broglie, and his wife, Albertine, baroness Staël von Holstein, a Protestant and the daughter of Madame de Staël. After the death of his mother, who died young, he was brought up by the Baroness Auguste de Staël, née Vernet. This aunt, although also a Protestant, exerted herself \"to make a large-minded Christian of him in the Church to which she did not belong\" (Monseigneur d'Hulst in Le Correspondant, 25 May 1895).Broglie studied at the École Polytechnique, leaving in 1855. Still young, he entered the navy; he was appointed ensign in 1857 and soon after lieutenant. After a voyage to New Caledonia in which he came in contact with active missions, he felt himself called to the religious life. He entered the Seminary of Saint Sulpice in Paris in 1867. After completing his studies there he was ordained priest on 18 October 1870. He was named professor of apologetics at the Institut Catholique in 1879. His teaching, which included philosophical, theological, biblical and historical themes, were intended to defend the Catholic faith from perceived attacks from Positivism and Rationalism. He maintained the harmony and autonomy of the two spheres of knowledge, religion and reason.In his numerous publications the Abbé de Broglie was always a faithful defender of Catholic dogma. At the time "}
{"doc_id":"doc_172","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Satellite tournamentA satellite tournament is either a minor tournament or event on a competitive sporting tour or one of a group of such tournamentsthat form a series played in the same country or region.PokerA satellite tournament in poker is a qualifying event. Winners of these satellites usually win thebuy-in fee to a larger, more prestigious tournament like the World Series of Poker Main Event. Although there are some land-based satellite tournaments (usuallyfor very high-stakes tournaments), most of them are online-based. Some sites, like PokerStars, maintain several tiers of satellites. A player can thus start out atone tier (not necessarily the lowest one) and play his way to a higher tier. The entry fee for each tier is always higher than the fee for the tier below it, with thefirst tier being the cheapest.TennisIn professional tennis, satellite circuits were four-week tournaments (five before 1987), typically organised by a country'snational tennis association and overseen by the International Tennis Federation. They were played by players who were ranked outside the top few hundred bythe Association of Tennis Professionals, with openings for unranked players in the qualifying draw. Total prize money ranged from $25,000 to $75,000 percircuit.  ATP points were awarded on the basis of a player's ranking within the circuit and from 1987 onwards on the basis of the conversion of a player's circuitpoints into ATP points. Players successful at this level of pro tennis would move on to play ATP Challenger Series or even top-flight ATP Tour events. The men'ssatellite tournaments were discontinued following the 2006 season as the circuit moved exclusively to one-week Futures tournaments.PinballA satellitetournament in pinball is modeled after those in poker. It is a smaller tournament that leads up to a major pinball championship, where participants have theopportunity to win their entry into the larger tournament. Applying the satellite tournament concept to pinball was first done by Northwest Pinball and ArcadeShow in 2013 to promote both the show and the tournaments at the show. Since then, some other major tournaments have begun using the concept.Passage2:Tunstall, VirginiaTunstall is an unincorporated community in New Kent County, Virginia, United States.Foster's Castle and Hampstead, both located in Tunstall,are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.Passage 3:Telephone numbers in Ascension IslandCountry Code: +247International Call Prefix: 00AscensionIsland does not share the same country code (+290) with the rest of St Helena.Calling formatsTo call in Ascension Island, the following format isused:yxxxx      Calls inside Ascension Island+247 yxxxx  Calls from outside Ascension IslandAscension Island numbering planAccording to ITU Communication of08.V.2015, Sure South Atlantic Limited, Jamestown, announced the following update to the numbering plan for Ascension.The length of geographical numbersincreased from four (4) to five (5) digits and prefixed with the number \"6\".The 4XXXX range  reserved for mobile services.The change to five-digit numbering tobe implemented on 1 June 2015.   1: New 5-digit numbering2: 6-digit numberingSee alsoTelephone numbers in the United KingdomTelephone numbers in SaintHelena and Tristan da CunhaPassage 4:LubnowyLubnowy is part of the name of two villages, both located in Gmina Susz, within Iława County, Warmian-MasurianVoivodeship, Poland:Lubnowy MałeLubnowy WielkieSee alsoLiebenauPassage 5:BrevilleBreville is an Australian brand of small home appliances, founded inSydney in 1932. It is best known for its home appliances, specifically blenders, coffee machines, toasters, kettles, microwaves and toaster ovens. As of 2016, thebrand also manufactured \"Creatista\" coffee machines for Nespresso, and distributed other Nespresso products in Australia, New Zealand and the USA andCanada, including the \"Inissia\", \"Vertuo\" and \"Citiz\" series of machines.HistoryIn 1932, Bill O'Brien and Harry Norville (born Charles Henry Norville) mixed theirlast names together and the Breville brand was created. The company started by making radios. During World War II, it made mine detectors. By 1953, the radiobusiness had been taken over by A.W. Jackson Industries Pty. Ltd., which manufactured radiograms and, later, television sets under the Breville brand. After that,Breville turned its attention to manufacturing household appliances.The O'Brien family continued developing the Breville business for three generations, with Bill'sson, John, setting up the Breville Research and Development centre in the late 1960s, and his daughter, Barbara, running the marketing department throughoutthe 1990s. John O'Brien continued to lead many product development initiatives for the Breville brand until his death in December 2003. Breville's R&D team hastaken out over 100 active patents and has been awarded more than 40 international design awards. In 1974, Breville released the toasted sandwich maker, whichwas a huge success, selling 400,000 units in its first year, and making the Breville brand a household name in Australia. Soon after this, the Breville toastedsandwich maker was launched in New Zealand and the United Kingdom, where it was met with similar success.OwnershipIn 2001, the Breville companies ofAustralia, New Zealand, and Hong Kong transferred ownership of the brand to Housewares International Limited. The acquisition of the Breville companies causedthe group to shift its focus to the electrical business and cease its Australian homewares and cleaning businesses in March 2007. In 2008, HousewaresInternational Limited officially changed its name to the Breville Group Limited. The Breville Group Limited also owns the Kambrook and Sage brands. It marketsmost of its product under the Sage brand in the UK and Europe, since the Breville brand is owned by the unrelated Jarden company in the UK.GlobalpresenceBreville trades in over 70 countries including China, Brazil, South Africa, Mexico, and Israel. In 2002, the Breville brand was launched in Canada and theUnited States.Passage 6:JawtyJawty (German: Jauth) is part of the name of two villages, both located in Gmina Susz, within Iława County, Warmian-MasurianVoivodeship, Poland:Lubnowy MałeLubnowy WielkiePassage 7:Jakab IndustriesJakab Industries was an Australian coachbuilder in Tamworth, New SouthWales.HistoryJakab Industries built its first bus body in July 1973, a Ford R226. It mainly made bodies for buses for the defence forces, but also built some forcommercial operators, before withdrawing from the market in late 1995. It also built bodies for ambulances and postal vans. In the 1990s it also overhauledMercedes-Benz and Scania buses for the State Transit Authority.Following the collapse of Clifford Corporation in 1998, Volvo arranged for Jakab to take over theAnsair plant in Tamworth and complete the work of providing Orana-style bodies for 60 State Transit Authority Volvo B10BLE buses. The subsidiary company setup to do the work was named Phoenix Bus.Jakab Industries was placed in administration in 2002.Passage 8:RadziceRadzice is part of the name of two villages,both located in Gmina Drzewica, within Opoczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, Poland:Radzice DużeRadzice MalePassage 9:Limestone CoastThe Limestone Coast is aname used since the early twenty-first century for a South Australian government region  located in the south east of South Australia which immediately adjoinsthe continental coastline and the Victorian border.  The name is also used for a tourist region and a wine zone both located in the same part of SouthAustralia.ExtentThe Limestone Coast is a South Australian Government Region which consists of land within the following local government areas located in thesouth east of the state: the City of Mount Gambier and the District Councils of Grant, Kingston, Robe, Tatiara and Naracoorte Lucindale and the Wattle RangeCouncil, and the extent of \"coastal waters\" up to three nautical miles seaward of the low water mark between the border with Victoria in the east and  thenorthern boundary of the Kingston District Council in the north-west.Industry regions with the same nameLimestone Coast Tourism RegionThe words 'LimestoneCoast' also used in the name of a  tourism region which occupies a similar part of South Australia.  The tourism region consists of the following local governmentareas: the City of Mount Gambier, The Coorong District Council, the District Councils of Grant, Kingston, Robe, Tatiara and Naracoorte Lucindale, and the WattleRange Council.Limestone Coast Wine ZoneThe words 'Limestone Coast' also used in the name of a wine zone which occupies a similar part of SouthAustralia.  The wine zone is the land south of a line located at appropriately 36 degrees 50 minutes south, i.e. in line with Cape Willoughby at the east end ofKangaroo Island.  The zone includes the following wine-growing regions: Coonawarra, Mount Benson, Mount Gambier, Padthaway, Robe andWrattonbully.Location and descriptionFrom the Victoria border to the Younghusband Peninsula this area has been settled since colonisation by  mainly Europeansettlers in the 1840s, displacing an indigenous population that had resided in the region for thousands of years. The region currently supports farming, viticulture,forestry and tourism. Towns include Bordertown, Keith, Millicent, Mount Gambier, Penola, and Naracoorte and the coastal resorts of Beachport, Kingston SE andRobe.Much of the Limestone Coast is low-lying, and was inundated by sea as recently as 2 million years ago. It had previously also been flooded 15–20 millionyears ago.  The plains are lined by rows of low sandhills parallel to the coast, created at times when the coastline was at that level. Prior to European settlement,much of the land between the sandhills was swamp fed by streams and subject to inundation. A network of drains totalling 1450 km has been constructed tochannel the water away through the sandhills to the ocean. Important areas of wetland remain including the lakes and lagoons such as the southern end of theCoorong and Bool Lagoon. Meanwhile, areas of upland in the Limestone Coast include the volcanic craters of Mount Gambier.The Mediterranean climate of thiscoast is cool and moist with wet winters.HistoryThere are deep limestone deposits created from the coral and other sealife. The limestone in Victoria Fossil Caveand the other Naracoorte Caves contains are Australia's biggest source of fossils and a World Heritage Site.EcologyFloraThe natural vegetation was woodland ofRiver Red gum and other eucalyptus trees.FaunaAlthough there are few purely endemic species the coast is rich in wildlife including possums, Cercartetus pygmypossums, Petaurus Gliding possums, and other marsupials many of which do not spread further west than here. Endemic species include reptiles such as thestriped legless lizard (Delma impar) and invertebrates like an endemic cave cricket. The Naracoorte caves are occupied by the common bent-wing bat.The lakesand lagoons are particularly important habitats for waterbirds such as black swan, grey teal, Pacific black duck, and especially the critically endangeredorange-bellied parrot (Neophema chrysogaster) which winters here along with many other birds including the red-necked stint (Calidris ruficollis), sharp-tailed"}
{"doc_id":"doc_173","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:David A. GanongDavid A. Ganong,  (born September 14, 1943 in St. Stephen, New Brunswick) is a Canadian business executive.BiographyGanong is the former president and current chairman of the board of Ganong Bros., the oldest chocolate manufacturing company in Canada. He graduated with a BA degree from the University of New Brunswick in 1965 then earned his MBA degree University of Western Ontario.In 1977 he replaced his uncle, R. Whidden Ganong, as president of the company. In 1984-85, David Ganong served as chairman of the Atlantic Provinces Economic Council. In 1990 he oversaw the building of a modern new plant. Its success was followed by a further expansion in 2003. He was named a member of the Order of Canada in 2005 and was inducted into the Canadian Professional Sales Association Hall of Fame in 1999. In 2008 David Ganong stepped down as president, but has maintained an advisory role as chairman on the company's board and remains the controlling shareholder. Two of his children have moved into executive positions with the company, representing the fifth generation of Ganong overseeing the company; daughter Bryana Ganong as president and CEO, and son Nicholas Ganong as Vice President of Sales and Business Development.David Ganong is a member of the board of governors of the University of New Brunswick and he and his wife Diane have provided financial support to the university. In recent years, David has taken an active role in a number of community development groups, most recently with Future St. Stephen.NotesFolster, David. The Chocolate Ganongs of St. Stephen, New Brunswick (1991) Goose Lane Editions ISBN 0-86492-115-2Craigs, Melodie. Ganong, The Candy Family (1984) Literacy Council of Fredericton ISBN 0-920333-16-8David and Diane Ganong's donation to the University of New BrunswickFebruary 2003 Candy Industry article on David Ganong and Ganong Bros.Profile of David Ganong, The Governor General's Canadian Leadership ConferencePassage 2:Obata ToramoriObata Toramori (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 1491 – July 14, 1561) was Japanese samurai warrior of the Sengoku Period. He is known as one of the \"Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen\" He also recorded as having been wounded 41 times in 36 encounters. He was the father of Obata Masamori.See alsoIsao ObataPassage 3:John Templeton (botanist)John Templeton (1766–1825) was a pioneering Irish naturalist, sometimes referred to as the \"Father of Irish Botany\". He was a leading figure in Belfast's late eighteenth century enlightenment, initially supported the  United Irishmen, and figured prominently in the town's scientific and literary societies.FamilyTempleton was born in Belfast in 1766, the son of James Templeton, a prosperous wholesale merchant, and his wife Mary Eleanor, daughter of Benjamin Legg, a sugar refiner. The family resided in a 17th century country house to the south of the town, which been named Orange Grove in honour of William of Orange who had stopped at the house en route to his victory over James II at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690.Until the age of 16 Templeton attended a progressive, co-educational, school favoured by the town's liberal, largely Presbyterian, merchant class. Schoolmaster David Manson sought to exclude \"drudgery and fear\" by combining classroom instruction with play and experiential learning. Templeton counted among his schoolfellows brother and sister Henry Joy and Mary Ann McCracken, and maintained a warm friendship with them throughout his life.In 1799, Templeton married Katherine Johnson of Seymour Hill. Her family had been touched by the United Irish rebellion the previous year: her brother-in-law, Henry Munro, commander of the United army at the Battle of Ballynahinch, had been hanged. The couple had five children: Ellen, born on 30 September 1800, Robert, born on 12 December 1802, Catherine, born on 19 July 1806, Mary, born on 9 December 1809 and Matilda on 2 November 1813.The union between the two already prosperous merchant families provided more than ample means enabling Templeton to devote himself passionately to the study of natural history.United IrishmanLike many of his liberal Presbyterian peers in Belfast, Templeton was sympathetic to the programme and aims of the Society United Irishmen:  Catholic Emancipation and democratic reform of the Irish Parliament. But it was several years before he was persuaded to take the United Irish \"test\" or pledge. In March 1797 his friend, Mary Ann McCracken, wrote to her brother: [A] certain Botanical friend of ours whose steady and inflexible mind is invulnerable to any other weapon but reason, and only to be moved by conviction has at last turned his attention from the vegetable kingdom to the human species and after pondering the matter for some months, is at last determined to become what he ought to have been months ago.She hoped his sisters would \"soon follow him.\" Having committed himself to the patriotic union of Catholic, Protestant and Dissenter, Templeton changed the name of the family home from loyalist Orange Grove to Irish \"Cranmore\" (crann mór, 'big tree').Templeton was disenchanted by the Rebellion of 1798, and mindful of events in France , repelled by the violence. He nonetheless withdrew from the Belfast Literary Society, of which he had been a founding member in 1801, rather than accept the continued presence of Dr. James MacDonnell. MacDonnell's offence had been to subscribe forty guineas in 1803 for the capture (leading to execution) of the unreformed rebel Thomas Russell who had been their mutual friend. (While unable to \"forget the amiable Russell\", time, he conceded,  \"softened a little my feelings\": in 1825, Templeton and MacDonnell met and shook hands).GardenThe garden at Cranmore spread over 13-acre garden was planted with exotic and native species acquired on botanical excursions, from fellow botanists, nurseries, botanical gardens and abroad: \"Received yesterday a large chest of East Indian plants which I examined today.\" \"Box from Mr. Taylor\".Other plants arrived, often as seeds from North America, Australia, India, China and other parts of the British Empire  Cranmore also served as a small animal farm.for experimental animal husbandry and a kitchen garden.BotanistJohn Templeton's interest in botany began with this experimental garden laid out according to a suggestion in Rousseau's 'Nouvelle Heloise' and following Rousseau's 'Letters on the Elements of Botany Here he cultivated many tender exotics out of doors (a list provided by Nelson and began botanical studies which lasted throughout his life and corresponded with the most eminent botanists in England Sir William Hooker, William Turner, James Sowerby and, especially Sir Joseph Banks, who had travelled on Captain James Cook's voyages, and in charge of Kew Gardens. Banks tried (unsuccessfully) to tempt him to New Holland (Australia) as a botanist on the Flinders's Expedition with the offer of a large tract of land and a substantial salary. An associate of the Linnean Society, Templeton visited London and saw the botanical work being achieved there. This led to his promotion of the Belfast Botanic Gardens as early as 1809, and to work on a Catalogue of Native Irish Plants, in manuscript form and now in the Royal Irish Academy, which was used as an accurate foundation for later work by succeeding Irish botanists. He also assembled text and executed many beautiful watercolour drawings for a Flora Hibernica, sadly never finished, and kept a detailed journal during the years 1806–1825 (both now in the Ulster Museum, Belfast).[1] Of the 12000 algal specimens in the Ulster Museum Herbarium about 148 are in the Templeton collection and were mostly collected by him, some were collected by others and passed to Templeton. The specimens in the Templeton collection in the Ulster Museum (BEL) have been catalogued. Those noted in 1967 were numbered: F1 – F48. Others were in The Queen's University Belfast. All of Templeton's specimens have now been numbered in the Ulster Museum as follows: F190 – F264; F290 – F314 and F333 – F334.Templeton was the first finder of Rosa hibernicaThis rose, although collected by Templeton in 1795, remained undescribed until 1803 when he published a short diagnosis in the Transactions of the Dublin Society.Early additions to the flora of Ireland include Sisymbrium Ligusticum seoticum (1793), Adoxa moschatellina (1820), Orobanche rubra and many other plants. His work on lichens was the basis of this secton of Flora Hiberica by James Townsend Mackay who wrote of him The foregoing account of the Lichens of Ireland would have been still more incomplete, but for the extensive collection of my lamented friend, the late Mr. John Templeton, of Cranmore, near Belfast, which his relict, Mrs. Templeton, most liberally placed at my disposal. I believe that thirty years ago his acquirements in the Natural History of organised beings rivalled that of any individual in Europe : these were by no means limited to diagnostic marks, but extended to all the laws and modifications of the living force. The frequent quotation of his authority in every preceding department of this Flora, is but a brief testimony of his diversified knowledgeBotanical ManuscriptsThe MSS. left by Templeton consist of seven volumes. One of these is a small 8vo. half bound ; it is in the Library of the Royal Irish Academy, and contains 280 pp. of lists of Cryptogams, chiefly mosses, with their localities. In this book is inserted a letter from Miss F. M. More, sister of Alexander Goodman More, to Dr. Edward Perceval Wright, Secretary, Royal Irish Academy, dated March, 1897, in which she says—‘*‘ The Manuscript which accompanies this letter was drawn up between 1794 and 1810, by the eminent naturalist, John Templeton, in Belfast. It was lent by his son, Dr. R. Templeton, to my brother, Alex. G. More, when he was preparing the second edition of the ‘ Cybele Hibernica,’ on condition that it should be placed in the Library of the Royal Irish Academy afterwards.\" The other six volumes are quarto size, and contain 1,090 folios, with descriptions of many of the plants, and careful drawings in pen and pencil and colours of many species. They are now lent to the Belfast Museum. About ten years ago I [Lett]spent a week in examining these volumes, and as their contents have hitherto never been fully described, I would like to give an epitome of my investigation of them.Vol. 1.—Phanerogams, 186 folios, with 15 coloured figures, and 6 small drawings in the text.Vol. Il.—Fresh-water Algae, 246 folios, 71 of which are coloured.Vol.IIl.—Marine Algae, 212 folios, of which 79 are coloured figures. At the end of this volume are 3 folios of Mosses, the pagination of which runs with the rest of this volume, but it is evident they had at some time been misplaced.Vol. IV Fungi, 112 folios.Vol. V.—Mosses, 117 folios, of which 20 are coloured, and also 73 small drawings in the text. *Vol. VI.—Mosses and Hepatics. 117 folios are Hepatics, 40 of which are in colours ; 96 folios are Mosses, of which 39 are full-page coloured figures; and in addition there are 3 small coloured drawings in the text.All these drawings were executed by Templeton himself, they are every one most accurately and beautifully drawn; and the colouring is true to nature and artistically finished; those of the mosses and hepatics being particularly good. Templeton is not mentioned in Tate’s ‘‘ Flora Belfastiensis,’ published in 1863, at Belfast. The "}
{"doc_id":"doc_174","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Herbert J. RayRear Admiral Herbert James Ray (1 February 1893 – 3 December 1970) was an officer in the United States Navy who served in WorldWar I and World War II. A 1914 graduate of the Naval Academy, he served on the submarines USS H-2 and N-3 during World War I. In March 1942, as Chief ofStaff and Aide to the Commandant of the Sixteenth Naval District, Rear Admiral Francis W. Rockwell, he participated in General Douglas MacArthur's escape fromthe Philippines. In Australia, he served with MacArthur's General Headquarters, Southwest Pacific Area staff. In September 1943, he became Captain of thebattleship USS Maryland, which he commanded in the Battle of Tarawa, Battle of Kwajalein, Battle of Saipan and the Battle of Peleliu. In October 1944, heparticipated in the Battle of Surigao Strait, in which Maryland joined the other battleships in engaging the Japanese battleships Fusō and Yamashiro and theirescorts. Ray left Maryland in December 1944, and was promoted to Commodore and appointed deputy director of the Naval Division of the US Control GroupCouncil for Germany. After VE Day, he became the Junior United States Member of the Tripartite Naval Commission in Berlin. He retired from the Navy on 30 June1949, and received a tombstone promotion to rear admiral due to his combat decorations.Early lifeHerbert James Ray was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on 1February 1893, the son of James Herbert Ray and his wife Mary née Rosseler. He was educated at Rhea County High School. In 1910, he was appointed to theUnited States Naval Academy at Annapolis, from which he graduated on 6 June 1914.On graduation, he was commissioned as an ensign, and joined the crew ofthe battleship USS Minnesota. In July 1915, he became an instructor for enlisted ratings in Norfolk, Virginia. He then became part of the crew that was assembledfor the new battleship USS Nevada in January 1916, and served on it when it was commissioned in March 1916. After the United States declared war onGermany, he underwent submariner training on board the submarine tender USS Fulton from June to November 1917. During the war he served on thesubmarines USS H-2 and N-3.Between the warsAfter the war, Ray was posted to the battleship USS Pennsylvania in March 1919, the submarine tender USSSavannah in July 1919, and the destroyer USS Meyer February 1920. He then became the Executive Officer of the destroyer USS Walker. In November 1920, hehelped fit out the destroyer USS Young, and served on it until April 1921, when he was transferred to the crew of another new destroyer, the USS Macdonough.He helped fit it out, and then served with it until September 1921.Ray returned to Annapolis as an instructor with the Electrical Engineering and PhysicsDepartment from September 1921 to June 1923. He then served on the transport USS Argonne until December 1924, when he became the Executive Officer ofthe destroyer USS Wood. In 1926, he assumed command of the destroyer USS Farenholt. In July, he became Officer in Charge of the Branch Hydrographic Officein Honolulu. He was Aide and Flag Secretary to the Commander Light Cruiser 2 from May 1928 to June 1930; Light Cruiser Divisions, Scouting Fleet from June toSeptember 1930; and Light Cruiser 3 from September 1930 to July 1931. Ray married Helen Louise Jacobs from La Plata, Maryland in 1930. They had twodaughters and two sons.Ray was the Navy Representative on the Joint Army-Navy Selective Services Committee at the War Department in Washington, D.C.,from July 1931 to September 1933. He then helped fit out the new cruiser USS New Orleans, and became first he First Lieutenant and Damage Control Officer,and then, in February 1935, he Executive Officer. Following the usual pattern of alternating duty afloat and ashore, he returned to Annapolis in July 1936 for asecond two-year tour as an instructor, this time in the Department of English and History. In June 1938 he entered the Naval War College at Newport, RhodeIsland. After graduating in June 1939, he became the Executive Officer of the USS Quincy.World War IISouthwest PacificIn March 1941, Ray became Chief of Staffand Aide to the Commandant of the Sixteenth Naval District, Rear Admiral Francis W. Rockwell, at Cavite, where he was promoted to captain on 1 July 1941. Hewas serving in this capacity when the Pacific War began. He was awarded the Legion of Merit for his part in the fighting. His citation read:For exceptionallymeritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the Government of the United States as Chief of Staff in the Sixteenth Naval District at theoutbreak of World War II. Captain Ray continuously performed duties of great responsibility during and after the bombing and destruction of Cavite Navy Yard on10 December 1941. In the direction of fire fighting at Cavite, in the evacuation of personnel and material to Corregidor, and in the administration of MarivelesNaval Section Base, a Naval Facility at Mariveles on Bataan Peninsula, he displayed courage and marked leadership. His close personal contact with the personnelof Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three and constant concern with their problems was an outstanding example of leadership and exceptional efficiency in hisprofession. During this entire period of great stress, he performed exceptionally meritorious service to the government in duties of great responsibility. CaptainRay was sent to Mariveles on 14 December to supervise the work there and Commander Grandfield temporarily assumed the duties of Chief of Staff. Oncompletion of a reorganization at Mariveles, Captain Ray was ordered to Queen Tunnel Corregidor and resumed his duties as Chief of Staff.In March 1942, heparticipated in General Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines, for which Ray was awarded the Silver Star. His citation read:For extraordinary heroismand distinguished service in the line of his profession while serving on the Staff of Rear Admiral Francis Rockwell, Commandant, Sixteenth Naval District, duringthe period 11 to 13 March 1942, in the Philippine Islands during an extraordinary action a retrograde maneuver involving General Douglas MacArthur. Captain Raymade detailed plans involving exacting preparations for a movement of major strategic importance and of the most hazardous nature, then executed the missionwith marked skill and coolness in the face of greatly superior enemy forces.In Australia, Ray served with MacArthur's General Headquarters, Southwest PacificArea. One of his sons, Lieutenant James H. Ray, was on the destroyer USS Jarvis when it was lost with all hands on 9 August 1942. When Ray was ordered backto the United States in January 1943, MacArthur awarded him the Army Distinguished Service Medal. His citation read:For exceptionally meritorious anddistinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility in the Southwest Pacific Area during the period from 18 April 1942to 26 April 1943. Captain Ray was assigned to General Headquarters, Southwest Pacific Area, upon its establishment, 18 April 1942, serving as Naval Advisor tothe Operations and Intelligence sections of the General Staff from 18 April 1942 to 9 January 1943. Upon the establishment of the Planning Section of G-3, 9January 1943, he was assigned as Chief of that section. The accomplishment of the service for which this award is recommended has been completed. This officerhas been transferred to another assignment. The entire service of Captain Ray has, since the rendering by him of the service upon which this recommendation isbased, been honorable.USS MarylandRay served in the office of the Commander in Chief United States Fleet, Admiral Ernest J. King from April to September1943. He then became Captain of the battleship USS Maryland. The ship had been damaged in the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 butreturned to service. Maryland participated in the Battle of Tarawa in November 1943 as the flagship of Rear Admiral Harry W. Hill's V Amphibious Force andSouthern Attack Force, and her guns participated in the shore bombardment. In February 1944, she joined in the Battle of Kwajalein, firing at pillboxes andblockhouses on Roi Island. Maryland's guns supported the Battle of Saipan, silencing a pair of coastal guns. On 22 June, she was torpedoed by a Mitsubishi G4M\"Betty\" bomber, but was repaired in time to join Rear Admiral Jesse B. Oldendorf's Western Fire Support Group in the Battle of Peleliu. Still with Oldendorff'sgroup, but now part of the Vice Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid's Seventh Fleet, Maryland participated in the Battle of Leyte in October. In the Battle of Surigao Strait,it joined the other battleships in engaging the Japanese battleships Fusō and Yamashiro and their escorts. Ray was awarded a second Silver Star. His citationread:for gallantry and intrepidity in action as Commanding Officer of the USS Maryland (BB-46), which contributed materially to the annihilation of enemy surfaceforces, including two battleships, on 25 October 1944, in Surigao Straits, Philippine Islands. Captain Ray, by his capable direction, caused his ship to deliverprolonged and effective gunfire against the enemy's ships.On 29 November, Maryland was attacked and severely damaged by kamikaze aircraft, and forced toreturn to Pearl Harbor for repairs. For his services as captain, he was awarded the Bronze Star.GermanyRay left Maryland in December 1944. He was appointeddeputy director of the Naval Division of the US Control Group Council for Germany. After VE Day, he became the Junior United States Member of the TripartiteNaval Commission in Berlin. He was promoted to the wartime rank of commodore on 26 June 1945. He returned to the United States in April 1946. For hisservices in Europe, he was awarded a second Legion of Merit. His citation read:For exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding servicesto the Government of the United States in Germany from 1 March 1945 to 20 December 1945. Commodore Ray distinguished himself by unusually meritoriousaccomplishments as Deputy Director of the Naval Division, U.S. Group Control Council for Germany, and later, as Deputy Naval Advisor to the Office of MilitaryGovernment for Germany (U.S.), and as junior member of the Tri-Partite Naval Commission meeting in Berlin from 15 August 1945 until 8 December 1945. Inthis duty, he contributed in a high degree to the successful conclusion to the Tri-Partite Naval Commission. He was instrumental in coordinating the Naval work ofthe U.S. Group Control Council, and other divisions of the U.S. Group Control Council, and in coordinating the efforts of the four powers represented on the NavalDirectorate of the Group Control Council for Germany.Later lifeRay became Commander of the San Francisco Group of the Nineteenth Fleet in June 1946. On 10July, like many other commodores, he was reduced in rank to captain again. He served in this capacity until he retired on 30 June 1949, at which point hereceived a tombstone promotion to rear admiral due to his combat decorations. He died on 3 December 1970 at Beale Air Force Base Hospital inCalifornia.NotesPassage 2:Robert Paul SmithRobert Paul Smith (April 16, 1915 – January 30, 1977) was an American author, most famous for his classic"}
{"doc_id":"doc_175","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Robert L. Simpson (film editor)Robert Laughlin Simpson, A.C.E. (July 31, 1910 – June 26, 1977), was an American film editor with more than 100feature film credits.BiographyBorn in St. Louis, Missouri, Simpson began his career at Paramount Pictures in 1935. By the end of the decade, he had joined 20thCentury Fox, where he remained for more than 35 years.During a 55-year career, Simpson edited one hundred films, including Drums Along the Mohawk (1939),The Grapes of Wrath (1940), The Pride of St. Louis (1952), Call Me Madam, The King and I (1956), South Pacific (1958), Fate is the Hunter (1964), and TonyRome (1967). He collaborated with director George Seaton on several projects, including Miracle on 34th Street, The Shocking Miss Pilgrim, Apartment for Peggy,and Chicken Every Sunday. He also worked with John Ford, Sidney Lanfield, and Walter Lang.Simpson was nominated for the Academy Award for Best FilmEditing for The Grapes of Wrath.Partial filmographyHer Master's Voice (1936)Love and Hisses (1937)Josette (1938)Drums Along the Mohawk (1939)Public DebNo. 1 (1940)The Grapes of Wrath (1940)Sweet Rosie O'Grady (1943)Miracle on 34th Street (1947)The Shocking Miss Pilgrim (1947)Apartment for Peggy(1948)Chicken Every Sunday (1949)The Big Lift (1950)The Pride of St. Louis (1952)Call Me MadamThe King and I (1956)South Pacific (1958)Move Over, Darling(1963)Fate is the Hunter (1964)Tony Rome (1967)See alsoList of film director and editor collaborations. From 1940 to 1960, Simpson edited ten films directed byWalter Lang; The King and I (1956) was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Picture and the Academy Award for Best Director.Passage 2:Jean-LucLemoineJean-Luc Marie Lemoine (born 6 March 1970) is a French humourist, media personality and stand-up comedian.Early lifeA native of Paris, Lemoine grewup in Morangis, Essonne. His first scene was on his high school stage, in front of 800 fellow students.In 1993, he played at the Théâtre des Blancs-Manteaux inParis for 15 days and later worked as a columnist for the satirical weekly Infos du Monde, based upon Weekly World News in the United States. He started histelevision career on local Téléssonne channel. The following year, he played a show during 10 months, directed by Franck Dubosc.CareerLemoine was a regularguest on On a tout essayé on France 2 from 2001 to 2006, when he joined On n'est pas couché for two seasons.From 2011 until 2018, Lemoine was part of theslate of regular guests on Touche pas à mon poste! on France 4 and then D8, when the talk show hosted by Cyril Hanouna switched channels in 2012. He also hada weekly segment called Les Questions en 4/3. In 2015, his segment became a TV special for one prime time.In 2013, he joined Hanouna on his radio programmeLes pieds dans le plat broadcast on Europe 1. From 2016 to 2017 and in 2017 respectively, he hosted the game shows Guess My Age and Couple or Not? on C8,both of which were created by Vivendi Entertainment and have spawned numerous international versions.Lemoine quit C8 in 2018. He has hosted Samedi d'enrire on France 3 since 2019. He has also been a regular guest on Les Grosses Têtes since 2019.Passage 3:Robert Simpson (writer)Robert Simpson (1886 -January 7, 1934) was a writer and editor.Early lifeIn 1886, Simpson was born in Strathy, Scotland. Simpson's father was Robert Simpson and his mother wasMary Ann Smith Simpson.CareerIn about 1905, Simpson started working in the palm-oil business, trading with West Africa.In 1907, Simpson emigrated to theUnited States. In 1916, Simpson became an editor at the Frank A. Munsey Company.  In 1917, Simpson was promoted to managing editor of The Argosy, andstayed in that role for three years.  He left in 1920 to become a free-lance writer, and returned to editing in 1925, becoming the editor of MysteryMagazine.Simpson's novels include The Bite of Benin, Swamp Breath, The Grey Charteris, Eight Panes of Glass, and Calvert of Allobar.Personal lifeSimpson wasmarried to Marie A. Simpson, née Socin, and they had a daughter and two sons.Passage 4:Thomas Wykes (MP for Cambridgeshire)Thomas Wykes (died c. 1430),of Stetchworth, Cambridgeshire, was an English politician.He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Cambridgeshire in March 1416.Passage5:Robert Simpson (brewer)Robert Simpson was a Canadian brewer and politician who served as the first mayor of Barrie from 1871 to 1872, and again as itsthird mayor in 1876. He also founded the Simcoe Steam Brewery, and the 21st-century Robert Simpson Brewing Company (now The Flying Monkeys CraftBrewery) was named in his honour.Prior to becoming mayor, the head of the governing body for Barrie was known as the reeve of Barrie. Simpson first served asthe fifth reeve from 1858 to 1859, and was succeeded by Thomas David McConkey. Simpson later succeeded the seventh and final reeve, William Davis Ardagh,in 1871, to become Barrie's first mayor.Passage 6:Thomas Wykes (chronicler)Thomas Wykes (11 March 1222 – c. 1292), English chronicler, was a canon regularof Oseney Abbey, near Oxford.He was the author of a chronicle extending from 1066 to 1289, which is printed among the monastic annals edited by HenryRichards Luard for the Rolls Series. He gives an account of the Second Barons' War from a royalist standpoint, and is a severe critic of Montfort's policy. His workregarding the reign of Edward I is especially useful. His chronicles are connected with the Oseney Annals, which are printed parallel with his work by Luard, butWykes is an independent authority between 1258 and 1278.Passage 7:Lambert of St-BertinLambert of Saint-Bertin (c. 1060 – 22 June 1125) was a FrenchBenedictine chronicler and abbot.BiographyLambert was born about 1060 of a distinguished family, and, when still young, entered the French Benedictine abbeyof St-Bertin. He afterwards visited several famous schools in France, having first laid the foundation of his subsequent learning by the study in his own monasteryof grammar, theology and music. For some time he filled the office of prior, and in 1095 was chosen abbot at once by the monks of St-Bertin and by the canons ofSt-Omer. He was thus drawn into closer relations with Cluny, and instituted through the Cluniac monks many reforms in his somewhat deteriorated monastery.Needless to say, he encountered no little opposition to his efforts, but, thanks to his extraordinary energy, he finally secured acceptance for his views, andrehabilitated the financial position of the monastery. He was a friend of St. Anselm and exchanged verses, still extant, with the poet Reginald of Canterbury (ed.Libermann in \"Neues Archiv der Gesellschaft fur altere Geschichte\", XIII, 1888, pp. 528; 531-34).  He died on 22 June 1125, at St-Bertin.WorksEven during hislifetime, Lambert was lauded in glowing terms for his great learning by an admirer —not a monk of St-Bertin— in the \"Tractatus de moribus Lamberti Abbatis S.Beretini\" (ed. Holder-Egger in \"Monumenta German. Histor. SS.\", XV, 2, 946-53). This work mentions several otherwise unknown writings of Lambert, e.g.\"Sermones de Vetere Testamento\", also studies on free will, the Divine prescience, original sin, origin of the soul and questions of physical science.Although thetwo are often confused, he is not identical with Lambert, the Canon of St. Omer who wrote the famous \"Liber Floridus\", a kind of encyclopedia of Biblical,chronological, astronomical, geographical, theological, philosophical and natural history subjects, which was completed in 1120.Sources and referencesHerbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Lambert of St-Bertin\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.POTTHAST, Bibl. Histor. Medii Aevi. I, 705;Biogr. Nat. De Belgigue, XI (1891), 162-66WATTENBACH, Geschichtsquellen, II (1894), 170 sq. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the publicdomain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Lambert of St-Bertin\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.Passage 8:Thomas Wykes(MP)Thomas Wykes may refer to:Thomas Wykes (chronicler) (1222–1291/93), English chroniclerThomas Wykes (MP for Leominster) (fl. 1554), MP forLeominsterThomas Wykes (MP for Cambridgeshire) (died c. 1430), MP for CambridgeshirePassage 9:Bobby Simpson (golfer)Robert S. Simpson was a Scottishprofessional golfer who achieved success in winning two Western Opens in 1907 and 1911, as well as finishing fourth in the U.S. Open in 1904. Simpson was fromCarnoustie, Scotland. He apprenticed under Robert Simpson, a Scottish golf club-maker and golf course architect, who was also from Carnoustie and part of afamous golf family of six brothers. The two Simpsons however were not related. Bobby Simpson did apprentice in Scotland as a club-maker under the otherRobert Simpson prior to leaving for the United States to become a golf professional.Professional careerSimpson was part of the \"Scottish Invasion\" of golfprofessional of the late 1890s and 1900s. He secured positions at multiple courses in the Midwest including The Country Club of Oconomowoc, Hinsdale CountryClub (Chicago, Illinois), Kent Country Club (Grand Rapids, Michigan), Memphis Country Club (Memphis, Tennessee), Kenosha Country Club (Kenosha, Wisconsin),Blue Mound Country Club (Wauwatosa, Wisconsin), Omaha Country Club (Omaha, Nebraska) and many years at Riverside Country Club (Chicago, Illinois). Manyof the early golf professionals from Scotland earned an income in various ways as greenskeepers, part-time course architects, club-makers, teachingprofessionals, tournament players and exhibition golf players. His most notable victories came with victories in the Western Open in 1907 and 1911.1900 U.S.OpenAt the 1900 U.S. Open held at the Chicago Golf Club in Wheaton, Illinois, Simpson carded rounds of 84-84-88-87 for a total of 343 and tied for 14thplace.1901 U.S. OpenAt the 1901 U.S. Open held at the Myopia Hunt Club in South Hamilton, Massachusetts, Simpson carded rounds of 88-87-87-87 for a total of349 and again tied for 14th place.1904 U.S. OpenThe 1904 U.S. Open was held July 8–9, 1904, at the Glen View Club in Golf, Illinois. Scottish professional WillieAnderson won his second consecutive, and third overall, U.S. Open title by five strokes over Englishman, Gilbert Nicholls. Simpson carded rounds of 82-82-76-76for a total of 316 and finished tied in sixth place with Stewart Gardner and Percy Barrett. He won $53 in prize money.1907 Western OpenSimpson won the 1907Western Open at the Hinsdale Country Club in Clarendon Hills, Illinois, where he defeated fellow Scotsmen, Willie Anderson and Fred McLeod, by two strokes, inMatch Play.1908 Western OpenAt the 1908 Western Open at the Beverly Country Club Simpson finished third (153) behind Willie Anderson (152) and StewartGardner (151), with the lowest round of the tournament (73).1909 U.S. OpenAt the 1909 U.S. Open held at the Englewood Golf Club in Englewood, New Jersey,Simpson carded rounds of 84-76-77-84 for a total of 321 and tied for 46th place.1911 Western OpenIn 1911 Simpson won his second Western Open at the KentCountry Club, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He defeated Thomas McNamara, two up and one to play.Passage 10:Robert Simpson (meteorologist)Robert Homer"}
{"doc_id":"doc_176","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1886–1964)Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (14 February 1886 – 6 June 1964) was a member ofthe House of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. He was heir to his relative William Ernest, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach until 1909, when he was disinherited of hisroyal status. From that point onwards, Hermann was commonly referred to with the lesser style, Graf von Ostheim (Count of Ostheim).Early lifePrince Hermann ofSaxe-Weimar-Eisenach was born on 14 February 1886 in Düsseldorf. He was educated by a tutor until deemed old enough to enter the Imperial German Army.He joined the Cuirassiers of the Guard in Berlin, where he was separated from the guidance of his family and tutor, and began to build up a reputation as aspendthrift like his father. He was given $10,000 a year to spend, and he and those he bought items from realized that any debts contracted would eventually bepaid by his family, thus increasing the amount Hermann could spend. By the end of the year, Hermann was a quarter of a million dollars in debt, which his familyduly paid; he was sent to a small town as a disciplinary measure. He persuaded his family that he was ill, and was able to travel to Paris, racking up more debtsalong the way; one rumor said he sold his mother's jewels en route to France.Heir to Saxe-Weimar-EisenachWilliam Ernest, Grand Duke ofSaxe-Weimar-Eisenach remained childless for much of his early life, fueling speculation of the succession to his duchy. As a descendant of Charles Augustus,Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach through a younger son, firstly Hermann and secondly his brother were heir presumptives until the birth of CharlesAugustus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach in 1912.Loss of inheritanceA lifelong spendthrift, Prince Hermann was heir presumptive to the duchyof Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach until his disinheritance on 2 August 1909. The ducal family forced him to renounce his rights of succession to theSaxe-Weimar-Eisenach throne, as well as his royal status, title and prerogatives, granting him a lesser, noble title, Count Ostheim, along with a small allowanceon the grounds that he stay out of the duchy. Herman was not the only member of his family to have a bad reputation; his father Prince William as well as theircousin Prince Bernhard were all viewed with displeasure, so much so, that the still-living Prince William had been overlooked concerning the duchy's succession.Hermann had a younger brother, Prince Albert, who took up his position as next-in-line to the duchy. Hermann was also driven out of the German army \"for allsorts of unsavory scrapes\", as he was wanted in both England and Austria for debts, and for being a \"common swindler\". His Austrian arrest warrant was issuedsoon after his younger sister Princess Sophie of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach was denied permission to enter into a morganatic marriage; she committed suicide soonafter, on 18 September 1913.In 1921 Count Hermann claimed in a lawsuit with Grand Duke William Ernest that he and his mother were induced by a ruse andtold that he would be forcibly expelled from Paris unless he agreed to travel from there to Germany; instead Hermann was confined in an insane asylum. He wasonly freed after signing documents renouncing all claims to Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and assuming the style Count Ostheim. Hermann went on to claim that theGrand Duke was guilty of usury, as he was lent certain sums of money to pay off his debts in exchange for renouncing 48,000 marks appanage in favor of WilliamErnest. During that time, the German government had been completing negotiations for a settlement on the former royal family (their titles had been abolished in1918); thus had Hermann not been disinherited, he would have stood to inherit quite a large bit of money.MarriageBefore he became disinherited, PrinceHermann desired to marry Princess Marie Bonaparte, a great heiress; he might have succeeded but for his unsavory reputation. Though there was a chance hewould succeed to the Grand Ducal throne, Marie's father disliked Hermann for possessing an \"evil\" reputation, and consequently allowed her instead to marryPrince George of Greece and Denmark. Before her refusal, however, Hermann was able to obtain a great deal of money, as it was assumed he would soon have agreat deal of wealth to spend; when it became clear there was to be no marriage, a \"crash\" came. It was these money troubles, along with other problems, thatled to his disinheritance.Despite being disinherited, Hermann openly boasted he would travel to the United States in search of a wealthy wife, and then return toGermany and pay off his debts within a year; all this was said while staying in Zurich awaiting funds from his family. Instead, Hermann, now Count Ostheim,morganatically married Wanda Paola Lottero, an Italian stage actress, on 5 September 1909 in London. They visited the United States on several occasions. Theywere divorced two years later, on 22 June 1911 after Wanda grew tired of supporting him with her earnings and divorced him on the grounds of financial\"non-support\", \"cruelty\", and \"infidelity\". Wanda later gained notoriety for having a short-lived affair with King Konstantínos I of the Hellenes in 1912.On 4 August1918, Hermann married secondly to Suzanne Aagot Midling at Heidelberg. They had one surviving child before her death on 16 October 1931:Alexander KyrillGraf von Ostheim (born 7 August 1922); he died unmarried in Stockholm on 28 March 1943On 16 November 1932, Hermann's engagement with Isabel Neilson,daughter of former British MP and prominent actor and author Francis Neilson, was announced. Hermann and Isabel were married civilly and religiously in Parison 28 November 1932. A small family luncheon accompanied the wedding; afterwards, the couple honeymooned to Spain and North Africa. They had nochildren.Hermann died in London on 6 June 1964 at the age of 78.AncestryPassage 2:Prince Wilhelm of Saxe-Weimar-EisenachPrince Wilhelm Karl BernhardHermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (21 December 1853 – 15 December 1924) was a member of the House of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.LifePrince Wilhelm ofSaxe-Weimar-Eisenach was born on 21 December 1853 in Stuttgart. He was the eldest son of the Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and Princess Augustaof Württemberg (1826-1898). Prince Wilhelm also has had his own financial problems, and has been forced by the Grand Duke to live outside Weimar. Wilhelm isheir presumptive to the throne as the young Grand Duke Wilhelm Ernst is a widower. His wife, Karoline of Reuss died in January 1905.Prince William had aproblem with his eldest son. Prince Hermann morganatically married Wanda Paola Lottero on 5 September 1909 in London. Lottero was an Italian stage actress,and due to Hermann's rollicking lifestyle, the ducal family forced him to renounce his rights of succession to the Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach throne, as well as hisroyal status, title and prerogatives, granting him a lesser, noble title, Count Ostheim, along with a small allowance on the grounds that he stay out of the duchy.Prince Wilhelm also had a bad reputation. His behavior aroused the dissatisfaction of the head of the family. Prince Wilhelm fled to the United States in his youth,served as a riding master, clerk, book agent and even as a restaurant waiter in New York City, but was finally persuaded to return to Germany, marry his secondcousin, and live on a small pension from the head of the house.Marriage and familyPrince Wilhelm married Gerta Princess of Ysenburg and Büdingen (1863-1945),daughter of Ferdinand Maximilian I, Prince of Ysenburg and Büdingen (1824-1903) and Auguste Marie Gertrude Princess of Hanau and Horowitz (1829-1887), on11 April 1885 at Wächtersbach, Germany. Augusta Marie Gertrude was daughter of Frederick William, Elector of Hesse. Wilhelm and Gerta had threechildren:Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (14 February 1886 – 6 June 1964)Prince Albrecht of Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (23 December 1886 - 9September 1918), killed in action during World War IPrincess Sophie of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (25 July 1888 - 18 September 1913)Honours and armsHe receivedthe following orders and decorations: Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 1853   Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-ErnestineHouse Order, 1878 Schaumburg-Lippe: Cross of Honour of the House Order of Lippe, 1st Class Siam: Grand Cross of the White Elephant Württemberg: GrandCross of the Württemberg Crown, 1871AncestryPassage 3:Michael, Prince of Saxe-Weimar-EisenachMichael, Prince of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach  (German: MichaelPrinz von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach; born 15 November 1946) is the current head of the Grand Ducal House of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, as well as the mostsenior agnate of the entire House of Wettin.Prince of Saxe-Weimar-EisenachPrince Michael was born in Bamberg, Bavaria, the only son of Hereditary Grand DukeCharles Augustus of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and Baroness Elisabeth von Wangenheim-Winterstein (1912–2010). Among his godparents were Queen Juliana of theNetherlands and the Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia imposter, Anna Anderson, who was living with his aunt Princess Luise of Saxe-Meiningen.When his fatherdied on 14 October 1988, Prince Michael succeeded him as Head of the House of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. On 13 February 1991, he inherited the leadership in theHouse of Saxe-Altenburg, as that line became extinct, and since 23 July 2012 he regards the Albertine royal Saxon line to be extinct. However, Prince Michael hasalso stated that he \"[does not] believe in historical carnival\" and that \"Germany should have done it like Austria long ago and abolished all titles.\"In 2004, hewithdrew his claim for restitution of numerous properties, archives (partly including those of Schiller and Goethe) as well as priceless artwork in a settlement withthe Free State of Thuringia and acquired some forest estates in exchange.Since Prince Michael has no sons, the current heir to the headship of the grand ducalhouse is his elder (by age) first cousin, Prince Wilhelm Ernst (b. 10 August 1946), whose only son Prince Georg-Constantin (13 April 1977 – 9 June 2018), abanker who was married but without issue, was killed in a horse riding accident on 9 June 2018 while riding with Jean Christophe Iseux von Pfetten. Therefore,the Grand Ducal House of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach will most likely become extinct in the male line.MarriagesPrince Michael married Renate Henkel (b. Heidelberg,17 September 1947), daughter of industrialist Konrad Henkel and wife Jutta von Hülsen and sister of Christoph Henkel, in a civil ceremony on 9 June 1970 atHamburg-Eimsbüttel, and religiously on 4 July 1970 at Linnep bei Breitscheid. The marriage was childless and dissolved by divorce at Düsseldorf on 9 March1974.He was married secondly to Dagmar Hennings (b. Niederpöcking, 24 June 1948), daughter of Henrich Hennings and wife Margarethe Schacht, in London on15 November 1980. They have one daughter: Leonie Mercedes Augusta Silva Elisabeth Margarethe of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (b. Frankfurt, 30 October 1986).She graduated with her Abitur from high school at Schule Schloss Salem, where she became involved in theatre and hockey and was a Student Representative"}
{"doc_id":"doc_177","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Come on DangerCome on Danger is a 1942 American Western film directed by Edward Killy. It was a remake of a 1932 Tom Keene film. The story wasbought for Holt in June 1941.Plot summaryCastTim Holt as Jack MasonFrances E. Neal as Ann Jordan (as Frances Neal)Ray Whitley as SmokeyLee 'Lasses' Whiteas WhopperKarl Hackett as Ott RamseyMalcolm 'Bud' McTaggart as RussGlenn Strange as Henchman SloanEvelyn Dockson as Aunt Fanny (as EvlynnDockson)Davison Clark as Ranger Captain BlakeJohn Elliott as SaundersSlim Whitaker as Sheriff (as 'Slim' Whitaker)Kate Harrington as MaggieHenry Roquemoreas JedPassage 2:Come On Danger!Come On Danger! is a 1932 Pre-Code Western film, and the first film Tom Keene would make at RKO Studios. It made a profitof $30,000.It was remade in 1942 under the similar title, Come on Danger.PlotJim Madden, a Texas Ranger, is gunned down while investigating the murder of alocal rancher. His younger brother, Larry, vows to track down the suspected killer, another rancher named Joan Stanton. While looking into the murders, hestumbles on a battle between Stanton and a group of men working for another rancher, Frank Sanderson. Stanton takes money from Sanderson that she feels isdue to her.Rescuing Stanton from the altercation, he keeps his identity as a Ranger secret, while attempting to learn the truth of what is going on. Through talkswith Stanton, Madden learns that Sanderson has been setting her up for both the murder of the other rancher, and Jim's death.Convinced by Stanton's story,Madden tells Stanton she must turn herself in, and she agrees. Before they can reach the Rangers, they are captured by Sanderson's men. Sanderson plans to killMadden, and take Stanton to Mexico. With the help of the Rangers' cook, Rusty, as well as several of Stanton's men, Madden overcomes Sanderson and his men,and takes a vindicated Stanton back to the Rangers.Cast(cast list as per AFI database)Tom Keene as Larry MaddenJulie Haydon as Joan StantonRosco Ates asRustyRobert Ellis as Frank SandersonWilliam Scott as Jim MaddenFrank Lackteen as PiuteWade Boteler as TexRoy Stewart as Inspector ClayHarry Tenbrook asBillPassage 3:Sam White (film producer)Sam White (October 16, 1906 – August 8, 2006) was an American film producer, film director and actor.White was bornin Los Angeles on October 16, 1906 to parents who had immigrated from Austria and Hungary.  In 1937, he  married  Claretta Ellis, a studio contractdancer.  They were married for 65 years until her death in 2002.For much of the 1930s, Sam White directed numerous musical sequences in films such asRoberta with Fred Astaire, Ginger Rogers and Irene Dunne; Old Man Rhythm with Betty Grable and Buddy Rogers; Top of the Town with George Murphy; andHooray for Love, with Ann Sothern.During World War II, Sam made six training films for the U.S. Armed forces.  Also in the 1940s, the feature films he producedand directed included Reveille with Beverly, starring Ann Miller (Frank Sinatra's first film); People Are Funny, starring Jack Haley and Rudy Vallée; The Return ofthe Vampire, starring Bela Lugosi; The Girl in the Case, starring Edmund Lowe; After Midnight with Boston Blackie, starting Chester Morris; Louisiana Hayride,starring Judy Canova; and Tahiti Nights, starring Jinx Falkenburg for RKO, Columbia, Universal and Paramount Studios.During the next two decades, Samdirected commercials and produced and directed early television series such as Perry Mason, The Outer Limits, Oh! Those Bells, My Friend Flicka, Boston Blackie,Philip Marlowe, and Big Town, among many others.  In 1969 he produced and directed White Comanche with William Shatner and Joseph Cotten.  He was also asuccessful businessman with his production facility in Pioneer Town and commercial real estate ventures in Los Angeles.Throughout his later years, Sam remainedinterested in world affairs and traveled extensively as a valued ombudsman for the Directors Guild to cement relations between foreign and American filmmakers.In 1990, the Directors Guild of America published an oral history entitled The White Brothers which tells the history of the family as well as the history of earlymovie making in Los Angeles.Sam White, one of the famous White Brothers film and television pioneers, died peacefully at his Encino home just short of his 100thbirthday.  A retrospective was held in 2003 at the Motion Picture and Television Home where a wall of honor was dedicated to him. His professional memorabiliawas positioned alongside those of his renowned brothers, Jack White and Jules White.Selected filmographyLouisiana Hayride (1944)Swing Out theBlues  (1944)Kickin' the Crown Around (1933)Passage 4:I Live on DangerI Live on Danger is a 1942 film noir thriller film directed by Sam White and starringChester Morris and Jean Parker.PlotJeff Morrell is an ambitious radio reporter. The news of the day is the prison release of gambler Eddie Nelson, who was thefallguy for a criminal named Joey Farr.While exclusively covering a ship's fire, Jeff falls for Susan Richards, and knows her to be Eddie's companion. It turns outshe's Eddie's sister, not his girl, and Susan resents it when Jeff's reporting gets Eddie arrested and convicted on a new charge.District Attorney Lamber is incahoots with the crooks. Farr tries to flee, and is tracked to a Pennsylvania coal mine. Jeff gets there first and manages to broadcast Farr's confession, then barelygets away when Farr sets off a blast of TNT. Susan loves Jeff for heroically rescuing her brother.CastChester Morris as Jeff MorrellJean Parker as SusanRichardsElisabeth Risdon as Mrs. MorrellEdward Norris as Eddie NelsonDick Purcell as Norm ThompsonRoger Pryor as Bert JanningsDouglas Fowley as JoeyFarrRalph Sanford as Angie MossEdwin Maxwell as Wingy KeefePatsy Nash as DillyJoe Cunningham as Inspector ConlonBernadene Hayes as JonesyBilly Nelson asGeorge \"Longshot\" HarrisonVickie Lester as Keefe's secretaryWilliam Bakewell as MacCharlotte Henry as NurseAnna Q. Nilsson as Mrs. ShermanProductionThefilm was based on a story called I'll Be Back in a Flash by Alex Gottlieb. He sold it to Pine Thomas Productions in August 1941. They bought it as the second in athree-picture deal Chester Morris had with Pine-Thomas Productions. Lewis Foster was assigned to write the script.Morris' 38-year-old brother Arthur was meantto play a role in the film but died shortly before filming of a brain haemorrhage.Jean Parker signed to make the film as the first in a three-picture deal she hadwith Pine Thomas.Filming took place in December 1941. Anna Q. Nilsson had her first role in 13 years.ReceptionThe Los Angeles Times called it \"a pretty goodB\".The New York Times said the film showed \"very little than what we have already seen.\"Passage 5:Sirak M. SabahatSirak M. Sabahat (Hebrew: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; born December 5, 1981) is an Israeli actor. He is known for his role in the film Live and Become.FilmographyLive and Become (2005)Comme aucinéma (2005)The Children of СССР (2007)Further readingRosen, Steve (2006-12-19). \"\"Inland Empire\" and \"Volver\" Keep Top Spots; \"Live and Become\" OpensBig\". IndieWireBot. Archived from the original on 2007-01-10. Retrieved 2006-12-19.\"The Evening Class: 2006 SFJFF—The Evening Class Interview with Sirak M.Sabahat\". Theeveningclass.blogspot.com. 2006-08-04. Retrieved 2010-08-03.Passage 6:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of thePeabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. Hewas the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedycurrently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he becamethe ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Earlylife and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees fromUniversity College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission,Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). Hemarried Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Associationof Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of theNational Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged forseveral major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensivemulti-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, BettyChurcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant privatedonations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect onmoral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some yearslater.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tylercollection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for theconstruction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building projectabove).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some ascensorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit theprivate collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. Theexhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its mostcontroversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New"}
{"doc_id":"doc_178","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Born into BrothelsBorn into Brothels: Calcutta's Red Light Kids is a 2004 Indian-American documentary film about the children of prostitutes inSonagachi, Kolkata's red light district. The widely acclaimed film, written and directed by Zana Briski and Ross Kauffman, won a string of accolades including theAcademy Award for Best Documentary Feature in 2005.PlotBriski, a documentary photographer, went to Kolkata to photograph prostitutes. While there, shebefriended their children and offered to teach the children photography to reciprocate being allowed to photograph their mothers. The children were givencameras so they could learn photography and possibly improve their lives. Their photographs depicted a life in the red light district through the eyes of childrentypically overlooked and sworn off to do chores around the house until they were able to contribute more substantially to the family welfare.  Much of their workwas used in the film, and the filmmakers recorded the classes as well as daily life in the red light district. The children's work was exhibited, and one boy waseven sent to a photography conference in Amsterdam. Briski also recorded her efforts to place the children in boarding schools although many of the children didnot end up staying very long in the schools they were placed in. Others, such as Avijit and Kochi, not only went on to continue their education but were gradedwell.AftermathThere is debate about the extent to which the documentary has improved the lives of the children featured in it.The filmmakers claim that the livesof children appearing in Born into Brothels have been transformed by money earned through the sale of photos and a book on them. Ross Kauffman, co-directorof the documentary, says that the amount earned is $100,000 (about Rs.4.5 million), which will pay for their tuition and for a school in India for children ofprostitutes. Briski has started a non-profit organization to continue this kind of work in other countries, named Kids with Cameras. A film is being made on the lifestory of a high-profile trio of call girl sisters, Shaveta, Khushboo and Himani, born in one of the brothels of Haryana.In November 2006, Kids with Camerasprovided an update on many of the children's conditions, asserting that they had entered high schools or universities in India and the United States or foundemployment outside of prostitution. Kids with Cameras continues to work toward improving the lives of children from the Calcutta red light district with the planto build a Hope House. Updates for 2010 and 2009  were also published.In 2004, REACT to FILM organized a screening for Born into Brothels  at the SoHo Housein Manhattan, NY.  In 2010, the film's director, Zana Briski, joined the advisory board of REACT to FILM.CriticismsThe Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee, aprostitutes' organization active in Sonagachi, has criticized the film for presenting the children's parents as abusive and for ignoring the prostitutes' efforts toprovide  education programs and career building activities for their children. In addition, the film has been criticized in India for perceived racist stereotyping, andhas also been viewed as exploiting the children for the purposes of Indophobic propaganda in the West. A review in Frontline, India's national magazine,summarized this criticism, remarking:IF Born Into Brothels were remade as an adventure-thriller in the tradition of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, itsposters might read: \"New York film-maker Zana Briski sallies forth among the natives to save souls.Some critics joined the Sonagachi prostitute-advocacy groupsin condemning the film for exploitation of the plight of the prostitutes for profit. Other criticisms were raised about \"ethical and stylistic\" problems, by ParthaBanerjee, interpreter between the filmmakers and the children.ReceptionCritical responseBorn into Brothels has an approval rating of 95% on review aggregatorwebsite Rotten Tomatoes, based on 108 reviews, and an average rating of 7.83/10. The website's critical consensus states, \"A powerful and upliftingdocumentary\". Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 78 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".Awards2004Bermuda International Film Festival Audience Choice Award - Briski, Kauffman; Documentary Prize - Briski, Kauffman2004 Cleveland International Film FestivalBest Film - Briski, Kauffman2004 Full Frame Documentary Film Festival Audience Award - Briski, Kauffman (tied with Word Wars)2004 International DocumentaryAssociation Award for Feature Documentaries - Briski, Kauffman, Geralyn Dreyfous-White, Pamela Boll (tied with Fahrenheit 9/11)2004 National Board of ReviewAward for Best Documentary Feature - Zana Briski and Ross Kauffman2004 Seattle International Film Festival Golden Space Needle Award for Best Documentary- Briski, Kauffman2004 Sundance Film Festival Audience Award, Documentary - Kauffman2005 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Briski,Kauffman2005 Raindance Film Festival Closing Night FilmNominations2005 Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement inDocumentary - Briski, Kauffman2005 Golden Satellite Award for Best Motion Picture, Documentary2004 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards for BestDocumentary/Non-Fiction Film - Kauffman, Briski2004 Sundance Film Festival Grand Jury Prize, Documentary - Kauffman, Briski2013 Calcutta Film Festival(funded by Walt Disney Pictures), Documentary - Spielberg, Steven. Lucas, George. Abrams, J. J.PreservationBorn into Brothels was preserved and restored bythe Academy Film Archive and the UCLA Film & Television Archive in conjunction with the Sundance Institute from a D5, a DigiBeta, a 35mm print and a MagnetoOptical Disk. Restoration funding provided by the Sundance Institute and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. The restoration had its U.S. WestCoast premiere at the UCLA Festival of Preservation in 2022.Passage 2:Antonio Rinaldi (cinematographer)Antonio Rinaldi was an Italian cinematographer andcamera operator.  He worked exclusively for director Mario Bava on several films, including Planet of the Vampires (1965), Dr. Goldfoot and the Girl Bombs(1966), and Danger: Diabolik (1968).FilmographyPlanet of the Vampires (1965)Knives of the Avenger (1966)Kill, Baby, Kill! (1966)Dr. Goldfoot and the GirlBombs (1966)Danger: Diabolik (1968)Five Dolls for an August Moon (1970)Roy Colt and Winchester Jack (1970)Four Times That Night (1971)Baron Blood(1972)External linksAntonio Rinaldi at IMDbPassage 3:Hassan ZeeHassan \"Doctor\" Zee is a Pakistani-American film director who was born in Chakwal,Pakistan.Early lifeDoctor Zee grew up in Chakwal, a small village in Punjab, Pakistan. as one of seven brothers and sisters  His father was in the military and thisfact required the family to move often to different cities. As a child Zee was forbidden from watching cinema because his father believed movies were a badinfluence on children.At age 13, Doctor Zee got his start in the world of entertainment at Radio Pakistan where he wrote and produced radio dramas and musicalprograms.  It was then that he realized his passion for storytelling At the age of 26, Doctor Zee earned his medical doctorate degree and did his residency in aburn unit at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences. He cared for women who were victims of  \"Bride Burning,\" the archaic practice used as a form ofpunishment against women who fail to provide sufficient dowry to their in-laws after marriage or fail to provide offspring.  He also witnessed how his country’stransgender and intersex people, called “hijras”, were banned from having jobs and forced to beg to survive. These experiences inspired Doctor Zee to tackle theissues of women’s empowerment and gender inequality in his films.In 1999, he came to San Francisco to pursue his dream of filmmaking and made San Franciscohis homeEducationHe received his early education from Jinnah Public School, Chakwal. He got his medical doctor degree at Rawalpindi Medical College,Pakistan.Film careerDoctor Zee's first film titled Night of Henna was released in 2005. The theme of the film dealt with \"the conflict between Old World immigrantcustoms and modern Western ways...\" Night of Henna focused on the problems of Pakistani expatriates who found it hard to adjust in American culture. Manyoften landed themselves in trouble when it came to marrying off their children.His second film Bicycle Bride came out in 2010, which was about \"the clashbetween the bonds of family and the weight of tradition.\" His third film House of Temptation that came out in 2014 was about a family which struggles against thetemptations of the Devil. His fourth film “Good Morning Pakistan”, concerned a young American’s journey back to Pakistan where he confronts the contradictorynature of a beautiful and ancient culture that's marred by economic, educational and gender inequality His upcoming fifth film, \"Ghost in San Francisco\" is asupernatural thriller starring Felissa Rose, Dave Sheridan, and Kyle Lowder where a soldier comes home from Afghanistan to discover that his wife is having anaffair with his best friend. While battling with his inner ghosts and demons, he meets a mysterious woman in San Francisco who promises him a ritual for hiscure.Passage 4:Dr. Goldfoot and the Bikini MachineDr. Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine is a 1965 Pathécolor comedy film directed by Norman Taurog anddistributed by American International Pictures. Starring Vincent Price, Frankie Avalon, Dwayne Hickman, Susan Hart and Jack Mullaney, and featuring Fred Clark,the film is a parody of the then-popular spy trend (the title is a spoof of two James Bond films: the 1962 film Dr. No and the 1964 hit Goldfinger), made usingactors from AIP's beach party and Edgar Allan Poe films. The film was retitled Dr G. and the Bikini Machine in England due to a threatened lawsuit from Eon,holder of the rights to the James Bond series.Despite its low production values, the film has achieved a certain cult status for the appearance of horror legendPrice and AIP's beach party film alumni, its in-jokes and over-the-top sexuality, the claymation title sequence designed by Art Clokey, and a title song performedby The Supremes. Its success led to a sequel, produced in 1966, entitled Dr. Goldfoot and the Girl Bombs.PlotPrice plays the titular mad scientist who, with thequestionable assistance of his resurrected flunky Igor, builds a gang of female robots who are then dispatched to seduce and rob wealthy men. Avalon andHickman play the bumbling heroes who attempt to thwart Goldfoot's scheme. The film's climax is an extended chase through the streets of SanFrancisco.CastCast notesFrankie Avalon and Dwayne Hickman play the same characters they did in the previous year's Ski Party, except that the characters'names were swapped.Annette Funicello makes a brief cameo appearance as a girl locked in medieval stocks in Dr. Goldfoot's lair. Frankie Avalon lifts her head,then looks at the camera and says, \"It can't be!\"  Pregnant with her first child at the time, Funicello was placed in the stocks in order to hide her stomach.HarveyLembeck also makes a cameo appearance as his Eric Von Zipper character, enchained along with his motorcycle in Goldfoot's lair. Lembeck also appeared as"}
{"doc_id":"doc_179","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Battle for BrooklynBattle for Brooklyn is a 2011 documentary that follows the stories of a Brooklyn neighborhood as the residents fight to save theirhomes from being destroyed by an impending real estate project. The film attempts to show the unjust outcomes that are possible when moneyed interestspartner up with government entities to outweigh the rights of citizens.Film contentSet in the years between 2003 and 2011, the story follows graphic designerDaniel Goldstein, the last defiantly remaining homeowner in his building, as he battles Bruce Ratner's Forest City real estate company and their plans to completethe Atlantic Yards Project in the Prospect Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn. The massive building project – according to the filmmakers, the densest real estatedevelopment in U.S. history – required the procurement of 22 acres of land, and would bring a sports complex to house the New Jersey Nets along with 16high-rise buildings to the heart of Brooklyn. Initially tasked with filling the behemoth 22 acre complex was architect Frank Gehry, who NPR calls \"Americanarchitecture's prince of wasted space\". The film documents that the land was obtained by the developers through various means including the controversialdeclaration of the buildings in the area as \"blighted\", and the utilization of eminent domain to seize land from businesses and homeowners in the proposed projectarea.Director Michael Galinsky explained that it was their intention to create an immersive experience devoid of excessive commentary by \"talking heads\" in orderto allow the viewer some latitude to experience the events of the film for themselves.  The result of this immersive experience after 7 years of filming can be seenas a character study of Daniel Goldstein – in the background of the story of the formation of Develop Don't Destroy Brooklyn and the fight against thedevelopment, Goldstein, through the course of the filming, experiences personal triumphs and great sadness, including the death of his mother, the breakup withhis fiancée, the formation of a new relationship, and the birth of his child. The film documents his \"evolution from a bewildered property owner to sophisticatedspokesman and property rights activist.\"The formation of the community activism group Develop Don't Destroy Brooklyn (DDDB) with the help of NYCCouncilmember Letitia James helped bring Goldstein's cause into the public eye, quickly gaining the support of Brooklyn-based actors like Steve Buscemi, RosiePerez and John Turturro, and conservative columnist George Will.ProductionThe film, which was shortlisted for an Academy Award in 2012 for the 84th AcademyAwards, was produced and directed by Michael Galinsky and Suki Hawley. Hawley and Galinsky began production in 2003, when they came across a flyerexplaining the protest. Galinsky started shooting the very same afternoon. The film's importance extends beyond Goldstein's fight against the abuse of eminentdomain, Galinsky describes the film as being \"really about the people retaking narratives from the media which is faltering ... in these situations.\"  The filmreceived its initial financing from the New York-based non-profit Moving Picture Institute.In a 2011 interview, Galinsky described the events that led to the start offilming:I saw an article in the paper that said, \"A development project is coming to Brooklyn. Hooray!\" I thought, \"This seems a little bit weird.\" I knew the area itwas coming to. It seemed it was impossible. It's in the middle of playgrounds and neighborhoods. My daughter went to daycare a block from there. So, when Isaw a flyer saying, \"stop the project,\" I immediately picked it up, called the number on the flyer, and the woman who answered was Patti Hagan, who I could tellright away was an interesting character. So I started shooting that afternoon. That was eight years ago.On April 30, 2011, Battle for Brooklyn premiered inToronto at the HotDocs Film Festival.Critical receptionAndrew O'Hehir of Salon says of the film's appeal, \"No doubt \"Battle for Brooklyn\" will be of most interest toNew Yorkers, and particularly to people who live or work in the city's most populous borough. But the film's basic situation — local residents and communityactivists vs. the development schemes of major politicians and big business — is an archetypal element of urban life, one that can be found in almost any city,large or small, from Maine to California.\"S. James Snyder of Time Out New York writes, \"Nothing propels a documentary like injustice, and Michael Galinsky andSuki Hawley's infuriating chronicle of an outer-borough David-versus-Goliath saga plays like a marathon of inequity.\"Gary Goldstein of the Los Angeles Times saidthat although the film is \"not exactly even-handed, the movie proves a deft look at a reluctant crusader and how financial sway and political override can soeffectively trump the power of the average citizen.\"Awards and recognition2011 Best Documentary & Best Film – Brooklyn Film FestivalNew York Times Critics'PickFilm Festivals2011 Chicago Underground Film Festival2011 Rooftop Films Summer Series2011 Brooklyn Film Festival (United States Premiere)2011 HotDocs(World Premiere)Passage 2:List of artists from BrooklynBrooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, New York. Many artists have originated fromBrooklyn or have relocated there.Brooklyn-based fine artistsPaintersRuth Abrams (1912 – 12 March 1986) – New York School painter who was born in Brooklyn.As a painter, she belonged to the New York School. After her death, a critic from The New York Times remarked that she was \"a woman unfairly neglected in amacho era.\" Her papers are held at the Yeshiva University Museum and the Smithsonian Archives of American Art.Alexander Brook (July 14, 1898 – February 26,1980) – American artist and critic who was born in Brooklyn. During his twenties, Brooks painted still lifes and posed figures with vigor and sensuality. He laterbegan to emulate the style of Jules Pascin. From 1924 to 1927 he was the assistant director of Whitney Studio Club. His realist painting was exhibited widely andhe won multiple awards. Georgia Jungle won the Carnegie Prize at the Carnegie International art exhibition. Unfortunately for Brook, the realist style fell out offavor late in the 1940s.Marion Greenwood (April 6, 1909 – August 20, 1970) – painter and engraver who had lived in Brooklyn.Breuk Iversen (born July 25, 1964)– lived in Williamsburg, Brooklyn and is the founding member of the art collaborative known as \"Offalists\", using common refuse as a medium.Nell Choate Jones(1879–1981) – artist who had lived in Brooklyn Jones was awarded an honorary doctorate by the State University of New York in 1972 and received theDistinguished Citizen Award from the Brooklyn Museum of Art in 1979. She exhibited regularly across North America in the 1940s and 1950s as well as overseasin France, Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, Greece, and Japan. Her work can be found in many museums, including the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, Georgia andthe Morris Museum of Art in Augusta, Georgia.Tim Okamura (born 1968) – painter based in Brooklyn Okamura is known for his depiction of African-American andminority subjects in urban settings, and his combination of graffiti and realism. His work has been featured in several major motion pictures and in London'sNational Portrait Gallery. He was also one of several artists to be shortlisted in 2006 for a proposed portrait of Queen Elizabeth of England.Michael AnthonyPegues (born May 11, 1962) – artist and designer, born and raised in Brooklyn. Self-taught, modern-day Fauve, Expressionist as well as Pop artist, contemporaryof Andy Warhol, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Keith Haring, his work is strongly influenced by Hip Hop and Graffiti.David Salle (born September 28, 1952) – painter andleading contemporary figurative artist, Salle helped define postmodern sensibility. His paintings and prints comprise what appear to be randomly juxtaposedimages, or images placed on top of one other with deliberately ham-fisted techniques.Walter Satterlee (January 18, 1844 – May 28, 1908) – American figure andgenre painter who was born in Brooklyn. He was a member of the American Water Color Society and of the New York Etching Club, and was an excellent teacher.Satterlee died in Brooklyn in 1908.Susan Sills – drawings and portraits.Danny Simmons (born August 17, 1953) – abstract-expressionist painter who was aBrooklyn resident in 2009 Simmons is the co-founder and Chairman of Rush Philanthropic Arts Foundation (since 1995), which provides disadvantaged urbanyouth with arts access and education. Simmons also founded Rush Arts Gallery and soon thereafter converted part of his loft in Brooklyn into the Corridor Gallery.Both galleries provide exhibition opportunities to early and mid-career artists who do not have commercial representation through galleries or privatedealers.Andrea Zittel (born September 6, 1965) – installation artist who has lived in Brooklyn Zittel produced her first \"Living Unit\"—an experimental structureintended to reduce everything necessary for living into a simple, compact system—as a means of facilitating basic activities within her 200-square-foot (19 m2)Brooklyn storefront apartment.Photographers and video artistsStephen Shames (born 1968) – photographer who was living in Brooklyn in 2008Ka-Man Tse –photographer, video artist, and educator based in Brooklyn.See alsoList of people from BrooklynLists of artists by nationalityPassage 3:Battle for RomeBattle forRome may refer to:The title under which the series Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire was transmitted on the Discovery ChannelOne of the alternativenames for what is now more commonly referred to as the Battle of Monte CassinoSee alsoCapture of Rome (1870) by the Kingdom of SardiniaBattle of Rome(disambiguation)Siege of Rome (disambiguation)Sack of Rome (disambiguation)Fall of Rome (disambiguation)Battle (disambiguation)Rome(disambiguation)Passage 4:Battle for EarthBattle for Earth may refer to:Alien invasionTransformers: Battle for Earth, a book in the Transformers franchise.MarvelAvengers: Battle for Earth, a 2012 motion-controlled fighting video game.Planet of the Apemen: Battle for Earth, a 2011 BBC documentary.Maelstrom: The Battlefor Earth Begins, a 2007 real-time strategy game.Godzilla vs. Mothra, or Godzilla and Mothra: The Battle for Earth, a 1992 Japanese kaiju film.Battle for Terra, a2007 animated science fiction film.Battle for Earth (Wing Commander), a fictional event in the Wing Commander novel series.Passage 5:John NelsonPartridgeJohn Nelson Partridge (1838 – April 8, 1920)  was the Police Commissioner for Brooklyn and Fire Commissioner for Brooklyn in the 1880s before themerger into New York City. He was the New York Superintendent of Public Works, and the New York City Police Commissioner from 1902 to 1903.BiographyHewas born in 1838 In Leicester, Massachusetts. From 1886 to 1887 he was president of the Brooklyn City and Newtown Railroad.He was the New York City PoliceCommissioner from 1902 to 1903. During his tenure he wanted to move the New York City police headquarters from Mulberry Street to Times Square.In 1906 hemarried Charlotte Held.They then moved to Westport, Connecticut. He died on April 8, 1920, in Westport, Connecticut.Passage 6:CrimebusterCrimebuster or"}
{"doc_id":"doc_180","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:I Believe in Miracles (film)I Believe in Miracles is a 2015 film directed by Jonny Owen.PlotThe film tells the story of football club Nottingham Forest'srise, under Brian Clough and Peter Taylor, to becoming English champions in 1978 and European champions in 1979 and 1980. The film features documentaryfootage of matches and interviews with many of the former Forest players who played at the time.The film's soundtrack includes funk and soul music from the1970s, including the song from which its title is based, featuring versions from The Jackson Sisters and Mark Capanni.A book of the same name to accompany therelease of the film was written by Daniel Taylor, chief football writer of The Guardian.Passage 2:Saturday Night at the Movies (disambiguation)Saturday Night atthe Movies was a Canadian weekly television series. Saturday Night at the Movies may also refer to:NBC Saturday Night at the Movies, an American weekly primetime network television series\"Saturday Night at the Movies\" (song), a song by The Drifters, released in 1964, written by Barry Mann and Cynthia WeilSaturdayNight at the Movies (album), a 2017 album by Joe McElderrySaturday Night at the Movies, a 2013 album by The OvertonesPassage 3:A Month of Sundays (2015film)A Month of Sundays is a 2015 film starring Anthony LaPaglia.PlotReal estate agent Frank Mollard won't admit it, but he can't move on. Divorced but stillattached, he can't sell a house in a property boom - much less connect with his teenage son. One night Frank gets a phone call from his mother. Nothing out ofthe ordinary. Apart from the fact that she died a year ago.Thus blossoms a charming and unusual friendship with an elderly woman which inspires Frank toreconnect with life.CastAnthony LaPaglia as Frank MollardJulia Blake as SarahJohn Clarke as Phillip LangWayne Anthoney as Noel LangJustine Clarke as WendyMcKinnonTerence Crawford as StuartGary Sweet as Gary SweetReceptionOn Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 63% based on reviews from 19critics.Luke Buckmaster of The Guardian wrote \"Situations, subplots and even barely seen characters are unified with an almost cosmic sense of fate.\" DavidNusair of Reel Film Reviews wrote \"One can only hope that this marks a temporary stumble for an otherwise talented filmmaker.\" Paul Byrnes in the SydneyMorning Herald said \"A Month of Sundays is a small miracle of a film – an odd combination of modesty and ambition.\"Passage 4:Manhattan AngelManhattan Angelis a 1949 American comedy musical film directed by Arthur Dreifuss and starring Gloria Jean, Patricia Barry and Thurston Hall.It was originally called Sweetheartof the Blues. It was made after I Surrender Dear.PlotGloria Cole and Eddie Swenson are working to keep an old house, now being used as a youth center, frombeing razed to make room for a new skyscraper in Manhattan. Gloria enters a friend in a beauty contest with a $25,000 first prize and, after someiffy-maneuvering, her friend wins the contest and the money goes to preserving the youth center.CastGloria Jean as Gloria ColeRoss Ford as EddieSwensonPatricia Barry as Maggie Graham (as Patricia White)Thurston Hall as Everett H. BurtonAlice Tyrrell as Queenie WaltersBenny Baker as AloysiusDuffRussell Hicks as J.C. RaylandFay Baker as Vi LangdonJimmy Lloyd as ElmerToni Harper as ToniThe Sweetheart Choristers as SingersSee alsoList of Americanfilms of 1949Passage 5:Amy (2015 film)Amy is a 2015 British documentary film directed by Asif Kapadia and produced by James Gay-Rees. The film coversBritish singer-songwriter Amy Winehouse's life and her struggle with substance abuse, both before and after her career blossomed, and which eventually causedher death. In February 2015, a teaser trailer based on the life of Winehouse debuted at a pre-Grammys event. David Joseph, CEO of Universal Music UK,announced that the documentary titled Amy would be released later that year. He further stated: \"About two years ago we decided to make a movie abouther—her career and her life. It's a very complicated and tender movie. It tackles lots of things about family and media, fame, addiction, but most importantly, itcaptures the very heart of what she was about, which is an amazing person and a true musical genius.\"Amy premiered at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival, beingshown in the Midnight Screenings section. Distributed by the Altitude and A24, it was released theatrically on 3 July 2015. The film received critical acclaim,garnering 33 nominations and winning a total of 30 awards, including Best Documentary at the 28th European Film Awards, Best Documentary at the 69th BritishAcademy Film Awards, Best Music Film at the 58th Grammy Awards and the Best Documentary Feature at the 88th Academy Awards. The success of Amy and themusic of its soundtrack also led Winehouse to her second posthumous nomination at the 2016 BRIT Awards for British Female Solo Artist.SynopsisThe filmnarrative is focused on the life of singer-songwriter Amy Winehouse, who was found dead on 23 July 2011 from alcohol poisoning, at the age of 27 at her home inCamden, North London.The film starts with a 1998 home movie depicting a 14-year-old Winehouse singing along with her long-time friend, Juliette Ashby, at thebirthday party of their mutual friend, Lauren Gilbert, at a home in Southgate, London. The rest of the documentary shows the songwriter's life, in a chronologicalorder from her early childhood, to her music career, which attained commercial success through her debut album, Frank (2003), and second, final album Back toBlack (2006), to her troubled relationships, self-harm, bulimia, the controversial media attention, and her downfall with her drug and alcohol addiction, all untilher death in 2011. Winehouse is featured throughout the film talking about her early influences and how she felt about fame, love, depression, family and hermusic career.Kapadia conducted more than 100 interviews with Winehouse's friends and family that combine to provide a narrative around the star's life and isbilled as \"the singer in her own words.\" The film shows extensive unseen footage and unheard tracks Winehouse had recorded in the years before she died.Unheard tracks featured in the film are either rare live sessions, such as \"Stronger Than Me\", \"In My Bed\", \"What Is It About Men?\" and Donny Hathaway's \"We'reStill Friends\", a cover of Johnny Mercer's \"Moon River\" from when Winehouse attended the National Youth Jazz Orchestra at the age of 16 in 2000 or never-beforeheard songs the star wrote, such as \"Detachment\" and \"You Always Hurt The Ones You Love\".There are various pieces of extensive, unseen archive footage ofWinehouse, such as when she is video-recorded in a cab with friend Tyler James in January 2001 and driving to tours and on her long-term friend, LaurenGilbert's holiday tape in Majorca, Spain in August 2005. The film also shows various interviews, such as with Jonathan Ross, Tim Kash, and a funny video of whenWinehouse is interviewed and talked to about singer Dido in 2004, when she promoted her debut album. The documentary also includes when Winehouseperformed live from London on the Grammy Awards in 2008, and won the award for \"Record of the Year\".The film also features footage from when she was filmedwith her ex-husband Blake Fielder-Civil, various performances, and when she auditioned at Island Records in February 2003, singing \"I Heard Love Is Blind\". Alsoincluded is footage from when she was recording her second album in March 2006 and a duet single, \"Body and Soul\", with Tony Bennett in March 2011 as herlast recording before her death. Some outtakes are also featured of her last shambolic performance in Belgrade, Serbia, a month before she died. The filmconcludes with long-term friend Juliette Ashby talking about her last phone call with Winehouse, footage of Winehouse's body being taken out of her home afterher death, and Bennett stating: \"Life teaches you really how to live it, if you live long enough.\" It then shows scenes from three days later of footage fromWinehouse's funeral at Edgwarebury Cemetery and Golders Green Crematorium in North London. Closing clips end the film with videos of Winehouse from herearly years until her death, with Antonio Pinto's composition, \"Amy Forever\".ContributorsThe following heavily contributed in the documentary through archivefootage andrecorded interviews:ProductionIn 2012, Universal Music first approached film producer James Gay-Rees if the team behind the documentary filmabout Ayrton Senna would be interested in creating a project on Amy Winehouse.On 25 April 2013, it was confirmed and announced that the team behind thedocumentary film Senna (2010), including director Asif Kapadia and Universal Music, were making a film about the late singer-songwriter. It was revealed thatthe film would be very similar to Senna, and that unseen footage of Winehouse would be shown. Kapadia and Gay-Rees stated: \"Everyone fell under her spell. Buttragically, Amy seemed to fall apart under the relentless media attention, her troubled relationships, her global success and precarious lifestyle.\" They introducedthe project at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival, and it was said the documentary film would be released in 2015.MusicThe documentary features various unheardtracks Winehouse had completed from when her career began in 2003 until her death. The film includes live sessions, such as: \"There Is No Greater Love\",\"Stronger Than Me\", \"In My Bed\", \"Rehab\" and \"What Is It About Men\", covers of Johnny Mercer's \"Moon River\" from when Winehouse was 16 at the NationalYouth Jazz Orchestra in 2000 and Donny Hathaway's \"We're Still Friends\" and never-before heard songs the star wrote, such as \"Detachment\" and the lyrics to\"You Always Hurt The Ones You Love\", combined with Pinto's composition \"Amy Lives\". Winehouse is recorded in March 2006 when she is recording her 2007single \"Back to Black\" and there are also cuts and edits of her well-known tracks, which helps unveil every piece of footage in the film.SoundtrackOn 8 October2015, Island Records announced that the soundtrack for the film would be released on 30 October 2015. The soundtrack includes various tracks that wereincluded in the documentary; including classic tracks from Winehouse and compositions that were featured in the film by composer Antonio Pinto. The soundtrackwas later released for the second time on vinyl in the United Kingdom and Ireland on 1 April 2016.The twenty-three track album includes well-known tracks byWinehouse, such as \"Stronger Than Me\", \"Tears Dry on Their Own\", and \"Back to Black\", live sessions of \"What Is It About Men\", \"Rehab\", \"We're Still Friends\",and \"Love Is a Losing Game\", demo tracks; \"Some Unholy War\" and \"Like Smoke\"; a cover of The Zutons' \"Valerie\" performed by Winehouse and Mark Ronsonand a 2011 version of \"Body and Soul\" performed by Winehouse and Tony Bennett. The soundtrack is also the second posthumous compilation album ofWinehouse's music.The commercial success and music behind the film earned Winehouse her second posthumous nomination at the 2016 BRIT Awards for\"British Female Solo Artist\", won by singer Adele and the film won a Grammy Award for \"Best Music Film\" at the 2016 Grammy Awards. This was the ninth"}
{"doc_id":"doc_181","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Joshua SinclairJoshua Sinclair (born May 7, 1953) is an American writer, producer, actor and director born in New York City.FilmographyPassage2:Claude WeiszClaude Weisz is a French film director born in Paris.FilmographyFeature filmsUne saison dans la vie d'Emmanuel (1972) with Germaine Montéro,Lucien Raimbourg, Florence Giorgetti, Jean-François Delacour, Hélène Darche, Manuel Pinto, etc.Festival de Cannes 1973 - Quinzaine des réalisateursJury Prize:Festival Jeune Cinéma 1973La Chanson du mal aimé (1981) with Rufus, Daniel Mesguich, Christine Boisson, Věra Galatíková, Mark Burns, Philippe Clévenot,Dominique Pinon, Madelon Violla, Paloma Matta, Béatrice Bruno, Catherine Belkhodja, Véronique Leblanc, Philippe Avron, Albert Delpy, etc.Festival de Cannes1982 - Perspectives du cinéma françaisCompetition selections: Valencia, Valladolid, Istanbul, MontréalOn l'appelait... le Roi Laid (1987) with Yilmaz Güney(mockumentary)Valencia Festival 1988 - Grand Prix for documentaries \"Laurel Wreath\"Competition selections: Rotterdam, Valladolid, Strasbourg, Nyon, Cannes,Lyon, CairoPaula et Paulette, ma mère (2005) Documentary - Straight to DVDShort and mid-lengthLa Grande Grève (1963 - Co-directed CAS collective,IDHEC)L'Inconnue (1966 - with Paloma Matta and Gérard Blain - Prix CNC Hyères, Sidney)Un village au QuébecMontréalDeux aspects du Canada (1969)LaHongrie, vers quel socialisme ? (1975 - Nominated for best documentary - Césars 1976)Tibor Déry, portrait d'un écrivain hongrois (1977)L'huîtreboudeuseAncienne maison Godin ou le familistère de Guise (1977)Passementiers et RubaniersLe quinzième moisC'était la dernière année de ma vie (1984 -FIPRESCI Prize- Festival Oberhausen 1985 - Nomination - Césars 1986)Nous aimons tant le cinéma (Film of the European year of cinema - Delphes1988)Participation jusqu'en 1978 à la réalisation de films \"militants\"TelevisionSeries of seven dramas in GermanNumerous documentary and docu-soap type films(TVS CNDP)Initiation à la vie économique (TV series - RTS promotion)Contemplatives... et femmes (TF1 - 1976)Suzel Sabatier (FR3)Un autre Or Noir (FR3)Vivreen GéorgiePortrait d'une génération pour l'an 2000 (France 5 - 2000)Femmes de peine, femmes de coeur (FR3 - 2003)Television documentariesLa porte de Sarpest ouverte (1998)Une histoire balbynienne (2002)Tamara, une vie de Moscou à Port-au-Prince (unfinished)Hana et Khaman (unfinished)En compagnie d'AlbertMemmi (unfinished)Le Lucernaire, une passion de théâtreLes quatre saisons de la Taillade ou une ferme l'autreHistoire du peuple kurde (in development)Leskurdes de Bourg-Lastic (2008)Réalisation de films institutionnels et industrielsPassage 3:Day of the PainterDay of the Painter is a 1960 American short filmdirected by Robert P. Davis. It was filmed at Mamaroneck Harbor in Mamaroneck, NY.Plot and critical responseTime magazine:An extremely funny 15-minute film,may be taken as a solemn leg-pull of the recent vogue for dribble-and-splotch painters, those athletic canvas-coverers whose style owes less to Van Gogh's brushtechnique than to Stan Laurel's custard pie stance.  Or it may be taken as an explicit set of instructions for getting rich.The film, a first-time effort by threeex-admen, begins with a loving shot of wharfs, fishing shacks and sounding sea-the sort of vista once sketched avidly by artists and now appreciated chiefly byretired couples who tour Cape Cod in late September.  The artist is a burly fellow (Ezra Reuben Baker), recognizably aesthetic in paint-smeared dungarees,scurrilous red sweater and combat boots.  He trundles a cart filled with paint buckets along a dock, then throws an enormous sheet of wallboard down on a mudflat ten feet below.Soberly, with exquisite skill, using first a vigorous forehand, then a precisely executed backhand, the painter slops color from buckets.  Clearlyhe is a master, for his stroke with the long-handled hoe is sure and strong, his touch with the dribble-stick more than Japanese in its delicacy.  And when he fills aflare pistol with paint and fires the last accent of orange at his abstraction, he does not pull the trigger.  He squeezes.When the thing dries, he hacks it up inrandom rectangles with a power saw, then carefully signs each fragment.  A seaplane, labeled \"Galerie des Abstracts, Paris-New York,\" touches down.  A mandebarks whose rich, dark overcoat obviously proclaims him an art dealer.  He strokes his jaw as he examines the paintings, eventually selects a small one, shakeshands with the painter and takes off.  Pleased with himself, the painter matter-of-factly shoves the remaining works of art into the ocean.  This, as the screentruly proclaims, is the end.New York Herald Tribune:A hilarious good - natured spoof of abstract-expressionist painting has been made the subject of a coloredfilm-short called \"Day of the Painter.\" .........Without sound or sub-titles (except for a delightful musical score somewhat reminiscent of that which accompaniedthe Alex Guinness film, \"The Horse's Mouth\") the film begins with the artist's awakening in a crumbling shack on a rickety pier reaching out over a picturesquestream.  His \"Wall Street Journal\" is delivered by boat, and, having ascertained that his investments are doing well, he loads a wheelbarrow with assorted cans ofpaint, long sticks, and a spray gun, has two helpers carry his enormous blank canvas, and sets off to his muddy \"studio\" by the side of the stream.  All day longhe flings, scatters, shoots, pushes paint all over his canvas and himself.  The picture grows, and, actually, turns out to be quite handsome-in the Jackson Pollockmanner, of course, but attractive for all it imitativeness.  Sea gulls and swans waddle by, their expressions rather suggesting that of critics.At last the painter isfinished, carefully studies his work-and then proceeds to cut the enormous canvas up into pieces.At the end of the day a small seaplane comes by, docksalongside the pier, while the passenger-pilot, looking like any 57th St. dealer you care to name, surveys the day's work.  He examines carefully, he ponders, andhe finally selects one small segment of the canvas, places it in the plane, and takes off.The painter takes all the other pieces, tosses them into the stream, andthey float away with the gulls and swans, not unlike the unforgettable Gulley Jimson, in \"The Horse's Mouth,\" floating gallantly out to sea in his batteredtugboat.Audiences, apparently, are enjoying the film-except for a group the other night who were plainly pro-abstract-expressionism, and hissed when the rest ofthe house applauded.  None of it was ill-natured, however, probably because the abstract-expressionism picture being kidded looks so agreeable.AwardsDay ofthe Painter won an Oscar at the 33rd Academy Awards in 1961 for Best Short Subject.Passage 4:Jacques DécombeJacques Décombe is a French author, actor anddirector born in 1953.BiographyAfter he studied at the Conservatoire national d'art dramatique, he was the director of the shows of Les Inconnus at the request ofDidier Bourdon and won the Molière Award for best comedy show. (See fr:Molière du meilleur spectacle comique) in 1991. He also directed shows by Charlotte deTurckheim, Chevallier et Laspalès, Patrick Timsit, Les Chevaliers du fiel...Passage 5:Robert P. DavisRobert P. Davis (October 8, 1929 – November 7, 2005) was anAmerican author, screenwriter, and film director whose works are primarily centered on aviation.His 1960 short film, Day of the Painter, won an Academy Awardin 1961 for Best Short Subject.Davis's 1976 novel The Pilot, about an alcohol-abusing airline captain, served as the source material for his screenplay for themotion picture of the same title, released in 1980, in which Cliff Robertson acted out the lead role and which Robertson also directed.Movies and TVDay of thePainter (short film) (1960)The Pilot (1980)Final Descent (TV) (1997), based on The Glass CockpitBooksThe Pilot (New York: Morrow, 1976)Cat Five (New York:Pocket Books, 1977)Control Tower (New York: Putnam's, 1980)The Glass Cockpit (1991)Passage 6:Yolonda RossYolonda Ross is an American actress, writer anddirector.Life and careerRoss was born and raised in Omaha, Nebraska. She began her acting career in New York, appearing in the episodes of television seriesNew York Undercover and Third Watch. Before landing the leading role in the independent drama film, Stranger Inside (2001). The movie produced by HBO, firstpremiered on television, but Ross was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award for Best Debut Performance. She later had supporting roles in a number ofindependent productions and guest-starred on Law & Order and Law & Order: Criminal Intent, and in 2011 had a recurring role of HBO's Treme.Ross co-starredalongside LisaGay Hamilton in the critically acclaimed 2013 independent drama film, Go for Sisters. She received Independent Spirit Award for Best SupportingFemale nomination for her performance in film. She later was cast opposite Viola Davis in Lila & Eve. In 2015, Ross played Robyn Crawford, the friend, assistant,and reported girlfriend of Whitney Houston, in the Lifetime movie, Whitney directed by Angela Bassett.In 2017, Ross had a recurring role opposite Viola Davis inthe ABC legal thriller How to Get Away with Murder. The following year she was cast in a series regular role in the Showtime drama series, TheChi.FilmographyFilm and TV MoviesTelevisionAwards and nominationsPassage 7:Kurt LandKurt Landesberger (19 February 1913, Vienna, Austria – 13 July 1997New York City) was an Austrian born Argentine film director of the 1950s and 1960s.Born in Vienna, Land moved to Argentina in the 1930s and began as a filmeditor, editing for some 20 films in the 1940s. However, by the early 1950s he became interested in directing and directed a number of popular Argentine films inthe 1950s such as the 1955 film Adiós problemas starring Enrique Muiño and the 1957 picture Alfonsina which starred actress Amelia Bence. He also workedregularly with classic Argentine actress Olga Zubarry.He directed his last film in 1970 in Buenos Aires. He died in New York City in 1997.SelectedfilmographyEditorMadame Bovary (1947)Stella (1943) Credited as Kurt Land.La casta Susana (1944) Credited as Kurt Land.Villa Rica del Espíritu Santo (1945)Credited as Kurt Land.Lauracha (1946) Credited as Kurt Land.ProducerSeven Women (1944)DirectorHoy canto para ti (1950)¡Qué hermanita! (1951)Vuelva elprimero (1952)Como yo no hay dos (1952)Asunto terminado (1953)Mercado negro (1953)La telaraña (1954)Los problemas de papá (1954)Adiós problemas(1955)La Delatora (1955)Bacará (1955)Surcos en el mar (1956)Estrellas de Buenos Aires (1956)Alfonsina  (1957)Dos basuras  (1958)Evangelina (1959)Elasalto  (1960)La Culpa  (1969)El sátiro  (1970)El Hombre del año  (1970)External linksKurt Land at IMDbPassage 8:Sepideh FarsiSepideh Farsi (Persian:\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; born 1965) is an Iranian director.Early yearsFarsi left Iran in 1984 and went to Paris to study mathematics.  However, eventually she wasdrawn to the visual arts and initially experimented in photography before making her first short films. A main theme of her works is identity. She still visits Tehraneach year.Awards/RecognitionFarsi was a Member of the Jury of the Locarno International Film Festival in Best First Feature in 2009. She won the FIPRESCI Prize"}
{"doc_id":"doc_182","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Y asíAustria participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 with the song \"Y así\" written by Christof Spörk and Edi Köhldorfer. The song wasperformed by the group Global Kryner. The Austrian broadcaster Österreichischer Rundfunk (ORF) organised the national final Song.Null.Fünf in order to selectthe Austrian entry for the 2005 contest in Kyiv, Ukraine. Five artists and ten songs competed in a televised show where a public vote consisting of regionaltelevoting and mobile phone voting exclusively selected \"Y así\" performed by Global Kryner as the winner.Austria competed in the semi-final of the EurovisionSong Contest, which took place on 19 May 2005. Performing as the opening entry for the show in position 1, \"Y así\" was not announced among the top 10 entriesof the semi-final and therefore did not qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Austria placed twenty-first out of the 25 participating countries inthe semi-final with 30 points.BackgroundPrior to the 2005 contest, Austria has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest forty-one times since its first entry in1957. The nation has won the contest on one occasion: in 1966 with the song \"Merci, Chérie\" performed by Udo Jürgens. Following the introduction of semi-finalsfor the 2004 contest, Austria has featured in only one final. Austria's least successful result has been last place, which they have achieved on seven occasions,most recently in 1991. Austria has also received nul points on three occasions: in 1962, 1988 and 1991.The Austrian national broadcaster, ÖsterreichischerRundfunk (ORF), broadcasts the event within Austria and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. ORF confirmed their intentions to participate atthe 2005 Eurovision Song Contest on 17 September 2004. From 1995 to 2000, ORF has held an internal selection to choose the artist and song to representAustria at the contest, while the broadcaster had set up national finals with several artists to choose both the song and performer to compete at Eurovision forAustria from 2002 to 2004. Along with their participation confirmation, the broadcaster also announced that the Austrian entry for the 2005 contest would beselected through a national final.Before EurovisionSong.Null.FünfSong.Null.Fünf (Song.Zero.Five) was the national final that selected Austria's entry for theEurovision Song Contest 2005. The competition took place on 25 February 2005 at the ORF Center in Vienna, hosted by Mirjam Weichselbraun and ChristianClerici and broadcast on ORF eins. The national final was watched by 630,000 viewers in Austria.FormatFive artists with two songs each competed in thecompetition where the winner was selected by exclusively by public voting. Viewers were able to cast their votes via landline and the voting results of each of thenine Federal States of Austria created an overall ranking from which points from 1-8, 10 and 12 were distributed. Viewers were also able to vote from mobiles viatelephone or SMS and the overall ranking of the entries was also assigned scores from 1-8, 10 and 12. After the combination of all scores, the entry with thehighest number of points was selected as the winner.Competing entriesORF invited all interested artists with a contract to a record company to apply to thebroadcaster between 17 September 2004 and 30 September 2004. All applications were reviewed by a team of music professionals who nominated four artists toeach submit two songs for the national final. On 20 October 2004, DJ Ötzi revealed that he had initially been selected for the competition but later withdrew afterissues with creating his two candidate Eurovision songs. An additional artist was nominated by the talent scout organisation Projekt Pop after an additionalsubmission period was opened for interested artists without a contract to a record company to submit two songs to the organisation between 4 November 2004and 25 November 2004. The five artists and songs were revealed on 5 January 2005 and among the competing artists was former Austrian Eurovisionrepresentative Alf Poier who represented Austria in the Eurovision Song Contest 2003.FinalThe televised final took place on 25 February 2005. Each of the fiveartists competed with two songs where regional televoting and mobile phone voting selected \"Y así\" performed by Global Kryner as the winner.ControversyThenational final caused controversy due to the format that was amended shortly before the show (the original format was to include two rounds of public votingwhere one song per artist would be selected in the first round to advance to the second round). When the results were published, 80% of the 337,179 votesregistered were submitted via mobiles but distributed just as many points as each federal state did. It was also revealed that \"Good Old Europe Is Dying\"performed by Alf Poier received the most overall votes (45,000 votes more than \"Y así\") but placed second due to the voting system. Poier's manager René Bertostated: \"We prefer to be the moral winner rather than winning a cheap victory. Global Kryner did not win because of the fans, but because of ORF's last-minutechange of the voting system.\"At EurovisionAccording to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country, the \"Big Four\" (France, Germany,Spain and the United Kingdom), and the ten highest placed finishers in the 2004 contest are required to qualify from the semi-final on 19 May 2005 in order tocompete for the final on 21 May 2005; the top ten countries from the semi-final progress to the final. On 22 March 2005, a special allocation draw was held whichdetermined the running order for the semi-final and Austria was set to open the show and perform in position 1, before the entry from Lithuania. At the end of theshow, Austria was not announced among the top 10 entries in the semi-final and therefore failed to qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed thatAustria placed twenty-first in the semi-final, receiving a total of 30 points.The semi-final and the final were broadcast in Austria on ORF 2 with commentary byAndi Knoll and via radio on Ö3 with commentary by Martin Blumenau. The Austrian spokesperson, who announced the Austrian votes during the final, was DodoRoscic.VotingBelow is a breakdown of points awarded to Austria and awarded by Austria in the semi-final and grand final of the contest. The nation awarded its 12points to Croatia in the semi-final and to Serbia and Montenegro in the final of the contest.Points awarded to AustriaPoints awarded by AustriaPassage 2:CasparBabypantsCaspar Babypants is the stage name of children's music artist Chris Ballew, who is also the vocalist and bassist of The Presidents of the United States ofAmerica.HistoryBallew's first brush with children's music came in 2002, when he recorded and donated an album of traditional children's songs to the nonprofitProgram for Early Parent Support titled \"PEPS Sing A Long!\" Although that was a positive experience for him, he did not consider making music for families untilhe met his wife, collage artist Kate Endle. Her art inspired Ballew to consider making music that \"sounded like her art looked\" as he has said. Ballew began writingoriginal songs and digging up nursery rhymes and folk songs in the public domain to interpret and make his own. The first album, Here I Am!, was recordedduring the summer of 2008 and released in February 2009.Ballew began to perform solo as Caspar Babypants in the Seattle area in January 2009. Fred Northup,a Seattle-based comedy improvisor, heard the album and offered to play as his live percussionist.  Northrup also suggested his frequent collaborator Ron Hippe asa keyboard player. \"Frederick Babyshirt\" and \"Ronald Babyshoes\" were the Caspar Babypants live band from May 2009 to April 2012. Both Northup and Hippeappear on some of his recordings but since April 2012 Caspar Babypants has exclusively performed solo. The reasons for the change were to include moreimprovisation in the show and to reduce the sound levels so that very young children and newborns could continue to attend without being overstimulated. Ballewhas made two albums of Beatles covers as Caspar Babypants. Baby Beatles! came out in September 2013 and Beatles Baby! came out in September 2015.Ballewruns the Aurora Elephant Music record label, books shows, produces, records, and masters the albums himself. Distribution for the albums is handled by BurnsideDistribution in Portland, Oregon.Caspar Babypants has released a total of 17 albums. The 17th album, BUG OUT!, was released on May 1, 2020. His albumFLYING HIGH! was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Children's Album. All 17 of the albums feature cover art by Ballew's wife, Kate Endle.\"FUNFAVORITES!\" and \"HAPPY HITS!\" are two vinyl-only collections of hit songs that Caspar Babypants has released in the last couple ofyears.DiscographyAlbumsPEPS (2002)Here I Am! (Released 03/17/09) Special guests: Jen Wood, Fysah ThomasMore Please! (Released 12/15/09) Specialguests: Fred Northup, Ron HippeThis Is Fun! (Released 11/02/10)  Special guests: Fred Northup, Ron Hippe, Krist Novoselic, Charlie HopeSing Along! (Released08/16/11) Special guests: Fred Northup, Ron Hippe, \"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Stone Gossard, Frances England, Rachel LoshakHot Dog! (Released 04/17/12) Specialguests: Fred Northup, Ron Hippe, Rachel Flotard (Visqueen)I Found You! (Released 12/18/12) Special guests: Steve Turner (Mudhoney), Rachel Flotard(Visqueen), John RichardsBaby Beatles! (Released 09/15/13)Rise And Shine! (Released 09/16/14)Night Night! (Released 03/17/15)Beatles Baby! (Released09/18/2015)Away We Go! (Released 08/12/2016)Winter Party! (Released 11/18/16)Jump For Joy! (Released 08/18/17)Sleep Tight! (Released 01/19/18)Keep ItReal! (Released 08/17/18)Best Beatles! (Released 03/29/19)Flying High! (Released 08/16/19)Bug Out! (released 05/1/20)Happy Heart! (Released 11/13/20)EasyBreezy! (Released 11/05/21)AppearancesMany Hands: Family Music for Haiti CD (released 2010) – Compilation of various artistsSongs Stories And Friends: Let'sGo Play – Charlie Hope (released 2011) – vocals on AlouetteShake It Up, Shake It Off (released 2012) – Compilation of various artistsKeep Hoping MachineRunning – Songs Of Woody Guthrie (released 2012) – Compilation of various artistsApple Apple – The Harmonica Pocket (released 2013) – vocals on MonkeyLoveSimpatico – Rennee and Friends (released 2015) – writer and vocals on I Am Not AfraidSundrops – The Harmonica Pocket (released 2015) – vocals on DiggaDog KidPassage 3:Bernie BonvoisinBernard Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: [b\u0000\u0000na\u0000 b\u0000̃vwaz\u0000̃]), known as Bernie Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: [b\u0000\u0000nib\u0000̃vwaz\u0000̃], born 9 July 1956 in Nanterre, Hauts-de-Seine), is a French hard rock singer and film director. He is best known for having been the singer of Trust.Hewas one of the best friends of Bon Scott the singer of AC/DC and together they recorded the song \"Ride On\" which was one of the last songs by BonScott.External linksBernie Bonvoisin at IMDbPassage 4:Billy MilanoBilly Milano (born June 3, 1964) is an American heavy metal and hardcore punk musician. He isthe singer and occasionally guitarist and bassist of crossover thrash band M.O.D., and was the singer of its predecessor, Stormtroopers of Death. Prior to these"}
{"doc_id":"doc_183","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Jesse E. HobsonJesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955. Prior to SRI, he wasthe director of the Armour Research Foundation.Early life and educationHobson was born in Marshall, Indiana. He received bachelor's and master's degrees inelectrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology. Hobson was also selected as anationally outstanding engineer.Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children.CareerAwards and membershipsHobson wasnamed an IEEE Fellow in 1948.Passage 2:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone(1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990)(mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation!(2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 3:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is anIrish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody EssexMuseum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the directorof the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and worksin the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of theToledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career inIrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from UniversityCollege-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels(1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He marriedMary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of ArtHistorians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the NationalGallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for severalmajor shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-mediasite.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, onshowing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations andcorporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rightsgrounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private fundingsupported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built onthe established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints,screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\"entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the\"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that thedecision was due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculativeart investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privatelyowned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was ChrisOfili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani,campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedycancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was thetoughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the AustralianGovernment's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-oldair-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum ofArt is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings and sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. Themuseum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the field of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum'sart education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read, understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddlertours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website, www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the InternationalVisual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talkson visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Worksby Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of OldMaster paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection dueto claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germanyfollowed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.HoodMuseum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitionsand oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe,Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. Theexhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works ofart, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually. Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and hecurated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, andFrank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: Astudy in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council ofIreland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4Ireland:Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: IrregularPolygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian CentenaryMedal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for theAmerican Association of Museums and a member of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at theUniversity of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio ArtEducation Association award for distinguished educator for art education.== Notes ==Passage 4:Elizabeth Barlow RogersElizabeth Barlow Rogers (born 1936) isan environmentalist, landscape preservationist, author of numerous books and essays, and a former park administrator. Her most notable achievement was herrole in the revitalization of New York City's Central Park in the 1980s and 1990s. In 1980, Rogers helped found the Central Park Conservancy, a not-for-profitcorporation formed to organize private sector support for the restoration and renewed management of the park. She served as the Conservancy's first presidentfrom its founding until 1995.Early life and educationElizabeth “Betsy” Browning was born in San Antonio, Texas to Caleb Leonidas Browning (1902–1970), ageneral contractor and cattle rancher, and his wife, Elizabeth (Ewing) Browning (1904–1992). She grew up in Alamo Heights and prepared for college at SaintMary's Hall. In 1952, she enrolled at Wellesley College, where she majored in art history (BA 1957), and in the summer following her graduation married EdwardL. Barlow, a graduate of Lawrenceville and Yale (BA 1956). They lived in Washington DC, where he was a naval officer stationed at the Pentagon, but in 1960"}
{"doc_id":"doc_184","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:O Valencia!\"O Valencia!\" is the fifth single by the indie rock band The Decemberists, and the first released from their fourth studio album, The Crane Wife.The music was written by The Decemberists and the lyrics by Colin Meloy. It tells a story of two star-crossed lovers. The singer falls in love with a person who belongs to an opposing gang. At the end of the song, the singer's lover jumps in to defend the singer, who is confronting his lover's brother (the singer's \"sworn enemy\") and is killed by the bullet intended for the singer.Track listingThe 7\" single sold in the UK was mispressed, with \"Culling of the Fold\" as the B-side despite the artwork and record label listing \"After the Bombs\" as the B-side.Music videosFor the \"O Valencia!\" music video, The Decemberists filmed themselves in front of a green screen and asked fans to complete it by digitally adding in background images or footage. Stephen Colbert of The Colbert Report, having recently asked fans to do the same with a video of him with a light saber in front of a green screen, brought up The Decemberists on his segment \"Look Who's Riding on My Coattails Now\" and accused the band of stealing the idea. The Decemberists' response was to challenge Stephen Colbert to a guitar solo showdown on December 20, 2006, on The Colbert Report.On January 19, 2007, The Decemberists premiered an alternate music video of \"O Valencia!\", directed by Aaron Stewart-Ahn, on MTV2. The video follows a character named Patrick, played by Meloy, as he and his love Francesca (Lisa Molinaro), daughter of \"the Boss\", plan an escape to an unknown location. At a cafe, a man in a suit, portrayed by the band member Chris Funk, tells him to hide in the \"Valencia\" hotel (the Super Value Inn on North Interstate Avenue in Portland, Oregon) while he gets them the necessary documentation to escape. Above the name of the hotel, there is a neon sign that reads \" Office\". The letters have all burnt out except for the \"O\", creating the title of the song. The video then introduces other characters - various assassination teams - who sit in different rooms of the hotel waiting for the chance to catch the two lovers. Most are portrayed by other members of the band (along with Meloy's wife, Carson Ellis). They kill off any potential witnesses to their plan. Patrick manages to take down one member from each team, before they gang up on him. The Boss arrives, along with the man from the cafe, who reveals that he snitched on Patrick and Francesca. They execute Francesca, while forcing Patrick to watch. After they leave, Patrick finds a note by Francesca, which reveals that she never fell in love with him, and only wanted protection. 2 months later, Patrick and the man, who has lost an eye from a previous assassination attempt, have a sit-down at the same cafe. The man reveals that he snitched on Patrick just to take over the town. Patrick reveals that he poisoned a drink the man was having, but before he could get away, the man stabs Patrick in the neck with a fork before dying, followed by Patrick.The video is somewhat influenced by the distinct style and themes of director Wes Anderson, with bold fonts being used to introduce characters and groups on the bottom of the screen (much like in the film The Royal Tenenbaums). The band had previously (and more explicitly) drawn influence from Anderson's Rushmore in their video for \"Sixteen Military Wives\". The layout of the hotel is also similar to the one used in Bottle Rocket.Kurt Nishimura was chosen as the winner by mtvU for his video that depicted a love affair between a woman and her television, with the TV containing the green-screened Decemberists video footage.Passage 2:Obata ToramoriObata Toramori (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 1491 – July 14, 1561) was Japanese samurai warrior of the Sengoku Period. He is known as one of the \"Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen\" He also recorded as having been wounded 41 times in 36 encounters. He was the father of Obata Masamori.See alsoIsao ObataPassage 3:Billy MilanoBilly Milano (born June 3, 1964) is an American heavy metal and hardcore punk musician. He is the singer and occasionally guitarist and bassist of crossover thrash band M.O.D., and was the singer of its predecessor, Stormtroopers of Death. Prior to these bands, Milano played in early New York hardcore band the Psychos, which also launched the career of future Agnostic Front vocalist Roger Miret. Milano was also the singer of United Forces, which included his Stormtroopers of Death bandmate Dan Lilker. Milano managed a number of bands, including Agnostic Front, for whom he also co-produced the 1997 Epitaph Records release Something's Gotta Give and roadie for Anthrax.DiscographyStormtroopers of Death albumsStormtroopers of Death videosMethod of Destruction (M.O.D.)MasteryPassage 4:Lars EliassonLars Eliasson  (December 8, 1914 – June 5, 2002) was a Swedish politician. He was a member of the Centre Party. He was the party's first vice chairman 1957-69 and a member of the Parliament of Sweden 1952–1970. For a short time in 1957, he was a minister in the Government of Sweden, in the Second cabinet of Erlander.He is the father of the later Member of Parliament Anna Eliasson.Passage 5:Norah JonesNorah Jones (born Geethali Norah Jones Shankar; March 30, 1979) is an American singer, songwriter, and pianist. She has won several awards for her music and, as of 2023, had sold more than 50 million records worldwide. Billboard named her the top jazz artist of the 2000's decade. She has won nine Grammy Awards and was ranked 60th on Billboard magazine's artists of the 2000s decade chart.In 2002, Jones launched her solo music career with the release of Come Away with Me, which was a fusion of jazz with country, blues, folk and pop. It was certified diamond, selling over 27 million copies. The record earned Jones five Grammy Awards, including the Album of the Year, Record of the Year, and Best New Artist. Her subsequent studio albums—Feels Like Home (2004), Not Too Late (2007), and The Fall (2009)—all gained platinum status, selling over a million copies each. They were also generally well received by critics. Jones's fifth studio album, Little Broken Hearts, was released on April 27, 2012; her sixth, Day Breaks, was released on October 7, 2016. Her seventh studio album, Pick Me Up Off the Floor, was released on June 12, 2020. Jones made her feature film debut as an actress in My Blueberry Nights, which was released in 2007 and was directed by Wong Kar-Wai.Jones is the daughter of Indian sitarist and composer Ravi Shankar and concert producer Sue Jones, and is the half-sister of fellow musicians Anoushka Shankar and Shubhendra Shankar.Early lifeJones was born Geethali Norah Jones Shankar on March 30, 1979, in Manhattan, New York City, to American concert producer Sue Jones and Indian Bengali musician Ravi Shankar.After her parents separated in 1986, Jones lived with her mother, growing up in Grapevine, Texas. As a child, Jones began singing in church and also took piano and voice lessons. She attended Colleyville Middle School and Grapevine High School before transferring to Booker T. Washington High School for the Performing and Visual Arts in Dallas. Her music took its first form early on in the local Methodist Church where she regularly sang solos. While in high school, she sang in the school choir, participated in band, and played the alto saxophone. At the age of 16, with both parents' consent, she officially changed her name to Norah Jones, removing the Indian elements from her name.Jones always had an affinity for the music of Bill Evans and Billie Holiday, among other \"oldies\". She once said, \"My mom had this eight-album Billie Holiday set; I picked out one disc that I liked and played that over and over again\".She attended Interlochen Center for the Arts during the summers. While at high school, she won the Down Beat Student Music Awards for Best Jazz Vocalist (twice, in 1996 and 1997) and Best Original Composition (1996).Jones attended the University of North Texas (UNT), where she majored in jazz piano and sang with the UNT Jazz Singers. During this time, she had a chance meeting with future collaborator Jesse Harris. She gave a ride to a band playing at the university whose members happened to be friends of Harris. He was on a cross-country road trip with friend and future Little Willies member Richard Julian, and stopped to see the band play. After meeting Jones, Harris started sending her lead sheets of his songs.In 1999, Jones left Texas for New York City. Less than a year later, she started a band with Harris, and her recordings with them were bestsellers.Musical careerJones was a lounge singer before becoming a recording artist. Before releasing her first studio album, she performed with Wax Poetic, Peter Malick, and jazz guitarist Charlie Hunter.2000–2001: New York City, First SessionsAs Peter Malick states in the liner notes, \"I started looking for a singer who might be open to recording [my latest songs] for me. On a Tuesday night, I walked into the Living Room just as the singer announced the last song of the set. The Dinah Washington classic 'Since I Fell for You' filled the room and I was struck breathless. Here, in the tradition of Billie Holiday, was a stunningly beautiful, blues infused voice. This was my first contact with Norah Jones.\" Malick asked her to participate in sessions at Room 9 from Outer Space in South Boston, during August and September 2000. They recorded Malick's songs \"New York City\", \" Strange Transmissions\", \"Deceptively Yours\" and \"Things You Don't Have to Do\" in addition to cover versions of \"All Your Love\" by Sam Maghett and \"Heart of Mine\" by Bob Dylan. These songs became the album New York City (Koch, 2003) by the Peter Malick Group Featuring Norah Jones.After moving to New York City, Jones signed to Blue Note, a label owned by EMI Group. The signing came as an indirect result of her performing as lead singer for the JC Hopkins Biggish Band. Shell White, who was the wife of J. C. Hopkins, worked for EMI Publishing and gave Jones's three-track demo to Bruce Lundvall, the label's president, and Brian Bacchus, its artists and repertoire agent (A&R). The demo contained two jazz standards and a song by Jesse Harris. The two executives agreed that Jones had potential. Despite their misgivings about the direction of her music, they signed her to the label. Bacchus told HitQuarters, \"We let her find her own direction ... We knew that if she could develop her songwriting and we could find great songs, it would work.\"2002: Come Away with MeBacchus thought producer and engineer Jay Newland's experience in jazz, blues, rock, country, and folk music would give a \"feeling for her sound.\" Jones and Newland recorded nine demo tracks. Four appeared on the sampler First Sessions (2001). The rest were set aside for her debut album. Come Away with Me (2002) was praised for its blend of acoustic pop with soul and jazz. Debuting at No. 139, it reached No. 1 on the U.S. Billboard 200. The single \"Don't Know Why\" hit No. 1 on the Top 40 Adult Recurrents in 2003 and No. 30 in the Billboard Hot 100 Singles Chart. At the 45th Grammy Awards in 2003, Jones was nominated for eight Grammy Awards and won five: Best New Artist, Album of the Year, Best Pop Vocal Album, Record of the Year, and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for \"Don't Know Why\". This tied Lauryn Hill and Alicia Keys for most Grammy Awards received by a female artist in one night. Jesse Harris won Song of the Year for \"Don't Know Why\" while Arif Mardin won Producer of "}
{"doc_id":"doc_185","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Polly of the MoviesPolly of the Movies is a 1927 American silent comedy film directed by Scott Pembroke and starring Jason Robards, Gertrude Shortand Corliss Palmer. It is loosely based on Harry Leon Wilson's 1922 novel Merton of the Movies and its various film adaptations.SynopsisA small town girl goes toHollywood with ambitions of becoming major dramatic star. However, the melodrama she appears in is unintentionally amusing and becomes a comedyhit.CastJason Robards as Angus WhitcombGertrude Short as Polly PrimroseCorliss Palmer as Lisa SmithStuart Holmes as Benjamin Wellington FairmountJackRichardson as Rolland HarrisonRose Dione as Lulu FairmountMary Foy as Mrs. BeardsleyPassage 2:The Muppets Go to the MoviesThe Muppets Go to the Movies isa one-hour television special starring Jim Henson's Muppets. It first aired May 20, 1981 on ABC as promotion for The Great Muppet Caper, which was released inthe United States a month later.PlotWith the aid of Dudley Moore and Lily Tomlin, Kermit the Frog and the Muppets show spoofs of different movies at the MuppetTheatre.The special opens with a 20th Century Frog logo. The Announcer (Jerry Nelson) provides an introduction over clips from the special.Kermit comes onstageto introduce the show, informing the audience that the Muppets plan on paying tribute to some of their favorite movies.The Muppet company perform \"Hey, aMovie!\" from The Great Muppet Caper.Fozzie Bear introduces a spoof of The Three Musketeers. Statler and Waldorf attempt to leave, but are stopped by elasticropes tied around their ankles. Gonzo the Great, Scooter and Link Hogthrob play Athos, Porthos and Gummo, out to defeat The Scarlet Pimpernel. Link flies on achandelier, thus landing him backstage, and onto Miss Piggy, who reacts with her famous karate chop, thus sending him flying back onstage, and onto Kermitduring an introduction for the next parody.The sketch Invasion of the Unpleasant Things from Outer Space has Dudley Moore and Lily Tomlin facing giant alienrats. In addition to sci-fi films, the parody also pokes fun at international cinema. Moore speaks in a foreign language, accompanied by English subtitles.Janiceintroduces her favorite film The Wizard of Oz. She mentions that she likes the Land of Oz and might move there. When Janice is about to mention the part ofDorothy Gale, Piggy's voice is heard saying \"I'm not ready.\" Janice attempts to fill in, but Piggy arrives just in time. As the scene begins, Piggy (as Dorothy) andFoo-Foo (as Toto) start out in black and white. Piggy sings \"Somewhere Over the Rainbow\". When it changes to color, she is joined by Scooter as the Scarecrow,Gonzo as the Tin Man, and Fozzie Bear as the Cowardly Lion in a rendition of \"If I Only Had a Brain/a Heart/the Nerve\" and \"We're Off to See the Wizard\".Gonzointroduces Metro-Goldwyn-Bear's The Fool of the Roman Empire. Moore portrays a jazz piano-playing Julius Caesar. Moore plays a melody on the piano, whileGonzo, Beauregard and Lew Zealand have a chariot race. Gonzo's chariot is pulled by a chicken, Beauregard's by rats, and Lew's by a shark.Backstage, Rizzocomplains to Kermit about the previous sketch, claiming that it was an insult to rats. Rizzo and his rat buddies try to convince Kermit to put them in a glamorousrat production number. Kermit tells the rats that the Muppets have already done a similar production number in The Great Muppet Caper, showing a clip,featuring \"The First Time It Happens\".Lily Tomlin attempts to flirt with Kermit, but Piggy interrupts them. Kermit suggests that Tomlin introduce the horror genre.Despite Tomlin's insistence that she's not a fan, she's attacked by a group of Muppet monsters. In J. Arthur Link's The Nephew of Frankenstein, Fozzie visits hisuncle (played by Dr. Julius Strangepork) who is working on a comedian monster (played by Mulch). They attempt to do a \"Hot Cross Bunnies\" joke. Theexperiment blows Mulch up and burns the film screen. Firefighters are called, but joke that they are unable to put out a fire that was caused in the 19th Centuryas \"our hoses won't reach!\". The segment ends with Kermit parodying Porky Pig's \"That's all folks!\" line.Rowlf the Dog presents a silent film featuring Kermit andSopwith the Camel. Mulch drops in, finally getting the \"Hot Cross Bunnies\" joke.Sam Eagle comes to translate a film by famed Swedish filmmaker IngmarBergman. Floyd Pepper informs Sam that the film isn't by Ingmar, but by his brother Gummo. The film Silent Strawberries parodies Bergman's filmography. Itfeatures The Swedish Chef, Beaker (as \"The Angel of Death\"), Fozzie and Kermit. As the film is not in English, Sam has to translate. Much to Sam's disgust, thetranslations make absolutely no sense. The film ends with a rendition of \"Hooray for Hollywood\". Waldorf claims he doesn't believe in \"The Angel of Death\", but isautomatically frightened by someone over his shoulder (a popcorn girl).A spoof of Casablanca: Kermit bids his goodbyes to Piggy among the harsh wind of anairplane.Backstage, Floyd and Janice sing \"Act Naturally\".Dudley Moore tells the audience about his love for artistic French films. He then explains that because ofthis fondness, he asked the Muppets not to parody them, but instead to do a \"tasteless tribute to the Western\". In Tantamount Picture's Small in the Saddle, acouple of cowboys, their horses, two outlaws, and the outlaws' cows sing \"Ragtime Cowboy Joe.\" Lew shows up paddling a boat. Much to Statler's shock, Waldorfhas apparently turned into a cow.Kermit introduces a spoof of Tarzan with Gonzo as Tarzan and Lily Tomlin as Jane.Backstage, Kermit tells Beauregard that it istime for his tribute to the Hollywood stuntman. A clip, featuring Beauregard driving Kermit, Fozzie and Gonzo in a taxi is shown.Kermit introduces the nextmusical number: Piggy performs \"Heat Wave\" in the style of Marilyn Monroe and is backed up by a penguin chorus.Backstage, Kermit congratulates Piggy on herperformance. Piggy wants everyone to see what a great performer Kermit is, by showing a Fred Astaire tribute that he did in The Great Muppet Caper, succeededby a clip, featuring the song \"Steppin' Out with a Star\". Afterwards, Statler does his own \"tap dance\" routine.In Goon with the Wind, Dudley Moore and Piggyportray Rhett and Scarlett as they watch a fire in the background. The sketch is interrupted by the firefighters from earlier on. Statler and Waldorf decide to givethe sketch three big cheers. Three big chairs are thrown at the two.An introduction by Lew Zealand leads into Cholesterol Pictures' A Frog Too Far, starring Kermitas a World War II air force pilot and Tomlin playing various love interests.The full company performs \"We'll Meet Again\".During the credits, the Muppets leave theMuppet Theatre as Kermit secures the stage door, unaware that he has locked Dudley Moore and Lily Tomlin in.NotesThe same sets from The Muppet Show areused for this special.Later syndicated alongside The Muppet Show.This is the first time a camera shot of the entrance to the Muppet Theatre is shown at the endof the special.Taped between March 9 and 17 of 1981.Muppet performersJim Henson as Kermit the Frog, Rowlf the Dog, Link Hogthrob, The Swedish Chef,Waldorf, and Gladiator PigFrank Oz as Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, Animal, and Sam the EagleJerry Nelson as Floyd Pepper, Lew Zealand, Mulch, Dr. JuliusStrangepork, Pops, Announcer, Deputy, Gladiator Pig, Firefighter, and RatRichard Hunt as Scooter, Janice, Beaker, Statler, Sheriff, Rat, and CowDave Goelz asGonzo the Great, Beauregard, Joe, Firefighter, Trumpet Blower, Rat, and HorseSteve Whitmire as Rizzo the Rat, The Scarlet Pimpernel, Jed, Firefighter, andHorseLouise Gold as Popcorn GirlAdditional Muppets performed by Kathryn Mullen, Brian Muehl, Bob Payne, and Rollie Krewson.Passage 3:La Chair del'orchidéeLa Chair de l'orchidée (The Flesh of the Orchid) is a 1975 film by Patrice Chéreau as his directorial debut, adapted by him and by Jean-Claude Carrièrefrom the 1948 book The Flesh of the Orchid by British writer James Hadley Chase, \"a pulp-novel sequel to No Orchids for Miss Blandish\" (1939). The film starsCharlotte Rampling, Simone Signoret, Bruno Cremer, Edwige Feuillère and, in a cameo, Alida Valli.PlotClaire is locked up in an isolated building in the grounds of apsychiatric hospital, where the gardener comes in regularly to rape her. Obtaining a knife, she stabs his eyes out and flees. Getting a lift in a lorry, it crasheswhen the driver has his eyes stabbed out; Emerging from the wreckage, she is rescued by Louis who, with an unstable colleague Marcucci, is on his way to abusiness meeting in a hotel. While Louis is in the meeting, Marcucci tries to rape Claire and gets his eyes stabbed out. Claire flees and Marcucci, unable to defendhimself, is then knifed to death by contract killers, the Berekian brothers.Louis rescues Claire and takes her back to his isolated house, where they spend thenight making love. However the Berekians are waiting outside and, when the couple emerge, get a knife into Louis. Claire rescues him, leaving him in a safe placewhile she goes in search of a doctor. She is recognised by a nurse from the psychiatric hospital, who alerts her aunt who placed her there. In fact she is theheiress to a business empire, which her aunt controls so long as Claire is mentally unfit. Locked up by the nurse, Claire is found by the Berekians, who abduct heras a bargaining counter. The aunt finds the wounded Louis, who she locks up as a bargaining counter.The Berekians lock Claire up in the care of Lady, a colleaguefrom the days when all three were circus performers. Feeling sorry for the girl, Lady tells her that she is the result of her dead mother's affair with a circus artisteand lets her escape; As she waits for a train, she is told by an older woman that she is recognisably insane. She goes to her aunt's house, where Louis is aprisoner, and reunites with him. The accountant of the family firm tells her it is going downhill through the aunt's mismanagement and that, as the rightful owner,she should take charge.The Berekians sneak in and manage to murder Louis, but Claire stabs out the eyes of one of them. The police arrive and, wounded in herstruggle, Claire is taken to a hospital. Lady sneaks in to her with a bunch of flowers, but the two are found by the surviving Berekian. He kills Lady and, after aflashback to a moment of horror when he accidentally killed the woman he loved, commits suicide. With the two bodies on either side of her hospital bed, Clairegets on the phone to the accountant to start running her business.Passage 4:Highway PickupChair de poule (French for \"goosebumps\") is a 1963 French crimefilm directed by Julien Duvivier and starring Robert Hossein, Catherine Rouvel, Jean Sorel and Georges Wilson. The screenplay is based on the 1960 novel ComeEasy, Go Easy by James Hadley Chase, which took several plot elements from the 1934 novel The Postman Always Rings Twice by James M Cain. The film wasreleased in the United States as Highway Pickup.PlotIn Paris, Daniel and Paul work installing safes by day and robbing them by night. When a raid goes wrong anda man is killed, Daniel is shot down by the police and jailed. He escapes and, heading south, is given a job and a room by Thomas, who runs an isolated café andgarage with his much younger wife Maria. She scorns the drifter her husband has hired until, by chance, she sees an old newspaper that reports his escape. She"}
{"doc_id":"doc_186","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland andAustralia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31,2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and theNational Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 todirect the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeededDan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended ClonkeenCollege. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He workedin the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), GovernmentPublications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery ofIreland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art MuseumDirectors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expandedthe traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitionsat the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annualvisitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gainedgovernment support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building provedcontroversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy'stenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's ABigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring theHolmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian PrintWorkshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which wascompleted in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\"implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGAduring his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchiand attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dungand was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" andan \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscureddiscussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedlyquestioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational healthand safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announcedin 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a jointIrish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings andsculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the fieldof art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read, understandand write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website,www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy hasbeen a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding themuseum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibandehave been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the ToledoMuseum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold tothe museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture ofGanesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005.During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater publicattention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hoodhas one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the AfricanBody, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually.Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles:Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written oredited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats:Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with DavisCoakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers(1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe,Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is atrustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the InternationalAssociation of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from LourdesUniversity. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education.==Notes ==Passage 2:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museumof Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage 3:Michael DominicMichael Dominic (born June 18, 1970) is anAmerican filmmaker and photojournalist who grew up in New York City. He is best known for his documentary Sunshine Hotel, which won three awards for bestdocumentary.Early lifeDominic was born in Washington D.C., the son of Stephanie and Joseph Dominic. In 1971 his family moved to the Riverdale section of theBronx, New York.He studied film at School of Visual Arts in New York City from 1990 to 1993.CareerDominic has made several films, most notably thefeature-length documentaries Sunshine Hotel and Clean Hands, and the narrative short \"Tulips for Daisy\".Sunshine Hotel, a documentary about one of the lastflophouses on New York City's Bowery, won three best documentary awards and was nominated for another dozen or so. After its festival run of almost 30 filmfestivals it aired on the Sundance Channel from 2002 to 2004.\"Tulips for Daisy\", a narrative film set in Amsterdam, was also nominated for several awards, mostnotably in the Akira Kurosawa Memorial Short Film Competition.As a photojournalist Dominic has traveled to places including Haiti, Honduras, Guatemala, andNicaragua. His photography has appeared in dozens of outlets including The Sunday Telegraph, Tribune De Geneve, France-Amérique, The New York Daily News,The Wall Street Journal, The New York Post, Playboy, Redbook, Le Figaro, Le Parisien, Bilan, Chåtelaine, and L'actualité.In July 2012 Dominic was recognized as afinalist for The New York Foundation for the Arts 2012 fellowship.In January 2019 Dominic completed the feature documentary Clean Hands, about the Lopezfamily surviving against the backdrop of Central America’s largest garbage dump, La Chureca in Managua, Nicaragua. The film debuted at the 29th AnnualCinequest Film Festival April 9, 2019, where it won Best Documentary Feature. It went on to win a total of 11 awards.Filmography as directorSoup & the Dead"}
{"doc_id":"doc_187","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Jack Shea (director)Jack Shea (August 1, 1928 – April 28, 2013) was an American film and television director. He was the president of the DirectorsGuild of America from 1997 to 2002.Life and careerBorn John Francis Shea, Jr., Shea's father was a traveling salesman and his mother a bookkeeper. He receiveda parochial high school education, later attaining a degree in history from Fordham University. Shea broke into the entertainment industry in 1951, initially as astage manager for the TV series Philco Playhouse, and, following two years of service with the United States Air Force, serving from 1952 to 1954, during theKorean War, making instructional films in Los Angeles, and later becoming an associate director.Among the TV shows he contributed to during this period includeThe Jerry Lewis Show and The Bob Hope Specials, where he later shared a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for in 1961. By the late 1950s, Shea had becomeinstrumental in forming the Radio and Television Directors Guild (merged with the Screen Directors Guild in 1960 to form The Directors Guild of America) and wasa strong voice for the hiring of minorities in the industry. During the 1970s, he began an association with producers Bud Yorkin and Norman Lear, directingepisodes from two of their projects in the 1970s, the series Sanford and Son and The Jeffersons (110 episodes for the latter). Among his other credits include TheWaltons, Silver Spoons (91 episodes), Growing Pains and Designing Women, the last earning him a second Primetime Emmy Award nomination. From 1997 until2002, he served as president of the Directors Guild.A lifelong Catholic, Shea was a co-founder, with his wife Patt and other prominent Catholics in the Hollywoodentertainment community, of the Hollywood-based Catholics in Media Associates (CIMA), which he was also past president of. Shea and Patt Shea jointly receivedthe CIMA Lifetime Achievement Award in 2002 from the organization of Catholic entertainment industry professionals which celebrates its 20th anniversary in2013. Shea was also a former member of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops Committee for Communications.Personal life and familyOn January 2,1954, Shea married the former Patricia C. Carmody, who, later known as Patt Shea, became a three-time Humanitas Award-nominated screenwriter whosecredits include the CBS-TV series All in the Family, story editor and/or writer for 38 episodes of Archie Bunker's Place, in addition to screenwriter for episodes ofLou Grant, Valerie, Cagney & Lacey, In The Heat of The Night, Bagdad Café, and the CBS pilot for Gloria, Sally Struthers’ spin-off from the popular All In TheFamily TV series, among many other television series. The couple, who resided in Studio City, CA for over 30 years, have five children, three of whom arecurrently DGA members* and 1st Assistant Directors*: Shawn Shea*; Elizabeth (now deceased); William (“Bill”) Shea*; Michael J. Shea* and John Francis(“Jay”) Shea III.DeathShea died of complications from Alzheimer's disease.Passage 2:Mark Lewis (filmmaker)Mark Lewis is an Australian documentary film andtelevision producer, director and writer. He is famous for his film Cane Toads: An Unnatural History and for his body of work on animals. Unlike many otherproducers of nature films, his films do not attempt to document the animals in question or their behaviors but rather the complex relationships between peopleand society and the animals they interact with.His films have earned him many awards, including a British Academy Award nomination, a nomination from theDirectors Guild of America, two Emmy's for Outstanding Direction in documentary film, and an Emmy Award for Outstanding Science Program on AmericanTelevision.As a student Lewis helped planning Philippe Petit's famous 1974 high-wire walk between the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center. He talks about hisinvolvement in the acclaimed documentary Man on Wire (2008).Filmography(2010) Cane Toads: The Conquest(2007) The Pursuit of Excellence(2006) TheFloating Brothel(2006) The Standard of Perfection: Show Cats(2006) The Standard of Perfection - Show Cattle(2000) The Natural History of the Chicken(1999)Animalicious(1998) Rat(1994) Gordy.(1990) The Wonderful World of Dogs(1989) Round the Twist(1988) Cane Toads: An Unnatural HistoryPassage 3:JohnWatersJohn Samuel Waters Jr. (born April 22, 1946) is an American filmmaker, writer, actor, and artist. He rose to fame in the early 1970s for his transgressivecult films, including Multiple Maniacs (1970), Pink Flamingos (1972) and Female Trouble (1974). He wrote and directed the comedy film Hairspray (1988), whichbecame an international success and was later adapted into a hit Broadway musical and a 2007 musical film. He has written and directed other films, includingPolyester (1981), Cry-Baby (1990), Serial Mom (1994), Pecker (1998), and Cecil B. Demented (2000). His films contain elements of post-modern comedy andsurrealism. Waters often worked with actor and drag queen Divine and his regular cast of the Dreamlanders.As an actor, Waters has appeared in Sweet andLowdown (1999), Seed of Chucky (2004), 'Til Death Do Us Part (2007), Mangus! (2011), Excision (2012), and Suburban Gothic (2014). More recently, heperforms in his touring one-man show This Filthy World.Waters also works as a visual artist and across different media, such as installations, photography, andsculpture. In 2016, he received an honorary degree from the Maryland Institute College of Art. The audiobooks he narrated for his books Carsick and Mr.Know-It-All were nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 2015 and 2020, respectively. In 2018, Waters was named an officer of theOrder of Arts and Letters in France.Early lifeWaters was born on April 22, 1946, in Baltimore, Maryland, one of four children born to Patricia Ann (née Whitaker)and John Samuel Waters, a manufacturer of fire-protection equipment. He was raised Roman Catholic by his mother, though his father was not Roman Catholic.Through his mother, who immigrated to the United States from Victoria, British Columbia, Canada as a child, he is the great-great-great-grandson of George PriceWhitaker of the Whitaker iron family. Waters grew up in Lutherville, Maryland, a suburb of Baltimore. His boyhood friend and muse, Glenn Milstead, later knownas Divine, also lived in Lutherville. Waters lived at 313 Morris Avenue in Lutherville from his early teenage years until he moved out in his early twenties. Watersand Milstead shot many of their early films at the house, dubbing the front lawn the \"Dreamland Lot\".The film Lili inspired an interest in puppets in theseven-year-old Waters, who proceeded to stage violent versions of Punch and Judy for children's birthday parties. Biographer Robrt L. Pela says that Waters'smother believes the puppets in Lili had the greatest influence on Waters's subsequent career (though Pela believes tacky films at a local drive-in, which the youngWaters watched from a distance through binoculars, had a greater effect).Cry-Baby was also a product of Waters's boyhood, because of his fascination as aseven-year-old with the \"drapes\" then receiving intense news coverage because of the murder of Carolyn Wasilewski, a young \"drapette\", and his admiration for ayoung man living across the street who had a hot rod.Waters was privately educated at the Calvert School in Baltimore. After attending Towson Jr. High School inTowson, Maryland, and Calvert Hall College High School in nearby Towson, he graduated from Boys' Latin School of Maryland. While still a teen, he made frequenttrips into downtown Baltimore to visit Martick's, a beatnik bar, where he and Milstead met many of their later film collaborators. He was underage and couldn'tenter the bar proper, but loitered in the adjacent alley, where he relied on the kindness of patrons to slip him drinks.CareerEarly careerWaters's first short filmwas Hag in a Black Leather Jacket.MGM's The Wizard of Oz (1939) had a profound effect on Waters' creative mind, He said about it:I was always drawn toforbidden subject matter in the very, very beginning. The Wizard of Oz opened me up because it was one of the first movies I ever saw. It opened me up tovillainy, to screenwriting, to costumes. And great dialogue. I think the witch has great, great dialogue.Waters has stated that he takes an equal amount of joy andinfluence from high-brow \"art\" films and sleazy exploitation films.In January 1966, Waters and some friends were caught smoking marijuana on the grounds ofNYU, and he was soon kicked out of his dormitory. He returned to Baltimore, where he completed his next two short films, Roman Candles and Eat Your Makeup.They were followed by the feature-length films Mondo Trasho and Multiple Maniacs.Waters's films became Divine's primary star vehicles. All of Waters's earlyfilms were shot in the Baltimore area with his company of local actors, the Dreamlanders—which, in addition to Divine, included Mink Stole, Cookie Mueller, EdithMassey, David Lochary, Mary Vivian Pearce, Susan Walsh, and others. Waters met Edith Massey while she was a bartender at Pete's Hotel.Waters's early campymovies present exaggerated characters in outrageous situations with hyperbolic dialogue. Pink Flamingos, Female Trouble and Desperate Living, which he labeledthe Trash Trilogy, pushed hard at the boundaries of conventional propriety and censorship.Move toward the mainstreamWaters's 1981 film Polyester starredDivine opposite former teen idol Tab Hunter. It was the first time that Waters was not the primary camera operator for his own work, as he had startedcollaborating with local film student David Insley. Since then, his films have become less controversial and more mainstream, although works such as Hairspray,Cry-Baby, Serial Mom, Pecker and Cecil B. Demented still retain his trademark inventiveness. Hairspray, the last film he produced, became a hit Broadwaymusical that swept the 2003 Tony Awards; and a film adaptation of the Broadway musical was released in theaters on July 20, 2007 to positive reviews andcommercial success. Cry-Baby, itself a musical, also became a Broadway musical.In 2004, the NC-17-rated A Dirty Shame marked a return to Waters' earlier,more controversial work of the 1970s. Currently, it is the most recent film he directed.In 2007, Waters became the host (\"The Groom Reaper\") of 'Til Death Do UsPart, a program on America's Court TV network.In 2008, he planned to make a children's Christmas film, Fruitcake starring Johnny Knoxville and Parker Posey.Filming was set for November 2008, but the project was shelved in January 2009. In 2010, Waters told the Chicago Tribune that \"Independent films that cost $5million are very hard to get made. I sold the idea, got a development deal, got paid a great salary to write it—and now the company is no longer around, which isthe case with many independent film companies these days.\"In October 2022, it was announced that Waters will adapt his novel, Liarmouth, into a film. VillageRoadshow Pictures will produce, and Waters will write and direct.Waters has often created characters with alliterated names for his films, such as Corny Collins,Cuddles Kovinsky, Donald and Donna Dasher, Dawn Davenport, Fat Fuck Frank, Francine Fishpaw, Link Larkin, Motormouth Maybelle, Mole McHenry, Penny and"}
{"doc_id":"doc_188","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Greg A. Hill (artist)Greg A. Hill is a Canadian-born First Nations artist and curator. He is Kanyen'kehà:ka Mohawk, from Six Nations of the Grand RiverTerritory, Ontario.Early lifeHill was born and raised in Fort Erie, Ontario.Art careerHis work as a multidisciplinary artist focuses primarily on installation,performance and digital imaging and explores issues of his Mohawk and French-Canadian identity through the prism of colonialism, nationalism and concepts ofplace and community.Hill has been exhibiting his work since 1989, with solo exhibitions and performance works across Canada as well as group exhibitions inNorth America and abroad. His work can be found in the collections of the Canada Council, the Indian Art Centre, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, theCanadian Native Arts Foundation (now Indspire), the Woodland Cultural Center, the City of Ottawa, the Ottawa Art Gallery and the International Museum ofElectrography.Curatorial careerHill serves as the Audain Senior Curator of Indigenous Art at the National Gallery of Canada.Awards and honoursIn 2018, Hillreceived the Indspire Award for Arts.Passage 2:John McMahon (Surrey and Somerset cricketer)John William Joseph McMahon (28 December 1917 – 8 May 2001)was an Australian-born first-class cricketer who played for Surrey and Somerset County Cricket Clubs in England from 1947 to 1957.Surrey cricketerMcMahonwas an orthodox left-arm spin bowler with much variation in speed and flight who was spotted by Surrey playing in club cricket in North London and brought on tothe county's staff for the 1947 season at the age of 29. In the first innings of his first match, against Lancashire at The Oval, he took five wickets for 81 runs.Inhis first full season, 1948, he was Surrey's leading wicket-taker and in the last home game of the season he was awarded his county cap – he celebrated bytaking eight Northamptonshire wickets for 46 runs at The Oval, six of them coming in the space of 6.3 overs for seven runs. This would remain the best bowlingperformance of his first-class career, not surpassed, but he did equal it seven years later. In the following game, the last away match of the season, he took 10Hampshire wickets for 150 runs in the match at Bournemouth. In the 1948 season as a whole, he took 91 wickets at an average of 28.07. As a tail-endleft-handed batsman, he managed just 93 runs in the season at an average of 4.22.The emergence of Tony Lock as a slow left-arm bowler in 1949 brought astuttering end of McMahon's Surrey career. Though he played in 12 first-class matches in the 1949 season, McMahon took only 19 wickets; a similar number ofmatches in 1950 brought 34 wickets. In 1951, he played just seven times and in 1952 only three times. In 1953, Lock split the first finger of his left hand, andplayed in only 11 of Surrey's County Championship matches; McMahon played as his deputy in 14 Championship matches, though a measure of their comparativemerits was that Lock's 11 games produced 67 wickets at 12.38 runs apiece, while McMahon's 14 games brought him 45 wickets at the, for him, low average of21.53. At the end of the 1953 season, McMahon was allowed to leave Surrey to join Somerset, then languishing at the foot of the County Championship andrecruiting widely from other counties and other countries.Somerset cricketerSomerset's slow bowling in 1954 was in the hands of leg-spinner Johnny Lawrence,with support from the off-spin of Jim Hilton while promising off-spinner Brian Langford was on national service. McMahon filled a vacancy for a left-arm orthodoxspinner that had been there since the retirement of Horace Hazell at the end of the 1952 season; Hazell's apparent successor, Roy Smith, had failed to realise hispromise as a bowler in 1953, though his batting had advanced significantly.McMahon instantly became a first-team regular and played in almost every matchduring his four years with the county, not missing a single Championship game until he was controversially dropped from the side in August 1957, after which hedid not play in the Championship again.In the 1954 season, McMahon, alongside fellow newcomer Hilton, was something of a disappointment, according toWisden: \"The new spin bowlers, McMahon and Hilton, did not attain to the best standards of their craft in a wet summer, yet, like the rest of the attack, theywould have fared better with reasonable support in the field and from their own batsmen,\" it said. McMahon took 85 wickets at an average of 27.47 (Hilton tookonly 42 at a higher average). His best match was against Essex at Weston-super-Mare where he took six for 96 in the first innings and five for 45 in the second tofinish with match figures of 11 for 141, which were the best of his career. He was awarded his county cap in the 1954 season, but Somerset remained at thebottom of the table.The figures for the 1955 were similar: McMahon this time took 75 wickets at 28.77 apiece. There was a small improvement in his batting andthe arrival of Bryan Lobb elevated McMahon to No 10 in the batting order for most of the season, and he responded with 262 runs and an average of 9.03. Thisincluded his highest-ever score, 24, made in the match against Sussex at Frome. A week later in Somerset's next match, he equalled his best-ever bowlingperformance, taking eight Kent wickets for 46 runs in the first innings of a match at Yeovil through what Wisden called \"clever variation of flight and spin\". Thesematches brought two victories for Somerset, but there were only two others in the 1955 season and the side finished at the bottom of the Championship for thefourth season running.At the end of the 1955 season, Lawrence retired and McMahon became Somerset's senior spin bowler for the 1956 season, with Langfordreturning from National Service as the main support. McMahon responded with his most successful season so far, taking 103 wickets at an average of 25.57, theonly season in his career in which he exceeded 100 wickets. The bowling average improved still further in 1957 to 23.10 when McMahon took 86 wickets. But hisseason came to an abrupt end in mid-August 1957 when, after 108 consecutive Championship matches, he was dropped from the first team during theWeston-super-Mare festival. Though he played some games for the second eleven later in August, he regained his place in the first team for only a singleend-of-season friendly match, and he was told that his services were not required for the future, a decision, said Wisden, that \"proved highlycontroversial\".Sacked by SomersetThe reason behind McMahon's sacking did not become public knowledge for many years. In its obituary of him in 2002,McMahon was described by Wisden as \"a man who embraced the antipodean virtues of candour and conviviality\". It went on: \"Legend tells of a night at the FlyingHorse Inn in Nottingham when he beheaded the gladioli with an ornamental sword, crying: 'When Mac drinks, everybody drinks!'\" The obituary recounts a furtherescapade in second eleven match at Midsomer Norton where a curfew imposed on the team was circumvented by \"a POW-type loop\" organised by McMahon,\"with his team-mates escaping through a ground-storey window and then presenting themselves again\". As the only Somerset second eleven match thatMcMahon played in at Midsomer Norton was right at the end of the 1957 season, this may have been the final straw. But in any case there had been \"anembarrassing episode at Swansea's Grand Hotel\" earlier in the season, also involving Jim Hilton, who was also dismissed at the end of the season. Team-matesand club members petitioned for McMahon to be reinstated, but the county club was not to be moved.After a period in Lancashire League cricket with MilnrowCricket Club, McMahon moved back to London where he did office work, later contributing some articles to cricket magazines.== Notes and references==Passage 3:Wale AdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow. He iscurrently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in theareas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatialpolitics in Africa.Education backgroundWale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned hisM.Sc. and Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Ibadan. He also has an MPhil. and a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the University ofCambridge.CareerAdebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapers and magazines before he joined the University ofIbadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher. He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the African American and AfricanStudies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA. He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016.Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of theInternational African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies.WorksHis published works include:Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Pressand the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (CambridgeUniversity Press, 2014)Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he isthe editor and co-editor of other books, including.The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)Writersand Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan,2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).(co-edited with EbenezerObadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan,2010).AwardsRhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies.Passage 4:Nil TunMaungNil Tun Maung (born 30 September 1931) is a Burmese weightlifter. He competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics, the 1956 Summer Olympics and the1960 Summer Olympics.Passage 5:Wesley BarresiWesley Barresi (born 3 May 1984) is a South African born first-class and Netherlands international cricketer. Heis a right-handed wicket keeper-batsman and also bowls right-arm offbreak. In February 2021, Barresi announced his retirement from all forms of cricket, butreturned to the national team in August 2022.CareerWesley became the 100th victim to Indian cricketer Yuvraj Singh, when he was dismissed in the 2011 WorldCup game against India.In July 2018, he was named in the Netherlands' One Day International (ODI) squad, for their series against Nepal. Ahead of the ODI"}
{"doc_id":"doc_189","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Kaya AlpKaya Alp (Ottoman Turkish: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000, lit. 'Brave Rock') was, according to Ottoman tradition, the son of Kızıl Buğa or Basuk and the father of Suleyman Shah. He was the grandfather of Ertuğrul Ghazi, the father of the founder of the Ottoman Empire, Osman I. He was also famously known for being the successing name of Ertokus Bey’s son Kaya Alp. He was a descendant of the ancestor of his tribe, Kayı son of Gun son of Oghuz Khagan, the legendary progenitor of the Oghuz Turks.Passage 2:Abd al-MuttalibShayba ibn Hāshim (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; c. 497–578), better known as \u0000Abd al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, lit. 'Servant of Muttalib') was the fourth chief of the Quraysh tribal confederation. He was the grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.Early lifeHis father was Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf,: 81 the progenitor of the distinguished Banu Hashim, a clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. They claimed descent from Ismā'īl and Ibrāhīm. His mother was Salma bint Amr, from the Banu Najjar, a clan of the Khazraj tribe in Yathrib (later called Madinah). Hashim died while doing business in Gaza, before Abd al-Muttalib was born.: 81 His real name was \"Shaiba\" meaning 'the ancient one' or 'white-haired' because of the streak of white through his jet-black hair, and is sometimes also called Shaybah al-\u0000amd (\"The white streak of praise\").: 81–82 After his father's death he was raised in Yathrib with his mother and her family until about the age of eight, when his uncle Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf went to see him and asked his mother Salmah to entrust Shaybah to his care. Salmah was unwilling to let her son go and Shaiba refused to leave his mother without her consent. Mu\u0000\u0000alib then pointed out that the possibilities Yathrib had to offer were incomparable to Mecca. Salmah was impressed with his arguments, so she agreed to let him go. Upon first arriving in Mecca, the people assumed the unknown child was Muttalib's servant and started calling him 'Abd al-Muttalib (\"servant of Muttalib\").: 85–86Chieftain of Hashim clanWhen Mu\u0000\u0000alib died, Shaiba succeeded him as the chief of the Hāshim clan. Following his uncle Al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, he took over the duties of providing the pilgrims with food and water, and carried on the practices of his forefathers with his people. He attained such eminence as none of his forefathers enjoyed; his people loved him and his reputation was great among them.: 61 'Umar ibn Al-Kha\u0000\u0000āb's grandfather Nufayl ibn Abdul Uzza arbitrated in a dispute between 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib and \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, Abu Sufyan's father, over the custodianship of the Kaaba. Nufayl gave his verdict in favour of ' Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib. Addressing \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, he said:Why do you pick a quarrel with a person who is taller than you in stature; more imposing than you in appearance; more refined than you in intellect; whose progeny outnumbers yours and whose generosity outshines yours in lustre? Do not, however, construe this into any disparagement of your good qualities which I highly appreciate. You are as gentle as a lamb, you are renowned throughout Arabia for the stentorian tones of your voice, and you are an asset to your tribe.Discovery of Zam Zam Well'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib said that while sleeping in the sacred enclosure, he had dreamed he was ordered to dig at the worship place of the Quraysh between the two deities Isāf and Nā'ila. There he would find the Zamzam Well, which the Jurhum tribe had filled in when they left Mecca. The Quraysh tried to stop him digging in that spot, but his son Al-\u0000ārith stood guard until they gave up their protests. After three days of digging, 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib found traces of an ancient religious well and exclaimed, \"Allahuakbar!\" Some of the Quraysh disputed his claim to sole rights over water, then one of them suggested that they go to a female shaman who lived afar. It was said that she could summon jinns and that she could help them decide who was the owner of the well. So, 11 people from the 11 tribes went on the expedition. They had to cross the desert to meet the priestess but then they got lost. There was a lack of food and water and people started to lose hope of ever getting out. One of them suggested that they dig their own graves and if they died, the last person standing would bury the others. So all began digging their own graves and just as Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib started digging, water spewed out from the hole he dug and everyone became overjoyed. It was then and there decided that Abdul-Muttalib was the owner of the Zam Zam well. Thereafter he supplied pilgrims to the Kaaba with Zam Zam water, which soon eclipsed all the other wells in Mecca because it was considered sacred.: 86–89 : 62–65The Year of the ElephantAccording to Muslim tradition, the Ethiopian governor of Yemen, Abrahah al-Ashram, envied the Kaaba's reverence among the Arabs and, being a Christian, he built a cathedral on Sana'a and ordered pilgrimage be made there.: 21 The order was ignored and someone desecrated (some saying in the form of defecation: 696 note 35 ) the cathedral. Abrahah decided to avenge this act by demolishing the Kaaba and he advanced with an army towards Mecca.: 22–23 There were thirteen elephants in Abrahah's army: 99 : 26 and the year came to be known as 'Ām al-Fīl (the Year of the Elephant), beginning a trend for reckoning the years in Arabia which was used until 'Umar ibn Al-Kha\u0000\u0000āb replaced it with the Islamic Calendar in 638 CE (17 AH), with the first year of the Islamic Calendar being 622 CE.When news of the advance of Abrahah's army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinānah, Khuzā'ah and Hudhayl united in defence of the Kaaba. A man from the \u0000imyar tribe was sent by Abrahah to advise them that he only wished to demolish the Kaaba and if they resisted, they would be crushed. \" Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib told the Meccans to seek refuge in the nearest high hills while he, with some leading members of Quraysh, remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abrahah sent a dispatch inviting 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib to meet him and discuss matters. When 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib left the meeting he was heard saying, \"The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure He will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonour the servants of His House.\": 24–26 It is recorded that when Abrahah's forces neared the Kaaba, Allah commanded small birds (abābīl) to destroy Abrahah's army, raining down pebbles on it from their beaks. Abrahah was seriously wounded and retreated towards Yemen but died on the way.: 26–27 This event is referred to in the following Qur'anic chapter:Have you not seen how your Lord dealt with the owners of the Elephant?Did He not make their treacherous plan go astray?And He sent against them birds in flocks, striking them with stones of baked clay, so He rendered them like straw eaten up.Most Islamic sources place the event around the year that Muhammad was born, 570 CE, though other scholars place it one or two decades earlier. A tradition attributed to Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri in the musannaf of \u0000Abd al-Razzaq al-San\u0000ani places it before the birth of Muhammad's father.Sacrificing his son AbdullahAl-Harith was 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib's only son at the time he dug the Zamzam Well.: 64 When the Quraysh tried to help him in the digging, he vowed that if he were to have ten sons to protect him, he would sacrifice one of them to Allah at the Kaaba. Later, after nine more sons had been born to him, he told them he must keep the vow. The divination arrows fell upon his favourite son Abdullah. The Quraysh protested 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib's intention to sacrifice his son and demanded that he sacrifice something else instead. 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib agreed to consult a \"sorceress with a familiar spirit\". She told him to cast lots between Abdullah and ten camels. If Abdullah were chosen, he had to add ten more camels, and keep on doing the same until his Lord accepted the camels in Abdullah's place. When the number of camels reached 100, the lot fell on the camels. 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib confirmed this by repeating the test three times. Then the camels were sacrificed, and Abdullah was spared.: 66–68FamilyWivesAbd al-Muttalib had six known wives.Sumra bint Jundab of the Hawazin tribe.Lubnā bint Hājar of the Khuza'a tribe.Fatima bint Amr of the Makhzum clan of the Quraysh tribe.Halah bint Wuhayb of the Zuhrah clan of the Quraysh tribe.Natīla bint Janab of the Namir tribe.Mumanna'a bint Amr of the Khuza'a tribe.ChildrenAccording to Ibn Hisham, \u0000Abd al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib had ten sons and six daughters.: 707–708 note 97 However, Ibn Sa'd lists twelve sons.: 99–101 By Sumra bint Jundab:Al-\u0000ārith.: 708 He was the firstborn and he died before his father.: 99 Quthum.: 100 He is not listed by Ibn Hisham.By Fatima bint Amr:Al-Zubayr.: 707 He was a poet and a chief; his father made a will in his favour.: 99 He died before Islam, leaving two sons and daughters.: 101 : 34–35 Abu Talib, born as Abd Manaf,: 99 : 707 father of the future Caliph Ali. He later became chief of the Hashim clan.Abdullah, the father of Muhammad.: 99 : 707 Umm Hakim al-Bayda,: 100 : 707 the maternal grandmother of the third Caliph Uthman.: 32 Barra,: 100 : 707 the mother of Abu Salama.: 33 Arwa.: 100 : 707 Atika,: 100 : 707 a wife of Abu Umayya ibn al-Mughira.: 31 Umayma,: 100 : 707 the mother of Zaynab bint Jahsh and Abd Allah ibn Jahsh.: 33 By Lubnā bint Hājar:Abd al-'Uzzā, better known as Abū Lahab.: 100 : 708 By Halah bint Wuhayb:\u0000amza,: 707 the first big leader of Islam. He killed many leaders of the kufar and was considered as the strongest man of the quraysh. He was martyred at Uhud.: 100 \u0000afīyya.: 100 : 707 Al-Muqawwim.: 707 He married Qilaba bint Amr ibn Ju'ana ibn Sa'd al-Sahmia, and had children named Abd Allah, Bakr, Hind, Arwa, and Umm Amr (Qutayla or Amra).Hajl.: 707 He married Umm Murra bint Abi Qays ibn Abd Wud, and had two sons, named Abd Allah, Ubayd Allah, and three daughters named Murra, Rabi'a, and Fakhita.By Natīlah bint Khubāb:al-'Abbas,: 100 : 707 ancestor of the Abbasid caliphs.\u0000irār,: 707 who died before Islam.: 100 Jahl, died before IslamImran, died before IslamBy Mumanna'a bint 'Amr:Mus'ab, who, according to Ibn Saad, was the one known as al-Ghaydāq.: 100 He is not listed by Ibn Hisham.Al-Ghaydaq, died before Islam.Abd al-Ka'ba, died before Islam.: 100 Al-Mughira,: 100 who had the byname al-Ghaydaq.The family tree and some of his important descendantsDeathAbdul Muttalib's son 'Abdullāh died four months before Mu\u0000ammad's birth, after which Abdul Muttalib took care of his daughter-in-law Āminah. One day Muhammad's mother, Amina, wanted to go to Yathrib, where her husband, Abdullah, died. So, Muhammad, Amina, Abd al-Muttalib and their caretaker, Umm Ayman started their journey to Medina, which is around 500 kilometres away from Makkah. They stayed there for three weeks, then, started their journey back to Mecca. But, when they reached halfway, at Al-Abwa', Amina became very sick and died six years after her husband's death. She was buried over there. From then, Muhammad became an orphan. Abd al-Muttalib became very sad for Muhammad because he loved him so much. Abd al-Muttalib took care of Muhammad. But when Muhammad was eight years old, the very old Abd al-Muttalib became very sick and died at age 81-82 in 578-579 CE.Shaybah ibn Hāshim's grave can be found in the Jannat al-Mu'allā cemetery in Makkah, Saudi Arabia.See alsoFamily tree of MuhammadFamily tree of "}
{"doc_id":"doc_190","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Mona Hopton BellMona Hopton Bell (1867–1940) was a British artist, best known for her portraits of civic figures.She was the grandmother of the painter Jean H. Bell.Passage 2:Purnima (Hindi actress)Purnima Das Verma (born Meherbhano Mohammad Ali; 2 March 1934 — 14 August 2013) was an Indian actress who worked predominantly in Hindi-language films. She was the aunt of director Mahesh Bhatt and grandmother of actor Emraan Hashmi.Personal lifeMeherbano Mohammad Ali was born on 2 March 1934. Her elder sister, Shirin, is the mother of directors Mahesh Bhatt and Mukesh Bhatt. Meherbano's first husband was a journalist named Syed Shauqat Hashmi, who moved to Pakistan during the end of colonial rule in South Asia when Pakistan and India were created as new states by the British as they decolonized. Her son from this first marriage, Anwar Hashmi (father of Emraan Hashmi), acted in Baharon Ke Manzil (1968) opposite Farida Jalal. In 1954, she married for the second time with filmmaker Bhagwan Das Varma. Meherbano took the screen name 'Purnima' when she entered the film industry.CareerPurnima acted in more than 80 Bollywood films. She was a popular actress in Hindi films from late '40s to '50s. She appeared in many films including Patanga (1949), Jogan (1950), Sagai (1951), Jaal (1952), Aurat (1953), a role in Ajay Devgan's debut film Phool Aur Kaante, and the role of Sanjay Dutt's on-screen grandmother in Naam which was directed by Mahesh Bhatt (Purnima's elder sister's son). She also played the role of Amitabh Bachchan's mother in the film Zanjeer.DeathPurnima had Alzheimer's disease during the last few years of her life and died on 14 August 2013. Mahesh Bhatt later revealed on Twitter, \" My aunt Purnima, the first star of our family and who happens to be Emraan Hashmi's grandmother has entered the sunset moments of her life.\".Selected filmographyPassage 3:Hannah ArnoldHannah Arnold may refer to:Hannah Arnold (née Waterman) (c.1705–1758), mother of Benedict ArnoldHannah Arnold (beauty queen) (born 1996), Filipino-Australian model and beauty pageant titleholderPassage 4:Kaoru HatoyamaKaoru Hatoyama (\u0000\u0000 \u0000, Hatoyama Kaoru, 21 November 1888 – 15 August 1982) was an educator and an administrator, the schoolmaster of Kyoritsu Women's University, which was founded by her mother-in-law, Haruko Hatoyama. She is well known as the wife of Ichirō Hatoyama, who was the 52nd–54th Prime Minister of Japan, serving terms from December 10, 1954 through December 23, 1956. She was the mother of Iichirō Hatoyama, who was Japan's Foreign Minister from 1976 through 1977.After the elections of 2009, she became more widely known as the grandmother of Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama and his politician brother Kunio Hatoyama.See alsoHatoyama Hall (Hatoyama Kaikan)NotesPassage 5:Anne DenmanAnne Denman (1587–1661) was born in Olde Hall, Retford, Nottinghamshire. Through a second marriage with Thomas Aylesbury, she became the grandmother of Lady Anne Hyde, Duchess of York and great-grandmother of Queen Mary II and Queen Anne.Early lifeAnne was born in Olde Hall, West Retford in around 1587. She was the younger daughter of Francis Denman of Retford and Anne (Blount) Denman. Francis (born c. 1531, died 1599) was the rector of West Retford, Notts from 1578. He was the second son of Anne Hercy by her first husband, Nicholas Denman esq of East Retford, Notts. Francis had several sons who pre-deceased him and left two daughters as his heirs: Barbara (born c. 1583) who married Edward Darell (born c. 1582); and Anne.Anne's nephew, Dr John Darrell, was the youngest child of Barbara Denman and Edward Darell, and inherited substantial properties from both the Denman and Darell families. In 1665 just before his death he made a will dividing his estate between three charities. He donated the childhood home of Anne and Barbara, Olde Hall, to create a hospital for elderly men (an alms house), which became the site for Trinity Hospital, Retford (a Grade II listed building).MarriagesAnne was married at 20 and left a widow at 23 after the death of her first husband William, the younger son of Sir Thomas Darell. William was the half-brother of her sister Barbara's husband Edward.Anne left Retford due to some unknown trouble, or loss of fortune, in 1610 and proceeded to London by waggon-coach. Wilmshurst (1908) records that there had been a lawsuit between the two sisters in 1605.After reaching London, Anne is said to have halted at a hostel called the 'Goat and Compasses', where she rested before looking out for an occupation suitable for a country lady of good birth and family. The owner (not the landlord) of the hostel was Mr Thomas Aylesbury, a rich brewer of the Parish of St Andrew's, Holborn who happened to be making an inspection of his 'Houses' and required a housekeeper for his household, engaging Anne to this position. Thomas was a widower of 34, and a year later made Anne an offer of marriage.The marriage of Anne and Thomas was recorded in the Bishop of London's Registry, dated 3 October 1611, giving the couple's address as St Andrew's, Holborn. The registry notes that the marriage has 'the consent of his father, William Aylesbury, Esquire'. She is described in the register as 'Anne Darell, of the City of London, widow, whose husband died a year before'. Edwin Wilmshurst (1908) notes that Anne's first husband, William Darrel is described as 'of London', and apparently died there. He says this suggests Anne 'may have become acquainted with Mr Thomas Aylesbury before she became so young a widow and he a widower'. He also comments that on 17 April 1611, there was a partition of Estate between Edward Darrel and Barbara his wife, and her sister Anne, by an Indenture. This took place while she was working for Thomas Aylesbury but before she married him.Marrying Thomas was fortunate for Anne, as in 1627, he was created a Baronet, Master of the Mint, and Master of the Requests, by Charles I. After the King's death, the family moved to Antwerp with other Royalists. During this time in exile, Barbara, Anne's daughter died. Lady Anne Hyde, Duchess of York, and granddaughter of Anne Denman, later noted in her pocket book that her aunt Barbara died in Antwerp in 1652 and unmarried. 'My dear Aunt Bab was, when she died, 24 years of age.' Barbara, when in exile in Holland, was attached to the then Princess of Orange, as a lady in waiting at the Hague.ChildrenThe issue of Anne Denman's marriage with Thomas Aylesbury were:William baptised in 1612 at St Margaret's Lothbury in London, died in Jamaica in 1656Thomas (probably died young)Frances born 1617 died 1667, married Edward Hyde in 1634, had issueLady Anne (1637–1671), married King James II/VIIHon. Henry, later 2nd Earl of Clarendon (1638–1709)Hon. Laurence, later 1st Earl of Rochester (1641–1711)Hon. Edward, (born c 1645, died 1665) buried 13 January 1665 having died at age 19 while a student at OxfordHon. James drowned in HMS Gloucester in 1682 in the suite of the Duke of YorkLady Frances, married Thomas Keightley, Irish revenue commissioner and privy councillor in 1675.Anne, baptised at St Margaret's and married there in 1637 to John BrighamJane (probably died young)Barbara baptised at St Margaret's, Westminster, 9 May 1627 died 1652 in Antwerp, no issue.Through her daughter Frances, Anne Denman is the maternal grandmother of Anne Hyde, the first wife of James II, and is the maternal great-grandmother of Mary II of England and Queen Anne.Sir Thomas' death and willIn 1657, Sir Thomas died in exile in Breda, aged 81. Anne returned to London. Sir Thomas's will was in favour of Anne and her daughter Frances, but was disputed. Fortunately, Anne had the help of the eminent lawyer Edward Hyde (b. 18 February 1608/9 d. 1674) who was married to her daughter Frances. The deaths of Frances' brothers and sisters meant that by the time of her father's death she was the heiress for her father's estate.Edward HydeEdward Hyde was Anne's son-in-law. The Registers of Westminster Abbey show that he married Frances, daughter of Sir Thomas Aylesbury and his wife Anne, at the Church of St Margaret's, Westminster (in which Parish Sir Thomas and Anne were resident), on 10 July 1634, under a Licence from the Dean and Chapter of Westminster, issued the same day. He was said to be 26 years of age having been born in the ninth year of King Charles' reign (1609), and was already a widower. He married his first wife Anne in 1629, and she died about six months later after catching smallpox. His second wife, Frances was about 21 upon her marriage.Edward Hyde had risen rapidly in his profession. When King Charles was at Oxford, he was knighted on 22 February 1642–3, and was then made Lord Chancellor and Privy Councillor at the age of 34. Upon King Charles' death, he had to flee from Puritan vengeance. He was with King Charles II in exile in Flanders, and in Bruges on 29 January 1657–58, he was again appointed Lord Chancellor in prospectu. With the restitution of the monarchy, Edward and Frances Hyde were now in high favour. For his long service to the King, and his fidelity to the Crown, Edward was created Baron Hyde of Hindon, Wiltshire in 1660. In 1661, he was raised to be Viscount Cornberry (in which year Frances died). He was later created Earl of Clarendon (1662), taking his title from the Estate and Park of Clarendon, near Salisbury.Edward and Frances had six children. Their daughter Lady Anne (1637–1671), married King James II/VII.Death and burialAnne Denman is interred in the Hyde family vault in Westminster Abbey. She seems to have secured the regard of her grandson-in-law, James, Duke of York, as Samuel Pepys notes in his Diary that, in 1661, The Duke of York was in mourning for his wife's grandmother, who (he adds) was thought of with a great deal of fondness — and which grandmother was Anne Denman, of the Old Manor House, West Retford, Notts, now the Trinity Hospital.Queen Anne portraitAnne Denman's childhood home, the Old Hall in Retford, was given by her nephew John Darrell in his will to become a hospital for old men of good repute. As the last member of the Denman-Darrell family, he carried out the wishes of his father, Edward, in this respect. The Old Hall became Trinity Hospital, on Hospital Road, Retford. It is administered by a Trust which owns considerable property around Retford. A portrait of Queen Anne in Trinity Hospital was recently attributed (1999) by the auctioneers Phillips to Sir Godfrey Kneller. John was the nephew of Anne Denman, the first cousin of Frances Hyde, and therefore a cousin twice removed of Queen Anne.== Notes ==Passage 6:Hubba bint HulailHubba bint Hulail (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) was the grandmother of Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf, thus the great-great-great-grandmother of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.BiographyHubbah was the daughter of Hulail ibn Hubshiyyah ibn Salul ibn Ka’b ibn Amr al-Khuza’i of Banu Khuza'a who was the trustee and guardian of the Ka‘bah (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 'Cube'). She married Qusai ibn Kilab and after her father died, the keys of the Kaaba were committed to her. Qusai, according to Hulail's will, had the trusteeship of the Kaaba after him.Hubbah never gave up ambitious hopes for the line of her favourite son Abd Manaf. Her two favourite grandsons were the twin sons Amr and Abd Shams, of ‘Ātikah bint Murrah. Hubbah hoped that "}
{"doc_id":"doc_191","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Richard T. JonesRichard Timothy Jones (born January 16, 1972) is an American actor. He has worked extensively in both film and televisionproductions since the early 1990s. His television roles include Ally McBeal (1997), Judging Amy (1998–2005), CSI: Miami (2006), Girlfriends (2007), Grey'sAnatomy (2010), Hawaii Five-0 (2011–2014), Narcos (2015), and Criminal Minds (2017). Since 2018, he has played Police Sergeant Wade Grey on the ABC policedrama The Rookie.His film roles include portrayals of Lamont Carr in Disney's Full Court Miracle (2003), Laveinio \"Slim\" Hightower in Rick Famuyiwa'scoming-of-age film The Wood (1999), Mike in Tyler Perry's dramatic films Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010), and CaptainRussell Hampton in the Hollywood blockbuster Godzilla (2014).Early lifeJones was born in Kobe, Japan, to American parents and grew up in Carson, California. Heis the son of Lorene, a computer analyst, and Clarence Jones, a professional baseball player who at the time of Jones' birth was playing for the Nankai Hawks inOsaka. He has an older brother, Clarence Jones Jr., who works as a high school basketball coach. They would return to North America after Clarence's retirementfollowing the 1978 season. His parents later divorced. Jones attended Bishop Montgomery High School in Torrance, California, then graduated from TuskegeeUniversity.CareerSince the early 1990s, Jones has worked in both film and television productions.His first television role was in a 1993 episode of the seriesCalifornia Dreams. That same year, he appeared as Ike Turner, Jr. in What's Love Got to Do with It. From 1999 to 2005, he starred as Bruce Calvin van Exel inthe CBS legal drama series Judging Amy.Over the next two decades, Jones starred or guest-starred in high-profile television series such as Ally McBeal (1997),CSI: Miami (2006), Girlfriends (2007), Grey's Anatomy (2010), Hawaii Five-0 (2011–2014), Narcos (2015), and Criminal Minds (2017).His film roles includeportrayals of Lamont Carr in the Disney film Full Court Miracle (2003), Laveinio \"Slim\" Hightower in Rick Famuyiwa's coming-of-age film The Wood (1999), andMike in Tyler Perry's dramatic films Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010), and Captain Russell Hampton in the Hollywoodblockbuster Godzilla (2014).From 2017 to 2018, Jones played Detective Tommy Cavanaugh in the CBS drama series Wisdom of the Crowd.Since February 2018,Jones has played the role of Sergeant Wade Gray in the ABC police procedural drama series The Rookie with Nathan Fillion.Personal lifeJoshua Media Ministriesclaims that its leader, David E. Taylor, mentors Jones in ministry, and that Jones has donated $1 million to its efforts.FilmographyFilmTelevisionPassage 2:DanaBlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the boardof directors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and an Israeli cultureentrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israelin 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors. During her studiesshe worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film and academiccareerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged and promotedproductions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities.Blankstein directed the mini-series\"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed thenew director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launchof the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains(graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)Passage 3:LammanRuckerLamman Rucker  (born October 6, 1971) is an American actor. Rucker began his career on the daytime soap operas As the World Turns and All MyChildren, before roles in The Temptations, Tyler Perry's films Why Did I Get Married?, Why Did I Get Married Too?, and Meet the Browns, and its televisionadaptation. In 2016, he began starring as Jacob Greenleaf in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series, Greenleaf. Rucker is married to Kelly Davis Rucker, agraduate of Hampton University. As of 2022, he stars in BET+ drama The Black Hamptons.Early lifeRucker was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son ofMalaya (née Ray) and Eric Rucker. He has partial ancestry from Barbados. Rucker spent his formative years in the greater Washington, DC, Maryland area. Hefirst had an interest in acting after he was placed in many child pageants.  His first acting role was as Martin Luther King in the 4th grade. He was in the dramaclub in 7th grade and then attended high school at the Duke Ellington School of the Arts in Washington, D.C. Rucker studied at Carnegie-Mellon University andDuquesne University.On August 29, 2019, he shared personal life experiences that he credits for his success with the Hampton University football team.CareerHismajor role came in 2002 when he assumed the role of attorney T. Marshall Travers on the CBS daytime soap opera As the World Turns opposite Tamara Tunie. Heleft the series the following year and portrayed Garret Williams on ABC soap opera All My Children in 2005. He also had the recurring roles on the UPN sitcoms Allof Us and Half & Half.Rucker is best known for his roles in the Tyler Perry's films. He co-starred in Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and  Why Did I Get Married Too?(2010). He played Will Brown in 2008 film Meet The Browns. He later had a starring role on Perry's sitcom Meet the Browns reprising his role as Will from 2009 to2011. The following year after Meet the Browns, Rucker was cast in the male lead role opposite Anne Heche in the NBC comedy series Save Me, but left after pilotepisode. He later had roles in a number of small movies and TV movies. Rucker also had regular role opposite Mena Suvari in the short-lived WE tv drama series,South of Hell.In 2015, Rucker was cast as one of leads in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series, Greenleaf. He plays Jacob Greenleaf, the eldest son of LynnWhitfield' and Keith David's characters.FilmographyFilmTelevisionAward nominationsPassage 4:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegianhistorian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the directorof Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order ofSt. Olav.Passage 5:Erle C. KentonErle C. Kenton (August 1, 1896 – January 28, 1980) was an American film director. Kenton was  director of B films, with hismost famous film being Island of Lost Souls starring Charles Laughton.BiographyPrior to filmwork, Kenton was a school teacher and later decided to become ananimal exhibitor. After working with various dog, pony and other animal shows, he entered the vaudeville circuit as a comedian. This led to him entering the filmindustry working on the Keystone Cops series of films making various short comedies.Kenton began as a writer for Mack Sennett in 1914 and would direct featurefilms for Columbia Pictures,  Tiffany Pictures, Paramount Pictures, RKO Pictures, Republic Pictures. He worked for Universal Pictures between 1941 and 1946making films such as The Ghost of Frankenstein, House of Frankenstein, House of Dracula and The Cat Creeps and several films featuring comedians Abbott &Costello. Kenton was replaced by Charles Lamont on Hit the Ice after problems with Lou Costello.Producer Paul Malvern stated later that Kenton and him \"gotalong beautifully\" and that \"He was one director who thought everything out and made sure that he came in on budget and on time. He wasn't real fond ofdirecting the Abbott and Costello films so he got a kick out of the monster films.\" Kenton spoke about directing horror films in a 1944 interview, stating \"They giveus a chance to let our imagination run wild. The art department can go to town on creep sets. Prop men have fun with cobwebs. The cameraman has fun withtrick lighting and shadows. The director has fun. We have more fun making a horror picture than a comedy.\"Kenton and Edward Ludwig were the principaldirectors of the 1958–1960 CBS television series, The Texan. Kenton died on January 28, 1980, of Parkinson's disease in Glendale, California. Malvern recalledthat when he visited Kenton before his death, Kenton did not recognize him.Selected filmographyPassage 6:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy(born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was thedirector of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrianKennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 hebecame the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody EssexMuseum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989)degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the EuropeanCommission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance(1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of theIrish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he becameDirector of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughoutAustralia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of"}
{"doc_id":"doc_192","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Tomáš HudečekTomáš Hudeček (born 10 May 1979 in Olomouc) is a Czech university (assoc.) professor and former politician. He is currently the headof the Department of Public Administration and Regional Studies at the Masaryk Institute of Advanced Studies of the Czech Technical University in Prague, aformer local (non-party) politician and the Mayor of the Capital City of Prague. He is married, has three sons, lives alternately in Prague and Ostrava.In 2010 hewas elected to the Municipal Assembly in Prague as a candidate of the TOP 09 party.  On 24 November 2011 he became a member of the executive council ofPrague and the Deputy Mayor of Bohuslav Svoboda. Hudeček was elected deputy mayor of Prague between 24 November 2011 and 23 May 2013, then deputymayor with the responsibilities of Mayor during the flooding of May and June 2013 days in Prague, and Mayor of Prague between 20 June 2013 and 26 October2014.Passage 2:A Trial in PragueA Trial in Prague is an 83 min colour documentary film directed by Zuzana Justman, about the Slánský trial, a high-profile showtrial in 1952 Communist Czechoslovakia.ContentAt the height of the Cold War, an infamous political show trial, known as the Slánský trial, took place inCzechoslovakia. In 1952, 14 leading Communists, including Rudolf Slánský, the second most powerful man in the country, were tried on charges of high treasonand espionage. Although they were innocent of the charges, they confessed and were convicted. Most of the men were hanged, but three received life sentences.Eleven of the fourteen were Jews.The film tells the story of the trial and the paranoia of the period through testimonies, trial footage, archival films and extensivedocumentation. Among the people who appear in the film are Lise London, whose late husband Artur London was one of the defendants and wrote about the trialin a widely published memoir \"The Confession;\" Eduard Goldstucker, a Kafka scholar and the first Czech ambassador to Israel who was jailed and forced to testifyat the trial; and Jan Kavan, the former Czech Minister of Foreign Affairs, whose father, also a trial witness, died shortly after his release from prison.What ledthese men to their passionate belief in Communism and why did they publicly confess to crimes they did not commit?  The film explores the questions, as well asthe role of Moscow, the motives for the trial and its anti-Semitic thrust. It deals with the personal stories of the condemned men and the legacy they left theirchildren, who \"feel a need to live out the interrupted lives of their fathers\".Comments\"Sensitive, intelligent & moving … shows the human face of bothcommunism and its victims\" - New York Times \"Harrowing and enlightening, a tale that even Kafka would find hard to imagine\" (Boston Phoenix).\"Measured,informative…neatly structured\" (Variety).“The film is as compelling for these painful details as for the tough-minded analysis that ties them together.” ( TheVillage Voice)“Powerful, important and refreshingly straightforward documentary.” (New York Post)SourcesSlánská, Josefa (1969). Report On My Husband.London: Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-097320-8.London, Artur (1971). Confession. USA: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-22170-2.Margolius, Ivan (2006). Reflections ofPrague: Journeys through the 20th century. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 0-470-02219-1.Kaplan, Karel (1990). Report on the Murder of the General Secretary.London: I. B. Tauris & Co. ISBN 1-85043-211-2.Heda Margolius Kovaly (1997) Under a Cruel Star: A life in Prague 1941-1968 (ISBN 0-8419-1377-3).Passage3:Vojtěch PetráčekVojtěch Petráček (born 17 February 1964 in Prague) is a Czech nuclear physicist and University Lecturer. Since February 2018, He has alsobeen the rector of the Czech Technical University in Prague (CVUT) in Prague.EducationAfter attending the Nad Štolou Grammar School in the Letnány, Petráčekstudied mathematics and physics from 1982 at the Charles University, obtaining a doctorate in 1987.CareerIn 2014 he unsuccessfully ran in the Rectorateelection of the ČVUT, but in 2017 he was elected and at the end of January, 2018 he was appointed to this position by the Czech President Miloš Zeman witheffect from 1. February 2018.PublicationsVojtěch Petráček, as of 2018, has published 117 articles.Passage 4:Henry Kolowrat Jr.Henry Kolowrat (Czech: JindřichKolowrat; August 25, 1933 – March 16, 2021) was an American fencer. He was born in Prague into a noble Kolowrat family. He moved with his parents to theUnited States in 1948 after the communist coup d'état in Czechoslovakia. He became a U.S. citizen in 1956. He competed in the team épée event at the 1960Summer Olympics.Passage 5:Zuzana JustmanZuzana Justman, born Zuzana Pick (born 20 June 1931), is a Czech-American maker of documentary films andwriter. She was born in former Czechoslovakia, which she left in 1948 with her mother after surviving two years at Theresienstadt concentration camp duringWorld War II. She went to New York state for college and graduate school, and settled in New York City afterward. After working as a writer and translator, in thelate 1980s, she started filmmaking. She has filmed most of her documentaries in the Czech Republic and other European countries, and her topics have been theHolocaust of World War II and postwar history.Early lifeShe was born into a Jewish family as Zuzana Pick, the second child of Viktor and Marie Pick in Prague,Czechoslovakia. She had an older brother, Jiří Robert Pick, who became a writer and playwright. During World War II Zuzana, her brother and her parents, Viktorand Marie Pick, were imprisoned for two years in the Terezín concentration camp. Her father was deported to the Auschwitz extermination camp, where he waskilled; she, her mother and brother were among the survivors of Theresienstadt. They returned to Prague.After the communist putsch (\"Victorious February\") of1948, Zuzana and her mother emigrated to Argentina. Jiří remained in Prague.Zuzana left Buenos Aires in 1950 to study at Vassar College. She received a B.A.from Vassar and later a Ph.D. in Slavic Linguistics from Columbia University in New York.CareerAfter working as a writer and translator, in 1986 Pick began tomake her first film Terezin Diary (completed in 1989). The documentary is about the World War II-era Theresienstadt concentration camp in occupiedCzechoslovakia.In 1993, she wrote, produced and directed Czech Women: Now We Are Free.Her documentary Voices of the Children (1997), which tells the storyof three concentration camp survivors, received the 1999 Emmy Award for best historical program, the Certificate of Merit at the Chicago International FilmFestival, in 1998 the Gold Plaque at the Chicago International Television Competition, in 1998 Best Documentary and Audience Choice for Best Documentaryawards at Film Fest New Haven, in 1997 the Silver Apple from National Educational Media Network.Justman's film A Trial in Prague (2001) is about a 1952 showtrial in Communist Czechoslovakia (known as the Slansky Trial). It was released theatrically in a great number of venues and it was uniformly well-received bothcritically and commercially.Her 2006 adaptation of her brother's 1982 play The Unlucky Man in the Yellow Cap (in original Czech Smolař ve žluté čepici ), wasperformed at the FringeNYC festival in August 2006.Her play Waiting for Father premiered at a staged reading at the Czech Center New York on November 16,2018.Her story My Terezin Diary was published in The New Yorker on September 9, 2019. It was also published in German translation in Switzerland in DasMagazin in January 2020.Marriage and familyShe was married for nearly 50 years to the late Daniel Justman, a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. She has two sonsPhilip and David, from a previous marriage to the late writer David Boroff. She has two stepchildren, Alexander and Jessica Justman, from Daniel's first marriage.Her first husband was Miles/Milos Glaser.Film documentariesA Trial in Prague, 2000 – director, producer, screenwriter Voices of the Children, 1997 – director,screenwriterCzech Women: Now We Are Free, 1993 – director, screenwriter (with J. Becker, L. Studničková)Terezin Diary, 1989 (screenwriter, executiveproducer), directed and produced by Dan WeissmanTheatreThe Unlucky Man in the Yellow Cap, directed by Marcy Arlin, lyrics, translation and cooperation AlexZucker, other lyrics by Peter Fish (also music), Zuzana Justman, J.R. Pick, performed at the FringeNYC festival, August 2006Justman's play Waiting for Fatherpremiered at a staged reading at the Czech Center New York on November 16, 2018.Passage 6:Karel WellnerKarel Wellner (5 March 1875, in Unhošť – 14 June1926, in Olomouc) was a Czech graphic artist, painter, cartoonist, illustrator, art historian and critic. He was also a secondary school teacher and professor.Hegraduated from high school in Prague, and then studied industrial engineering and art  in Prague. He moved to Olomouc in 1902 and was active in illustratingprofessional literature and as an art historian. Some of his works were published in Germany. As a painter he took part in exhibitions in Prague and with theAssociation of Visual Artists in Moravia. He was active mainly in  graphic art. He has published several lithographs and etchings of the old city of Olomouc.SeealsoList of Czech paintersPassage 7:Petr HájekPetr Hájek (Czech pronunciation: [\u0000p\u0000tr\u0000 \u0000\u0000a\u0000j\u0000k]; 6 February 1940 – 26 December 2016) was a Czechscientist in the area of mathematical logic and a professor of mathematics. Born in Prague, he worked at the Institute of Computer Science at the Academy ofSciences of the Czech Republic and as a lecturer at the faculty of mathematics and physics at the Charles University in Prague and at the Faculty of NuclearSciences and Physical Engineering of the Czech Technical University in Prague.AcademicsPetr Hájek studied at the faculty of mathematics and physics of theCharles University in Prague. Influenced by Petr Vopěnka, he specialized in set theory and arithmetic, and later also in logic and artificial intelligence. Hecontributed to establishing the mathematical fundamentals of fuzzy logic. Following the Velvet Revolution, he was appointed a senior lecturer (1993) and aprofessor (1997). From 1992 to 2000 he held the position of chairman of the Institute of Computer Science at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic.From 1996 to 2003 he was also president of the Kurt Gödel Society.Later, he graduated from the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague, where he studied thepipe organ under Jiří Reinberger to become an organ player in a church.Awards2002, Medal of the Minister of Education of the Czech Republic2006, Medal ofMerit, third grade, in the area of sciences by President of the Czech Republic Václav Klaus2008, doctor honoris causa from Silesian University inOpavaPapersHájek, Petr; Kalášek, Pavel; Kůrka, Petr (1960). O dynamické logice. Praha: Academia.Vopěnka, Petr; Hájek, Petr (1972). The Theory of Semisets.Trans. Jech, T. and Rousseau, G. Praha: Academia.Hájek, Petr; Havránek, Tomáš; Chytil, Metoděj K. (1983). Metoda GUHA: automatická tvorba hypotéz. Praha:Academia.Hájek, Petr; Pudlák, Pavel (1993). Metamathematics of First-Order Arithmetic. Berlin: Springer.See alsoSemisetPassage 8:Three StrangersThree"}
{"doc_id":"doc_193","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Sarre Anglo-Saxon cemeterySarre Anglo-Saxon cemetery is a place of burial that was used in the sixth and seventh centuries CE.BackgroundWith theadvent of the Anglo-Saxon period in the fifth century CE, the area that became Kent underwent a radical transformation on a political, social, and physical level.In the preceding era of Roman Britain, the area had been administered as the civitas of Cantiaci, a part of the Roman Empire, but following the collapse of Romanrule in 410 CE, many signs of Romano-British society began to disappear, replaced by those of the ascendant Anglo-Saxon culture. Later Anglo-Saxon accountsattribute this change to the widescale invasion of Germanic language tribes from northern Europe, namely the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. Archaeological andtoponymic evidence shows that there was a great deal of syncretism, with Anglo-Saxon culture interacting and mixing with the Romano-British culture.The OldEnglish term Kent first appears in the Anglo-Saxon period, and was based on the earlier Celtic-language name Cantii. Initially applied only to the area east of theRiver Medway, by the end of the sixth century it also referred to areas to the west of it. The Kingdom of Kent was the first recorded Anglo-Saxon kingdom toappear in the historical record, and by the end of sixth century, it had become a significant political power, exercising hegemony over large parts of southern andeastern Britain. At the time, Kent had strong trade links with Francia, while the Kentish royal family married members of Francia's Merovingian dynasty, who werealready Christian. Kentish King Æthelberht was the overlord of various neighbouring kingdoms when he converted to Christianity in the early seventh century as aresult of Augustine of Canterbury and the Gregorian mission, who had been sent by Pope Gregory to replace England's pagan beliefs with Christianity. It was inthis context that the Polhill cemetery was in use.Kent has a wealth of Early Medieval funerary archaeology. The earliest excavation of Anglo-Saxon Kentish graveswas in the 17th century, when antiquarians took an increasing interest in the material remains of the period. In the ensuing centuries, antiquarian interest gaveway to more methodical archaeological investigation, and prominent archaeologists like Bryan Faussett, James Douglas, Cecil Brent, George Payne, and CharlesRoach Smith \"dominated\" archaeological research in Kent.Archaeological investigationThe existence of Sarre was not noted by any of the early antiquarians whostudied the Anglo-Saxon cemeteries of Kent. Sarre cemetery was discovered in 1843, and re-examined in 1860, when a number of artefacts were discoveredduring construction work at Sarre windmill, subsequently being purchased by the British Museum. It was excavated in 1863 by the Kent Archaeological Society, ina project directed by John Brent, who published his findings in the Archaeologia Cantiana journal. Aided by two workmen, he used a metal probe to determine thelocations of the graves.After this excavation, which was believed to have been total, the cemetery was relegated to \"the history of archaeology\", being considered“arguably the richest Anglo-Saxon burial ground yet discovered”. It was not scheduled as an Ancient Monument.In 1982, an excavation of the supposed site of St.Giles took place under the directorship of D.R.J. Perkins, revealing Anglo-Saxon graves around 50 metres away from Brent's excavated area. This led Perkins toreview the original cemetery plan, and undertake aerial photography of the site; this suggested that there were various features that Brent had not revealed, andthat the cemetery was larger than previously believed. It was decided that further excavation of the site was necessary, with the cooperation of the landowners,Church Commissioners, as well as the local farmer, Michael Baxter.In May 1991, Southern Water commenced a sewage construction near the site, and funded arescue excavation of the area from the Trust for Thanet Archaeology.See alsoList of Anglo-Saxon cemeteriesBuckland Anglo-Saxon cemeteryFingleshamAnglo-Saxon cemeteryMill Hill Anglo-Saxon cemeteryPassage 2:William Rockhill NelsonWilliam Rockhill Nelson (March 7, 1841 – April 13, 1915) was an Americanreal estate developer and co-founder of The Kansas City Star in Kansas City, Missouri.  He donated his estate (and home) for the establishment of theNelson-Atkins Museum of Art.He is buried at Mt. Washington Cemetery with his wife, daughter and son-in-law.Early lifeNelson was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana.His father was publisher Isaac De Groff Nelson (1810–1891) and his mother was Elizabeth Rockhill (1816–1889), the daughter of William R. Rockhill, animportant farmer and politician in Fort Wayne, Indiana. For a short time, Isaac Nelson owned The Sentinel newspaper (which became the Fort Wayne NewsSentinel). But I.D.G. Nelson, as he was fondly known for many years in Fort Wayne, was much more renowned as a nursery owner. His own estate, \"Elm Park\",was considered \"the showplace of Allen County.\"Nelson, as a 15-year-old attended the University of Notre Dame (which accepted high school students) at thetime for two years which he described as \"Botany Bay for bad boys.\" Notre Dame was reported to have asked that he not return.He was admitted to the bar in1862 and was a campaign manager for Democratic presidential nominee Samuel J. Tilden. Tilden told him: \"While it is a great thing to lead armies, it is a greaterthing to lead the minds of men.\"Nelson attempted to run a store in Savannah, Georgia but it failed. The southern sojourn was to earn him the nickname \"TheColonel\" even though he never served in the military. William Allen White said later: \"Not that he was ever a colonel of anything...He was justcoloneliferous.\"NewspapersNelson formally took over the Sentinel with Samuel Morss in 1879. In 1880 they moved to Kansas City and started the Star. At thetime there were three daily competitors – the Evening Mail; The Kansas City Times; and the Kansas City Journal. Nelson took over sole ownership of the paperwithin a few months.Nelson's business strategy called for cheap advance subscriptions and an intention to be \"absolutely independent in politics, aiming to dealby all men and all parties with impartiality and fearlessness.\"He purchased the Kansas City Evening Mail and its Associated Press franchise in 1882 and started theWeekly Kansas City Star in 1890 and the Sunday Kansas City Star in 1894. Nelson bought the Times in 1901, putting The Morning Kansas City Star on it.Nelsonhad portraits of Tilden, Grover Cleveland, and Theodore Roosevelt in his office. Roosevelt stayed with Nelson at Oak Hall.In one encounter, Kansas City MayorJoseph J. Davenport was thrown down a stairwell at the Star building by editors (including William Allen White) when he was believed to have physicallythreatened Nelson. Nelson said afterwards, \"The Star never loses!\"Other interestsIn addition to his newspaper duties, Nelson developed an area of farmland southof downtown Kansas City into a neighborhood of more than 100 houses, including his own mansion called Oak Hall. The area, which became known as the RockhillDistrict, was noted for its use of limestone in both the houses and in stone walls that stood beside the streets  Nelson also acquired more than 2,400 acres (9.7km2) in what is presently Grain Valley, Missouri, for the establishment of Sni A Bar Farm.  The farm's mission was the development of improved breedingmethods and livestock.  It served as one of the world's leaders in animal health for more than 30 years.He campaigned for Kansas City's George Kessler-designedpark and boulevard system and the 1900 “Kansas City Spirit” to build Convention Hall in 90 days in order to host the 1900 Democratic National Convention afterthe original (and new) convention hall had burned in April 1900.LegacyNelson provided in his will that following the death of his wife and daughter his Oak Hillmansion be torn down and its 30-acre (120,000 m2) estate turned into an art museum.  Proceeds from his $6 million estate were used to build the Nelson-AtkinsMuseum of Art in Kansas City.  Nelson's will also established a trust for Sni A Bar Farm, with Presidents from the University of Missouri, the University of Kansas,and the University of Oklahoma charged with selecting its trustees.The Art Gallery originally contained a recreation of Nelson's oak paneled room from Oak Hall(and namesake of the estate). The room contained Nelson's red plush easy chair and bookcases.  The room was dismantled in 1988 to make way for aphotography studio. His memorial is located in a mausoleum located at Mount Washington Cemetery in Independence, Missouri, between Truman Road and USRoute 24.Passage 3:Motherland (disambiguation)Motherland is the place of one's birth, the place of one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnicgroup.Motherland may also refer to:Music\"Motherland\" (anthem), the national anthem of MauritiusNational Song (Montserrat), also called\"Motherland\"Motherland (Natalie Merchant album), 2001Motherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album), 2011Motherland (Daedalus album), 2011\"Motherland\"(Crystal Kay song), 2004Film and televisionMotherland (1927 film), a 1927 British silent war filmMotherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary filmMotherland(2015 film), a 2015 Turkish dramaMotherland (2022 film), a 2022 documentary film about the Second Nagorno-Karabakh WarMotherland (TV series), a 2016British television seriesMotherland: Fort Salem, a 2020 American science fiction drama seriesOther usesMotherland Party (disambiguation), the name of severalpolitical groupsPersonifications of Russia, including a list of monuments called MotherlandSee alsoAll pages with titles containing MotherlandMother Country(disambiguation)Passage 4:Meritites IMeritites I was an ancient Egyptian queen of the 4th Dynasty. Her name means \"Beloved of her Father\". Several of her titlesare known from a stela found at Giza. She was buried in the middle Queen’s Pyramid in Giza (Pyramid G 1b).Meritites was a daughter of King Sneferu and hisconsort of unknown name. Meritites married her (half?-)brother, King Khufu. With Khufu, she was the mother of the Crown Prince Kawab, and possibly Djedefre.Both Queen Hetepheres II and Pharaoh Khafre have been suggested as children of Meretites I and Khufu as well, and it is possible that Meritites II was a daughterof Meritites I as well.Auguste Mariette recorded a stela at Giza in which Meritites is said to be a favorite of both Sneferu and Khufu:King’s wife, his beloved,devoted to Horus, Mertitytes. King’s wife, his beloved, Mertitytes; beloved of the Favorite of the Two Goddesses; she who says anything whatsoever and it is donefor her. Great in the favor of Snefr[u]; great in the favor of Khuf[u], devoted to Horus, honored under Khafre. Merti[tyt]es. [Breasted]Meritites held the titles:\"great one of the hetes-sceptre of Khufu\" (Weret-hetes-net-Khufu, wrt-hetes-nt-khwfw), great one of the hetes-sceptre of Snofru (Weret-hetes-net-snofru,wrt-hetes-nt-snfrw), king’s wife, his beloved (Hemet-nesu Meritef, hmt-nsw meryt.f), attendant of Horus (Khet-heru, kht-hrw) and consort and beloved of theTwo Ladies (Semayt-meri-nebti, sm\u0000yt-mry-nbty).PyramidPyramid G1-b is thought to be the tomb of Meritites. The queen's pyramids were often constructed to"}
{"doc_id":"doc_194","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Hermann GöringHermann Wilhelm Göring (or Goering; German: [\u0000h\u0000\u0000man \u0000v\u0000lh\u0000lm \u0000\u0000ø\u0000\u0000\u0000ŋ] (listen); 12 January 1893 – 15 October 1946)was a German politician, military leader, and convicted war criminal. He was one of the most powerful figures in the Nazi Party, which ruled Germany from 1933to 1945.A veteran World War I fighter pilot ace, Göring was a recipient of the Pour le Mérite (\"The Blue Max\"). He was the last commander of Jagdgeschwader 1(JG I), the fighter wing once led by Manfred von Richthofen. An early member of the Nazi Party, Göring was among those wounded in Adolf Hitler's failed BeerHall Putsch in 1923. While receiving treatment for his injuries, he developed an addiction to morphine which persisted until the last year of his life. After Hitlerbecame Chancellor of Germany in 1933, Göring was named as minister without portfolio in the new government. One of his first acts as a cabinet minister was tooversee the creation of the Gestapo, which he ceded to Heinrich Himmler in 1934.Following the establishment of the Nazi state, Göring amassed power andpolitical capital to become the second most powerful man in Germany. He was appointed commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe (air force), a position he held untilthe final days of the regime. Upon being named Plenipotentiary of the Four Year Plan in 1936, Göring was entrusted with the task of mobilizing all sectors of theeconomy for war, an assignment which brought numerous government agencies under his control. In September 1939, Hitler designated him as his successor anddeputy in all his offices. After the Fall of France in 1940, he was bestowed the specially created rank of Reichsmarschall, which gave him seniority over all officersin Germany's armed forces.By 1941, Göring was at the peak of his power and influence. As the Second World War progressed, Göring's standing with Hitler andwith the German public declined after the Luftwaffe proved incapable of preventing the Allied bombing of Germany's cities and resupplying surrounded Axis forcesin Stalingrad. Around that time, Göring increasingly withdrew from military and political affairs to devote his attention to collecting property and artwork, much ofwhich was stolen from Jewish victims of the Holocaust. Informed on 22 April 1945 that Hitler intended to commit suicide, Göring sent a telegram to Hitlerrequesting his permission to assume leadership of the Reich. Considering his request an act of treason, Hitler removed Göring from all his positions, expelled himfrom the party, and ordered his arrest. After the war, Göring was convicted of conspiracy, crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity at theNuremberg trials in 1946. He was sentenced to death by hanging but committed suicide by ingesting cyanide hours before the sentence was to be carriedout.Early life and educationGöring was born on 12 January 1893 at the Marienbad Sanatorium in Rosenheim, Bavaria. His father, Heinrich Ernst Göring (31October 1839 – 7 December 1913), a former cavalry officer, had been the first governor-general of German South West Africa (modern-day Namibia). Heinrichhad three children from a previous marriage. Göring was the fourth of five children by Heinrich's second wife, Franziska Tiefenbrunn (1859–15 July 1943), aBavarian peasant. Göring's elder siblings were Karl, Olga, and Paula; his younger brother was Albert. At the time that Göring was born, his father was serving asconsul general in Haiti, and his mother had returned home briefly to give birth. She left the six-week-old baby with a friend in Bavaria and did not see the childagain for three years, when she and Heinrich returned to Germany.Göring's godfather was Hermann Epenstein, a wealthy Jewish physician and businessman hisfather had met in Africa. Epenstein provided the Göring family, who were surviving on Heinrich's pension, first with a family home in Berlin-Friedenau, and then asmall castle called Veldenstein, near Nuremberg. Göring's mother became Epenstein's mistress around this time, and remained so for some fifteen years.Epenstein acquired the minor title of Ritter (knight) von Epenstein through service and donations to the Crown.Interested in a career as a soldier from a veryearly age, Göring enjoyed playing with toy soldiers and dressing up in a Boer uniform his father had given him. He was sent to boarding school at age eleven,where the food was poor and discipline was harsh. He sold a violin to pay for his train ticket home, and then took to his bed, feigning illness, until he was told hewould not have to return. He continued to enjoy war games, pretending to lay siege to the castle Veldenstein and studying Teutonic legends and sagas. Hebecame a mountain climber, scaling peaks in Germany, at the Mont Blanc massif, and in the Austrian Alps. At age 16, he was sent to a military academy at BerlinLichterfelde, from which he graduated with distinction.Göring joined the Prince Wilhelm Regiment (112th Infantry, Garrison: Mülhausen) of the Prussian Army in1912. The next year his mother had a falling-out with Epenstein. The family was forced to leave Veldenstein and moved to Munich; Göring's father died shortlyafterwards. It was in Bavaria where Göring developed his \"romantic sense of Germanness\" that further evolved under National Socialism. When World War Ibegan in August 1914, Göring was stationed at Mülhausen with his regiment.World War IDuring the first year of World War I, Göring served with his infantryregiment in the area of Mülhausen, a garrison town less than 2 km from the French frontier. He was hospitalized with rheumatism, a result of the damp of trenchwarfare. While he was recovering, his friend Bruno Loerzer convinced him to transfer to what would become, by October 1916, the Luftstreitkräfte (transl. aircombat forces) of the German army, but his request was turned down. Later that year, Göring flew as Loerzer's observer in Feldflieger Abteilung 25 (FFA 25);Göring had informally transferred himself. He was discovered and sentenced to three weeks' confinement to barracks, but the sentence was never carried out. Bythe time it was supposed to be imposed, Göring's association with Loerzer had been made official. They were assigned as a team to FFA 25 in the Crown Prince'sFifth Army. They flew reconnaissance and bombing missions, for which the Crown Prince invested both Göring and Loerzer with the Iron Cross, first class.Aftercompleting the pilot's training course, Göring was assigned to Jagdstaffel 5. Seriously wounded in the hip in aerial combat, he took nearly a year to recover. Hethen was transferred to Jagdstaffel 26, commanded by Loerzer, in February 1917. He steadily scored air victories until May, when he was assigned to commandJagdstaffel 27. Serving with Jastas 5, 26 and 27, he continued to win victories. In addition to his Iron Crosses (1st and 2nd Class), he received the Zähringer Lionwith swords, the Friedrich Order, the House Order of Hohenzollern with swords third class, and finally, in May 1918, the coveted Pour le Mérite. According toHermann Dahlmann, who knew both men, Göring had Loerzer lobby for the award. He finished the war with 22 victories. A thorough post-war examination ofAllied loss records showed that only two of his awarded victories were doubtful. Three were possible and 17 were certain, or highly likely.On 7 July 1918, followingthe death of Wilhelm Reinhard, successor to Manfred von Richthofen, Göring was made commander of the \"Flying Circus\", Jagdgeschwader 1. His arrogance madehim unpopular with the men of his squadron.In the last days of the war, Göring was repeatedly ordered to withdraw his squadron, first to Tellancourt airdrome,then to Darmstadt. At one point, he was ordered to surrender the aircraft to the Allies; he refused. Many of his pilots intentionally crash-landed their planes tokeep them from falling into enemy hands.Like many other German veterans, Göring was a proponent of the stab-in-the-back myth, the belief which held that theGerman Army had not really lost the war, but instead was betrayed by the civilian leadership: Marxists, Jews, and especially the republicans, who had overthrownthe German monarchy. Atop the frustration of military defeat, Göring also experienced the personal disappointment of being snubbed by his fiancée's upper-classfamily, who broke off the engagement when he returned penniless from the front.After World War IGöring remained in aviation after the war. He triedbarnstorming and briefly worked at Fokker. After spending most of 1919 living in Denmark, he moved to Sweden and joined Svensk Lufttrafik, a Swedish airline.Göring was often hired for private flights. During the winter of 1920–1921, he was hired by Count Eric von Rosen to fly him to his castle from Stockholm. Invitedto spend the night, Göring may at this time have first seen the swastika emblem, which Rosen had set in the chimney piece as a family badge.This was also thefirst time that Göring saw his future wife; the count introduced his sister-in-law, Baroness Carin von Kantzow (née Freiin von Fock). Estranged from her husbandof 10 years, she had an eight-year-old son. Göring was immediately infatuated and asked her to meet him in Stockholm. They arranged a visit at the home of herparents and spent much time together through 1921, when Göring left to study political science at the University of Munich. Carin obtained a divorce, followedGöring to Munich, and married him on 3 February 1922. Their first home together was a hunting lodge at Hochkreuth in the Bavarian Alps, near Bayrischzell,some 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Munich. After Göring met Adolf Hitler and joined the Nazi Party in 1922, they moved to Obermenzing, a suburb of Munich.EarlyNazi careerGöring joined the Nazi Party in 1922 after hearing a speech by Hitler. He was given command of the Sturmabteilung (SA) as the Oberster SA-Führer in1923. He was later appointed an SA-Gruppenführer (Lieutenant general) and held this rank on the SA rolls until 1945. At this time, Carin—who liked Hitler—oftenplayed hostess to meetings of leading Nazis, including her husband, Hitler, Rudolf Hess, Alfred Rosenberg, and Ernst Röhm. Hitler later recalled his earlyassociation with Göring:I liked him. I made him the head of my SA. He is the only one of its heads that ran the SA properly. I gave him a dishevelled rabble. In avery short time he had organised a division of 11,000 men.Hitler and the Nazi Party held mass meetings and rallies in Munich and elsewhere during the early1920s, attempting to gain supporters in a bid for political power. Inspired by Benito Mussolini's March on Rome, the Nazis attempted to seize power on 8–9November 1923 in a failed coup known as the Beer Hall Putsch. Göring, who was with Hitler leading the march to the War Ministry, was shot in the groin.Fourteen Nazis and four policemen were killed; many top Nazis, including Hitler, were arrested. With Carin's help, Göring was smuggled to Innsbruck, where hereceived surgery and was given morphine for the pain. He remained in hospital until 24 December. This was the beginning of his morphine addiction, which lasteduntil his imprisonment at Nuremberg. Meanwhile, the authorities in Munich declared Göring a wanted man. The Görings—acutely short of funds and reliant on thegood will of Nazi sympathizers abroad—moved from Austria to Venice. In May 1924 they visited Rome, via Florence and Siena. Sometime in 1924, Göring met"}
{"doc_id":"doc_195","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Anna of Brunswick-Grubenhagen-EinbeckAnna of Brunswick-Grubenhagen-Einbeck (1414 – 4 April 1474) was a daughter of Duke Eric I of Brunswick-Grubenhagen and his wife, Elisabeth of Brunswick-Göttingen.Anna's first marriage was with Duke Albert III of Bavaria.  They had the following children:John IV (1437–1463), Duke of BavariaErnest (1438–1460)Sigismund of Bavaria (1439–1501)Albert (1440–1445)Margaretha (1442–1479), married in 1463 with Marquess Frederick I of Mantua (1441–1484)Elisabeth (1443–1484), married in 1460 with Elector Ernest of Saxony (1441–1486)Albert IV (1447–1508)Christopher (1449–1483)Wolfgang (1451–1514)Barbara, a nun in MunichAfter Albert's death, she married Duke Frederick III of Brunswick-Calenberg-Göttingen.  This marriage remained childless.== Ancestors ==Passage 2:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of BrunswickCharles William Ferdinand (German: Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand; 9 October 1735 – 10 November 1806) was the Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and a military leader. His titles are usually shortened to Duke of Brunswick in English-language sources.He succeeded his father as sovereign prince of the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, one of the princely states of the Holy Roman Empire. The duke was a cultured and benevolent despot in the model of his uncle, Frederick the Great, and was married to Princess Augusta, the eldest sister of George III of Great Britain. He was also a recognized master of 18th century warfare, serving as a Field Marshal in the Prussian Army. During the Napoleonic Wars, he was mortally wounded by a musket ball at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in 1806.Early lifeCharles William Ferdinand was born in the town of Wolfenbüttel on 9 October 1735, probably in Wolfenbüttel Castle. He was the first-born son of Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and his wife Philippine Charlotte.His father Charles I was the ruling prince (German: Fürst) of the small state of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, one of the imperial states of the Holy Roman Empire. Philippine Charlotte was the favourite daughter of King Frederick William I of Prussia and sister of Frederick II of Prussia (Frederick the Great). As the heir apparent of a sovereign prince, Charles William Ferdinand received the title of Hereditary Prince (German: Erbprinz).He received an unusually wide and thorough education, overseen by his mother. In his youth he travelled in the Netherlands, France and various parts of Germany. In 1753, his father moved the capital of the principality back to Brunswick (German: Braunschweig), the state's largest city. (Wolfenbüttel had been the capital since 1432.) The royal family moved into the newly built Brunswick Palace.Early military careerCharles William Ferdinand entered the military, serving during the Seven Years' War of 1756–63. He joined the allied north-German forces of the Hanoverian Army of Observation, whose task was to protect Hanover (in personal union with the Kingdom of Great Britain) and the surrounding states from invasion by the French. The force was initially commanded by the Anglo-Hanoverian Prince William, Duke of Cumberland. At the Battle of Hastenbeck (1757) Charles William Ferdinand led a charge at the head of an infantry brigade, an action which gained him some renown.The subsequent French Invasion of Hanover and Convention of Klosterzeven of 1757 temporarily knocked Hanover out of the war (they were to return the following year). Cumberland was recalled to Britain and the remaining allied north-German forces were placed under the command of Ferdinand of Brunswick, brother of Charles I, who easily persuaded his nephew Charles William Ferdinand to renew his military service as a general officer.Charles William Ferdinand was part of the allied Anglo-German force at the Battle of Minden (1759), and the Battle of Warburg (1760). Both were decisive victories over the French, during which he proved himself an excellent subordinate commander. He continued to serve in the army commanded by his uncle for the remainder of the war, which was generally successful for the north German forces. The hereditary prince's reputation improved throughout, and he became an acknowledged master of irregular warfare. Peace was restored in 1763.Marriage and travelsThe royal houses of the former Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg had traditionally married within the family, to avoid further division of their family lands under Salic law. By the time, Brunswick-Lüneburg had consolidated back into two states, Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover). The electorate was ruled by the Hanoverian branch of the family in personal union with the Kingdom of Great Britain. It was therefore arranged for Charles William Ferdinand to marry a British-Hanoverian princess: Princess Augusta of Great Britain, daughter of Frederick, Prince of Wales and his wife, Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, and sister of the reigning King George III.In 1764, shortly after the Seven Years' War had ended, he travelled to London (landing at Harwich) to marry Princess Augusta. He received a rapturous welcome from the British people, thanks to his service with allied British troops during the war. The Parliament of Great Britain showed its gratitude by voting him a lump sum of £80,000 and an annual income of £3,000 as a wedding gift. However George III was less welcoming, and sought to express his displeasure through numerous small insults e.g. by lodging the prince at Somerset House, instead of one of the royal palaces; not providing him with a military guard; and instructing the servants at the wedding to wear old clothes. This merely served to exacerbate the enthusiasm of the public, particularly when the prince was suspected of turning his back on the unpopular monarch whilst attending an opera (a breach of social protocol). Charles William Ferdinand defied royal displeasure by meeting William Pitt the Elder (who had been prime minister during the war but resigned in 1761) and the other leaders of the parliamentary opposition. The wedding was completed, but as a result of these machinations the prince remained in Britain for only thirteen days.Over the next few years the couple embarked on a wide-ranging tour of Europe, visiting many of the major states. In 1766 they went to France, where they were received by both his allies and recent battlefield enemies with respect. In Paris he made the acquaintance of Marmontel. The couple next proceeded to Switzerland, where they met Voltaire. The longest stop on their travels was Rome, where they remained for a long time exploring the antiquities of the city under the guidance of Johann Winckelmann. During their travels the couple also met Pietro Nardini and in 1767 the prince had his portrait painted by Pompeo Batoni. After a visit to Naples they returned to Paris, and thence to Brunswick.Ruler of Brunswick-WolfenbüttelRestoration of state financesHis father, Charles I, had been an enthusiastic supporter of the war, but nearly bankrupted the state paying for it. As a result, in 1773 Charles William Ferdinand was given a major role in reforming the economy with the assistance of the Geheimrat, Féronce von Rotenkreuz. They were highly successful, restoring the state's finances and improving the economy. This made the prince hugely popular in the duchy.When the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1775, Charles William Ferdinand saw an opportunity to replenish the state's treasury by renting its well-trained army to Great Britain. In 1776, Charles I signed a treaty supporting Britain in the war, the first prince to do so. Under the terms of this treaty, Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel supplied 4,000 troops for service with the British armies in America, under the command of general Friedrich Adolf Riedesel. Riedesel was given command of all the German troops serving in the Saratoga campaign, under British general John Burgoyne. Burgoyne was defeated in the Battles of Saratoga (1777), and his troops were taken captive as the Convention Army. Although the terms of surrender allowed the Convention Army to give their parole and return to Europe, the American Continental Congress revoked the convention. The Convention Army was kept in captivity until the war ended in 1783.ReignCharles I died in 1780, at which point Charles William Ferdinand inherited the throne. He soon became known as a model sovereign, a typical enlightened despot of the period, characterized by economy and prudence.The duke's combination of interest in the well-being of his subjects and habitual caution led to a policy of gradual reforms, a successful middle way between the conservatism of some contemporary monarchs and the over-enthusiastic wholesale changes pursued by others. He sponsored enlightenment arts and sciences; most notably he was patron to the young mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss, paying for him to attend university against the wishes of Gauss' father.He resembled his uncle Frederick the Great in many ways, but he lacked the resolution of the king, and in civil as in military affairs was prone to excessive caution. He brought Brunswick into close alliance with the king of Prussia, for whom he had fought in the Seven Years' War; he was a Prussian field marshal, and was at pains to make the regiment of which he was colonel a model one.The duke was frequently engaged in diplomatic and other state affairs. In August 1784 he hosted a secret diplomatic visit from Karl August, Duke of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach (Goethe was a member of Karl August's entourage). The visit was disguised as a family visit, but was in fact to discuss the formation of a league of small- and mid-sized German states as a counterbalance within the Holy Roman Empire to Habsburg monarchy's ambitions to trade the Austrian Netherlands for the Electorate of Bavaria. This Fürstenbund (League of Princes) was formally announced in 1785, with the Duke of Brunswick as one of its members and commander of its military forces. The league was successful in forcing the Austrian Joseph II to back down, and thereafter became obsolete.The Swedish princess and diarist Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte visited Brunswick in 1799; she described the Duke as \"witty, literal and a pleasant acquaintance but ceremonial beyond description. He is said to be quite strict, but a good father of the nation who attends to the needs of his people.\"In 1803 the process of German Mediatisation led to the acquisition of the neighbouring imperial abbeys of Gandersheim and Helmstedt, which were secularised.Military commanderHe was made a Prussian general in 1773.War of the Bavarian SuccessionFrom 1778 to 1779 he served in the War of the Bavarian Succession. Frederick II praised the prince personally for his conduct during the war.Invasion of the NetherlandsIn 1787 the Duke was made Generalfeldmarschall (field marshal) in the Prussian army. Frederick William II of Prussia appointed him as commander of a 20,000-strong Prussian force which was to invade the United Provinces of the Netherlands (The Dutch Republic). The goal was to suppress the Patriots of the Batavian Revolution, restoring the authority of the stadtholder William V of the House of Orange. Much of the country was in open revolt against William, whose personal troops were unable to quell the Patriot militias and the various Dutch provinces refused to aid him.The Encyclopædia Britannica described "}
{"doc_id":"doc_196","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directingepisodic television and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family,Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The RideoutCase (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart inHiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levinworked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when hewas drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long WharfTheatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey DavisLevin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 2:CRD (film)CRD is a 2016 drama-romance Indian film by National AwardWinning Director Kranti Kanade written with Yuva Sahitya Akademi Award Winning Dramatist Dharmakirti Sumant. Set in the world of College Theatre, it probesfascism and fierce competition in arts.PlotA Young Dramatist rebels against his fascist Tutor to form his troop of misfits – aiming to win a prestigious theatrecompetition and trying to find the hardest thing of all: his voice. Inspired by real life event 'Purushottam' Theatre Competition in Pune, India.CastMrinmayeeGodbole as PersisVinay Sharma as MayankSaurabh Saraswat as ChetanAbhay Mahajan as NetraIsha Keskar as DiptiGeetika Tyagi as VeenaMohit Takalkar asSeniorProductionThe preparation and improvisation of the actors went on for 4 months before the principal photography began in November 2014 and continuedover the next six months resulting in 63 days of shooting. The editing took eight months and the music and sound design took further six months. The film wasentirely shot on locations in Pune. It was executive and line produced by Ashwini Paranjape for Kanade Films and Chaitra Arts. Director of photography was DanielKatz whose short film Curfew had won Oscar.Critical responseCRD has received favourable critical reception around the world.Robert Abele in The Los AngelesTimes says,\"Indian film 'CRD' enchanting, audacious, indefinable and infectious.\" Sheri Linden in The Hollywood Reporter says, \"CRD is entrancing, vibrant,irreverent and category-defying! Kanadé an assured visual stylist!\" LA Weekly says, \"Allusive, elusive and by turns funny, romantic and tragic, CRD is a film tunedto the pitch of the artist's heart.\" ScreenAnarchy says, \"CRD, An Ethereal Exercise In Art.” Film critic Namrata Joshi, in The Hindu says, “Subversive and fearless,Kanadé breaks all rules of filmmaking in creating CRD, which boldly goes where no Indian film has gone before.” Author and critic Naman Ramachandran says,\"This astonishing film heralds the arrival of a bold new voice in world cinema where all limits are breached and boundaries crossed. Be prepared for a breathtakingjourney, the likes of which you've never been on before.\" Saibal Chatterjee, NDTV says “A path-breaking film. Refreshingly original and delightfully whimsical.CRD is classy, satisfying and magnificently inventive package.” Nandini Ramnath, Scroll says “Outstanding, a superbly performed drama about theatre art andlife.\" Trisha Gupta, Firstpost says “Masterful and sharp, CRD displays both political and aesthetic courage, constantly moving between lyrical intensity and playfulsubversion.” Rahul Desai, Film Companion says “CRD is hypnotic. The less sense it makes, the more we can’t stop watching it (Roger Ebert’s words apply here).May be this is what auteurs are about.” Reza Noorani in The Times of India says \"CRD is brave with a twisted sense of humour.\" Business Standard says \"CRDredefines cinema space.\" Hindustan Times says \"CRD is vibrant and appealing.\" Shubhra Gupta in The Indian Express says \"CRD is spectacular and refreshing inits willingness to go down paths less trodden.\" CRD is mentioned in Scroll's list of \"The movies of the decade that dared to dream differently.\"Further readinghttps://deadline.com/2016/10/exclusive-trailer-for-acclaimed-indian-drama-crd-1201837045/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/entertainment/big-little-films-get-going-485010Passage 3:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and TelevisionSchool. She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a filmdirector, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor AlexanderBlankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 withhigh honors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film TheLoners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International FilmFestival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality. Thedepartment encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational communityactivities.Blankstein directed the mini-series \"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam SpiegelInternational Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in eastJerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debutfilm, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)Passage 4:Kranti KanadeKranti Kanade is a National Award winning Indian filmmaker. His films include PeepalTree, CRD (film), Gandhi of the Month, Mahek and Chaitra. He studied at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) and FTII (Film and Television Institute ofIndia).FilmsPeepal TreeBased on true events, it deals with the issue of illegal tree killings in India. When a Police Academy cuts Sacred Trees, a concerned Familyconfronts them only to learn it is a non-cognizable offense without penal provision. They approach a Tree Activist who saves trees by all means. The communitygathers under the tree at night to protect it but it is not that simple.\"CRDSet in the world of College Theatre, CRD probes fascism and fierce competition in artswith a wildly innovative narrative style. It released theatrically in US and India to major critical acclaim and commercial success gaining 100% rating on RottenTomatoes. Los Angeles Times called it \"Enchanting, audacious and infectious\"  and acclaimed film critic Namrata Joshi of The Hindu called it \"Brilliant, subversiveand fearless, it boldly goes where no Indian film has gone before.\" It was in the top Ten Best Hindi films of 2017 list by The Hindu, Top Ten list of Huffington Postcritic Murtaza Ali Khan,  and was included in the top ten films of the decade list of Scroll.in critic Nandini Ramnath calling it \"The decade in Bollywood: The moviesthat dared to dream differently. Most enduring and endearing films made between 2010 and 2019.\"Gandhi of the MonthGandhi of the Month stars legendary actorHarvey Keitel, Neeraj Kabi and other major Indian actors. It is about an American schoolmaster in India struggling to protect his students from fundamentalists.The screenplay, earlier called 'Against Itself' won the Film Fund Grant by the Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles. The jury included Gill Dennis (Walk The Line),Anurag Kashyap (Gangs Of Wasseypur) and Sooni Taraporevala (Salaam Bombay). The script was mentored by Oscar winner Danis Tanovic (No Man's Land),Bernd Lichtenberg (Good Bye Lenin!), Olivia Hetreed (Girl With A Pearl Earring) and Anjum Rajabali (Rajneeti).MahekMahek, a children's film, is about 11-yr oldgirl who dreams of becoming the very best at everything, but is unsure of how to achieve her goals. It premiered at the BFI London Film Festival to affectionatereviews. Film Scholar & Writer Rachel Dwyer called it \"A Gem of a film\", Critic & Writer Maithili Rao called it \"A rare combination of sensitivity and gentle humour.\"Invited to festivals around the world, it received awards in Hollywood and Houston. It was Best Children's Film Nominee at the Asia Pacific Screen Awards inAustralia  and shown as part of syllabus at Otterbein University in US.ChaitraChaitra, is based on a story by legendary Marathi author G. A. Kulkarni. Set in thetraditional haldi-kunku festival, it intertwines themes of poetic justice and destiny. It won five National Film Awards including Best Short Film, Best Music for ShortFilm (Pt Bhaskar Chandavarkar) and Special Jury Award for Acting (Sonali Kulkarni). It won two National Awards at MIFF Film Festival.Passage 5:Jason Moore(director)Jason Moore (born October 22, 1970) is an American director of film, theatre and television.Life and careerJason Moore was born in Fayetteville,Arkansas, and studied at Northwestern University. Moore's Broadway career began as a resident director of Les Misérables at the Imperial Theatre in during itsoriginal run. He is the son of Fayetteville District Judge Rudy Moore.In March 2003, Moore directed the musical Avenue Q, which opened Off-Broadway at theVineyard Theatre and then moved to Broadway at the John Golden Theatre in July 2003.  He was nominated for a 2004 Tony Award for his direction. Moore alsodirected productions of the musical in Las Vegas and London and the show's national tour. Moore directed the 2005 Broadway revival of Steel Magnolias andShrek the Musical, starring Brian d'Arcy James and Sutton Foster which opened on Broadway in 2008. He directed the concert of Jerry Springer — The Opera atCarnegie Hall in January 2008.Moore, Jeff Whitty, Jake Shears, and John \"JJ\" Garden worked together on a new musical based on Armistead Maupin's Tales of theCity. The musical premiered at the American Conservatory Theater, San Francisco, California in May 2011 and ran through July 2011.For television, Moore hasdirected episodes of Dawson's Creek, One Tree Hill, Everwood, and Brothers & Sisters. As a writer, Moore adapted the play The Floatplane Notebooks with PaulFitzgerald from the novel by Clyde Edgerton. A staged reading of the play was presented at the New Play Festival at the Charlotte, North Carolina RepertoryTheatre in 1996, with a fully staged production in 1998.In 2012, Moore made his film directorial debut with Pitch Perfect, starring Anna Kendrick and Brittany"}
{"doc_id":"doc_197","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Michelangelo FaggioliMichelangelo Faggioli (1666–1733) was an Italian lawyer and celebrated amateur composer of humorous cantatas in Neapolitandialect. A founder of a new genre of Neapolitan comedy, he was the composer of the opera buffa La Cilla in 1706.Passage 2:Walter Robinson (composer)WalterRobinson is an American composer of the late 20th century. He is most notable for his 1977 song Harriet Tubman, which has been recorded by folk musicianssuch as Holly Near, John McCutcheon, and others.  He is also the composer of several operas.Passage 3:Nocturne (Britten)Nocturne, Op. 60, is a song cycle byBenjamin Britten, written for tenor, seven obbligato instruments and strings. The seven instruments are flute, cor anglais, clarinet, bassoon, harp, French hornand timpani.Nocturne was Britten's fourth and final orchestral song cycle, after Our Hunting Fathers (Op. 8, 1936), Les Illuminations (Op. 18, 1939) andSerenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings (Op. 31, 1943). It was dedicated to Alma Mahler.Nocturne was premiered in the Leeds Town Hall at the centenary LeedsFestival on 16 October 1958 by Peter Pears and the BBC Symphony Orchestra conducted by Rudolf Schwarz. Britten conducted a recording at WalthamstowAssembly Hall in 1960 with Pears, the London Symphony Orchestra and William Waterhouse (bassoon), Alexander Murray (flute), Gervase de Peyer (clarinet),Roger Lord (cor anglais), Osian Ellis (harp), Barry Tuckwell (horn), and Denis Blyth (timpani).The theme of the piece, as its name Nocturne suggests, is sleep anddarkness, both in the literal and figurative sense. In this respect, the work is reminiscent of Britten's earlier Serenade. Unlike Serenade, Nocturne is presented asa continuous piece rather than separate movements. This is emphasised by a number of figures which occur throughout, most notably the 'rocking' string motifwhich opens the work. The conflicting tonal relationship between C and D-flat is also evident throughout, reflecting the contrast between the untroubled and themore perturbed aspects of sleep which are also described by Britten's choice of poems.StructureThe piece sets eight sections of poetry to music, eachaccompanied by strings and (with the exception of the first) by an obbligato instrument:Shelley – \"On a Poet’s Lips I Slept\" from Prometheus UnboundTennyson –\"The Kraken\", with bassoonColeridge – \"Encinctured with a twine of leaves\" from The Wanderings of Cain, with harpMiddleton – \"Midnight Bell\" from Blurt, MasterConstable, with French hornWordsworth – \"But that night when on my bed I lay\" from The Prelude (1805), with timpaniOwen – \"The Kind Ghosts\", with coranglaisKeats – \"Sleep and Poetry\", with flute and clarinetShakespeare – Sonnet XLIII, with all the obbligato instrumentsNotesExternal linksWork details, Boosey &HawkesPassage 4:Tarcisio FuscoTarcisio Fusco was an Italian composer of film scores. He was the brother of the composer Giovanni Fusco and the uncle ofoperatic soprano Cecilia Fusco.Selected filmographyBoccaccio (1940)Free Escape (1951)Abracadabra (1952)The Eternal Chain (1952)Beauties in Capri(1952)Milanese in Naples (1954)Conspiracy of the Borgias (1959)Passage 5:Benjamin BrittenEdward Benjamin Britten, Baron Britten  (22 November 1913 – 4December 1976, aged 63) was an English composer, conductor, and pianist. He was a central figure of 20th-century British music, with a range of works includingopera, other vocal music, orchestral and chamber pieces. His best-known works include the opera Peter Grimes (1945), the War Requiem (1962) and theorchestral showpiece The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra (1945).Born in Lowestoft, Suffolk, the son of a dentist, Britten showed talent from an early age.He studied at the Royal College of Music in London and privately with the composer Frank Bridge. Britten first came to public attention with the a cappella choralwork A Boy was Born in 1934. With the premiere of Peter Grimes in 1945, he leapt to international fame. Over the next 28 years, he wrote 14 more operas,establishing himself as one of the leading 20th-century composers in the genre. In addition to large-scale operas for Sadler's Wells and Covent Garden, he wrotechamber operas for small forces, suitable for performance in venues of modest size. Among the best known of these is The Turn of the Screw (1954). Recurringthemes in his operas include the struggle of an outsider against a hostile society and the corruption of innocence.Britten's other works range from orchestral tochoral, solo vocal, chamber and instrumental as well as film music. He took a great interest in writing music for children and amateur performers, including theopera Noye's Fludde, a Missa Brevis, and the song collection Friday Afternoons. He often composed with particular performers in mind. His most frequent andimportant muse was his personal and professional partner, the tenor Peter Pears; others included Kathleen Ferrier, Jennifer Vyvyan, Janet Baker, Dennis Brain,Julian Bream, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Osian Ellis and Mstislav Rostropovich. Britten was a celebrated pianist and conductor, performing many of his own worksin concert and on record. He also performed and recorded works by others, such as Bach's Brandenburg Concertos, Mozart symphonies, and song cycles bySchubert and Schumann.Together with Pears and the librettist and producer Eric Crozier, Britten founded the annual Aldeburgh Festival in 1948, and he wasresponsible for the creation of Snape Maltings concert hall in 1967. In his last year, he was the first composer to be given a life peerage.Early yearsBritten wasborn in the fishing port of Lowestoft in Suffolk, on the east coast of England on 22 November 1913, the feast day of Saint Cecilia. He was the youngest of fourchildren of Robert Victor Britten (1877–1934) and his wife Edith Rhoda, née Hockey (1874–1937). Robert Britten's youthful ambition to become a farmer hadbeen thwarted by lack of capital, and he had instead trained as a dentist, a profession he practised successfully but without pleasure. While studying at CharingCross Hospital in London he met Edith Hockey, the daughter of a civil service clerk in the British Government's Home Office. They were married in September1901 at St John's, Smith Square, London.The consensus among biographers of Britten is that his father was a loving but somewhat stern and remote parent.Britten, according to his sister Beth, \"got on well with him and shared his wry sense of humour, dedication to work and capacity for taking pains.\" Edith Brittenwas a talented amateur musician and secretary of the Lowestoft Musical Society. In the English provinces of the early 20th century, distinctions of social classwere taken very seriously. Britten described his family as \"very ordinary middle class\", but there were aspects of the Brittens that were not ordinary: Edith'sfather was illegitimate, and her mother was an alcoholic; Robert Britten was an agnostic and refused to attend church on Sundays. Music was the principal meansby which Edith Britten strove to maintain the family's social standing, inviting the pillars of the local community to musical soirées at the house.When Britten wasthree months old he contracted pneumonia and nearly died. The illness left him with a damaged heart, and doctors warned his parents that he would probablynever be able to lead a normal life. He recovered more fully than expected, and as a boy was a keen tennis player and cricketer. To his mother's great delight hewas an outstandingly musical child, unlike his sisters, who inherited their father's indifference to music, while his brother, though musically talented, wasinterested only in ragtime. Edith gave the young Britten his first lessons in piano and notation. He made his first attempts at composition when he was five. Hestarted piano lessons when he was seven years old, and three years later began to play the viola. He was one of the last composers brought up on exclusively livemusic: his father refused to have a gramophone or, later, a radio in the house.EducationLowestoftWhen he was seven Britten was sent to a dame school, run bythe Misses Astle. The younger sister, Ethel, gave him piano lessons; in later life he said that he remained grateful for the excellence of her teaching. The followingyear he moved on to a prep school, South Lodge, Lowestoft, as a day boy. The headmaster, Thomas Sewell, was an old-fashioned disciplinarian; the youngBritten was outraged at the severe corporal punishments frequently handed out, and later he said that his lifelong pacifism probably had its roots in his reactionto the regime at the school. He himself rarely fell foul of Sewell, a mathematician, in which subject Britten was a star pupil. The school had no musical tradition,and Britten continued to study the piano with Ethel Astle. From the age of ten he took viola lessons from a friend of his mother, Audrey Alston, who had been aprofessional player before her marriage. In his spare time he composed prolifically. When his Simple Symphony, based on these juvenilia, was recorded in 1956,Britten wrote this pen-portrait of his young self for the sleeve note:Once upon a time there was a prep-school boy. ... He was quite an ordinary little boy ... heloved cricket, only quite liked football (although he kicked a pretty \"corner\"); he adored mathematics, got on all right with history, was scared by Latin Unseen;he behaved fairly well, only ragged the recognised amount, so that his contacts with the cane or the slipper were happily rare (although one nocturnal expeditionto stalk ghosts left its marks behind); he worked his way up the school slowly and steadily, until at the age of thirteen he reached that pinnacle of importance andgrandeur, never to be quite equalled in later days: the head of the Sixth, head-prefect, and Victor Ludorum. But – there was one curious thing about this boy: hewrote music. His friends bore with it, his enemies kicked a bit but not for long (he was quite tough), the staff couldn't object if his work and games didn't suffer.He wrote lots of it, reams and reams of it.Audrey Alston encouraged Britten to go to symphony concerts in Norwich. At one of these, during the triennial Norfolkand Norwich Festival in October 1924, he heard Frank Bridge's orchestral poem The Sea, conducted by the composer. It was the first substantial piece of modernmusic he had ever encountered, and he was, in his own phrase, \"knocked sideways\" by it. Audrey Alston was a friend of Bridge; when he returned to Norwich forthe next festival in 1927 she brought her not quite 14-year-old pupil to meet him. Bridge was impressed with the boy, and after they had gone through some ofBritten's compositions together he invited him to come to London to take lessons from him. Robert Britten, supported by Thomas Sewell, doubted the wisdom ofpursuing a composing career; a compromise was agreed by which Britten would, as planned, go on to his public school the following year but would make regularday-trips to London to study composition with Bridge and piano with his colleague Harold Samuel.Bridge impressed on Britten the importance of scrupulousattention to the technical craft of composing and the maxim that \"you should find yourself and be true to what you found.\" The earliest substantial works Brittencomposed while studying with Bridge are the String Quartet in F, completed in April 1928, and the Quatre Chansons Françaises, a song-cycle for high voice and"}
{"doc_id":"doc_198","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Bernard HoursBernard Hours, born on 5 May 1956 in Strasbourg, is a French businessman. He was the managing director of Danone and a member ofthe board of directors of the company. He was also a member of the executive committee of Danone.EducationHours graduated from the École des Hautes ÉtudesCommerciales (HEC) in 1978.CareerHours began his career at Unilever in 1979 as Product Manager and Brand Manager. He progressively became an expert in thefood sector.In 1985, he joined the Danone marketing group at Kronenbourg. From 1989 and 2001, he  was the Director of Sales of Evian, and then Director ofMarketing for Danone France, later becoming the President of Danone Hungary (1994), Danone Germany (1996) and finally President of LU France in 1998.InNovember 2001, Hours was named the Vice-President of the Fresh Dairy Products division and became the President in March 2002. In November 2006 he alsotook charge of the Research and Development at Danone.Hours contributed significantly to sales growth between 2007 and 2013, which amounted to an increaseof 36.4% (from 14 to 22 billion euros) during this period. He exercised is responsible for all activities of Danone, encompassing around 100,000 people in and 100countries.In 2014, at the time of a change of governance,  Hours ended his position as managing director of Danone, by the decision of the AdministrativeCounsel.In 2015, Hours became president of Medvet  and  Chef Sam. He is also Board Member for Verlinvest  and Oatly.Other ActivitiesHours is a member of theAdministrative Counsel of Essilor as an independent director and a member of the Administrative Counsel of the investment holding Verlinvest and itsparticipation Vita Coco. He is also e member of the Supervisory Board of Somfy.Passage 2:Wee Wee Hours\"Wee Wee Hours\" is a song written and recorded byChuck Berry in 1955. Originally released as the B-side of his first single, \"Maybellene\", it went on to become a hit, reaching number 10 in the Billboard R&Bchart.The song is a twelve-bar blues, described as \"a slow, sensuous blues featuring some exceptional piano from Johnnie Johnson\".\"Wee Wee Hours\" was on theaudition tape submitted by Berry to Leonard Chess in hope of landing a recording contract with Chess Records.  Although it seemed like a good fit with the recordcompany's blues roster, Chess was more interested in the song that became \"Maybellene\", the song that launched Berry's career as a rock and roll star.Berryoften performed the song live. It is included on the 1969 album Chuck Berry Live in Concert, and in the 1987 film Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll.Passage 3:BillyMilanoBilly Milano (born June 3, 1964) is an American heavy metal and hardcore punk musician. He is the singer and occasionally guitarist and bassist ofcrossover thrash band M.O.D., and was the singer of its predecessor, Stormtroopers of Death. Prior to these bands, Milano played in early New York hardcoreband the Psychos, which also launched the career of future Agnostic Front vocalist Roger Miret. Milano was also the singer of United Forces, which included hisStormtroopers of Death bandmate Dan Lilker. Milano managed a number of bands, including Agnostic Front, for whom he also co-produced the 1997 EpitaphRecords release Something's Gotta Give and roadie for Anthrax.DiscographyStormtroopers of Death albumsStormtroopers of Death videosMethod of Destruction(M.O.D.)MasteryPassage 4:O Valencia!\"O Valencia!\" is the fifth single by the indie rock band The Decemberists, and the first released from their fourth studioalbum, The Crane Wife.The music was written by The Decemberists and the lyrics by Colin Meloy. It tells a story of two star-crossed lovers. The singer falls in lovewith a person who belongs to an opposing gang. At the end of the song, the singer's lover jumps in to defend the singer, who is confronting his lover's brother(the singer's \"sworn enemy\") and is killed by the bullet intended for the singer.Track listingThe 7\" single sold in the UK was mispressed, with \"Culling of the Fold\"as the B-side despite the artwork and record label listing \"After the Bombs\" as the B-side.Music videosFor the \"O Valencia!\" music video, The Decemberists filmedthemselves in front of a green screen and asked fans to complete it by digitally adding in background images or footage. Stephen Colbert of The Colbert Report,having recently asked fans to do the same with a video of him with a light saber in front of a green screen, brought up The Decemberists on his segment \"LookWho's Riding on My Coattails Now\" and accused the band of stealing the idea. The Decemberists' response was to challenge Stephen Colbert to a guitar soloshowdown on December 20, 2006, on The Colbert Report.On January 19, 2007, The Decemberists premiered an alternate music video of \"O Valencia!\", directedby Aaron Stewart-Ahn, on MTV2. The video follows a character named Patrick, played by Meloy, as he and his love Francesca (Lisa Molinaro), daughter of \"theBoss\", plan an escape to an unknown location. At a cafe, a man in a suit, portrayed by the band member Chris Funk, tells him to hide in the \"Valencia\" hotel (theSuper Value Inn on North Interstate Avenue in Portland, Oregon) while he gets them the necessary documentation to escape. Above the name of the hotel, thereis a neon sign that reads \"Office\". The letters have all burnt out except for the \"O\", creating the title of the song. The video then introduces other characters -various assassination teams - who sit in different rooms of the hotel waiting for the chance to catch the two lovers. Most are portrayed by other members of theband (along with Meloy's wife, Carson Ellis). They kill off any potential witnesses to their plan. Patrick manages to take down one member from each team, beforethey gang up on him. The Boss arrives, along with the man from the cafe, who reveals that he snitched on Patrick and Francesca. They execute Francesca, whileforcing Patrick to watch. After they leave, Patrick finds a note by Francesca, which reveals that she never fell in love with him, and only wanted protection. 2months later, Patrick and the man, who has lost an eye from a previous assassination attempt, have a sit-down at the same cafe. The man reveals that hesnitched on Patrick just to take over the town. Patrick reveals that he poisoned a drink the man was having, but before he could get away, the man stabs Patrickin the neck with a fork before dying, followed by Patrick.The video is somewhat influenced by the distinct style and themes of director Wes Anderson, with boldfonts being used to introduce characters and groups on the bottom of the screen (much like in the film The Royal Tenenbaums). The band had previously (andmore explicitly) drawn influence from Anderson's Rushmore in their video for \"Sixteen Military Wives\". The layout of the hotel is also similar to the one used inBottle Rocket.Kurt Nishimura was chosen as the winner by mtvU for his video that depicted a love affair between a woman and her television, with the TVcontaining the green-screened Decemberists video footage.Passage 5:Chuck BerryCharles Edward Anderson Berry (October 18, 1926 – March 18, 2017) was anAmerican singer, guitarist and songwriter who pioneered rock and roll. Nicknamed the \"Father of Rock and Roll\", he refined and developed rhythm and blues intothe major elements that made rock and roll distinctive with songs such as \"Maybellene\" (1955), \"Roll Over Beethoven\" (1956), \"Rock and Roll Music\" (1957) and\"Johnny B. Goode\" (1958). Writing lyrics that focused on teen life and consumerism, and developing a music style that included guitar solos and showmanship,Berry was a major influence on subsequent rock music.Born into a middle-class black family in St. Louis, Berry had an interest in music from an early age andgave his first public performance at Sumner High School. While still a high school student, he was convicted of armed robbery and was sent to a reformatory,where he was held from 1944 to 1947. After his release, Berry settled into married life and worked at an automobile assembly plant. By early 1953, influenced bythe guitar riffs and showmanship techniques of the blues musician T-Bone Walker, Berry began performing with the Johnnie Johnson Trio. His break came whenhe traveled to Chicago in May 1955 and met Muddy Waters, who suggested he contact Leonard Chess, of Chess Records. With Chess, he recorded\"Maybellene\"—Berry's adaptation of the country song \"Ida Red\"—which sold over a million copies, reaching number one on Billboard magazine's rhythm and blueschart.By the end of the 1950s, Berry was an established star, with several hit records and film appearances and a lucrative touring career. He had alsoestablished his own St. Louis nightclub, Berry's Club Bandstand. He was sentenced to three years in prison in January 1962 for offenses under the Mann Act—hehad transported a 14-year-old girl across state lines for the purpose of having sexual intercourse. After his release in 1963, Berry had several more successfulsongs, including \"No Particular Place to Go\", \"You Never Can Tell\", and \"Nadine\". However, these did not achieve the same success or lasting impact of his 1950ssongs, and by the 1970s he was more in demand as a nostalgia performer, playing his past material with local backup bands of variable quality. In 1972 hereached a new level of achievement when a rendition of \"My Ding-a-Ling\" became his only record to top the charts. His insistence on being paid in cash led in1979 to a four-month jail sentence and community service, for tax evasion.Berry was among the first musicians to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fameon its opening in 1986; he was cited for having \"laid the groundwork for not only a rock and roll sound but a rock and roll stance.\" Berry is included in several ofRolling Stone magazine's \"greatest of all time\" lists; he was ranked fifth on its 2004 and 2011 lists of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. The Rock and Roll Hallof Fame's 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll includes three of Berry's: \"Johnny B. Goode\", \"Maybellene\", and \"Rock and Roll Music\". \"Johnny B. Goode\" is theonly rock-and-roll song included on the Voyager Golden Record.Early lifeBorn in St. Louis, Berry was the youngest child. He grew up in the north St. Louisneighborhood known as the Ville, an area where many middle-class people lived. His father, Henry William Berry (1895–1987) was a contractor and deacon of anearby Baptist church; his mother, Martha Bell (Banks) (1894–1980) was a certified public school principal. Berry's upbringing allowed him to pursue his interestin music from an early age. He gave his first public performance in 1941 while still a student at Sumner High School; he was still a student there in 1944, when hewas arrested for armed robbery after robbing three shops in Kansas City, Missouri, and then stealing a car at gunpoint with some friends. Berry's account in hisautobiography is that his car broke down and he flagged down a passing car and stole it at gunpoint with a nonfunctional pistol. He was convicted and sent to theIntermediate Reformatory for Young Men at Algoa, near Jefferson City, Missouri, where he formed a singing quartet and did some boxing. The singing groupbecame competent enough that the authorities allowed it to perform outside the detention facility. Berry was released from the reformatory on his 21st birthday"}
{"doc_id":"doc_199","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ben CuraBen Cura is an Argentine-born British actor, musician and director of film, television and theatre.Early lifeJosé Ben Cura was born in BuenosAires, the son of Argentine tenor/conductor José Cura. When he was a year old, he moved to Santo Stefano Belbo, Italy, where his father's grandfather was from.The family first lived in a convent while his father struggled to find work as an opera singer. He has two younger siblings, Yazmín and Nicolás.The family moved toFrance when he was six and then to Spain when he was 11. During this time, he frequently travelled with his parents around the world.Cura's first acting rolecame at age nine, as a supernumerary in a production of La Forza del Destino at the Opéra de Marseille, France. Whilst living in Paris, he received formal pianoand solfège training. He subsequently attended the New York Film Academy in Paris before eventually training and graduating from the London Academy of Musicand Dramatic Art in 2011 with a bachelor's degree with honours in professional acting.CareerCura made his film debut in a British independent film Comes aBright Day, appearing shortly after in Comedy Central's series Threesome and Bernard Rose's film The Devil's Violinist.He made his West End debut playing Angelin the original cast of Jennifer Saunders' musical Viva Forever at the Piccadilly Theatre in London, UK. He was later cast as Seve Ballesteros in British golf filmDream On.Aged 24, he made his directorial debut with a film adaptation of August Strindberg's play Creditors. for which he also wrote the screenplay and playedone of the lead characters, Freddie Lynch. Later that year, he starred in the UK premiere of the award-winning American play Next Fall at the SouthwarkPlayhouse in London, UK.In April 2013, he co-founded London-based production company Tough Dance Ltd. with actress and producer Andrea Deck. Thecompany's first production was award-winning feature film Creditors.In 2015, he was cast in the US series The Royals as recurring character Holden. He laterwent on to star in British film White Island set in Ibiza, and based on the novel A Bus Could Run You Over written by Colin Butts, alongside Billy Zane and BillyBoyd.Cura's directorial debut, Creditors, world-premiered at the Nordic International Film Festival in New York City on 31 October 2015. The festival awarded itwith an Honorable Mention in the Best Nordic Narrative Feature category. Latin Post film critic David Salazar called the film \"A triumphant debut.\" Blazing Mindsfilm critic Susanne Hodder said the actors \"all give compelling performances, bringing their characters to life and giving them depth\". Screen Relish film criticStuie Greenfield said that \"Creditors is a beautiful, sometimes angry and surprising film that brings with it strong performances from the entire cast as well as anunexpected yet welcome twist\", while Movie Marker film critic Darryl Griffiths said that \"Creditors is an incisive and accomplished piece of filmmaking [...],possessing a rich, powerful psychology that instills an unnerving modern-day relevance to age-old material.\" Creditors received over ten awards from various filmfestivals, including Best Feature, Leading Actor, and Script/Writer for Cura.Later that year, Cura was cast as a series regular in ITV/Netflix crime noir dramaMarcella penned by The Bridge writer Hans Rosenfeldt. The series premiered on UK television in April 2016, followed by a worldwide release on Netflix in July2016. and Simon West's action/comedy feature film Gun Shy opposite Antonio Banderas and Olga Kurylenko.In 2017, Cura was cast as CIA operative PhilipShafer in French historical war movie 15 minutes de guerre (renamed L'Intervention), directed by Fred Grivois. Later that year, he played the role of Steve in thescreen adaptation of British stage play Life is a Gatecrash, renamed Gatecrash and directed by Lawrence Gough, opposite Olivia Bonamy, Anton Lesser, and SamWest.In 2018, Cura guest-starred in Season 2 of CBS's Ransom and the first season of new TV series The Rook, opposite Olivia Munn.In 2019, he was cast inNicholas Wright's new stage play 8 Hotels directed by Richard Eyre, world-premiering at the Chichester Festival Theatre, playing the lead role of José Ferreropposite Tory Kittles, Emma Paetz, and Pandora Colin, opening August 7 of that year to excellent reviews: \"Joe, played masterfully by Ben Cura, is wonderful asthe philanderer who can accept his wife's adultery but not her lover's flaunting of it\"; \"Jose Ferrer [...] Ben Cura, who captures him very well, has a wonderfulmutually mistrustful good-pals-act with the impressive Kittles\"; \"Ben Cura is excellent as Ferrer [...] with charisma to spare\"; \"Ben Cura plays José Ferrer as amuch disappointed jobbing actor [...] playing Iago for peanuts opposite the better paid Robeson [...] This Ferrer becomes increasingly jealous of Robeson and isconvinced that his wife, Uta Hagen [...] is having an affair with the charismatic Robeson (she is), which fills him with an angry cynicism that he can barely controlwith his erudite and scathing humour that cannot disguise his underlying lack of confidence. Cura's Ferrer is a brilliant creation: a brilliant Iago in fact.\"In 2021,Cura founded production company and music label W.I.P. Media. Later that year, Cura released his debut music single Water on streaming platforms,accompanied by an official music video on VEVO followed by second single Toutes Les Couleurs and its accompanying VEVO music video and a third singleArgento alongside a third VEVO music video. On July 30, he released his debut instrumental E.P. Extended Play No.1.In 2022, Cura made his animation debutvoicing Rayan in Tad the Lost Explorer and the Emerald Tablet while guest starring in HBO Max and Hulu Japan's Season 2 of The Head as Liam Ruddock, andstarring in BFI and BBC short film My Eyes Are Up Here co-produced by his company W.I.P. Media which premiered at the London Film Festival in 2022 andTribeca Film Festival in 2023. He also saw his debut as a film composer, with his original score for feature film Among The Beasts which released that year in theUS and other territories. Also that year, he appeared in Queen Charlotte: A Bridgerton Story produced by Shondaland and premiering on Netflix, in the recurringrole of Prince Augustus.Personal lifeCura was married to actress Andrea Deck from 2013 until their divorce in 2015. He dated actress Olga Kurylenko, but theybroke up just before the COVID-19 pandemic.FilmographyFilmTelevisionVideo gamesStage2012: Viva Forever by Jennifer Saunders at the Piccadilly TheatreLondon2014: Next Fall by Geoffrey Nauffts at the Southwark Playhouse London2019: 8 Hotels by Nicholas Wright at the Chichester Festival TheatreChichesterVoice work2012: Swimming with Piranhas Radio Documentary for BBC Radio 42015: Credit Card Baby Radio Drama written by Annie Caulfield for BBCRadio 4, directed by Mary Ward-Lowery2019: Alien III audiobook by  Audible2020: Trafalgar Audiobook for  Penguin and  Audible2020: Camino De SantiagoSleep story for Calm and Calm France2022: The Limits to Growth Radio drama written by Sarah Woods for BBC Radio 4, directed by Emma Harding2023:Chronicle Of A Death Foretold Audiobook for  Penguin and  Audible2023: Tomás Nevinson Audiobook for  Penguin and  AudibleDiscographyAwards andnominationsPassage 2:Jason Moore (director)Jason Moore (born October 22, 1970) is an American director of film, theatre and television.Life and careerJasonMoore was born in Fayetteville, Arkansas, and studied at Northwestern University. Moore's Broadway career began as a resident director of Les Misérables at theImperial Theatre in during its original run. He is the son of Fayetteville District Judge Rudy Moore.In March 2003, Moore directed the musical Avenue Q, whichopened Off-Broadway at the Vineyard Theatre and then moved to Broadway at the John Golden Theatre in July 2003.  He was nominated for a 2004 Tony Awardfor his direction. Moore also directed productions of the musical in Las Vegas and London and the show's national tour. Moore directed the 2005 Broadway revivalof Steel Magnolias and Shrek the Musical, starring Brian d'Arcy James and Sutton Foster which opened on Broadway in 2008. He directed the concert of JerrySpringer — The Opera at Carnegie Hall in January 2008.Moore, Jeff Whitty, Jake Shears, and John \"JJ\" Garden worked together on a new musical based onArmistead Maupin's Tales of the City. The musical premiered at the American Conservatory Theater, San Francisco, California in May 2011 and ran through July2011.For television, Moore has directed episodes of Dawson's Creek, One Tree Hill, Everwood, and Brothers & Sisters. As a writer, Moore adapted the play TheFloatplane Notebooks with Paul Fitzgerald from the novel by Clyde Edgerton. A staged reading of the play was presented at the New Play Festival at the Charlotte,North Carolina Repertory Theatre in 1996, with a fully staged production in 1998.In 2012, Moore made his film directorial debut with Pitch Perfect, starring AnnaKendrick and Brittany Snow. He also served as an executive producer on the sequel. He directed the film Sisters, starring Tina Fey and Amy Poehler, which wasreleased on December 18, 2015. Moore's next project will be directing a live action Archie movie.FilmographyFilmsPitch Perfect (2012)Sisters (2015)ShotgunWedding (2022)TelevisionSoundtrack writerPitch Perfect 2 (2015) (Also executive producer)The Voice (2015) (1 episode)Passage 3:Hanro SmitsmanHanroSmitsman, born in 1967 in Breda (Netherlands), is a writer and director of film and television.Film and Television CreditsFilmsBrothers (2017)Schemer (2010)Skin(2008)Raak (aka Contact) (2006)Allerzielen (aka All Souls) (2005) (segment \"Groeten uit Holland\")Engel en Broer (2004)2000 Terrorists (2004)Dajo(2003)Gloria (2000)Depoep (2001)Television20 leugens, 4 ouders en een scharrelei (2013)De ontmaskering van de vastgoedfraude (TV mini-series,2013)Moordvrouw (2012-)Eileen (2 episodes, 2011)Getuige (2011)Vakantie in eigen land (2011)De Reis van meneer van Leeuwen(2010)De Punt (2009)Roes (2episodes, 2008)Fok jou! (2006)Van Speijk (2006)AwardsIn 2005, Engel en Broer won Cinema Prize for Short Film at the Avanca Film Festival.In 2007, Raak (akaContact) won the Golden Berlin Bear Award at the Berlin International Film Festival, the Spirit Award at the Brooklyn Film Festival, the first place jury prize for\"Best Live Action under 15 minutes\" at the Palm Springs International Short Film Festival, and the Prix UIP Ghent Award for European Short Films at the FlandersInternational Film Festival.In 2008, Skin won the Movie Squad Award at the Nederlands Film Festival, an actor in the film also won the Best Actor Award.  It alsowon the Reflet d’Or for Best Film at the Cinema tous ecrans Festival in Geneva in the same year.Passage 4:Tactical ForceTactical Force is a 2011Canadian-American action film written and directed by Adamo Paolo Cultraro, and starring Steve Austin, Michael Jai White, Michael Shanks, Keith Jardine, MichaelEklund, Darren Shahlavi and Lexa Doig.The film concerns a rogue SWAT team sent to an abandoned compound with blank weapons for retraining, only to findthemselves caught in the middle of a war between two gangs armed with fully functioning guns, who are both after a mysterious briefcase. It premiered in the"}
{"doc_id":"doc_200","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Where Are You? I'm HereWhere Are You? I'm Here (Italian: Dove siete? Io sono qui) is a 1993 Italian drama film directed by Liliana Cavani.The film entered the 50th Venice International Film Festival, where Anna Bonaiuto won the Volpi Cup for best supporting actress. For her role Chiara Caselli was awarded with a Nastro d'Argento for Best Actress and a Grolla d'oro in the same category.PlotFausto's mother refuses to accept the fact that her child is deaf and refuses to send him to a special school where he can learn sign language. His aunt, though, teaches him to communicate and helps him find a place among a group of deaf-mutes. He meets and falls in love with Elena. To their parents' concern, the two find love with each other until a set of difficulties leads them to see their lives in a different light.Main castChiara Caselli as Elena SettiGaetano Carotenuto as  FaustoAnna Bonaiuto as Fausto's MotherGiuseppe Perruccio as Fausto's FatherValeria D'Obici as Fausto's AuntInes Nobili as MariaKo Muroboshi as The MimeDoriana Chierici as Elena's MotherCarla Cassola as Miss MartiniPaola Mannoni as The PrincipalPino Micol as The Bank ManagerSebastiano Lo Monaco as Professor PiniPaco Reconti as UgoMarzio Honorato as The History TeacherSee alsoList of Italian films of 1993Passage 2:Alfonso XII and María CristinaAlfonso XII and María Cristina or Where Are You Going, Sad Man? (Spanish: ¿Dónde vas triste de ti?) is a 1960 Spanish historical drama film directed by Alfonso Balcázar and Guillermo Cases and starring Vicente Parra and Marga López as Alfonso XII of Spain and Maria Christina of Austria.The film is the sequel to Where Are You Going, Alfonso XII? with Vicente Parra, José Marco Davó and Tomás Blanco reprising their roles from the previous film as Alfonso XII, Antonio Cánovas del Castillo and the Duque de Sesto respectively. María Fernanda Ladrón de Guevara replaced Mercedes Vecino as Isabella II.Similar in style to the German Sissi film series, it was very popular but led to Vicente Parra's typecasting.The film's sets were designed by the art director Enrique Alarcón.CastPassage 3:Mrs. Dery Where Are You?Mrs. Dery Where Are You? (Hungarian: Déryné hol van?) is a 1975 Hungarian drama film directed by Gyula Maár. It was entered into the 1976 Cannes Film Festival, where Mari Törőcsik won the award for Best Actress, playing the protagonist Mrs. Déry.CastMari Törőcsik - DérynéFerenc Kállai - DéryMária Sulyok - Déry anyjaImre Ráday - IntendánsTamás Major - Jancsó, öreg színészCecília Esztergályos - SchodelnéKornél Gelley - Magyar úr, dilettáns színészAndrás Kozák - Ifjú grófAndrás Schiff - Zongorázó fiúZsuzsa Zolnay - CapuletnéFlóra Kádár - DajkaPassage 4:Where Are YouWhere Are You may refer to:AlbumsWhere Are You? (Frank Sinatra album), 1957Where Are You? (Mal Waldron album), 1989Songs\"Where Are You?\" (1937 song), written by Jimmy McHugh and Harold Adamson, covered by many performers\"Where Are You\" (Bee Gees song), 1966\"Where Are You?\" (Imaani song), 1998\"Where Are You?\", by 16 Bit, 1986\"Where Are You?\", by Cat Stevens from New Masters, 1967\"Where Are You?\", by Days of the New from Days of the New, 2001\"Where Are You?\", by Gotthard from Firebirth, 2012\"Where Are You?\", by Kavana from Kavana, 1997\"Where Are You?\", by Our Lady Peace from Healthy in Paranoid Times, 2005\"Where Are You?\", by Saves the Day from In Reverie, 2003\"Where Are You (B.o.B vs. Bobby Ray)\", by B.o.B from Strange Clouds, 2012FilmsWhere Are You (film), a 2021 American drama filmSee alsoWhere Are You Now (disambiguation)Passage 5:Where Are You My Love?Where Are You My Love? may refer to:\"Where Are You My Love\", a song by Eddie Low\"Où es-tu mon amour? (Where Are You, My Love?)\", a song written by Emile Stern and Henri Lemarchand in 1946¿Dónde estás amor de mi vida que no te puedo encontrar? (Where Are You My Love, That I Cannot Find You?), a 1992 Argentine drama filmSee alsoAre You My Love? (disambiguation)\"Where Are You Now (My Love)\", a 1965 song written by Tony Hatch and Jackie Trent\"Where Is My Love\", a song from the 2006 Cat Power album, The GreatestPassage 6:Where Are You Going All Naked?Dove vai tutta nuda?, internationally released as Where Are You Going All Naked?, is a 1969 Italian comedy film directed by Pasquale Festa Campanile.CastMaria Grazia Buccella: ToninoTomas Milian: ManfredoGastone Moschin: PresidentVittorio Gassman: Rufus ConfortiAngela Luce: ProstituteGiancarlo Badessi: WaiterLea Lander: President's WifePassage 7:Pattanakke Banda PathniyaruPattanakke Banda Pathniyaru (transl. Wives arrived in the city) is a 1980 Indian Kannada-language film, directed by A. V. Sheshagiri Rao and produced by S. D. Ankalagi, B. H. Chandannanawar, M. G. Hublikar and Surendra Ingle. The film stars Srinath, Manjula, Lokesh and Padmapriya. The film has musical score by M. Ranga Rao. The movie was remade in 1982 in Telugu as Patnam Vachina Pativrathalu. The song Shankara Gangadhara was retained in the Telugu version. The film was also remade in Tamil as Pattanamthaan Pogalaamadi (1990).CastSoundtrackThe music was composed by M. Ranga Rao.Passage 8:Patnam Vachina PativrathaluPatnam Vachina Pativrathalu is a 1982 Telugu film produced by Atluri Radha Krishna Murthy and directed by Mouli in his Telugu debut. The film stars Chiranjeevi, Mohan Babu, Radhika, Geetha, Rao Gopal Rao and Nutan Prasad in important roles. The film is a remake of the 1980 Kannada movie Pattanakke Banda Pathniyaru. The song Shankara Gangadhara from the Kannada version was retained in this movie. The film ran for 280 days.PlotGopi (Chiranjeevi) and Mohan Babu are brothers living with their grandmother in a village. Gopi is youngest brother and has a B.Sc. in Agriculture and he is willing to live in the village after marriage, while Mohan Babu is an elder one who is uneducated. Gopi and Mohan Babu marry at the same time, Mohan Babu marries Devi, who is an educated person, while Gopi marries Lalithamba, an uneducated girl. Lalithamba prefers to live in the city after marriage. Lalithamba and Devi try their level best to shift their house to the city, but their husbands Gopi and Mohan Babu disagree. At last, Lalithamba and Devi escape from their house one night, without their husbands' knowledge. Lalithamba has one friend Shakuntala, in the city. Devi and Lalithamba are unable to locate Shakuntala's house in the city; roaming on the streets, they were caught by one woman who attempts to sell them to a brothel owner, Ganga Devi. But their contract does not materialize, and that woman doesn't sell Devi and Lalitamba. Angered, Ganga Devi sends her people to bring Lalithaba and Devi. Here, Ganga Devi's people kill that woman, but could not catch Lalithamba and Devi. But their bad luck chases them and Lalithamba and Devi enter Ganga Devi's house for protection, without knowing her character. But later they understand and plan to escape from there. Meanwhile, Lalithamba finds her friend Shakuntala, and with her help, Lalithamba and Devi try to escape from there, but Ganga Devi's people catch them and lock them in a room. Chiru and Mohan Babu, in search of their wives, land in the city to find Devi and Lalithaba and with much effort, they gather information on their wives' whereabouts. They enter into Ganga Devi's house and save Lalithamba and Devi from her clutches. As usual, police arrive after the climax fight and Ganga Devi is arrested, and these four return to their village.CastChiranjeevi - GopiRaadhika Sarathkumar - LalithambaMohan Babu -Geetha - DeviNirmalamma - Narayanamma, Grand mother of GopiRamaprabha - ArundhatammaNutan PrasadRao Gopal RaoSoundtrack\"Neekunnadhe Kaastha\" -\"SeethaRaama Swamy\" -\"Shankaraa Gangaadharaa\" -\"Vinukondi\" -Passage 9:Where Are We Going, Dad? (film)Where Are We Going, Dad? (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) is a 2014 Chinese film based on a television reality show of the same name. A second film, Where Are We Going, Dad? 2, was released on February 19, 2015.ReceptionThe film grossed RMB88.2 million (US$14.6 million) in its opening day, a record for a non-3D Chinese film at the Chinese box office. Its record breaking even caught the attention of the BBC and the LA Times. It grossed RMB308.91 million (US$50.97 million) in the first four days.Passage 10:Where Are You NowWhere Are You Now may refer to:Where Are You Now? (novel), by Mary Higgins Clark, 2008Where Are You Now (Cerrone X), a 1983 album by CerroneSongs\"Where Are You Now\" (2 Unlimited song), 1993\"Where Are You Now\" (Clint Black song), 1991\"Where Are You Now\" (Jimmy Harnen song), 1989\"Where Are You Now\" (Lost Frequencies song), 2021, featuring Calum Scott\"Where Are You Now?\" (Roxus song), 1991\"Where Are You Now\" (Trisha Yearwood song), 2000\"Where Are You Now (My Love)\", by Jackie Trent, 1965\"Where Are Ü Now\", by Jack Ü and Justin Bieber, 2015\"Where Are You Now?\", by Brandy from the Batman Forever film soundtrack, 1995\"Where Are You Now\", by Britney Spears from Oops!... I Did It Again, 2000\"Where Are You Now\", by Donna De Lory from Sky Is Open, 2006\"Where Are You Now\", by Honor Society from Fashionably Late, 2009\"Where Are You Now?\", by ItaloBrothers, 2008\"Where Are You Now\", by J. Holiday from Guilty Conscience, 2014\"Where Are You Now\", by Janet Jackson from Janet, 1993\"Where Are You Now?\", by Justin Bieber from My World 2.0, 2010\"Where Are You Now?\", by Michelle Branch from Hotel Paper, 2003\"Where Are You Now\", by Mumford & Sons from Babel, 2012\"Where Are You Now\", by Nazareth from their album Sound Elixir, 1983\"Where Are You Now?\", by Royal Blood from How Did We Get So Dark?, 2016\"Where Are You Now\", by Union J from Union J, 2013See alsoWAYN (website) (an acronym for \"Where Are You Now?\"), a social networking websiteWhere Are You (disambiguation)"}
{"doc_id":"doc_201","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:If You Want to Sing Out, Sing Out\"If You Want To Sing Out, Sing Out\" is a popular song by Cat Stevens. It first appeared in the 1971 film Harold and Maude.Stevens wrote all the songs in Harold and Maude in 1970–1971, during the time he was writing and recording his Tea for the Tillerman album. However, \"If You Want to Sing Out, Sing Out\"  and two other songs from that period were not released as singles nor placed on any album at that time.  No official soundtrack was released from the film at that time. The song was finally released later on Stevens' 1984 album, Footsteps in the Dark: Greatest Hits, Vol. 2 along with his other previously unreleased songs. In addition, it appeared on the UK edition of his 2003 album The Very Best of Cat Stevens.Official soundtrack (2007)The first official soundtrack album to the film was released in December 2007, by Vinyl Films Records, as a vinyl-only limited edition release of 2500 copies. It contained a 30-page oral history of the making of the film, the most extensive series of interviews yet conducted on Harold and Maude.Appearances in other mediaThe song features prominently in Hal Ashby's Harold and Maude.In 2007, a rendition of \"Sing Out\" appeared in the film Charlie Bartlett.The song is featured in the TV shows My Name Is Earl and Ray Donovan.It was featured as the 2nd song of Rodney Mullen's skateboarding part in the Plan B video, Questionable.The song is also the theme to the BBC Radio sitcom North by Northamptonshire.As of fall 2016, the song appears in a commercial for the 2017 Jeep Grand Cherokee.Cover versionsThe song has been covered by Bloomington, Indiana's folk punk pioneers Ghost Mice under the shortened title \"Sing Out\".The song has been covered by Death By Chocolate in 2001, on their first, self-titled albumIn August 2009, Yusuf Islam approved his original recording of the song for use in a T Mobile television commercial. Wyclef Jean also made an upbeat remix of the song for a later T Mobile commercial that aired in December 2009.Folk music/bluegrass band Rani Arbo and Daisy Mayhem covered the song for their 2010 album Ranky Tanky.The song has also been covered by Amanda Palmer.The song has been covered by Jim Gill on his 1995 children's album Jim Gill Makes It Noisy In Boise, Idaho.German bitpop band Welle: Erdball covered the song on their album Der Kalte Krieg (2011).The song was covered by James Marsden, Ariana Greenblatt and Jacob Collier in the 2021 animated feature The Boss Baby: Family Business.Passage 2:Join the CavalryJoin the Cavalry was a military song popular during the American Civil War. The verses detail various feats performed by Jeb Stuart's troopers, the cavalry arm of the Army of Northern Virginia, while the chorus urges the listener to \"join the cavalry\". Occasionally, the title is recorded as \"Jine the Cavalry\". The song was most common in Virginia.\"Jine the Cavalry!\" was among Stuart’s favorite songs, and became the unofficial theme song of his Confederate cavalry corps. It recounts many of Stuart’s early exploits, including the daring \"Ride around the Army of the Potomac\" in the early summer of 1862, and the Confederate Cavalry raid to Chambersburg, PA in October 1862. One of Stuart’s men, Sam Sweeney, was an accomplished banjo player and often serenaded Stuart and his officers during the Gettysburg Campaign.JINE THE CAVALRY!We're the boys that rode around McClellan(ian),Rode around McClellan(ian), Rode around McClellan(ian)!We're the boys that rode around McClellan(ian),Bully boys, hey! Bully boys, ho!CHORUS:  If you want to have a good time, jine the cavalry!Jine the cavalry! Jine the cavalry!If you want to catch the Devil, if you want to have fun,If you want to smell Hell, jine the cavalry!Ol' Joe Hooker, won't you come out of The Wilderness?Come out of The Wilderness, come out of The Wilderness?Ol' Joe Hooker, won't you come out of The Wilderness?Bully boys, hey! Bully boys, ho!CHORUS:  If you want to have a good time, jine the cavalry!Jine the cavalry! Jine the cavalry!If you want to catch the Devil, if you want to have fun,If you want to smell Hell, jine the cavalry!We're the boys who crossed the Potomac(ica), whoCrossed the Potomac(ica), who crossed the Potomac(ica)!We're the boys who crossed the Potomac(ica),Bully boys, hey! Bully boys, ho!CHORUS:  If you want to have a good time, jine the cavalry!Jine the cavalry! Jine the cavalry!If you want to catch the Devil, if you want to have fun,If you want to smell Hell, jine the cavalry!We're the boys that rode to Pennsylvania,Rode to Pennsylvania, rode to Pennsylvania!We're the boys rode to Pennsylvania,Bully boys, hey! Bully boys, ho!CHORUS:  If you want to have a good time, jine the cavalry!Jine the cavalry! Jine the cavalry!If you want to catch the Devil, if you want to have fun,If you want to smell Hell, jine the cavalry!The big fat Dutch gals hand around the breadium,Hand around the breadium, hand around the breadium!The big fat Dutch gals hand around the breadium,Bully boys, hey! Bully boys, ho!CHORUS:  If you want to have a good time, jine the cavalry!Jine the cavalry! Jine the cavalry!If you want to catch the Devil, if you want to have fun,If you want to smell Hell, jine the cavalry!Lyrics are in the public domain.Stuart's ride around McClellanPassage 3:If You Want My Love (Twenty 4 Seven song)\"If You Want My Love\" is a song recorded by the Dutch band Twenty 4 Seven. It was the tenth single and the sixth song to be taken from the fourth album, Twenty 4 Hours A Day, Seven Days A Week. The song remained a constant area of success only in the Netherlands, the single reached 77 on the (Single Top 100). It did not chart in the United Kingdom. \"If You Want My Love\" was postponed a couple of times, because \"We Are the World\" did successfully well in many other countries, like Spain where it went top 10.ChartsPassage 4:I Want You to Be My Baby\"I Want You to Be My Baby\" is a jump blues song written by Jon Hendricks for Louis Jordan whose recording, made on May 28, 1953, was released that autumn.In the summer of 1955 \"I Want You to Be My Baby\" was remade as the debut disc by comedy musical act Lillian Briggs, resulting in an expedient cover version by veteran vocalist Georgia Gibbs. Producers Hugo & Luigi had Gibbs fly in from her Massachusetts home to New York City on Wednesday 3 August 1955 to cut \"I Want You to Be My Baby\" that same afternoon. New York City disc jockeys were provided with acetates of the Gibbs' version by the following morning with regular jockey copies being shipped out Friday 5 August 1955.  Neither version of the song would reach the Top Ten. Gibbs' version had the higher chart peak at #14 but it was the rough voiced Briggs - whose version peaked at #18 - who had the million seller.Ellie Greenwich versionEllie Greenwich, who as a teenager saw Lillian Briggs sing her hit at Alan Freed's rock and roll shows, chose \"I Want You to Be My Baby\" as the song to launch her career as a solo recording artist. Produced by Bob Crewe, Greenwich's version reached #83 in the spring of 1967, marking her only US chart appearance as a recording artist apart from her singles with The Raindrops. She included the song on her 1968 debut solo album Ellie Greenwich Composes, Produces and Sings.Billie Davis versionThe song became a UK Top 40 hit in the autumn of 1968 via a recording by Billie Davis. Produced by Ready Steady Go! co-host Michael Aldred and arranged by Mike Vickers, Davis' version featured a chorale comprising Madeline Bell, Kiki Dee, Kay Garner, Doris Troy and the Moody Blues. The single's failure to rise no higher than #33 was attributed to a strike at the Decca processing plant, which stopped the pressing of discs.The Jyve Fyve versionIn November 1970 the Jyve Fyve reached #50 on the R&B chart with their remake of \"I Want You to Be My Baby\".Other versionsIn Britain, Annie Ross - John Hendricks' future co-partner in Lambert, Hendricks & Ross - had an October 1955 single release of \"I Want You to Be My Baby\" recorded with Tony Crombie & His Orchestra. Neither this disc nor a 1956 UK single release of \"I Want You to Be My Baby\" by Don Lang charted. In February 1956, the British music magazine NME reported that Ross's version of the song was banned from airplay by the BBC due to the lyric \"Come upstairs and have some loving\".The song has also been recorded by Jimmy and the Mustangs, Colin James, Lindisfarne, Natasha England, Janis Siegel, and Leslie Uggams. A Finnish rendering - \"Armaani Sä Silloin Oisit\" - was recorded by Wiola Talvikki.  It was also a hit for Chinese singer Grace Chang who performed the song in both Mandarin Chinese (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \"Wo Yao Ni de Ai\" meaning \"I Want Your Love\") and English in the late 1950s. There was another rendition of the song in a classic 1958 Tamil movie Uthama puthiran, entitled \"Yaaradi Ni Mohini\".  The song was turned into the title song of the Italian TV show Canzonissima in 1960, with the title “Tu lei lui voi noi”, sang by Wilma De Angelis and Johnny Dorelli.Passage 5:If You Want to Be My Woman\"If You Want to Be My Woman\" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Merle Haggard backed by The Strangers. It was released in December 1989 as the third single from his album 5:01 Blues. The song peaked at number 23 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and reached number 15 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada.The song was Haggard's last top-40 country hit; like most classic country artists, Haggard's chart career was severely damaged by changes in the country industry that hit in the early 1990s. It was co-produced by Mark Yeary, keyboardist of The Strangers.PersonnelMerle Haggard– vocals, guitarThe Strangers:Norm Hamlet – pedal steel guitarClint Strong – guitarBobby Wayne – guitarMark Yeary – hammond organ, piano, electric pianoJimmy Belkin – fiddle, stringsBiff Adams – drumsDon Markham – saxophone, trumpetGary Church – cornet, tromboneChart performancePassage 6:If You Want My Lovin'\"If You Want My Lovin'\" is a song released by American singer Evelyn \" Champagne\" King. Released on April 3, 1981, The song appears on the album I'm in Love. The single version of \"If You Want My Lovin'\" was the follow-up to her charting single \"I'm in Love,\" but less successful.Single version\"If You Want My Lovin'\" was also released as a single.  This version of \"If You Want My Lovin'\" is the less-successful follow-up to Evelyn's charting single \"I'm In Love.\"Track listing12\" version7\" versionPersonnelPercussion – Bashiri JohnsonProducer, arranger, handclaps, lyrics by – Morrie BrownAssistant producer, arranger, keyboards, lyrics by, music by – Lawrence JonesAssistant engineer – Cheryl Smith, Dennis O'DonnellMixed by, recorded by – \"Magic Hands\", Steve GoldmanMastered by – George MarinoAssistant producer, backing vocals, handclaps, keyboards, Moog synthesizer – KashifGuitar – Ira SiegelAdditional engineer – Pete SobelString arrangement – Ralph SchuckettBacking vocals – B.J. Nelson, Evelyn King, Rochele CappelliDrums, handclaps – Leslie MingPassage 7:Merle HaggardMerle Ronald Haggard (April 6, 1937 – April 6, 2016) was an American country music singer, songwriter, guitarist, and fiddler.Haggard was born in Oildale, California, toward the end of the Great Depression. His childhood was troubled after the death of his father, and he was incarcerated several times in his youth. After being released from San Quentin State Prison in 1960, he managed to turn his life around and "}
{"doc_id":"doc_202","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Where Was I\"Where Was I?\" may refer to:Books\"Where Was I?\", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind's IWhere Was I?, book by JohnHaycraft 2006Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009Film and TVWhere Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A. Seiter. With Reginald Denny, MarianNixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran.Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim RoseWhere Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953 Quiz show with thepanelists attempting to guess a location by looking at photos\"Where Was I?\" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980Music\"Where was I\", song by W. FrankeHarling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939\"Where Was I\", single fromCharley Pride discography 1988\"Where Was I\" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton\"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)\", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (JoePass album)\"Where Was I?\", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)\"Where Was I\", song by SawyerBrown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can You Hear Me Now 2002\"Where Was I?\", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999\"WhereWas I\", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)\"Where Was I\", song by Rosie Thomas from With Love (RosieThomas album)Passage 2:Alexander CourageAlexander Mair Courage Jr. (December 10, 1919 – May 15, 2008) familiarly known as \"Sandy\" Courage, was anAmerican orchestrator, arranger, and composer of music, primarily for television and film. He is best known as the composer of the theme music for the originalStar Trek series.Early lifeCourage was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He received a music degree from the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, New York,in 1941. He served in the United States Army Air Forces in the western United States during the Second World War. During that period, he also found the time tocompose music for the radio. His credits in this medium include the programs Adventures of Sam Spade Detective, Broadway Is My Beat, Hollywood Soundstage,and Romance.CareerCourage began as an orchestrator and arranger at MGM studios, which included work in such films as the 1951 Show Boat (\"Life Upon theWicked Stage\" number); Hot Rod Rumble (1957 film); The Band Wagon (\"I Guess I'll Have to Change My Plan\"); Gigi (the can-can for the entrance of patrons atMaxim's); and the barn raising dance from Seven Brides for Seven Brothers.He frequently served as an orchestrator on films scored by André Previn (My FairLady, \"The Circus is a Wacky World\", and \"You're Gonna Hear from Me\" production numbers for Inside Daisy Clover), Adolph Deutsch (Funny Face, Some Like ItHot), John Williams (The Poseidon Adventure, Superman, Jurassic Park, and the Academy Award-nominated musical films Fiddler on the Roof and Tom Sawyer),and Jerry Goldsmith (Rudy, Mulan, The Mummy, et al.).  He also arranged the Leslie Bricusse score (along with Lionel Newman) for Doctor Dolittle (1967).Apartfrom his work as a respected orchestrator, Courage also contributed original dramatic scores to films, including two westerns: Arthur Penn's The Left Handed Gun(1958) and André de Toth's Day of the Outlaw (1959), and the Connie Francis comedy Follow the Boys (1963). He continued writing music for movies throughoutthe 1980s and 1990s, including the score for Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987), which incorporated three new musical themes by John Williams inaddition to Courage's adapted and original cues for the film. Courage's score for Superman IV: The Quest for Peace was released on CD in early 2008 by the FilmMusic Monthly company as part of its boxed set Superman - The Music, while La-La Land Records released a fully expanded restoration of the score on May 8,2018, as part of Superman's 80th anniversary.Courage also worked as a composer on such television shows as Daniel Boone, The Brothers Brannagan, Lost inSpace, Eight Is Enough, and Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea. Judd, for the Defense, Young Dr. Kildare and The Brothers Brannagan were the only televisionseries besides Star Trek for which he composed the main theme.The composer Jerry Goldsmith and Courage teamed on the long-running television show TheWaltons in which Goldsmith composed the theme and Courage the Aaron Copland-influenced incidental music. In 1988, Courage won an Emmy Award for hismusic direction on the special Julie Andrews: The Sound of Christmas.  In the 1990s, Courage succeeded Arthur Morton as Goldsmith's primaryorchestrator.Courage and Goldsmith collaborated again on orchestrations for Goldsmith's score for the 1997 film \"The Edge.\"Courage frequently collaborated withJohn Williams during the latter's tenure with the Boston Pops Orchestra.FamilyAt the age of 35, Courage married Mareile Beate Odlum on October 6,1955.Mareile, born in Germany, was the daughter of Rudolf Wolff and Elisabeth Loechelt. After Wolff's suicide Elisabeth married Carl Wilhelm Richard Hülsenbeck,renowned for his involvement in the Dada movement in Europe. Hülsenbeck brought his wife (Elisabeth), son (Tom) and step-daughter (Mareile) to the UnitedStates in 1938 to avoid the political situation rapidly developing in Europe. After arriving in the US he changed his last name to Hulbeck.Mareile's marriage toCourage was her third. Her second marriage was to Bruce Odlum (son of financier Floyd Odlum) in 1944. That union produced two sons, Christopher (1947) andBrian (1949). When Courage married Mareile he accepted the responsibility of acting stepfather to them. The family originally lived together on Erskine Dr. inPacific Palisades, but later moved to a mountainside home on Beverly Crest Drive in Beverly Hills.Aside from his musical abilities Courage was also an avid andaccomplished photographer. He took many dramatic photos of bullfights and auto racing. He was a racing enthusiast, and his interest in that sport andphotography brought him into contact with many racing personalities of the era, notably Phil Hill and Stirling Moss, both of whom he considered friends. Moss paidat least one social visit to the Erskine residence.Though a dedicated stepfather to Christopher and Brian, Courage's musical career took precedence over hisfamilial responsibilities. He sought to interest his step-children in music, and was responsible for arranging Brian's first musical lessons, on alto saxophone. Laterin life Brian became a composer of serious electronic music, though the vocation was not apparent during his childhood, as he was a poor saxophonestudent.Alexander and Mareile were divorced April 1, 1963. Courage subsequently married Kristin M. Zethren on July 14, 1967. That marriage also ended indivorce in 1972.Star Trek themeCourage is best known for writing the theme music for the original Star Trek series, and other music for that series. Courage washired by Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry to score the original series at Jerry Goldsmith's suggestion, after Goldsmith turned down the job.  Courage went onto score incidental music for episodes \"The Man Trap\" and \"The Naked Time\" and some cues for \"Mudd's Women.\"Courage reportedly became alienated fromRoddenberry when Roddenberry claimed half of the theme music royalties. Roddenberry wrote words for Courage's theme, not because he expected the lyrics tobe sung on television, but so that he (Roddenberry) could receive half of the royalties from the song by claiming credit as the composition's co-writer. Couragewas replaced by composer Fred Steiner who was then hired to write the musical scores for the remainder of the first season. After sound editors had difficultyfinding the right effect, Courage himself made the iconic \"whoosh\" sound heard while the Enterprise flies across the screen.He returned to Star Trek to score twomore episodes for the show's third and final season, episodes \"The Enterprise Incident\" and \"Plato's Stepchildren,\" allegedly as a courtesy to Producer RobertJustman.Notably, after later serving as Goldsmith's orchestrator, when Goldsmith composed the music for Star Trek: The Motion Picture,  Courage orchestratedGoldsmith's adaptation of his original Star Trek theme.Following Star Trek: The Motion Picture, Courage's iconic opening fanfare to the Star Trek theme becameone of the franchise's most famous and memorable musical cues. The fanfare has been used in multiple motion pictures and television series,  notably Star Trek:The Next Generation and the four feature films based upon that series, three of which were scored by Goldsmith.DeathCourage had been in declining health forseveral years before he died on May 15, 2008, at the Sunrise assisted-living facility in Pacific Palisades, California. He had suffered a series of strokes prior to hisdeath. His mausoleum is in Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery.Passage 3:Walter Robinson (composer)Walter Robinson is an American composer of thelate 20th century. He is most notable for his 1977 song Harriet Tubman, which has been recorded by folk musicians such as Holly Near, John McCutcheon, andothers.  He is also the composer of several operas.Passage 4:Hare-Way to the StarsHare-Way to the Stars is a 1958 American animated science fiction comedyshort film directed by Chuck Jones and written by Michael Maltese. The short was released by Warner Bros. Pictures on March 29, 1958 as part of the LooneyTunes series, and stars Bugs Bunny and Marvin the Martian. The title is a play on the song \"Stairway to the Stars.\"PlotThe cartoon starts when Bugs Bunny,feeling the effects of mixing radish juice with carrot juice the night before, unknowingly climbs out of his hole and into a rocket ship that is about to be launchedinto space. He realizes what has happened once he screws open the tip of the ship, and is immediately hit by the satellite Sputnik and lands on what appears tobe a space station. While there, Bugs meets Marvin the Martian who is trying to blow up the Earth with his Illudium Q-36 Explosive Space Modulator (which isactually a stick of dynamite) because \"Earth obstructs his view of Venus\".Bugs quietly steals Marvin's explosive, and Marvin quickly discovers what happened. Hecreates a trio of \"Instant Martians\" (who somewhat resemble the Martians of A Martian Odyssey and Jumpin' Jupiter) by adding water to \"Instant Martian\" pills.The Martians all leave to capture Bugs. Bugs gets on a rocket scooter and is pursued by a Martian. After noticing it mimics his every move to catch up with him,Bugs mimes driving out of the space station, causing the Martian to actually do that. He is then pursued by the Martians and hides behind a door so that he canchase them. The Martians use the same trick to get behind Bugs and chase him, but he uses the same trick again to make the Martians run into a trapdoor andmake them fall out of the space station. Bugs then steals a UFO and when Marvin attempts to make more Martians, Bugs swaps the lit Space Modulator for theInstant Martian dispenser. The Modulator explodes in Marvin's hand just after he finishes saying its name, destroying his space station. Standing amid theshattered remains, Marvin concedes defeat and that it is \"back to the old drawing board\" for his plans to destroy the Earth. Bugs arrives on Earth in the UFO, but"}
{"doc_id":"doc_203","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:A Hungarian Fairy TaleA Hungarian Fairy Tale (original title: Hol volt, hol nem volt) is a 1987 Hungarian film directed by Gyula Gazdag.PlotAndris is achild living in Budapest. He is conceived when his mother Maria is attracted to a mysterious stranger during a performance of The Magic Flute. The strangerdisappears after the conception, and as a result Andris does not know his father. The law states that a boy should have his father's name, even if the father isunknown, to avoid the taint of illegitimacy. When Maria tries to register Andris with the child custody department, Andris is given the name of a fictitious father.She enters on Andris' birth certificate the name of the bureaucrat she is dealing with, Antal Orban.Maria dies when she is hit on the head by a falling brick, anaccident resulting from being in the wrong place at the wrong time, leaving Andris suddenly motherless. He then goes off in search of his nonexistent father.Along the way he meets and is helped by The Girl, the young nurse who delivered him, and who is alone like Andris. Meanwhile, the kindly Orban becomes tired ofthe tyrannical bureaucracy, and decides to destroy the files of children he has helped to legitimize by giving them fictitious fathers. He then sets out to findAndris. Andris and The Girl finally meet Orban, and they form their own family.They meet scouts being trained as instruments of the state, and the scouts pursueAndris, Orban and The Girl. The three of them climb onto the back of a stone eagle, which takes off in flight.CastDávid Vermes - AndrisFrantišek Husák - AntalOrbanMária Varga - MariaEszter Csákányi - The GirlAccoladesThe film won the following awards:Fantafestival 1988 - Best Actress (Mária Varga)LocarnoInternational Film Festival 1987 - Bronze Leopard (Dávid Vermes) (Special Grand Prize)Salerno International Film Festival 1989 - Grand Prix (GyulaGazdag)Sitges Film Festival 1987 - Best Film (Gyula Gazdag)External linksA Hungarian Fairy Tale at IMDbPassage 2:The Girl of My DreamsThe Girl of My Dreamsis a lost 1918 British silent film romance directed by Louis Chaudet and starring Billie Rhodes.CastBillie Rhodes - The WeedJack McDonald - George BassettLamarJohnstone - Kenneth Stewart (*as Lamar Johnston)Golda Madden - Madelin StewartJane Keckley - Ma WilliamsFrank MacQuarrie - Pa WilliamsBen Suslow - JedWilliams (*as Benjamin Suslow)Leo Pierson - Ralph LongPassage 3:The Woman of My Dreams (2010 film)The Woman of My Dreams (Italian: La donna della miavita, also known as The Woman of My Life) is a 2010 Italian comedy-drama film directed by Luca Lucini and starring Alessandro Gassman, Luca Argentero,Stefania Sandrelli, and Valentina Lodovini.PlotLeonardo and Giorgio are two brothers with very different characters. Leonardo is sensitive and reliable, whileGiorgio is an unstable womanizer. After a suicide attempt, Leonardo meets Sara, not knowing that she is Giorgio's ex, and in time they fall in love.With difficulty,and only after the involvement of Giorgio's mother Alba, they restore their friendship.CastAlessandro Gassman as  GiorgioLuca Argentero as  LeonardoValentinaLodovini as  SaraStefania Sandrelli as  AlbaGiorgio Colangeli as  SandroSonia Bergamasco as  CarolinaGaia Bermani Amaral as IreneLella Costa as  Alba'sfriendFranco Branciaroli as AlbertoFrancesca Chillemi as herselfSee alsoList of Italian films of 2010Passage 4:Arthur Maria RabenaltArthur Maria Rabenalt (25 June1905 – 26 February 1993) was an Austrian film director, writer, and author. He directed more than 90 films between 1934 and 1978. His 1958 film That Won'tKeep a Sailor Down was entered into the 1st Moscow International Film Festival. Two years later, his 1960 film Big Request Concert was entered into the 2ndMoscow International Film Festival. His career encompassed both Nazi cinema and West German productions. He also wrote several books on the 1930s and1940s wave of German cinema.CareerIn his early teens, Rabenalt began his stage career directing operas at theatres in Darmstadt, Berlin and Gera. From thenon to the mid-1920s he worked (though uncredited) as a production assistant on several films such including G. W. Pabst's Joyless Street (1925). After Nazi's riseto power, Rabenalt made his feature film debut directing the musical comedy, What Am I Without You (1934), which was then shortly followed with the release ofthe comedy Pappi (1934). He continued to work in different genres, including The Love of the Maharaja (1936), and Men Are That Way and Midsummer Night'sFire which were released in 1939.        Through out the 1940s, Rabaenalt worked with melodramatic dramas and comedy. Some of his early films in the 1940s,such as Riding for Germany, supported Nazi ideology. In 1989, he said \"I had only made circus films and chamber-type entertainment films since 1941. The onlyNazi film I knew was ... rides for Germany (1941), and it was admired. The first films of mine that were distributed again after the war were Circus Renz (1943)and Regimental Music (shot in 1944 under the title The Guilty of Gabriele Rottweil, the film only came to the cinemas in 1950). The controversy about ... rides forGermany came much later.After the war he resumed his stage career as a director, beginning with the East German production, Chemistry and Love (1948),satire on anti-capitalism based on a play by Bela Balasz. He continued to work on productions for East German state studio DEFA until 1948. In the 1950s, hemoved into more mainstream entertainment, including the Weimar horror remake of Alraune (1952), which starred Hildegard Knef and Erich vonStroheim.            From 1960, Rabanalt worked only in television, adapting classic comedies and operettas for a mainstream audience. He also wrote severalerotic pulp fiction books as well as memoirs and factual books about Nazi Germany.Selected filmographyPublished booksTanz and Film [1] (1960)Das Theater derLust (1982)Theater ohne Tabu [2] (Emsdetten, 1970)Der Operetten-Bildband  Bühne Film Fernsehen [3] (1980)Mimus eroticus [4] (Hamburg, 1965/67)JosephGoebbels und der Grossdeutsche Film [5] (Munich, 1985)Gesammelte Schriften [6] (Hildesheim, 1999)Passage 5:Gyula GazdagGyula Gazdag (born 19 July 1947in Budapest) is a Hungarian film director, screenwriter and actor.FilmographyDirectorThe Long Distance Runner [Hosszú futásodra mindig számíthatunk...] (1969,documentary short)The Selection [A válogatás] (1970, documentary short)The Whistling Cobblestone [A sípoló macskakő] (1971)The Resolution [A határozat](1972, documentary)Singing on the Treadmill [Bástyasétány hetvennégy] (1974)Swap [A kétfenekű dob] (1978)The Banquet [A bankett] (1982,documentary)Lost Illusions [Elveszett illúziók] (1983)Package Tour [Társasutazás] (1985, documentary)A Hungarian Fairy Tale [Hol volt, hol nem volt...](1987)Stand Off [Túsztörténet] (1989)Hungarian Chronicles [Chroniques hongroises] (1991, documentary)A Poet on the Lower east Side [Egy költö a Lower EastSide-ról] (1997, documentary)Actor25, Firemen's Street Tüzoltó utca 25. (1973)Dreaming Youth [Álmodó ifjúság] (1974)Confidence Bizalom (1980)Colonel Redl[Oberst Redl] 1985Working West (1992)External linksGyula Gazdag at IMDbPassage 6:Siman-Tov GanehSiman-Tov Ganeh (Hebrew: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000-\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000;1924–1968) was an Israeli soldier who was rewarded with the Hero of Israel.BiographySiman-Tov Ganeh was born in the Old City of Jerusalem to aGeorgian-Jewish family, son of a member of the Jewish Battalions and a volunteer in the British army's Expeditionary Force during the Second World War. Whenthe 1936–1939 Arab revolt broke out, his family was forced to leave the Old City and move to Zikhron Moshe. As a boy he worked in a cigarette factory, and in1941 his father fell captive in Crete. He also served in the Royal Navy, and served on supply ships. In April 1946, he was discharged and worked as a taxi drivershortly before joining the Lehi underground movement.Ganeh joined the 8th Brigade at the beginning of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and served in the 89thBattalion. In November 1948, he participated in the Battle of Iraq Suwaydan, in which he continued to treat the wounded and respond to the shooting whilemortally wounded and under heavy fire. For his part in the operation, he was awarded the Hero of Israel medal.After the battle, Siman-Tov's two legs were cut offand replaced with prosthetic legs. Following the war he studied carpentry and worked for a while as a taxi driver. He got married in 1950 and was a father ofthree. His middle son was named Ma'agan, after being born on the day Ganeh was saved from the Ma'agan disaster which he had witnessed. During the Six-DayWar he volunteered to gather soldiers from transportation stations. In 1967, he began to work as a contractor in military camps. In March 1968, he was hit by anold shell that was ignited from the heat and was killed. After his death, mourning orders were held in IDF units.Passage 7:Ben PalmerBen Palmer (born 1976) is aBritish film and television director.His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcomThe Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020). Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, TheInbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015).BiographyPalmer was born and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness. He attendedChetwynde School.His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis. Palmer directed thesecond and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively.FilmographyBo' Selecta! (2002–06)Comedy Lab (2004–2010)Bo! in theUSA (2006)The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)Comedy Showcase (2012)Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)Them from That Thing(2012)Bad Sugar (2012)Chickens (2013)London Irish (2013)Man Up (2015)SunTrap (2015)BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)Back(2017)Comedy Playhouse (2017)Urban Myths (2017–19)Click & Collect (2018)Semi-Detached (2019)Breeders (2020)Passage 8:Elliot SilversteinElliot Silverstein(born August 3, 1927) is a retired American film and television director. He directed the Academy Award-winning western comedy Cat Ballou (1965), and otherfilms including The Happening (1967), A Man Called Horse (1970), Nightmare Honeymoon (1974), and The Car (1977). His television work includes four episodesof The Twilight Zone (1961–1964).CareerElliot Silverstein was the director of six feature films in the mid-twentieth century. The most famous of these by far isCat Ballou, a comedy-western starring Jane Fonda and Lee Marvin.The other Silverstein films, in chronological order, are The Happening, A Man CalledHorse,  Nightmare Honeymoon, The Car, and Flashfire.Other work included directing for the television shows The Twilight Zone, The Nurses, Picket Fences, andTales from the Crypt.While Silverstein was not a prolific director, his films were often decorated. Cat Ballou, for instance, earned one Oscar and was nominated forfour more. His high quality work was rewarded in 1990 with a Lifetime Achievement Award by the Directors Guild of America.AwardsIn 1965, at the 15th Berlin"}
{"doc_id":"doc_204","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Alasdair MórAlasdair Mór mac Domhnaill was a younger son of Domhnall mac Raghnaill—the eponymous ancestor of Clan Donald. He first appears onrecord in 1253, when it is recorded as witnessing a charter by his brother, Aonghus Mór, to Paisley Abbey. According to the 19th century Clan Donald historiansAngus and Archibald Macdonald, Alasdair Mór must have been a prominent man as he is the only recorded brother of Aonghus Mór. He is recorded in the Annalsof Connacht, in the year 1299, as being a man noted for being a \"generous and bounteous man\". In that year he was slain in a conflict with Alasdair of Argyll andthe MacDougalls. He is said to have had at least five sons: Dòmhnall, Gòraidh, Donnchadh, Eoin and Eachann. Alasdair Mòr was succeeded in the representationof his clan by Dòmhnall. Today he is considered to be the eponymous ancestor of Clan MacAlister.Passage 2:Kaya AlpKaya Alp (Ottoman Turkish: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000,lit. 'Brave Rock') was, according to Ottoman tradition, the son of Kızıl Buğa or Basuk and the father of Suleyman Shah. He was the grandfather of Ertuğrul Ghazi,the father of the founder of the Ottoman Empire, Osman I. He was also famously known for being the successing name of Ertokus Bey’s son Kaya Alp. He was adescendant of the ancestor of his tribe, Kayı son of Gun son of Oghuz Khagan, the legendary progenitor of the Oghuz Turks.Passage 3:Lyon CohenLyon Cohen(born Yehuda Leib Cohen; May 11, 1868 – August 17, 1937) was a Polish-born Canadian businessman and a philanthropist. He was the grandfather of singer/poetLeonard Cohen.BiographyCohen was born in Congress Poland, part of the Russian Empire, to a Jewish family on May 11, 1868. He immigrated to Canada with hisparents in 1871. He was educated at the McGill Model School and the Catholic Commercial Academy in Montreal. In 1888, he entered the firm of Lee & Cohen inMontreal; later became partner with his father in the firm of L. Cohen & Son; in 1895, he established W. R. Cuthbert & Co; in 1900, he organized the CanadianImprovement Co., a dredging contractor; in 1906, he founded The Freedman Co. in Montreal; and in May 1919, he organized and became President of CanadianExport Clothiers, Ltd.  The Freedman Company went on to become one of Montreal’s largest clothing companies.In 1897, Cohen and Samuel William Jacobsfounded the Canadian Jewish Times, the first English-language Jewish newspaper in Canada. The newspaper promoted the Canadianization of recent EastEuropean Jewish immigrants and encouraged their acceptance of Canadian customs as Cohen felt that the old world customs of immigrant Jews were one of themain causes of anti-Semitism. In 1914, the paper was purchased by Hirsch Wolofsky, owner of the Yiddish-language Keneder Adler, who transformed it into theCanadian Jewish Chronicle.He died on August 17, 1937, at the age of 69.PhilanthropyCohen was elected the first president of the Canadian Jewish Congress in1919 and organized the Jewish Immigrant Aid Services of Canada. Cohen was also a leader of the Young Men’s Hebrew Benevolent Society (later the Baron deHirsch Institute) and the United Talmud Torahs, a Jewish day school in Montreal. He also served as president of Congregation Shaar Hashomayim and president ofthe Jewish Colonization Association in Canada.Personal lifeCohen married Rachel Friedman of Montreal on February 17, 1891. She was the founder and Presidentof Jewish Endeavour Sewing School. They had three sons and one daughter:Nathan Bernard Cohen, who served as a lieutenant in the World War; he marriedLithuanian Jewish immigrant Masha Klonitsky and they had one daughter and one son:Esther Cohen andsinger/poet Leonard Cohen.Horace Rives Cohen, who wasa captain and quartermaster of his battalion in World War I;Lawrence Zebulun Cohen, student at McGill University, andSylvia Lillian Cohen.Passage 4:Gilbert deInsulaGilbert de Insula (Anglicised: Gilbert of the Isles) was a son of Domhnall mac Alasdair, who received a charter for unspecified lands in the Stirlingshireregion, in the year 1330. He also received a charter for half the lands of Glorat in the parish of Campsie. Today, Gilbert de Insula is considered to be a grandsonof Alasdair Mór. He is also considered to possibly be the ancestor of the Alexanders of Menstrie.CitationsPassage 5:Henry KrauseHenry J. \"Red\" Krause, Jr.(August 28, 1913 – February 20, 1987) was an American football offensive lineman in the National Football League for the Brooklyn Dodgers and the WashingtonRedskins.  He played college football at St. Louis University.Passage 6:Fred Le DeuxFrederick David Le Deux (born 4 December 1934) is a former Australian rulesfootballer who played with Geelong in the Victorian Football League (VFL). He is the grandfather of Tom Hawkins.Early lifeLe Deux grew up in Nagambie andattended Assumption College, after which he went to Bendigo to study teaching.FootballWhile a student at Bendigo Teachers' Training College, Le Deux played forthe Sandhurst Football Club. He then moved to Ocean Grove to take up a teaching position and in 1956 joined Geelong.A follower and defender, Le Deux made 18appearances for Geelong over three seasons, from 1956 to 1958 He was troubled by a back injury in 1958, which kept him out of the entire 1959 VFL season.In1960 he joined Victorian Football Association club Mordialloc, as he had transferred to a local technical school.FamilyLe Deux's daughter Jennifer was married toformer Geelong player Jack Hawkins. Jennifer died in 2015. Their son, Tom Hawkins, currently plays for Geelong.Passage 7:Domhnall mac CaileinDomhnall macCailein or Donald Campbell was a 13th-14th century Scottish nobleman and the Sheriff of Wigtown.LifeAccording to Campbell tradition, Domhnall was the secondson of Cailean Mór; however, contemporary evidence seems to suggest that Domhnall was the elder brother to Niall mac Cailein.First mentioned in 1296, when hedid homage to King Edward I of England at Dumbarton on 28 August 1296, his name is included on the Ragman Roll. He was on the side of the English in 1304under the orders of John de Botetourt, Justiciar of Galloway, Annan, and the valley of the Nith. Domhnall was part of the jury that, on 31 August 1304, undertookan inquiry as to certain privileges claimed by Robert de Brus, Earl of Carrick. After switching over to the Scottish cause, Domhnall was a signatory to theDeclaration of Arbroath. He received a grant of the half lands of Red Castle in the county of Forfar, and also lands of Benderloch in Lorne.Family andissueDomhnall married Amabilla and had the following known issue;Duncan (d.1367), married the heiress Susanna Crawford of Loudon daughter of ReginaldCrawford, and is the ancestor of the Campbells of Loudoun. Had issue.NotesPassage 8:Domhnall mac AlasdairDomhnall mac Alasdair was a son of Alasdair Mórmac Domhnaill, and a member of Clann Domhnaill. Domhnall is attested by the fifteenth-century manuscript National Library of Scotland Advocates' 72.1.1 (alsoknown as 1467 MS and 1450 MS). He may be identical to Domhnall of Islay. The latter's attestations suggest that he was a contestant to the Clann Domhnailllordship, and may have possessed the chiefship.CitationsPassage 9:Abd al-MuttalibShayba ibn Hāshim (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; c. 497–578),better known as \u0000Abd al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, lit. 'Servant of Muttalib') was the fourth chief of the Quraysh tribal confederation.He was the grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.Early lifeHis father was Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf,: 81 the progenitor of the distinguished Banu Hashim, aclan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. They claimed descent from Ismā'īl and Ibrāhīm. His mother was Salma bint Amr, from the Banu Najjar, a clan of the Khazrajtribe in Yathrib (later called Madinah). Hashim died while doing business in Gaza, before Abd al-Muttalib was born.: 81 His real name was \"Shaiba\" meaning 'theancient one' or 'white-haired' because of the streak of white through his jet-black hair, and is sometimes also called Shaybah al-\u0000amd (\"The white streak ofpraise\").: 81–82 After his father's death he was raised in Yathrib with his mother and her family until about the age of eight, when his uncle Muttalib ibn AbdManaf went to see him and asked his mother Salmah to entrust Shaybah to his care. Salmah was unwilling to let her son go and Shaiba refused to leave hismother without her consent. Mu\u0000\u0000alib then pointed out that the possibilities Yathrib had to offer were incomparable to Mecca. Salmah was impressed with hisarguments, so she agreed to let him go. Upon first arriving in Mecca, the people assumed the unknown child was Muttalib's servant and started calling him 'Abdal-Muttalib (\"servant of Muttalib\").: 85–86Chieftain of Hashim clanWhen Mu\u0000\u0000alib died, Shaiba succeeded him as the chief of the Hāshim clan. Following hisuncle Al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, he took over the duties of providing the pilgrims with food and water, and carried on the practices of his forefathers with his people. Heattained such eminence as none of his forefathers enjoyed; his people loved him and his reputation was great among them.: 61 'Umar ibn Al-Kha\u0000\u0000āb'sgrandfather Nufayl ibn Abdul Uzza arbitrated in a dispute between 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib and \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, Abu Sufyan's father, over the custodianship of theKaaba. Nufayl gave his verdict in favour of 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib. Addressing \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, he said:Why do you pick a quarrel with a person who is taller thanyou in stature; more imposing than you in appearance; more refined than you in intellect; whose progeny outnumbers yours and whose generosity outshinesyours in lustre? Do not, however, construe this into any disparagement of your good qualities which I highly appreciate. You are as gentle as a lamb, you arerenowned throughout Arabia for the stentorian tones of your voice, and you are an asset to your tribe.Discovery of Zam Zam Well'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib said thatwhile sleeping in the sacred enclosure, he had dreamed he was ordered to dig at the worship place of the Quraysh between the two deities Isāf and Nā'ila. Therehe would find the Zamzam Well, which the Jurhum tribe had filled in when they left Mecca. The Quraysh tried to stop him digging in that spot, but his sonAl-\u0000ārith stood guard until they gave up their protests. After three days of digging, 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib found traces of an ancient religious well and exclaimed,\"Allahuakbar!\" Some of the Quraysh disputed his claim to sole rights over water, then one of them suggested that they go to a female shaman who lived afar. Itwas said that she could summon jinns and that she could help them decide who was the owner of the well. So, 11 people from the 11 tribes went on theexpedition. They had to cross the desert to meet the priestess but then they got lost. There was a lack of food and water and people started to lose hope of evergetting out. One of them suggested that they dig their own graves and if they died, the last person standing would bury the others. So all began digging their owngraves and just as Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib started digging, water spewed out from the hole he dug and everyone became overjoyed. It was then and there decided thatAbdul-Muttalib was the owner of the Zam Zam well. Thereafter he supplied pilgrims to the Kaaba with Zam Zam water, which soon eclipsed all the other wells in"}
{"doc_id":"doc_205","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Theodore Roosevelt Sr.Theodore Roosevelt Sr. (September 22, 1831 – February 9, 1878) was an American businessman and philanthropist from theRoosevelt family. Roosevelt was also the father of President Theodore Roosevelt and the paternal grandfather of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt. He served as amember of the plate-glass importing business Roosevelt & Son.Roosevelt helped found the New York City Children's Aid Society. Related to this, and largelythrough his initiative,. . . a permanent Newsboys' Lodging house [was] established . . . where nightly several hundred stray  boys . . . were given a clean bed in awarm room for five cents, a fraction of what was charged by the lowest kind of commercial flophouse.He also helped found the Metropolitan Museum of Art, theAmerican Museum of Natural History, and the New York Children's Orthopedic Hospital. A participant in New York society life, he was described by one historian asa man of both \"good works and good times\". In December 1877, Roosevelt was nominated to be Collector of the Port of New York but was rejected by the U.S.Senate.FamilyRoosevelt was born in Albany, New York to businessman Cornelius Roosevelt and Margaret Barnhill. His four elder brothers were Silas, James,Cornelius Jr., and Robert. His younger brother, William, died at the age of one.Roosevelt married Martha Stewart Bulloch of Roswell, Georgia, on December 22,1853. She was the younger daughter of Major James Stephens Bulloch and Martha \"Patsy\" Stewart. Mittie was also a sister of the American Civil War'sConfederate veteran Irvine Bulloch and half-sister of Civil War Confederate veteran James Dunwoody Bulloch. They married at her family's historic mansion,Bulloch Hall in Roswell. Theodore Sr. and Martha had four children:Anna Roosevelt in 1855Theodore Roosevelt Jr. in 1858, who became the 26th president of theUnited StatesElliott Roosevelt (socialite) in 1860, who was the father of future First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and father-in-law of President Franklin D.RooseveltCorinne Roosevelt in 1861His son's recollectionsOf Theodore Sr., or \"Thee\" as he was known, his namesake son, in his autobiography described him inthe following words:My father, Theodore Roosevelt, was the best man I ever knew. He combined strength and courage with gentleness, tenderness, and greatunselfishness. He would not tolerate in us children selfishness or cruelty, idleness, cowardice, or untruthfulness. As we grew older, he made us understand thatthe same standard of clean living was demanded for the boys as for the girls; that what was wrong in a woman could not be right in a man. With great love andpatience, and the most generous sympathy and consideration, he combined insistence on discipline. He never physically punished me but once, but he was theonly man of whom I was ever really afraid. I do not mean that it was a wrong fear, for he was entirely just, and we children adored him. ...I never knew anyonewho got greater joy out of living than did my father, or anyone who more whole-heartedly performed every duty; and no one whom I have ever met approachedhis combination of enjoyment of life and performance of duty. He and my mother were given to hospitality that at that time was associated more commonly withsouthern than northern households. ...My father worked hard at his business, for he died when he was forty-six, too early to have retired. He was interested inevery social reform movement, and he did an immense amount of practical charitable work himself. He was a big, powerful man, with a leonine face, and hisheart filled with gentleness for those who needed help or protection, and with the possibility of much wrath against a bully or an oppressor. ... [He] was greatlyinterested in the societies to prevent cruelty to children and cruelty to animals. On Sundays, he had a mission class.\" In a 1900 letter, Roosevelt described hisfather, writing:I was fortunate enough in having a father whom I have always been able to regard as an ideal man. It sounds a little like cant to say what I amgoing to say, but he did combine the strength and courage and will and energy of the strongest man with the tenderness, cleanness, and purity of a woman. Iwas a sickly and timid boy. He not only took great and untiring care of me—some of my earliest remembrances are of nights when he would walk up and downwith me for an hour at a time in his arms when I was a wretched mite suffering acutely with asthma—but he also most wisely refused to coddle me, and made mefeel that I must force myself to hold my own with other boys and prepare to do the rough work of the world. I cannot say that he ever put it into words, but hecertainly gave me the feeling that I was always to be both decent and manly, and that if I were manly nobody would laugh at my being decent. In all mychildhood he never laid hand on me but once, but I always knew perfectly well that in case it became necessary he would not have the slightest hesitancy in doingso again, and alike from my love and respect, and in a certain sense, my fear of him, I would have hated and dreaded beyond measure to have him know that Ihad been guilty of a lie, or of cruelty, or of bullying, or of uncleanness or cowardice. Gradually I grew to have the feeling on my account, and not merely on his.\"To combat his poor physical condition, his father encouraged the young Roosevelt to take up exercise. To deal with bullies, Roosevelt started boxing lessons. Twotrips abroad had a permanent impact: family tours of Europe in 1869 and 1870, and of the Middle East 1872 to 1873.Support for the Union during the CivilWarTheodore Sr. was an active supporter of the Union during the Civil War. He was one of the Charter Members of the Union League Club, which was founded topromote the Northern cause. He has not been listed as such, probably because his wife was a loyal supporter of the Confederacy, and her brothers IrvineStephens Bulloch and James Dunwoody Bulloch were fighting for the Confederate Army. It was perhaps because of her active support of the Confederate Armythat Theodore Sr. hired a replacement to fulfill his draft obligation in the Army of the Potomac. During the war, he and two friends, William Earl Dodge Jr. andTheodore B. Bronson, drew up an Allotment System, which amounted to a soldier's payroll deduction program to support families back home. He then went toWashington, lobbied for, and won acceptance of this system, with the help of Abraham Lincoln himself. Theodore Sr. and Mr. Dodge were appointed AllotmentCommissioners from New York State. At their expense, the two men toured all New York divisions of the Army of the Potomac in the field to explain this programand sign interested men up, with a significant degree of success. In 1864, the Union League Club recruited money and food to send Thanksgiving Dinner to theentire Army of the Potomac. Theodore Sr. served as Treasurer for this generous outpouring of support for the troops. The elder Roosevelt meticulously listedevery donation received in a Union League Report dated December 1864.Orthopedic HospitalRoosevelt founded the New York Orthopedic Hospital. His youngerdaughter Corinne wrote this account of its origins: Bamie was born with a curved spine, and Roosevelt found a young doctor, Charles Fayette Taylor, who haddeveloped groundbreaking methods of treating physical defects in children, including braces and other equipment. Roosevelt then organized what appeared to bea social party for the upper crust of New York City. When the would-be revelers arrived, however, what they saw to their great surprise, were small children innew braces specially constructed for them. Moved to tears by the sight, one of the wealthiest socialites, Charlotte Augusta Gibbes (wife of financier/philanthropistJohn Jacob Astor III) said, \"Theodore, you are right; these children must be restored and made into active citizens again, and I for one will help you in yourwork.\" That same day enough money was collected to start the hospital. Friends of Roosevelt used to see him coming and note the look in his eyes only to say tohim, \"How much is it, this time, Theodore?\"Other philanthropic interestsIn addition to contributing large sums to the Newsboys' Lodging-house (as noted above),he also contributed to the Young Men's Christian Association, organized the Bureau of United Charities, and was a commissioner of the New York State Board ofCharities. He was a director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and of the American Museum of Natural History.Nomination for Collector to the Port of New York,and deathIn October 1877, Roosevelt was nominated by President Rutherford Hayes to the position of Collector of Customs at the Port of New York. One ofHayes's main reasons for nominating Roosevelt was to embarrass New York Senator Roscoe Conkling, whom Hayes considered corrupt, and who was demandingthe renomination of the incumbent Collector, future President Chester A. Arthur. Conkling, as a member of the Senate committee tasked with considering theappointment, used endless delaying tactics, and the resulting battle made national headlines and left Roosevelt Sr. feeling humiliated and disillusioned.As theprocess dragged on, Roosevelt started experiencing severe stomach cramps caused by a gastrointestinal tumor, misdiagnosed as peritonisis. In December, twodays after his appointment was finally rejected in the Senate by a vote of 25 to 31, Roosevelt collapsed. Initially he kept the extent of his illness hidden from hiselder son, who was away attending Harvard. In February, however, 19-year-old Theodore Jr. was informed and immediately took a train from Cambridge to NewYork, where he missed his father's death by a few hours. The senior Roosevelt had been 46.A devout Christian who led his children in daily prayers, Roosevelt'sfuneral was held in Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, which was filled to overflowing. The voice of his former pastor (William Adams) broke several times in thecourse of his remarks in the service.Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was profoundly affected by the early death of his father and spent months in a deep state ofgrief.LegacyBiographer H. W. Brands argued that the timing of his death contributed heavily to the younger Theodore's psychology, since the future presidentknew his father fully while growing up, but missed knowing his father man-to-man, and therefore absorbed a view of his father entirely in his role as a parent,untempered by much realization of his human imperfection. Theodore Jr.'s sister Corinne remarked that \"when [Theodore Jr.] was entering upon his duties asPresident of the United States, he told me frequently that he never took any serious step or made any vital decision for his country without thinking first whatposition his father would have taken on the question.\"Historian David McCullough, in the introduction to his book about President Roosevelt's youth, remarked:Ithink it is fair to say that one can not really know Theodore Roosevelt, the twenty-sixth President of the United States, without knowing the sort of man his fatherwas. Indeed, if I could have one wish for you the reader, it would be that you come away from the book with a strong sense of what a great man TheodoreRoosevelt, Sr. was.In 2012, historian Douglas Brinkley ranked Roosevelt first in a list of fathers of presidents of the United States, citing his instilling his son with"}
{"doc_id":"doc_206","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Paul De WeertPaul De Weert (born 27 November 1945) is a Belgian rower. He competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics and the 1976 SummerOlympics.Passage 2:Paul de LongpréPaul de Longpré (1855–1911), was a French painter of flowers, who worked mainly in the United States.Early lifePaul deLongpré was born in Lyon, France, in 1855, and was an entirely self-taught artist. From age 12, he practiced successfully in Paris as a painter of fans. In 1876, at21, he first exhibited at the Paris Salon. Having lost his money by the failure of a Paris bank, he moved in 1890 to New York City and in 1896 held an exhibition offlower paintings which secured him instant recognition.Life in HollywoodDe Longpré arrived in Los Angeles, Southern California with his family in 1899. DaeidaWilcox, with husband H. H. Wilcox the founders of Hollywood, was so eager to attract culture to the town that she gave him her homesite for his estate, three lotson Cahuenga on the north of Prospect (later Hollywood Boulevard), in exchange for three of his paintings.In 1901, Canadian architect Louis Bourgeois designed alandmark residence for the 3 acres (1.2 ha) estate, in the Mission Revival style. The house included an art gallery to sell prints of de Longpré's paintings, and wassurrounded by the expansive \"Le Roi de Fleur\" flower gardens. Estate tours became a popular tourist destination off an exclusive Balloon Route trolley spur of theLos Angeles Pacific Railroad, that later became a Pacific Electric Redcar line, and with print sales additional sources of income for de Longpré.Paul de Longpré islisted in the 1900 US Census, Los Angeles City Ward 5, Precincts 38 B and 73 A, with his wife Josephine and daughters Blance, Alice, and Pauline. His occupationis listed as Artist, but the last name is misspelled as De Lonpre, It indicates Paul, Josephine, Blance, and Alice were born in France, and Pauline was born in NewYork City. The architect Louis Bourgeois also taught French to de Longpré's daughters, and later married his daughter Alice.Paul de Longpré died at home in LosAngeles at age 56, on 29 June 1911.Afterwards, the family moved back to France. The increased property values in rapidly developing Hollywood resulted indemolition of the gardens by 1924, and the house in 1927.WorksDe Longpré only painted specimens of flowers. With a delicacy of touch and feeling for color heunited scientific knowledge and art. He also knew how to give expression to the subtle essence of the flowers. Painting floral scenes almost exclusively inwatercolors, in the 1900s de Longpre found inspiration in the 4,000 rose bushes he planted on his Hollywood estate. The finest of his paintings include DoublePeach Blossoms and White Fringed Poppies (1902) – both widely known through popular reproductions.LegacyIn present-day Hollywood, the street De LongpreAvenue, and De Longpre Park on it are both named for him.Passage 3:Paul de ScherffPaul de Scherff (14 July 1820 – 22 July 1894) was a Luxembourgianpolitician.De Scherff was born in Frankfurt to F. H. W. von Scherff-Arnoldi, who was minister plenipotentiary of the King-Grand Duke to the German FederalDiet.  After studying law, Paul de Scherff came to Luxembourg. For six years he was avocat géneral, and later became president of the superior court, at the ageof 34. From 24 June 1856 to 11 November 1858 he was Administrateur général (Minister) for Public Works and Railways in the Simons Ministry. From 1869 to1871, and then again from 1886 to 1892 he was a member of the Chamber of Deputies for the Centre, and was President of the Chamber of Deputies from 1869until 1872.When the walls of the fortress of Luxembourg were demolished in the 1870s and 1880s, Paul de Scherff was working in the ministry of public works,where he dealt with the building of the municipal parks.He married Marie Pescatore on 14 September 1842, daughter of Constantin Jos. Antoine Pescatore andniece of Theodore Pescatore.  De Scherff was a practising member of the Reformed Church.FootnotesPassage 4:Paul de CordonPaul de Cordon (born in 1908 inToulouse - died in 1998 in Paris) was a French photographer known for his photographs of the circus and the Crazy Horse Saloon. He was also recognized for hisportraits and his nudes for which he was, in 1964, considered one of the greatest photographers in the world together with Guy Bourdin and Lucien Clergue. Heproduced portraits of many personalities such as Johnny Hallyday, Gilbert Bécaud, Mireille Darc, Jacques Brel, Fernand Raynaud, Anna Karina, Samy Davis Jr.,Jeanne Moreau, Steve McQueen and his long-time friends, Daniel Sorano and Jacques Dufilho as well as Gonzague Saint Bris with whom he was very close  andwho nicknamed him “The Toulouse-Lautrec of photography’’. In 1961 he participated alongside Edouard Boubat, Agnès Varda, Man Ray, Frank Horvat, WilliamKlein and Robert Doisneau in the mythical exhibition \"Metamorphosis and invention of a face\" around the portrait of Anne- Marie Edvina. He was also anequestrian, fashion and advertising photographer, notably for Nikon and Beaulieu. He collaborated with Europe 1 in the years 1960/70. Paul de Cordon even triedhis hand at television by co-presenting the Cirques du Monde program with Jean Richard on channel A2. His works are present in prestigious collections such asthose of the National Library of France (BNF), the Rodin museum and W.M. Hunt.Early yearsPaul de Cordon was born in Toulouse. His father, Comte Pierre deCordon, was a cavalry officer; his mother, Marthe de Boyer-Montegut, a cultivated, book-loving woman, was the daughter of Paul de Boyer- Montégut, who, formany years, was mayor of Cugnaux, near Toulouse, where he owned the château de Maurens.It was in Maurens that Paul de Cordon, as a child, spent hisholidays and it was there that he discovered horses which were to become one of the great passions of his life. His grandfather Boyer-Montegut was what was theFrench call, a “Homme de cheval’’ whose four-in-hand teams were renowned in Toulouse and across the region. As a child, he also lived for several years in Mainz(Germany), where his father was stationed after the First World War. It was around this time that he started taking pictures with a small camera, a gift from hisparents. He learned the basic techniques from an old German photographer during long hours spent in his shop.It was also in Germany where his attraction to thecircus was born. The large travelling circuses, like Althoff, then crisscrossed the country with quality shows and numerous animals.As a teenager, he was aboarder in a Paris school. He was then able to discover a very intense artistic and cultural life thanks to his aunt, the Marquise du Crozet, his mother's elder sister.He attended performances by Serge de Diaghilev's Ballets Russes which, after the war, came on tour every year to Paris. He went to the theater and visitedexhibitions with his first cousin, Aimar du Crozet, who was much older than him and took him \"under his wing\" to serve as his guide to the Paris of the 1920s.Aimar du Crozet also had a passion for horses and races. He was the owner of Master Bob, who won the 1924 Paris Grand Steeple Chase * and who became sofamous an athlete that he is mentioned by Ernest Hemingway at the start of his book ‘’Death in the Afternoon’’.After his studies Paul de Cordon enlisted in the18th Dragons cavalry regiment. More than a true military vocation, it was once again the love of horses that motivated him.At that time almost all the cavalryregiments were mounted and each maintained and trained horses to enter in show jumping events and steeple chases, in which both officers andnoncommissioned officers participated. In the 1930s, he thus took part in dozens of races on tracks in France and across Europe.After the 18th Dragons he wasassigned to the 2nd Hussards, in Tarbes, the “Chamborant’’, where he continued his favorite activities; training and riding horses. By an amusing coincidence, hisgreat-grandmother on his mother’s side was Louise de Séganville, daughter of Colonel Baron de Séganville who had been the regiment’s commanding officerbetween 1813 and 1815.It was at the 2nd Hussards that he had two encounters that would mean a lot in his life. He befriended Jacques Dufilho who, afterinterrupting his studies in dental prosthesis, had signed an eighteen-month enlistment contract. * Dufilho will become one of his dearest friends when they meetagain after the war. There he also meets Jean Devaivre who completed his military service at “Chamborant’’. Jean Devaivre then went to work in cinema andbecame a great director, it was he who enabled Paul de Cordon, after the war, to embark on a new life.Devaivre was not only a cineaste but also an authenticcharacter actor: working during the occupation for the German group Continental Films in Paris, he was at the same time a very active member of the Frenchresistance. His exploits include flying from the Nevers region to London clandestinely after having made the journey from Paris to Nevers in the afternoon... bybicycle. Bertrand Tavernier's film “Laissez-passer’’ is directly inspired by his life, as recounted in his autobiography, “Action’’.In 1939, the 2nd Hussards broke upinto reconnaissance groups which took part in the 1940 battles on the Ardennes front, * Paul de Cordon participated in these actions in a mounted squadron andwas taken prisoner by the Germans. He ended his captivity in the fortress of Colditz where he was liberated by the US military on April 16, 1945.In 1945 hemarried Dilette de Rigaud de Vaudreuil and they had three children. He remained in the army for a few more months and was assigned to the Cadre Noir inSaumur.Second lifeAfter a few months in Saumur, he decided to leave the army. In 1947 Jean Devaivre who had just directed “La dame d’onze heure\" with PaulMeurisse, a film of astonishing modernity, offered him a job as his assistant and Paul de Cordon accepted.He was Devaivre’s first assistant director for “La fermedes sept péchés\" ( he was also the stuntman for scenes on horseback) and for \"Vendetta en Camargue\" where he reunited with Jacques Dufilho. At that time, inaddition to being a stuntman he was also an acrobatic and burlesque dancer.At the beginning of the 1950s, Paul de Cordon decided to become a professionalphotographer. He set up a studio in Paris and started developing relations with various clients in the press, advertising agencies, fashion designers, show business...He also began to develop a large-scale personal project on the circus and the Crazy Horse Saloon cabaret. He spent many nights with his camera at Medrano, atthe Bouglione brothers' Cirque d’Hiver and at the Crazy Horse Saloon. Until the 1990s he also traveled the world to visitcircuses and bring back photos. Overthese years, he has developed close ties with the great dynasties of the circus ring : Schumann, Rancy, Knie, Gruss, Bouglione, Houcke, Medrano, Fratellini etc ...In all these families the horse occupied a central role in their performances. This equestrian culture and Paul de Cordon’s experience as a horseman facilitated andconsolidated links with all these artists and strengthened their mutual confidence and friendship. His taste for spectacle, ballets and theater helped him toappreciate and better understand the work represented by all these artists. During these years, in addition to his work as a photographer, Paul de Cordon wrote a"}
{"doc_id":"doc_207","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Arthur Lehman GoodhartArthur Lehman Goodhart  (1 March 1891 in New York City – 10 November 1978 in Oxford) was an American-born academicjurist and lawyer; he was Professor of Jurisprudence at the University of Oxford, 1931–51, when he was also a Fellow of University College, Oxford. He was thefirst American to be the Master of an Oxford college, and was a significant benefactor to the college.Early life and educationArthur Goodhart was born to a Jewishfamily in New York City, the youngest of three children born to Harriet \"Hattie\" (née Lehman) and Philip Julius Goodhart. His siblings were Howard LehmanGoodhart and Helen Goodhart Altschul (married to Frank Altschul). His maternal grandfather was Mayer Lehman, one of three brothers who co-founded theinvestment banking firm Lehman Brothers. Goodhart was educated at the Hotchkiss School, Yale University and Trinity College, Cambridge. At Yale, he was aneditor of campus humor magazine The Yale Record. After returning to the United States, he practised law until World War I. Following the war, he started topursue an academic career in law, initially at Cambridge University and later at Oxford University where he became Professor of Jurisprudence and subsequentlythe Master of University College. He was editor of the Law Quarterly Review for fifty years.CareerRejected for service with British forces in World War I, in 1914,Goodhart became a member of the U.S. forces when the U.S. joined the war in 1917; he became counsel to the U.S. mission to Poland, in 1919.Goodhart wascalled to the bar by the Inner Temple 1919, and became a fellow of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and university lecturer in jurisprudence; he edited theCambridge Law Journal, 1921–5, and the Law Quarterly Review, 1926. In 1931 he moved to Oxford to become professor of jurisprudence. He gave up that chairwhen he became Master of University College, Oxford, 1951–63. Subsequently, he was an Honorary Fellow of the college until his death in 1978. In 1952 hedelivered the Hamlyn Lectures.As a member of the Law Revision Committee, Goodhart helped to promote improvements in various branches of the law.PersonallifeArthur Goodhart was married to Cecily Goodhart (née Carter), a devout Anglican. They had three children: Sir Philip Goodhart; William Goodhart, LordGoodhart of Youlbury; and Charles Goodhart (after whom Goodhart's law is named).LegacyStudents during Goodhart's Mastership of University College includedBob Hawke, matriculated 1953, who was later Prime Minister of Australia.The Goodhart Quad and the Goodhart Building (to the east, overlooking the quad andused for student accommodation) at University College, Oxford, off Logic Lane, are named in his memory. The largest lecture theatre in the Sir David WilliamsBuilding, which houses the Faculty of Law at the University of Cambridge, is also named \"The Arthur Goodhart Lecture Theatre\" after him. Cecily's Court, a smallopen area containing a fountain, located between the Goodhart Building and 83–85 High Street, is named in memory of Goodhart's wife.Honours and titles1938Honorary bencher, Lincoln's Inn1943, King's Counsel1948, Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE). As a US citizen, an honoraryknighthood, and name not prefixed \"Sir\"1952, Fellow of the British AcademyHe received honorary degrees from twenty universitiesHonorary Fellow, TrinityCollege, CambridgeHonorary Fellow, University College, OxfordPassage 2:Christopher ShinnChristopher Shinn (born 1975) is an American playwright. His playDying City (2006) was a finalist for the 2008 Pulitzer Prize for Drama, and Where Do We Live (2004) won the 2005 Obie Award, Playwriting.Early lifeShinn wasborn in Hartford, Connecticut in 1975 and lives in New York. He earned a BFA, Dramatic Writing, from New York University.The Royal Court Theatre in Londonproduced his first play Four and commissioned several plays from him. Shinn said: \"The fifteen years I was embraced by the Court allowed me to become theartist I am today.\"CareerIn an article about Shinn, Rob Weinert-Kendt observed: \"If playwright Christopher Shinn has a signature character, it is the manipulativevictim — the half-sympathetic, half-deplorable sort of person whose suffering is real but who uses it as rationale for bad behavior.\" As an example, in Dying City,\"Shinn conjured twin terrors: a pair of brothers, one a straight soldier shipping off to Iraq, the other a successful gay actor.\"Four was produced by the Royal CourtTheatre in their Young Writers' Festival in 1998. The play was produced by the Worth Street Company at the TriBeCa Playhouse, New York City, in July 2001,directed by Jeff Cohen. It was produced by the Manhattan Theatre Club at Stage II in association with the Worth Street Company in January 2002.Other Peoplepremiered at the Royal Court Theatre, Jerwood Theatre Upstairs in March 2000, directed by Dominic Cooke and featuring Daniel Evans, Doraly Rosen, JamesFrain, and Neil Newbon. The play opened Off-Broadway at Playwrights Horizonss New Theater Wing in October 2000. The play takes place in the East Village in1997 shortly before Christmas, and involves roommates, current and former, all artists in various fields.Where Do We Live opened Off-Broadway at the VineyardTheatre, running from May 11, 2004, to May 30, 2004. Directed by Shinn, the cast featured Emily Bergl, Daryl Edwards, Jesse Tyler Ferguson, Luke MacFarlane,Burl Moseley, Jacob Pitts, Aaron Stanford, Liz Stauber and Aaron Yoo. The play won the 2005 Obie Award, Playwriting and was nominated for the 2005 GLAADMedia Awards, Outstanding New York Theater: Broadway and Off-Broadway. It was first produced at the Royal Court in May 2002.His play Dying City wasproduced Off-Broadway by Lincoln Center Theater at the Mitzi E. Newhouse Theatre, from February 15, 2007, in previews, officially on March 4, 2007, to April 29,2007. Directed by James Macdonald the cast starred Rebecca Brooksher and Pablo Schreiber. The play had its world premiere in 2006 at the Royal Court Theatrein London. The play was a finalist for the 2008 Pulitzer Prize for Drama.Shinn's play Now or Later premiered at the Royal Court Theatre in London from 3September 2008 to 1 November 2008. Directed by Dominic Cooke, the cast featured Eddie Redmayne, Matthew Marsh, Adam James, Domhnall Gleason, NancyCrane and Pamela Nomvete. The play takes place during a U.S. presidential election and focuses on the crisis that the gay son of the Democratic candidate isundergoing. The play had its US premiere at the Huntington Theatre Company, Boston in October 2012. Adriane Lenox, Tom Nelis and Grant MacDermott arefeatured, with direction by Michael Wilson.His adaptation of Hedda Gabler premiered on Broadway at the Roundabout Theatre Company American AirlinesTheatre, from January 6, 2009, to March 29, 2009. The play was directed by Ian Rickson and starred Mary-Louise Parker as Hedda Tesman, Michael Cerveris asJorgen Tesman, Peter Stormare as Judge Brack, and Paul Sparks as Ejlert Lovborg.Teddy Ferrara was commissioned by the Goodman Theatre, Chicago, andpremiered there from February 2, 2013, to March 3, 2013, directed by Evan Cabnet. The play involves a gay college student, Gabe, whose life is complicated by atragedy on campus. The play was produced in London at the Donmar Warehouse in October 2015, directed by Dominic Cooke.An Opening in Time premiered atHartford Stage, running from September 17 to October 11, 2015, directed by Oliver Butler. The play is set in New England and focuses on Anne, in her 60s,seeking to reconnect with a man from her past.Against premiered at the Almeida Theatre, running from August 12 to September 30, 2017, directed by IanRickson and starring Ben Whishaw. The play is about a Silicon Valley billionaire who goes on a quest to try to get America to address its problem with violence.Hisadaptation of Judgment Day premiered at Park Avenue Armory on December 5, 2019.The Narcissist premiered at Chichester Festival Theatre, running fromAugust 26 to September 24, 2022, directed by Josh Seymour and starring Harry Lloyd and Claire Skinner. The play is about a political consultant who is beingcourted by a Senator as his personal life faces crisis.Other workHe wrote Sandcastle for \"The 24 Hour Plays\" which was performed on September 24, 2001,starring Liev Schrieber and Lili Taylor. He wrote Dance of Life for the 2003 version of \"The 24 Hour Plays\", which was performed at the American Airlines Theatrein September 2003 and starred Rachel Dratch, Catherine Kellner and Sam Rockwell.He participated in the Bush Theatre's 2011 project Sixty Six Books where hewrote a piece based upon a book of the King James Bible.He wrote a short play for Headlong's 2011 project Decade about the impact and legacy of 9/11.He hasalso written short plays for Naked Angels, and the New York International Fringe Festival.Shinn's plays are published in collections from Theatre CommunicationsGroup and Methuen, and in acting editions from Dramatists Play Service.Shinn teaches playwriting at The New School for Drama.BibliographySource: InternetOff-Broadway DatabaseFour—1998, Royal Court TheatreOther People—2000, Royal Court TheatreThe Coming World—2001, Soho Theatre, LondonWhere Do WeLive—2002, Royal Court TheatreWhat Didn't Happen—2002, Playwrights HorizonsOn the Mountain—2005, Playwrights HorizonsDying City—2006, Royal CourtTheatreNow or Later—2008, Royal Court TheatreHedda Gabler (adaptation)—2009, Roundabout Theatre Company, American Airlines TheatrePicked—2011,Vineyard TheatreTeddy Ferrara—2013, Goodman TheatreAn Opening in Time—2015, Hartford StageAgainst—2017, Almeida TheatreJudgment Day(adaptation)—2019, Park Avenue ArmoryThe Narcissist—2022, Chichester Festival TheatreAwards and honorsFor Dying City, Shinn was a 2008 Pulitzer Prizefinalist, was nominated for the 2007 Lucille Lortel Award for Outstanding Play, and was nominated for the TMA Award for Best New Play (2006). Shinn won theObie Award in Playwriting (2005) for Where Do We Live and was nominated for an Olivier Award for Most Promising Playwright (2003) for Where Do We Live Hewas shortlisted for the Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Play (2008) for Now or Later and the South Bank Show Award for Theatre (2008) for Now orLater. In 2020, he was nominated for a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Adaptation for Judgment Day.He received a Guggenheim Fellowship in Playwriting(2005). He has received grants from the NEA/TCG Residency Program and the Peter S. Reed Foundation, and he is a recipient of the Robert Chesley Award forLesbian and Gay Playwriting.He was a 2019-2020 Radcliffe Fellow at Harvard. In 2020–2021, he was a Cullman Fellow at New York Public Library.PersonallifeShinn is openly gay. In 2012, Shinn was diagnosed with Ewing's sarcoma, a rare form of bone cancer, and had part of his left leg amputated.Passage 3:FionaMcIntoshFiona McIntosh (born 1960) is an English-born Australian author of adult and children's books. She was born in Brighton, England and between the agesof three and eight, travelled a lot to Africa due to her father's work. At the age of nineteen, she travelled first to Paris and later to Australia, where she has lived"}
{"doc_id":"doc_208","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Tiberius (son of Maurice)Tiberius (Greek: Τιβέριος, died 27 November 602) was the second son of Byzantine Emperor Maurice and his wife Constantina.His father intended him to inherit Italy and the western islands, centered in Rome; however, this did not come to fruition as his father was overthrown by the newEmperor Phocas, who had him and his father executed, along with his younger brothers, in the Harbor of Eutropius, Chalcedon.Early life and familyTiberius wasthe second son of Byzantine Emperor Maurice, and Constantina. He was named in honor of Emperor Tiberius II, his maternal grandfather. He had an olderbrother, Theodosius, four younger brothers, Peter, Paul, Justin, and Justinian, and three sisters, Anastasia, Theoctiste, and Cleopatra. Maurice was not only thefirst Byzantine emperor since Theodosius I to produce a son, but his and Constantina's ability to produce numerous children was the subject of popularjokes.Maurice had served as magister militum per Orientem, the commander of Byzantine forces in the East, securing decisive victories over the SassanianEmpire. The ruling Byzantine Emperor, Tiberius II, weakened by illness, named Maurice one of his two heirs, alongside Germanus, planning to divide the empirein two, giving Maurice the Eastern half. However, Germanus declined, and therefore, on 13 August 582, Maurice was married to Constantina and declaredemperor. Tiberius II died the following day, and Maurice became sole emperor.Later lifeAccording to his father's will, written in 597 when he was suffering fromsevere illness, Maurice intended for Tiberius to rule Italy and the western islands, centered in Rome, rather than Ravenna, with Theodosius ruling in the East,centered in Constantinople. Theophylact Simocatta, a contemporary source, states that the remainder of the empire would be split by Maurice's younger sons,and Byzantist J. B. Bury suggests one would rule North Africa, and the other Illyricum, including Greece, with Domitian of Melitene as their guardian. HistorianJohannes Wienand suggests that in this arrangement, Theodosius would serve as senior augustus, Tiberius as junior augustus, and the younger brothers ascaesars.In 602 Maurice ordered the Byzantine army to winter beyond the Danube, causing troops exhausted by warfare against the Slavs to rise up, and declarePhocas their leader. The troops demanded Maurice abdicate in favor of Theodosius or General Germanus. On 22 November 602, facing riots in Constantinople ledby the Green faction, Maurice and his family boarded a warship bound for Nicomedia.  Theodosius may have been at that time in the Sasanian Empire, on adiplomatic mission, or, according to some sources, was later sent by Maurice to request aid from the Sassanian Emperor Khosrow II.Phocas was crowned emperorthe next day, on the 23rd, after he arrived in the capital. After surviving a storm, Tiberius and his family landed at Saint Autonomos, near Praenetus, 45 miles (72km) from Constantinople, but were forced to stay there due to Maurice's arthritis, which left him bed-ridden. They were captured by Lilios, an officer of Phocas,and brought to the Harbor of Eutropius at Chalcedon, where on 27 November 602, Tiberius and his three younger brothers were put to death, followed by Mauricehimself. Their remains were gathered by Gordia, Tiberius' aunt, and interred at the Monastery of Saint Mamas, which she had founded. Theodosius wassubsequently captured and executed when he returned, while Constantina and her daughters were taken under the protection of Cyriacus II, the Patriarch ofConstantinople.Passage 2:Augustus II the StrongAugustus II (12 May 1670 – 1 February 1733), most commonly known as Augustus the Strong, was Elector ofSaxony from 1694 as well as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania in the years 1697–1706 and from 1709 until his death in 1733. He belonged to theAlbertine line of the House of Wettin.Augustus' great physical strength earned him the nicknames \"the Strong\", \"the Saxon Hercules\" and \"Iron-Hand\". He liked toshow that he lived up to his name by breaking horseshoes with his bare hands and engaging in fox tossing by holding the end of his sling with just one fingerwhile two of the strongest men in his court held the other end. He is also notable for fathering a very large number of children.In order to be elected king of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Augustus converted to Roman Catholicism. As a Catholic, he received the Order of the Golden Fleece from the Holy RomanEmperor and established the Order of the White Eagle, Poland's highest distinction. As Elector of Saxony, he is perhaps best remembered as a patron of the artsand architecture. He transformed the Saxon capital of Dresden into a major cultural centre, attracting artists from across Europe to his court. Augustus alsoamassed an impressive art collection and built lavish baroque palaces in Dresden and Warsaw. In 1711 he served as the Imperial vicar of the Holy RomanEmpire.His reigns brought Poland some troubled times. He led the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Great Northern War, which allowed the Russian Empireto strengthen its influence in Europe, especially within Poland. His main pursuit was bolstering royal power in the Commonwealth, characterized by broaddecentralization in comparison with other European monarchies. He tried to accomplish this goal using foreign powers and thus destabilized the state. Augustusruled Poland with an interval; in 1704 the Swedes installed nobleman Stanisław Leszczyński as king, who officially reigned from 1706 to 1709 and after Augustus'death in 1733 which sparked the War of the Polish Succession.Augustus' body was buried in Poland's royal Wawel Cathedral in Kraków, but his heart rests in theDresden Cathedral. His only legitimate son, Augustus III of Poland, became king in 1733.Early lifeAugustus was born in Dresden on 12 May 1670, the youngerson of John George III, Elector of Saxony and Princess Anna Sophie of Denmark. As the second son, Augustus had no expectation of inheriting the electorate,since his older brother, Johann Georg IV, assumed the post after the death of their father on 12 September 1691. Augustus was well educated, and spent someyears in travel and in fighting against France.Augustus married Kristiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth in Bayreuth on 20 January 1693. They had a son,Frederick Augustus II (1696–1763), who succeeded his father as Elector of Saxony and King of Poland as Augustus III.While in Venice during the carnival season,his older brother, the Elector Johann Georg IV, contracted smallpox from his mistress Magdalena Sibylla of Neidschutz. On 27 April 1694, Johann Georg diedwithout legitimate issue and Augustus became Elector of Saxony, as Friedrich Augustus I.Conversion to CatholicismTo be eligible for election to the throne of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1697, Augustus had to convert to Roman Catholicism. The Saxon dukes had traditionally been called \"champions of theReformation\". Saxony had been a stronghold of German Protestantism and Augustus' conversion was therefore considered shocking in Protestant Europe.Although the prince-elector guaranteed Saxony's religious status quo, Augustus' conversion alienated many of his Protestant subjects. As a result of theenormous expenditure of money used to bribe the Polish nobility and clergy, Augustus' contemporaries derisively referred to the Saxon duke's royal ambitions ashis \"Polish adventure\".His church policy within the Holy Roman Empire followed orthodox Lutheranism and ran counter to his new-found religious and absolutistconvictions. The Protestant princes of the empire and the two remaining Protestant electors (of Hanover and Prussia) were anxious to keep Saxonywell-integrated in their camp. According to the Peace of Augsburg, Augustus theoretically had the right to re-introduce Roman Catholicism (see Cuius regio, eiusreligio), or at least grant full religious freedom to his fellow Catholics in Saxony, but this never happened. Saxony remained Lutheran and the few RomanCatholics residing in Saxony lacked any political or civil rights. In 1717, it became clear just how awkward the situation was: to realize his ambitious dynasticplans in Poland and Germany, it was necessary for Augustus' heirs to become Roman Catholic. After five years as a convert, his son—the future AugustusIII—publicly avowed his Roman Catholicism. The Saxon Estates were outraged and revolted as it became clear that his conversion to Catholicism was not only amatter of form, but of substance as well.Since the Peace of Westphalia, the Elector of Saxony had been the director of the Protestant body in the Reichstag. Toplacate the other Protestant states in the Empire, Augustus nominally delegated the directorship of the Protestant body to Johann Adolf II, Duke ofSaxe-Weissenfels. However, when the Elector's son also converted to Catholicism, the Electorate faced a hereditary Catholic succession instead of a return to aProtestant Elector upon Augustus's death. When the conversion became public in 1717, Brandenburg-Prussia and Hanover attempted to oust Saxony from thedirectorship and appoint themselves as joint directors, but they gave up the attempt in 1720. Saxony would retain the directorship of the Protestant body in theReichstag until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, despite the fact that all remaining Electors of Saxony were Catholic.The wife of Augustus, theElectress Christiane Eberhardine, refused to follow her husband's example and remained a staunch Protestant. She did not attend her husband's coronation inPoland and led a rather quiet life outside Dresden, gaining some popularity for her stubbornness.King of Poland for the first timeFollowing the death of Polish KingJohn III Sobieski and having converted to Catholicism, Augustus won election as King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1697 with the backing ofImperial Russia and Austria, which financed him through the banker Berend Lehmann. At the time, some questioned the legality of Augustus' elevation, sinceanother candidate, François Louis, Prince of Conti, had received more votes. Each candidate, Conti and Augustus, was proclaimed as king by a differentecclesiastical authority: (the Primate Michaŀ Radziejowski proclaimed Conti and the bishop of Kujawy, Stanisław Dąmbski proclaimed Augustus, with JacobHeinrich von Flemming swearing to the pacta conventa as Augustus's proxy). However, Augustus hurried to the Commonwealth with a Saxon army, while Contistayed in France for two months.Although he had led the imperial troops against Turkey in 1695 and 1696 without very much success, Augustus continued thewar of the Holy League against Turkey, and after a campaign in Moldavia, his Polish army eventually defeated the Tatar expedition in the Battle of Podhajce in1698. This victory compelled the Ottoman Empire to sign the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699. Podolia and Kamieniec Podolski returned to Poland. An ambitious ruler,Augustus hoped to make the Polish throne hereditary within his family, and to use his resources as Elector of Saxony to impose some order on the chaoticPolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was, however, soon distracted from his internal reform projects by the possibility of external conquest. He formed an"}
{"doc_id":"doc_209","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Hafsa HatunHafsa Hatun (Ottoman Turkish: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, \"young lioness\") was a Turkish princess, and a consort of Bayezid I, Sultan of theOttoman Empire.LifeHafsa Hatun was the daughter of Isa Bey, the ruler of the Aydinids. She was married to Bayezid in 1390, upon his conquest of the Aydinids.Her father had surrendered without a fight, and a marriage was arranged between her and Bayezid. Thereafter, Isa was sent into exile in Iznik, shorn of hispower, where he subsequently died. Her marriage strengthened the bonds between the two families.CharitiesHafsa Hatun's public works are located within herfather's territory and may have been built before she married Bayezid. She commissioned a fountain in Tire city and a Hermitage in Bademiye, and a mosqueknown as \"Hafsa Hatun Mosque\" between 1390 and 1392 from the money she received in her dowry.See alsoOttoman dynastyOttoman EmpirePassage 2:Cornelia(mother of the Gracchi)Cornelia (c. 190s – c. 115 BC) was the second daughter of Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, a Roman general prominent in the SecondPunic War, and Aemilia Paulla. Although drawing similarities to prototypical examples of virtuous Roman women, such as Lucretia, Cornelia puts herself apartfrom the rest because of her interest in literature, writing, and her investment in the political careers of her sons. She was the mother of the Gracchi brothers,and the mother-in-law of Scipio Aemilianus.BiographyCornelia married Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, grandson of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, when he wasalready in middle age. The union proved to be a happy one, and together they had 12 children, which is very unusual by Roman standards. Six of them were boysand six were girls. Only three are known to have survived childhood: Sempronia, who married her cousin Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, and the two Gracchibrothers (Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus), who would defy the political institutions of Rome with their attempts at popular reforms.After her husband's death, shechose to remain a widow while still enjoying a princess-like status and set herself to educating her children. She even refused the marriage proposal of KingPtolemy VIII Physcon because she is made to be a virtuous and dutiful wife after the death of her only husband. However, her refusal could simply be justified bythe fact that she had a desire for more independence and freedom in the manner in which her children were to be raised.Later in her life, Cornelia studiedliterature, Latin, and Greek. Cornelia took advantage of the Greek scholars she brought to Rome, notably the philosophers Blossius (from Cumae) and Diophanes(from Mytilene), who were to educate young men. She had been taught the importance of receiving an education and came to play an extensive role in her sons'education during the \"bygone republican era,\" resulting in the creation of a \"superior breed of Roman political leader.\" Cornelia always supported her sonsTiberius and Gaius, even when their actions outraged the conservative patrician families in which she was born. She took a lot of pride in them, comparing herchildren to \"jewels\" and other precious things, according to Valerius Maximus.After their violent deaths, she retired from Rome to a villa in Misenum but continuedto receive guests. Her villa saw the likes of many learned men, including Greek scholars, who came from all over the Roman world to read and discuss their ideasfreely. Rome worshipped her virtues, and when she died at an advanced age, the city voted for a statue in her honor.Role in the political careers of her childrenItis important to note that M. I. Finely advances the argument that \"the exclusion of women from any direct participation in political or governmental activity\" was anormal practice in Ancient Roman society. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to characterize the extent of Cornelia's involvement in the political careers of herchildren, yet there is important evidence to support the fact that she was, at the very least, engaged.A common social practice in Rome was extending thepolitical line of a family through dynastic marriages, especially when two families were rising to power at about the same time. The marriage of Sempronia(Cornelia's daughter) to her cousin reaffirmed the continuation of the great Scipio lineage, seeing as though the legacy of Scipio Africanus had to be continuedsomehow. Scipio Aemilianus saw important growth in his political prestige as a result of this marriage, although not enough to compare to his brothers-in-law andtheir revolutionary political reforms.One of the most important aspects of the life of Cornelia is her relationship with her adult sons. Most of the information thatwe have on her role during this time is what Plutarch wrote in both the Life of Tiberius Gracchus and the Life of Gaius Gracchus. She is portrayed as active duringtheir political careers, especially during Gaius’.Plutarch writes of how Gaius removed a law that disgraced Marcus Octavius, the tribune whom Tiberius haddeposed, because Cornelia asked him to remove it.  Plutarch states that the people all approved of this out of respect for her (due to her sons and her father).Plutarch also writes that Cornelia may have helped Gaius undermine the power of the consul Lucius Opimius by hiring foreign harvesters to help provideresistance (which suggests that harvesters were supporters of the Gracchi).Plutarch also writes that, when one of Gaius's political opponents attacked Cornelia,Gaius retorted:\"What,\" said he, \"dost thou abuse Cornelia, who gave birth to Tiberius?\" And since the one who had uttered the abuse was charged witheffeminate practices, \"With what effrontery,\" said Gaius, \"canst thou compare thyself with Cornelia? Hast thou borne such children as she did? And verily all Romeknows that she refrained from commerce with men longer than thou hast, though thou art a man.\"This remark suggests that the Gracchi used their mother'sreputation as a chaste, noble woman to their advantage in their political rhetoric.Cornelia's letter excerptsThe manuscripts of Cornelius Nepos, the earliest Latinbiographer (ca. 110-24 BC), include several excerpts from a letter supposedly composed by Cornelia to Gaius (her younger son). If the letters are authentic, theywould make Cornelia one of only four Roman women whose writings survive to the present day, and they would show how Roman women wielded considerableinfluence in political families. Additionally, this would make Cornelia the first woman in her own family who wrote and passed down the importance of writing toher posterity. The letters may be dated to just before Gaius' tribunate in 122 BC (Gaius would be killed the following year in 121 BC, over a decade after thedeath of his brother Tiberius in 133 BC). The wording in the letter is very interesting, insomuch as it uses the first person, is very assertive and displays copiousamounts of raw emotion, which may have been new and unusual for a woman writing at that time, particularly to a man of such important social standing. Thetwo excerpts read as follows:\"You will say that it is a beautiful thing to take on vengeance on enemies. To no one does this seem either greater or more beautifulthan it does to me, but only if it is possible to pursue these aims without harming our country. But seeing as that cannot be done, our enemies will not perish fora long time and for many reasons, and they will be as they are now rather than have our country be destroyed and perish....I would dare to take an oathsolemnly, swearing that, except for those who have murdered Tiberius Gracchus, no enemy has foisted so much difficulty and so much distress upon me as youhave because of the matters: you should have shouldered the responsibilities of all of those children whom I had in the past, and to make sure that I might havethe least anxiety possible in my old age; and that, whatever you did, you would wish to please me most greatly; and that you would consider it sacrilegious to doanything of great significance contrary to my feelings, especially as I am someone with only a short portion of my life left. Cannot even that time span, as brief asit is, be of help in keeping you from opposing me and destroying our country? In the final analysis, what end will there be? When will our family stop behavinginsanely? When will we cease insisting on troubles, both suffering and causing them? When will we begin to feel shame about disrupting and disturbing ourcountry? But if this is altogether unable to take place, seek the office of tribune when I will be dead; as far as I am concerned, do what will please you, when Ishall not perceive what you are doing. When I have died, you will sacrifice to me as a parent and call upon the god of your parent. At that time does it not shameyou to seek prayers of those gods, whom you considered abandoned and deserted when they were alive and on hand? May Jupiter not for a single instant allowyou to continue in these actions nor permit such madness to come into your mind. And if you persist, I fear that, by your own fault, you may incur such troublefor your entire life that at no time would you be able to make yourself happy.\"In the early 40s BC, Cicero, Nepos's contemporary, referenced Cornelia's letters.Cicero portrayed his friend Atticus as arguing for the influence of mothers on children's speech by noting that the letters' style appeared to Atticus to show thatthe Gracchi were heavily influenced by Cornelia's speech more than by her rearing. Later in history, Marcus Fabius Quintilian (ca. 35- ca. 100) would reassertAtticus's view of Cornelia's letters when he said \"we have heard that their mother Cornelia had contributed greatly to the eloquence of the Gracchi, a womanwhose extremely learned speech also has been handed down to future generations in her letters\" (Inst. Orat. 1.1.6).4While Cicero's reference to Cornelia's lettersmake it clear that elite Romans of the time period were familiar with Cornelia's writings, today's historians are divided about whether today's surviving fragmentsare authentically Cornelia's words. Instead, the fragments are likely to have been propaganda circulated by the elite optimate faction of Roman politics, who wereopposed to the populist reforms of Cornelia's sons. The letters appear to present Cornelia (a woman with considerable cultural cachet) as opposed to her son'sreforms, and Gaius as a rash radical detached from either the well-being of the Roman Republic or the wishes of his respected mother—meaning that thesurviving fragments could either be outright contemporary forgeries or significantly altered versions of what Cornelia actually wrote.The Cornelia statueAfter herdeath, a marble statue of Cornelia was erected, but only the base has survived; it is \"the first likeness of a secular Roman woman set up by her contemporaries ina public space\". Her statue endured during the revolutionary reign of Sulla, and she became a model for future Roman women culminating with the portrait saidto be of Helena, Emperor Constantine's mother, four hundred years later. Later, anti-populist conservatives filed away the reference to her sons and replaced itwith a reference to her as the daughter of Africanus rather than the mother of the Grachii.Changing legacy over timeThe historical Cornelia remains somewhatelusive. The figure portrayed in Roman literature likely represents more what she signified to Roman writers than an objective account. This significance changed"}
{"doc_id":"doc_210","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:John III, Duke of BrabantJohn III (Dutch: Jan; 1300 – 5 December 1355) was Duke of Brabant, Lothier (1312–1355) and Limburg (1312–1347 then1349–1355). He was the son of John II, Duke of Brabant, and Margaret of England.John and the towns of BrabantThe early fourteenth century, a period ofeconomic boom for Brabant, marks the rise of the duchy's towns, which depended on imports of English wool for their essential cloth industry. During John'sminority, the major towns of Brabant had the authority to appoint councillors to direct a regency, under terms of the Charter of Kortenberg granted by his fatherin the year of his death (1312). By 1356 his daughter and son-in-law were forced to accept the famous Joyous Entry as a condition for their recognition, sopowerful had the states of Brabant become.The marital alignment with France was tested and failed as early as 1316, when Louis X requested Brabant to ceasetrade with Flanders and to participate in a French attack; the councillors representing the towns found this impossible, and in reprisal Louis prohibited all Frenchtrade with Brabant in February 1316, in violation of a treaty of friendship he had signed with Brabant in the previous October.The French alliance, 1332–1337Afterhis initial period of maintaining independent neutrality from both France and England failed, neighbouring sovereigns in the Low Countries, stimulated as a matterof policy by Philip VI of France, became John's enemies; among the adversaries of John were the Count of Flanders, the prince-bishop of Liège, and counts ofHolland and Guelders. In 1332, a crisis with the king of France arose over John's hospitality to Robert, count of Artois, during his journey to eventual asylum atthe English court. In response to French pressure John reminded Philip that he did not hold Brabant from him but from God alone. A brief campaign of a coalitionof Philip's friends came to a truce, followed by a pact at Compiègne by which John received a fief from Philip worth 2000 livres and declared himself a vassal ofFrance. His oldest son, Jean, was betrothed to Philip's daughter Marie, and it was agreed that the Brabançon heir would complete his education at the Frenchcourt in Paris and that Robert of Artois would be expelled from Brabant.The support of France strengthened John's hand with his feudal suzerain, the Holy RomanEmperor. Though he was technically the Emperor's feudal vassal, John had been able to ignore Emperor Louis IV's summons to join him in his intended invasionof Lombardy (1327). The separation of Brabant from the Empire was completed by the Burgundian dukes of Brabant in the fifteenth century.Meanwhile, theprinces of the Low Countries settled their differences and formed a coalition against Brabant with a defensive alliance in June 1333. War was briefly brought to theDuchy of Brabant in the summer of 1334, but resolved by a peace brokered by Philip at Amiens. The French king declared that John had to hand over the town ofTiel and its neighbouring villages Heerewaarden and Zandwijk to the count of Guelders and to betroth his daughter Marie to the count's son, Reinoud.The Englishalliance, 1337–1345When Edward III of England decided to press his claim to the crown of France in 1337, John, who was his first cousin, became an ally ofEngland during the first stage of the Hundred Years' War. King Edward's diplomatic offensive to draw Brabant away from France, produced a sympatheticresponse from Duke John. Disrupting the staple connection between the towns of Flanders and the sources of English wool should divert it to the towns ofBrabant, notably the recently established wool exchange. Edward protected Brabançon merchants in England from arrest or the confiscation of their goods, andhe sweetened his offers with a promise of £60,000, an immense sum, and to make good any losses of revenue that might result from penalties by the king ofFrance. The same month of July 1337 John promised Edward 1,200 of his men-at-arms in the event of an English campaign in France, Edward to pay their salary.In August Edward pledged not to negotiate with the king without prior consultation with the duke. The alliance, kept secret at John's insistence, came into theopen when Edward landed with his troops at Antwerp July 1338. John received the promised subsidy (March 1339) and agreed in June to betroth John's seconddaughter, Margaret, to Edward, the Black Prince, heir to the English throne. Two seasons of inconclusive campaigning that ravaged the north of France leftEdward penniless at the end of 1341; he returned home, and when he returned to the fray, it was to Brittany: he never returned to the Low Countries.The Frenchalliance, 1345–1355Though John was requesting papal dispensation for the marriage of Margaret and the Black Prince in 1343, the alliance with Englandunravelled as Edward's coffers emptied and his attentions turned elsewhere. In September 1345 representative of France and Brabant met at the Château deSaint-Germain-en-Laye to sign preliminary agreements, and by a treaty signed at Saint-Quentin, June 1347, Brabant was retained as an ally by France. Margaretwas now to marry Louis of Male, who had inherited the title of count of Flanders, but whose power over the Flemish communes was virtually nil. A point of disputewith the count of Flanders had been the Lordship of Mechelen, a strategic enclave within Brabant: it was agreed that it would now come under full Brabançoncontrol. Despite the diplomacy of Edward, John remained true to his French commitments until his death in December 1355.FamilyIn 1311, as his father's gestureof rapprochement with France, John married Marie d'Évreux (1303–1335), the daughter of Count Louis d'Évreux and Margaret of Artois. They had sixchildren:Joanna, Duchess of Brabant (24 June 1322 – 1406). Married first to William IV, Count of Holland and second to Wenceslaus I, Duke ofLuxembourg.Margaret of Brabant (9 February 1323 – 1368), married at Saint-Quentin on 6 June 1347 Louis II, Count of FlandersMarie of Brabant (1325 – 1March 1399), Lady of Turnhout, married at Tervuren on 1 July 1347 to Reginald III of Guelders.John of Brabant (1327–1335/36), married Marie of France(1326–1333), daughter of King Philip VI of France, but died soon after with no issue, buried in Tervueren.Henri of Brabant (d. 29 October 1349), Duke of Limburgand Lord of Mechelen in 1347. Died young and buried in Tervuren in 1349.Godfrey of Brabant (d. aft. 3 February 1352), Lord of Aarschot in 1346. Also died youngand buried in Tervuren.John also had a son born from Maria van Huldenberg, who founded the House of Brant: John I Brant, 1st Lord of Ayseau.In 1355, after allof his three legitimate sons had died, John was forced to declare his eldest daughter Joanna his heiress, which provoked a succession crisis after his death. JohnIII was buried in the Cistercian Abbey of Villers, Belgium. The standard history is Piet Avonds, Brabant tijdens de regering van Hertog Jan III (1312–1356)(Koninglijke Academie, Brussels) 1991.== Notes ==Passage 2:Marie of Brittany, Countess of Saint-PolMarie of Brittany (1268–1339) was the daughter of JohnII, Duke of Brittany, and Beatrice of England. She is also known as Marie de Dreux.FamilyHer maternal grandparents were Henry III of England and Eleanor ofProvence, Henry was a son of King John of England. John was son of Henry II of England and his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine.Her sister was Blanche of Brittany, wifeto Philip of Artois and mother of Margaret of Artois, Robert III of Artois and Joan of Artois, Countess of Foix. Margaret was mother of Jeanne d'Évreux, Queen ofFrance.MarriageShe married Guy IV, Count of Saint-Pol, in 1292, their children were as follows:John of Châtillon (d. 1344), Count of Saint PolJames of Châtillon(d.s.p. 1365), Lord of AncreMahaut of Châtillon (1293–1358), married Charles of ValoisBeatrix of Châtillon, married in 1315 Jean de Dampierre, Lord ofCrèvecœurIsabeau of Châtillon (d. 19 May 1360), married in May 1311 Guillaume I de Coucy, Lord of CoucyMarie of Châtillon, married Aymer de Valence, 2ndEarl of PembrokeEleanor of Châtillon, married Jean III Malet, Lord of GranvilleJoan of Châtillon, married Miles de Noyers, Lord of MaisyDescendantsThrough herdaughter Mahaut, Marie was the maternal grandmother of Marie of Valois, Isabella of Valois, who became Duchess of Bourbon and was the mother of Louis II,Duke of Bourbon, and Joanna of Bourbon, who became Queen of France. Mahaut's other daughter was Blanche of Valois, who married Holy Roman EmperorCharles IV and was the mother of Katharine of Bohemia.AncestryPassage 3:René of AnjouRené of Anjou (Italian: Renato; Occitan: Rainièr; 16 January 1409 – 10July 1480) was Duke of Anjou and Count of Provence from 1434 to 1480, who also reigned as King of Naples as René I from 1435 to 1442 (then deposed). Havingspent his last years in Aix-en-Provence, he is known in France as the Good King René (Occitan: Rei Rainièr lo Bòn; French: Le bon roi René).René was a memberof the House of Valois-Anjou, a cadet branch of the French royal house, and the great-grandson of John II of France.  He was a prince of the blood, and for mostof his adult life also the brother-in-law of the reigning king Charles VII of France. Other than the aforementioned titles, he was for several years also Duke of Barand Duke of Lorraine.BiographyRené was born on 16 January 1409 in the castle of Angers. He was the second son of Duke Louis II of Anjou, King of Naples, byYolanda of Aragon. René was the brother of Marie of Anjou, who married the future Charles VII and became Queen of France.Louis II died in 1417 and his sons,together with their brother-in-law Charles, were brought up under the guardianship of their mother. The elder son, Louis III, succeeded to the crown of Sicily andthe Duchy of Anjou; René then became Count of Guise. In 1419, when René was only ten, he was legally married to Isabella, elder daughter of Charles II, Dukeof Lorraine.René, then only ten, was to be brought up in Lorraine under the guardianship of Charles II and Louis, cardinal of Bar, both of whom were attached tothe Burgundian party, but he retained the right to bear the arms of Anjou. He was far from sympathizing with the Burgundians. Joining the French army at Reimsin 1429, he was present at the consecration of Charles VII. When Louis of Bar died in 1430, René inherited the duchy of Bar. The next year, on his father-in-law'sdeath, he succeeded to the duchy of Lorraine. The inheritance was contested by the heir-male, Antoine de Vaudemont, who with Burgundian help defeated Renéat Bulgneville in July 1431. The Duchess Isabella effected a truce with Antoine, but the duke remained a prisoner of the Burgundians until April 1432, when herecovered his liberty on parole on yielding up as hostages his two sons, John and Louis.René's title as duke of Lorraine was confirmed by his suzerain, HolyRoman Emperor Sigismund, at Basel in 1434. This proceeding roused the anger of the Burgundian duke, Philip the Good, who required him early in the next yearto return to his prison, from which he was released two years later on payment of a heavy ransom. At the death of his brother Louis III in 1435, he succeeded tothe Duchy of Anjou and County of Maine. The marriage of Marie of Bourbon, niece of Philip of Burgundy, with John, Duke of Calabria, René's eldest son, cemented"}
{"doc_id":"doc_211","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Bernie BonvoisinBernard Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: [b\u0000\u0000na\u0000 b\u0000̃vwaz\u0000̃]), known as Bernie Bonvoisin (French pronunciation: [b\u0000\u0000nib\u0000̃vwaz\u0000̃], born 9 July 1956 in Nanterre, Hauts-de-Seine), is a French hard rock singer and film director. He is best known for having been the singer of Trust.Hewas one of the best friends of Bon Scott the singer of AC/DC and together they recorded the song \"Ride On\" which was one of the last songs by BonScott.External linksBernie Bonvoisin at IMDbPassage 2:Caspar BabypantsCaspar Babypants is the stage name of children's music artist Chris Ballew, who is alsothe vocalist and bassist of The Presidents of the United States of America.HistoryBallew's first brush with children's music came in 2002, when he recorded anddonated an album of traditional children's songs to the nonprofit Program for Early Parent Support titled \"PEPS Sing A Long!\" Although that was a positiveexperience for him, he did not consider making music for families until he met his wife, collage artist Kate Endle. Her art inspired Ballew to consider making musicthat \"sounded like her art looked\" as he has said. Ballew began writing original songs and digging up nursery rhymes and folk songs in the public domain tointerpret and make his own. The first album, Here I Am!, was recorded during the summer of 2008 and released in February 2009.Ballew began to perform soloas Caspar Babypants in the Seattle area in January 2009. Fred Northup, a Seattle-based comedy improvisor, heard the album and offered to play as his livepercussionist.  Northrup also suggested his frequent collaborator Ron Hippe as a keyboard player. \"Frederick Babyshirt\" and \"Ronald Babyshoes\" were the CasparBabypants live band from May 2009 to April 2012. Both Northup and Hippe appear on some of his recordings but since April 2012 Caspar Babypants hasexclusively performed solo. The reasons for the change were to include more improvisation in the show and to reduce the sound levels so that very youngchildren and newborns could continue to attend without being overstimulated. Ballew has made two albums of Beatles covers as Caspar Babypants. Baby Beatles!came out in September 2013 and Beatles Baby! came out in September 2015.Ballew runs the Aurora Elephant Music record label, books shows, produces,records, and masters the albums himself. Distribution for the albums is handled by Burnside Distribution in Portland, Oregon.Caspar Babypants has released atotal of 17 albums. The 17th album, BUG OUT!, was released on May 1, 2020. His album FLYING HIGH! was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Children'sAlbum. All 17 of the albums feature cover art by Ballew's wife, Kate Endle.\"FUN FAVORITES!\" and \"HAPPY HITS!\" are two vinyl-only collections of hit songs thatCaspar Babypants has released in the last couple of years.DiscographyAlbumsPEPS (2002)Here I Am! (Released 03/17/09) Special guests: Jen Wood, FysahThomasMore Please! (Released 12/15/09) Special guests: Fred Northup, Ron HippeThis Is Fun! (Released 11/02/10)  Special guests: Fred Northup, Ron Hippe,Krist Novoselic, Charlie HopeSing Along! (Released 08/16/11) Special guests: Fred Northup, Ron Hippe, \"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Stone Gossard, Frances England,Rachel LoshakHot Dog! (Released 04/17/12) Special guests: Fred Northup, Ron Hippe, Rachel Flotard (Visqueen)I Found You! (Released 12/18/12) Specialguests: Steve Turner (Mudhoney), Rachel Flotard (Visqueen), John RichardsBaby Beatles! (Released 09/15/13)Rise And Shine! (Released 09/16/14)Night Night!(Released 03/17/15)Beatles Baby! (Released 09/18/2015)Away We Go! (Released 08/12/2016)Winter Party! (Released 11/18/16)Jump For Joy! (Released08/18/17)Sleep Tight! (Released 01/19/18)Keep It Real! (Released 08/17/18)Best Beatles! (Released 03/29/19)Flying High! (Released 08/16/19)Bug Out!(released 05/1/20)Happy Heart! (Released 11/13/20)Easy Breezy! (Released 11/05/21)AppearancesMany Hands: Family Music for Haiti CD (released 2010) –Compilation of various artistsSongs Stories And Friends: Let's Go Play – Charlie Hope (released 2011) – vocals on AlouetteShake It Up, Shake It Off (released2012) – Compilation of various artistsKeep Hoping Machine Running – Songs Of Woody Guthrie (released 2012) – Compilation of various artistsApple Apple – TheHarmonica Pocket (released 2013) – vocals on Monkey LoveSimpatico – Rennee and Friends (released 2015) – writer and vocals on I Am Not AfraidSundrops –The Harmonica Pocket (released 2015) – vocals on Digga Dog KidPassage 3:Richard T. JonesRichard Timothy Jones (born January 16, 1972) is an American actor.He has worked extensively in both film and television productions since the early 1990s. His television roles include Ally McBeal (1997), Judging Amy(1998–2005), CSI: Miami (2006), Girlfriends (2007), Grey's Anatomy (2010), Hawaii Five-0 (2011–2014), Narcos (2015), and Criminal Minds (2017). Since2018, he has played Police Sergeant Wade Grey on the ABC police drama The Rookie.His film roles include portrayals of Lamont Carr in Disney's Full Court Miracle(2003), Laveinio \"Slim\" Hightower in Rick Famuyiwa's coming-of-age film The Wood (1999), Mike in Tyler Perry's dramatic films Why Did I Get Married? (2007)and Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010), and Captain Russell Hampton in the Hollywood blockbuster Godzilla (2014).Early lifeJones was born in Kobe, Japan, toAmerican parents and grew up in Carson, California. He is the son of Lorene, a computer analyst, and Clarence Jones, a professional baseball player who at thetime of Jones' birth was playing for the Nankai Hawks in Osaka. He has an older brother, Clarence Jones Jr., who works as a high school basketball coach. Theywould return to North America after Clarence's retirement following the 1978 season. His parents later divorced. Jones attended Bishop Montgomery High Schoolin Torrance, California, then graduated from Tuskegee University.CareerSince the early 1990s, Jones has worked in both film and television productions.His firsttelevision role was in a 1993 episode of the series California Dreams. That same year, he appeared as Ike Turner, Jr. in What's Love Got to Do with It. From 1999to 2005, he starred as Bruce Calvin van Exel in the CBS legal drama series Judging Amy.Over the next two decades, Jones starred or guest-starred in high-profiletelevision series such as Ally McBeal (1997), CSI: Miami (2006), Girlfriends (2007), Grey's Anatomy (2010), Hawaii Five-0 (2011–2014), Narcos (2015), andCriminal Minds (2017).His film roles include portrayals of Lamont Carr in the Disney film Full Court Miracle (2003), Laveinio \"Slim\" Hightower in Rick Famuyiwa'scoming-of-age film The Wood (1999), and Mike in Tyler Perry's dramatic films Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010), andCaptain Russell Hampton in the Hollywood blockbuster Godzilla (2014).From 2017 to 2018, Jones played Detective Tommy Cavanaugh in the CBS drama seriesWisdom of the Crowd.Since February 2018, Jones has played the role of Sergeant Wade Gray in the ABC police procedural drama series The Rookie with NathanFillion.Personal lifeJoshua Media Ministries claims that its leader, David E. Taylor, mentors Jones in ministry, and that Jones has donated $1 million to itsefforts.FilmographyFilmTelevisionPassage 4:Billy MilanoBilly Milano (born June 3, 1964) is an American heavy metal and hardcore punk musician. He is the singerand occasionally guitarist and bassist of crossover thrash band M.O.D., and was the singer of its predecessor, Stormtroopers of Death. Prior to these bands,Milano played in early New York hardcore band the Psychos, which also launched the career of future Agnostic Front vocalist Roger Miret. Milano was also thesinger of United Forces, which included his Stormtroopers of Death bandmate Dan Lilker. Milano managed a number of bands, including Agnostic Front, for whomhe also co-produced the 1997 Epitaph Records release Something's Gotta Give and roadie for Anthrax.DiscographyStormtroopers of Death albumsStormtroopersof Death videosMethod of Destruction (M.O.D.)MasteryPassage 5:Lamman RuckerLamman Rucker  (born October 6, 1971) is an American actor. Rucker began hiscareer on the daytime soap operas As the World Turns and All My Children, before roles in The Temptations, Tyler Perry's films Why Did I Get Married?, Why Did IGet Married Too?, and Meet the Browns, and its television adaptation. In 2016, he began starring as Jacob Greenleaf in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series,Greenleaf. Rucker is married to Kelly Davis Rucker, a graduate of Hampton University. As of 2022, he stars in BET+ drama The Black Hamptons.Early lifeRuckerwas born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Malaya (née Ray) and Eric Rucker. He has partial ancestry from Barbados. Rucker spent his formative years inthe greater Washington, DC, Maryland area. He first had an interest in acting after he was placed in many child pageants.  His first acting role was as MartinLuther King in the 4th grade. He was in the drama club in 7th grade and then attended high school at the Duke Ellington School of the Arts in Washington, D.C.Rucker studied at Carnegie-Mellon University and Duquesne University.On August 29, 2019, he shared personal life experiences that he credits for his successwith the Hampton University football team.CareerHis major role came in 2002 when he assumed the role of attorney T. Marshall Travers on the CBS daytime soapopera As the World Turns opposite Tamara Tunie. He left the series the following year and portrayed Garret Williams on ABC soap opera All My Children in 2005.He also had the recurring roles on the UPN sitcoms All of Us and Half & Half.Rucker is best known for his roles in the Tyler Perry's films. He co-starred in Why DidI Get Married? (2007) and  Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010). He played Will Brown in 2008 film Meet The Browns. He later had a starring role on Perry's sitcomMeet the Browns reprising his role as Will from 2009 to 2011. The following year after Meet the Browns, Rucker was cast in the male lead role opposite AnneHeche in the NBC comedy series Save Me, but left after pilot episode. He later had roles in a number of small movies and TV movies. Rucker also had regular roleopposite Mena Suvari in the short-lived WE tv drama series, South of Hell.In 2015, Rucker was cast as one of leads in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series,Greenleaf. He plays Jacob Greenleaf, the eldest son of Lynn Whitfield' and Keith David's characters.FilmographyFilmTelevisionAward nominationsPassage 6:PercyRedfern CreedPercy Redfern Creed (13 May 1874 – November 1964), author of How to Get Things Done, 1938, The Merrymount Press, revised as Getting ThingsDone, 1946, The Merrymount Press.BiographyBorn in Dublin, Ireland. Educated in England at Marlborough College (where he held a Classical Scholarship for 5years) and at Trinity College, Cambridge University (admitted 7 October 1892.)After leaving Cambridge University he entered the British Army. After seven yearsof service (including service in India and South Africa), he left the Army with the rank of Captain and took a position in the British House of Commons. He left thisposition to join the staff of The Times newspaper. He gave up newspaper work to accept an invitation from Lord Cromer to act as his Chief of Staff in a National"}
{"doc_id":"doc_212","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Arthur BeauchampArthur Beauchamp (1827 – 28 April 1910) was a Member of Parliament from New Zealand. He is remembered as the father of Harold Beauchamp, who rose to fame as chairman of the Bank of New Zealand and was the father of writer Katherine Mansfield.BiographyBeauchamp came to Nelson from Australia on the Lalla Rookh, arriving on 23 February 1861.He lived much of his life in a number of locations around the top of the South Island, also Whanganui when Harold was 11 for seven years and then to the capital (Wellington). Then south to Christchurch and finally Picton and the Sounds. He had business failures and was bankrupted twice, in 1879 and 1884. He married Mary Stanley on the Victorian goldfields in 1854; Arthur and Mary lived in 18 locations over half a century, and are buried in Picton. Six of their ten children born between 1855 and 1893 died, including the first two sons born before Harold.Beauchamp represented the Picton electorate from 1866 to 1867, when he resigned.  He had the energy and sociability required for politics, but not the private income then required to be a parliamentarian. He supported the working man and the subdivision of big estates, opposed the confiscation of Māori land and was later recognised as a founding Liberal, the party that Harold supported and was a \"fixer\" for. Yska calls their life an extended chronicle of rootlessness, business failure and almost ceaseless family tragedy and Harold called his father a rolling stone by instinct. Arthur also served on the council of Marlborough Province and is best-remembered for a 10-hour speech to that body when an attempt was made to relocate the capital from Picton to Blenheim.In 1866 he attempted to sue the Speaker of the House, David Monro. At the time the extent of privilege held by Members of Parliament was unclear; a select committee ruled that the case could proceed, but with a stay until after the parliamentary session.See alsoYska, Redmer (2017). A Strange Beautiful Excitement: Katherine Mansfield's Wellington 1888-1903. Dunedin: Otago University Press. pp. 91–99. ISBN 978-0-947522-54-4.Passage 2:Obata ToramoriObata Toramori (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 1491 – July 14, 1561) was Japanese samurai warrior of the Sengoku Period. He is known as one of the \"Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen\" He also recorded as having been wounded 41 times in 36 encounters. He was the father of Obata Masamori.See alsoIsao ObataPassage 3:John Templeton (botanist)John Templeton (1766–1825) was a pioneering Irish naturalist, sometimes referred to as the \"Father of Irish Botany\". He was a leading figure in Belfast's late eighteenth century enlightenment, initially supported the  United Irishmen, and figured prominently in the town's scientific and literary societies.FamilyTempleton was born in Belfast in 1766, the son of James Templeton, a prosperous wholesale merchant, and his wife Mary Eleanor, daughter of Benjamin Legg, a sugar refiner. The family resided in a 17th century country house to the south of the town, which been named Orange Grove in honour of William of Orange who had stopped at the house en route to his victory over James II at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690.Until the age of 16 Templeton attended a progressive, co-educational, school favoured by the town's liberal, largely Presbyterian, merchant class. Schoolmaster David Manson sought to exclude \"drudgery and fear\" by combining classroom instruction with play and experiential learning. Templeton counted among his schoolfellows brother and sister Henry Joy and Mary Ann McCracken, and maintained a warm friendship with them throughout his life.In 1799, Templeton married Katherine Johnson of Seymour Hill. Her family had been touched by the United Irish rebellion the previous year: her brother-in-law, Henry Munro, commander of the United army at the Battle of Ballynahinch, had been hanged. The couple had five children: Ellen, born on 30 September 1800, Robert, born on 12 December 1802, Catherine, born on 19 July 1806, Mary, born on 9 December 1809 and Matilda on 2 November 1813.The union between the two already prosperous merchant families provided more than ample means enabling Templeton to devote himself passionately to the study of natural history.United IrishmanLike many of his liberal Presbyterian peers in Belfast, Templeton was sympathetic to the programme and aims of the Society United Irishmen:  Catholic Emancipation and democratic reform of the Irish Parliament. But it was several years before he was persuaded to take the United Irish \"test\" or pledge. In March 1797 his friend, Mary Ann McCracken, wrote to her brother: [A] certain Botanical friend of ours whose steady and inflexible mind is invulnerable to any other weapon but reason, and only to be moved by conviction has at last turned his attention from the vegetable kingdom to the human species and after pondering the matter for some months, is at last determined to become what he ought to have been months ago.She hoped his sisters would \"soon follow him.\" Having committed himself to the patriotic union of Catholic, Protestant and Dissenter, Templeton changed the name of the family home from loyalist Orange Grove to Irish \"Cranmore\" (crann mór, 'big tree').Templeton was disenchanted by the Rebellion of 1798, and mindful of events in France , repelled by the violence. He nonetheless withdrew from the Belfast Literary Society, of which he had been a founding member in 1801, rather than accept the continued presence of Dr. James MacDonnell. MacDonnell's offence had been to subscribe forty guineas in 1803 for the capture (leading to execution) of the unreformed rebel Thomas Russell who had been their mutual friend. (While unable to \"forget the amiable Russell\", time, he conceded,  \"softened a little my feelings\": in 1825, Templeton and MacDonnell met and shook hands).GardenThe garden at Cranmore spread over 13-acre garden was planted with exotic and native species acquired on botanical excursions, from fellow botanists, nurseries, botanical gardens and abroad: \"Received yesterday a large chest of East Indian plants which I examined today.\" \"Box from Mr. Taylor\".Other plants arrived, often as seeds from North America, Australia, India, China and other parts of the British Empire  Cranmore also served as a small animal farm.for experimental animal husbandry and a kitchen garden.BotanistJohn Templeton's interest in botany began with this experimental garden laid out according to a suggestion in Rousseau's 'Nouvelle Heloise' and following Rousseau's 'Letters on the Elements of Botany Here he cultivated many tender exotics out of doors (a list provided by Nelson and began botanical studies which lasted throughout his life and corresponded with the most eminent botanists in England Sir William Hooker, William Turner, James Sowerby and, especially Sir Joseph Banks, who had travelled on Captain James Cook's voyages, and in charge of Kew Gardens. Banks tried (unsuccessfully) to tempt him to New Holland (Australia) as a botanist on the Flinders's Expedition with the offer of a large tract of land and a substantial salary. An associate of the Linnean Society, Templeton visited London and saw the botanical work being achieved there. This led to his promotion of the Belfast Botanic Gardens as early as 1809, and to work on a Catalogue of Native Irish Plants, in manuscript form and now in the Royal Irish Academy, which was used as an accurate foundation for later work by succeeding Irish botanists. He also assembled text and executed many beautiful watercolour drawings for a Flora Hibernica, sadly never finished, and kept a detailed journal during the years 1806–1825 (both now in the Ulster Museum, Belfast).[1] Of the 12000 algal specimens in the Ulster Museum Herbarium about 148 are in the Templeton collection and were mostly collected by him, some were collected by others and passed to Templeton. The specimens in the Templeton collection in the Ulster Museum (BEL) have been catalogued. Those noted in 1967 were numbered: F1 – F48. Others were in The Queen's University Belfast. All of Templeton's specimens have now been numbered in the Ulster Museum as follows: F190 – F264; F290 – F314 and F333 – F334.Templeton was the first finder of Rosa hibernicaThis rose, although collected by Templeton in 1795, remained undescribed until 1803 when he published a short diagnosis in the Transactions of the Dublin Society.Early additions to the flora of Ireland include Sisymbrium Ligusticum seoticum (1793), Adoxa moschatellina (1820), Orobanche rubra and many other plants. His work on lichens was the basis of this secton of Flora Hiberica by James Townsend Mackay who wrote of him The foregoing account of the Lichens of Ireland would have been still more incomplete, but for the extensive collection of my lamented friend, the late Mr. John Templeton, of Cranmore, near Belfast, which his relict, Mrs. Templeton, most liberally placed at my disposal. I believe that thirty years ago his acquirements in the Natural History of organised beings rivalled that of any individual in Europe : these were by no means limited to diagnostic marks, but extended to all the laws and modifications of the living force. The frequent quotation of his authority in every preceding department of this Flora, is but a brief testimony of his diversified knowledgeBotanical ManuscriptsThe MSS. left by Templeton consist of seven volumes. One of these is a small 8vo. half bound ; it is in the Library of the Royal Irish Academy, and contains 280 pp. of lists of Cryptogams, chiefly mosses, with their localities. In this book is inserted a letter from Miss F. M. More, sister of Alexander Goodman More, to Dr. Edward Perceval Wright, Secretary, Royal Irish Academy, dated March, 1897, in which she says—‘*‘ The Manuscript which accompanies this letter was drawn up between 1794 and 1810, by the eminent naturalist, John Templeton, in Belfast. It was lent by his son, Dr. R. Templeton, to my brother, Alex. G. More, when he was preparing the second edition of the ‘ Cybele Hibernica,’ on condition that it should be placed in the Library of the Royal Irish Academy afterwards.\" The other six volumes are quarto size, and contain 1,090 folios, with descriptions of many of the plants, and careful drawings in pen and pencil and colours of many species. They are now lent to the Belfast Museum. About ten years ago I [Lett]spent a week in examining these volumes, and as their contents have hitherto never been fully described, I would like to give an epitome of my investigation of them.Vol. 1.—Phanerogams, 186 folios, with 15 coloured figures, and 6 small drawings in the text.Vol. Il.—Fresh-water Algae, 246 folios, 71 of which are coloured.Vol.IIl.—Marine Algae, 212 folios, of which 79 are coloured figures. At the end of this volume are 3 folios of Mosses, the pagination of which runs with the rest of this volume, but it is evident they had at some time been misplaced.Vol. IV Fungi, 112 folios.Vol. V.—Mosses, 117 folios, of which 20 are coloured, and also 73 small drawings in the text. *Vol. VI.—Mosses and Hepatics. 117 folios are Hepatics, 40 of which are in colours ; 96 folios are Mosses, of which 39 are full-page coloured figures; and in addition there are 3 small coloured drawings in the text.All these drawings were executed by Templeton himself, they are every one most accurately and beautifully drawn; and the colouring is true to nature and artistically finished; those of the mosses and hepatics "}
{"doc_id":"doc_213","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Fred Le DeuxFrederick David Le Deux (born 4 December 1934) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Geelong in the Victorian Football League (VFL). He is the grandfather of Tom Hawkins.Early lifeLe Deux grew up in Nagambie and attended Assumption College, after which he went to Bendigo to study teaching.FootballWhile a student at Bendigo Teachers' Training College, Le Deux played for the Sandhurst Football Club. He then moved to Ocean Grove to take up a teaching position and in 1956 joined Geelong.A follower and defender, Le Deux made 18 appearances for Geelong over three seasons, from 1956 to 1958 He was troubled by a back injury in 1958, which kept him out of the entire 1959 VFL season.In 1960 he joined Victorian Football Association club Mordialloc, as he had transferred to a local technical school.FamilyLe Deux's daughter Jennifer was married to former Geelong player Jack Hawkins. Jennifer died in 2015. Their son, Tom Hawkins, currently plays for Geelong.Passage 2:Lyon CohenLyon Cohen (born Yehuda Leib Cohen; May 11, 1868 – August 17, 1937) was a Polish-born Canadian businessman and a philanthropist. He was the grandfather of singer/poet Leonard Cohen.BiographyCohen was born in Congress Poland, part of the Russian Empire, to a Jewish family on May 11, 1868. He immigrated to Canada with his parents in 1871. He was educated at the McGill Model School and the Catholic Commercial Academy in Montreal. In 1888, he entered the firm of Lee & Cohen in Montreal; later became partner with his father in the firm of L. Cohen & Son; in 1895, he established W. R. Cuthbert & Co; in 1900, he organized the Canadian Improvement Co., a dredging contractor; in 1906, he founded The Freedman Co. in Montreal; and in May 1919, he organized and became President of Canadian Export Clothiers, Ltd.  The Freedman Company went on to become one of Montreal’s largest clothing companies.In 1897, Cohen and Samuel William Jacobs founded the Canadian Jewish Times, the first English-language Jewish newspaper in Canada. The newspaper promoted the Canadianization of recent East European Jewish immigrants and encouraged their acceptance of Canadian customs as Cohen felt that the old world customs of immigrant Jews were one of the main causes of anti-Semitism. In 1914, the paper was purchased by Hirsch Wolofsky, owner of the Yiddish-language Keneder Adler, who transformed it into the Canadian Jewish Chronicle.He died on August 17, 1937, at the age of 69.PhilanthropyCohen was elected the first president of the Canadian Jewish Congress in 1919 and organized the Jewish Immigrant Aid Services of Canada. Cohen was also a leader of the Young Men’s Hebrew Benevolent Society (later the Baron de Hirsch Institute) and the United Talmud Torahs, a Jewish day school in Montreal. He also served as president of Congregation Shaar Hashomayim and president of the Jewish Colonization Association in Canada.Personal lifeCohen married Rachel Friedman of Montreal on February 17, 1891. She was the founder and President of Jewish Endeavour Sewing School. They had three sons and one daughter:Nathan Bernard Cohen, who served as a lieutenant in the World War; he married Lithuanian Jewish immigrant Masha Klonitsky and they had one daughter and one son:Esther Cohen andsinger/poet Leonard Cohen.Horace Rives Cohen, who was a captain and quartermaster of his battalion in World War I;Lawrence Zebulun Cohen, student at McGill University, andSylvia Lillian Cohen.Passage 3:Kaya AlpKaya Alp (Ottoman Turkish: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000, lit. 'Brave Rock') was, according to Ottoman tradition, the son of Kızıl Buğa or Basuk and the father of Suleyman Shah. He was the grandfather of Ertuğrul Ghazi, the father of the founder of the Ottoman Empire, Osman I. He was also famously known for being the successing name of Ertokus Bey’s son Kaya Alp. He was a descendant of the ancestor of his tribe, Kayı son of Gun son of Oghuz Khagan, the legendary progenitor of the Oghuz Turks.Passage 4:John WestleyRev. John Wesley (1636–78) was an English nonconformist minister. He was the grandfather of John Wesley (founder of Methodism).LifeJohn Wesly (his own spelling), Westley, or Wesley was probably born at Bridport, Dorset, although some authorities claim he was born in Devon, the son of the Rev. Bartholomew Westley and Ann Colley, daughter of Sir Henry Colley of Carbery Castle in County Kildare, Ireland. He was educated at Dorchester Grammar School and as a student of New Inn Hall, Oxford, where he matriculated on 23 April 1651, and graduated B.A. on 23 January 1655, and M.A. on 4 July 1657. After his appointment as an evangelist, he preached at Melcombe Regis, Radipole, and other areas in Dorset. Never episcopally ordained, he was approved by Oliver Cromwell's Commission of Triers in 1658 and appointed Vicar of Winterborne Whitechurch.The report of his interview in 1661 with Gilbert Ironside the elder, his diocesan, according to Alexander Gordon writing in the Dictionary of National Biography, shows him to have been an Independent. He was imprisoned for not using the Book of Common Prayer, imprisoned again and ejected in 1662. After the Conventicle Act 1664 he continued to preach in small gatherings at Preston and then Poole, until his death at Preston in 1678.FamilyHe married a daughter of John White, who was related also to Thomas Fuller. White, the \"Patriarch of Dorchester\", married a sister of Cornelius Burges. Westley's eldest son was Timothy (born 1659). Their second son was Rev. Samuel Wesley, a High Church Anglican vicar and the father of John and Charles Wesley. A younger son, Matthew Wesley, remained a nonconformist, became a London apothecary, and died on 10 June 1737, leaving a son, Matthew, in India; he provided for some of his brother Samuel's daughters.NotesAdditional sourcesMatthews, A. G., \"Calamy Revised\", Oxford University Press, 1934, page 521. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: \"Wesley, Samuel (1662-1735)\". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.Passage 5:Zhao ShoushanZhao Shoushan (simplified Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000; traditional Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000; pinyin: Zhào Shòushān; 12 November 1894 – 20 June 1965) was a KMT general and later Chinese Communist Party politician. He is the grandfather of Zhao Leji.CareerZhao Shoushan was born in Hu County, Shaanxi in 1894. After the foundation of the People's Republic of China, Zhao was the CCP Chairman of Qinghai and Governor of Shaanxi.External links(in Chinese) Biography of Zhao Shoushan, Shaanxi Daily July 9, 2006.Passage 6:Amadeus VII, Count of SavoyAmadeus VII (24 February 1360 – 1 November 1391), known as the Red Count, was Count of Savoy from 1383 to 1391.BiographyAmadeus was born in Chambéry on 24 February 1360, the son of Count Amadeus VI of Savoy and Bonne of Bourbon. Although he succeeded his father in 1383, he had to share power with his mother.  In 1384, in order to suppress a revolt against his relative Edward of Savoy, Bishop of Sion, Amadeus led an army that attacked and pillaged Sion. In 1388, he acquired territories in eastern Provence and the port city of Nice, thus giving the County of Savoy access to the Mediterranean Sea.Amadeus died from tetanus on 1 November 1391, as a result of a hunting accident. Upon his death, controversy arose because of his will. Amadeus left the important role of guardian of his son and heir, Amadeus VIII, to his own mother, a sister of the powerful Duke de Bourbon, instead of following the tradition of appointing the child's mother, who was a daughter of the equally powerful Duke de Berry. Due to the dispute between his mother and his wife, rumors that Amadeus had been poisoned emerged soon after his death. It took three months of negotiations to restore peace in the family.Amadeus was known for his hospitality, for he would entertain people of all stations and never turned a person from his table without a meal.Marriage and childrenAmadeus married Bonne of Berry, daughter of John, Duke of Berry, who was the younger brother of King Charles V of France. They had three children: Amadeus VIII, later known as Antipope Felix V, married Mary of Burgundy (1380–1422), daughter of Philip the Bold.Bonne (d. 1432), married Louis of Piedmont, the final of the Savoy-Achaea Branch.Joan (d. 1460), married Giangiacomo Paleologo, marquis of Montferrat.NotesPassage 7:Henry KrauseHenry J. \"Red\" Krause, Jr. (August 28, 1913 – February 20, 1987) was an American football offensive lineman in the National Football League for the Brooklyn Dodgers and the Washington Redskins.  He played college football at St. Louis University.Passage 8:Amadeus VIII, Duke of SavoyAmadeus VIII (4 September 1383 – 7 January 1451), nicknamed the Peaceful, was Count of Savoy from 1391 to 1416 and Duke of Savoy from 1416 to 1440. He was the son of Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy and Bonne of Berry. He was a claimant to the papacy from 1439 to 1449 as Felix V in opposition to Popes Eugene IV and Nicholas V, and is considered the last historical antipope.Count and dukeAmadeus was born in Chambéry on 4 September 1383. He became count of Savoy in 1391 after his father's death, with his mother acting as regent until 1397, during his minority reign. His early rule saw the centralization of power and the territorial expansion of the Savoyard state, and in 1416 Amadeus was elevated by Emperor Sigismund to duke of Savoy. In 1418, his distant cousin Louis of Piedmont, his brother-in-law, the last male of the elder branch of House of Savoy, died, leaving Amadeus as his heir-general, thus finally uniting the male-lines of the House of Savoy.Amadeus increased his dominions and encouraged several attempts to negotiate an end to the Hundred Years' War. From 1401 to 1422, he campaigned to recover the area around Geneva and Annecy. After the death of his wife in 1428, he founded the Order of Saint Maurice with six other knights in 1434. They lived alone in the castle of Ripaille, near Geneva, in a quasi-monastic state according to a rule drawn up by himself. He appointed his son Louis regent of the duchy.AntipopeAmadeus was sympathetic to conciliarism, the movement to have the Church managed by Ecumenical councils, and to prelates like Cardinal Aleman of Arles, who wanted to set limits upon the doctrine of Papal supremacy. He had close relations with the Council of Basel (1431–1449), even after most of its members joined the Council of Florence, convened by Pope Eugene IV in 1438. The Cardinal of Arles reminded the Council that they needed a rich and powerful pope to defend it from its adversaries. The rump council at Basel elected Amadeus as Pope Felix V in October 1439. After long negotiations with a deputation from the council, Amadeus acquiesced in the election on 5 February 1440. He took the inaugural oath formulated by the Basel council; the only pope or antipope to do so. At the same time, he completely renounced  all further participation in the government of his domains: he named his son Louis Duke of Savoy, and his son Philip Count of Geneva. He is also credited with formalizing the academic lectures held in Basel by establishing a University for the Clergy which would eventually lead to the foundation of the University of Basel in 1460.There is no evidence that he intrigued to obtain the papal office by sending the bishops of Savoy to Basel. Of the twelve bishops "}
{"doc_id":"doc_214","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:John Scott (representative)John Scott (December 25, 1784 – September 22, 1850) was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives fromPennsylvania.BiographyJohn Scott (father of Pennsylvania Senator John Scott and of the 1868 candidate for Governor of Florida, George Washington Scott) wasborn at Marsh Creek, Pennsylvania, near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.  He moved to Alexandria, Pennsylvania, in 1806 and was engaged as tanner andshoemaker.  He served as major in the War of 1812.  He was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1819 and 1820.Scott was elected as aJacksonian to the Twenty-first Congress.  He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Twenty-second Congress.  He resumed his former businesspursuits and retired from business in 1842.  He died in Alexandria, Pennsylvania in 1850.  He was interred in Alexandria Cemetery.Scott married Agnes Irvine in1821, Agnes is the namesake of Agnes Scott College in Decatur Georgia.Passage 2:Theodred II (Bishop of Elmham)Theodred II was a medieval Bishop ofElmham.The date of Theodred's consecration unknown, but the date of his death was sometime between 995 and 997.Passage 3:William Scott (died 1524)SirWilliam Scott of Scot's Hall in Smeeth, Kent (1459 – 24 August 1524) was Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports.FamilyWilliam Scott was the son of Sir John Scott andAgnes Beaufitz, daughter and co-heiress of William Beaufitz. His sister, Elizabeth Scott (d. 15 August 1528), married Sir Edward Poynings.CareerScott rose tofavour following the seizure of the throne by Henry VII. Within a few years he had been appointed to the Privy Council, appointed Comptroller of the Householdand in 1489 was created a Companion of the Bath at the same ceremony as Prince Arthur. He served as High Sheriff of Kent in 1491, 1501 and 1510, and wasalso to become Constable of Dover Castle, Marshal of Calais (1490-1) and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (1492–1493). He remained in favour under HenryVIII, being present at the famous meeting at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520 and one of the deputation sent to greet Emperor Charles V when he landed atDover in 1522.Scott inherited the manor of Brabourne in 1495, and had Scot's Hall elaborately rebuilt so that it came to be regarded as one of the foremosthouses in Kent.He was buried at Brabourne, where there is a memorial brass to him in the Scott chapel in St Mary's church.Marriage and issueScott married SibylLewknor, the daughter of Sir Thomas Lewknor (d. 20 July 1484) of Trotton, Sussex, and Katherine Pelham (d.1481), widow of John Bramshott (d.1468), anddaughter of Sir John Pelham, Chamberlain to Katherine of Valois, by whom he had two sons and four daughters:Sir John Scott (d. 7 October 1533), who marriedAnne Pympe, daughter and heiress of Sir Reynold Pympe, esquire, of Nettlestead, Kent, by Elizabeth or Isabel Pashley, daughter of John Pashley, esquire, bywhom he had five sons and seven daughters.Edward Scott of The Moat, Sussex, who married Alice Fogge, daughter and co-heiress of Thomas Fogge, sergeantporter of Calais. After Scott's death his widow married Sir Robert Oxenbridge.Anne Scott, who married Sir Edward Boughton.Katherine Scott.Elizabeth Scott.JoanScott, who married Thomas YeardThomas ScottNotesPassage 4:John Scott (died 1533)Sir John Scott (c. 1484 – 7 October 1533) was the eldest son of Sir WilliamScott of Scot's Hall. He served in King Henry VIII's campaigns in France and was active in local government in Kent and a Member of Parliament for New Romney.He was the grandfather of both Reginald Scott, author of The Discoverie of Witchcraft, a source for Shakespeare's Macbeth, and Thomas Keyes, who married LadyMary Grey.FamilyAccording to MacMahon, the Scott family, which claimed descent from John Balliol, was among the leading families in Kent during the reign ofKing Henry VII.John Scott, born about 1484, was the eldest son of Sir William Scott of Scot's Hall and Sibyl Lewknor (d. 1529), the daughter of Sir ThomasLewknor of Trotton, Sussex. Scott's father, Sir William Scott, had been Comptroller of the Household to King Henry VII, and Scott's grandfather, Sir John Scott,had been Comptroller of the Household to King Edward IV. Both Scott's father and grandfather had held the offices of Constable of Dover Castle and Warden ofthe Cinque Ports, and Scott's father had been Marshal of Calais.Scott had a brother, Edward, and three sisters, Anne, who married Sir Edward Boughton;Katherine; and Elizabeth.CareerAs a young man Scott was knighted by the future Emperor Charles V in 1511 while serving as a senior captain, under his relativeSir Edward Poynings, with the English forces sent by King Henry VIII to aid Margaret of Austria, Regent of the Low Countries, against Charles II, Duke ofGuelders. According to MacMahon Henry VIII 'transmuted the honour into a knighthood of the body'. In 1512 he was elected Member of Parliament for NewRomney. Scott may have participated in the French campaigns of 1512 and 1513; he was among the forces being marshaled at Calais in 1514 when negotiationsfor peace between England and France brought the war to a temporary halt. In 1514 and 1515 he was a commissioner for the subsidy in Sussex. In June 1520 heattended Henry VIII at the Field of Cloth of Gold. In 1522 he was in the service of George Nevill, 5th Baron Bergavenny, Constable of Dover Castle, and wasplaced in charge of transport when the Emperor Charles V landed at Dover on 28 May 1522. In 1523 Scott was with the English forces which invaded northernFrance under the Duke of Suffolk. In 1523 and 1524 he was a commissioner for the subsidy in Kent. He was Sheriff of Kent in 1527 and 1528, and a Justice of thePeace in that county from 1531 until his death. In May 1533 Scott was summoned to be a servitor at the coronation of Anne Boleyn. He died on 7 October1533.Marriage and issueScott married, before 22 November 1506, Anne Pympe, daughter and heiress of Reynold Pympe, esquire, of Nettlestead, Kent, byElizabeth Pashley, the daughter of John Pashley, esquire.Sir John Scott and Anne Pympe had five sons and seven daughters:William Scott, who died in 1536without issue.Sir Reginald (or Reynold) Scott (1512–15 December 1554), Sheriff of Kent in 1541–42 and Captain of Calais and Sandgate, who married firstlyEmeline Kempe, the daughter of Sir William Kempe of Olantigh, Kent, by Eleanor Browne, the daughter of Sir Robert Browne, by whom he was the father of SirThomas Scott (1535–30 December 1594) and two daughters, Katherine Scott, who married John Baker (c.1531–1604×6), by whom she was the mother ofRichard Baker, and Anne Scott, who married Walter Mayney. Sir Reginald Scott married secondly Mary Tuke, the daughter of Sir Brian Tuke.Sir JohnScott.Richard Scott, esquire, the father of Reginald Scott (d. 1599), author of The Discoverie of Witchcraft.George Scott.Mildred Scott, who married firstly, JohnDigges, esquire, the son of James Digges and half brother of Leonard Digges, and secondly, Richard Keyes, gentleman, by whom she was the mother of ThomasKeyes, who married Lady Mary Grey.Katherine Scott, who married Sir Henry Crispe.Isabel Scott, who married Richard Adams, esquire.Alice Scott.Mary Scott, whomarried Nicholas Ballard, gentleman.Elizabeth Scott.Sibyl Scott, who married Richard Hynde, esquire.FootnotesPassage 5:John Scott (Queensland politician)JohnScott (20 June 1821 – 2 July 1898) was a grazier, company director and politician in colonial Queensland.Scott was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, the son of JohnScott and his wife Marion Purves. John Scott junior's wife was Agnes Thomson who died in July 1892.Business lifeScott was educated at St Andrew'sUniversity  and Edinburgh University, where he studied medicine. He arrived in New South Wales in 1843. For a time he was a squatter in Goulburn, New SouthWales. Between 1851 and 1852 he was in the United Kingdom. He went to Queensland in 1855. He stocked Palm-Tree Creek, Dawson which he sold in 1865 butacquired  further stations. Scott was a director of City Mutual Life Assurance Society and vice president of The Royal National Agricultural and IndustrialAssociation of Queensland. Scott was a trustee of Brisbane Grammar School from 1874 to 1888 and Honorary Treasurer from 1877 to 1886.Political careerScottwas both a member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland and the Queensland Legislative Council in a political career lasting from 1868 till 1890.He wasChairman of Committees of the Legislative Assembly, 15 November 1871 to 1 September 1873 and 21 January 1879 to 26 July 1883.Scott died at Lucerne,Milton, Brisbane, Queensland in 1898 and was buried in Toowong Cemetery.FamilyJohn Scott and his wife Agnes had five children:Ada Frances (1855–1905), thewife of George Neville Griffiths M.L.A. Griffiths and Ada Frances were the grandparents of William Charles Wentworth M.P. (1907-2003)Arthur (1857–1874)Dr.Eric Scott (b. 1859)Florence (b. 1860)ConstanceSee alsoPolitical families of Australia: Wentworth/Hill/Griffiths/Scott/Cooper familyPassage 6:John A. ScottJohnAlan Scott (who has published under the names John A. Scott and John Scott) (born 23 April 1948) is an English-Australian poet, novelist andacademic.BiographyScott was born in Littlehampton in Sussex, England, migrating to Australia during his childhood and residing mainly in Melbourne since 1959.He attended Monash University, where he was a contemporary of fellow poets Alan Wearne and Laurie Duggan.A former freelance scriptwriter for radio andtelevision, working on such shows as The Aunty Jack Show (1974), It's Magic (1974) and  The Garry McDonald Show (1977).He first became known in the literaryworld as a poet. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, his work developed in an 'experimental' direction unusual in Australian poetry, owing partly to his interest intranslation. In 1985 he was one of Four Australian Poets group that toured the US and Canada reading poetry. He also edited and translated Emmanuel Hocquard: Elegies and Other Works (1989).Since the 1990s he has concentrated on producing novels. This change was occasioned in part by an Australia Council studiofellowship in Paris which he shared with the Australian novelist Mark Henshaw. His work has won him the Victorian Premier's Award twice, in 1986 and again in1994. The novel, What I Have Written, has been filmed from his own screenplay and he has been translated into French, German and Slovenian.He has taught inthe Faculty of Creative Arts at Wollongong University but now writes full-time.Awards1984: Newcastle Poetry Prize for St. Clair1986: C. J. Dennis Prize for Poetryfor St. Clair1994: Victorian Premier's Literary Award for What I Have Written2013: Peter Porter Poetry Prize for \"Four Sonnets\"BibliographyPoetryThe BarbarousSideshow (1975)From the Flooded City (1981)Smoking (1983)The Quarrel with Ourselves & Confession (Rigmarole, 1984) ISBN 0-909229-27-9St. Clair: ThreeNarratives (UQP, 1986) ISBN 0-7022-1907-XSingles: Shorter Poems, 1982-1986 (1989)Translation (Picador, 1990) ISBN 0-330-27196-2Selected Poems (UQP,1995) ISBN 0-7022-2688-2Shorter Lives (Puncher & Wattman, 2020) ISBN 9781925780482NovelsBlair (McPhee Gribble, 1988) ISBN 0-14-011093-3What I Have"}
{"doc_id":"doc_215","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Man Without a Country (1973 film)The Man Without a Country is a 1973 American made-for-television drama film based on the short story \"TheMan Without a Country\" by Edward Everett Hale.PlotA man damns his country and is sentenced to spend the rest of his life in exile.CastProductionRosemont spentthree years trying to raise finance. He spent $16,000 of his own money to prepare a visual presentation of the film and arranged for a script for be written bySidney Carroll. During the course of research he discovered that the book was not based on a true story although it was inspired by the Aaron Burr conspiracy.Heeventually succeeded in getting sponsorship from Eastman Kodak.\"Casting was so essential,\" said Rosemont. \"We had to find an actor who could age 60 years onscreen. The makeup was the easiest. Making him look young was the hardest.\"Rosemont approached Cliff Robertson, although the actor had not done televisionfor years. \"But when he saw our research it turned him on.\" he said. \"It's a dream part for an actor.\"Cliff Robertson signed to make the film in August 1972 andfilming began in September. \"We had to change our schedule to fit Cliff's,\" said Rosemont. \"It cost me a lot of money but it was worth it.\"Filming took place inMystic, Connecticut, Newport, Rhode Island and Fort Niagara, New York.Director Delbert Mann says Robertson was \"very difficult to work with\" on the film. Hegave an instance where Robertson kept emphasising the word \"United\" when referring to the \"United States\" (\"he thought the young people would reject thepatriotism aspects\"). \"We went for about 20 takes, he never changed it, but he modified it on the last take, which we used in the picture. He still wouldn't changeit in post-production dubbing. It was a matter of taking the best take we had and going with it.\"Filming was expensive. \"I do my own work,\" said Rosemont. \"Ifthere's a deficit I pay for it. My money is on the line. I put it on screen. Hopefully it will enjoy many repeats; it's an ageless story, a potential TVperennial.\"LocationsIn the summer of 1972, the replica of HMS Rose (later renamed HMS Surprise for another film) was hired for the film, a made-for-televisionproduction. Norman Rosemont Productions was unable to find the money to take the ship out sailing, so all the filming was shot with sails set, as the ship wassecurely moored to the pier, next to the causeway to Goat Island. During filming Cliff Robertson had to hide that he had a broken leg at the time.ReceptionMannsaid, \"The end result was fascinating. The older audience took to the picture and the critics were marvelous. People saying, look at the unfeeling government,crushing this man. The young people got what they wanted and others saw it as love of country. We had it both ways.\"AwardsThe film was nominated for BestCinematography for Entertainment Programming – For a Special or Feature Length Program Made for Television at the 26th Primetime Emmy Awards.Passage2:Nick StahlNicolas Kent Stahl (born December 5, 1979) is an American actor. Starting out as a child actor, he gained recognition for his performance in the 1993film The Man Without a Face, co-starring Mel Gibson. He later transitioned into his adult career with roles in the films Disturbing Behavior, The Thin Red Line, Inthe Bedroom, Bully, Sin City, and Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines in the role of John Connor, as well as on the HBO series Carnivàle in the role of BenHawkins. He also starred as Jason Riley on the AMC television series Fear the Walking Dead. In April 2023, he starred as Lucas on the Hulu television series TinyBeautiful Things.Early lifeStahl was born in Harlingen, Texas, the son of Donna Lynn (née Reed), a brokerage assistant, and William Kent Stahl, a businessman.He was raised in Dallas along with his two sisters by his mother, who struggled to make ends meet.CareerHis first professional casting was in Stranger at My Door(1991), although he had been acting in children's plays since he was four years old. The 1993 film The Man Without a Face, co-starring Mel Gibson, helped boosthis career at the age of 13. The following year, he had a supporting role in the ensemble film Safe Passage. In 1996, he played the role of Puck in BenjaminBritten's opera A Midsummer Night's Dream at The Metropolitan Opera in New York. In 1998 he played a doomed young soldier during the World War II PacificWar in The Thin Red Line. He scored critical and box office success again with his role in the 2001 movie In the Bedroom, which starred Sissy Spacek as hismother. He scored another box office hit in Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003) as John Connor (replacing Edward Furlong from Terminator 2: JudgmentDay), co-starring with Arnold Schwarzenegger and Claire Danes. In 2003, he starred in the HBO series Carnivàle, which drew a loyal audience as well as ravereviews. The show lasted two seasons, ending in 2006.Stahl has played two villains to good reviews: Bobby Kent in the film Bully (2001) and Roark Jr./YellowBastard in Sin City (2005). Stahl did not reprise his role as John Connor in Terminator Salvation with Christian Bale taking over instead. Stahl noted the film'sconcept as \"a jump to the future, so [John Connor] will be quite a bit older.\" Other roles included How to Rob a Bank (2007), Sleepwalking (2008), and Quid ProQuo (2008).In 2010, Stahl starred as Max Matheson in Mirrors 2, the sequel to Mirrors, directed by Victor Garcia and penned by Matt Venne. Among his morerecent films are On the Inside (2010) and Afghan Luke (2011), and Away from Here (2014).In 2019, Stahl portrayed serial killer Glen Edward Rogers in TheMurder of Nicole Brown Simpson. Filming commenced over the summer in 2018 and the film was released in the UK on December 9, 2019.Also in 2019, Stahlappeared in The Lumineers’ short film, III, which is based on their new album. Stahl played the character Jimmy Sparks, who is a father and gambling addict.InNovember 2021, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Stahl would star alongside Sean Bean and Famke Janssen in the film Knights of the Zodiac, a live-actionadaptation of the Saint Seiya manga series. The film will be released on May 12, 2023.In April 2023, he starred as Lucas on the Hulu television series TinyBeautiful Things, opposite Kathryn Hahn.Personal lifeStahl married actress Rose Murphy in June 2009. They have a daughter, Marlo, born in 2010. Theyseparated in 2012.In May 2012, Stahl's wife reported him missing. It was later reported that Stahl had checked into rehab. On December 27, 2012, Stahl wasarrested at an adult film store in Hollywood, California, on suspicion of committing a lewd act. No charges were filed due to insufficient evidence. On June 28,2013, Stahl was arrested in Hollywood for alleged possession of methamphetamine.In a 2017 interview at the Dallas Comic Show, Stahl stated he had moved toTexas and was taking a leave of absence from acting to concentrate on family and sobriety. Stahl returned to acting in 2018 when filming of The Murder of NicoleBrown Simpson began.FilmographyFilmTelevisionMusic videosPassage 3:Ernest C. WardeErnest C. Warde (10 August 1874 – 9 September 1923) was an Englishactor and director who worked in American silent film. He contributed to more than forty films from 1914 to 1923. He was the son of stage actor FrederickWarde.Selected filmographyThe White Rose (1914)A Newspaper Nemesis (1915)The Undertow (1915)The Skinflint (1915)Silas Marner (1916)The Man Without aCountry (1917)War and the Woman (1917)Her Beloved Enemy (1917)The Woman in White (1917)The Vicar of Wakefield (1917)Ruler of the Road(1918)Prisoners of the Pines (1918)One Dollar Bid (1918)A Burglar for a Night (1918)Three X Gordon (1918)The Bells (1918)The Midnight Stage (1919)TheMaster Man (1919)The False Code (1919)The Lord Loves the Irish (1919)A White Man's Chance (1919)The Joyous Liar (1919)The House of Whispers (1920)LiveSparks (1920)$30,000 (1920)The Dream Cheater (1920)The Devil to Pay (1920)The Green Flame (1920)The Coast of Opportunity (1920)Number 99 (1920)Trailof the Axe (1922)Passage 4:The Man Without a Country (1925 film)The Man Without a Country is a 1925 American drama film directed by Rowland V. Lee andwritten by Robert N. Lee. It is based on the 1863 short story The Man Without a Country by Edward Everett Hale. The film stars Guy Edward Hearn, PaulineStarke, Lucy Beaumont, Richard Tucker, Earl Metcalfe, and Edward Coxen. Originally titled As No Man Has Loved, the film was released on February 11, 1925, byFox Film Corporation.PlotAs described in a film magazine review, young officer Philip Nolan, from a patriotic family, is attached to a frontier army post in 1800when he joins the cause of Aaron Burr with his dream of a western empire. After he is court-martialed, he is asked to recant and replies, \"Damn the UnitedStates! I hope that I may never hear of the United States again.\" His sentence is to be sent aboard a ship and never to hear of or set foot in the United Statesagain. He begins a journey around the world that lasts through 10 presidential administrations, during which time his sweetheart Anne Bissell attempts to havehim freed. After several heroic actions, including saving the day in a fight with a pirate ship, Anne secures a pardon from President Lincoln. Now old, Nolan dies asthe ship is returning to the United States, and Anne dies waiting on the pier. The film ends with the spirits of Nolan and Anne together with an Americanflag.CastPassage 5:Andrew LaszloAndrew Laszlo A.S.C. Hungarian: László András (January 12, 1926 – October 7, 2011) was a Hungarian-Americancinematographer best known for his work on the cult film classic The Warriors. He earned Emmy nominations for The Man Without a Country in 1973 and TVminiseries Shōgun in 1980.Early life (1926–1941)I never believed I was anybody special. I still don't think so, nor did I ever believe that anyone would give ahoot hearing about who I was, where I came from, what I did at various stages of my life, and why. I am convinced the world would function equally well, orequally badly, with or without me. - Andrew Laszlo, Footnote to History, 2002So begins a section of Andrew Laszlo's recount of his early years and speaks of theman who survived atrocities during that time and accomplished much in his later life.He was born László András in 1926 in the vicinity of Pápa, Hungary, the townwhere his family finally settled about the time that Andrew was three years old. Until World War II began to affect life in Hungary, his life was relatively carefreeand was spent in relative comfort although the family had to move several times into smaller or bigger quarters depending on the financial circumstances of hisfather. He was close to his older brother, Alex, with whom he often dreamed up exciting adventures sometimes leading to catastrophe.Of his many earlyexperiences, one that served as a prelude to later tragedies, was seeing the Graf Zeppelin fly over Papa. Inquiring about the symbol painted on the tail of theairship, Andrew's father said that it was a swastika. That is all he wanted to tell his young son at the time.Andrew Laszlo was an avid swimmer and skater duringhis early school years and became accomplished at fencing in high school. It was also during this time that his interest in photography began and led later to a"}
{"doc_id":"doc_216","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Virginia von FürstenbergPrincess Virginia Maria Clara von und zu Fürstenberg (Virginia Maria Clara Prinzessin von und zu Fürstenberg; 5 October 1974– 10 May 2023) was an Italian artist, poet, filmmaker, and fashion designer.Early life and familyPrincess Virginia von Fürstenberg was born in Genoa, Italy on 5October 1974 to Prince Sebastian zu Fürstenberg and Elisabetta Guarnati. She was a member of the House of Fürstenberg. Her paternal grandparents were PrinceTassilo zu Fürstenberg and Clara Agnelli. She was a niece of actress Princess Ira von Fürstenberg and fashion designer Prince Egon von Fürstenberg, theex-husband of Diane von Fürstenberg. Von Fürstenberg was a first cousin of Prince Alexandre von Fürstenberg, Tatiana von Fürstenberg, Prince Hubertus ofHohenlohe-Langenburg, and the late Prince Christoph of Hohenlohe-Langenburg.CareerVon Fürstenberg was a fashion designer and creator of the fashion labelVirginia Von Zu Furstenberg. She made her fashion debut in March 2011 at the Teatro Filodrammatici in Milan. Her first collection was sold exclusively atboutiques in Milan, Florence, and Rome. In September 2011, von Fürstenberg debuted a theatrical work titled DISMORPHOPHOBIA that combined spoken word,fashion, film, movement, and dance. She debuted her second collection at Milano Moda Donna in Milan on 23 September 2011. She also wrote poetry, and attimes combined her poetry and fashion design in some of her work.In 2012, von Fürstenberg collaborated with Tommaso Trak to shoot a film focusing on the lifeof her great-grandmother, Virginia Bourbon del Monte. In 2017, von Fürstenberg created an art installation dedicated to her mother titled There was a nice home,which was displayed at the Grossetti Arte Gallery in Venice.Personal life and deathVon Fürstenberg married Baron Alexandre Csillaghy de Pacsér, a Hungariannobleman, in 1992. Their son, Baron Miklós Tassilo Csillaghy, is an equestrian. Their daughter, Baroness Ginevra Csillaghy, has modeled for the Virginia Von ZuFurstenberg fashion line. She and Csillaghy de Pacsér divorced in 2003. In 2002, a year before her divorce was finalized, she gave birth to a daughter, ClaraBacco Dondi dall'Orologio, from her relationship with Giovanni Bacco Dondi dall'Orologio. In 2004, she married Paco Polenghi with whom she had two children,Otto Leone Maria Polenghi and Santiago Polenghi. Von Fürstenberg and Polenghi later divorced. On 28 October 2017, she married Janusz Gawronski, adescendent of a noble and ancient Polish family. In 2020, the couple divorced.Virginia died on 10 May 2023, aged 48, after falling from the top floor of ahotel(falling/slipping in the washroom).Passage 2:Joseph Maria, Prince of FürstenbergJoseph Maria Benedikt zu Fürstenberg-Stühlingen (9 January 1758 – 24June 1796) was a German nobleman and from 1783 until his death the seventh reigning prince of Fürstenberg. He was born in Donaueschingen, where he alsodied. He was the eldest son of Joseph Wenzel zu Fürstenberg and his wife Maria Josepha von Waldburg-Scheer-Trauchburg. He died childless and was succeededby his younger brother Karl Joachim.Passage 3:Where Was I\"Where Was I?\" may refer to:Books\"Where Was I?\", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind'sIWhere Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009Film and TVWhere Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A. Seiter.With Reginald Denny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran.Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim RoseWhere Was I? (TV series)1952–1953 Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location by looking at photos\"Where Was I?\" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980Music\"Wherewas I\", song by W. Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939\"WhereWas I\", single from Charley Pride discography 1988\"Where Was I\" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton\"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)\", song by Joe Passfrom Simplicity (Joe Pass album)\"Where Was I?\", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)\"Where Was I\",song by Sawyer Brown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can You Hear Me Now 2002\"Where Was I?\", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from LiveOn  1999\"Where Was I\", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)\"Where Was I\", song by Rosie Thomas fromWith Love (Rosie Thomas album)Passage 4:Joseph Wenzel, Prince of FürstenbergJoseph Wenzel zu Fürstenberg-Stühlingen (21 March 1728 - 2 June 1783) was aGerman nobleman and from 1762 to 1783 the sixth ruling Prince of Fürstenberg.LifeJoseph Wenzel was the eldest son of prince Joseph zu Fürstenberg and MariaAnna von Waldstein. He studied in Straßburg and Leipzig. He tried to develop the principality's education and introduced a chancery for it. Teaching was based onthe Austrian system and a Jesuit was made head of the Donaueschingen Gymnasium and later the Benedictine Franz Uebelacker was put in charge of the wholeschool system. He also had a history of the House of the Fürstenberg written from the principality's archives.He set up a zuchthaus in Hüfingen and stopped hisfather's industrialisation policy and made resettlement difficult, since he saw industry as immoral - he preferred home handiwork such as watchmaking. In 1777he set up a fire brigade. He was made director of the Swabian College of Reichsgrafen and in 1775 the Holy Roman Emperor appointed him a major general (withhis rank effective from 1765).He was also a music lover and was said to have been an excellent cellist. In 1762 he began building a private chapel at his court atDonaueschingen, and bringing a number of foreign musicians to man it. In 1783 he appointed Franz Christoph Neubauer as his musical director. He employedErnst Christoph Dressler as Kapellmeister at Wetzlar between 1767 and 1771. In 1766 Leopold Mozart and his son Wolfgang Amadeus spent around two weeks atDonaueschingen as Joseph Wenzel's guest.Marriage and successionOn 9 June 1748 Joseph Wenzel married Maria Josepha, countess ofWaldburg-Scheer-Trauchburg, daughter of count Hans Ernst von Waldburg-Scheer-Trauchburg. They had seven children:Joseph Maria BenediktKarlJoachimJohann Nepomuk Joseph (25 July 1755 - 6 October 1755)Josepha Maria Johanna (14 November 1756 - 2 October 1809) ∞ Phillip Maria vonFürstenberg-PürglitzMaria Anna Josepha (4 April 1759 - 26 June 1759)Karl Alexander (11 September 1760 - 19 February 1761)Karl Egon (5 June 1762 - 20February 1771)Bibliography(in German) Carl Borromäus Alois Fickler: Geschichte des Hauses und Landes Fürstenberg, Aachen und Leipzig 1832; Band 4, S.267–280 at Google Books(in German) Erno Seifriz: „Des Jubels klare Welle in der Stadt der Donauquelle“. Musik am Hofe der Fürsten von Fürstenberg inDonaueschingen im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert In: Mark Hengerer und Elmar L. Kuhn (ed.): Adel im Wandel. Oberschwaben von der frühen Neuzeit bis zurGegenwart. Verlag Thorbecke, Ostfildern 2006, ISBN 978-3-7995-0216-0, Band 1, S. 363–376.Passage 5:Matilde BorromeoPrincess Matilde zu Fürstenberg (bornDonna Matilde dei Principi Borromeo Arese Taverna; 8 August 1983) is an Italian equestrian and horse breeder. She is a member of the House of Borromeo, anItalian noble family with historic ties to the Catholic Church and the Duchy of Milan. Through her marriage to Prince Antonius zu Fürstenberg she is a member ofthe German House of Fürstenberg. Matilde Borromeo has competed in international equestrian competitions representing Italy.Early lifeMatilde Borromeo wasborn on 8 August 1983 in Milan, Italy. She is the third daughter of Carlo Ferdinando Borromeo, Count of Arona and Marion Sybil Zota. She is sister of DonnaLavinia Borromeo and Donna Isabella Borromeo. She is half-sister of Donna Beatrice Borromeo, who married into the Monegasque princely family, and CarloBorromeo. She is a sister-in-law of Italian fashion designer Marta Ferri. Her paternal grandfather was Vitaliano Borromeo, Prince of Angera.CareerMatildeBorromeo began working on her family's farm in Lomellina after she got her degree in breeding and animal welfare at the University of Milan. She works in thedaily industry and she started breeding show-jumping horses in 2006. Shortly after she began competing in the equestrian circuit, riding horses she raised on herown. She has competed international events. She has competed at the Global Champions Tour, Master of Paris, Master of Verona, and at the Piazza di Siena.Representing Italy, she has placed second in Monte Carlo, first in Tortona, second in Verona, and first in Truccazzano. She ranked ninth on the first and seconddays and tenth on the third day in the CIS first class grand prix at the Milano Winter Show. In 2015, Matilde Borromeo served as chief ambassador for the MilanoWinter Show and Fiera Verona Cavalli.Personal lifeOn 11 June 2011 Borromeo married Prince Antonius of Fürstenberg, the youngest son of Heinrich, Prince ofFürstenberg, at Isola Bella, one of the Borromean Islands in Lake Maggiore owned by the Borromeo family. They have two children, Prince Karl Egon and PrinceAlexander.In February 2019 it was reported that Borromeo and Antonius had separated.Passage 6:Heinrich, Prince of FürstenbergHeinrich, Prince of Fürstenberg(German: Heinrich Fürst zu Fürstenberg; born 17 July 1950) is a German landowner, businessman and nobleman, who is the head of the House ofFürstenberg.Early yearsPrince Heinrich zu Fürstenberg was born in 1950 at Schloss Heiligenberg in Heiligenberg, Germany. He is the son of Joachim Egon, Princeof Fürstenberg, and Countess Paula von Königsegg-Aulendorf. He studied economics at university in Vienna.Personal life and familyIn 1976, Prince Heinrichmarried his second cousin, Princess Maximiliane of Windisch-Graetz, in Rome, Italy. In 1977, their first child, Prince Christian, was born. In 1985, their secondchild, Prince Antonius, was born.In 2010, his eldest son married Jeannette Griesel. His younger son married Matilde dei Principi Borromeo Arese Taverna in2011.In 2012, he was added to the International Best Dressed Hall of Fame.CareerPrince Heinrich's father died in 2002, and he assumed the role as head of thePrincely House of Fürstenberg at that time.  He owns and manages the family businesses, which include landholdings and beer brewing.The Fürstenberg family isthe second-largest forest owner in Germany. The family was granted the right to brew beer in 1283 by Rudolf I of Germany and has been in the business eversince. In 2005, Prince Heinrich joined the Fürstenberg Brewery with Brau Holding International.Passage 7:Karl Aloys zu FürstenbergKarl Aloys zu Fürstenberg (26June 1760 – 25 March 1799) was an Austrian military commander. He achieved the rank of Field Marshal and died at the Battle of Stockach.The third son of acadet branch of the House of  Fürstenberg, at his birth his chances of inheriting the family title of Fürst zu Fürstenberg were slight; he was prepared instead for amilitary career, and a tutor was hired to teach him the military sciences. He entered the Habsburg military in 1777, at the age of seventeen years, and was a"}
{"doc_id":"doc_217","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:SuhaaganSuhaagan (transl. Married woman) is a 1986 Indian Hindi-language drama film, produced by M. Arjuna Raju under the Roja Enterprisesbanner and directed by K. Raghavendra Rao. It stars Jeetendra, Sridevi, Padmini Kolhapure  and music composed by Bappi Lahari. The film is a remake of theTamil film Enkeyo Ketta Kural (1982).PlotRam Babu was a simple tiller of the soil, and he used to look after the agricultural lands of this neighbour Jagat Prasad.Jagat Prasad has two daughters, Janki and Jyoti. Janki is a well known punk while Jyoti is just a  plain and simple girl. Jyoti likes Ram Babu, but it is Janki who ismarried to Ram Babu. Ram Babu and Janki became the parents of baby girl, but their way of thinking is like two sides of the same coin, and to widen it more is ayoung man Murali. Murali was Jagat Prasad's friend's grandson, with his gift of talks, his bright outlook, he kindles a new light in the dull life of Janki. So far so,that Janki leaves her child and husband and elopes with Murali. On the insistence of Jagat Prasad, Ram marries Jyoti. Masterji comes to meet Janaki and Muraliand tells them that what they did was very wrong. Janaki feels guilty and Murli understands that Janaki doesn't want to live with him anymore. Murli arranges ahouse on the outskirts of Janaki's village where he ask her to go and stay. The same night Murali commits suicide. Janaki is surprised to see him dead howeverleaves for her village. Everyone berates her. Years pass and Janakis daughter Meena starts going to school. Janaki meets her daughter and every evening takesher to her house to play. Jyoti learns of this and scolds Janaki and Meena. In anger she burns Meena's arm and when Ram scolds her for that she feels guilty andburns her own as well. Janaki falls sick and refuses to take medicines. Her mother visits her and she ask for forgiveness. She ask her mother to ask Ram to meether once before she dies. Ram agrees and goes to meet Janaki. Janaki cries for forgiveness and Ram forgives her. He also promises to perform her last rites asher husband once she dies. As soon as Ram leaves Janaki touches his slippers that he left behind and dies. As promised and despite objection from Jagat Prasadand threat of being ostracized from the village Ram and Jyoti perform Janaki's last rites.CastJeetendra as RamSridevi as JankiPadmini Kolhapure as JyotiRajBabbar as MurliPran as Jagat PrasadTanuja as ShantaKader Khan as MasterjiShakti Kapoor as Leela KrishnaAruna Irani as RadhaChandrashekhar as Murli'sgrandfatherAsraniSoundtrackThe music for the film was composed by Bappi Lahiri and written by Indeevar.Passage 2:Just Friends (1993 film)Just Friends is a1993 Belgian-Dutch film. It was directed and produced by Marc-Henri Wajnberg, written by Pierre Sterckx and Alexandre Wajnberg, and starred Josse De Pauw,Ann-Gisel Glass, Charles Berling, and Sylvie Milhaud. Set in Antwerp, Just Friends is about the jazz scene in the 1950s.The film received the André Cavens Awardand won three Joseph Plateau Awards, including Best Film and Best Director for Wajnberg. It was selected as the Belgian entry for the Best Foreign Language Filmat the 66th Academy Awards.The music was written and supervised by Michel Herr and featured saxophonist Archie Shepp.See alsoList of Belgian submissions forthe Academy Award for Best Foreign Language FilmList of submissions to the 66th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language FilmPassage 3:Just Friends(disambiguation)Just Friends is a 2005 romantic comedy film starring Ryan Reynolds and Amy Smart.Just Friends may also refer to:Film and televisionJustFriends (1993 film), a Belgian-Dutch film directed by Marc-Henri WajnbergJust Friends? (2009 film), a 2009 South Korean short film directed by Kim JhoKwang-sooJust Friends (2018 film), a 2018 Dutch film, original title Gewoon Vrienden, directed by Ellen Smit\"Just Friends\" (Degrassi High), an episode ofDegrassi High\"Just Friends\" (Life with Derek), an episode of Life with Derek Just Friends (TV series), a 1979 American sitcomMusicAlbumsJust Friends (JoeTemperley and Jimmy Knepper album), 1978Just Friends (soundtrack), a soundtrack album from the 2005 filmJust Friends (Rick Haydon and John Pizzarellialbum), 2006Just Friends (Zoot Sims and Harry Edison album), 1980Just Friends, a 1989 album by Oliver JonesJust Friends, a 1989 album by Helen MerrillJustFriends (Buddy Tate, Nat Simkins and Houston Person album), 1992Riddim Driven: Just Friends, a 2002 compilation albumSongs\"Just Friends\" (Danny! song),2009\"Just Friends\" (Hayden James song), 2018\"Just Friends\" (John Klenner and Sam M. Lewis song), 1931\"Just Friends (Sunny)\", a 1999 song by MusiqSoulchild\"Just Friends\", a song by Amy Winehouse from Back to Black\"Just Friends\", a song by Gavin DeGraw from Chariot\"Just Friends\", a song by the JonasBrothers from Jonas Brothers\"Just Friends\", a song by Nine Black Alps from Everything Is\"Just Friends\", a song by Vanessa Williams from The Real Thing\"JustFriends\", a song by Virginia to Vegas from Hartland St.\"Just Friends\", a song by Why Don't WeArtistsJust Friends (band), an American funk rock bandSee alsoJustBetween Friends (album), a 2008 album by saxophonist Houston Person and bassist Ron CarterJust Between Friends (soundtrack)Just Good Friends(disambiguation)Friend zone, a strictly platonic relationship in which one partner, but not the other, wishes to enter into a strong and close romanticrelationshipFriends (disambiguation)Friendship, a form of interpersonal relationshipPassage 4:The Fabulous SenoritaThe Fabulous Senorita is a 1952 Americanmusical comedy film directed by R. G. Springsteen and starring Estelita Rodriguez, Robert Clarke and Nestor Paiva. The film came at the tail-end of a cycle ofLatin American-themed films, though it did introduce a new star, Rita Moreno.PlotCastEstelita Rodriguez as Estelita RodriguezRobert Clarke as Jerry TaylorNestorPaiva as José RodriguezMarvin Kaplan as Clifford Van KunkleRita Moreno as Manuela RodríguezLeon Belasco as Señor GonzalesTito Renaldo as Pedro SanchezTomPowers as DelaneyEmory Parnell as Dean BradshawOlin Howland as Justice of the PeaceVito Scotti as Esteban GonzalesMartin Garralaga as Police CaptainGarciaNita Del Rey as FeliceJoan Blake as BettyFrances Dominguez as AmeliaBetty Farrington as JanitressNorman Field as Dr. CampbellClark Howat as DavisFrankKreig as Cab DriverDorothy Neumann as Mrs. BlackElizabeth Slifer as Wife of Justice of the PeaceCharles Sullivan as Cab DriverArthur Walsh as PetePassage5:Enkeyo Ketta KuralEnkeyo Ketta Kural (transl. A Voice Heard Somewhere) is a 1982 Indian Tamil-language drama film, directed by S. P. Muthuraman. The filmstars Rajinikanth in the lead role, with Ambika and Radha playing his love interests and Meena as their daughter. The film was later remade in Telugu as BavaMaradallu in 1984, in Hindi as Suhaagan in 1986 and in Kannada as Midida Hrudayagalu in 1993.PlotKumaran, a hardworking but easily aggrieved and veryrighteous man, is in love with his first cousin Ponni. Ponni works a very leisurely and laid-back job in a grand mansion. Ponni's younger sibling Kamatchi is fond ofKumaran, but he does not take her seriously. Vishwanathan, the father of Ponni and Kamatchi, plans to get Kumaran and Ponni married. Ponni reluctantly marriesKumaran. A daughter, Meena, is born after a year. Ponni starts to detest Kumaran because of her newfound tasks. Later, her previous employer dies of old age.Ponni visits her employer's son (who is also unhappily married) after the funeral. They both converse about their supposedly miserable lives and decide to elope.After Ponni runs away, her family disowns her and decides to have Kamatchi marry Kumaran. The initially reluctant Kumaran is convinced by his father-in-law andmarries Kamatchi. The pair bonds over time and lives in contentment with the child. Ponni realizes her blunder after a few weeks. Disgusted with herself, sheleaves the eloped partner, remaining faithful to Kumaran by not engaging in any debauchery with her partner. He confers her a small house near the village,where she spends the rest of her life. She meets her daughter, but her sister, disgusted with Ponni, orders the child not to meet her ever again. Kumaran comesto learn about her faithfulness and visits Ponni on her deathbed. She dies by Kumaran's side after reminiscing about her life. Kumaran is warned by hisfather-in-law that he will be banished from the village if takes part in her funeral. Kumaran defies him and performs the last rites for Ponni along with theirdaughter and Kamatchi.CastRajinikanth as KumaranAmbika as PonniRadha as KamatchiMeena as child Meena (daughter of Kumaran and Ponni)Delhi Ganesh asVishwanathanKamala Kamesh as Vishwanathan's wifeV. S. RaghavanT. K. S. NatarajanK. KannanVairam KrishnamoorthyProductionThe film was completely shotat a village near Chengalpet.SoundtrackThe music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja.AccoladesFilmfare Award for Best Film – TamilTamil Nadu State Film Award forBest Dialogue Writer – Panchu ArunachalamTamil Nadu State Film Award for Best FilmFilm Fans Association Award for Best Actor – RajinikanthRelease andreceptionEnkeyo Ketta Kural was released on 14 August 1982. Due to competition from another Muthuraman-directed film Sakalakala Vallavan, released on thesame day, it was less successful. Thiraignani of Kalki felt the reason for Ambika eloping and returning back reformed lacked strong reasons and added the endingof the story, which is not easy to accept, raises many problematic questions that make our heads turn gray but praised the performances of Ambika, DelhiGanesh and Kamala Kamesh. He also praised Arunachalam's dialogues and Babu's cinematography and concluded if Kamal was \"Sakalakala Vallavan\" in that filmthen here Rajinikanth was \"Sakalakala Nallavan\".Passage 6:The Night of NightsThe Night of Nights is a 1939 black-and-white drama film written by Donald OgdenStewart and directed by Lewis Milestone for Paramount Pictures that starred Pat O'Brien, Olympe Bradna, and Roland Young.The film received positivecontemporary reviews from publications such as The New York Times. Director Milestone went on to other successful productions after the film came out,including Ocean's 11 and Pork Chop Hill.BackgroundMilestone directed The Night of Nights nine years after winning the 1930 Academy Award for Best Director forAll Quiet on the Western Front.PlotDan O'Farrell (Pat O'Brien) is a brilliant Broadway theater playwright, actor, and producer who has left the business.  When hewas younger, he and his partner Barry Keith-Trimble (Roland Young) were preparing for the opening night of O'Farell's play Laughter by getting drunk.  When itwas time to perform, they were so intoxicated they ended up brawling on stage and fell into the orchestra pit.  The two left the theater and continued drinking,until they learn that they have been suspended. At the same time, O'Farrell learns that his wife, actress Alyce Martelle, is pregnant and has left him for ruiningher performance in Laughter as Toni.  Despondent, he in left the business and went into seclusion.Years later, his daughter Marie (Olympe Bradna) locates himand inspires him to return to Broadway.  He decides to restage Laughter with its original cast, but with Marie substituting for Alyce in the part of Toni.  Hoping to"}
{"doc_id":"doc_218","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:John WestleyRev. John Wesley (1636–78) was an English nonconformist minister. He was the grandfather of John Wesley (founder of Methodism).LifeJohn Wesly (his own spelling), Westley, or Wesley was probably born at Bridport, Dorset, although some authorities claim he was born in Devon, the son of the Rev. Bartholomew Westley and Ann Colley, daughter of Sir Henry Colley of Carbery Castle in County Kildare, Ireland. He was educated at Dorchester Grammar School and as a student of New Inn Hall, Oxford, where he matriculated on 23 April 1651, and graduated B.A. on 23 January 1655, and M.A. on 4 July 1657. After his appointment as an evangelist, he preached at Melcombe Regis, Radipole, and other areas in Dorset. Never episcopally ordained, he was approved by Oliver Cromwell's Commission of Triers in 1658 and appointed Vicar of Winterborne Whitechurch.The report of his interview in 1661 with Gilbert Ironside the elder, his diocesan, according to Alexander Gordon writing in the Dictionary of National Biography, shows him to have been an Independent. He was imprisoned for not using the Book of Common Prayer, imprisoned again and ejected in 1662. After the Conventicle Act 1664 he continued to preach in small gatherings at Preston and then Poole, until his death at Preston in 1678.FamilyHe married a daughter of John White, who was related also to Thomas Fuller. White, the \"Patriarch of Dorchester\", married a sister of Cornelius Burges. Westley's eldest son was Timothy (born 1659). Their second son was Rev. Samuel Wesley, a High Church Anglican vicar and the father of John and Charles Wesley. A younger son, Matthew Wesley, remained a nonconformist, became a London apothecary, and died on 10 June 1737, leaving a son, Matthew, in India; he provided for some of his brother Samuel's daughters.NotesAdditional sourcesMatthews, A. G., \"Calamy Revised\", Oxford University Press, 1934, page 521. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: \"Wesley, Samuel (1662-1735)\". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.Passage 2:Kaya AlpKaya Alp (Ottoman Turkish: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000, lit. 'Brave Rock') was, according to Ottoman tradition, the son of Kızıl Buğa or Basuk and the father of Suleyman Shah. He was the grandfather of Ertuğrul Ghazi, the father of the founder of the Ottoman Empire, Osman I. He was also famously known for being the successing name of Ertokus Bey’s son Kaya Alp. He was a descendant of the ancestor of his tribe, Kayı son of Gun son of Oghuz Khagan, the legendary progenitor of the Oghuz Turks.Passage 3:Abd al-MuttalibShayba ibn Hāshim (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; c. 497–578), better known as \u0000Abd al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, lit. 'Servant of Muttalib') was the fourth chief of the Quraysh tribal confederation. He was the grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.Early lifeHis father was Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf,: 81 the progenitor of the distinguished Banu Hashim, a clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. They claimed descent from Ismā'īl and Ibrāhīm. His mother was Salma bint Amr, from the Banu Najjar, a clan of the Khazraj tribe in Yathrib (later called Madinah). Hashim died while doing business in Gaza, before Abd al-Muttalib was born.: 81 His real name was \"Shaiba\" meaning 'the ancient one' or 'white-haired' because of the streak of white through his jet-black hair, and is sometimes also called Shaybah al-\u0000amd (\"The white streak of praise\").: 81–82 After his father's death he was raised in Yathrib with his mother and her family until about the age of eight, when his uncle Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf went to see him and asked his mother Salmah to entrust Shaybah to his care. Salmah was unwilling to let her son go and Shaiba refused to leave his mother without her consent. Mu\u0000\u0000alib then pointed out that the possibilities Yathrib had to offer were incomparable to Mecca. Salmah was impressed with his arguments, so she agreed to let him go. Upon first arriving in Mecca, the people assumed the unknown child was Muttalib's servant and started calling him 'Abd al-Muttalib (\"servant of Muttalib\").: 85–86Chieftain of Hashim clanWhen Mu\u0000\u0000alib died, Shaiba succeeded him as the chief of the Hāshim clan. Following his uncle Al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, he took over the duties of providing the pilgrims with food and water, and carried on the practices of his forefathers with his people. He attained such eminence as none of his forefathers enjoyed; his people loved him and his reputation was great among them.: 61 'Umar ibn Al-Kha\u0000\u0000āb's grandfather Nufayl ibn Abdul Uzza arbitrated in a dispute between 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib and \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, Abu Sufyan's father, over the custodianship of the Kaaba. Nufayl gave his verdict in favour of 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib. Addressing \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, he said:Why do you pick a quarrel with a person who is taller than you in stature; more imposing than you in appearance; more refined than you in intellect; whose progeny outnumbers yours and whose generosity outshines yours in lustre? Do not, however, construe this into any disparagement of your good qualities which I highly appreciate. You are as gentle as a lamb, you are renowned throughout Arabia for the stentorian tones of your voice, and you are an asset to your tribe.Discovery of Zam Zam Well'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib said that while sleeping in the sacred enclosure, he had dreamed he was ordered to dig at the worship place of the Quraysh between the two deities Isāf and Nā'ila. There he would find the Zamzam Well, which the Jurhum tribe had filled in when they left Mecca. The Quraysh tried to stop him digging in that spot, but his son Al-\u0000ārith stood guard until they gave up their protests. After three days of digging, 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib found traces of an ancient religious well and exclaimed, \"Allahuakbar!\" Some of the Quraysh disputed his claim to sole rights over water, then one of them suggested that they go to a female shaman who lived afar. It was said that she could summon jinns and that she could help them decide who was the owner of the well. So, 11 people from the 11 tribes went on the expedition. They had to cross the desert to meet the priestess but then they got lost. There was a lack of food and water and people started to lose hope of ever getting out. One of them suggested that they dig their own graves and if they died, the last person standing would bury the others. So all began digging their own graves and just as Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib started digging, water spewed out from the hole he dug and everyone became overjoyed. It was then and there decided that Abdul-Muttalib was the owner of the Zam Zam well. Thereafter he supplied pilgrims to the Kaaba with Zam Zam water, which soon eclipsed all the other wells in Mecca because it was considered sacred.: 86–89 : 62–65The Year of the ElephantAccording to Muslim tradition, the Ethiopian governor of Yemen, Abrahah al-Ashram, envied the Kaaba's reverence among the Arabs and, being a Christian, he built a cathedral on Sana'a and ordered pilgrimage be made there.: 21 The order was ignored and someone desecrated (some saying in the form of defecation: 696 note 35 ) the cathedral. Abrahah decided to avenge this act by demolishing the Kaaba and he advanced with an army towards Mecca.: 22–23 There were thirteen elephants in Abrahah's army: 99 : 26 and the year came to be known as 'Ām al-Fīl (the Year of the Elephant), beginning a trend for reckoning the years in Arabia which was used until 'Umar ibn Al-Kha\u0000\u0000āb replaced it with the Islamic Calendar in 638 CE (17 AH), with the first year of the Islamic Calendar being 622 CE.When news of the advance of Abrahah's army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinānah, Khuzā'ah and Hudhayl united in defence of the Kaaba. A man from the \u0000imyar tribe was sent by Abrahah to advise them that he only wished to demolish the Kaaba and if they resisted, they would be crushed. \"Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib told the Meccans to seek refuge in the nearest high hills while he, with some leading members of Quraysh, remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abrahah sent a dispatch inviting 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib to meet him and discuss matters. When 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib left the meeting he was heard saying, \"The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure He will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonour the servants of His House.\": 24–26 It is recorded that when Abrahah's forces neared the Kaaba, Allah commanded small birds (abābīl) to destroy Abrahah's army, raining down pebbles on it from their beaks. Abrahah was seriously wounded and retreated towards Yemen but died on the way.: 26–27 This event is referred to in the following Qur'anic chapter:Have you not seen how your Lord dealt with the owners of the Elephant?Did He not make their treacherous plan go astray?And He sent against them birds in flocks, striking them with stones of baked clay, so He rendered them like straw eaten up.Most Islamic sources place the event around the year that Muhammad was born, 570 CE, though other scholars place it one or two decades earlier. A tradition attributed to Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri in the musannaf of \u0000Abd al-Razzaq al-San\u0000ani places it before the birth of Muhammad's father.Sacrificing his son AbdullahAl-Harith was 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib's only son at the time he dug the Zamzam Well.: 64 When the Quraysh tried to help him in the digging, he vowed that if he were to have ten sons to protect him, he would sacrifice one of them to Allah at the Kaaba. Later, after nine more sons had been born to him, he told them he must keep the vow. The divination arrows fell upon his favourite son Abdullah. The Quraysh protested 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib's intention to sacrifice his son and demanded that he sacrifice something else instead. 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib agreed to consult a \"sorceress with a familiar spirit\". She told him to cast lots between Abdullah and ten camels. If Abdullah were chosen, he had to add ten more camels, and keep on doing the same until his Lord accepted the camels in Abdullah's place. When the number of camels reached 100, the lot fell on the camels. 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib confirmed this by repeating the test three times. Then the camels were sacrificed, and Abdullah was spared.: 66–68FamilyWivesAbd al-Muttalib had six known wives.Sumra bint Jundab of the Hawazin tribe.Lubnā bint Hājar of the Khuza'a tribe.Fatima bint Amr of the Makhzum clan of the Quraysh tribe.Halah bint Wuhayb of the Zuhrah clan of the Quraysh tribe.Natīla bint Janab of the Namir tribe.Mumanna'a bint Amr of the Khuza'a tribe.ChildrenAccording to Ibn Hisham, \u0000Abd al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib had ten sons and six daughters.: 707–708 note 97 However, Ibn Sa'd lists twelve sons.: 99–101 By Sumra bint Jundab:Al-\u0000ārith.: 708 He was the firstborn and he died before his father.: 99 Quthum.: 100 He is not listed by Ibn Hisham.By Fatima bint Amr:Al-Zubayr.: 707 He was a poet and a chief; his father made a will in his favour.: 99 He died before Islam, leaving two sons and daughters.: 101 : 34–35 Abu Talib, born as Abd Manaf,: 99 : 707 father of the future Caliph Ali. He later became chief of the Hashim clan.Abdullah, the father of Muhammad.: 99 : 707 Umm Hakim al-Bayda,: 100 : 707 the maternal grandmother of the third Caliph Uthman.: 32 Barra,: 100 : 707 the mother of Abu Salama.: 33 Arwa.: 100 : 707 Atika,: 100 : 707 a wife of Abu Umayya ibn al-Mughira.: 31 Umayma,: 100 : 707 the mother of Zaynab bint Jahsh and Abd Allah ibn Jahsh.: "}
{"doc_id":"doc_219","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Hartley LobbanHartley W Lobban (9 May 1926 – 15 October 2004) was a Jamaican-born first-class cricketer who played 17 matches for Worcestershirein the early 1950s.Life and careerLobban played little cricket in Jamaica. He went to England at the end of World War II as a member of the Royal Air Force, andsettled in Kidderminster in Worcestershire in 1947, where he worked as a civilian lorry driver for the RAF. He began playing for Kidderminster Cricket Club in theBirmingham League, and at the start of the 1952 season, opening the bowling for the club's senior team, he had figures of 7 for 9 and 7 for 37.Worcestershireinvited him to play for them, and he made his first-class debut against Sussex in July 1952. He took five wickets in the match (his maiden victim being KenSuttle) and then held on for 4 not out with Peter Richardson (20 not out) to add the 12 runs needed for a one-wicket victory after his county had collapsed from192 for 2 to 238 for 9. A week later he claimed four wickets against Warwickshire, then a few days later still he managed 6 for 52 (five of his victims bowled) inwhat was otherwise a disastrous innings defeat to Derbyshire. In the last match of the season he took a career-best 6 for 51 against Glamorgan; he and RegPerks (4 for 59) bowled unchanged throughout the first innings. Worcestershire won the game and Lobban finished the season with 23 wickets at 23.69.He took23 wickets again in 1953, but at a considerably worse average of 34.43, and had only two really successful games: against Oxford University in June, when hetook 5 for 70, and then against Sussex in July. On this occasion Lobban claimed eight wickets, his most in a match, including 6 for 103 in the first innings. He alsomade his highest score with the bat, 18, but Sussex won by five wickets.In 1954 Lobban made only two first-class appearances, and managed only the singlewicket of Gloucestershire tail-ender Bomber Wells. In his final game, against Warwickshire at Dudley, his nine first-innings overs cost 51. He bowled just twoovers in the second innings as Warwickshire completed an easy ten-wicket win. Lobban played one more Second XI game, against Glamorgan II at Cardiff ArmsPark; in this he picked up five wickets.He was also a professional boxer and played rugby union for Kidderminster.He later moved to Canada, where he worked asa teacher in Burnaby, British Columbia. He and his wife Celia had a son and two daughters.Passage 2:Alejandro RomualdoAlejandro Romualdo (December 19,1926 Trujillo, Peru – May 27, 2008 Lima, Peru) was a Peruvian poet of the 20th century. His best known work is the Song of Tupac Amaru, exalting therevolutionary spirit of the 18th-century leader. The poem, which glorified the Peruvian independence movement, won the Peruvian National Prize for Poetry in1997.LifeBorn Alejandro Valle, he is the son of famed Peruvian actor, Alex Valle, star of the popular TV series, Risas y Salsa. Romualdo studied literature at theNational University of San Marcos in 1946. His first poem, \"La torre de los alucinados\" made him the recipient of the Peruvian National Prize for Poetry in 1949.Having earned a scholarship, he attended the University of Madrid in 1951. Upon his return to Peru, Romualdo worked as a journalist as more of his works werepublished, which he used as an instrument of agitation and political propaganda that manifested his Marxist convictions. By the mid 1960s, he travelled to Mexicoand Cuba, eventually returning to Peru where he had some temporary jobs, one of them at the National Institute of Culture and also  working as a professor ofjournalism at University of San Martín de Porres in Lima.He married Teresa Pereira (d. 1998) and had 2 sons and a daughter. His son Gabriel Valle, M.D. is anephrologist and medical school professor at University of Miami. Granddaughter, Juliette Valle, (born 2001) is a professional musical theatre actress.Hededicated himself to teaching and journalism. He collaborated in the newspapers La Crónica and La Prensa, and in the magazines Cultura Peruana and Idea. Hispoetries, articles and caricatures, appear signed with his prename of Alejandro Romualdo; also with his nickname Xanno.In 1965 he traveled to Mexico and thenwent to Cuba. Back in Peru he had some temporary jobs, one of them at the National Institute of Culture. He then went on to teach at the University of SanMartín de Porres, becoming a teacher for several generations of journalists.In 1976 he won the OTI Festival award with his poem entitled I want to go out in thesun, set to music by Ernesto Pollarolo and performed by Fernando Llosa. He collaborated in the arts and letters magazine Hueso Hmero (1987,1990).DeathRomualdo was found dead in his home from heart complications in San Isidro District, Lima.See alsoPeruvian literatureBibliographyLuis AlbertoSánchez,: La literatura peruana. Derrotero para una historia cultural del Perú, tomo V, pp. 1581-1582. Cuarta edición y definitiva. Lima, P. L. Villanueva Editor,1975.National Library of Peru, N.º 2012-03529. Toro Montalvo, César: Manual de Literatura Peruana, Tomo II, p. 1452. A.F.A. Editores Importadores S.A. Terceraedición, corregida y aumentada, 2012. Hecho el depósito legal.Mario Vargas Llosa, El pez en el agua. Memorias. Editorial Seix Barral, S. A., 1993. ISBN84-322-0679-2Passage 3:Henry Moore (cricketer)Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of hislife in New Zealand.Life and familyHenry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849. He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet JanetSarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch. One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted. Their greatgrandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805. One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria.Moore went to NewZealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch. He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son. In May 1884she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died.In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine. In 1897 he married Alice Fish ofGeraldine. They moved to England four years before his death in 1916.Cricket careerMoore was a right-handed middle-order batsman. In consecutive seasons,1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively. His 76 came in hisfirst match for Canterbury, against Otago. He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with CharlesCorfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a \"very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence\". Canterbury were all out for 133, butwent on to win the match. His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6. The New Zealand crickethistorian Tom Reese said, \"Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving.\" Canterburywon again.Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34.4. Also in 1877–78, he was amember of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians. In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a SouthCanterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team.Passage 4:Wesley BarresiWesley Barresi (born 3 May 1984) is a South African born first-class andNetherlands international cricketer. He is a right-handed wicket keeper-batsman and also bowls right-arm offbreak. In February 2021, Barresi announced hisretirement from all forms of cricket, but returned to the national team in August 2022.CareerWesley became the 100th victim to Indian cricketer Yuvraj Singh,when he was dismissed in the 2011 World Cup game against India.In July 2018, he was named in the Netherlands' One Day International (ODI) squad, for theirseries against Nepal. Ahead of the ODI matches, the International Cricket Council (ICC) named him as the key player for the Netherlands.In July 2019, he wasselected to play for the Amsterdam Knights in the inaugural edition of the Euro T20 Slam cricket tournament. However, the following month, the tournament wascancelled.Passage 5:Greg A. Hill (artist)Greg A. Hill is a Canadian-born First Nations artist and curator. He is Kanyen'kehà:ka Mohawk, from Six Nations of theGrand River Territory, Ontario.Early lifeHill was born and raised in Fort Erie, Ontario.Art careerHis work as a multidisciplinary artist focuses primarily oninstallation, performance and digital imaging and explores issues of his Mohawk and French-Canadian identity through the prism of colonialism, nationalism andconcepts of place and community.Hill has been exhibiting his work since 1989, with solo exhibitions and performance works across Canada as well as groupexhibitions in North America and abroad. His work can be found in the collections of the Canada Council, the Indian Art Centre, Indian and Northern AffairsCanada, the Canadian Native Arts Foundation (now Indspire), the Woodland Cultural Center, the City of Ottawa, the Ottawa Art Gallery and the InternationalMuseum of Electrography.Curatorial careerHill serves as the Audain Senior Curator of Indigenous Art at the National Gallery of Canada.Awards and honoursIn2018, Hill received the Indspire Award for Arts.Passage 6:John Allen (Oxford University cricketer)John Aubrey Allen (born 19 July 1974) is an Australian teacher,rugby player and cricketer.Allen was born in Windsor, New South Wales. He attended Bede Polding College in South Windsor, before graduating with a BA inhuman movement studies at the University of Technology Sydney, where he also completed his Diploma of Education. He played rugby for several clubs, mostnotably for the Brumbies who he represented in the Ricoh Championship. He also played Grade cricket for Hawkesbury Cricket Club near Sydney. At 21, hemoved to England to study for his master's degree at University College, Oxford. While at Oxford, Allen was awarded his blue in rugby union and cricket.Allenplayed as a centre in rugby union and as a forward in rugby league. He captained Oxford University RFC in 2003, leading the team to a draw in The Varsity Matchagainst Cambridge at Twickenham in December that year. Earlier in the year, he scored a try late in the game to seal Oxford's victory in the Rugby League VarsityMatch at the Athletic Ground, Richmond.For Oxford University Cricket Club, he played in two first-class matches, including the varsity match.After completing hismaster's, Allen returned to teaching in Australia and in 2017 was working as Director of Sport and Co-Curricular at Trinity Grammar School in Sydney, New SouthWales.Passage 7:Wale AdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, untilJune 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow.He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in"}
{"doc_id":"doc_220","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Helena (empress)Flavia Julia Helena (; Greek: \u0000λένη, Helénē; c.  AD 246/248– c. 330), also known as Helena of Constantinople and Saint Helena, wasan Augusta of the Roman Empire and mother of Emperor Constantine the Great. She was born in the lower classes traditionally in the Greek city of Drepanon,Bithynia, in Asia Minor, which was renamed Helenopolis in her honor, though several locations have been proposed for her birthplace and origin.Helena ranks asan important figure in the history of Christianity. In her final years, she made a religious tour of Syria Palaestina and Jerusalem, during which ancient traditionclaims that she discovered the True Cross. The Eastern Orthodox Church, Catholic Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, and Anglican Communion revere her as asaint, and the Lutheran Church commemorates her.Early lifeSources agree that Helena was a Greek, probably from Asia Minor in modern Turkey. Her birthplace isnot known with certainty, but Helenopolis, then Drepanum, in Bithynia is, following Procopius, \"generally assumed\" to be the place. Her name is attested on coinsas Flavia Helena, Flavia Julia Helena and sometimes Aelena. Joseph Vogt suggested that the name Helena was typical for the Greek-speaking part of the RomanEmpire and that therefore her place of origin should be looked for in the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. The 6th-century historian Procopius is theearliest authority for the statement that Helena was a native of Drepanum, in the province of Bithynia in Asia Minor. The name Helena appears in all areas of theEmpire, but is not epigraphically attested in inscriptions of Bithynia (Helena's proposed region of origin) and it was also common in Latin-speaking areas.Procopius lived much later than the era he was describing and his description may have been actually intended as an etymological explanation about the toponymHelenopolis. On the other hand, her son Constantine renamed the city \"Helenopolis\" after her death around AD 330, which supports the belief that the city wasindeed her birthplace. The Byzantinist Cyril Mango has, however, argued that Helenopolis was refounded to strengthen the communication network aroundConstantine's new capital in Constantinople, and was renamed simply to honor Helena, not to necessarily mark her birthplace. There was also a Helenopolis inPalestine and a Helenopolis in Lydia. These cities, and the province of Helenopontus in the Pontus, were probably all named after Constantine's mother. Two otherlocations in France and the Pyrenees have been named after Helena. Equally uncertain to Drepanum and without strong documentation suggestions about herbirthplace are: Naissus (central Balkans), Caphar or Edessa (Mesopotamia), Trier.The bishop and historian Eusebius of Caesarea states that Helena was about 80on her return from Palestine. Since that journey has been dated to 326–28, she was probably born around 246 to 249. Information about her social backgrounduniversally suggests that she came from the lower classes. Fourth-century sources, following Eutropius' Breviarium, record that she came from a humblebackground. Bishop Ambrose of Milan, writing in the late 4th century was the first to call her a stabularia, a term translated as \"stable-maid\" or \"inn-keeper\". Hemakes this comment a virtue, calling Helena a bona stabularia, a \"good stable-maid\", probably to contrast her with the general suggestion of sexual laxnessconsidered typical of that group. Other sources, especially those written after Constantine's proclamation as emperor, gloss over or ignore her background.BothGeoffrey of Monmouth and Henry of Huntingdon promoted a popular tradition that Helena was a British princess and the daughter of \"Old King Cole\" from thearea of Colchester. This led to the later dedication of 135 churches in England to her, many in around the area of Yorkshire, and revived as a suggestion in the20th century in the novel by Evelyn Waugh.Marriage to Emperor ConstantiusIt is unknown where she first met Constantius. The historian Timothy Barnes hassuggested that Constantius, while serving under Emperor Aurelian, could have met her while stationed in Asia Minor for the campaign against Zenobia. It is saidthat upon meeting they were wearing identical silver bracelets; Constantius saw her as his soulmate sent by God. Barnes calls attention to an epitaph atNicomedia of one of Aurelian's protectors, which could indicate the emperor's presence in the Bithynian region soon after AD 270. The precise legal nature of therelationship between Helena and Constantius is also unknown. The sources are equivocal on the point, sometimes calling Helena Constantius' \"wife\", andsometimes, following the dismissive propaganda of Constantine's rival Maxentius, calling her his \"concubine\". Jerome, perhaps confused by the vague terminologyof his own sources, manages to do both.Some scholars, such as the historian Jan Drijvers, assert that Constantius and Helena were joined in a common-lawmarriage, a cohabitation recognized in fact but not in law. Others, like Timothy Barnes, assert that Constantius and Helena were joined in an official marriage, onthe grounds that the sources claiming an official marriage are more reliable.Helena gave birth to the future emperor Constantine I on 27 February of an uncertainyear soon after 270 (probably around 272). At the time, she was in Naissus (Niš, Serbia). In order to obtain a wife more consonant with his rising status,Constantius divorced Helena some time before 289, when he married Theodora, Maximian's daughter under his command. The narrative sources date themarriage to 293, when Constantius was appointed caesar (heir-apparent) of Maximian, but the Latin panegyric of 289 refers to the new couple as alreadymarried. Helena and her son were dispatched to the court of Diocletian at Nicomedia, where Constantine grew to be a member of the inner circle. Helena neverremarried and lived for a time in obscurity, though close to her only son, who had a deep regard and affection for her.After Constantine's ascension to thethroneConstantine was proclaimed augustus (emperor) in 306 by Constantius' troops after the latter had died, and following his elevation his mother was broughtback to the public life in 312, returning to the imperial court. She appears in the Eagle Cameo portraying Constantine's family, probably commemorating the birthof Constantine's son Constantine II in the summer of 316.She lived in the Horti Spei Veteris in Rome which she converted into an even more luxuriouspalace.Pilgrimage and relic discoveriesConstantine appointed his mother Helena as Augusta, and gave her unlimited access to the imperial treasury in order tolocate the relics of the Christian tradition. In AD 326–28 Helena undertook a trip to Palestine. According to Eusebius of Caesarea, who records the details of herpilgrimage to Palestine and other eastern provinces, and Socrates Scholasticus, she was responsible for the construction or beautification of the Church of theNativity in Bethlehem, and the Church of Eleona on the Mount of Olives; sites of Christ's birth and ascension, respectively. Local founding legend attributes toHelena's orders the construction of a church in Egypt to identify the Burning Bush of Sinai. The chapel at Saint Catherine's Monastery—often referred to as theChapel of Saint Helen—is dated to the year 330.The True Cross and the Church of the Holy SepulchreJerusalem was still being rebuilt following the destructioncaused by Titus in AD 70. Emperor Hadrian had built during the 130s a temple to Venus over the supposed site of Jesus' tomb near Calvary, and renamed the cityAelia Capitolina. Accounts differ concerning whether the temple was dedicated to Venus or Jupiter. According to Eusebius, \"[t]here was a temple of Venus on thespot. This the queen (Helena) had destroyed.\" According to tradition, Helena ordered the temple torn down and, according to the legend that arose at the end ofthe 4th century, chose a site to begin excavating, which led to the recovery of three different crosses. The legend is recounted in Ambrose, On the Death ofTheodosius (died 395) and at length in Rufinus' chapters appended to his translation into Latin of Eusebius's Ecclesiastical History, the main body of which doesnot mention the event. Then, Rufinus relates, the empress refused to be swayed by anything short of solid proof and performed a test. Possibly through BishopMacarius of Jerusalem, she had a woman who was near death brought from the city. When the woman touched the first and second crosses, her condition did notchange, but when she touched the third and final cross she suddenly recovered, and Helena declared the cross with which the woman had been touched to be theTrue Cross.On the site of discovery, Constantine ordered the building of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Churches were also built on other sites detected byHelena.The \"Letter From Constantine to Macarius of Jerusalem\", as presented in Eusebius' Life of Constantine, states:\"Such is our Saviour's grace, that no powerof language seems adequate to describe the wondrous circumstance to which I am about to refer. For, that the monument of his [Christ's] most holy Passion, solong ago buried beneath the ground, should have remained unknown for so long a series of years, until its reappearance to his servants now set free through theremoval of him who was the common enemy of all, is a fact which truly surpasses all admiration. I have no greater care than how I may best adorn with asplendid structure that sacred spot, which, under Divine direction, I have disencumbered as it were of the heavy weight of foul idol worship [the Roman temple];a spot which has been accounted holy from the beginning in God’s judgment, but which now appears holier still, since it has brought to light a clear assurance ofour Saviour’s passion.\"Sozomen and Theodoret claim that Helena also found the nails of the crucifixion. To use their miraculous power to aid her son, Helenaallegedly had one placed in Constantine's helmet, and another in the bridle of his horse. According to one tradition, Helena acquired the Holy Tunic on her trip toJerusalem and sent it to Trier.CyprusSeveral relics purportedly discovered by Helena are now in Cyprus, where she spent some time. Among them are itemsbelieved to be part of Jesus Christ's tunic, pieces of the holy cross, and pieces of the rope with which Jesus was tied on the Cross. The rope, considered to be theonly relic of its kind, has been held at the Stavrovouni Monastery, which was also said to have been founded by Helena. According to tradition, Helena isresponsible for the large population of cats in Cyprus. Local tradition holds that she imported hundreds of cats from Egypt or Palestine in the fourth century to rida monastery of snakes. The monastery is today known as \"St. Nicholas of the Cats\" (Greek Άγιος Νικόλαος των Γατών) and is located near Limassol.RomeHelenaleft Jerusalem and the eastern provinces in 327 to return to Rome, bringing with her large parts of the True Cross and other relics, which were then stored in herpalace's private chapel, now the Basilica of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, where they can be still seen today. This has been maintained by Cistercian monks in themonastery which has been attached to the church for centuries.Death and burialHelena died around 330, with her son at her side. She was buried in the"}
{"doc_id":"doc_221","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Roberto SavioRoberto Savio (born in Rome, Italy, but also holding Argentine nationality) is a journalist, communication expert, political commentator,activist for social and climate justice  and advocate of global governance. He has spent most of his career with Inter Press Service (IPS), the news agency whichhe founded in 1964 along with Argentine journalist Pablo Piacentini.Savio studied Economics at the University of Parma, followed by post-graduate courses inDevelopment Economics under Gunnar Myrdal, History of Art and International Law in Rome. He started his professional career as a research assistant inInternational Law at the University of Parma.Early activitiesWhile at university, Roberto Savio acted as an international officer with Italy’s National StudentAssociation and the Youth Movement of Italy’s Christian Democracy party, eventually taking on responsibility for Christian Democracy’s relations with developingcountries. After leaving university, he became international press chief for former Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro. After the 1973 Chilean coup d’etat, RobertoSavio left Italian politics to pursue journalism.Early journalistic careerRoberto Savio’s career in journalism began with Italian daily ‘Il Popolo’ and he went on tobecome Director for News Services for Latin America with RAI, Italy’s state broadcasting company. He received a number of awards for TV documentaries,including the Saint-Vincent Award for Journalism, the most prestigious journalism award in Italy.Inter Press Service (IPS)Throughout his student years, RobertoSavio had cultivated an interest in analysing and explaining the huge information and communication gap that existed between the North and the South of theworld, particularly Latin America. Together with Argentine journalist Pablo Piacentini, he decided to create a press agency that would permit Latin American exilesin Europe to write about their countries for a European audience.That agency, which was known in the early days as Roman Press Agency, was the seed for whatwas to become the Inter Press Service (IPS) news agency, which was formally established at a meeting in the Schloss Eichholz conference centre of the KonradAdenauer Foundation (the foundation of the CDU), in Wesseling near Bonn, then the capital city of West Germany.From the outset, it was decided that IPS wouldbe a non-profit cooperative of journalists and its statute declared that two-thirds of the members should come from the South.Roberto Savio gave IPS its uniquemission – “giving a voice to the voiceless” – acting as a communication channel that privileges the voices and the concerns of the poorest and creates a climate ofunderstanding, accountability and participation around development, promoting a new international information order between the South and the North.Theagency grew rapidly throughout the 1970s and 1980s until the dramatic events of 1989-91 – the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union –prompted new goals and definitions: IPS was the first news outlet to identify itself as “global” and define the new concept of neoliberal globalisation ascontributing to the distancing of developing countries from wealth, trade and policy-making.IPS offers communication services to improve South–Southcooperation and South-North exchanges and carries out projects with international partners to open up communication channels to all social sectors.IPS has beenrecognised by the United Nations and granted NGO consultative status (category I) with ECOSOC.With the strengthening of the process of globalisation, IPS hasdedicated itself to global issues, becoming the news agency for global civil society: more than 30,000 NGOs subscribe to its services, and several million peopleare readers of its online services.Under Roberto Savio, IPS won the Washington-based Population Institute’s “most conscientious news service” award nine time inthe 1990s, beating out the major wire services year in and year out.IPS won FAO’s A.H. Boerma Award for journalism in 1997  for its \"significant contribution tocovering sustainable agriculture and rural development in more than 100 countries, filling the information gap between developed and developing countries byfocusing on issues such as rural living, migration, refugees and the plight of women and children\".On the initiative of Roberto Savio, IPS established theInternational Journalism Award in 1985 to honour outstanding journalists whose efforts, and often lives, contributed significantly to exposing human rightsviolations and advancing democracy, most often in developing countries. In 1991, the scope of the award was broadened to reflect the tremendous changestaking place in the world following the historic break-up of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. The Award, renamed the International AchievementAward, was given in recognition of the work of individuals and organisations that “continue to fight for social and political justice in the new world order”.RobertoSavio is now President Emeritus of IPS and Chairman of the IPS Board of Trustees, which also includes former U.N. Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali,former Portuguese President Mario Soares, former UNESCO Director-General Federico Mayor Zaragoza, former Finnish President and Nobel Peace Prize laureateMartti Ahtisaari, former Costa Rican President and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Oscar Arias and former Japanese Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifue.After stepping downas Director-General of IPS, Roberto Savio has continued his interest in “alternative” communication and information, founding Other News as an internationalnon-governmental association of people concerned about the decline of the information media.Other NewsIn 2008, Roberto Savio launched the online Other Newsservice to provide “information that markets eliminate”.Other News publishes reports that have already appeared in niche media but not in mass circulationmedia, in addition to opinions and analyses from research centres, universities and think tanks – material that is intended to give readers access to news andopinion that they will not find in their local newspapers but which they might wish to read “as citizens who care about a world free from the pernicious effects oftoday’s globalisation”.Other News also distributes daily analysis on international issues, particularly the themes of global governance and multilateralism, toseveral thousand policy-makers and leaders of civil society, in both English and Spanish.Communication initiativesAn internationally renowned expert incommunications issues, Roberto Savio has helped launched numerous communication and information projects, always with an emphasis on the developingworld.Among others, Roberto Savio helped launch the National Information Systems Network (ASIN) for Latin America and the Caribbean,  theUNESCO-sponsored Agencia Latinoamericana de Servicios Especiales de Informacion [Latin American Special Information Services Agency] (ALASEI), and theWomen’s Feature Service (WFS), initially an IPS service and now an independent NGO with headquarters in New Delhi.He also founded the TechnologicalInformation Promotion System (TIPS), a major U.N. project to implement and foster technological and economic cooperation among developing countries, and hedeveloped Women into the New Network for Entrepreneurial Reinforcement (WINNER), a TIPS training project aimed at educating and empowering small andmedium woman entrepreneurs in developing countries. The activities of TIPS are currently carried by the executing agency, Development Information Network(DEVNET), an international association which Roberto Savio helped create and which has been recognised by the United Nations as an NGO holding consultativestatus (category I) with the U.N. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).Roberto Savio has also been actively involved in promoting exchanges between regionalinformation services, such as between ALASEI and the Organisation of Asian News Agencies (OANA) now known as the Organisation of Asia-Pacific NewsAgencies, and between the PanAfrican News Agency (PANA) and the Federation of Arab News Agencies (FANA).Roberto Savio was instrumental in placing theconcept of a Development Press Bulletin Service Tariff on the agenda of UNESCO’s International Commission for the Studyof Communication Problems (MacBrideCommission).Roberto Savio has also worked closely in the field of information and communication with many United Nations organisations, including the UnitedNations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and CulturalOrganisation (UNESCO), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the United Nations Institute for Trainingand Research (UNITAR).Achievements and awardsIn 1970, Roberto Savio received the Saint-Vincent Award for Journalism, the most prestigious journalism awardin Italy, for a five-part series on Latin America which was recognised as “best TV transmission”.He was awarded the Hiroshima Peace Award in 2013 for his“contribution towards the construction of a century of peace by ‘giving voice to the voiceless’ through Inter Press Service for nearly five decades”. The award wasestablished by Soka Gakkai, a lay Buddhist organisation based in Tokyo.He received the Joan Gomis Memorial Award (Catalunya) for Journalism for Peace in2013.In October 2016, during the 31st Festival of Latin American Cinema in Trieste, Italy, Roberto Savio received the \"Salvador Allende\" award, given to honour apersonality from the world of culture, art or politics who actively supported the conservation of Latin America's rich history and culture.In 2019, he received aspecial diploma from the President of Chile, Michelle Bachelet, for his role of solidarity during the Chilean military dictatorship.He was appointed by President ofthe Republic Mattarella, one of the twelve Knights of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic for 2021. He also received an honorary degree in political sciencefrom the United Nations Peace University in 2021.Advisory activitiesRoberto Savio served as Senior Adviser for Strategies and Communication to the DirectorGeneral of the International Labour Organization (ILO) from 1999 to 2003. He also served as an internal communication consultant to Catherine Bertini, ExecutiveDirector of the World Food Programme (WFP), in 2000.AffiliationsFrom 1999 to 2003, Roberto Savio was a board member of the Training Centre for RegionalIntegration, based in Montevideo, Uruguay.After several years as a member of the Governing Council of the Society for International Development (SID), theworld’s oldest international civil society development organisation, he was elected Secretary-General for three terms, and is now the organisation’sSecretary-General Emeritus.Roberto Savio was founder and President of Indoamerica, an NGO that promotes education in poor areas of Argentina suffering fromsocial breakdown.He has been a member of the International Committee of the World Social Forum (WSF) since it was established in 2001, a member of theInternational Council and was elected as Coordinator of the ‘Media, Culture and Counter-Hegemony’ thematic area at WSF 2003.Roberto Savio is co-founder of"}
{"doc_id":"doc_222","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directingepisodic television and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family,Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The RideoutCase (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart inHiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levinworked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when hewas drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long WharfTheatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey DavisLevin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 2:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executivedirector of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of theIsraeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 totheatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam SpiegelFilm and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina'sTragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Campingcompeted at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television departmentat the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects,and educational community activities.Blankstein directed the mini-series \"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Filmand Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also overseesthe Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in eastJerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debutfilm, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)Passage 3:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas(1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring ofScorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story ofOzploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 4:Muvva GopaluduMuvva Gopaludu is a 1987 Indian Telugu-language romanticdrama film produced by S. Gopala Reddy and directed by Kodi Ramakrishna. The film stars Nandamuri Balakrishna, Vijayashanti and Shobana, with musiccomposed by K. V. Mahadevan. It is a remake of the Tamil film Aruvadai Naal (1986). The film was released on 19 May 1987.PlotThe film begins in a villagewhere Gopi an opulent active youth is squashed by his vicious brother-in-law Basava Raju with petrifying. Yet, his sister Nagalakshmi warmth on him. Meanwhile,Nirmala a medico reared by a Christian missionary is appointed as govt doctor in the same village. Nevertheless, Nirmala is unbiased about it as her ambition is toturn into a nun. But following a request of a Mother proceeds to the village. Wherein, she meets Father Lawrence an altruistic admired by the public. Presently,Gopi & Nirmala have been acquainted in an altercation and developed a good intimacy. Once, Gopi attempts suicide as Basavaraju's mortifications peak.Forthwith, he is safeguarded by Nirmala when he puts his dearness into words. Now Nirmala is under the dichotomy when Father Lawrance enlightens her thatlove is not a sin. Plus, it would be fair if she knits Gopi. Basava Raju is conscious of it and fakes his acceptance but plots to wedlock Gopi with his daughterKrishnaveni for his wealth. Nirmala delightfully moves to invite her revivalists for the espousal. Consequently, Basava Raju forges Krishnaveni's pubertyceremony. On that occasion, he ruses by hiding a wedding chain Mangalsutram in a garland. Being unbeknownst Gopi puts it to Krishnaveni and Basava Rajudeclares them as man & wife. In the interim, Nirmala returns, understands the existing state, and is about to quit but backs on plead of the villagers.Grief-stricken Gopi turns into a drunkard. Spotting his pain Krishnaveni complains against Basava Raju and divulges the actuality with aid of Father Lawerance.Thus, the Panchayat passes on the annulment of Krishnaveni's marriage and also provides clearance to the nuptials of Gopi & Nirmala. As of today, the completevillage comes together to perform the alliance when enraged Basava Raju onslaughts on them in which Father Lawerance is slain. On the verge of killing Nirmala,she sets foot in the church which stuns everyone. At this point, inflamed Gopi slaughters Basava Raju at the instigation of his sister and is sentenced to 7 years.At last, Gopi is acquitted Krishnaveni gives him a warm welcome and Nirmala appears as a nun. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note Nirmala uniting Gopi &Krishnaveni.CastNandamuri Balakrishna as Muvva Gopala Krishna Prasad / GopiVijayashanti as NirmalaShobhana as KrishnaveniRao Gopal Rao as BasavaRajuGollapudi Maruti Rao as Father LawrenceChidatala Appa Rao as VillagerK.K. Sarma as VillagerTelephone Satyanarayana as PresidentJayachitra asNagalakshmiSatyavathi as Jalaga LakshammaAnitha as NunChilaka Radha as SeetaluKalpana Rai as NukaluY. Vijaya as VeerammaSoundtrackMusic composed byK. V. Mahadevan. Lyrics were written by C. Narayana Reddy.AccoladesNandi Award for Second Best Story Writer – G. M. KumarPassage 5:Brian Kennedy (gallerydirector)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works inthe United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the ToledoMuseum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra)from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art atDartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executivedirector and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A.(1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He worked in the Irish Department ofEducation (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), Government Publications Office(1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublinfrom 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitionsand loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself andoversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinuedthe emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gained government support for improvingthe building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building proved controversial generating a publicdispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altereddesign completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, andLucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesiantextiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable forcampaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to thebuilding project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, andseen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too close to the market\" implying that a national cultural institutioncannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGA during his tenure, which could have raisedsimilar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in Londonand Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous.The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was \"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgustingattack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had \"obscured discussion of the artistic merit ofthe works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy was also repeatedly questioned on his management of arange of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational health and safety record and concerns"}
{"doc_id":"doc_223","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Philipp Moritz, Count of Hanau-MünzenbergPhilipp Moritz of Hanau-Münzenberg (25 August 1605 – 3 August 1638 in Hanau) succeeded his father asCount of Hanau-Münzenberg in 1612.LifePhilipp Moritz was the son of Count Philipp Ludwig II of Hanau-Münzenberg and his wife, Princess Catharina Belgica(1578–1648), a daughter of William the Silent.YouthPhilipp Moritz was seven years old when his father died and he inherited Hanau-Münzenberg. His father's willstipulated that his mother, Princess Catharina Belgica of Nassau, should be the sole regent and guardian, and the Imperial Supreme Court confirmed this.At theage of eight, he was sent to the school that had been established after the Reformation in the buildings of the former monastery at Schlüchtern, which is todaythe Ulrich von Hutten-Gymnasium. In 1613, he continued his education at University of Basel (where his grandfather had also studied), in Geneva andSedan.ReignEnd of the regencyCount Philipp Moritz's rule began with an altercation between himself and his mother, Princess Catharina Belgica, about thetermination of the regency and nature and the size of her widow seat. She wanted to act as co-regent, even after his 25th birthday, the age of consent under thecommon law, despite an agreement closed in 1628 and an opinion from the Law Faculty of the University of Marburg. Philipp Moritz, tried to remove his motherfrom the government. They took their case to the Imperial Supreme Court and treated each other rudely; Philipp Moritz even removed his mother from thecountly palace in Hanau. However, he compensated her for this in 1629. They never managed to properly wind up the regency. On the other hand, Philipp Moritzdid manage to settle with his cousin Johann Ernst the fierce dispute which his father had had with Johann Ernst's father, his uncle Albrecht ofHanau-Münzenberg-Schwarzenfels, about the primogeniture and Albrecht's apanage.The Thirty Years' War and exileOne reason the regency was never properlywound up, was the Thirty Years' War, which approached Hanau around 1630. When the Imperial troops reached Hanau, Philipp Moritz chose their side, in order toretain the military command of his capital. He was appointed Colonel and was expected to provide three companies. In November 1631, Swedish troops occupiedHanau and King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden entered the city. Philipp Moritz decided to change sides. He was a Calvinist and for him choosing between theCatholic Emperor and the Lutheran Swedish king may have been like a choice between Scylla and Charybdis. Gustavus Adolphus appointed him to colonel andgave him a Swedish regiment. As a reward for his changing side, he gave him the district of Orb and the shares the Electorate of Mainz had held in the formerCounty of Rieneck and the districts of Partenstein, Lohrhaupten, Bieber and Alzenau. He gave Philipp Moritz's brothers, Heinrich Ludwig (1609–1632) and JakobJohann (1612–1636) the town and district of Steinheim, which was also a former possession of Mainz. These possessions were lost when the Catholic side gainedthe upper hand after the Battle of Nördlingen in September 1634. Changing sides again would make Philipp Moritz seem untrustworthy, so he decided to flee. Hefled to Metz and from there via Chalon, Rouen and Amsterdam to his Orange-Nassau relatives in the Hague and Delft. He left his youngest brother, Jakob Johann,as regent in Hanau, because Jakob Johann was considered politically neutral.Hanau was a well-developed fortress town and remained occupied until 1638 bySwedish troops under General Jakob von Ramsay, who controlled the surrounding countryside from Hanau. He excluded Jakob Johann from any influence and sothe later left the city.Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen used the occupation of Hanau by the Swedish as background in his picaresque novel SimpliciusSimplicissimus.Return from exileFrom September 1635 to June 1636, Hanau was unsuccessfully besieged by imperial troops under General Guillaume de Lamboy.This siege proved the value of the modern defensive system, which had been constructed only a few years before. Thousands of refugees fled from thesurrounding villages into the city. After a nine-month siege, the city was relieved by an army under Landgrave Wilhelm V of Hesse-Kassel. He was Philipp Moritz'sbrother-in-law, as he had married Philipp Moritz's sister, Amalie Elisabeth. A church service was held annually to commemorate the relief. After 1800, thisdeveloped into an annual Lamboy festival.In 1637, Philipp Moritz reconciled with the new Emperor, Ferdinand III and changed sides again, back to the Catholicside. He returned to Hanau on 17 December 1637. General Ramsay ignored this and interned Philipp Moritz in the City Castle. He was obviously hoping to receiveHanau as a fief.However, on 11 February [O.S. 2 February] 1638, Johann Winter von Güldenborn, a major in the Hanau army, supported by members of theWetterau Association of Imperial Counts, staged a coup against the Swedes. He drove them out of Hanau and restored Philipp Moritz to power. General Ramsaywas arrested and taken to Dillenburg, where he died months later from injuries he sustained during this action.TriviumPhilipp Moritz was a member of theFruitbearing Society, under the nickname der Faselnde.DeathPhilipp Moritz died on 3 August 1638 and was buried in the family crypt his father had established inthe Church of St. Mary in Hanau.Marriage and issuePhilipp Moritz returned to Hanau in 1626 and married Princess Sibylle Christine of Anhalt-Dessau. They hadthe following children:Sibylle Mauritania (2 November 1630 – 24 March 1631). She was buried in the family vault in the St. Mary's Church in Hanau. The remainswere reburied in 1879 in a new coffin, as the old one had rotted.Adolphine (31 October 1631 – 22 December 1631). Baptized on 4 December 1631. Her Godfatherwas King Gustaf II Adolf of Sweden, with Count Reinhard of Solms acting on his behalf.Philipp Ludwig III (26 November 1632 – 12 November 1641), whosucceeded his father as ruler of the county of Hanau-Münzenberg.Johann Heinrich (3 May 1634 – 28 October 1634 in Metz). Johann Heinrich died while hisrelatives had fled from Hanau to the Netherlands. Because of the war, he was initially buried in Zweibrücken in 1635. His mother had his body transported toHanau as soon as it was possible again, and on 30 November 1638, he was buried in a metal coffin in the family vault in the Church of St. Mary in Hanau.LouiseEleanor Belgica (born: 3 March 1636 in Metz; died later that year in the Hague, where she was buried).AncestorsPassage 2:Philipp Ludwig III, Count ofHanau-MünzenbergCount Philipp Ludwig III of Hanau-Münzenberg (26 November [O.S. 16 November] 1632 in Hanau – 12 November 1641 in The Hague) was thelast count of the main Hanau-Münzenberg line of the House of Hanau.  After his death, the Hanau-Münzenberg-Schwarzenfels line inheritedHanau-Münzenberg.YouthPhilipp Ludwig was the eldest son of Count Philipp Moritz of Hanau-Münzenberg and Princess Sibylle Christine of Anhalt-Dessau.  He wasborn in Hanau on 26 November [O.S. 16 November] 1632, and baptized there on 13 January [O.S. 3 January] 1633.In 1634, the political situation in the ThirtyYears' War forced Philipp Moritz to flee with his family.  He fled via Metz, Châlons, Rouen and Amsterdam to his Orange-Nassau relatives in Delft and TheHague.  Philipp Moritz returned to Hanau-Münzenberg in 1637, however, he left his son with his mother, Countess Catharina Belgica of Nassau.Philipp Moritz diedin 1638, only 33 years old.  Thus Philipp Ludwig III inherited Hanau-Münzenberg at the age of 5.  The Reichskammergericht appointed his mother as his soleguardian.  Unlike earlier rulers of Hanau-Münzenberg, she maintained a relaxed relationship with the Hanau-Münzenberg-Schwarzenfels line of thefamily.DeathPhilipp Ludwig III died of the measles at the age of 8, on 12 November 1641 in The Hague.  He was the last member of the main Hanau-Münzenbergline.  His siblings had all died before him.  Hanau-Münzenberg was inherited by his first cousin once removed Count Johann Ernst ofHanau-Münzenberg-Schwarzenfels.  When Johann Ernst died a year later, Hanau-Münzenberg fell to the Hanau-Lichtenberg line.Philipp Ludwig III was buried on18 February 1646 in the family crypt in the Church of St. Mary in Hanau, together with his mother and his successor.  His pewter coffin was stolen in 1812, duringthe chaos of the Napoleonic Wars.  He was reburied in a joint coffin, together with corpses from other coffins that had also been stolen.AncestorsPassage 3:PhilippLudwig I, Count of Hanau-MünzenbergPhilipp Ludwig I, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg (21 November 1553 – 4 February 1580) succeeded his father in thegovernment of the County of Hanau-Münzenberg in 1561.BackgroundPhilipp Ludwig I, was the son of Count Philipp III of Hanau-Münzenberg and CountessPalatine Helena of Simmern. His godparents were:Duchess Palatinate Maria of Simmern (1519–1567), daughter of the Margrave Casimir ofBrandenburg-Kulmbach, married to Elector Friedrich IIICount Philipp of Solms-BraunfelsCount Ludwig of Stolberg-KönigsteinHis hobby was collecting coins andmedals.YouthChildhoodNothing is known about his early years. In 1560, when he was seven years old, his father appointed him as bailiff of the district of Steinau.Presumably, this was a sinecure.Just one year later, his father died and he inherited the county of Hanau-Münzenberg. A committee of regents was appointed torule on his behalf.RegencyThe regency was established by the Reichskammergericht (\"Imperial Supreme Court\") at the request of his mother. Three regents wereappointed, as requested:Count Johann VI of Nassau-Dillenburg, a step-great-uncle of the ward, who was also related directly to his wardCount Philipp IV ofHanau-Lichtenberg, the reigning Count of Hanau in the other line, and thus—very distantly—related to his ward.Elector Palatine Friedrich III is mentioned in theliterature as the chief regent. There is, however, no documentary evidence that he acted as such.Count Reinhard I of Solms, who had already acted as a guardianfor Philipp Ludwig's father and who was more closely related to Philipp Ludwig, was apparently ignored when the regency was established. He had expected to beregent and had already accepted the homage of the subjects, whom he now had to release. The reason may have been that Reinhard was a Catholic andHanau-Münzenberg had joined to Reformation religiously as well as politically. On the other hand, the contrast between Calvinism (as practised in the Electorateof the Palatinate) and Lutheranism (in Hanau-Lichtenberg) was not as pronounced at this time as it was a generation later, when again the Count ofHanau-Lichtenberg acted as regent for Hanau-Münzenberg and the difference it caused violent clashes within the regency. Under the regency for Philipp Ludwig Ithis was limited to discussions which education he should receive. In the end, the guardians reached an agreement.EducationThe young Count Philipp Ludwig Iwas described by his teachers as highly intelligent and eager to learn. From 1563 onwards, his guardians looked into the possibility of him being educated abroad."}
{"doc_id":"doc_224","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:5L5L or 5-L can refer to:TransportationAeroSur (IATA code)5L, a model of Toyota L engineCurtiss F-5L, see Felixstowe F5LSSH 5L (WA), former nameof U.S. Route 12 in WashingtonAtlantic coast F-5L, see Felixstowe F.5Auster J/5L, a model of Auster Aiglet TrainerBritish Rail Class 202 Diesel-electric multipleunits (6L) when reduced to a five-carriage configurationBritish Rail Class 203 Diesel-electric multiple units (6B) when reduced to a five-carriage configuration bythe removal of their buffet carsScience and technologyORC5LTAF5L5L, a model of HP LaserJet 5AIX 5L, see IBM AIXOther usesThe Horns of Nimon (productioncode: 5L), a 1979–80 Doctor Who serialSee alsoL5 (disambiguation)Passage 2:VariatorA variator is a device that can change its parameters, or can changeparameters of other devices.Often a variator is a mechanical power transmission device that can change its gear ratio continuously (rather than insteps).ExamplesBeier variable-ratio gearContinuously variable transmissionEvans friction coneNuVinci continuously variable transmissionVariator (variable valvetiming)VariomaticVANOSSee alsoEpicyclic gearingPassage 3:9F9F or 9-F may refer to:LocomotivesBR Standard Class 9F, a class of 2-10-0 steam locomotivesBRStandard Class 9F 92020-9BR Standard Class 9F 92220 Evening StarList of preserved BR Standard Class 9F locomotivesGCR Class 9F, a class of 0-6-2T steamlocomotivesOther uses2020 Salvadoran political crisis, commonly referred to as 9F (9th February)New York Route 9F, now New York State Route 9GFluorine (9F),a chemical elementSee alsoF9 (disambiguation)February 99ff, a German car tuning companyGrumman F9F Panther, an American carrier-based fighteraircraftGrumman F9F Cougar, an American carrier-based fighter aircraftPassage 4:ESTEst, EST, est, -est, etc. may refer to:Arts and entertainmentest: TheSteersman Handbook, a science fiction book published in 1970Ed Sullivan Theater, New York, built in 1927Ensemble Studio Theatre, New York, founded in1968Esbjörn Svensson Trio, a Swedish jazz trioE.S.T., a song by British band White Lies from their 2009 album To Lose My Life...E.S.T. - Trip to the Moon, a songby Alien Sex Fiend from their 1984 album Acid BathLanguage-est, the superlative suffix in English-est, an archaic verb ending in EnglishEstonian language (ISO639 code: est)European Society for Translation StudiesExtended standard theory, a generative grammar frameworkPeopleDiana Est (born 1963), ItaliansingerEST Gee (born 1994), American rapperMichael Est (c. 1580–1648), English composerThomas Est (c. 1540–1609), English printerVan Est, a DutchsurnamePlacesAfricaEst Department, a former division of Ivory CoastEst Province, RwandaEst Region (Burkina Faso)Est Region (Cameroon)EuropeEst (Chamberof Deputies of Luxembourg constituency), an electoral constituency in LuxembourgEst, Netherlands, a town in GelderlandEstonia (ISO 3166 alpha-3 code:EST)Science and medicineEdinburgh Science Triangle, a multi-disciplinary partnership in ScotlandElectroconvulsive therapy, formerly electroshock therapy, aform of treatmentEndodermal sinus tumor, a cancerous germ cell tumorEstrone sulfotransferase, an enzyme catalyzing the transformation of an unconjugatedestrogen into a sulfated estrogenEuropean Solar Telescope, a proposed observatoryExpressed sequence tag, a short sub-sequence of a cDNAsequenceTechnologyElectron spiral toroid, a claimed small stable plasma toroidElectronic sell-through, a method of media distributionEnrollment over SecureTransport, a cryptographic protocolTime zonesAustralian Eastern Standard Time or AEST (UTC+10), see Time in AustraliaEastern Standard Time or EST (UTC−5)in the Americas, officially \"Eastern Time Zone\"Egypt Standard Time or EGY (UTC+2)European Summer Time (varies from UTC to UTC+3), in several time zones,see Summer time in EuropeOther usesEnergy Saving Trust, a British organization for fighting climate change, formed in 1992Erhard Seminars Training (est), aNew Age large-group awareness training program, 1971–1984Espérance Sportive de Tunis, a Tunisian multi-sports club, founded in 1919Est Cola, a Thai softdrink, launched in 2012Effort satisficing theory, a decision-making strategy; see Satisficing § Effort satisficing theoryEstablished; see AnniversarySee alsoEast(disambiguation)Passage 5:I Can ChangeI Can Change may refer to:\"I Can Change\" (Brandon Flowers song)\"I Can Change\" (LCD Soundsystem song)\"I CanChange\", a song from the South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut soundtrackPassage 6:L'Histoire d'une fée, c'est...\"L'Histoire d'une fée, c'est...\" (English: \"The Storyof a Fairy Is...\") is a 2001 song recorded by French singer-songwriter Mylène Farmer. It was one of the singles from the soundtrack album for the film Rugrats inParis: The Movie (known in France as Les Razmokets à Paris). With its lyrics written by Farmer and the song being composed and produced by her long-timesongwriting collaborator Laurent Boutonnat, \"L'Histoire d'une fée, c'est...\" was released on 27 February 2001. The song describes the fairy Mélusine with\"childish\" lyrics that contrast with double entendres and puns referring to sexual practices. Although the single had no music video nor airplay promotion, itreceived generally positive reviews from critics and reached top-ten charts in France and Belgium.Background and writingRugrats in Paris: The Movie was thesecond in a trilogy of films based on the children's animated television series Rugrats, which features the adventures of a group of toddlers. After filming, theproducers wanted to record a soundtrack for the movie with mainly French songs, as well as a few in English. Several singers were contacted, including TLCmember Tionne Watkins, the 1990s boys band 2Be3, Sinéad O'Connor, Cyndi Lauper and Mylène Farmer. Persistent but unconfirmed rumours claimed thatMadonna, as the founder of the Maverick company producing the soundtrack, had expressly asked Farmer to participate in the album. Farmer accepted, butpreferred to produce a new song instead of licensing the rights to one of her old compositions. The recording label Maverick signed a contract for an unreleasedsong, with lyrics written by Farmer and music composed by her songwriting partner Laurent Boutonnat. This was the first time that the singer had recorded asong especially for a movie. An English version was canceled in favour of a French version, and eventually the song only played for about 15 seconds in themovie. The first title chosen, \"Attrapez-moi\", was also quickly abandoned as it was too similar to the Pokémon's cry of \"Attrapez-les tous\".Music andlyrics\"L'Histoire d'une fée, c'est...\" is a synthpop song. It tells the story of a mischievous and malicious fairy, Mélusine, here embodied by Farmer. Lyrically, thesong uses words referring to magic, baffling several of Farmer's fans as the lyrics seem to be closer to the themes found in songs by young singers such as Alizée.The lyrics also contain several double entendres and puns which refer to sexual practices. The song's title itself is ambiguous and can be deemed sexuallysuggestive as it contains a pun in French alluding to spanking: in French, the title \"L'Histoire d'une fée, c'est...\" could be phonetically understand as meaning\"L'Histoire d'une fessée...\" (translation: \"The Story of a Spanking\").ReleaseIn Europe the soundtrack release was postponed until 7 February 2001 becauseFarmer had bought the song's royalties and finally decided to release it as a single, 14 days later. It was only released as a digipack CD single, in which the song'slyrics are written inside, and there was no promotional format. For the second time in the singer's career – after the song \"XXL\" – the single cover does not showher, but a drawing of a fairy from the film by Tom Madrid. The song began circulating online a month before the soundtrack's release and was well received bymany fans who felt that it could be a hit. The song did not receive much radio airplay, with only Europe 2 playing it regularly. \"L'Histoire d'une fée, c'est...\" wasalso released on the soundtrack of the film in a longer version than the CD single version, and was later included on Mylène Farmer's greatest hits album LesMots. It was also released as the third track on the European CD maxi \"Les Mots\", released in the Switzerland on 4 September 2002.Critical receptionThe songwas generally well received by critics, who particularly noted the puns. According to author Erwan Chuberre, the lyrics are \"as funny as disillusioned\" and Farmeruses puns that \"highlight her immoderate pleasure for impolite pleasures\", with a music he deemed \"effective\". Author Thierry Desaules said that the songappears to be a childish fairly tale, but is actually structured in a perverse enough way to address the adult public, as the allusions to the spanking can be seen asreferences to sadomasochism. Journalist Benoît Cachin wrote that her puns are \"of the funniest\" and that the singer included in the lyrics \"some very personalthoughts\", including sadness; he added that Farmer appears to be \"fun, dynamic and delightfully mischievous\" on this song.Chart performanceOn 3 March 2001,the single debuted at a peak of number nine on the French SNEP Singles Chart, providing Farmer her 22nd top ten hit. In the following weeks, the song fellsteadily and remained in the top 50 for nine weeks and a total of 15 weeks on the chart. This chart performance was surprising given that the song was aired littleon radio, the film met a mixed commercial success in France and there was no music video, no promotion on television, and only one format. According toInstant-Mag the beauty of the single's cover undoubtedly helped increase sales. In Belgium, the single started at number 23 on 15 March 2001, climbed tonumber 11, then peaked at number 10. Thereafter, it dropped and fell off the Ultratop 50 after 13 weeks. On the 2001 Belgian singles year-end chart, \"L'Histoired'une fée, c'est...\" ranked at number 89.Formats and track listingsThese are the formats and track listings of single releases of \"L'Histoire d'une fée, c'est...\":CDsingle – DigipackOfficial versionsCredits and personnelThese are the credits and the personnel as they appear on the back of the single:Mylène Farmer –lyricsLaurent Boutonnat – music, producerJohn Eng – artistic directorGena Kornyshev – stylistTom Madrid – drawingsRequiem Publishing – editionsPolydor –recording companyHenry Neu – designBertrand Chatenet – mixingChartsRelease historyPassage 7:I Can Change (LCD Soundsystem song)\"I Can Change\" is asong by American rock band LCD Soundsystem. The song was released as the third official single from the band's third studio album This Is Happening, on May29, 2010. It was written by band member Pat Mahoney and band frontman James Murphy and was produced by the DFA. The song was featured on thesoundtrack for the video game FIFA 11 and peaked at number 85 on the French Singles Chart.Track listing12\" vinylDFA 22591CDDFA 2259XDigitaldownloadChartsPassage 8:R* (disambiguation)*R or R* denote hyperreal numbers.R* may also refer to:R* rule (ecology), or resource-ratio hypothesis, ahypothesis in community ecologyRockstar Games, an American video game publisherr* or r-star, natural rate of interestR*-tree, a tree data structure for spatial"}
{"doc_id":"doc_225","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Prince of LiesPrince of Lies or The Prince of Lies may refer to:Hellstorm: Prince of Lies, a short lived comic book seriesPrince of Lies, a single fromScottish music group CindytalkPrince of Lies (novel), book four in The Avatar Series by James LowderThe Prince of Lies, a common nickname for SatanThe Princeof Lies, a nickname for Cyric, a fictional deity in the Forgotten Realms campaign of Dungeons & DragonsThe Prince of Lies, a vampire in the Buffy the VampireSlayer universePassage 2:The Book of LiesThe Book of Lies may refer to:The Book of Lies (Crowley), a 1913 title by Aleister CrowleyThe Book of Lies (Picanonovel), a 1999 title by Felice PicanoThe Book of Lies: The Disinformation Guide to Magick and the Occult, a 2003 compilation edited by Richard MetzgerThe Bookof Lies (Moloney novel), a 2004 title by James MoloneyThe Book of Lies (Meltzer novel), a 2008 title by Brad MeltzerBook of Lies (album), a 2008 recording byAustralian band End of FashionThe Book of Lies (Horlock novel), a 2011 title by Mary HorlockPassage 3:Iraqi nationality lawIraqi nationality is transmitted byone's parents.HistoryThe first nationality law was passed in 1924, and that year, on 6 August, all people within the bounds of Iraqi jurisdiction automaticallyacquired Iraqi citizenship. According to Zainab Saleh,  \"The 1924 Iraqi Nationality Law and its amendments bring to light the haunted origins of Arab nationalism\"by defining Iraqis of Persian descent as second-class citizens.NaturalisationThe law governing naturalisation is Law No. 43 of 1963 and Law No. 5 of 1975.Naturalisation is only available to those over 18 years of age. There is a requirement of good repute, and a clean criminal record. Generally, the person seekingnaturalisation is required to be an ethnic Arab, or otherwise married to an Iraqi man for not less than 5 years with residence within the country. Naturalisedcitizens are required to take an oath of allegiance before a competent person authourised to receive the same within 90 days.It ought to be noted that naturalisedcitizens will be barred from holding the office of Member of Parliament or Minister, for at least 10 years after the date of naturalisation, in addition, naturalisedcitizens are unable to hold the office of Prime Minister of Iraq or President of Iraqi.Dual citizenshipIraq recognizes dual nationality.Travel freedomIn 2016, Iraqicitizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 30 countries and territories. Thus, the Iraqi passport ranks 102nd in the world, according to the Visa RestrictionsIndex.See alsoNationality lawIraqi passportIraq National CardPassage 4:Body of LiesBody of Lies can refer to:Body of Lies (novel), a 2007 spy thriller by DavidIgnatius, about a CIA operative.Body of Lies (film), a 2008 film by director Ridley Scott, based on the 2007 novel.Body of Lies (soundtrack), soundtrack to the2008 film.Body of Lies, a 2002 novel by Iris Johansen.Passage 5:Moira CameronMoira Cameron is a retired Yeoman Warder of the Tower of London, UnitedKingdom. She is the first woman to ever hold the position. In 2007, after a 22-year career in the British Army, Cameron became one of the 35 resident Warders inthe Tower of London, commonly known as the Beefeaters.Originally prison guards, the Yeoman Warder's position dates back to 1485. It is now a largelyceremonial role, with responsibility for conducting guided tours and generally looking after public visitors to the Tower, as well as conducting certain other dutiesboth inside and outside the Tower.CareerBritish ArmyCameron joined the Women's Royal Army Corps (WRAC) in June 1985 at the age of 20. She was trained as aData Telegraphist with the Royal Corps of Signals before transferring to the Royal Army Pay Corps (RAPC) in 1988 to train as a Military Accountant, and in 2000Cameron was awarded her Long Service and Good Conduct Medal. In 1992, WRAC and RAPC were replaced by the Adjutant General's Corps, and Cameronworked her way through the ranks in its Staff and Personnel Support Branch, completing 22 years service in the army in June 2007. Having seen service inEngland, Northern Ireland and Cyprus, Cameron ended her Army career at the rank of Warrant Officer Class 2, holding the post of Superintendent Clerk in 145(Home Counties) Brigade in Aldershot.Yeoman WarderCameron officially became the first ever female Yeoman Warder in July 2007 but didn't get to wear heruniform until 3 September 2007. Cameron is one of 37 Yeoman Warders based in the Tower of London, a position which dates back to 1485. Styled as YeomanWarder Cameron, her full and proper title is Yeoman Warder of His Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress the Tower of London, and Members of the Sovereign'sBody Guard of the Yeoman Guard in the Extraordinary.Camerons' duties are mostly connected to the Tower, but can involve some outside ceremonies. Within theTower, Cameron's role is to take care of public visitors to the Tower and perform guided tours, guard the Crown Jewels, perform the Ceremony of the Keys andlook after the Ravens of the Tower. Outside the Tower, Warders duties are to attend the Coronation of the Sovereign, lying-in-state, the Lord Mayor's Show, andother state and charity functions. As a Yeoman Warder, Cameron has two tailored-to-fit uniforms, the Scarlet ceremonial dress, and the 'undress' blue uniform forday-to-day duties (each in three variants of varying thickness for different seasons).On 25 November 2009, two Yeoman Warders were dismissed after beingfound guilty of gross misconduct for bullying Cameron due to her gender. Three Warders had been suspended, and one was subsequently re-instated followingthe month-long investigation, with his role 'unproven'. One of the three also received a police caution for defacing Cameron's Wikipedia biography.Cameronretired in Autumn 2022 after having served 15 years as a Yeoman Warder.First female Yeoman WarderThe post of Yeoman Warder had never specifically beenbarred to women, although due to the rules governing women in the British Army, it was only in the modern era that women were able to have a career able tomeet the entry requirements. To apply for the job, applicants had to be aged between 40 and 55, have completed at least 22 years' service in either the Army,Royal Air Force or Royal Marines reaching the rank of Warrant Officer or Senior Non-Commissioned Officer (NCO), and have been awarded the Long Service andGood Conduct Medal. It was announced on 3 January 2007 that an unnamed female would be replacing a retiring Yeoman Warder in September 2007, with WO2Cameron, still in the Army at the time, publicly named as this replacement eight days later. Cameron had long been interested in the job of Yeoman Warder, andapplied to an advertisement placed in Soldier Magazine in Summer 2006. Cameron was not the first woman to apply for the job of Yeoman Warder, but she wasthe first to pass the interview process, beating five male candidates for the vacancy.Personal lifeBorn in 1964, Cameron grew up in Furnace, Argyll on the westcoast of Scotland, and joined the Army at the suggestion of her mother, who thought she 'needed to see the world'. As part of her job as a Yeoman Warder, shelives in the Tower of London in a subsidised apartment. In February 2011, Cameron was made a patron of The Kit Wilson Trust for Animal Welfare, an animalwelfare charity based in East Sussex.See alsoTourism in LondonWomen in the militaryPassage 6:Tower of London (disambiguation)The Tower of London is aformer Royal residence in London.Tower(s) of London may also refer to:GeographyTower of London Range, Northern Rockies, CanadaLondon Tower (Alaska), amountain in Denali National ParkArts, media, and entertainmentFilmsTower of London (1939 film) Peter Pan (1953 film) as an animated model of thebuildingTower of London (1962 film)Mary Poppins (1964 film) as Peter Ellenshaw's Cloudy London setCarry On Henry seen in the opening credits and the closingtitlesLiteratureThe Tower of London (novel), a 19th-century novel by William Harrison AinsworthThe Tower of London (Soseki novel), a short story by NatsumeSosekiMusicTowers of London (band)\"Towers of London\" (song)\"Tower of London\", a song by ABC from the album How to Be a ... Zillionaire!Television\"Tower ofLondon\" (The Goodies), an episode of The GoodiesOther usesTower of London test, a neuropsychological testPassage 7:The Tower of LiesThe Tower of Lies is a1925 American silent drama film directed by Victor Sjöström. It was written by Agnes Christine Johnston and Max Marcin, based upon Selma Lagerlöf's 1914novel The Emperor of Portugallia (MGM actually purchased the story rights in 1922). The film was supposed to be called The Emperor of Portugallia, but was laterchanged to The Tower of Lies.Released one year after He Who Gets Slapped, the film marks the second collaboration between Sjöström, Lon Chaney and NormaShearer. Also starring are William Haines, Ian Keith and Lew Cody.The film's sets were designed by the art director James Basevi and Cedric Gibbons. The filmwas shot on location in the Sacramento River Delta, Lake Arrowhead and the Laurel Canyon area of Los Angeles. It took 53 days to complete at a cost of$185,000. It grossed $653,000 worldwide.\"Film Mercury\" voted Chaney's performance as one of the year's best. It is considered a lost film, although rumorspersist that a print may exist in Denmark. Stills exist showing Chaney in his \"Jan\" makeup, which took him three hours each day to apply.PlotJan (Lon Chaney) isa Swedish farmer and Glory (Norma Shearer) is his beloved daughter. When she was a child, she and her father used to role-play being the Emperor and Empressof Portugallia, a fairy tale land where dreams come true, and a neighboring farm boy named August would play the Prince. Glory grows up to be a beautiful youngwoman, and both August and Jan's vile landlord Lars (Iam Keith) vie for her attention.Jan incurs some debts he cannot pay, and to save him from bankruptcy, hisdaughter temporarily moves to the big city supposedly to get a job (finally allowing Lars to lead her into prostitution). After a time, the landlord tells Jan hisdaughter has succeeded in paying off his debts, but will not tell him how she earned the money. Realizing that his daughter has been selling herself to help himavoid bankruptcy, Jan's mind slowly begins to unravel. Years pass and his daughter never returns to the farm, and every day Jan waits down by the riverboathoping she will come home.Eventually she does return to him, but by this time, Jan's mind has snapped and he actually believes that he is the Emperor ofPortugallia and she is his Empress. Jan has taken to wearing a strange military uniform and a circus hat, and his hair and long beard have all turned gray (seephoto). Glory's fine attire leads the villagers to believe that she has been living as a prostitute and they demand she leave town. Only August is willing to stand byher and protect her honor.Glory boards the local steamboat at the docks in order to leave town, and her father follows her, falling off the pier in his haste anddrowning. When the ship's captain throws the boat into reverse in an attempt to save Jan, Lars (who is taunting Glory from the ship's deck) is thrown into thepaddlewheel and crushed to death. Glory winds up marrying August and settling down in town with him.CastCritical Comments\"Notwithstanding that TOWER OF"}
{"doc_id":"doc_226","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Pal Pal Dil Ke PaasPal Pal Dil Ke Paas (transl. Every moment, close to the heart) is a 2019 Indian Hindi-language Romance film written and directed by Sunny Deol and produced by Sunny Sounds Pvt Ltd and Zee Studios. This was Deol's third movie as director after Dillagi and Ghayal Once Again. The film was released on 20 September 2019.Principal photography began on 21 May 2017. Dharmendra's Grandson Karan Deol  and Sahher Bambba were cast for the lead roles. Over 400 girls were auditioned for Sahher's role.With a box office revenue of \u000010 crore against a \u000030 crore budget, the film was commercially unsuccessful.PlotSaher Sethi, a vlogger from Delhi, goes to Manali to review a solo trekking trip organized by Camp Ujhi Dhaar, run by Karan Sehgal. She thinks that the costly solo trip is a scam, and she would expose the camp's owner. Although they started on a bitter note, things began to improve between them during their journey, leading to Karan falling for her. He doesn't confess his feelings but tells her that he is afraid of attachment. Saher admits that she wanted to become a singer but couldn't follow her passion as Viren, her boyfriend, made fun of her at an open mic. He takes Saher to his childhood spot, where he sees a snow leopard, and remembers his mother, who died in an avalanche when she tried to capture a snow leopard on her camera. The trip finally comes to an end, Karan drops Saher at the airport, and both bid farewell to each other.On reaching Delhi, Saher realizes that she has fallen in love with Karan and breaks up with Viren. She informs Karan that she is performing again at an open mic and indirectly asks him to come to Delhi. Karan unexpectedly shows up at the Open Mic, and they both confess their love for each other and share a kiss. The next day, at Saher's house party, Karan is introduced to Saher's family members and meets Viren, who invites Karan to his party the next day. Seeing Saher and Karan close and happy with each other, Viren feels devastated and becomes angry and pledges that he will do anything to be with Saher, whether right or wrong. The next Day, Saher's father talks to Karan in anger, and when Saher asks him, he replies that Viren told him everything. Saher speaks to Viren over the phone about lying to his parents, but he blackmails her about leaking her photos, which he took secretly on the Goa trip. Karan goes to Viren, and when Viren abuses Saher and Karan's mother, he thrashes him. Feeling insulted, Saher posts a video online of being eve-teased by Viren, who gets to know about this, goes to Saher's house and gets involved in a fight with her. The fight leads to Saher falling off the first floor. With Saher now in an unconscious condition, Viren's parents use political power to turn the case against Saher and beat up Karan.Seeing Saher's condition deteriorate and her family suffering all the disrespect, Karan goes to Viren's house, beats him up, drags him to the hospital, and tells him to apologize to Saher. When he refuses, Karan chokes him, almost killing him, but Viren's mother asks him to leave him, and she apologizes to everyone.Saher soon recovers from the accident, and in the end credits, Karan and Saher are shown as a happily married couple.FilmingThe film was mostly shot at various locations in the Pir Panjal Mountain Range covering Spiti Valley, Kunzum La, Rohtang La, Tabo, Chandra Taal, Kaza, Lahaul Valley and Manali region in Himachal Pradesh; while a substantial part was shot at locations in New Delhi, including a racing car sequence at Buddh International Circuit in NCR.CastKaran Deol as Karan Sehgal, Saher's husbandSahher Bambba as Saher Sehgal (Nee' Sethi), Karan's wife & Viren's ex-girlfriendSimone Singh as Vandana Sethi (Saher's mother)Sachin Khedekar as Ajay Sethi (Saher's father)Kallirroi Tziafeta as Karan's motherAakash Ahuja as Viren Narang, Saher's ex-boyfriend and the main antagonistKamini Khanna as Saher's grandmotherMeghna Malik as Central minister Ratna Narang, Viren's motherArsh Wahi as Rohan VermaRishi Singh as Saher's uncleBhavna Aneja as Anuradha, Saher's auntRavi Dudeja as Natasha's FatherMadhu Khandari as Natasha's MotherRitika Thakur as Aditi Thakur (Karan's best friend)Akash Dhar as MP Sushant Narang, Viren's brotherNupur Nagpal as Natasha Sabharwal, Saher's childhood friendKapil Negi as Vikram Thakur (Karan's mentor and Aditi's father)Suhani Sethi as Saachi Sethi (Saher's sister)Vijayant Kohli as Kapil Kumar GuptaRahul Singh as SachinMannu Sandhu as Sushant's wifePooja Katyal as Pooja, Viren's friendDiksha Bahl as VaishaliReuben Israel as Viren's fatherSoundtrackThe music of the film is composed by Sachet–Parampara and Tanishk Bagchi (noted) while lyrics are by Siddharth-Garima.ReceptionThe film mostly received mixed to negative reviews.Monika Rawal Kukreja writing for Hindustan Times noted that the film had done justice to its genre and praised Karan Deol and Sahher Bambba for their onscreen freshness. Also praising cinematography and music, she criticised the writing for lacking punch dialogues and effective humour. Concluding she opined, \"Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas is definitely one of your run-of-the-mill love stories, but it makes you smile, cry, laugh and brings a sense of freshness.\"Gaurang Chauhan of Times Now rated it 2.5 stars out of 5, stated that \"Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas is a visually stunning film with some good tunes but the movie somehow misses the mark due to its overlong length and a mediocre screenplay. Sahher Bambba impresses\".Parina Taneja of India TV gave 2 stars out of 5 and opined, that it was a love story that failed to leave the audience with lingering moments. Agreeing with Chauhan, Tanejapraised the performance of Bambba, direction and cinematography. Criticising screenplay and pace of the film she noted that music though melodious didn't add value to the film. Concluding, she wrote, \"Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas is a one time watch only if you really want to enjoy the breathtaking visuals of Himachal Pradesh.Further NDTV rated the movie 1 out of 5 and wrote \"Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas lacks the freshness that one would expect from a film with a new romantic pair. The reason is obvious: the plot is as old, but not as sturdy, as the hills.\"Box officeThe film performed poorly at the box office, collecting \u000010.03 crore against a \u000030 crore budget. Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas collected \u00001.15 crore on the opening day with a total opening weekend collection of \u0000 4.15 crore.Passage 2:Coney Island Baby (film)Coney Island Baby is a 2003 comedy-drama in which film producer Amy Hobby made her directorial debut. Karl Geary wrote the film and Tanya Ryno was the film's producer. The music was composed by Ryan Shore. The film was shot in Sligo, Ireland, which is known locally as \"Coney Island\".The film was screened at the Newport International Film Festival. Hobby won the Jury Award for \"Best First Time Director\".The film made its premiere television broadcast on the Sundance Channel.PlotAfter spending time in New York City, Billy Hayes returns to his hometown. He wants to get back together with his ex-girlfriend and take her back to America in hopes of opening up a gas station. But everything isn't going Billy's way - the townspeople aren't happy to see him, and his ex-girlfriend is engaged and pregnant. Then, Billy runs into his old friends who are planning a scam.CastKarl Geary - Billy HayesLaura Fraser - BridgetHugh O'Conor - SatchmoAndy Nyman - FrankoPatrick Fitzgerald - The DukeTom Hickey - Mr. HayesConor McDermottroe - GerryDavid McEvoy - JoeThor McVeigh - MagicianSinead Dolan - JuliaMusicThe film's original score was composed by Ryan Shore.External linksConey Island Baby (2006) at IMDbMSN - Movies: Coney Island BabyPassage 3:Rakka (film)Rakka is a 2017 American-Canadian military science fiction short film made by Oats Studios and  directed by Neill Blomkamp. It was released on YouTube and Steam on 14 June 2017.PlotChapter 1: WorldIn the near future, Earth will be attacked by technologically superior and highly aggressive reptilian aliens called the Klum (pronounced \"klume\"). Humanity is nearing extinction with millions dead or enslaved. The Klum transform the Earth in favor of their own ideal living conditions. They do this at first by burning forests and destroying cities. Then they build megastructures that alter the atmosphere by pumping out methane. The gas makes it progressively harder for terrestrial life to breathe. And it warms the climate, which leads to flooding of coastal cities.The story begins in 2020, from the viewpoint of resistance fighters in Texas, a group of US Army soldiers and many others who have banded together. Most human survivors live underground or among ruins. They have barely enough provisions, weapons, and ammunition. The humans fight by using whatever they can against the primary Klum weapon: an omnipresent nanite in their weaponry, and telepathic control over any human that makes direct eye contact with them.The resistance makes \"brain-barriers\" that block thismind control. The Klum know, however, that a scarcity of materials means a scarcity of brain barriers. They hope, therefore, to win a war of attrition against the human survivors.Some prisoners are living incubators for the Klum's young, which inevitably kills the victims. Others are dissected. Still other humans are converted into human loudspeakers that urge humans to surrender into \"conservatories\". Very few humans ever escape.After the Klum destroy a militia convoy with an airstrike, one of the surviving soldiers witnesses an angel-like being materialize from thin air. The narration describes ″them″ as mankind's saviours.Chapter 2: Amir & NoshNosh is a tech-savvy pyromaniac and bomb-maker, eking out a living in a scrapyard far from the resistance. The resistance despises Nosh for his murderous glee and demands - giving the sick or suicidal over as bait during his many IED ambushes. They must, however, give in to Nosh's demands tosecure the IEDs and the brain-barriers he makes.The resistance stumble across Amir, a mute who has escaped from the Klum. He has extensive cybernetics across his head and shoulders. Amid opposition from her lieutenants, the resistance leader, Jasper, releases Amir from her custody into the care of a resistance fighter named Sarah.Sarah, having lost her daughter to the Klum's experiments, takes a liking to him. She gives Amir food and drink while trying to persuade him to help the resistance fight the Klum by using the precognitive abilities he acquired via the aliens' experiments.Chapter 3: SiegeAmir recovers physically and mentally. Then, because of his implant, he has a premonition involving a wounded Klum on the run from militia forces.Sarah pleads with Amir to help the militia officers to stop the genocide. The more she talks to him, the more his eyes change, seeing the premonition of the impending attack more clearly. Amir, still mute, foresees the militia successfully shooting down an alien aircraft, and the pilot is the alien on the run.Sarah asks Amir if they will be able to learn how to hunt the Klum and teach them how to fear. Unable to answer, he foresees the Klum telekinetically bashing one of the militia soldiers, disconnecting his brain barrier and causing him to be mind-controlled, turning on his comrades, who are forced to kill him.Sarah tells Amir that he now has the abilities the aliens have and that he is to use them for humanity. Back in the vision, the militia surround the Klum; Jasper orders the "}
{"doc_id":"doc_227","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:NarathihapateNarathihapate (Burmese: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, pronounced [n\u0000\u0000a\u0000 θìha\u0000p\u0000t\u0000]; also Sithu IV of Pagan; 23 April 1238 – 1 July 1287) was the last king of the Pagan Empire who reigned from 1256 to 1287. The king is known in Burmese history as the \"Taruk-Pyay Min\" (\"the King who fled from the Taruks\") for his flight from Pagan (Bagan) to Lower Burma in 1285 during the first Mongol invasion (1277–87) of the kingdom. He eventually submitted to Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan dynasty in January 1287 in exchange for a Mongol withdrawal from northern Burma. But when the king was assassinated six months later by his son Thihathu, the Viceroy of Prome, the 250-year-old Pagan Empire broke apart into multiple petty states. The political fragmentation of the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery would last for another 250 years until the mid-16th century.The king is unkindly remembered in the royal chronicles, which in addition to calling a cowardly king who fled from the invaders, also call him \"an ogre\" and \"glutton\" who was \"great in wrath, haughtiness and envy, exceeding covetous and ambitious.\" According to scholarship, he was certainly an ineffective ruler but unfairly scapegoated by the chronicles for the fall of the empire, whose decline predated his reign, and in fact had been \"more prolonged and agonized\".Early lifeThe future king was born to Crown Prince Uzana and a commoner concubine from Myittha on 23 April 1238. For much of his early years, he was known at the palace as Min Khwe-Chi (lit. \"Prince Dog's Dung\") as a harmless royal. Even when his father became king in 1251, Khwe-Chi was not in line for the throne; the position belonged to his half-brother Thihathu, the eldest son of the chief queen Thonlula.ReignRise to powerBut fate came calling. In early May 1256, Uzana died from a hunting accident, and Thihathu claimed the throne. The court led by the powerful chief minister Yazathingyan did not accept a head-strong Thihathu, and placed their preferred candidate, Khwe Chi, whom they believed they could control, on the throne on 6 May 1256. Thihathu was arrested and executed. Narathihapate held the coronation ceremony in November 1256. He assumed the regnal name \"Śrī Tribhuvanādityapavara Dhammarāja\" (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000).Governing styleThe young king turned out be quick-tempered, arrogant, and ruthless. Soon after his accession, he sent Yazathingyan, the man who put him on the throne, into exile. But he soon had to recall Yazathingyan to quell the rebellions in Martaban (Mottama) (1258–1259) and Arakan (1258–1260). Yazathingyan put down the rebellions but died on the return journey. With the old minister's death removed the only person that could have controlled the ruthless, inexperienced king.Narathihapate was incompetent in both domestic and foreign affairs. Like his father and grandfather before him, he too failed to fix the depleted royal treasury, which had been deteriorating for years because the continued growth of tax-free religious landholdings. But unlike his grandfather Kyaswa, who would rather build a small temple than to resort to forced labor, Narathihapate built a lavish temple, the Mingalazedi Pagoda with forced labor. The people, sinking under his rule, whispered: \"When the pagoda is finished, the king shall die\".Mongol invasionsBorder war (1277–78)The existential threat to the Burmese kingdom came from the north. The Mongols, who conquered the Dali Kingdom (later renamed as Yunnan in 1274) in 1253–57, first demanded tribute from Pagan in 1271–72. When the Burmese king refused, Emperor Kublai Khan himself sent a mission in 1273 to demand tribute once again. The king refused again. The Mongol army of the Yuan dynasty in 1275–76 consolidated the Pagan–Yunnan borderlands as part of their drive to close off escape routes of the Song refugees, and in the process went on to occupy a Burmese vassal state in present-day Dehong Prefecture). Narathihapate sent the army to reclaim the region but the army was driven back in April 1277 at the battle of Ngasaunggyan (modern Yingjiang). The Mongol troops reached as far south as Kaungsin, which guarded the Bhamo Pass, the gateway into the Irrawaddy, before retreating in 1278 due to excessive heat. Later in 1278, the army reestablished its forts at Kaungsin and Ngasaunggyan.Invasion (1283–85)Narathihapate's troubles were not over. In 1281, the Mongol emperor again demanded tribute. When the king refused, the emperor ordered an invasion of northern Burma. In September 1283, the Mongol forces again attacked the Burmese fort at Ngasaunggyan, which fell on 3 December 1283. Kaungsin fell six days later, and the Mongols took Tagaung on 5 February 1284. But the Mongols found the heat excessive and retreated from Tagaung. The Burmese forces retook Tagaung on 10 May 1284. The Mongol resumed their drive southward in the following dry season (1284–85), and reached as far south as Hanlin by February 1285. Although the Mongols did not have the order to attack Pagan, the king nonetheless fled south to Lower Burma.Exile in Lower Burma (1285–87)At Lower Burma, Narathihapate found himself isolated. Although his three sons controlled three key ports (Bassein (Pathein), Dala and Prome (Pyay)) there, he could not gain their support. He did not trust them in any case, and settled at Hlegya, west of Prome, at the border between Central Burma and Lower Burma. The presence of the king and his small army impressed no one. Pegu (Bago) revolted soon after, and drove back the king's small army twice. With Martaban (Mottama) also in rebellion, the breakaway of Pegu meant the entire eastern half of Lower Burma was now in revolt. His three sons remained in control of the western half of Lower Burma but he could not count on them for their support. At Hlegya, the king was literally at the periphery of Lower Burma.Mongol vassal (1287)He decided to return to central Burma even if it meant making peace with the Mongols. In December 1285, he sent the chief minister and general Ananda Pyissi and Gen. Maha Bo to negotiate a ceasefire. The Mongol commanders at Hanlin, who had organized northern Burma as a protectorate named Zhengmian (Chinese: \u0000\u0000; Wade–Giles: Cheng-Mien) agreed to a ceasefire but insisted on a full submission. They repeated their 1281 demand that the Burmese king send a formal delegation to the emperor. A tentative agreement was reached among the negotiators on 3 March 1286; Central Burma would now be organized as a sub-province of Mianzhong (Chinese: \u0000\u0000; Wade–Giles: Mien-Chung), and the Burmese king would send a formal embassy to the emperor. After a long deliberation, in June 1286, the Burmese king decided to agree to the terms, and sent an embassy led by Shin Ditha Pamauk, the chief primate, to the emperor's court.In January 1287, the embassy arrived at Beijing, and was received by the emperor. The Burmese delegation formally acknowledged Mongol suzerainty of their kingdom, and agreed to pay annual tribute tied to the agricultural output of the country. Northern Burma would continue to be organized as Zhengmian (Cheng-Mien) while central Burma would be organized as Mianzhong (Mien-Chung). In exchange, the emperor agreed to withdraw his troops. The Burmese embassy arrived back at Hlegya in May 1287, and reported the terms to the king.DeathAbout a month later, the king and his small retinue left Hlegya for Pagan. But he was captured en route by his son Thihathu, the Viceroy of Prome. On 1 July 1287, the king was forced to take poison. To refuse would have meant death by the sword, and with a prayer on his lips that in all his future existences \"may no male-child be ever born to him again\", the king swallowed the poison and died.AftermathNarathihapate's death was promptly followed by the breakup of the kingdom. Nearly 250 years of Pagan's rule over the Irrawaddy basin and its periphery was over. In Lower Burma, the Hanthawaddy Kingdom of the Mons emerged in 1287. In the west, Arakan was now de jure independent. In the north, the Shans who came down with the Mongols came to dominate Kachin hills and Shan hills, and went on dominate much of western and central mainland Southeast Asia.The Mongols deemed the treaty void and invaded south toward Pagan. But the invaders suffered heavy casualties, and retreated back to Tagaung. It would be nearly two years until 30 May 1289 when one of his sons Kyawswa emerged as the king of Pagan. By then, the Pagan Empire had ceased to exist. The Mongols had occupied down to Tagaung, and the occupation would last until April 1303. Even in central Burma, Kyawswa controlled only around the capital. The real power now rested with the three brothers from Myinsaing who would later found the Myinsaing Kingdom in 1297, replacing over four centuries of Pagan Kingdom.LegacyThe king is unkindly remembered in Burmese history as the \" Taruk-Pyay Min\" (\"the King who Fled from the Taruk [Chinese]\") for his flight to the south, instead of defending the country. The royal chronicles paint an especially harsh description of the king, portraying him as \"an ogre\" and \"glutton\" who was \"great in wrath, haughtiness and envy, exceeding covetous and ambitious.\" According to scholarship, he was certainly an ineffective ruler but unfairly scapegoated by the chronicles for the fall of the empire, whose descent predated his reign and in fact had been \"more prolonged and agonized.\"HistoriographyVarious royal chronicles report different dates about his life.NotesPassage 2:AnacyndaraxesAnacyndaraxes (Greek: \u0000νακυνδαράξης) was the father of Sardanapalus, king of Assyria.Notes This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). \"Anacyndaraxes\". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. p. 157-158.Passage 3:Arthur BeauchampArthur Beauchamp (1827 – 28 April 1910) was a Member of Parliament from New Zealand. He is remembered as the father of Harold Beauchamp, who rose to fame as chairman of the Bank of New Zealand and was the father of writer Katherine Mansfield.BiographyBeauchamp came to Nelson from Australia on the Lalla Rookh, arriving on 23 February 1861.He lived much of his life in a number of locations around the top of the South Island, also Whanganui when Harold was 11 for seven years and then to the capital (Wellington). Then south to Christchurch and finally Picton and the Sounds. He had business failures and was bankrupted twice, in 1879 and 1884. He married Mary Stanley on the Victorian goldfields in 1854; Arthur and Mary lived in 18 locations over half a century, and are buried in Picton. Six of their ten children born between 1855 and 1893 died, including the first two sons born before Harold.Beauchamp represented the Picton electorate from 1866 to 1867, when he resigned.  He had the energy and sociability required for politics, but not the private income then required to be a parliamentarian. He supported the working man and the subdivision of big estates, opposed the confiscation of Māori land and was later recognised as a founding Liberal, the party that Harold supported and was a \"fixer\" for. Yska calls their life an extended chronicle of rootlessness, business failure and almost ceaseless family tragedy and Harold called his father a rolling stone by instinct. Arthur also served on the council of Marlborough "}
{"doc_id":"doc_228","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Rolf Olsen (actor)Rolf Olsen (26 December 1919 – 3 April 1998) was an Austrian actor, screenwriter and film director. He appeared in 60 films between 1949 and 1990. He also wrote for 51 films and directed a further 33 between 1947 and 1990. He was born in Vienna, Austria and died in Munich, Germany.Selected filmographyPassage 2:Our Crazy Aunts in the South SeasOur Crazy Aunts in the South Seas (German: Unsere tollen Tanten in der Südsee) is a 1964 Austrian comedy film directed by Rolf Olsen and starring Gunther Philipp, Gus Backus, and Udo Jürgens. It was the final part in a trilogy of films that also included Our Crazy Aunts and Our Crazy Nieces. Barbara Frey was cast in the role that had been played by Vivi Bach in the two previous films.The film's sets were designed by the art director Leo Metzenbauer. Location shooting took place in the Canary Islands.CastPassage 3:Wale AdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow. He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa.Education backgroundWale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Ibadan. He also has an MPhil. and a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge.CareerAdebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher. He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the African American and African Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA. He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016.Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies.WorksHis published works include:Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including.The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).AwardsRhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies.Passage 4:Hassan ZeeHassan \"Doctor\" Zee is a Pakistani-American film director who was born in Chakwal, Pakistan.Early lifeDoctor Zee grew up in Chakwal, a small village in Punjab, Pakistan. as one of seven brothers and sisters  His father was in the military and this fact required the family to move often to different cities. As a child Zee was forbidden from watching cinema because his father believed movies were a bad influence on children.At age 13, Doctor Zee got his start in the world of entertainment at Radio Pakistan where he wrote and produced radio dramas and musical programs.  It was then that he realized his passion for storytelling At the age of 26, Doctor Zee earned his medical doctorate degree and did his residency in a burn unit at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences. He cared for women who were victims of  \"Bride Burning,\" the archaic practice used as a form of punishment against women who fail to provide sufficient dowry to their in-laws after marriage or fail to provide offspring.  He also witnessed how his country’s transgender and intersex people, called “hijras”, were banned from having jobs and forced to beg to survive. These experiences inspired Doctor Zee to tackle the issues of women’s empowerment and gender inequality in his films.In 1999, he came to San Francisco to pursue his dream of filmmaking and made San Francisco his homeEducationHe received his early education from Jinnah Public School, Chakwal. He got his medical doctor degree at Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan.Film careerDoctor Zee's first film titled Night of Henna was released in 2005. The theme of the film dealt with \"the conflict between Old World immigrant customs and modern Western ways...\" Night of Henna focused on the problems of Pakistani expatriates who found it hard to adjust in American culture. Many often landed themselves in trouble when it came to marrying off their children.His second film Bicycle Bride came out in 2010, which was about \"the clash between the bonds of family and the weight of tradition.\" His third film House of Temptation that came out in 2014 was about a family which struggles against the temptations of the Devil. His fourth film “Good Morning Pakistan”, concerned a young American’s journey back to Pakistan where he confronts the contradictory nature of a beautiful and ancient culture that's marred by economic, educational and gender inequality His upcoming fifth film, \"Ghost in San Francisco\" is a supernatural thriller starring Felissa Rose, Dave Sheridan, and Kyle Lowder where a soldier comes home from Afghanistan to discover that his wife is having an affair with his best friend. While battling with his inner ghosts and demons, he meets a mysterious woman in San Francisco who promises him a ritual for his cure.Passage 5:Dearest (2014 film)Dearest is a 2014 Chinese-language film directed by Peter Chan on kidnapping in China, based on a true story, starring Zhao Wei, Huang Bo, Tong Dawei, Hao Lei, Zhang Yi and Zhang Yuqi. It was screened in the Special Presentations section of the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival.PlotFollowing years of unrelenting search, Tian Wenjun (Huang Bo) and ex-wife Lu Xiaojuan (Hao Lei) finally locate their abducted son in a remote village. After the boy is violently taken away from the village, the abductor's widow Li Hongqin (Zhao Wei) — the boy's foster mother — also loses her foster daughter to a state-owned orphanage in Shenzhen. Heartbroken, Li goes on a lone but determined journey to get her daughter back.Theme songs\"Qin'ai de Xiaohai\" (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; \"Dear Child\") sung by cast members Huang, Tong, Zhao, Zhang Yi and Hao. It was originally sung by Su Rui as the theme song of the 1985 film The Unwritten Law.\"Mei Yi Ci\" (\u0000\u0000\u0000; \"Every Time\") sung by Huang. It was originally sung by Zhang Hongsheng as an insert song in the 1990 TV series Kewang.\"Yinxing de Chibang\" (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; \"Invisible Wings\") sung by Huang and parents of missing children. It was originally sung by Angela Chang in her 2006 album Pandora.CastZhao WeiHuang BoTong DaweiHao LeiZhang YiZhang YuqiZhang GuoqiangZhu DongxuYi QingWang ZhifeiProductionPrincipal photography for Dearest took place in Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Chengde. It began from January 2014 and concluded on 18 April 2014.Portraying a rural mother, Zhao Wei spoke the Lower Yangtze Mandarin dialect (the predominant dialect in her hometown of Wuhu) rather than Standard Mandarin in the film.AccoladesSee alsoLost and Love – another film dealing with child kidnapping in ChinaPassage 6:Peter ChanPeter Ho-sun Chan (born 28 November 1962) is a film director and producer.Early lifeChan was born in British Hong Kong to Chinese parents. He and his family moved to Thailand when he was 11, where he grew up amongst the international Chinese community in Bangkok. He speaks Thai as fluently as a Thai person.He later studied in the United States where he attended film school at UCLA, with a minor in accountancy. He returned to Hong Kong in 1983 for a summer internship in the film industry. Chan never returned to UCLA to complete his studies.CareerHe served as second assistant director, translator, and producer on John Woo's Heroes Shed No Tears (1986), which was set in Thailand. He then was a location manager on three Jackie Chan films, Wheels on Meals (1984), The Protector (1985) and Armour of God (1986), all of which were shot overseas.He joined Impact Films as a producer in 1989, guiding projects such as Curry and Pepper (1990) to completion.His directorial debut, Alan and Eric: Between Hello and Goodbye, was crowned best film at the Hong Kong Film Directors' Guild in 1991. It also won best actor at the Hong Kong Film Awards for Eric Tsang, who would become a frequent collaborator with Chan.Chan was a co-founder of United Filmmakers Organization (UFO) in the early 1990s, which produced a number of box-office and critical hits in Hong Kong, including his own: He Ain't Heavy, He's My Father.  Other critical and commercial successes followed, including Tom, Dick and Hairy, He's a Woman, She's a Man and Comrades, Almost a Love Story.In the late 1990s, Chan worked in Hollywood, directing The Love Letter, which starred Kate Capshaw, Ellen DeGeneres and Tom Selleck.In 2000, Chan co-founded Applause Pictures with Teddy Chen and Allan Fung.  The company's focus was on fostering ties with pan-Asian filmmakers, producing such films as Jan Dara by Thailand's Nonzee Nimibutr, One Fine Spring Day South Korea's Hur Jin-ho, Samsara by China's Huang Jianxin, The Eye by Danny and Oxide Pang and cinematographer Christopher Doyle.Chan's 2005 film, the musical Perhaps Love closed the 2005 Venice Film Festival and was Hong Kong's entry for an Academy Awards nomination in the best foreign film category.  Perhaps Love became one of the year's top-grossing films in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, and received a record 29 awards. Chan next directed The Warlords (2007) and produced Derek Yee's Protégé (2007). The two films were the two highest grossing Hong Kong-China co-productions of 2007. The Warlords grossed a record RMB220 million in China and over US$40 million across Asia, and garnered 8 Hong Kong Film Awards and 3 Golden Horse Awards, including Best Director and Best Feature Film.In 2009, Chan produced Teddy Chen's Bodyguards and Assassins, which has garnered RMB300 million in China box office alone, accumulating over US$50 million Asia-wide. It has scored 8 awards in the Hong Kong Film Awards, including Best Film. It also won Best Actor awards for Wang Xueqi in the Asian Film Awards and the HK Film Critics Society Awards, adding up to 146 awards out of 231 nominations for Chan's awards track record.In a survey conducted by the Hong Kong Trade Development Council during the 2010 Hong Kong Filmart, Chan was voted \"the most valuable filmmaker\", which was strongly backed by his box-office track records.Personal lifeChan dated Kathleen Poh for a brief period in 1993 "}
{"doc_id":"doc_229","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Helperich von Plötzkau, Margrave of the NordmarkHelperich (Helferich) (d. 1118), Count of Plötzkau and Walbeck, and Margrave of the Nordmark, sonof Dietrich, Count of Plötzkau, and Mathilde von Walbeck, daughter of Conrad, Count of Walbeck, and Adelheid of Bavaria.  The count's sister Irmgard wasmarried to Lothair Udo III, Margrave of the Nordmark, and was the mother of Helperich's successor in ruling the margraviate, Henry II.Helperich inherited thetitle Count of Plötzkau upon his father’s death and the title Count of Walbeck from his mother, although this title was mostly ceremonial at this point.  In 1112,Emperor Henry V deposed Rudolf I as Margrave of the Nordmark because of conspiracy against the crown in his alliance with Lothair of Supplinburg, then Duke ofSaxony (and later Holy Roman Emperor).  The margraviate was given to Helperich as an interim measure until Henry II, nephew of Rudolf and heir to the title,was of age.In 1106, Helperich married Adele, daughter of Kuno of Northeim and Kunigunde of Weimar-Orlamünde, widow of Dietrich III, Count ofKatlenburg.  Helperich and Adele had four children:Bernhard (d. 1147), Count of PlötzkauConrad, Margrave of the NordmarkIrmgard, Abbess ofHecklingenMathilde.Halperich died in 1118 and was buried at the Hecklingen Monastery.  Upon his death, he was succeeded as Count of Plötzkau by his sonBernhard.  Henry II assumed the role of Margrave of the Nordmark in 1114.SourcesHucke, Richard G., Die Grafen von Stade. 900–1144. Genealogie, politischeStellung, Comitat und Allodialbesitz der sächsischen Udonen. Stade 1956Passage 2:Lothair Udo III, Margrave of the NordmarkLothair Udo III (1070-1106),Margrave of the Nordmark and Count of Stade (as Lothair Udo IV), son of Lothair Udo II, Margrave of the Nordmark, and Oda of Werl, daughter of Herman III,Count of Werl, and Richenza of Swabia.  Brother of his predecessor Henry I the Long.Lothair Udo was betrothed to Eilika of Saxony, daughter of Magnus, Duke ofSaxony, and Sophia of Hungary. However, his attention was diverted to the House of Helperich, towards Count Helperich's enticing sister Ermengardam.  Hemarried this woman, the count's sister Irmgard, daughter of Dietrich, Count of Plötzkau, and Mathilde von Walbeck, daughter of Conrad, Count of Walbeck.  Eilikamoved on and married Otto the Rich, Count of Ballenstedt, and was mother to Albert the Bear, the last Margrave of the Nordmark and first Margrave ofBrandenburg.  This provides an interesting twist in the history of the county of Stade.Lothair Udo and Irmgard had four children:Henry II, Margrave of theNordmark, also Count of Stade (as Henry IV)A daughter whose name is not knownIrmgard von Stade, married Poppo IV, Count of HennebergAdelheid von Stade,married Henry II, Margrave of Meissen.Lothair Udo was succeeded by his brother Rudolf as margrave and count upon his death.SourcesHucke, Richard G., DieGrafen von Stade. 900–1144. Genealogie, politische Stellung, Comitat und Allodial- besitz der sächsischen Udonen, Selbstverlag des Stader Geschichts undHeimatvereins, Stade, 1956Raffensperger, Christian, Reimagining Europe, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2012Passage 3:Albert II, Margrave ofBrandenburgAlbert II (c. 1177 – 25 February 1220) was a member of the House of Ascania who ruled as the margrave of Brandenburg from 1205 until his deathin 1220.LifeAlbert II was the youngest son of Otto I and his second wife Ada of Holland. His father Otto I promoted and directed the foundation of Germansettlement in the area, which had been Slavic until the 10th century.Count of ArneburgAlbert II was, from 1184 onwards, Count of Arneburg in the Altmark.  TheAltmark belonged to Brandenburg, and his older brother Otto II claimed that this implied that the Ascanians owned Arneburg.When Henry of Gardeleggen died in1192, he left his domains to Albert II. But that caused a conflict between himself and his brother. He was temporarily imprisoned in 1194 by Otto.In 1197, hejoined the German Crusade of 1197. He was present at the inaugural meeting of the Teutonic Knights in 1198 in Acre.Margrave of BrandenburgAlbert II inheritedthe Margraviate in 1205, after the death of his eldest brother Otto II.In the dispute about the imperial crown between the Houses of Hohenstaufen and Guelph inthe early 13th century, Albert initially supported the Hohenstaufen King Philip of Swabia, like Otto before him.  After Philip's assassination in 1208, however, hechanged sides, because Emperor Otto IV had assisted him in securing the Margraviate against the Danes, and had confirmed Ascanian ownership of Brandenburgin a deed in 1212.During this period, Albert II had a lengthy dispute with Archbishop Albert I of Magdeburg. He also played an important rôle in the Brandenburgtithe dispute.Albert II definitively secured the regions of Teltow, Prignitz and parts of the Uckermark for the Margraviate of Brandenburg, but lost Pomerania tothe House of Griffins.Death and successionAlbert II died in 1220.  At the time, his two sons were still minors.  Initially, archbishop Albert I of Magdeburg acted asregent.  In 1221, however, Albert's widow, Countess Matilda, took up the regency.  After her death in 1225, the brothers were declared legal adults and beganruling the Margraviate jointly.LegacyStephan Warnatsch describes Otto I's children as follows:[They] continued the territorialisation drive that had been initiated[by their father] and, from the end of the 12th Century, as the influx of settlers grew stronger, and, consequently, more people were available to develop theterritory, started to expand into the areas of Ruppin, and in particular, Barnim and Teltow.  Moreover, the Oder region and the southern Uckermark were alsotargets of the Ascanian expansion.  In all these areas, the Ascanians ran into opposition from competing local princes.Marriage and issueIn 1205, Albert marriedMatilda of Groitzsch (1185–1225), daughter of the Count Conrad II of Lusatia, a member of the House of Wettin, and wife Elizabeth, from the Polish Piastdynasty.  They had four children:John I (born: c. 1213; died: 4 April 1266)Otto III \"the Pious\" (born: 1215; died: 9 October 1267)Matilda (died: 10 June 1261),married in 1228 Duke Otto I \"the Child\" of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1204–1252), a member of the House of GuelphElizabeth (born: 1207; died: 19 November 1231),married in 1228 Landgrave Henry Raspe of Thuringia (1201–1247)Passage 4:Henry II, Margrave of Baden-HachbergHenry II, Margrave of Baden-Hachberg(before 1231 – c. 1297/1298) was the ruling Margrave of Baden-Hachberg from 1231 to 1289.LifeHenry II was the eldest son of Margrave Henry I ofBaden-Hachberg and his wife, Agnes, a daughter of Count Egino IV of Urach.  In 1231, he succeeded his father as Margrave of Baden-Hachberg.  Since he was aminor at the time, he initially stood under the guardianship of his mother.  He was the first in his line of the House of Zähringen to style himself Margrave ofHachberg.  In 1232, he purchased the Lordship of Sausenburg from St. Blaise Abbey.  Soon afterwards, he built Sausenburg Castle, which was first mentioned in1246.He had disputes with the spiritual rulers in the area and with the Counts of Freiburg about the entangled rights and privileges they had (or claimed to have)on each other's possessions.  In 1250, some imperial and Hohenstaufen possessions became available for the taking after Emperor Frederick II had died.  HenryII grabbed some of these land and managed round off his territory.For several years, he supported Count Rudolph of Habsburg in his disputes against the bishopsof Basel and Strasbourg.  In 1273, he supported Rudolph in his bid to become King of the Romans.  He also supported Rudolph in his dispute against the mainline of the Margraves of Baden.  During the war against Bohemia, Henry II fought on the imperial side in the decisive Battle on the Marchfeld.He was a patron ofthe monasteries Tennenbach and Adelhausen.Henry II abdicated in 1289, and joined the Teutonic Knights.Marriage and issueHenry II was married to Anne, adaughter of Count Rudolph II of Üsingen-Ketzingen.  They had the following children:Henry III, his successor as Margrave of Baden-HachbergRudolf I, the firstMargrave of Hachberg-SausenbergFrederick, who also joined the Teutonic KnightsVerena, married Egino I, Count of FürstenbergHerman I, joined the KnightsHospitallerKunigunde, a nun at AdelhausenAgnes, married Walter of ReichenbergElisabeth, also a nun at AdelhausenPassage 5:Henry II, Margrave of theNordmarkHenry II (1102 – 4 December 1128), Margrave of the Nordmark, also Count of Stade (as Henry IV), son of Lothair Udo III, Margrave of the Nordmark,and  Irmgard, daughter of Dietrich, Count of Plötzkau, and Mathilde von Walbeck.Henry assumed the title of Margrave of the Nordmark in 1114 from Helperich ofPlötzkau, who was appointed margrave until Henry came of age. The previous margrave in this dynasty was Henry’s uncle Rudolf I, who was also hisguardian.  Rudolf was deposed by Emperor Henry V because of conspiracy against the crown, and was replaced by Helperich as an interim measure.  Henryassumed the titles of Count of Stade and Margrave of the Nordmark in 1114.Henry was married to Adelaide of Ballenstedt, a daughter of Otto, Count ofBallenstedt, and Eilika of Saxony.  Adelaide was therefore the sister of Albert the Bear. There are no known children as a result of this union.  Henry wassucceeded as margrave by the son of Helperich, Conrad of Plötzkau.SourcesKrause, Karl Ernst Hermann, Lothar Udo II. und das Stader Grafenhaus. In:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. Band 19, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig, 1884== External links ==Passage 6:Henry II, Margrave of MeissenHenry II (1103–1123)was the Margrave of Meissen and the Saxon Ostmark (as Lusizensis marchio: margrave of Lusatia) from his birth until his death. He was the posthumous son ofMargrave Henry I and Gertrude of Brunswick, daughter of Egbert I of Meissen. He was by inheritance also Count of Eilenburg. He was the second Meissenermargrave of the House of Wettin.He was initially under the regency of first his mother and after her death in 1117 under his great uncle Thimo. He died youngand without children in 1123. His lands were inherited by his half-sister Richenza of Northeim. He left a widow, Adelaide, daughter of Lothair Udo III, Margrave ofthe Nordmark. The succession to the marches was disputed after his death.Passage 7:Rudolf II, Margrave of the NordmarkRudolf II (died 14 March 1144),Margrave of the Nordmark, and Count of Stade, Dithmarschen and Freckleben, son of Rudolf I, Margrave of the Nordmark, and Richardis, daughter of Hermannvon Sponheim, Burgrave of Magdeburg.Rudolf, the traditional heir to the margraviate assumed the title upon the death of his predecessor Conrad von Plötzkau.Achronicle of the 15th century reported that Rudolf resided in Burg, Dithmarschen (Bökelnburg). He ruled with a heavy hand and demanded his grain tithe evenafter several years of drought. The Dithmarscher farmers used a ruse to get rid of their unpopular regent. Hidden in sacks of corn were weapons.  As agreed, theyopened the bags at the sound of the battle cry \"Röhret de Hann, snidet de sac spell!\" (Shall ye touch hands, cuts the bag volumes). They set the castle on fire,"}
{"doc_id":"doc_230","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Carmen on IceCarmen on Ice is a 1990 dance film with a choreography for figure skaters made in Germany. The music is based on the opera Carmenby Georges Bizet in an orchestral version arranged especially for this film. In contrast to figure skating movies of former times, Carmen on Ice is a film withoutspoken dialogue, which is an innovation in the history of figure skating.PlotThe story of Carmen on Ice is very similar to the opera Carmen. Analogous to thefour-act opera libretto the screenplay has four parts:A Square in Sevilla in front of a cigarette factory: Micaela, a village maiden, brings a letter to the Corporal ofDragoons Don José, which was written by his mother. The cigarette girls emerge from the factory, among them the attractive Carmen, who starts to flirt with themen standing on the square. The only man who does not show interest in Carmen is Don José, who is reading his mother's letter. Finally, however, Carmenmanages to attract also his attention by dancing for him and giving him a rose. The other young women are jealous, and one of them attacks Carmen. Carmenslashes her face with a knife. Others involve and start a street fighting, which is stopped by Zuniga, the Lieutenant of Dragoons. Everybody accuses Carmen ofhaving started the fight. Zuniga asks Carmen if she has anything to say and also starts to flirt with her. Carmen, however, is not interested in him. Zunigainstructs José to guard Carmen. José ties up her hands with a rope. To escape, Carmen seduces José in a dance with this rope. The corporal unties her hands, andCarmen can run away. The angry Zuniga instructs his dragoons to guard José.Evening at Lillas Pastia's inn: Carmen is waiting impatiently for Don José, who hasbeen released from prison. To drive away her boredom, she starts to dance. The toreador Escamillo enters the inn and is welcomed by the other guests. He showsa virtuoso solo dance and attracts Carmen's attention. While Escamillo leaves the inn with his friends, Don José comes in and is welcomed by Carmen, who showsa solo, which leads in a pair dance with her new lover. Suddenly the sound of bugles is heard calling the soldiers back to barracks. When José wants to leave,Carmen gets angry.  José affirms his love to her in a solo with the rose she has given to him at their first meeting. Zuniga suddenly interrupts the two lovers andflirts with Carmen, which makes José so jealous, that he attacks the lieutenant, and leaves the service and joins Carmen and her friends.A wild and desertedrocky place at night: Carmen has grown tired of José, her new favorite is the toreador Escamillo. She sits at a campfire and tries to tell fortunes by the shapesmade by molten lead dropped into cold water. The shape which she holds in her hand is a skull. Carmen is scared and dances nervously around the campfire.Escamillo comes to the place and makes José jealous by showing him Carmen's fan. The two rivals start fighting. Escamillo emerges victorious and retires withCarmen.A square in front of the arena in Seville: The square is full of people who cheer to procession as the bullfighting team with Escamillo arrives. Carmenwelcomes the toreador and dreams of a wedding dance with him. After the bullfighting team has entered the arena, Carmen is grabbed by Don José and pulledinto an outbuilding. José begs her to return his love, but is rejected by Carmen. Don José loses control of himself and stabs Carmen to death.BackgroundCarmenon Ice was filmed in Spain and Germany, citizens of Sevilla and Berlin played bit parts. In 1988 Katarina Witt, who played the title role, had won her secondolympic gold medal at the winter games in Calgary with a free skating to Carmen. Brian Boitano, who played the part of Don José, became Olympic champion inthe same year followed by Brian Orser, the Olympic silver medallist of 1988 and actor playing Escamillo. So, it was obvious to cast the film with these stars.Carmen on Ice was first presented in public on February 8, 1990. and won the Emmy-Award for Outstanding Performance in a Classical Music or Dance Programin 1990. The award was shared by the film's three stars, Boitano, Orser and Witt. The choreography by Sandra Bezic and Michael Seibert (figure skater) wasinfluenced by elements of classical ballet and flamenco as well. During the rehearsals the skaters were also coached by flamenco dancer CristinaHoyos.BibliographyArt music in figure skating, synchronized swimming and rhythmic gymnastics/Kunstmusik in Eiskunstlauf, Synchronschwimmen undrhythmischer Gymnastik. PhD thesis by Johanna Beisteiner, Vienna 2005, (German). The PhD thesis contains an extensive description and analysis of Carmen onIce (Chapter II/2, pages 105-162). Article about the PhD thesis of Johanna Beisteiner in the catalogue of the Austrian Library Network. 2005. (German andEnglish)Passage 2:Mehdi AbrishamchiMehdi Abrishamchi (Persian: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 born in 1947 in Tehran) is a high-ranking member of the People'sMujahedin of Iran (MEK).Early lifeAbrishamchi came from a well-known anti-Shah bazaari family in Tehran, and participated in June 5, 1963, demonstrations inIran. He became a member of Hojjatieh, and left it to join the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) in 1969. In 1972 he was imprisoned for being a MEK member,and spent time in jail until 1979.CareerShortly after Iranian Revolution, he became one of the senior members of the MEK. He is now an official in the NationalCouncil of Resistance of Iran.Electoral historyPersonal lifeAbrishamchi was married to Maryam Rajavi from 1980 to 1985. Shortly after, he married MousaKhiabani's younger sister Azar.LegacyAbrishamchi credited Massoud Rajavi for saving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran after the \"greatschism\".Passage 3:Georges BizetGeorges Bizet (né Alexandre César Léopold Bizet; 25 October 1838 – 3 June 1875) was a French composer of the Romantic era.Best known for his operas in a career cut short by his early death, Bizet achieved few successes before his final work, Carmen, which has become one of the mostpopular and frequently performed works in the entire opera repertoire.During a brilliant student career at the Conservatoire de Paris, Bizet won many prizes,including the prestigious Prix de Rome in 1857. He was recognised as an outstanding pianist, though he chose not to capitalise on this skill and rarely performedin public. Returning to Paris after almost three years in Italy, he found that the main Parisian opera theatres preferred the established classical repertoire to theworks of newcomers. His keyboard and orchestral compositions were likewise largely ignored; as a result, his career stalled, and he earned his living mainly byarranging and transcribing the music of others. Restless for success, he began many theatrical projects during the 1860s, most of which were abandoned. Neitherof his two operas that reached the stage in this time—Les pêcheurs de perles and La jolie fille de Perth—were immediately successful.After the Franco-PrussianWar of 1870–1871, during which Bizet served in the National Guard, he had little success with his one-act opera Djamileh, though an orchestral suite derivedfrom his incidental music to Alphonse Daudet's play L'Arlésienne was instantly popular. The production of his final opera, Carmen, was delayed because of fearsthat its themes of betrayal and murder would offend audiences. After its premiere on 3 March 1875, Bizet was convinced that the work was a failure; he died of aheart attack three months later, unaware that it would prove a spectacular and enduring success.Bizet's marriage to Geneviève Halévy was intermittently happyand produced one son. After his death, his work, apart from Carmen, was generally neglected. Manuscripts were given away or lost, and published versions of hisworks were frequently revised and adapted by other hands. He founded no school and had no obvious disciples or successors. After years of neglect, his worksbegan to be performed more frequently in the 20th century. Later commentators have acclaimed him as a composer of brilliance and originality whose prematuredeath was a significant loss to French musical theatre.LifeEarly yearsFamily background and childhoodGeorges Bizet was born in Paris on 25 October 1838. Hewas registered as Alexandre César Léopold, but baptised as \"Georges\" on 16 March 1840, and was known by this name for the rest of his life. His father, AdolpheBizet, had been a hairdresser and wigmaker before becoming a singing teacher despite his lack of formal training. He also composed a few works, including atleast one published song. In 1837, Adolphe married Aimée Delsarte, against the wishes of her family who considered him a poor prospect; the Delsartes, thoughimpoverished, were a cultured and highly musical family. Aimée was an accomplished pianist, while her brother François Delsarte was a distinguished singer andteacher who performed at the courts of both Louis Philippe and Napoleon III. François Delsarte's wife Rosine, a musical prodigy, had been an assistant professorof solfège at the Conservatoire de Paris at the age of 13. At least one author has suggested that his mother was from a Jewish family but this is not substantiatedin any of his official biographies.Georges, an only child, showed early aptitude for music and quickly picked up the basics of musical notation from his mother, whoprobably gave him his first piano lessons. By listening at the door of the room where Adolphe conducted his classes, Georges learned to sing difficult songsaccurately from memory and developed an ability to identify and analyse complex chordal structures. This precocity convinced his ambitious parents that he wasready to begin studying at the Conservatoire even though he was still only nine years old (the minimum entry age was 10). Georges was interviewed by JosephMeifred, the horn virtuoso who was a member of the Conservatoire's Committee of Studies. Meifred was so struck by the boy's demonstration of his skills that hewaived the age rule and offered to take him as soon as a place became available.ConservatoireBizet was admitted to the Conservatoire on 9 October 1848, twoweeks before his 10th birthday. He made an early impression; within six months he had won first prize in solfège, a feat that impressed Pierre-Joseph-GuillaumeZimmerman, the Conservatoire's former professor of piano. Zimmerman gave Bizet private lessons in counterpoint and fugue, which continued until the old man'sdeath in 1853. Through these classes, Bizet met Zimmerman's son-in-law, the composer Charles Gounod, who became a lasting influence on the young pupil'smusical style—although their relationship was often strained in later years. He also met another of Gounod's young students, the 13-year-old CamilleSaint-Saëns, who remained a firm friend of Bizet's. Under the tuition of Antoine François Marmontel, the Conservatoire's professor of piano, Bizet's pianismdeveloped rapidly; he won the Conservatoire's second prize for piano in 1851, and first prize the following year. Bizet would later write to Marmontel: \"In yourclass one learns something besides the piano; one becomes a musician\".Bizet's first preserved compositions, two wordless songs for soprano, date from around1850. In 1853, he joined Fromental Halévy's composition class and began to produce works of increasing sophistication and quality. Two of his songs, \"Petite"}
{"doc_id":"doc_231","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Vera MiletićVera Miletić (Serbian Cyrillic: Вера Милетић; 8 March 1920 – 7 September 1944) was a Serbian student and soldier. She was notable for being the mother of Mira Marković, posthumously making her the mother-in-law of Serbian president Slobodan Milošević.Personal lifeHer cousin was Davorjanka Paunović who was the personal secretary of Communist Party of Yugoslavia leader Josip Broz Tito.Passage 2:Doria RaglandDoria Loyce Ragland (born September 2, 1956) is an American social worker, and former makeup artist and yoga instructor. She is the mother of Meghan, Duchess of Sussex.Early lifeDoria Ragland was born in Cleveland, Ohio, to nurse Jeanette Arnold (1929–2000) and her second husband Alvin Azell Ragland (1929–2011), an antiques dealer who sold items at flea markets. Ragland's maternal grandparents, James and Nettie Arnold, respectively worked as a bellhop and an elevator operator at the Hotel St. Regis on Euclid Avenue in Cleveland. Her parents moved to Los Angeles when Ragland was a baby and later divorced. In 1983, her father married kindergarten teacher Ava Burrow, who is near to Ragland's age; the two remained close after that marriage also ended in divorce. Ragland has two older maternal half-siblings, Joseph (known as \"JJ\"; 1949–2021) and Saundra Johnson (born 1952), and a younger paternal half-brother, Alvin Joffrey Ragland. According to inferred conclusions and information passed down (much of it verbally) from earlier generations, the Ragland family descend from Richard Ragland, born into slavery c.1792 in Chatham County, North Carolina; his son, Stephen Ragland (1848-1926) of Jonesboro in Georgia, lived long enough to experience the abolition of slavery in 1865. Ragland's surname came from slave-owner William Ragland, a Methodist planter and land speculator who had emigrated during the eighteenth century from Cornwall, England, to North America.Career and educationAfter leaving Fairfax High School, Ragland worked as a temp assistant makeup artist and met her future husband, Thomas Markle, while employed on the set of the television show General Hospital. Later on, their daughter Meghan stayed with Thomas Markle as Ragland pursued a career. She later worked as a travel agent and owned a small business before filing for bankruptcy in the mid-2000s. Ragland completed a Bachelor of Arts in psychology. In 2011, she earned a Master of Social Work from the University of Southern California. After passing California's licensing exam in 2015, she was a social worker for three years at the Didi Hirsch Mental Health Services clinic in Culver City. Ragland has also worked as a yoga instructor. In 2020, it was reported that she would teach a jewelry making course at Santa Monica College. In the same year, Ragland became CEO, CFO and secretary of a care home firm in Beverly Hills, called Loving Kindness Senior Care Management.Personal lifeRagland married lighting director Thomas Markle Sr. on December 23, 1979, at Hollywood's Paramahansa Yogananda Self-Realization Fellowship Temple in a ceremony performed by Brother Bhaktananda. Their daughter, Meghan, was born in 1981. The couple separated when their daughter was two years old. They divorced in 1987. Both parents contributed to raising Meghan until, at the age of 6, she began living with Thomas Markle full-time while Ragland pursued a career.Ragland resides in View Park–Windsor Hills, California, in a house inherited from her father in 2011. She has accompanied Meghan to public events and attended her 2018 wedding to Prince Harry in Berkshire. Ragland became a grandmother on May 6, 2019. She flew to the United Kingdom to see her grandson, Archie Mountbatten-Windsor, and his parents. In July, she attended Mountbatten-Windsor's christening at the private chapel at Windsor Castle. Her granddaughter, Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor, was born on June 4, 2021, in Santa Barbara, California.See also\"(Almost) Straight Outta Compton\", a 2016 tabloid article headline about Meghan Markle and her mother's backgroundNotesPassage 3:Maria ThinsMaria Thins (c. 1593 – 27 December 1680) was the mother-in-law of Johannes Vermeer and a member of the Gouda Thins family. She was raised in a devout Dutch Catholic family with two sisters and a brother. Outliving her parents and siblings, she received inheritances over the years, making her a wealthy woman. She married a prosperous brickmaker, Reynier Bolnes, in 1622. They had three children together, Catharina, Willem, and Cornelia. By 1635, Bolnes verbally and physically abused his wife and daughters. Thins moved to Delft with her daughters. Her son Willem stayed with his father. Thins was a wealthy woman due to the separation settlement of her husband in 1649 and the estates she inherited from her family. Her daughter Catharina married Johannes Vermeer, an artist, art dealer, and operator of the family's inn in Delft. Vermeer and Catharina lived at Thins house by 1660. The couple had fifteen children, four of whom died in infancy. Raising nearly a dozen children strained Vermeer financially. He relied on the support from his mother-in-law. During the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1674), Vermeer became impoverished. Thins reduced the money she provided to Catharina and her husband due to the loss of income during that period. Vermeer died in 1675, and Thins died five years later. Catharina was the only one of Thins' children to survive her. Thins drew up her will to maximize what she could provide for her grandchildren and their education, while limiting how much might be taken by Catharina's creditors. Catharina died in 1687.Early lifeMaria was born c. 1593 in Gouda to a prominent Dutch Catholic family, Catharina van Hensbeeck (d. 1633) and William Thin (d. 1601). They lived in the house named De Trapjes (The Little Steps) in Gouda. Maria had three siblings, none of whom were married. Her sister Elisabeth became a nun. She also had a sister Cornelia and a brother Jan. Since none of her siblings married, Thins ultimately inherited a large estate. The family conducted mass in their home, while at the time it was illegal for a group of Roman Catholics to assemble in Gouda. The local sheriffs broke up a religious meeting at their house in 1619.Garrit Camerling (d. 1627) of Delft became her stepfather in 1605 when he married Catharina van Hensbeeck. She was related to Abraham Bloemaert (1566–1651) through her cousin Jan Geensz Thins. Before her marriage, Thins lived in Delft with a prosperous young woman who was her friend.Marriage and childrenIn 1622, Maria Thins married Reynier Bolnes (ca. 1593–1676), a prominent and prosperous brickmaker. Thins was an heiress when she married, and she collected art, including several in the style of Utrecht Caravaggists.ChildrenThins had three children, the youngest of whom was Catharina Bolnes (c. 1631–1688), nicknamed Trijntge. She also had a son Willem, and a daughter Cornelia. Around 1635, Reynier became verbally and physically abusive with her and her children. At the age of nine, Catharina ran to neighbors because she thought that Reynier's abuse of Cornelia could kill her. Reynier confessed that he physically abused Cornelia and would do it again if Thins beat their son Willem. Reynier and Willem began eating separately from the female members of the family, and the father encouraged his son to be abusive and noncompliant with Thins.Divided familyThins moved to Delft in 1642 to get away from her abusive husband. Jan Geensz Thins, who was her guardian and cousin, purchased a home for her there the prior year. Jan became Thin's guardian following the early death of her father. Thins attained custody of her daughters in 1641 and moved with them to Delft. William stayed with his father, whose business began to fail. Thins lived on Oude Langendijk next to the Jesuit Catholic Church in the Catholic section of Delft called paepenhoek (the Papists' Corner).Thins received half of her husband's assets, a substantial amount, in 1649. By 1653, Reynier Bolnes was bankrupt. Thins derived income from annuities, interest income, and property rentals, including farmland. She also lived off of the capital of her investments. Thins and her sister Cornelia Thins (d. 1661) received a sizeable inheritance from their brother Jan Willemsz Thins following his death in 1651. Thins attained a comfortable standard of living of 15,000 or more guilders a year in the 1660s.Cornelia died in 1649. In 1664, Thin's son Willem, a jobless bachelor, was locked up in an institution after an argument with his mother, and for attacking Catharina, his pregnant sister, with a stick. In 1665, Maria Thins was entrusted with her son's property. She wrote a will, which limited Willem's share to the legal minimum of one sixth of her estate. She mentioned that he had been calling her names since his youth. Willem died in 1676.The VermeersThin's daughter, Catharina, came to know Johannes Vermeer and wished to marry him. Her mother disapproved of the marriage because he was not Catholic, and also likely because he was of a lower artisan class. By 1652, Vermeer helped his mother run the family's inn and was an art dealer, taking over his deceased father's business. Before they married, Thins stated that although she did not approve, she would not prevent Catharina and Vermeer from marrying. Vermeer likely converted from Reformed Protestant to Catholicism by the time of their union. Catharina and Vermeer married in Schipluy (present-day Schipluiden) on 20 April 1653. By December 1660, the Vermeers lived in the large house of his wealthy mother-in-law Maria Thins, described as a \"strong-willed\" woman. It was unusual at the time for married men and women to settle into the houses of their parents. Vermeer relied on Thin's residence and financial support to take care of his family.Vermeer painted in the artist's studio and sold art from the house. His works portray subjects with clothing and furnishings more luxurious than his own. Biographer Anthony Bailey claims that since Vermeer used models from his household, it is likely that he made a painting of his wife. He asserts that Catharina is depicted in A Lady Writing a Letter due to her \"fond expression\" and \"concentrated gaze of the unseen painter.\"Thins played an essential role in their life. She was a devotee of the Jesuit order in the nearby Catholic Church, and this seems to have influenced Johannes and Catharina.They had eleven children at the time of Vermeer's death, four of their children died young between 1660 and 1673. Most of their children were born at Thin's house. Their third son was called Ignatius, after the founder of the Jesuit Order. Catharina inherited the Ben Repas estate following her Aunt Cornelia's death in February 1661.Thins hired Vermeer to manage financial issues for her in 1667 and 1675. He collected monies owed her, and he handled her investments. The Rampjaar (disaster year) following the outbreak of the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1674) was particularly hard on Vermeer's ability to make money as an artist and an art dealer. He had to take a loss on sales of works of art and was unable to sell his own works. His mother-in-law was financially strained during this period due to the loss of rental income from farmland due to the war. In one instance, she rented out land near Schoonhoven that was flooded to prevent the French army from crossing the Dutch Water Line. The farmland was not arable for a time. Thins reduced the money that she spent to support the Vermeers. In "}
{"doc_id":"doc_232","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Scotty FoxScott Fox is a pornographic film director who is a member of the AVN Hall of Fame.Awards1992 AVN Award – Best Director, Video (TheCockateer)1995 AVN Hall of Fame inducteePassage 2:Elliot SilversteinElliot Silverstein (born August 3, 1927) is a retired American film and television director. Hedirected the Academy Award-winning western comedy Cat Ballou (1965), and other films including The Happening (1967), A Man Called Horse (1970), NightmareHoneymoon (1974), and The Car (1977). His television work includes four episodes of The Twilight Zone (1961–1964).CareerElliot Silverstein was the director ofsix feature films in the mid-twentieth century. The most famous of these by far is Cat Ballou, a comedy-western starring Jane Fonda and Lee Marvin.The otherSilverstein films, in chronological order, are The Happening, A Man Called Horse,  Nightmare Honeymoon, The Car, and Flashfire.Other work included directing forthe television shows The Twilight Zone, The Nurses, Picket Fences, and Tales from the Crypt.While Silverstein was not a prolific director, his films were oftendecorated. Cat Ballou, for instance, earned one Oscar and was nominated for four more. His high quality work was rewarded in 1990 with a Lifetime AchievementAward by the Directors Guild of America.AwardsIn 1965, at the 15th Berlin International Film Festival, he won the Youth Film Award – Honorable Mention, in thecategory of Best Feature Film Suitable for Young People for Cat Ballou.He was also nominated for the Golden Berlin Bear.In 1966, he was nominated for the DGAAward in the category for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (Cat Ballou).In 1971, he won the Bronze Wrangler award at the WesternHeritage Awards in the category of Theatrical Motion Picture for A Man Called Horse, along with producer Sandy Howard, writer Jack DeWitt, and actors JudithAnderson, Jean Gascon, Corinna Tsopei and Richard Harris.In 1985, he won the Robert B. Aldrich Achievement Award from the Directors Guild of America.In1990, he was awarded the DGA Honorary Life Member Award.Personal lifeSilverstein has been married three times, each ending in divorce. His first marriage wasto Evelyn Ward in 1962; the couple divorced in 1968. His second marriage was to Alana King. During his first marriage, he was the step-father of DavidCassidy.He currently lives in North Hollywood, Los Angeles. Actively retired, Silverstein has taught film at USC and continues to work on screen plays and otherprojects.FilmographyTales from the Crypt (TV Series) (1991–94)Picket Fences (TV Series) (1993)Rich Men, Single Women (TV Movie) (1990)Fight for Life (TVMovie) (1987)Night of Courage (TV Movie) (1987)Betrayed by Innocence (TV Movie) (1986)The Firm (TV Series) (1982–1983)The Car (1977)NightmareHoneymoon (1974)A Man Called Horse (1970)The Happening (1967)Cat Ballou (1965)Kraft Suspense Theatre (TV Series) (1963–64)The Defenders (TV Series)(1962–64)Arrest and Trial (TV Series) (1964)The Doctors and the Nurses (TV Series) (1962–64)Twilight Zone (TV Series) (1961–64)Breaking Point (TV Series)(1963)Dr. Kildare (TV Series) (1961–63)The Dick Powell Theatre (TV Series) (1962)Belle Sommers (TV Movie) (1962)Naked City (TV Series) (1961–62)Have Gun- Will Travel (TV Series) (1961)Route 66 (TV Series) (1960–61)Checkmate (TV Series) (1961)The Westerner (TV Series) (1960)Assignment: Underwater (TVSeries) (1960)Black Saddle (TV Series) (1960)Suspicion (TV Series) (1958)Omnibus (TV Series) (1954–56)Passage 3:Robert G. VignolaRobert G. Vignola (bornRocco Giuseppe Vignola, August 7, 1882 – October 25, 1953) was an Italian-American actor, screenwriter, and film director. A former stage actor, he appeared inmany motion pictures produced by Kalem Company and later moved to directing, becoming one of the silent screen's most prolific directors. He directed a handfulof films in the early years of talkies but his career essentially ended in the silent era.Early lifeVignola was born in August 7, 1882 in Trivigno, a village in theprovince of Potenza, Basilicata, to Donato Gaetano Vignola, a stone mason, and Anna Rosa Rago.  It is unsure why he used August 5th as his birthday in America.He had two brothers and three sisters, his oldest sister having died at the age of 19 months in Italy. Travelling with his mother and siblings, he left Italy in May1886, at the age of three. He was raised in Albany, New York. Because of his Christian name of Rocco he was nicknamed \"Rocky\" on the family’s first census inNew York. His name Rocco was later changed to Robert. Trained as a barber in his youth, Vignola by age 14 became interested in the circus, practicing contortionand slackwire. Three years later, in 1899, he found his true vocation—acting—and the following year in Albany he established a small performance company thathe named \"The Empire Dramatic Club\".Acting careerIn 1901 he started acting on stage professionally and joined the \"American Stock Company\" in New York. Hemade his stage debut in \"Romeo and Juliet\", performing with Eleanor Robson Belmont and Kyrle Bellew. In the following years he played leads and became acharacter actor. Vignola's motion picture career began in 1906 with the short film The Black Hand, directed by Wallace McCutcheon and produced by BiographCompany, generally considered the film that launched the mafia genre.In 1907 he joined Kalem Studios, starring in numerous movies directed by his long-timefriend Sidney Olcott often dealing with Irish culture such as The Lad from Old Ireland (1910), The Colleen Bawn (1911), and Arrah-na-Pogue (1911). Olcott wouldlater promote him to assistant director. The Kalem Company traveled across Europe and Middle East, where Vignola did one of his most notable roles as JudasIscariot in From the Manger to the Cross (1912), among the most acclaimed films of the silent years. According to Moving Picture World, he was the first actorwho was placed upon a permanent salary by Kalem.Directing careerVignola directed 110 pictures from 1911 to 1937. His debut as a film director was Rory O'More(1911), co-directed with Olcott. The Vampire (1913), starring Alice Hollister, was well-received by critics and is sometimes cited as the earliest surviving \"vamp\"movie (another title with the same name produced by William Nicholas Selig in 1910 is considered lost). He returned to the theme with The Vampire's Trail(1914), featuring Alice Joyce, Tom Moore and Hollister in a secondary role. He had a long association directing the early movies of Pauline Frederick such asAudrey (1916), Double Crossed (1917), and The Love That Lives (1917).Vignola is best known for directing Marion Davies in several romantic comedies includingEnchantment (1921), Beauty's Worth (1922), and the big-budget epic When Knighthood Was in Flower (1922), which achieved critical and commercial acclaimand established Davies as a movie star. In 1920, he was offered the role of director-general for the Kinkikan Cinematograph Company in Japan and was honoredas \"outstanding director of the year\" by Frederick James Smith of the Motion Picture Classic in 1921. The Woman God Changed (1921) and Adam and Eva (1923)were praised for the \"innovative\" use of shadows and lighting effects.With the arrival of the sound era, he directed Broken Dreams (1933), in competition for theBest Foreign Film at the 2nd Venice International Film Festival, and The Scarlet Letter (1934), the last film of Colleen Moore. His sound films were not successfuland Vignola retired. His final film work was The Girl from Scotland Yard (1937).  Later that year he directed The Pilgrimage Play (live play in Los Angeles, not therelated movie.).  Vignola was associated with the play at least to 1944.DeathVignola died in Hollywood, California in 1953. He was buried in St. Agnes Cemetery,Menands, New York.Personal lifeHe lived in a mansion at Whitley Heights owned by William Randolph Hearst. According to legend, Hearst's mistress MarionDavies was allowed to stay without him at Vignola's mansion, worried that she was having affairs and considering Vignola a trusted companion for her as he washomosexual. Sidney Olcott, alone after the passing of his wife Valentine Grant, spent his later life at Vignola's home, where he died in 1949.Vignola was describedby Delight Evans as \"the sanest and least temperamental of all celluloid creators. He has infinite patience. He has one quality which makes actors want to work forhim: consideration.\" He once said: \"Before a director can learn to control thousands of people and big stars and big scenes, he must first learn to control himself.\"He identified himself as a Republican, although he was not much interested in politics. Vignola visited his birthplace Trivigno with his family, provided money tobuild the town's war monument and maintained correspondence with some of his relatives.Partial filmographyActorDirectorPassage 4:She Wants MeShe Wants Meis a 2012 comedy film written and directed by Rob Margolies and starring Josh Gad and Kristen Ruhlin.PlotSam is a writer working on a feature film. His girlfriendSammy has been promised the lead role, but the producers want a famous actress. After some problems and the return of Sammy’s ex-boyfriend John, therelationship get complicated and they break up. Sam needs to deal with John, who becomes his friend and roommate, his lack of inspiration to write the film, hisnew single life and a new girlfriend who has had sex with many men, though all he really wants is Sammy back.CastCastingMargolies originally penned the role ofSam Baum for Jonah Hill, and intended Elliot Page to play Sammy Kingston. Kate Bosworth was originally attached to play the role of Kim Powers, but due toscheduling conflicts with another film, was unable to participate. Hilary Duff replaced her in October 2010.The cameo role of Charlie Sheen was penned originallyfor Jeff Goldblum, but when the producers of the film mentioned an option to have Sheen participate, Margolies jumped at the chance to work with him. Sheeneventually became one of the executive producers of the film.Passage 5:Dan MilneDan Milne is a British actor/director who is possibly best known for his role inEastEnders.CareerHe started his career in 1996 and made an appearance in Murder Most Horrid and as a pub poet in In a Land of Plenty. He then appeared inEastEnders as David Collins, Jane Beale's dying husband.As a member of the Young Vic, he collaborated with Tim Supple to originate  Grimm Tales, which touredinternationally, culminating in a Broadway run at the New Victory Theater. Since that time he has collaborated on more than seven major new works, includingTwo Men Talking, which has run for the past six years in various cities across the world. In 2013, he replaced Ken Barrie as the voice of the Reverend Timms inthe children's show, Postman Pat.Passage 6:Rob MargoliesRob Margolies (born February 28, 1983) is an American film producer and director.Margolies grew up inRumson, New Jersey and graduated from Rumson-Fair Haven Regional High School in the class of 2001  before going on to study filmmaking at the New York FilmAcademy.In 2005, he produced We All Fall Down, a short subject about the Great Plague of 1666. In 2008 he directed Wherever You Are. He directed the 2010movie Life-ers which stars Kevin Ryan, from the  Barry Levinson BBC TV show Copper. He directed the film She Wants Me (2012) starring Josh Gad, Hilary Duff"}
{"doc_id":"doc_233","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Adib KheirAdib Kheir (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) was a leading Syrian nationalist of the 1920s. He was the owner of the Librairie Universelle inDamascus. His granddaughter is the spouse of Manaf Tlass.Passage 2:Marie-Louise CoidavidQueen Marie Louise Coidavid (1778 – 11 March 1851) was the Queenof the Kingdom of Haiti 1811–20 as the spouse of Henri Christophe.Early lifeMarie-Louise was born into a free black family; her father was the owner of Hotel dela Couronne, Cap-Haïtien. Henri Christophe was a slave purchased by her father. Supposedly, he earned enough money in tips from his duties at the hotel that hewas able to purchase his freedom before the Haitian Revolution. They married in Cap-Haïtien in 1793, having had a relationship with him from the year prior.They had four children: François Ferdinand (born 1794), Françoise-Améthyste (d. 1831), Athénaïs (d. 1839) and Victor-Henri.At her spouse's new position in1798, she moved to the Sans-Souci Palace. During the French invasion, she and her children lived underground until 1803.QueenIn 1811, Marie-Louise was giventhe title of queen upon the creation of the Kingdom of Haiti. Her new status gave her ceremonial tasks to perform, ladies-in-waiting, a secretary and her owncourt. She took her position seriously, and stated that the title \"given to her by the nation\" also gave her responsibilities and duties to perform. She served as thehostess of the ceremonial royal court life performed at the Sans-Souci Palace. She did not involve herself in the affairs of state. She was given the position ofRegent should her son succeed her spouse while still being a minor.  However, as her son became of age before the death of his father, this was never tomaterialize.After the death of the king in 1820, she remained with her daughters Améthyste and Athénaïs at the palace until they were escorted from it by hisfollowers together with his corpse; after their departure, the palace was attacked and plundered. Marie-Louise and her daughters were given the propertyLambert outside Cap. She was visited by president Jean Pierre Boyer, who offered her his protection; he denied the spurs of gold she gave him, stating that hewas the leader of poor people. They were allowed to settle in Port-au-Prince. Marie-Louise was described as calm and resigned, but her daughters, especiallyAthénaïs, were described as vengeful.ExileThe Queen was in exile for 30 years. In August 1821, the former queen left Haiti with her daughters under theprotection of the British admiral Sir Home Popham, and travelled to London. There were rumours that she was searching for the money, three million, depositedby her spouse in Europe. Whatever the case, she did live the rest of her life without economic difficulties. The English climate and pollution during the IndustrialRevolution was determintal to Améthyste's health, and eventually they decided to leave.In 1824, Marie-Louise and her daughters moved in Pisa in Italy, wherethey lived for the rest of their lives, Améthyste dying shortly after their arrival and Athénaïs in 1839. They lived discreetly for the most part, but were occasionallybothered by fortune hunters and throne claimers who wanted their fortune. Shortly before her death, she wrote to Haiti for permission to return. She never did,however, before she died in Italy. She is buried in the church of San Donnino. A historical marker was installed in front of the church on April 23, 2023 tocommemorate the Queen, her daughter and her sister.See alsoMarie-Claire Heureuse FélicitéAdélina LévêquePassage 3:Mehdi AbrishamchiMehdi Abrishamchi(Persian: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 born in 1947 in Tehran) is a high-ranking member of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK).Early lifeAbrishamchi came from awell-known anti-Shah bazaari family in Tehran, and participated in June 5, 1963, demonstrations in Iran. He became a member of Hojjatieh, and left it to join thePeople's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) in 1969. In 1972 he was imprisoned for being a MEK member, and spent time in jail until 1979.CareerShortly after IranianRevolution, he became one of the senior members of the MEK. He is now an official in the National Council of Resistance of Iran.Electoral historyPersonallifeAbrishamchi was married to Maryam Rajavi from 1980 to 1985. Shortly after, he married Mousa Khiabani's younger sister Azar.LegacyAbrishamchi creditedMassoud Rajavi for saving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran after the \"great schism\".Passage 4:Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of LuxembourgMariaTeresa (born María Teresa Mestre y Batista; 22 March 1956) is the Grand Duchess of Luxembourg as the wife of Grand Duke Henri, who acceded to the throne in2000.Early life and educationMaria Teresa was born on 22 March 1956 in Marianao, Havana, Cuba, to José Antonio Mestre y Álvarez (1926–1993) and wife  MaríaTeresa Batista y Falla de Mestre (1928–1988), both from bourgeois families of Spanish descent. She is also the granddaughter of Agustín Batista y González deMendoza, who was the founder of the Trust Company of Cuba, the most powerful Cuban bank prior to the Cuban Revolution.In October 1959, at the time of theCuban Revolution, Maria Teresa Mestre’s parents left Cuba with their children, because the new government headed by Fidel Castro confiscated their properties.The family settled in New York City,  where as a young girl she was a pupil at Marymount School. From 1961 she carried on her studies at the Lycée Français deNew York. In her childhood, Maria Teresa Mestre took ballet and singing courses. She practices skiing, ice-skating and water sports. She later lived in Santander,Spain, and in Geneva, Switzerland, where she became a Swiss citizen.In 1980, Maria Teresa graduated from the Graduate Institute of International andDevelopment Studies in Geneva with a degree in political sciences. While studying there, she met her future husband Henri of Luxembourg.Social andhumanitarian interestsSoon after her marriage, Maria Teresa and the then Hereditary Grand Duke Henri established The Prince Henri and Princess Maria TeresaFoundation to help those with special needs integrate fully into society. In 2001, she and her husband created The Grand Duke and Grand Duchess Foundation,launched upon the accession of the couple as the new Grand Duke and Duchess of Luxembourg. In 2004, the Grand Duke Henri and the Grand Duchess MariaTeresa Foundation was created after the merging of the two previous foundations.In 1997, Maria Teresa was made a special ambassador for UNESCO, working toexpand education for young girls and women and help to fight poverty.Since 2005, Maria Teresa has been the chairwoman of the international jury of theEuropean Microfinance Award, which annually awards holders of microfinance and inclusive finance initiatives in developing countries. Also, since 2006, MariaTeresa has been honorary president of the LuxFLAG (Luxembourg Fund Labeling Agency), the first agency to label responsible microfinance investment fundsaround the world.On 19 April 2007, the Grand Duchess was appointed UNICEF Eminent Advocate for Children, in which role she has visited Brazil (2007), China(2008), and Burundi (2009).She is a member of the Honorary Board of the International Paralympic Committee and a patron of the Ligue Luxembourgeoise dePrévention et d’Action medico-sociales and SOS Villages d’Enfants Monde. The Grand Duchess and her husband Grand Duke Henri are the members of the MentorFoundation (London), created under the patronage of the World Health Organization. She is also the president of the Luxembourg Red Cross and the CancerFoundation. In 2016, she organized the first international forum on learning disabilities in Luxembourg.The Grand Duchess supports the UNESCO “Breaking thePoverty Cycle of Women” project in Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan. The purpose of this project is to improve the living conditions of girls, women andtheir families. As honorary president of her own foundation, Grand Duchess Maria Teresa set up a project called Projet de la Main Tendue after visiting theBujumbura prison in 2009 in Burundi. The purpose of this project is to liberate minor people from prison and to give them new opportunities for their future.InOctober 2016, Maria Teresa accepted an invitation to join the eminent international Council of Patrons of the Asian University for Women (AUW) in Chittagong,Bangladesh. The university, which is the product of east-west foundational partnerships (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Open Society Foundation, IKEAFoundation, etc.) and regional cooperation, serves extraordinarily talented women from 15 countries across Asia and the Middle East.In 2019, Maria Teresapresented her initiative \"Stand Speak Rise Up!\" to end sexual violence in fragile environments, launched in cooperation with the Women’s Forum and with thesupport of the Luxembourg government. The conference is in partnership with the Dr. Denis Mukwege Foundation and We Are Not Weapons of War.In 2020 thePrime Minister of Luxembourg commissioned a report into the Cour le Grand Ducal following concerns over its working. The report found that up to 1/3 ofemployees had left since 2015 and that \"The most important decisions in the field of personnel management, whether at the level of recruitment, assignment tothe various departments or even at the dismissal level are taken by HRH the Grand Duchess.” Several newspaper reports at the time highlighted a 'culture of fear'around the Grand Duchess and \"that no-one bar the Prime Minister dared confront her\". The report also raised concerns about the use of public funds to pay forthe Grand Duchess' personal website and that this had been prioritised over the Cour's own official website. There were also allegations that staff at the Court hasbeen subject to physical abuse and these reports were investigated by the Luxembourg judicial police.In February 2023 it was reported by several Luxembourgbased media that the Grand Duchess had once again been accused of treating staff poorly during an outfit fitting in October 22. The incident even involved thePrime Minister of Luxembourg having to speak to the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess about the treatment of the staff and commissioning a report intoit.FamilyMaria Teresa married Prince Henri of Luxembourg in a civil ceremony on 4 February 1981 and a religious ceremony on 14 February 1981, sinceValentine's Day was their favourite holiday. The consent of the Grand Duke had been previously given on 7 November 1980. She received a bouquet of red rosesand a sugarcane as a wedding gift from Cuban leader, Fidel Castro. The couple has five children: Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Prince Félixof Luxembourg, Prince Louis of Luxembourg, Princess Alexandra of Luxembourg, and Prince Sébastien of Luxembourg, They were born at Maternity Hospital inLuxembourg City.HonoursNationalLuxembourg: Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe ofNassauForeignAustria: Grand Star  of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold I Brazil:Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant Finland: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland"}
{"doc_id":"doc_234","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Matan CohenMatan Cohen (born February 8, 1982) is an Israeli musician best known for his work as the guitarist for successful groove/metalcore bandBetzefer and the recently reunited melodic death metal band Nail Within. Cohen is also a frequent collaborator of comedy punk rock act Bo La'Bar featuring hisNail Within co-members Evil Haim, and Useless ID members Ishay Berger and Jonathan Harpak.Musical careerBetzefer (1998–present)Matan Cohen formedBetzefer along with vocalist Avital Tamir and drummer Roey Berman as a one-off band for a high school gig in 1998.What started as a high school gig became abig part of the lives of the band members and since then the band started working, first as a cover band (Metallica, etc.) and later they started recording theirown material, releasing Pitz Aachbar in 2000, Some Tits, But No Bush in 2001 and New Hate in 2003.In 2005, the band released its first full-length album DownLow and currently is working on its second.Matan (who is also known as Tim Young outside Israel) appeared on all of the band's releases and is a part of the bandfrom its formation until today. He is also noted for always using a custom black Gibson SG guitar.Nail Within (2001-2003, 2007)In 2001, Matan joined formerAzazel and Betrayer members to form a new melodic death metal project by the name of Nail Within. Cohen served as a second guitarist in the band and while onhiatus from Betzefer, he left to Germany to record the band's first self-titled album.He was a member of the band through all of its short-lived first incarnationand even suggested Betzefer vocalist Avital Tamir as vocalist after vocalist Yishay Swearts left. Tamir performed with the band for one show.Recently rejoined theband as all of its members reunited in November 2007 for a one-off reunion show along with plans to record a new album in the future. Cohen will work with theband on its next album when he will finish prior commitments with Betzefer.DiscographyBetzeferPitz Aachbar (2000)Some Tits, But No Bush (2001)New Hate(2003)Down Low (2005)Freedom to The Slave Makers (2011)Nail WithinNail Within (2003)See alsoList of guitaristsPassage 2:Hartley LobbanHartley W Lobban (9May 1926 – 15 October 2004) was a Jamaican-born first-class cricketer who played 17 matches for Worcestershire in the early 1950s.Life and careerLobbanplayed little cricket in Jamaica. He went to England at the end of World War II as a member of the Royal Air Force, and settled in Kidderminster in Worcestershirein 1947, where he worked as a civilian lorry driver for the RAF. He began playing for Kidderminster Cricket Club in the Birmingham League, and at the start of the1952 season, opening the bowling for the club's senior team, he had figures of 7 for 9 and 7 for 37.Worcestershire invited him to play for them, and he made hisfirst-class debut against Sussex in July 1952. He took five wickets in the match (his maiden victim being Ken Suttle) and then held on for 4 not out with PeterRichardson (20 not out) to add the 12 runs needed for a one-wicket victory after his county had collapsed from 192 for 2 to 238 for 9. A week later he claimedfour wickets against Warwickshire, then a few days later still he managed 6 for 52 (five of his victims bowled) in what was otherwise a disastrous innings defeat toDerbyshire. In the last match of the season he took a career-best 6 for 51 against Glamorgan; he and Reg Perks (4 for 59) bowled unchanged throughout the firstinnings. Worcestershire won the game and Lobban finished the season with 23 wickets at 23.69.He took 23 wickets again in 1953, but at a considerably worseaverage of 34.43, and had only two really successful games: against Oxford University in June, when he took 5 for 70, and then against Sussex in July. On thisoccasion Lobban claimed eight wickets, his most in a match, including 6 for 103 in the first innings. He also made his highest score with the bat, 18, but Sussexwon by five wickets.In 1954 Lobban made only two first-class appearances, and managed only the single wicket of Gloucestershire tail-ender Bomber Wells. In hisfinal game, against Warwickshire at Dudley, his nine first-innings overs cost 51. He bowled just two overs in the second innings as Warwickshire completed aneasy ten-wicket win. Lobban played one more Second XI game, against Glamorgan II at Cardiff Arms Park; in this he picked up five wickets.He was also aprofessional boxer and played rugby union for Kidderminster.He later moved to Canada, where he worked as a teacher in Burnaby, British Columbia. He and hiswife Celia had a son and two daughters.Passage 3:Wesley BarresiWesley Barresi (born 3 May 1984) is a South African born first-class and Netherlandsinternational cricketer. He is a right-handed wicket keeper-batsman and also bowls right-arm offbreak. In February 2021, Barresi announced his retirement fromall forms of cricket, but returned to the national team in August 2022.CareerWesley became the 100th victim to Indian cricketer Yuvraj Singh, when he wasdismissed in the 2011 World Cup game against India.In July 2018, he was named in the Netherlands' One Day International (ODI) squad, for their series againstNepal. Ahead of the ODI matches, the International Cricket Council (ICC) named him as the key player for the Netherlands.In July 2019, he was selected to playfor the Amsterdam Knights in the inaugural edition of the Euro T20 Slam cricket tournament. However, the following month, the tournament wascancelled.Passage 4:Greg A. Hill (artist)Greg A. Hill is a Canadian-born First Nations artist and curator. He is Kanyen'kehà:ka Mohawk, from Six Nations of theGrand River Territory, Ontario.Early lifeHill was born and raised in Fort Erie, Ontario.Art careerHis work as a multidisciplinary artist focuses primarily oninstallation, performance and digital imaging and explores issues of his Mohawk and French-Canadian identity through the prism of colonialism, nationalism andconcepts of place and community.Hill has been exhibiting his work since 1989, with solo exhibitions and performance works across Canada as well as groupexhibitions in North America and abroad. His work can be found in the collections of the Canada Council, the Indian Art Centre, Indian and Northern AffairsCanada, the Canadian Native Arts Foundation (now Indspire), the Woodland Cultural Center, the City of Ottawa, the Ottawa Art Gallery and the InternationalMuseum of Electrography.Curatorial careerHill serves as the Audain Senior Curator of Indigenous Art at the National Gallery of Canada.Awards and honoursIn2018, Hill received the Indspire Award for Arts.Passage 5:Damien HétuDamien Hétu (October 24, 1926 – February 15, 2010) was a Canadian politician. Hétuserved as mayor of Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts, Quebec on two separate occasions and was a Liberal member of the National Assembly of Quebec from 1985 to1989.Early life and careerHétu was born in Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts and received his early education in the town. He trained as an electrician andradio/television technician, and in 1952 he began working as an electrician and entrepreneur in his home community. He successfully campaigned for a localsports center, which was opened in the 1970s.Hétu was a municipal councillor in Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts from 1959 to 1965 and was the community's mayorfrom 1970 to 1974. In the same period, he was an organizer for both the Liberal Party of Canada and the Quebec Liberal Party. He ran for the Quebec legislaturein the 1981 provincial election and lost to incumbent Parti Québécois cabinet minister Jacques Léonard in Labelle.LegislatorHétu was elected to the nationalassembly on his second attempt in the 1985 provincial election. The Liberal Party won a majority government in this election under Robert Bourassa's leadership,and Hétu served for the next four years as a government backbencher. A 1988 newspaper report indicates that he had one of the best attendance records in thelegislature, missing fewer than one per cent of recorded votes.He was defeated by Léonard a second time when seeking re-election in 1989.Return to municipalpoliticsHétu was re-elected as mayor of Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts in 1990 and served until 1994. He presided over a water boil advisory for the community in1992, due to concerns about contamination from lead pipes.DeathHétu died in February 2010, after an extended illness.Electoral recordPassage 6:Henry Moore(cricketer)Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand.Life and familyHenryMoore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849. He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of thedaughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch. One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted. Their great grandfather was John Moore, Archbishopof Canterbury from 1783 to 1805. One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria.Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine andChristchurch. He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son. In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to adaughter, who also died.In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine. In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine. They moved to England four yearsbefore his death in 1916.Cricket careerMoore was a right-handed middle-order batsman. In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury,he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively. His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago. Hewent to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for3 after a \"very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence\". Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match. His 75 came in thenext season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6. The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, \"Right from thebeginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving.\" Canterbury won again.Moore led the batting averagesin the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34.4. Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflictedthe only defeat on the touring Australians. In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touringQueensland cricket team.Passage 7:Wale AdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxfordwhere he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and aGoverning Board Fellow. He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. Adebanwi's research focuseson a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process,newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa.Education backgroundWale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from the University of"}
{"doc_id":"doc_235","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Maria ThinsMaria Thins (c. 1593 – 27 December 1680) was the mother-in-law of Johannes Vermeer and a member of the Gouda Thins family. She was raised in a devout Dutch Catholic family with two sisters and a brother. Outliving her parents and siblings, she received inheritances over the years, making her a wealthy woman. She married a prosperous brickmaker, Reynier Bolnes, in 1622. They had three children together, Catharina, Willem, and Cornelia. By 1635, Bolnes verbally and physically abused his wife and daughters. Thins moved to Delft with her daughters. Her son Willem stayed with his father. Thins was a wealthy woman due to the separation settlement of her husband in 1649 and the estates she inherited from her family. Her daughter Catharina married Johannes Vermeer, an artist, art dealer, and operator of the family's inn in Delft. Vermeer and Catharina lived at Thins house by 1660. The couple had fifteen children, four of whom died in infancy. Raising nearly a dozen children strained Vermeer financially. He relied on the support from his mother-in-law. During the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1674), Vermeer became impoverished. Thins reduced the money she provided to Catharina and her husband due to the loss of income during that period. Vermeer died in 1675, and Thins died five years later. Catharina was the only one of Thins' children to survive her. Thins drew up her will to maximize what she could provide for her grandchildren and their education, while limiting how much might be taken by Catharina's creditors. Catharina died in 1687.Early lifeMaria was born c. 1593 in Gouda to a prominent Dutch Catholic family, Catharina van Hensbeeck (d. 1633) and William Thin (d. 1601). They lived in the house named De Trapjes (The Little Steps) in Gouda. Maria had three siblings, none of whom were married. Her sister Elisabeth became a nun. She also had a sister Cornelia and a brother Jan. Since none of her siblings married, Thins ultimately inherited a large estate. The family conducted mass in their home, while at the time it was illegal for a group of Roman Catholics to assemble in Gouda. The local sheriffs broke up a religious meeting at their house in 1619.Garrit Camerling (d. 1627) of Delft became her stepfather in 1605 when he married Catharina van Hensbeeck. She was related to Abraham Bloemaert (1566–1651) through her cousin Jan Geensz Thins. Before her marriage, Thins lived in Delft with a prosperous young woman who was her friend.Marriage and childrenIn 1622, Maria Thins married Reynier Bolnes (ca. 1593–1676), a prominent and prosperous brickmaker. Thins was an heiress when she married, and she collected art, including several in the style of Utrecht Caravaggists.ChildrenThins had three children, the youngest of whom was Catharina Bolnes (c. 1631–1688), nicknamed Trijntge. She also had a son Willem, and a daughter Cornelia. Around 1635, Reynier became verbally and physically abusive with her and her children. At the age of nine, Catharina ran to neighbors because she thought that Reynier's abuse of Cornelia could kill her. Reynier confessed that he physically abused Cornelia and would do it again if Thins beat their son Willem. Reynier and Willem began eating separately from the female members of the family, and the father encouraged his son to be abusive and noncompliant with Thins.Divided familyThins moved to Delft in 1642 to get away from her abusive husband. Jan Geensz Thins, who was her guardian and cousin, purchased a home for her there the prior year. Jan became Thin's guardian following the early death of her father. Thins attained custody of her daughters in 1641 and moved with them to Delft. William stayed with his father, whose business began to fail. Thins lived on Oude Langendijk next to the Jesuit Catholic Church in the Catholic section of Delft called paepenhoek (the Papists' Corner).Thins received half of her husband's assets, a substantial amount, in 1649. By 1653, Reynier Bolnes was bankrupt. Thins derived income from annuities, interest income, and property rentals, including farmland. She also lived off of the capital of her investments. Thins and her sister Cornelia Thins (d. 1661) received a sizeable inheritance from their brother Jan Willemsz Thins following his death in 1651. Thins attained a comfortable standard of living of 15,000 or more guilders a year in the 1660s.Cornelia died in 1649. In 1664, Thin's son Willem, a jobless bachelor, was locked up in an institution after an argument with his mother, and for attacking Catharina, his pregnant sister, with a stick. In 1665, Maria Thins was entrusted with her son's property. She wrote a will, which limited Willem's share to the legal minimum of one sixth of her estate. She mentioned that he had been calling her names since his youth. Willem died in 1676.The VermeersThin's daughter, Catharina, came to know Johannes Vermeer and wished to marry him. Her mother disapproved of the marriage because he was not Catholic, and also likely because he was of a lower artisan class. By 1652, Vermeer helped his mother run the family's inn and was an art dealer, taking over his deceased father's business. Before they married, Thins stated that although she did not approve, she would not prevent Catharina and Vermeer from marrying. Vermeer likely converted from Reformed Protestant to Catholicism by the time of their union. Catharina and Vermeer married in Schipluy (present-day Schipluiden) on 20 April 1653. By December 1660, the Vermeers lived in the large house of his wealthy mother-in-law Maria Thins, described as a \"strong-willed\" woman. It was unusual at the time for married men and women to settle into the houses of their parents. Vermeer relied on Thin's residence and financial support to take care of his family.Vermeer painted in the artist's studio and sold art from the house. His works portray subjects with clothing and furnishings more luxurious than his own. Biographer Anthony Bailey claims that since Vermeer used models from his household, it is likely that he made a painting of his wife. He asserts that Catharina is depicted in A Lady Writing a Letter due to her \"fond expression\" and \"concentrated gaze of the unseen painter.\"Thins played an essential role in their life. She was a devotee of the Jesuit order in the nearby Catholic Church, and this seems to have influenced Johannes and Catharina.They had eleven children at the time of Vermeer's death, four of their children died young between 1660 and 1673. Most of their children were born at Thin's house. Their third son was called Ignatius, after the founder of the Jesuit Order. Catharina inherited the Ben Repas estate following her Aunt Cornelia's death in February 1661.Thins hired Vermeer to manage financial issues for her in 1667 and 1675. He collected monies owed her, and he handled her investments. The Rampjaar (disaster year) following the outbreak of the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1674) was particularly hard on Vermeer's ability to make money as an artist and an art dealer. He had to take a loss on sales of works of art and was unable to sell his own works. His mother-in-law was financially strained during this period due to the loss of rental income from farmland due to the war. In one instance, she rented out land near Schoonhoven that was flooded to prevent the French army from crossing the Dutch Water Line. The farmland was not arable for a time. Thins reduced the money that she spent to support the Vermeers. In 1675, Vermeer went on several business trips for his mother-in-law, first to Gouda, when her husband had died, and then to Amsterdam. There Vermeer borrowed money by fraudulently using her name.Vermeer died and was buried on 15 December 1675. Unable to pay their debts, Catharina blamed the financial fallout of the war for their losses and petitioned for bankruptcy in April 1676. Ten of their eleven children were still underage when Vermeer died. Catharina continued to live at her mother's house with their children. After Vermeer's death, Maria Thins received The Art of Painting for her financial support of Catharina's family. Catharina paid off other debts with paintings or used them as surety until she paid off debts.Later years and deathThins died and was buried on 27 December 1680. The burial record states that she was the widow of Reijnier Bolnes. Thins crafted her will to maximize her grandchildren's support and education, preventing her estate from going to Catharina's creditors. The grandchildren were assigned a guardian, Hendrick van Eem, to look out for their interests. Catharina, considered responsible, was encouraged by her mother to ensure that her children were educated so that they could support themselves. Her daughter Catharina moved to Breda. Catharina Bolnes received \"Holy Oil\" on 23 December 1687, before being buried on 2 January 1688.See alsoWriting to Vermeer an opera depicting Maria Thins and Catharina BolnesPassage 2:Baroness Gösta von dem Bussche-HaddenhausenBaroness Gösta von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen (German: Freiin Gösta Julie Adelheid Marion Marie von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen; 26 January 1902 – 13 June 1996)  was the mother of Prince Claus of the Netherlands, who was the Prince Consort of Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, thus making her the mother-in-law of the former Dutch Queen. She is also the paternal grandmother of King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, who is the current Dutch King.Early lifeGösta was born at Döbeln, Kingdom of Saxony, German Empire (now Saxony, Germany), the second child and daughter of Baron George von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen (1869–1923), and his wife, Baroness Gabriele von dem Bussche-Ippenburg (1877–1973). Her father belonged to the Bussche-Haddenhausen branch of the Bussche family, her mother belonged to the Bussche-Ippenburg branch. Both descended from Clamor von dem Bussche (1532–1573).Her mother was the heir of Dötzingen estate near Hitzacker, which her maternal grandfather had inherited from the counts von Oeynhausen after 1918. Gösta's father was an officer in the Royal Saxon Army. Dötzingen estate later passed on to her brother Baron Julius von dem Bussche-Haddenhausen (1906–1977). After her return from Africa, and her husband's death in 1963, she spent the rest of her life in Dötzingen.MarriageGösta married on 4 September 1924 at Hitzacker to Claus Felix von Amsberg (1890–1963), son of Wilhelm von Amsberg and Elise von Vieregge.Together they had six daughters and one son:Sigrid von Amsberg (Hitzacker-Dötzingen, 26 June 1925 – 1 April 2018), married in 1952 to Ascan-Bernd Jencquel (17 August 1913 – 4 November 2003), had issue.Claus von Amsberg (Hitzacker-Dötzingen, 6 September 1926 – Amsterdam, 6 October 2002), married in 1966 to Beatrix of the Netherlands (b. 31 January 1938), had issue.Rixa von Amsberg (Hitzacker-Dötzingen, 18 November 1927 – 6 January 2010), married to Peter Ahrend (17 April 1920 – 2011), no issue.Margit von Amsberg (Bumbuli, 16 October 1930 – 1988), married in 1964 to Ernst Grubitz (14 April 1931 – 5 June 2009), had issue.Barbara von Amsberg (Bumbuli, 16 October 1930), married in 1963 to Günther Haarhaus (22 October 1921 – 9 February 2007), had issue.Theda von Amsberg (Tanga, 30 June 1939), married in 1966 to Baron Karl von Friesen (b. 1933), had issue.Christina von Amsberg (Salisbury, 20 January 1945), married in 1971 to Baron Hans Hubertus von der Recke (b. 1942), had issue.Life in AfricaHer husband had returned "}
{"doc_id":"doc_236","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Tarcisio FuscoTarcisio Fusco was an Italian composer of film scores. He was the brother of the composer Giovanni Fusco and the uncle of operaticsoprano Cecilia Fusco.Selected filmographyBoccaccio (1940)Free Escape (1951)Abracadabra (1952)The Eternal Chain (1952)Beauties in Capri (1952)Milanese inNaples (1954)Conspiracy of the Borgias (1959)Passage 2:Petrus de DomartoPetrus de Domarto (fl. c. 1445–1455) was a Franco-Flemish composer of theRenaissance.  He was a contemporary and probable acquaintance of Ockeghem, and was the composer of at least one of the first unified mass cycles to bewritten in continental Europe.LifeDomarto's life is poorly documented.  He was listed as a singer at the Church of Our Lady in Antwerp in 1449, five years afterOckeghem was known to be there, and there is evidence he was in Tournai in 1451.  He had a high reputation (which makes the lack of documentation on his lifecurious), but even so was passed over for a post as master of the choirboys (in favor of Paulus Iuvenis).  No other documentation on his life has yet come tolight.Music and reputationDomarto's two mass settings, the Missa Spiritus almus and a Missa sine nomine, were famous at the time.  The latter of the two mayhave been one of the earliest cyclic masses composed on the continent, most likely in the 1440s, and imitates some features of contemporary English composerssuch as Leonel Power.  The Missa Spiritus almus, likely dating from the 1450s, is a cantus-firmus mass, with the melody always in the tenor, but with a changingrhythmic profile as it changes mensuration throughout the piece.  The procedure was evidently influential on the next generation of composers, for it was stillbeing copied in the 1480s, and Busnois may have based one of his own masses on the same method (the Missa O crux lignum). The theorist and writer JohannesTinctoris criticised it for exactly the features that inspired other composers.The two surviving secular compositions by Domarto are both rondeaux, formes fixes ofthe type popular with the Burgundian School.WorksMassesMissa Spiritus almus (four voices)Missa sine nomine (three voices)SecularRondeaux, each for threevoices:Chelui qui est tant plain de duelJe vis tous jours en esperanceNotesPassage 3:Bullet (Misfits song)\"Bullet\" is the second single released by the horror punkband the Misfits. The four tracks comprising the EP were recorded, along with thirteen others, in early 1978 for the proposed Static Age album. When the bandcould not find a record label to release the album, they instead released four of the songs as \"Bullet\" on singer Glenn Danzig's label Plan 9 Records. The songswere re-released in different versions over subsequent years, until Static Age was finally released in its entirety in 1996.BackgroundIn August 1977 the Misfitsreleased their debut single \"Cough/Cool\" on Blank Records, a label operated by singer Glenn Danzig. Several months later Mercury Records issued a Pere Uburecord on their own Blank Records imprint, unaware that Danzig held a trademark on the name. They offered him thirty hours of studio time in exchange for therights to the Blank Records name, which he accepted. In January and February 1978 the Misfits, then consisting of Danzig, guitarist Franché Coma, bassist JerryOnly, and drummer Mr. Jim, recorded seventeen songs at C.I. Recordings in New York City with engineer and producer Dave Achelis. Because of the timeconstraints they recorded the songs live in the studio with only a few takes each and very few overdubs. They mixed fourteen of them with Achelis for theirproposed first album, to be titled Static Age. However, the band were unable to find a record label interested in releasing the album, and instead released four ofthe tracks as the \"Bullet\" EP in June 1978 on Danzig's new label Plan 9 Records.The song \"Bullet\" references the 1963 assassination of John F. Kennedy, withsexually explicit lyrics directed at his wife Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis: \"Texas is an outrage when your husband is dead/Texas is an outrage when they pick uphis head/Texas is the reason that the President's dead/You gotta suck, suck, Jackie, suck\".Pressing informationThe first pressing of \"Bullet\" consisted of 1,000copies on black 7\" vinyl with a gatefold cover and lyrics sheet. These copies had \"distributed by Ork\" printed on the back sleeve, as a distribution deal with OrkRecords had been planned, but distribution through Ork never took place. A second pressing of 2,000 on red vinyl had a different back cover, removing the bandphoto and mention of Ork and replacing it with artwork of a bullet hole and the words \"better dead on red\". 7,000 additional copies were later pressed on blackvinyl with the same cover as the second pressing.Re-releases and other versionsAll four songs from \"Bullet\" were reissued on the Beware EP in January 1980, anda live version of \"We Are 138\" appeared on the Evilive EP in 1982. The compilation album Misfits (1986), released three years after the band's breakup, included\"Bullet\" and \"Hollywood Babylon\", while Collection II (1995) included \"We Are 138\" and \"Attitude\".The Misfits box set in 1996 presented the complete Static Agealbum for the first time, including all four tracks from the \"Bullet\" single. Static Age was also released as a separate album that July.Cover versions\"Bullet\" wascovered by Refused for the Children In Heat compilation, and the Hellacopters  covered it on the tribute album Hell on Earth: A Tribute to the Misfits (2000).Entombed also covered \"Hollywood Babylon\" on the same album. \"Attitude\" was covered by Sum 41, the Slackers, and Guns N' Roses. In 2014, Energy coveredthe song as part of their 7-song Misfits tribute EP.Track listingPersonnelBandGlenn Danzig – vocalsFranché Coma – guitar, backing vocalsJerry Only – bass guitar,backing vocalsMr. Jim – drumsProductionDave Achelis – engineeringRich Flores – masteringSee alsoMisfits discographyAssassination of John F. Kennedy inpopular culturePassage 4:Peter Dodds McCormickPeter Dodds McCormick (28 January 1833 – 30 October 1916) was an Australian schoolteacher and songwriter,known for composing the Australian national anthem, \"Advance Australia Fair\". He published under the pseudonym Amicus, Latin for \"friend\".Early lifePeter DoddsMcCormick was born to Peter McCormick and Janet (née Dodds) at Port Glasgow, Scotland in 1833.BiographyPeter completed an apprenticeship as a joiner inScotland before emigrating to Sydney (at that time the principal city of the British colony of New South Wales) on 21 February 1855. He initially worked as ajoiner for \"some years\".McCormick spent most of his work life employed by the NSW Education Department. In 1863 he was appointed teacher-in charge at StMary's National School. McCormick married Emily Boucher, a sewing teacher, on 16 July 1863, who died on 11 March 1866, aged 22. He remarried, to EmmaElizabeth Dening, on 22 December 1866. He also taught at the Presbyterian Denominational school in the Sydney suburb of Woolloomooloo in 1867. McCormickthen moved to Dowling Plunkett Street Public School in 1878 where he remained until 1885.McCormick was heavily involved in the Scottish Presbyterian Churchand was active in a number of community and benevolent organisations. He began his involvement with Sydney's St Stephen's Church as a stonemason, workingon the now demolished Phillip Street Church (where Martin Place now stands). The Rev Hugh Darling was so impressed with his singing on the job he asked himto join the choir. McCormick's musical ability led him to becoming the precentor of the Presbyterian Church of NSW, which gave him the opportunity to conductvery large massed choirs. He was also convenor of the Presbyterian Church Assembly's Committee on Psalmody.Also a talented composer, he published around30 patriotic and Scottish songs, some of which became very popular. Included in his collected works was \"Advance Australia Fair\", which was first performed inpublic by Andrew Fairfax at the St Andrew's Day concert of the Highland Society on 30 November 1878.\"Advance Australia Fair\" became quite a popular patrioticsong. The Sydney Morning Herald described the music as bold and stirring, and the words \"decidedly patriotic\" – it was \"likely to become a popularfavourite\".  Later under the pseudonym Amicus (which means 'friend' in Latin), he had the music and four verses published by W. H. Paling & Co. Ltd. The songquickly gained popularity and an amended version was sung by a choir of 10,000 at the inauguration of the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901. In1907, the New South Wales Government awarded McCormick £100 for his patriotic composition which he registered for copyright in 1915.In a letter to R. B. FullerEsq., dated 1 August 1913, McCormick described the circumstances that inspired him to pen the lyrics of his famous song:One night I attended a great concert inthe Exhibition Building, when all the National Anthems of the world were to be sung by a large choir with band accompaniment. This was very nicely done, but Ifelt very aggravated that there was not one note for Australia. On the way home in a bus, I concocted the first verse of my song & when I got home I set it tomusic. I first wrote it in the Tonic Sol-fa notation, then transcribed it into the Old Notation, & I tried it over on an instrument next morning, & found it correct.Strange to say there has not been a note of it altered since. Some alteration has been made in the wording, but the sense is the same. It seemed to me to be likean inspiration, & I wrote the words & music with the greatest ease.DeathMcCormick died in 1916, aged 83, at his home, Clydebank, in the Sydney suburb ofWaverley and he was buried at Rookwood Cemetery. He had no children; he was survived by his second wife Emma. His obituary in the Sydney Morning Heraldstated: \"Mr. McCormick established a reputation with the patriotic song, Advance Australia Fair, which ... has come to be recognised as something in the nature ofan Australian National Anthem\".The song was performed by massed bands at the Federal capital celebrations in Canberra in 1927.  In 1984 it was formallydeclared as the Australian national anthem.Passage 5:Walter Robinson (composer)Walter Robinson is an American composer of the late 20th century. He is mostnotable for his 1977 song Harriet Tubman, which has been recorded by folk musicians such as Holly Near, John McCutcheon, and others.  He is also the composerof several operas.Passage 6:Michelangelo FaggioliMichelangelo Faggioli (1666–1733) was an Italian lawyer and celebrated amateur composer of humorouscantatas in Neapolitan dialect. A founder of a new genre of Neapolitan comedy, he was the composer of the opera buffa La Cilla in 1706.Passage 7:AlexandruCristeaAlexandru Cristea (1890–1942) was the composer of the music for \"Limba Noastră\", current national anthem of Moldova.BiographyA choir director, acomposer and music teacher. Taught at the  \"Vasile Kormilov\" music school (1928) with Gavriil Afanasiu and the  \"Unirea\" Conservatory (1927–1929) in Chişinăuwith Alexandru Antonovschi (canto), he was the master of vocal music from Chişinău (1920–1940), professor of music and conductor of the choir in the boysgymnasium \"Ion Heliade Rădulescu\" in Bucure\u0000ti (1940–1941). Later, between 1941 and 1942, he directed the choir at the \"Queen Mother Elena\" high school"}
{"doc_id":"doc_237","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Lars EliassonLars Eliasson  (December 8, 1914 – June 5, 2002) was a Swedish politician. He was a member of the Centre Party. He was the party's firstvice chairman 1957-69 and a member of the Parliament of Sweden 1952–1970. For a short time in 1957, he was a minister in the Government of Sweden, in theSecond cabinet of Erlander.He is the father of the later Member of Parliament Anna Eliasson.Passage 2:Miley CyrusMiley Ray Cyrus ( MY-lee SY-r\u0000s; born DestinyHope Cyrus, November 23, 1992) is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. Dubbed the \"Pop Chameleon\", she has been recognized for her musicalversatility and continual reinvention in her sound and style. Cyrus has been referred to as the \"Teen Queen\" of 2000s pop culture and regarded as one of the fewexamples of a child star with a successful career as an adult. Her accolades include nineteen Teen Choice Awards, four World Music Awards, three MTV VideoMusic Awards, two Billboard Music Awards, one People's Choice Award, a GLAAD Media Award, and 8 Guinness World Records. She has made the Time 100 list in2008 and 2014, Forbes 30 Under 30 in 2014 and 2021, appeared on Billboard's Greatest of All Time Artists chart in 2019, and was ranked as the ninth greatestBillboard 200 female artist of all time.Out of six siblings, Cyrus is the second daughter of country singer Billy Ray Cyrus. She emerged as a teen idol whileportraying the titular character of the Disney Channel television series Hannah Montana (2006–2011). As Hannah Montana, she attained two number-one andthree top-five soundtracks on the Billboard 200, and the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 top-ten single \"He Could Be the One\". Cyrus's initial solo career consisted of theteen-friendly pop rock U.S. number-one albums Meet Miley Cyrus (2007) and Breakout (2008); these releases contained the US top-ten singles \"See You Again\"and \"7 Things\". She then released the extended play The Time of Our Lives (2009), which peaked at number two in the U.S; its lead single, \"Party in the U.S.A\",became one of the best-selling singles in the United States and was certified diamond by the RIAA. She also released the country pop ballad \"The Climb\", whichpeaked at number four. Trying to reinvent her image, Cyrus explored dance-pop in her third album, Can't Be Tamed (2010). The record was critically panned;however, its title track reached the top ten in the U.S.Following a hiatus, she underwent a more mature and provocative musical shift with the release of the R&Band hip hop-infused Bangerz (2013). Supported by the top-five single \"We Can't Stop\" and the chart-topping \"Wrecking Ball\", it became her fifth number-onealbum and earned Cyrus her first Grammy Award nomination. She experimented with psychedelic music on her follow-up, the free album Miley Cyrus & Her DeadPetz (2015), before exploring country pop on Younger Now (2017), which contained the U.S. top-ten single \"Malibu\", and trap on the EP She Is Coming (2019).Plastic Hearts (2020) saw Cyrus venture into rock and glam rock; the record topped the Billboard Top Rock Albums chart. Cyrus's eighth studio album, EndlessSummer Vacation (2023), was preceded by the lead single \"Flowers\", which set several streaming records and became her second U.S. number-one single.Cyrushas also starred in the films Bolt (2008), Hannah Montana: The Movie (2009), The Last Song (2010), LOL (2012), and So Undercover (2013), and appeared inGuardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017). On television, she served as a coach on the singing competition series The Voice (2016–2017), starred in the \"Rachel, Jackand Ashley Too\" episode from the Netflix series Black Mirror (2019), and hosts the yearly NBC holiday special Miley's New Year's Eve Party (2021–present). Shefounded the non-profit organization Happy Hippie Foundation in 2014, which was supported by the web video series Backyard Sessions (2012–2023). She starredin and executive produced the Disney+ documentary concert special, Miley Cyrus – Endless Summer Vacation (Backyard Sessions) (2023).Life andcareer1992–2005: Early life and career beginningsDestiny Hope Cyrus was born November 23, 1992, in Franklin, Tennessee, to Leticia \"Tish\" Jean Cyrus (néeFinley) and country singer Billy Ray Cyrus. She was born with supraventricular tachycardia, a condition causing an abnormal resting heart rate. Her birth name,Destiny Hope, expressed her parents' belief that she would accomplish great things. Her parents nicknamed her \"Smiley\", which they later shortened to \"Miley\",because she often smiled as an infant. In 2008, she legally changed her name to Miley Ray Cyrus; her middle name honors her grandfather, Democratic politicianRonald Ray Cyrus, who was from Kentucky. Cyrus's godmother is singer-songwriter Dolly Parton.Against the advice of her father's record company, Cyrus'sparents secretly married on December 28, 1993, a year after her birth. They had two more children, son Braison and daughter Noah. From a previousrelationship, her mother has two other children, Brandi and Trace. Her father's first child, Christopher Cody, was born in April 1992 and grew up separately withhis mother, waitress Kristin Luckey, in South Carolina.All of Cyrus's maternal siblings are established entertainers. Trace is a vocalist and guitarist for theelectronic pop band Metro Station. Noah is an actress and along with Braison, models, sings, and is a songwriter. Brandi was formerly a musician for the indierock band Frank + Derol and is a professional DJ. The Cyrus farmhouse is located on 500 acres of land outside Nashville.Cyrus attended Heritage ElementarySchool in Williamson County while she and her family lived in Thompson's Station, Tennessee. When she was cast in Hannah Montana, the family moved to LosAngeles and she attended Options for Youth Charter Schools studying with a private tutor on set. Raised as a Christian, she was baptized in a Southern Baptistchurch before moving to Hollywood in 2005. She attended church regularly while growing up and wore a purity ring. In 2001, when Cyrus was eight, she and herfamily moved to Toronto, Canada, while her father filmed the television series Doc. After Billy Ray Cyrus took her to see a 2001 Mirvish production of Mamma Mia!at the Royal Alexandra Theatre, Miley Cyrus grabbed his arm and told him, \"This is what I want to do, daddy. I want to be an actress.\" She began to take singingand acting lessons at the Armstrong Acting Studio in Toronto.Cyrus's first acting role was as Kylie in her father's television series Doc. In 2003, she receivedcredit under her birth name for her role as \"Young Ruthie\" in Tim Burton's Big Fish. During this period she auditioned with Taylor Lautner for the feature film TheAdventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D. Although she was one of two finalists for the role, she chose to appear in Hannah Montana instead.Her mother tookon the role of Miley's manager and worked to acquire a team to build her daughter's career. Cyrus signed with Mitchell Gossett, director of the youth division atCunningham Escott Slevin Doherty. Gossett is often credited with \"discovering\" Cyrus and played a key role in her auditioning for Hannah Montana. She latersigned with Jason Morey of Morey Management Group to handle her music career; Dolly Parton steered her to him. She hired her father's finance manager as partof her team.2006–2009: Hannah Montana and early musical releasesCyrus auditioned for the Disney Channel television series Hannah Montana when she wasthirteen years old. She auditioned for the role of the title character's best friend, but was called to audition for the lead role instead. Despite being denied the partat first because she was \"too small and too young\" for the role, she was later cast as the lead because of her singing and acting abilities. The series premiered inMarch 2006 to the largest audience for a Disney Channel program and quickly ranked among the highest-rated series on basic cable. The success of the series ledto Cyrus being labeled a \"teen idol\". She toured with the Cheetah Girls as Hannah Montana in September 2006 and performed songs from the show's first season.Walt Disney Records released a soundtrack credited to Cyrus's character in October of that year. The record was a commercial success, topping the Billboard 200chart in the United States; it went on to sell over three million copies worldwide. With the release of the soundtrack, Cyrus became the first act within the WaltDisney Company to have deals in television, film, consumer products, and music.Cyrus signed a four-album deal with Hollywood Records to distribute hernon-Hannah Montana soundtrack music. She released the two-disc album Hannah Montana 2: Meet Miley Cyrus in June 2007. The first disc was credited as thesecond soundtrack by \"Hannah Montana\", while the second disc served as Cyrus's debut studio album. The album became her second to reach the top of theBillboard 200, and has sold over three million copies. Months after the release of the project, \"See You Again\" (2007) was released as the lead single from thealbum. The song was a commercial success, and has sold over two million copies in the United States since its release. She collaborated with her father on thesingle \"Ready, Set, Don't Go\" (2007). Next Cyrus embarked on her highly successful Best of Both Worlds Tour (2007–08) to promote its release. Ticketmasterofficials commented that \"there [hadn't] been a demand of this level or intensity since The Beatles or Elvis\". The tour's success led to the theatrical release of the3D concert film Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert (2008). While initially intended to be a limited release, the film's success led to alonger run.Cyrus and friend Mandy Jiroux began posting videos on the popular website YouTube in February 2008, referring to the clips as \"The Miley and MandyShow\"; the videos garnered a large online following. In April 2008, several pictures of Cyrus in her underwear and swimsuit were leaked online by a teenager whohacked her Gmail account. Further controversy erupted when it was reported that the then-15-year-old Cyrus had posed topless during a photo shoot by AnnieLeibovitz for Vanity Fair. The New York Times subsequently clarified that although the shot left the impression that Cyrus was bare-breasted, she was wrapped ina bed sheet and was not topless.Cyrus went on to release her second studio album, Breakout (2008), in June of that year. The album earned the highestfirst-week sales of her career thus far and became her third to top the Billboard 200. Cyrus later starred with John Travolta in the animated film Bolt (2008), herdebut as a film actress; she also co-wrote the song \"I Thought I Lost You\" (2008) for the film, which she sings as a duet with Travolta. The film was a critical andcommercial success and earned her a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Original Song.In March 2009, Cyrus released \"The Climb\" (2009) as a single fromthe soundtrack to the Hannah Montana feature film. It was met with a warm critical and commercial reaction, becoming a crossover hit in both pop and countrymusic formats. The soundtrack, which features the single, went on to become Cyrus's fourth entry to top the Billboard 200; at age 16, she became the youngestartist in history to have four number-one albums on the chart. She released her fourth soundtrack as Hannah Montana in July 2009, which debuted at number"}
{"doc_id":"doc_238","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Summer EverSummer Ever is the fourth release, and third full-length LP from The Revolution Smile. The album was an independent release, soldonline in physical format and on iTunes and Amazon.Track list\"Summer Ever\" - 1:12\"Are You Awake?\" - 4:16\"I Was a Werewolf\" - 3:22\"Ringwald\" -3:17\"Destination Isolation\" - 3:33\"Maybe, Baby\" - 3:17\"Fate\" - 3:55\"When Love Was Dead\" - 4:52\"Recover\" - 4:37\"Move South\" - 1:08\"The State We're In\" -3:30\"Positive.Negative\" - 2:33\"Nice Talking to You\" - 3:11\"My Skin Is Thicker Than I Wanted\" - 6:19\"Flight Delay\" - 4:13Passage 2:Leaving on a MaydayLeavingon a Mayday is an album by singer-songwriter Anna Ternheim.  It was released on 11 August 2008 and is Ternheim's fourth full-length LP.Track listing\"What HaveI Done\" – 3:21\"Damaged Ones\" – 3:09\"Terrified\" – 4:42\"Let It Rain\" – 4:54\"My Heart Still Beats for You\" – 4:27\"No, I Don't Remember\" – 3:53\"Make It On MyOwn\" – 3:24\"Summer Rain\" – 3:55\"Losing You\" – 3:38\"Off the Road\" – 3:54\"Black Sunday Afternoon\" – 4:37\"Terrified\" – 3:33Delux EditionCD1What Have IDoneDamaged OnesTerrifiedLet It RainMy Heart Still Beats For YouNo I Don't RememberSummer RainLosing YouOff The RoadBlack Sunday AfternoonCD2: \"AnnaSings Sinatra\"New York New YorkCome Fly With MeFly Me To The MoonThat's LifeStrangers In The NightBox editionCD1What Have I DoneDamagedOnesTerrifiedLet It RainMy Heart Still Beats For YouNo I Don't RememberSummer RainLosing YouOff The RoadBlack Sunday AfternoonNew York New YorkComeFly With MeFly Me To The MoonThat's LifeStrangers In The NightCD2: LIVE EP FROM TOURING 2009No, I Don't RememberDamaged OnesA French LoveWeddingSongLet It RainDVD: ANNA PERFORMS FIVE ACOUSTIC VERSIONSWhat Have I DoneSummer RainNo, I Don't RememberOff The RoadMy Heart Still Beats ForYouPassage 3:Been ListeningBeen Listening is the second full-length LP by London-based folk-rock band Johnny Flynn & The Sussex Wit.  The album wasrecorded in both London and Seattle, and features collaborations with Laura Marling and Anna Calvi. The album was also released in a 2-disc special edition andon vinyl.Track listingPassage 4:At Mount ZoomerAt Mount Zoomer, the second full length LP from the Canadian indie rock band Wolf Parade, was released onJune 17, 2008.Album titleThe album is named after Wolf Parade drummer Arlen Thompson's sound studio, Mount Zoomer; the name of the studio references \"aB.C. euphemism for magic mushrooms\", and also nods to the Montreal band A Silver Mount Zion. The album was originally meant to be entitled Kissing theBeehive; however, due to possible copyright infringements in relation to Jonathan Carroll's 1997 novel of the same name, this title was changed. Singer andkeyboardist Spencer Krug said that the band \"didn't know that was the title of a book... We might have to change it, but we might not. And we'll have to make itclear that it's not [named] after his book. It's a complicated situation.\" It had also been reported earlier by Blender that the record was entitled Pardon My Blues;however, on April 28, Sub Pop officially announced that the album's name would be At Mount Zoomer.Album overviewThe band started playing new songs livethat would end up on At Mount Zoomer as early as summer 2007. Among the first to be played were \"Language City\" and \"Fine Young Cannibals\".According tosinger and guitarist Dan Boeckner, half of the album was recorded in Farnham, Quebec at Petite Église, an old church that was converted to a recording studio bythe band Arcade Fire for the production of their album Neon Bible. After touring the east coast in late 2007, Wolf Parade recorded the rest of At Mount Zoomer atMIXart Studios in Montreal, Quebec. Afterwards, the album was mixed at Arlen Thompson's sound studio, Mount Zoomer.The cover art for the album features thework of Matt Moroz and Elizabeth Huey, depicting a battle scene between the two artists.The track \"Call It a Ritual\" was released by the band on April 14,2008.ReceptionAt Mount Zoomer received positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the album holds a score of 78 out of 100 based on 28 reviews, indicating\"generally favorable reviews\".Track listingPersonnelWolf Parade – mixing, producing, \"overdubs and vocals recorded by\"Harris Newman – masteringArlenThompson – recording (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6-8), \"one vocal recorded by\"David Ferry – recording (tracks 3, 5, 9)Nick Petrowski – recording (tracks 3, 5, 9)David Smith– \"some vocals recorded by\"Jace Lasek – \"some vocals recorded by\"Elizabeth Huey – artworkMatt Moroz – artworkPassage 5:Tear Ourselves AwayTear OurselvesAway is the first full-length LP by San Francisco-based indie rock band LoveLikeFire.  The album was released commercially on August 10, 2009.  A leaked versionof the album first appeared on the internet in April 2009.Track listingThe track listing is as follows:\"William\"\"From a Tower\"\"Crows Feet\"\"Signs\"\"I've Pissed Off MyFriends\"\"Good Judgment\"\"Boredom\"\"My Left Eye\"\"Far From Home\"\"Stand in Your Shoes\"\"Everything Must Settle\"Passage 6:Blow in the WindBlow in the Wind isthe third album by Me First and the Gimme Gimmes, released in 2001, on the Fat Wreck Chords independent record label.  Blow in the Wind features severaltracks which are led off with musical mash-ups of, or homages to, classic Punk songs, a trend the group began on their second album, Are a Drag (with anappropriation of \"Generator\" by Bad Religion for their cover of \"My Favorite Things\") and would continue with Take a Break and Ruin Jonny's Bar Mitzvah: \"SloopJohn B\" samples \"Teenage Lobotomy\" by The Ramones, \"Elenor\" samples \"London Calling\" by The Clash, \"San Francisco\" samples \"Stranger Than Fiction\" by BadReligion, \"I Only Want to Be With You\" samples and \"The Money Will Roll Right In\" by Fang. Similarly, the track \"Different Drum\" also ends with a guitar riff takenfrom \"Georgy Girl\" by the Seekers.The first song begins with a clip similar to the hidden track on the NOFX album Punk in Drublic where Fat Mike attempts to findthe proper pitch of the word \"how\" in the line \"How did the cat get so fat?\" from \"Perfect Government\".The album is made up entirely of \"Hits of the 1960s\". Theband's version of \"Different Drum\" can be heard during the credits of the film Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story.The band's version of \"Sloop John B\" is featuredin the 2013 film The Wolf of Wall Street.Track listingPersonnelSpike Slawson - vocalsChris Shiflett (a.k.a. Jake Jackson) - lead guitarJoey Cape - rhythm guitarFatMike - bassDave Raun - drumsPassage 7:The Crew (album)The Crew is the debut studio album by American hardcore punk band 7 Seconds, released in 1984 byBYO Records. The original LP was released with 18 tracks, and later re-released on compact disc with six live bonus tracks.Critical receptionThe Austin Chroniclecalled the album a \"stone classic,\" writing that \"precious few third wave punk-hardcore outfits have aged as stoically – or as relevantly – as vox/guitar sibling duoKevin Seconds and Steve Youth.\" In a retrospective review, Tiny Mix Tapes wrote that the band's sound \"is distilled ... to a steady grind of too-pah beats andblender-like three-chord sounds, but it’s the combination of this minimalism and Kevin Seconds’s voice — passionate, melodic, hopeful — that makes you believeeverything he says.\" LA Weekly placed The Crew at #3 on its list of the top twenty hardcore albums in history, writing that \"7 Seconds wrote the book on positivehardcore and that book is called The Crew.\"Track listingAll songs written by Kevin Seconds, except for where noted.\"Here's Your Warning\" - 1:18\"Definite Choice\"- 0:55\"Not Just Boys Fun\" (Seconds, Steve Youth) - 1:29\"This Is the Angry Pt. 2\" - 1:09\"Straight On\" - 0:24\"You Lose\" - 0:36\"What If There's a War in America\"- 0:42\"The Crew\" - 0:51\"Clenched Fists, Black Eyes\" - 1:30\"Colourblind\" - 1:42\"Aim to Please\" - 1:14\"Boss\" (Seconds, Youth) - 0:45\"Young 'Til I Die\" - 2:01\"Redand Black\" - 0:37\"Die Hard\" - 0:57\"I Have a Dream\" - 1:00\"Bully\" - 1:05\"Trust\" - 2:13\"Here's Your Warning\" (Live) - 1:35\"Spread\" (Live) - 1:21\"I Have aDream\" (Live) - 0:58\"Young 'Til I Die\" (Live) - 1:51\"Not Just Boys Fun\" (Live) (Seconds, Youth) - 1:26\"Rock Together\" (Live) - 2:12PersonnelKevin Seconds: LeadVocalsDan Pozniak: Guitar, VocalsTroy Mowat: DrumsSteve Youth: Bass, PianoPassage 8:Full Length LPFull Length LP is the debut album by the HuntingtonBeach, California punk rock band Guttermouth, released in 1991 by Dr. Strange Records. It introduced the band's style of fast, abrasive punk rock withtongue-in-cheek humor and sarcastic lyrics. The album was originally released as an LP but was repackaged the following year as a CD including tracks from theband's first 2 EPs Puke and Balls, as well as the previously unreleased tracks \"Malted Vomit\" and \"Ghost.\" It was re-released again in 1996 by Nitro Records underthe title The Album Formerly Known as Full Length LP.The album proved to be a success for the band, expanding their fan base and giving them opportunities toplay shows all over southern California alongside other popular punk rock bands. An animated music video was made for the song “1, 2, 3…Slam!” and played onlocal punk rock and skateboarding video programs. Many of the songs from Full Length would remain staples in the band's live set throughout their career.TracklistingAll songs written by Guttermouth except where noted\"Race Track\"\"No More\"\"Jack La Lanne\"\"Where Was I?\"\"Old Glory\"\"I'm Punk\"\"Mr. Barbeque\"\"Bruce Leevs. the Kiss Army\"\"Chicken Box\"\"Carp\"\"Toilet\"\"Oats\"\"1, 2, 3...Slam!\"\"I Used to be 20\" (written & originally performed by the Dayglo Abortions as \"I Used to be inLove\")\"Reggae Man\"\"Chicken Box\" (again)*\"Just a Fuck\"*\"Hypocrite\"*\"Marco-Polo\"*\"Under My Skin\"*\"Gas Out\"*\"No Such Thing\"*\"MaltedVomit\"*\"Ghost\"**Tracks 16-24 are included on CD re-releases only. Tracks 16-22 comprise the band's first 2 EPs Puke and Balls, while tracks 23 & 24 arepreviously unreleased. \"Chicken Box (again)\" is not included on the 1996 re-release.PersonnelMark Adkins - vocalsScott Sheldon - guitarEric \"Derek\" Davis -guitarClint \"Cliff\" Weinrich - bassJames Nunn - drumsAlbum informationRecord label:original LP & CD releases: Dr. Strange Records1996 re-release: NitroRecordsRecorded April 27–28 and June 22–23, 1990 at Westbeach Recorders by Donnell Cameron with assistance by Joe PeccorilloProduced by GuttermouthAllsongs written by Guttermouth except \"I Used to be 20\" by the Dayglow Abortions1996 re-release remastered by Eddie Shreyer at FuturediscPhotos on 1996re-release by Paul CobbPassage 9:Night FallsNight Falls is the seventh studio album released by American hip-hop group Heiruspecs. It was released on April 22,2014 independently. It is the band's first full-length LP since 2008's self-titled album.Track listingPassage 10:At the End of the Day (Disagree album)At The EndOf The Day is the first full-length LP by Malaysia-based band Disagree. It was released on February 10, 2004.Track listingPersonnelZahid – Vocals, LeadGuitarHamka – DrumsAziz – BassAshroff – Rhythm Guitar"}
{"doc_id":"doc_239","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Scotty FoxScott Fox is a pornographic film director who is a member of the AVN Hall of Fame.Awards1992 AVN Award – Best Director, Video (TheCockateer)1995 AVN Hall of Fame inducteePassage 2:Riccardo FredaRiccardo Freda (24 February 1909 – 20 December 1999) was an Italian film director. Heworked in a variety of genres, including sword-and-sandal, horror, giallo and spy films.Freda began directing I Vampiri in 1956. The film became the first Italiansound horror film production.BiographyRiccardo Freda was born in 1909 in Alexandria, Egypt to Italian parents. Freda attended school in Milan where he took artclasses at the Centro Sperimantale. After school he took on work as a sculptor and art critic.Film careerFreda first began working in the film industry in 1937 anddirected his first film Don Cesare di Bazan in 1942. Freda began directing I Vampiri. I Vampiri was the first Italian horror film of the sound era, following the lonesilent horror film Il mostro di Frankenstein (1920)  Despite being the first, a wave of Italian horror productions did not follow until Mario Bava's film Black Sundaywas released internationally.Freda died on 20 December 1999 in Rome.FilmographyNotes^  a Freda has denied having taken part in writing the script for thisfilm, despite being credited.^  b Freda was originally to direct the film but stated that he walked off the set on the first day of shooting.^  c Freda name is not inthe credits but some sources state he directed several battles scenes in the film, which Freda denies.^  d Freda name is not in the credits but some sources statehe edited the naval battle scenes in the film, which Freda denies.^  e Freda has claimed to have shot the entire film.Passage 3:Oh Sailor BehaveOh, Sailor,Behave! is a 1930 American Pre-Code musical comedy film produced and released by Warner Brothers, and based on the play See Naples and Die, written byElmer Rice. The film was originally intended to be entirely in Technicolor and was advertised as such in movie trade journals. Due to the backlash againstmusicals, it was apparently released in black-and-white only.PlotAn American newspaper reporter named Charlie Carroll (Charles King) is sent to Venice tointerview a Romanian general, who is played by Noah Beery. While in Venice Charlie falls for a young heiress named Nanette Dodge (Irene Delroy). When Charlieis unable to get an interview with the Romanian general, a local siren named Kunegundi (Vivien Oakland), who is the general's favorite helps him. Meanwhile,Nanette learns that her sister is being blackmailed by Prince Kasloff of Russia (Lowell Sherman), to whom she wrote some incriminating letters. Nanette attemptsto vamp the Prince in order to obtain the love letters. The Prince, however, tricks her and demands that Nanette marry him if she wants to save her sister. Afterbeing repeatedly rebuked by Nanette, the prince hires the Romanian general (Noah Beery) to kidnap her and force her into  marriage. Charlie, thinking she haseloped, consoles himself with Kunegundi (Vivien Oakland) and almost marries her until he realizes the truth about Nanette and that she has been kidnapped bythe Prince. Charlie sets out to rescue her and when the Prince shows up disguised as the general he shoots Prince Kasloff. Charlie and Nanette are happilyreunited.Ole Olsen and Chic Johnson provide comic relief that is completely unrelated to the main story. They play the part of two American sailors stationed inNaples who attempt to find a wooden-legged thief who has robbed the navy storehouse in Venice. Louisa, a local siren (played by Lotti Loder) leads them on andembroils them in trouble.Music\"When Love Comes In The Moonlight\"\"Leave A Little Smile\"\"Highway to Heaven\"\"The Laughing Song\"\"Tell Us Which One Do YouLove\"Production backgroundCharles King recorded three songs for the film for Brunswick Records: Brunswick 4840 (Highway to Heaven/When Love Comes in theMoonlight); Brunswick 4849 (Leave A Little Smile). The other side of Brunswick 4849 featured a song from the aborted MGM revue The March of Time (1930).Thiswas to be Charles King's last musical movie. He went back to the Broadway stage, since movie audiences had grown tired of musicals, and never returned to thescreen.Due to the public apathy towards musicals, Warner Bros. did not debut this film in the usual prestigious movie theaters. The film was immediately  placedin general release with no fanfare.Comedians Olsen and Johnson were added to the film due to growing public apathy towards serious stage actors such as Kingand Delroy. The movie was marketed as a comedy film with these comics billed as \"America's funniest clowns\".PreservationThe version of the film released in theUnited States, late in 1930, survives intact. A print is at the Museum of Modern Art, and is in the Turner Classic Movies film library as well as the Library ofCongress. The complete soundtrack also survives on Vitaphone disks. The film was released on DVD through the Warner Archive Collection in 2014.Passage 4:SeeNaples and DieSee Naples and Die (Italian: Vedi Napoli e poi muori) is a 1952 Italian crime-melodrama film directed by Riccardo Freda.PlotDrug dealer Sanesi istrying to get her old friend Marisa to have her husband, a senior bank official, sing. But the official becomes convinced that Marisa is cheating on him with Sanesiand throws his wife out of the house. In order to prevent the situation from deteriorating, Marisa decides to assassinate Sanesi. A murder trial then opens againstMarisa. Her acquittal in self-defense will lead Marisa and her husband to reconciliation.CastGianna Maria Canale: MarisaRenato Baldini: Giacomo MariniVittorioSanipoli: Roberto SanesiFranca Marzi: Lover of SenesiCarletto SpositoClaudio VillaProductionFollowing the success of his previous film La vendetta di Aquila Nera,Riccardo Freda directed his next film produced by Umberto Momi and Carlo Caiano through their company Associati Produttori Indipendenti (A.P.I.). Freda claimedhe shot the film within 15 days, with three on location in Naples and the rest in Rome at CSC studios.The film marked the first collaboration between Freda andhis longtime director of photography, Gábor Pogány. Freda commented on his collaboration with his Hungarian cinematographer, stating that \"It is quiteastonishing, but it was the Hungarians and the Czechs who revolutionized cinematography in Italy. Stallich, Vich and Pogany. They reinvented the use of lightingon sets... This trio remained famous in Italy the name of 'Hungarian school'\".ReleaseSee Naples and Die was distributed theatrically in Italy by Associati ProduttoriIndipendenti on March 29, 1952. The film grossed a total of 381,384,000 Italian lire domestically in Italy.  The film was released in the United States as SeeNaples and Die in 1959 where it was released subtitled and distributed by Crown Pictures.ReceptionItalian critic and film historian Roberto Curti stated that Italiancritics \"generally panned the film\". On its release in the United States, the New York Times stated the film had a \"sodden script\" and that \"Gianna Maria Canale,as that pretty, luckless lady, is involved  in nearly every cliche dear to the devotees of daytime detergent dramas on radio, but unsmilingly she comes through[...] There are English titles but even without them it is fairly clear that sad is the word for the manufactured tragedies in See Naples and Die.\"See alsoList ofItalian films of 1952Passage 5:Ben PalmerBen Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director.His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch showBo' Selecta! (2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020).Palmer has also directed films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015).BiographyPalmer wasborn and raised in Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness. He attended Chetwynde School.His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which heco-developed with its main star, Leigh Francis. Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010,respectively.FilmographyBo' Selecta! (2002–06)Comedy Lab (2004–2010)Bo! in the USA (2006)The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)The Inbetweeners Movie(2011)Comedy Showcase (2012)Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)Them from That Thing (2012)Bad Sugar (2012)Chickens (2013)London Irish (2013)ManUp (2015)SunTrap (2015)BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)Back (2017)Comedy Playhouse (2017)Urban Myths (2017–19)Click &Collect (2018)Semi-Detached (2019)Breeders (2020)Passage 6:Season of StrangersSeason of Strangers (sometimes referred as haiku film) is 1959 unfinishedAmerican 16 mm black and white Avant-garde-experimental short film directed by Maya Deren.ProductionThe film began as a part of Deren's workshop whichtook place in Woodstock, New York, during July 6 to July 25 in 1959. Deren after claimed that the location was important for the structure of the film. Also thelyrical aspect of Japanese Haiku motivated the fim as well.Passage 7:Maya DerenMaya Deren (born Eleonora Derenkovskaya, Ukrainian: Елеоно́раДеренко́вська; May 12 [O.S. April 29] 1917 – October 13, 1961) was a Ukrainian-born (then part of the Russian Empire, now independent Ukraine) Americanexperimental filmmaker and important part of the avant-garde in the 1940s and 1950s. Deren was also a choreographer, dancer, film theorist, poet, lecturer,writer, and photographer.The function of film, Deren believed, was to create an experience. She combined her expertise in dance and choreography,ethnography, the African spirit religion of Haitian Vodou,  symbolist poetry and gestalt psychology (student of Kurt Koffka)  in a series of perceptual,black-and-white short films. Using editing, multiple exposures, jump-cutting, superimposition, slow-motion, and other camera techniques to her advantage,Deren abandoned established notions of physical space and time, innovating through carefully planned films with specific conceptual aims.Meshes of theAfternoon (1943), her collaboration with her husband at the time Alexander Hammid, has been one of the most influential experimental films in American cinemahistory. Deren went on to make several more films, including but not limited to At Land (1944), A Study in Choreography for Camera (1945), and Ritual inTransfigured Time (1946), writing, producing, directing, editing, and photographing them with help from only one other person, Hella Heyman, hercamerawoman.Early lifeDeren was born May 12 [O.S. April 29] 1917 in Kyiv, Ukraine, Russian Empire, now independent Ukraine, into a Jewish family, topsychologist Solomon Derenkowsky and Gitel-Malka (Marie) Fiedler, who supposedly named her after Italian actress Eleonora Duse.In 1922, the family fled theUkrainian SSR because of antisemitic pogroms perpetrated by the White Volunteer Army and moved to Syracuse, New York. Her father shortened the familyname from Derenkovskaya to \"Deren\" shortly after they arrived in New York. He became the staff psychiatrist at the State Institute for the Feeble-Minded inSyracuse. Deren's mother was a musician and dancer who had studied these arts in Kyiv. In 1928, Deren's parents became naturalized citizens of the United"}
{"doc_id":"doc_240","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Jane WighamJane Wigham (née Smeal; 1801–1888) was a leading Scottish abolitionist, and was the secretary of the Glasgow Ladies' EmancipationSociety.LifeSmeal was born in Glasgow in 1801, the sister of William Smeal. She was educated as a Quaker at Ackworth School in Yorkshire. The family resided inEdinburgh, later moving to Aberdeen. As Quakers, Smeal's family were unusual in Scotland. The 1851 census shows that there were fewer than 400 activeScottish Quakers at the time.Smeal became the leader and secretary of the radical Glasgow Ladies Emancipation Society. Her brother William in 1822 founded theGlasgow Anti-Slavery Society, a forerunner of the Glasgow Emancipation Society, and was later active in the latter. Smeal had a record of anti-slavery activity,long before the Free Church became involved in the issue.In 1838 she published an important pamphlet with Elizabeth Pease of Darlington titled Address to theWomen of Great Britain. This document called for British women to speak in public and to form anti-slavery organisations for women. An address that Smealprepared for Queen Victoria has been credited with being the \"final blow\" that ended slavery in the Caribbean.In 1840 Smeal became the second wife of theQuaker John Wigham, who was a tea merchant and active abolitionist in Glasgow. In 1830, Wigham's wife and two of their children died however the family wasrevitalized when he married Smeal. Jane Smeal became Jane Wigham and she formed a close friendship and collaboration with her stepdaughter, Eliza Wigham.Smeal and Wigham's marriage took place in the same year as the World's Anti-Slavery Convention in London, where Eliza was one of the delegates.After theLadies' Emancipation Society ceased activity, Jane and Eliza, along with some of their friends, set up the Edinburgh chapter of the National Society of Women'sSuffrage. Priscilla Bright McLaren, the president, Elizabeth Pease, the treasurer, and McLaren's daughter Agnes McLaren joined Eliza as joint secretaries. Despite alack of support from her husband John, Jane and her stepdaughter established the Edinburgh society as one of the leading British groups supporting thecontroversial views of the American abolitionist and social reformer William Lloyd Garrison.John Wigham died in 1864 and Eliza remained on at the family homeon South Gray Street in Edinburgh to care for her stepmother. Jane died in November 1888 after a prolonged illness.LegacyFour of the women associated withEdinburgh in the 19th century were the subject of a campaign by Edinburgh historians in 2015. The group aimed to gain recognition for Elizabeth Pease Nichol,Priscilla Bright McLaren, Eliza Wigham, and Jane Smeal – the city's \"forgotten heroines\".Passage 2:Angelo I GozzadiniAngelo I Gozzadini (died between 1468 and1476) was Lord of Kythnos.He married in 1429 Caterina Crispo (born 1415, date of death unknown), daughter of Nicholas Crispo, Lord of Syros and sister ofFrancesco II, sixteenth Duke of the Archipelago.Passage 3:May Green HinckleyMay Green Hinckley (May 1, 1881 – May 2, 1943) was the third Primary generalpresident of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1940 until her death. She was the stepmother of Gordon B. Hinckley, fifteenthpresident of the LDS Church.BiographyGreen was born in Brampton, Derbyshire, England. Her mother had joined the LDS Church three years before Green'sbirth, but her father never joined. She emigrated to the United States with her mother and some of her siblings in 1889. Green was baptized into the LDS Churchin 1891, and was by then living in Salt Lake City.Green was raised in the church's Salt Lake 5th Ward. Early on she was a teacher in both the Sunday School andthe Young Women Mutual Improvement Association (YWMIA). She served as a missionary for the church in the Central States Mission from 1907 to 1909.Afterstudying booking and accounting, Green began work as business manager for a Salt Lake medical clinic.In 1920, Green was made president of the YLMIA of theGranite Stake in Salt Lake City. She served in this position for the next 12 years, and oversaw the initial establishment of the Gleaner program.In 1932, at theage of 50, Green married Bryant S. Hinckley, whose wife, Ada, had died in 1930. At the time, five of Hinckley's 13 children were still living at home. At that time,Green was president of the stake YWMIA. One of the children, Gordon B. Hinckley, later recalled that he and the other children were upset by their father'sdecision to remarry, but they eventually came to accept their stepmother: \"I don't know that it was easy for her to step into our family, but she did it well. We allrespected her. We all loved her\". In 1935, when Bryant Hinckley became president of the Northern States Mission based in Chicago, May Hinckley went with himand presided over the Primary Association, YWMIA, and Relief Society within the mission.In 1940, May Hinckley was asked by church president Heber J. Grant tosucceed May Anderson and become the third general president of the church's Primary Association. In her 3+1⁄2-year tenure, Hinckley introduced a revisedcurriculum, added a scripture-reading program for leaders and teachers, established a formal scriptural theme for Primary, and selected the official Primary logo,motto and colors.Hinckley formed a committee that created lessons for use by Primaries in missions (as opposed to stakes). With energy rationing as a result ofWorld War II, she oversaw the creation of more home-based Primary programs.Hinckley was the editor of The Children's Friend while she was the PrimaryGeneral President. Her term ended when she unexpectedly died of pneumonia in Salt Lake City, Utah, the day after her 62nd birthday. She was succeeded byAdele C. Howells, her first counselor.See alsoLaVern W. Parmley: second counselor to HinckleyNotesExternal linksMay Green Hinckley at Find a GravePassage4:Francesco I CrispoFrancesco I Crispo, Patrizio Veneto (died 1397) was the tenth Duke of the Archipelago through his marriage and the will of Venice.FrancescoCrispo was probably born in Verona. He was Lord of Milos, thus a vassal to the Duke of Naxos, as well as his cousin through his marriage to Fiorenza Sanudo, agrand-daughter of the Duke Guglielmo Sanudo. Crispo might also have been a pirate. He was sent by the Republic of Venice to Naxos in March 1383 for concernthat the then Duke Niccolò III dalle Carceri was incompetent. The Republic suffered from predation by the Ottoman Empire in the Aegean.On the island, a huntwas suggested. Officially, on the way back Niccolo III, escorted by Crispo's men was attacked by rebels or thieves. He fell off his horse and died. To quench anyrevolt, Francesco Crispo had to assume power.The Republic of Venice quickly sent its congratulations.Andros was another problem. It belonged to Maria Sanudo,sister of the late duke. When Francesco gave as a dowry Andros and Syros to his own daughter Pétronilla, Maria Sanudo called for justice in Venice.With his wifehe had eight children:Giacomo I CrispoPetronilla Crispo (1384–1427), married to Pietro Zeno, together they received Andros and Syros as dowryAgnese Crispo(1386–1428), married to Dragonetto Clavelli, Lord of NisyrosJohn II CrispoWilliam II CrispoNicholas Crispo, Lord of SyrosMarco I Crispo, Lord of IosNobil HuomoPietro Crispo, Patrizio Veneto (1397–1440), married to NN and had issue:Giovanni Crispo (died 1475), Knight of the Knights HospitallerPassage 5:DorothyGrangerDorothy Karolyn Granger (November 21, 1911 – January 4, 1995) was an American actress best known for her roles in short subject comedies inHollywood.CareerGranger, with her parents, two brothers, Richard and James, and their grandmother, Clara (née Wilcox) Granger, moved to Los Angeles duringthe late 1920s.Granger got her start in the entertainment industry when she won a beauty contest at the age of 13 at Silver Beach Summer Resort near Houston.Her budding figure and confident stage presence were perfect for studios that made comedy shorts. In 1930, her father took her to producer Hal Roach, who wasthen testing talent for his upcoming comedy series, The Boy Friends. Granger’s natural comedy timing got her the job immediately and she was placed undercontract to Hal Roach Studios. She became a charter member of the two-reel-comedy community, appearing opposite many major comedians at Roach, MackSennett, Educational Pictures, Columbia Pictures, and RKO Radio Pictures. Among her famous credits are Hog Wild with Laurel & Hardy, The Dentist with W.C.Fields, Punch Drunks and Termites of 1938 with The Three Stooges. Granger also appeared with Andy Clyde, Charley Chase, Edgar Kennedy, Harry Langdon, GusSchilling & Richard Lane, and Joe DeRita, as well as on live television with Abbott & Costello. Granger is best remembered as the sarcastic, suspicious wife in LeonErrol's series of two-reelers for RKO.For her body of work in two-reelers, Granger was known as the \"Queen of the Short Subject Films\". However, she alsoappeared in about 100 feature films, including Frisco Jenny, Sunset in El Dorado, Kentucky Kernels, Dick Tracy vs. Cueball, Diamond Jim, and Show Boat.LateryearsGranger worked on a variety of television shows through the 1950s, including The Abbott and Costello Show, I Married Joan, Father Knows Best, Topper,Lassie, Death Valley Days and Wells Fargo. Her last television performance was a live show on Face The Facts in 1961. Granger left show business in 1963, callingit an “ulcer factory.”Granger made her last public appearance in 1993 for the Screen Actors Guild’s 60th anniversary celebration. She was an honored guest at thecelebration because she was one of SAG’s first members. In later years she helped her husband run an upholstery shop in Los Angeles.She was the stepmother offilm maker and former record producer Anthony J. Hilder.DeathGranger died of cancer on January 4, 1995, aged 83, in Los Angeles, California.SelectedfilmographyPassage 6:Anthony Crispo, Lord of SyrosAnthony Crispo (or Antonio;  - 1494), became Lord of Syros in 1463 after his older brother Francesco'sdeath. He was the youngest son of Nicholas Crispo, Lord of Syros and Princess Eudokia Valenza Komnene, daughter of Emperor Alexios IV Komnenos of theTrebizond, and brother of Francesco II, sixteenth Duke of the Archipelago.He married ... de Paterno, without issue.Passage 7:Henriette FeuerbachHenrietteFeuerbach (13 August 1812 – 5 August 1892) was a German author and arts patron. She was the wife of Joseph Anselm Feuerbach and the stepmother of painterAnselm Feuerbach, whom she supported in his art.LifeBorn Henriette Heydenreich in Ermetzhofen, she was the third child and only daughter of the pastor JohannAlexander Heydenreich (1754–1814) and his wife Friederika Christine née Freudel. Her brothers were Friedrich Wilhelm Heidenreich, to become a physician, andChristian Heydenreich (1800–1865), a future judge. They grew up in Ansbach and were educated in Latin, Greek and music.She married on 13 April 1834 thewidower Josef Anselm Feuerbach, whose first wife was Amalie Keerl (1805–1830). She lived with him and his two children, Emilie (1827–1873) and Anselm(1829–1880), first in Freiburg im Breisgau, later in Heidelberg. She gave piano lessons, directed a choir, and organised house concerts. Clara Schumann and"}
{"doc_id":"doc_241","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Domenico de DominicisDomenico de Dominicis or Domenico de Dominici (died 1478) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Brescia(1464–1478)and Bishop of Torcello (1448–1464).BiographyOn 20 February 1448, Domenico de Dominicis was appointed during the papacy of Pope Nicholas V asBishop of Torcello.On 14 November 1464, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Paul II as Bishop of Brescia.He served as Bishop of Brescia until his deathin 1478. While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of Johannes Hinderbach, Bishop of Trento (1466); and the principal co-consecrator of Giovanni StefanoBotticelli, Bishop of Cremona (1467).Passage 2:Wesley BarresiWesley Barresi (born 3 May 1984) is a South African born first-class and Netherlands internationalcricketer. He is a right-handed wicket keeper-batsman and also bowls right-arm offbreak. In February 2021, Barresi announced his retirement from all forms ofcricket, but returned to the national team in August 2022.CareerWesley became the 100th victim to Indian cricketer Yuvraj Singh, when he was dismissed in the2011 World Cup game against India.In July 2018, he was named in the Netherlands' One Day International (ODI) squad, for their series against Nepal. Ahead ofthe ODI matches, the International Cricket Council (ICC) named him as the key player for the Netherlands.In July 2019, he was selected to play for theAmsterdam Knights in the inaugural edition of the Euro T20 Slam cricket tournament. However, the following month, the tournament was cancelled.Passage3:Wale AdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, aProfessor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow. He is currentlya Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas ofsocial change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics inAfrica.Education backgroundWale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M.Sc. andPh.D. in Political Science from the University of Ibadan. He also has an MPhil. and a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the University ofCambridge.CareerAdebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapers and magazines before he joined the University ofIbadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher. He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the African American and AfricanStudies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA. He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016.Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of theInternational African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies.WorksHis published works include:Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Pressand the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (CambridgeUniversity Press, 2014)Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he isthe editor and co-editor of other books, including.The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)Writersand Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan,2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).(co-edited with EbenezerObadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan,2010).AwardsRhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies.Passage 4:DomenicoMaggiottoDomenico Maggiotto or Domenico Fedeli (1713–1794) was an Italian painter and engraver of the late-Baroque period.He was one of the main pupils ofGiovanni Battista Piazzetta. His son Francesco Maggiotto was also a painter.He lived and worked mainly in Venice.Passage 5:ShahanuddinChoudhuryShahanuddin Choudhury (born 15 June 1967) is a Bangladeshi sprinter. He competed in the men's 200 metres at the 1992 Summer Olympics.Passage6:Greg A. Hill (artist)Greg A. Hill is a Canadian-born First Nations artist and curator. He is Kanyen'kehà:ka Mohawk, from Six Nations of the Grand River Territory,Ontario.Early lifeHill was born and raised in Fort Erie, Ontario.Art careerHis work as a multidisciplinary artist focuses primarily on installation, performance anddigital imaging and explores issues of his Mohawk and French-Canadian identity through the prism of colonialism, nationalism and concepts of place andcommunity.Hill has been exhibiting his work since 1989, with solo exhibitions and performance works across Canada as well as group exhibitions in North Americaand abroad. His work can be found in the collections of the Canada Council, the Indian Art Centre, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, the Canadian Native ArtsFoundation (now Indspire), the Woodland Cultural Center, the City of Ottawa, the Ottawa Art Gallery and the International Museum of Electrography.CuratorialcareerHill serves as the Audain Senior Curator of Indigenous Art at the National Gallery of Canada.Awards and honoursIn 2018, Hill received the Indspire Awardfor Arts.Passage 7:John McMahon (Surrey and Somerset cricketer)John William Joseph McMahon (28 December 1917 – 8 May 2001) was an Australian-bornfirst-class cricketer who played for Surrey and Somerset County Cricket Clubs in England from 1947 to 1957.Surrey cricketerMcMahon was an orthodox left-armspin bowler with much variation in speed and flight who was spotted by Surrey playing in club cricket in North London and brought on to the county's staff for the1947 season at the age of 29. In the first innings of his first match, against Lancashire at The Oval, he took five wickets for 81 runs.In his first full season, 1948,he was Surrey's leading wicket-taker and in the last home game of the season he was awarded his county cap – he celebrated by taking eight Northamptonshirewickets for 46 runs at The Oval, six of them coming in the space of 6.3 overs for seven runs. This would remain the best bowling performance of his first-classcareer, not surpassed, but he did equal it seven years later. In the following game, the last away match of the season, he took 10 Hampshire wickets for 150 runsin the match at Bournemouth. In the 1948 season as a whole, he took 91 wickets at an average of 28.07. As a tail-end left-handed batsman, he managed just 93runs in the season at an average of 4.22.The emergence of Tony Lock as a slow left-arm bowler in 1949 brought a stuttering end of McMahon's Surrey career.Though he played in 12 first-class matches in the 1949 season, McMahon took only 19 wickets; a similar number of matches in 1950 brought 34 wickets. In 1951,he played just seven times and in 1952 only three times. In 1953, Lock split the first finger of his left hand, and played in only 11 of Surrey's CountyChampionship matches; McMahon played as his deputy in 14 Championship matches, though a measure of their comparative merits was that Lock's 11 gamesproduced 67 wickets at 12.38 runs apiece, while McMahon's 14 games brought him 45 wickets at the, for him, low average of 21.53. At the end of the 1953season, McMahon was allowed to leave Surrey to join Somerset, then languishing at the foot of the County Championship and recruiting widely from othercounties and other countries.Somerset cricketerSomerset's slow bowling in 1954 was in the hands of leg-spinner Johnny Lawrence, with support from the off-spinof Jim Hilton while promising off-spinner Brian Langford was on national service. McMahon filled a vacancy for a left-arm orthodox spinner that had been theresince the retirement of Horace Hazell at the end of the 1952 season; Hazell's apparent successor, Roy Smith, had failed to realise his promise as a bowler in1953, though his batting had advanced significantly.McMahon instantly became a first-team regular and played in almost every match during his four years withthe county, not missing a single Championship game until he was controversially dropped from the side in August 1957, after which he did not play in theChampionship again.In the 1954 season, McMahon, alongside fellow newcomer Hilton, was something of a disappointment, according to Wisden: \"The new spinbowlers, McMahon and Hilton, did not attain to the best standards of their craft in a wet summer, yet, like the rest of the attack, they would have fared betterwith reasonable support in the field and from their own batsmen,\" it said. McMahon took 85 wickets at an average of 27.47 (Hilton took only 42 at a higheraverage). His best match was against Essex at Weston-super-Mare where he took six for 96 in the first innings and five for 45 in the second to finish with matchfigures of 11 for 141, which were the best of his career. He was awarded his county cap in the 1954 season, but Somerset remained at the bottom of thetable.The figures for the 1955 were similar: McMahon this time took 75 wickets at 28.77 apiece. There was a small improvement in his batting and the arrival ofBryan Lobb elevated McMahon to No 10 in the batting order for most of the season, and he responded with 262 runs and an average of 9.03. This included hishighest-ever score, 24, made in the match against Sussex at Frome. A week later in Somerset's next match, he equalled his best-ever bowling performance,taking eight Kent wickets for 46 runs in the first innings of a match at Yeovil through what Wisden called \"clever variation of flight and spin\". These matchesbrought two victories for Somerset, but there were only two others in the 1955 season and the side finished at the bottom of the Championship for the fourthseason running.At the end of the 1955 season, Lawrence retired and McMahon became Somerset's senior spin bowler for the 1956 season, with Langfordreturning from National Service as the main support. McMahon responded with his most successful season so far, taking 103 wickets at an average of 25.57, theonly season in his career in which he exceeded 100 wickets. The bowling average improved still further in 1957 to 23.10 when McMahon took 86 wickets. But hisseason came to an abrupt end in mid-August 1957 when, after 108 consecutive Championship matches, he was dropped from the first team during theWeston-super-Mare festival. Though he played some games for the second eleven later in August, he regained his place in the first team for only a singleend-of-season friendly match, and he was told that his services were not required for the future, a decision, said Wisden, that \"proved highlycontroversial\".Sacked by SomersetThe reason behind McMahon's sacking did not become public knowledge for many years. In its obituary of him in 2002,"}
{"doc_id":"doc_242","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The ChainReaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker(1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)TheDoctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 2:Robert Baker (actor)Robert Baker (born October 15, 1979, in Memphis, Tennessee) is an American actor known for hisroles in Valentine, Grey's Anatomy, Out of Time, and a supporting role in the film Special.Early lifeBaker is the son of musician Lee Baker and his wife Carol. Hisfather Lee was a member of the Memphis rock group, Mud Boy and the Neutrons.CareerHe had a small role as a partygoer in the 1999 film Angel on AbbeyStreet. While still attending theater school at the University of Southern California, he landed a role in the TV movie The Ruling Class, playing a funny high schooljock.In 2018, Baker recurred in Supergirl as Mercy Graves' brother Otis Graves.FilmographyFilmTelevisionVideo gamePassage 3:Peter LevinPeter Levin is anAmerican director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films.Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney& Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), PopeyeDoyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, forwhich she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. Hecostarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the CarnegieMellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He alsoco-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The InteractTheatre Company.Passage 4:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who hasworked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months,resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States afterleaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born inDublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both arthistory and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester BeattyLibrary (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was AssistantDirector at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of theCouncil of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery ofAustralia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad,increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years ofthe museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During hisdirectorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initialdesign for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was notdelivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art,including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museumby acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; andthe Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King EdwardTerrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGAfrom 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too closeto the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitionsat the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging toCharles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which usedelephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was\"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events inNew York had \"obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedywas also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA'soccupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003.Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He becamea joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintingsand sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in thefield of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read,understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of awebsite, www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so.Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest inexpanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy andMary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During histenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exportedprior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), anIndian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum ofArt in July 2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bringgreater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, andIdeologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storagefor classes annually. Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu:Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: IrregularPolygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics,Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson:Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie),Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7SeanScully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art(October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to AustralianSociety and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and amember of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an"}
{"doc_id":"doc_243","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:René ClairRené Clair (11 November 1898 – 15 March 1981), born René-Lucien Chomette, was a French filmmaker and writer. He first established his reputation in the 1920s as a director of silent films in which comedy was often mingled with fantasy. He went on to make some of the most innovative early sound films in France, before going abroad to work in the UK and USA for more than a decade. Returning to France after World War II, he continued to make films that were characterised by their elegance and wit, often presenting a nostalgic view of French life in earlier years. He was elected to the Académie Française in 1960. Clair's best known films include Un chapeau de paille d'Italie (The Italian Straw Hat, 1928), Sous les toits de Paris (Under the Roofs of Paris, 1930), Le Million (1931), À nous la liberté (1931), I Married a Witch (1942), and And Then There Were None (1945).Early lifeRené Clair was born and grew up in Paris in the district of Les Halles, whose lively and picturesque character made a lasting impression on him. His father was a soap merchant; he had an elder brother, Henri Chomette (born 1896). He attended the Lycée Montaigne and the Lycée Louis-le-Grand. In 1914 he was studying philosophy; his friends at that time included Raymond Payelle who became the actor and writer Philippe Hériat.In 1917, at the age of 18, he served as an ambulance driver in World War I, before being invalided out with a spinal injury. He was deeply affected by the horrors of war that he witnessed and gave expression to this in writing a volume of poetry called La Tête de l'homme (which remained unpublished). Back in Paris after the war, he started a career as a journalist at the left-wing newspaper L'Intransigeant.Film careerHaving met the music-hall singer Damia and written some songs for her, Clair was persuaded by her to visit Gaumont studios in 1920 where a film was being cast and he then agreed to take on a leading role in Le Lys de la vie, directed by Loïe Fuller and Gabrielle Sorère. He adopted the stage-name of René Clair, and several other acting jobs followed, including Parisette for Louis Feuillade. In 1922 he extended his career as a journalist, becoming the editor of a new film supplement to a monthly magazine, Théâtre et Comœdia illustrés.  He also visited Belgium and after an introduction from his brother Henri, he became an assistant to the director Jacques de Baroncelli on several films.1924–1934In 1924, with the support of the producer Henri Diamant-Berger, Clair got the opportunity to direct his own first film, Paris qui dort (The Crazy Ray), a short comic fantasy. Before it had been shown however, Clair was asked by Francis Picabia and Erik Satie to make a short film to be shown as part of their Dadaist ballet Relâche; he made Entr'acte (1924), and it established Clair as a leading member of the Parisian avant-garde.Fantasy and dreams were also components of his next two films, but in 1926 Clair took a new direction when he joined Alexandre Kamenka's Films Albatros company to film a dramatic story, La Proie du vent (The Prey of the Wind), which met with commercial success. He remained at Albatros for his last two silent films, Un chapeau de paille d'Italie (An Italian Straw Hat) and Les Deux Timides (Two Timid Souls) (both 1928), in which he sought to translate the essentially verbal comedy of two plays by Labiche into works of silent cinema. While at Albatros, Clair met the designer Lazare Meerson and the cameraman Georges Périnal who were to remain important collaborators with him for the next decade. By the end of the silent era, Clair was celebrated as one of the great names in cinema, alongside Griffith, Chaplin, Pabst and Eisenstein. As the author of all of his own scripts, who also paid close attention to every aspect of the making of a film, including the editing, Clair was one of the first French film-makers to establish for himself the full role of an auteur.Clair was initially sceptical about the introduction of sound to films, and called it \"an unnatural creation\". He then realised the creative possibilities that it offered, particularly, in his view, if the soundtrack was not used realistically; words and pictures need not, and indeed should not, be tied together in a clumsy duplication of information; dialogue did not always need to be heard. Between 1930 and 1933, Clair explored these ideas in his first four sound films, starting with Sous les toits de Paris (Under the Roofs of Paris); this was followed by Le Million (1931), À nous la liberté (1931), and Quatorze juillet (Bastille Day) (1933). All of these films portrayed an affectionate and idealized view of working class life, and they did much to create a popular romantic image of Paris which was seen around the world. These films were made at the Epinay Studios for Films Sonores Tobis, a French subsidiary of the German-owned Tobis company.When Chaplin made Modern Times in 1936, it was noted that some parts of it bore a marked similarity to scenes in À nous la liberté, and the production company Tobis launched a lawsuit for plagiarism against United Artists, the producers of Chaplin's film. Clair was embarrassed by this since he acknowledged his own debt to the spirit of Chaplin, and he refused to be associated with the action.After the immense success of these early sound films, Clair met with a major setback when his next film, Le Dernier Milliardaire (The Last Billionaire/The Last Millionaire) (1934), was a critical and commercial flop. While he was visiting London for the film's British première, he met Alexander Korda who offered him a contract to work in England.  He accepted, and began a lengthy period of exile from film-making in France.1935–1946Clair's contract with Korda's London Films was for two years and it envisaged three films. Because of his limited English, he collaborated with the American dramatist Robert E. Sherwood as script-writer for his first film, The Ghost Goes West (1935), a comic fantasy about transatlantic culture clash. Clair and Sherwood became close friends. In January 1936, Clair visited America for two weeks, checking out for future employment possibilities but still planning to remain with Korda. Korda however rejected Clair's next script and they parted company. Clair's remaining time in England led to only one more completed film, Break the News (1938), a musical comedy with Jack Buchanan and Maurice Chevalier.Returning to France, Clair attempted to make another film there in 1939, Air pur, which was to be a celebration of youth and childhood, but the outbreak of war interrupted filming and it was abandoned. In May 1940, Jean Giraudoux, then Minister of Information, suggested to Clair that the film profession should concentrate its resources in the south of country in Nice and Marseille – and if necessary establish a French production centre in the United States. It was with this last plan in mind that Clair and his family, along with Julien Duvivier, departed for America, but by the time he reached New York the project had already fallen through and he went straight on to Hollywood where several studios were interested in employing him. He made his first American film for Universal Studios, The Flame of New Orleans (1941), but it was such a commercial failure that for a time Clair's career as a director was in the balance. After more than a year's delay, his next film was I Married a Witch (1942), followed by It Happened Tomorrow (1944), both of which did respectably well, and then And Then There Were None (1945), which turned out to be an exceptional commercial success despite being perhaps the least personal of his Hollywood ventures. Each of Clair's American films was made for a different studio.In 1941 Clair was stripped of his French citizenship by the Vichy government, though this was later reversed. It was also in 1941 that he learned of the death of his brother Henri Chomette in France from polio. In 1943, he was planning to go to Algeria to organise the Service Cinématographique de l'Armée, but funding for the project was withdrawn just as he was on the point of departure. In July 1945 he went back to France for a short visit, and then returned finally in July 1946, having signed a contract with RKO for his next film to be made in France.Clair's American exile had allowed him to develop his characteristic vein of ironical fantasy with several commercially successful films, but there was some feeling that it had been at the expense of personal control and that his output there had not matched the quality of his earlier work in France. Clair himself recognised that being employed by the highly organized American studios had allowed him to work in ideal circumstances: \"In spite of the restrictions of the American system, it is possible, if one wishes, to take responsibility. In my four Hollywood films I managed to do what I wanted.\"1947–1965Clair's first film on his return to France was the romantic comedy Le silence est d'or (Silence is Golden) (1947), which was set in 1906 and nostalgically evoked the world of early French film-making; its plot also created variations on Molière's L'École des femmes. Clair considered it one of his best post-war films. Literary inspirations also underpinned other films: Faust for La Beauté du diable (Beauty and the Devil) (1950); and Don Juan for Les Grandes Manœuvres (1955). In these two films and the intervening Les Belles de nuit (Beauties of the Night) (1952), the leading actor was Gérard Philipe who became a friend and a favourite performer for Clair. Porte des Lilas (1957) was a sombre film, set once again in a popular district of Paris with its picturesque inhabitants, for which the singer Georges Brassens was persuaded to give his only film performance.During the 1950s, as a new generation of French critics and film-makers emerged who were impatient of the prevailing modes of film production, Clair found himself increasingly criticised as a representative of the cinéma de qualité, a \"cinema of old men\" dominated by nostalgia for their younger days. His status as a figure of the 'establishment' was further confirmed by his election to the Académie Française in 1960. Although he continued to make a few more films in comic vein such as Tout l'or du monde (All the Gold in the World) (1961), they were not well received and he made his last film, Les Fêtes galantes (The Lace Wars), in 1965.Writing and later workClair began his career as a journalist, and writing remained an important interest for him to which he increasingly turned in his later years. In 1926 he published a novel, Adams (translated into English as Star Turn), about a Hollywood star for whom the distinction between the real and unreal becomes blurred. He occasionally returned to writing fiction (La Princesse de Chine and Jeux du hasard), but many of his publications dealt with the cinema, including reflections on his own films. Apart from many journal articles, his main publications were:Adams. (Paris: Grasset, 1926). English translation, Star Turn, (London: Chatto & Windus, 1936).Réflexion faite. (Paris: Gallimard, 1951). English translation, Reflections on the Cinema. (London: William Kimber, 1953).La Princesse de Chine, suivi de De fil en aiguille. (Paris: Grasset, 1951).Comédies et commentaires. (Paris: Gallimard, 1959) [includes 5 of Clair's screenplays]. English translation, in part, Four Screenplays. (New York: Orion Press, 1970).Discours de réception à l'Académie française. (Paris: Gallimard, 1962).Tout l'or du monde. (Paris: Gallimard, 1962).Cinéma d'hier, cinéma d'aujourd'hui. (Paris: Gallimard, 1970). English translation, Cinema Yesterday and Today. (New York: Dover, "}
{"doc_id":"doc_244","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Beatrix of BadenBeatrix of Baden (22 January 1492 – 4 April 1535) was a margravine (wife of a margrave) of Baden by birth and by marriage and aCountess Palatine of Simmern.  She was a daughter of Christoph I, Margrave of Baden and Ottilie of Katzenelnbogen.Marriage and issueIn 1508 she married theCount Palatine  Johann II of Simmern (born: 21 March 1492; died: 18 May 1557).  With him she had twelve children:Catherine (1510–1572), Abbess in KumbdmonasteryJohanna (1512–1581), Abbess in Marienberg monastery at BoppardOttilia (1513–1553), nun at Marienberg in BoppardFrederick III the Pious(1515–1576), Elector Palatinemarried firstly 1537 Princess Marie of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (1519–1567)married secondly 1569 Countess Amalia ofNeuenahr-Alpen (1540–1602)Brigitta (1516–1562), Abbess at Neuburg an der DonauGeorg (1518–1569), Count Palatine of Simmern-Sponheimmarried in 1541princess Elisabeth of Hesse (1503–1563)Elisabeth (1520–1564)married in 1535 Count Georg II of Lauterbach (1506-1569)Reichard (1521–1598), Count Palatineof Simmern-Sponheimmarried in firstly 1569 Countess Juliane of Wied (1545-1575)married in secondly 1578 Countess Emilie of Württemberg(1550-1589)married in thirdly 1589 Countess Palatine Anna Margarete of Veldenz (1571-1621)Maria (1524–1576), nun at Marienberg in BoppardWilliam(1526–1527)Sabine (1528–1578)married in 1544 Count Lamoral of Egmont (1522–1568)Helena (1532–1579)married in 1551 Count Philipp III ofHanau-Münzenberg (1526–1561)AncestorsPassage 2:Frederick II, Grand Duke of BadenFrederick II (9 July 1857 – 9 August 1928; German: Großherzog vonBaden Friedrich II.) was the last sovereign Grand Duke of Baden, reigning from 1907 until the abolition of the German monarchies in 1918. The Weimar-era stateof Baden originated from the area of the Grand Duchy. In 1951–1952, it became part of the new state of Baden-Württemberg.LifeFriedrich \"Fritz\" Wilhelm LudwigLeopold August Prinz von Baden was born on 9 July 1857, in Karlsruhe in the state of Baden-Württemberg to Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden and PrincessLouise of Prussia.As a student at the University of Heidelberg, Frederick was a member of the Suevia Corps, a student fraternal organization. Frederick becamethe head of the House of Zähringen on 28 September 1907, after the death of his father Frederick I, who was the sovereign Grand Duke of Baden reigning from1856 to 1907. He abdicated on 22 November 1918, amidst the tumults of the German Revolution of 1918–19 which resulted in the abolition of the Grand Duchy.After the death of his cousin Carola of Vasa, he became the representative of the descent of the Kings of Sweden of the House of Holstein-Gottorp. On 20September 1885 in Schloss Hohenburg, he married Princess Hilda of Nassau, the only daughter of the exiled Duke Adolphe of Nassau who later succeeded asGrand Duke of Luxembourg. There was no surviving issue from the marriage.He was à la suite the Royal Prussian Regiments Erstes Garde-Regiment zu Fuß (1stGuard Foot Regiment) and 1. Garde-Ulanen-Regiment and à la suite the Imperial 1st Seebataillon. He was also Regimentschef of the 4. Königlich SächsischesInfanterie-Regiment Nr. 103, which was also known as Infanterie-Regiment „Großherzog Friedrich II. von Baden“ (4. Königlich Sächsisches) Nr.103.Promotions1875 : Sekondeleutnant (= Leutnant)1881 : Premierleutnant (= Oberleutnant)1882 : Hauptmann1884 : Major1889 : Oberst1891 :Generalmajor1893 : Generalleutnant1897 : General der Infanterie1905 : Generaloberst with the rank of GeneralfeldmarschallDeathAfter his death in 1928, theheadship of the house was transferred over to his first cousin who was the last Chancellor of Imperial Germany, Prince Maximilian of Baden.Honours andawardsGerman orders and decorationsForeign orders and decorations  Austria-Hungary:Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1885MilitaryJubilee Cross, 14 August 1908 Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold Empire of Brazil: Grand Cross of the Southern Cross Denmark: Knight of theElephant, 13 October 1897 Kingdom of Italy: Knight of the Annunciation, 10 September 1897 Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion Kingdom ofRomania:Grand Cross of the Order of Carol I, with CollarGrand Cross of the Star of Romania Russian Empire: Knight of St. Andrew  Sweden-Norway:Knight of theSeraphim, with Collar, 20 September 1881Grand Cross of St. Olav, 27 September 1897 United Kingdom: Honorary Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, 16June 1905Honorary military appointmentsHonorary General of the Swedish Army, 1906AncestryPassage 3:Mechthild of BavariaMechthild of Bavaria (12 July 1532– 2 November 1565 in Baden-Baden) was a German noblewoman. She was the daughter of William IV, Duke of Bavaria and his wife Marie. She was buried in theStiftskirche at Baden-Baden.On 17 January 1557 she married Philibert, Margrave of Baden-Baden, and they had the following children:Jakobea (16 January 1558– 3 September 1597 in Düsseldorf), married Duke John William of Jülich-Cleves-Berg.Philip II (19 February 1559 in Baden-Baden – 17 June 1588), Margrave ofBaden.Anna Maria (22 May 1562 – 25 April 1583 in Trebon).Maria Salome (1 February 1563 – 30 April 1600 in Pfreimd).Mechthild is a German form ofMatilde.Passage 4:Herman II, Margrave of BadenHermann II of Baden (c. 1060 – 7 October 1130) was the first to use the title Margrave of Baden, after thefamily seat at Castle Hohenbaden. This castle is in the present day town of Baden-Baden.LifeHermann was the son of Hermann I of Baden and Judit ofBacknang-Sulichgau. He was ruler of the March of Verona from 1112 until 1130.He styled himself Dominus in Baden, comes Brisgaviae, marchio Verona. InEnglish, his titles were: Lord in Baden, Count of Brisgau, Margrave of Verona. Around 1070 Hermann began to build Castle Hohenbaden on top of the remains ofan old Celtic structure. After the structure was completed in 1112, he gave himself the title Margrave of Baden.He rebuilt the Augustine monastery that his fatherhad built in Backnang in 1123. Hermann was laid to rest in the monastery with the inscription:\"In this tomb lies the Margrave Hermann of Baden, who was thefounder of this monastery and temple. He died in the year thousand increased by hundred and three times ten fronm the time on when the pious virgin bore .When he was transferred here along with his descendancy, fifteen hundred years had passed, thereto ten onandall three.\"Family and childrenHermann II marriedJudit of Hohenberg and had the following children:Hermann III (d. January 16, 1160)Judith (d. 1162), married Ulrich I of Carinthia (d. 1144)Passage 5:PrinceWilliam of Baden (1829–1897)Prince Louis William Augustus of Baden (German: Ludwig Wilhelm August Prinz von Baden; 18 December 1829 – 27 April 1897)was a Prussian general and politician. He was the father of Prince Maximilian of Baden, the last Minister President of the Kingdom of Prussia and last Chancellor ofthe German Empire. Wilhelm was a Prince of Baden, and a member of the House of Zähringen.FamilyWilhelm was born in Karlsruhe, Grand Duchy of Baden, on18 December 1829 as the fifth child and third surviving son of Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden, and his wife Princess Sophie of Sweden. Through his father,Wilhelm was a grandson of Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden and his wife Baroness Louise Caroline Geyer of Geyersberg and through his mother, agrandson of Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden and his wife Frederica of Baden.Wilhelm was a brother of Alexandrine, Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Louis II, GrandDuke of Baden, Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden, Prince Charles of Baden, Marie, Princess Ernest of Leiningen, and Grand Duchess Olga Feodorovna ofRussia.Military careerDuring his brief service in the Baden Federal Contingent (German: Baden Bundescontingente), Wilhelm attained the rank of Lieutenant in1847 and First Lieutenant in 1849. Beginning between 1849 and 1850, he served as a First Lieutenant in the 1st Foot Guards (German: 1. Garde-Regiment zuFuß) infantry regiment of the Royal Prussian Army. Wilhelm received his formal education in the Prussian Army. From 1856, Wilhelm served as Major of the GuardArtillery (German: Gardeartillerie) and served as the last Major General and Commander of the Guards Artillery Brigade (German: Gardeartilleriebrigade).Wilhelm retired from Prussian military service in 1863 with the rank of Lieutenant General, shortly before his marriage to Princess Maria ofLeuchtenberg.Austro-Prussian WarIn 1866, during the Austro-Prussian War between the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire, Wilhelm assumed commandof the Baden Division of the 8th Federal Corps (German: 8. Bundeskorps) siding with the Austrian-led German Confederation. The dissolution of the 8th FederalCorps began on 30 July 1866 when Wilhelm sent a flag of truce along with a letter to the Prussian headquarters at Marktheidenfeld. The letter stated thatWilhelm's father Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden, had entered into direct negotiations with Wilhelm I of Prussia and that King Wilhelm I granted the Baden troopspermission to return to their homes.Immediately following the Austro-Prussian War, Wilhelm reformed the army of Baden based upon the Prussian system.Wilhelm and Prince August of Württemberg were the two south German princes who were foremost in securing the union of the Northern and Southern Germanstates. On 22 September 1868, Wilhelm announced his resignation from the command of the troops of the Grand Duchy of Baden and was replaced by GeneralBeza.Franco-Prussian WarIn the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, Wilhelm commanded the 1st Baden Brigade in the XIV Corps. On 30 October 1870, Wilhelmand General Gustav Friedrich von Beyer assailed Dijon. The French had transported 10,000 men by rail and the citizens of Dijon, including women, joined in thedefense of the city against the Germans. The resistance was not easily subdued and the Germans suffered heavy losses, however according to historian GustaveLouis Maurice Strauss, \"[Wilhelm] carried the heights of St. Apollinari in gallant style and occupied the suburbs from which the Germans ultimately forced theirway into the city where fierce fights from barricade to barricade from house to house lasted till midnight.\" Dijon was occupied by 24,000 Prussians on 18 January1870, but was reoccupied by the French after a severe battle, and subsequently retaken by the Prussians on 19 January, during which Wilhelm was shot in hischeek at Nuits-Saint-Georges.Post-war careerIn 1895, Kaiser Wilhelm II promoted him à la suite to the Grenadier Regiment (German: Leibgrenadierregimentes)in honor of the 25th anniversary of the Battle of Nuits-Saint-Georges. At the same time, Wilhelm II made him knight of the Order of Pour le Mérite, the Kingdomof Prussia's highest military order.Wilhelm's final military rank was General of the Infantry.Political careerFrom a young age, Wilhelm held a seat in the FirstChamber of the Diet of the Grand Duchy of Baden. From 1871 to 1873, Wilhelm was a representative of Baden in the Reichstag of the German Empire in which he"}
{"doc_id":"doc_245","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of NorfolkThomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk  (1443 – 21 May 1524), styled Earl of Surrey from 1483 to 1485 and againfrom 1489 to 1514, was an English nobleman, soldier and statesman who served four monarchs. He was the eldest son of John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk, byhis first wife, Catharina de Moleyns. The Duke was the grandfather of both Queen Anne Boleyn and Queen Catherine Howard and the great-grandfather of QueenElizabeth I. In 1513 he led the English to victory over the Scots at the decisive Battle of Flodden, for which he was richly rewarded by King Henry VIII, then awayin France.Early lifeThomas Howard was born in 1443 at Stoke-by-Nayland, Suffolk, the only surviving son of John Howard, later 1st Duke of Norfolk, by his firstwife, Katherine, the daughter of Sir William Moleyns (died 8 June 1425) and his wife Margery. He was educated at Thetford Grammar School.Service underEdward IVWhile a young man, he entered the service of King Edward IV as a henchman. Howard took the King's side when war broke out in 1469 with the Earl ofWarwick, and took sanctuary at Colchester when the King fled to Holland in 1470. Howard rejoined the royal forces at Edward's return to England in 1471, andwas severely wounded at the Battle of Barnet on 14 April 1471. He was appointed an esquire of the body in 1473. On 14 January 1478 he was knighted byEdward IV at the marriage of the King's second son, the young Duke of York, and Lady Anne Mowbray (died 1481).Service under Richard IIIAfter the death ofEdward IV on 9 April 1483, Thomas Howard and his father John supported Richard III. Thomas bore the Sword of State at Richard's coronation and served assteward at the coronation banquet. Both Thomas and his father were granted lands by the new King, and Thomas was also granted an annuity of £1000. On 28June 1483, John Howard was created Duke of Norfolk, while Thomas was created Earl of Surrey. Surrey was also sworn of the Privy Council and invested with theOrder of the Garter. In the autumn of that year Norfolk and Surrey suppressed a rebellion against the King by the Duke of Buckingham. Both Howards remainedclose to King Richard throughout his two-year reign, and fought for him at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, where Surrey was wounded and taken prisoner, and hisfather killed. Surrey was attainted in the first Parliament of the new King, Henry VII, stripped of his lands, and committed to the Tower of London, where he spentthe next three years.Service under Henry VIIHoward was offered an opportunity to escape during the rebellion of the Earl of Lincoln in 1487, but refused, perhapsthereby convincing Henry VII of his loyalty. In May 1489 Henry restored him to the earldom of Surrey, although most of his lands were withheld, and sent him toquell a rebellion in Yorkshire. Surrey remained in the north as the King's lieutenant until 1499. He and his family lived in Sheriff Hutton Castle while in the North.In 1499 he was recalled to court, and accompanied the King on a state visit to France in the following year. In 1501 he was again appointed a member of thePrivy Council, and on 16 June of that year was made Lord High Treasurer. Surrey, Richard Foxe (Bishop of Winchester and Lord Privy Seal) and William Warham(Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor), became the King's \"executive triumvirate\". He was entrusted with a number of diplomatic missions. In 1501 hewas involved in the negotiations for Catherine of Aragon's marriage to Arthur, Prince of Wales, and in 1503 conducted Margaret Tudor to Scotland for her weddingto King James IV.Service under Henry VIIISurrey was an executor of the will of King Henry VII when the King died on 21 April 1509, and played a prominent rolein the coronation of King Henry VIII, in which he served as Earl Marshal. He challenged Thomas Wolsey in an effort to become the new King's first minister, buteventually accepted Wolsey's supremacy. Surrey expected to lead the 1513 expedition to France, but was left behind when the King departed for Calais on 30June 1513. Shortly thereafter King James IV of Scotland launched an invasion into England, and Surrey, with the aid of other noblemen and his sons Thomas andEdmund, crushed James's much larger force at the Battle of Flodden, near Branxton, Northumberland, on 9 September 1513. The Scots may have lost as many as10,000 men, and King James was killed. The victory at Flodden brought Surrey great popular renown and royal rewards. On 1 February 1514, he was createdDuke of Norfolk, and his son Thomas was made Earl of Surrey. Both were granted lands and annuities, and the Howard arms were augmented in honour ofFlodden with an inescutcheon bearing the lion of Scotland pierced through the mouth with an arrow, within a double tressure flory-counterflory-gules, an emblemof the Scottish royal arms on rare occasion granted by Scottish kings to a favoured follower as a special mark of favour. The grant by Henry VIII to Howard wasthus a blatant heraldic insult to the kings of Scotland.Final yearsIn the final decade of his life, Norfolk continued his career as a courtier, diplomat and soldier. In1514 he joined Wolsey and Foxe in negotiating the marriage of Mary Tudor to King Louis XII of France, and escorted her to France for the wedding. On 1 May1517, he led a private army of 1,300 retainers into London to suppress the Evil May Day riots. In May 1521 he presided as Lord High Steward over the trial of hisin-law Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham. According to David M. Head, \"he pronounced the sentence of death with tears streaming down his face\".By thespring of 1522, Norfolk was almost 80 years of age and in failing health. He withdrew from court, resigned as Lord Treasurer in favour of his son in December ofthat year, and after attending the opening of Parliament in April 1523, retired to his ducal castle at Framlingham in Suffolk where he died on 21 May 1524. Hisfuneral and burial on 22 June at Thetford Priory were said to have been \"spectacular and enormously expensive, costing over £1300 and including a procession of400 hooded men bearing torches and an elaborate bier surmounted with 100 wax effigies and 700 candles\", befitting the richest and most powerful peer inEngland. After the dissolution of Thetford Priory, the Howard tombs were moved to the Church of St Michael the Archangel, Framlingham. A now-lost monumentalbrass depicting the 2nd Duke was formerly in the Church of St. Mary at Lambeth.Marriages and issueOn 30 April 1472, Howard married Elizabeth Tilney, thedaughter of Sir Frederick Tilney of Ashwellthorpe, Norfolk, and widow of Sir Humphrey Bourchier, slain at Barnet, son and heir apparent of Sir John Bourchier, 1stBaron Berners. They had issue:Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of NorfolkSir Edward HowardLord Edmund Howard, father of Henry VIII's fifth Queen, CatherineHowardSir John HowardHenry HowardCharles HowardHenry Howard (the younger)Richard HowardElizabeth Howard, married Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire,and was mother of Queen Anne Boleyn, and grandmother of Queen Elizabeth.Muriel Howard (died 1512), married firstly John Grey, 2nd Viscount Lisle (died1504), and secondly Sir Thomas KnyvetNorfolk's first wife died on 4 April 1497, and on 8 November 1497 he married, by dispensation dated 17 August 1497, hercousin, Agnes Tilney, the daughter of Hugh Tilney of Skirbeck and Boston, Lincolnshire and Eleanor, a daughter of Walter Tailboys. They had issue:WilliamHoward, 1st Baron Howard of EffinghamLord Thomas Howard (1511–1537)Richard Howard (died 1517)Dorothy Howard, married Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl ofDerbyAnne Howard, married John de Vere, 14th Earl of OxfordCatherine Howard, married firstly, Rhys ap Gruffydd. Married secondly, Henry Daubeney, 1st Earl ofBridgewater.Elizabeth Howard (died 1536), married Henry Radclyffe, 2nd Earl of Sussex.Note: Thomas Howard indeed had two living daughters named ElizabethHoward and two living sons named Thomas Howard. It is unclear if he had two sons named Richard as well or if it was the same person. In the Dukes of Norfolkfamily tree, there is clearly a mistake. Richard Howard is there linked to Agnes Tilney (2nd wife of Thomas Howard), yet is said to born in 1487, which isimpossible to be true, as at the time Thomas Howard was married to Elizabeth Tilney.FootnotesPassage 2:Rhys ap Gruffydd (rebel)Rhys ap Gruffydd(1508–December 1531) was a powerful Welsh landowner who was accused of rebelling against King Henry VIII by plotting with James V of Scotland to becomePrince of Wales. He was executed as a rebel. He married Lady Catherine Howard (b. abt 1499 Ashwellthorpe, Norfolk, England), the daughter of Thomas Howard,2nd Duke of Norfolk and his second wife Agnes Tilney.Early lifeRhys was the grandson of Rhys ap Thomas, the most powerful man in Wales and close ally ofHenry VIII. His father, Gruffydd ap Rhys ap Thomas, died in 1521, leaving him his grandfather's heir. In 1524 Rhys married Catherine Howard, daughter ofThomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk.As his grandfather's heir, Rhys expected to inherit his estates and titles. When Rhys ap Thomas died in 1525, Henry VIIIgave his most important titles and powers to Walter Devereux, Lord Ferrers, leading to a feud between Rhys and Ferrers, which escalated over the next fewyears.Conflict with FerrersRhys attempted to increase his status in Wales, petitioning Cardinal Thomas Wolsey to be given various posts. The potential for conflictwith Ferrers increased when both men were given the right to extend their number of retainers; this led to the emergence of competing armed gangs. The badblood between Rhys and Ferrers reached a crisis point in June 1529 when Ferrers made a display of his status during preparations for the annual Court of GreatSessions in Carmarthen. Rhys, surrounded by forty armed men, threatened Ferrers with a knife. Rhys was arrested and imprisoned in Carmarthen Castle. Rhys'swife Catherine escalated the situation by collecting hundreds of her supporters and attacking the castle. She later threatened Ferrers himself with an armed gang.In the conflict between the two factions, several of Ferrers's men were killed. The factions continued to cause other disruptions over the coming months, leadingto deaths in street fights and acts of piracy.Treason chargesThe rebellious actions of Rhys's supporters led to Rhys's transfer to prison in London in 1531. By thisstage, Henry was claiming that Rhys was attempting to overthrow his government in Wales. Rhys had added the title Fitz-Urien to his name, referring to Urien,the ancient Welsh ruler of Rheged, a person of mythical significance. Rhys's accusers claimed that this was an attempt to assert himself as Prince of Wales. Hewas supposed to be plotting with James V of Scotland to overthrow Henry in fulfilment of ancient Welsh prophecies.Rhys was convicted of treason and wasexecuted in December 1531. The execution caused widespread dismay and he was openly said to have been innocent. Contemporary writer Ellis Gruffudd,however, argued that the arrogance of the Rhys family had caused their downfall, saying that \"many men regarded his death as Divine retribution for thefalsehoods of his ancestors, his grandfather, and great-grandfather, and for their oppressions and wrongs. They had many a deep curse from the poor people who"}
{"doc_id":"doc_246","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Muhammad Habib ShakirMuhammad Habib Shakir (1866 in Cairo – 1939 in Cairo) (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) was an Egyptian judge, born inCairo and a graduate from Al-Azhar University.LifeSheikh Mohammed Shakir b. Ahmad b. ‘Abd al-Qadir was born in 1866 CE in Jirja, a city in Upper Egypt. Hestudied and graduated from Al-Azhar University. He died in 1939 in Cairo.His son, Sheikh Ahmad Muhammad Shakir, wrote his biography in a treatise entitledMohammed Shakir ‘Alam min A‘lam al-‘AsrPositionsSudan's Supreme Judge for four years (1890-1893)Dean of Alexandria's ScholarsAl-Azhar Secretary General(\"Wakil\") and a member of its board of directorsMember of Al-Azhar Corps of High ScholarsMember of Al-Azhar legislative Society (\"al-Jam‘iyyaal-Tashri‘iyya\")Works\"Al-Durus al-Awwaliyya fi al-‘Aqa’id al-Diniyya\"\"Al-Qawl al-Fasl fi Tarjamat al-Qur’an al-Karim\"\"Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya\"Qur'ancontroversyMohammed Habib Shakir has been stated by many internet sources as \"a well known translator of the Qur'an into English.\" He has been associatedwith the translator M. H. Shakir of the translation published by Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an. However this idea is contradicted by two pieces of evidence that have nowcome to light:There is strong evidence that Mohammed Habib Shakir was against the translation of the Qur'an and considered the rendering of the Arabic into anyother language unlawful.There is strong evidence that M. H. Shakir, the translator, is actually a pen name for Mohammedali Habib Shakir the son of Habib Esmailof The House of Habib.The translator of this edition was in fact a Pakistani Shi'a.See alsoList of Islamic scholarsTranslation of the Qur'anPassage 2:RumbiKatedzaRumbi Katedza is a Zimbabwean Film Producer and Director who was born on 17 January 1974.Early life and educationShe did her Primary and SecondaryEducation in Harare, Zimbabwe. Katedza graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English from McGill University, Canada in 1995. In 2008 Katedza received theChevening Scholarship that enabled her to further her studies in film. She also holds a MA in Filmmaking from Goldsmiths College, London University.Work andfilmographyKatedza has experience in Film and TV Production, Directing, Writing as well as Producing and presenting Radio shows. From 1994 to 2000, Sheproduced and presented radio shows on Women's issues, Arts and Culture, Hip Hop and Acid Jazz for the CKUT (Montreal) and ZBC Radio 3 (Zimbabwe). From2004 - 2006, she served as the Festival Director of the Zimbabwe International Film Festival. Whilst there, she produced the Postcards from Zimbabwe Series. In2008, Katedza founded Mai Jai Films and has produced numerous films and television productions under the banner namelyTariro (2008);Big House, Small House(2009);The Axe and the Tree (2011);The Team (2011)Playing Warriors (2012)Her early works include:Danai (2002);Postcards from Zimbabwe (2006);Trapped(2006 – Rumbi Katedza, Marcus Korhonen);Asylum (2007);Insecurity Guard (2007)Rumbi Katedza is a part-time lecturer at the University of Zimbabwe, in thedepartment of Theatre Arts. She is a judge and monitor at the National Arts Merit Awards, responsible for monitoring new film and TV productions throughout theyear on behalf of the National Arts Council of Zimbabwe. She has also lobbied Zimbabwean government to actively support the film industry.Passage 3:EdwardYatesEdward J. Yates (September 16, 1918 – June 2, 2006) was an American television director who was the director of the ABC television program AmericanBandstand from 1952 until 1969.BiographyYates became a still photographer after graduating from high school in 1936. After serving in World War II, he becameemployed by Philadelphia's WFIL-TV as a boom microphone operator. He was later promoted to cameraman (important as most programming was done live andlocal during the early years of television) and earned a bachelor's degree in communications in 1950 from the University of Pennsylvania.In October 1952, Yatesvolunteered to direct Bandstand, a new concept featuring local teens dancing to the latest hits patterned after the \"950 Club\" on WPEN-AM. The show debutedwith Bob Horn as host and took off after Dick Clark, already a radio veteran at age 26, took over in 1956.It was broadcast live in its early years, even after itbecame part of the ABC network's weekday afternoon lineup in 1957 as American Bandstand. Yates pulled records, directed the cameras, queued thecommercials and communicated with Clark via a private line telephone located on his podium.In 1964, Clark moved the show to Los Angeles, taking Yates withhim.Yates retired from American Bandstand in 1969, and moved his family to the Philadelphia suburb of West Chester.He died in 2006 at a nursing home wherehe had been for the last two months of his life.External linksEdward Yates at IMDbPassage 4:Reginald Le BorgReginald Le Borg (11 December 1902 – 25 March1989) was an Austrian film director. He was born in Vienna, Austria with the surname Groebel and directed 68 films between 1936 and 1974.Le Borg made aseries of low-budget horror films at Universal Studios in the 1940s. In 1944, he made his most expensive and also most successful film, San Diego, I Love You,featuring Buster Keaton in a supporting role.A banker in Vienna, he came to the United States as a visitor in 1928, 1929 and 1930, according to New Yorksteamship passenger manifests. He was recorded as Harry Reginald Groebel. He emigrated permanently in 1931. In his naturalization petition in 1937, hechanged his name legally from Harry Groebel to Reginald Le Borg Le Borg died in Los Angeles, California from a heart attack.Selected filmographyFurtherreadingHelmut G. Asper: Etwas besseres als den Tod – Filmexil in Hollywood. Schüren Verlag, Marburg 2002, ISBN 3-89472-362-9, p. 154–168 (German)HelmutG. Asper: Filmexilanten im Universal Studio. Bertz und Fischer, 2005, (German)Wheeler Winston Dixon: The Films of Reginald Le Borg. Scarecrow Press(Filmmakers series Book 31), 1992Passage 5:War JabiWar-Dyabe ibn Rabis (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) or War Jabi (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), alsoknown as: War Jaabi or War-Dyabe or War-Ndyay, was the king of Tekrur.  He converted to Islam around 1030 and his subjects did the same to imitate him.Following attacks on the Muslims of Tekrour by animists who were afraid of the growing influence of Islam in the kingdom, he called on his Almoravid allies whohelped him to take power. This conflict forced the ancestors of today's Serer people to flee south to land near the Saloum Delta.Under his reign, he expanded thekingdom by conquering other territories. The rapprochement with the Almoravids benefited the kingdom economically and created stronger political ties betweenthe Muslim states of North Africa and Tekrour. Later, during a period of domestic instability in the Ghana Empire, Tekrur ended up conquering the emprie with thehelp of the Almoravids by taking its capital Koumbi Saleh.He died in 433 Hijri (1040 or 1041 Gregorian), succeeded by his son Labi.SeealsoTakrurBambukSourcesBarry, Boubacar. Senegambia and the Atlantic slave trade, (Cambridge: University Press, 1998) p. 6Clark, Andrew F. and Lucie ColvinPhillips. Historical Dictionary of Senegal: Second Edition, (Metuchen, New Jersey: Scrarecrow Press, 1994) pp. 18; 265Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland Anthony, \"TheCambridge History of Africa: From c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1050\", Cambridge University Press (1975), p. 485, ISBN 9780521209816 - [1] last retrieved 20 June2022Cohen, Robert Z., Discovering the Empire of Ghana, The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. (2013), p. 39, ISBN 9781477718889 - [2] last retrieved 20 June2022Levtzion, Nehemia (1973). Ancient Ghana and Mali. New York: Methuen & Co Ltd. p. 44,183. ISBN 0841904316.NotesSerer historyPassage 6:ChesterWitheyChester \"Chet\" Withey (8 November 1887, Park City, Utah – 6 October 1939, California) was an American silent film actor, director, and screenwriter. Heparticipated in the production in total of some 100 films. Born in Park City, Utah, the son of Chester Henry Withey and Mary E. Kelso, Withey started his career insilent film as an actor in 1913. He starred in films such as the 1916 film The Wharf Rat.  He married Virginia Philley, a screenwriter, who also did someacting.However, by 1916, he had already directed several films and decided to concentrate on work behind the camera. Withey was also accredited with writingfor 15 films.He retired from film directing in 1928 and died 6 October 1939.Partial filmographyExternal linksChester Withey at IMDbPassage 7:Hassan ZeeHassan\"Doctor\" Zee is a Pakistani-American film director who was born in Chakwal, Pakistan.Early lifeDoctor Zee grew up in Chakwal, a small village in Punjab, Pakistan.as one of seven brothers and sisters  His father was in the military and this fact required the family to move often to different cities. As a child Zee was forbiddenfrom watching cinema because his father believed movies were a bad influence on children.At age 13, Doctor Zee got his start in the world of entertainment atRadio Pakistan where he wrote and produced radio dramas and musical programs.  It was then that he realized his passion for storytelling At the age of 26,Doctor Zee earned his medical doctorate degree and did his residency in a burn unit at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences. He cared for women who werevictims of  \"Bride Burning,\" the archaic practice used as a form of punishment against women who fail to provide sufficient dowry to their in-laws after marriageor fail to provide offspring.  He also witnessed how his country’s transgender and intersex people, called “hijras”, were banned from having jobs and forced to begto survive. These experiences inspired Doctor Zee to tackle the issues of women’s empowerment and gender inequality in his films.In 1999, he came to SanFrancisco to pursue his dream of filmmaking and made San Francisco his homeEducationHe received his early education from Jinnah Public School, Chakwal. Hegot his medical doctor degree at Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan.Film careerDoctor Zee's first film titled Night of Henna was released in 2005. The theme ofthe film dealt with \"the conflict between Old World immigrant customs and modern Western ways...\" Night of Henna focused on the problems of Pakistaniexpatriates who found it hard to adjust in American culture. Many often landed themselves in trouble when it came to marrying off their children.His second filmBicycle Bride came out in 2010, which was about \"the clash between the bonds of family and the weight of tradition.\" His third film House of Temptation thatcame out in 2014 was about a family which struggles against the temptations of the Devil. His fourth film “Good Morning Pakistan”, concerned a young American’sjourney back to Pakistan where he confronts the contradictory nature of a beautiful and ancient culture that's marred by economic, educational and genderinequality His upcoming fifth film, \"Ghost in San Francisco\" is a supernatural thriller starring Felissa Rose, Dave Sheridan, and Kyle Lowder where a soldier comeshome from Afghanistan to discover that his wife is having an affair with his best friend. While battling with his inner ghosts and demons, he meets a mysterious"}
{"doc_id":"doc_247","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Vidkun QuislingVidkun Abraham Lauritz Jonssøn Quisling (, Norwegian: [\u0000v\u0000\u0000dk\u0000n \u0000kv\u0000\u0000sl\u0000ŋ] (listen); 18 July 1887 – 24 October 1945) was aNorwegian military officer, politician and Nazi collaborator who nominally headed the government of Norway during the country's occupation by Nazi Germanyduring World War II.He first came to international prominence as a close collaborator of the explorer Fridtjof Nansen, and through organising humanitarian reliefduring the Russian famine of 1921 in Povolzhye. He was posted as a Norwegian diplomat to the Soviet Union and for some time also managed British diplomaticaffairs there. He returned to Norway in 1929 and served as minister of defence in the governments of Peder Kolstad (1931–32) and Jens Hundseid (1932–33) inrepresenting the Farmers' Party.In 1933, Quisling left the Farmers' Party and founded the fascist Nasjonal Samling (National Gathering). Although he gainedsome popularity after his attacks on the political left, his party failed to win any seats in the Storting, and by 1940, it was still little more than peripheral. On 9April 1940, with the German invasion of Norway in progress, he attempted to seize power in the world's first radio-broadcast coup d'état but failed since theGermans sought to convince the recognized Norwegian government to legitimize the German occupation, as had been done in Denmark during the simultaneousinvasion there, instead of recognizing Quisling. On 1 February 1942, he formed a second government, approved by the Germans, and served as ministerpresident and headed the Norwegian state administration jointly with the German civilian administrator, Josef Terboven. His pro-Nazi puppet government, knownas the Quisling regime, was dominated by ministers from Nasjonal Samling. The collaborationist government participated in Germany's war efforts, and sent Jewsout of the country to concentration camps in occupied Poland (General Government).Quisling was put on trial during the legal purge in Norway after World War II.He was found guilty of charges including embezzlement, murder and high treason against the Norwegian state, and was sentenced to death. He was executed byfiring squad at Akershus Fortress, Oslo, on 24 October 1945.Since his death, Quisling has become one of history's most infamous traitors due to his collaborationwith Nazi Germany. The term quisling has become a byword for \"collaborator\" or \"traitor\" in several languages and reflects the contempt with which Quisling'sconduct has been regarded both at the time and in the present day.Early lifeBackgroundVidkun Abraham Lauritz Jonssøn Quisling (Norwegian pronunciation ) wasborn on 18 July 1887 in Fyresdal, in the Norwegian county of Telemark. He was the son of Church of Norway pastor and genealogist Jon Lauritz Qvisling(1844–1930) and his wife Anna Caroline Bang (1860–1941), the daughter of Jørgen Bang, ship-owner and at the time the richest man in the town of Grimstad inSouth Norway. The elder Quisling had lectured in Grimstad in the 1870s; one of his pupils was Bang, whom he married on 28 May 1886, following a longengagement. The newly-wed couple promptly moved to Fyresdal, where Vidkun and his younger siblings were born.The family name derives from Quislinus, aLatinised name invented by Quisling's ancestor Lauritz Ibsen Quislin (1634–1703), based on the village of Kvislemark near Slagelse, Denmark, whence he hademigrated. Having two brothers and a sister, the young Quisling was \"shy and quiet but also loyal and helpful, always friendly, occasionally breaking into a warmsmile.\" Private letters later found by historians also indicate a warm and affectionate relationship between the family members. From 1893 to 1900, his fatherwas a chaplain for the Strømsø borough in Drammen. Here, Vidkun went to school for the first time. He was bullied by other students at the school for hisTelemark dialect, but proved a successful student. In 1900, the family moved to Skien when his father was appointed provost of the city.Academically Quislingproved talented in humanities, particularly history, and natural sciences; he specialised in mathematics. At this point, however, his life had no clear direction. In1905, Quisling enrolled at the Norwegian Military Academy, having received the highest entrance examination score of the 250 applicants that year. Transferringin 1906 to the Norwegian Military College, he graduated with the highest score since the college's inception in 1817, and was rewarded by an audience with theKing. On 1 November 1911, he joined the army General Staff. Norway was neutral in the First World War; Quisling detested the peace movement, though thehigh human cost of the war did temper his views. In March 1918, he was sent to Russia as an attaché at the Norwegian legation in Petrograd, to take advantageof the five years he had spent studying the country. Though dismayed at the living conditions he experienced, Quisling nonetheless concluded that \"theBolsheviks have got an extraordinarily strong hold on Russian society\" and marvelled at how Leon Trotsky had managed to mobilise the Red Army forces so well;he asserted that by contrast, in granting too many rights to the people of Russia, the Russian Provisional Government under Alexander Kerensky had broughtabout its own downfall. When the legation was recalled in December 1918, Quisling became the Norwegian military's expert on Russian affairs.TravelsParis,Eastern Europe, and NorwayIn September 1919, Quisling departed Norway to become an intelligence officer with the Norwegian delegation in Helsinki, a post thatcombined diplomacy and politics. In the autumn of 1921, Quisling left Norway once again, this time at the request of explorer and humanitarian Fridtjof Nansen,and in January 1922 arrived in the Ukrainian capital Kharkiv to help with the League of Nations humanitarian relief effort there. Highlighting the massivemismanagement of the area and the death toll of approximately ten thousand a day, Quisling produced a report that attracted aid and demonstrated hisadministrative skills, as well as his dogged determination to get what he wanted.Quisling replied [that] the Russian people needed wise leadership and propertraining [that they suffered from] indifference, a lack of clearly defined goals with conviction and a happy-go-lucky attitude [and that] it is impossible toaccomplish anything without willpower, determination and concentration.On 21 August 1922, he married the Russian Alexandra Andreevna Voronina. Alexandrawrote in her memoirs that Quisling declared his love for her, but from his letters home and investigations undertaken by his cousins, it appeared that there wasno romantic involvement between the two, Quisling merely seemed to have wanted to lift the girl out of poverty by providing her with a Norwegian passport andfinancial security.Having left Ukraine in September 1922, Quisling and Alexandra returned to Kharkiv in February 1923 to prolong aid efforts, with Nansendescribing Quisling's work as \"absolutely indispensable.\" In March 1923, Alexandra was pregnant, and Quisling insisted on her having an abortion, which greatlydistressed her. Quisling found the situation much improved and, with no fresh challenges, found it a more boring trip than his last. He did however meet MariaVasiljevna Pasetchnikova (Russian: Мари́я Васи́льевна Па́сечникова), a Ukrainian more than ten years his junior. Her diaries from the time \"indicate ablossoming love affair\" during the summer of 1923, despite Quisling's marriage to Alexandra the year before. She recalled that she was impressed by his fluentcommand of the Russian language, his Aryan appearance, and his gracious demeanour. Quisling later claimed to have married Pasetchnikova in Kharkiv on 10September 1923, although no legal documentation has been discovered. Quisling's biographer, Dahl, believes that in all likelihood the second marriage was neverofficial. Regardless, the couple behaved as though they were married, claimed Alexandra was their daughter, and celebrated their wedding anniversary. Soonafter September 1923, the aid mission came to an end and the trio left Ukraine, planning to spend a year in Paris. Maria wanted to see Western Europe; Quislingwanted to get some rest following bouts of stomach pain that had lasted all winter. The stay in Paris required a temporary discharge from the army, whichQuisling slowly grew to understand was permanent: army cutbacks meant that there would be no position available for him when he returned. Quisling devotedmuch of his time in the French capital to study, reading works of political theory and working on his philosophical project, which he called Universism. On 2October 1923, he persuaded the Oslo daily newspaper Tidens Tegn to publish an article he had written calling for diplomatic recognition of the Soviet government.Quisling's stay in Paris did not last as long as planned, and in late 1923 he started work on Nansen's new repatriation project in the Balkans, arriving in Sofia inNovember.The next two months he spent traveling constantly with his wife Maria. In January, Maria returned to Paris to look after Alexandra, who took on therole of the couple's foster-daughter; Quisling joined them in February. In the summer of 1924, the trio returned to Norway where Alexandra subsequently left tolive with an aunt in Nice and never returned. Although Quisling promised to provide for her well-being, his payments were irregular, and over the coming years hewould miss a number of opportunities to visit.Back in Norway, and to his later embarrassment, Quisling found himself drawn into the communist Norwegianlabour movement. Among other policies, he fruitlessly advocated a people's militia to protect the country against reactionary attacks, and asked members of themovement whether they would like to know what information the General Staff had on them, but he got no response. Although this brief attachment to thefar-left seems unlikely given Quisling's later political direction, Dahl suggests that, following a conservative childhood, he was by this time \"unemployed anddispirited ... deeply resentful of the General Staff ... [and] in the process of becoming politically more radical.\" Dahl adds that Quisling's political views at this timecould be summarised as \"a fusion of socialism and nationalism,\" with definite sympathies for the Soviets in Russia.Russia and the rouble scandalIn June 1925,Nansen once again provided Quisling with employment. The pair began a tour of Armenia, where they hoped to help repatriate Armenians, including those whosurvived the Armenian Genocide, via a number of projects proposed for funding by the League of Nations. Despite Quisling's substantial efforts, however, theprojects were all rejected. In May 1926, Quisling found another job with long-time friend and fellow Norwegian Frederik Prytz in Moscow, working as a liaisonbetween Prytz and the Soviet authorities who owned half of Prytz's firm Onega Wood. He stayed in the job until Prytz prepared to close down the business in early1927, when Quisling found new employment as a diplomat. British diplomatic affairs in Russia were being managed by Norway, and he became their new legationsecretary; Maria joined him late in 1928. A massive scandal broke when Quisling and Prytz were accused of using diplomatic channels to smuggle millions of"}
{"doc_id":"doc_248","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Gülbahar Hatun (wife of Mehmed II)Emine Gülbahar Mükrime Hatun (Ottoman Turkish: \u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; \"benign\", \"spring rose\" and \" hospitable\"; died c. 1492), was consort of Sultan Mehmed II, and mother of Sultan Bayezid II.Early lifeThe Ottoman inscription (vakfiye) describes her as Hātun binti Abdullah (Daughter of Abdullah), which means that her father was possibly a convert to Islam. She was a Christian slave girl of either Greek, or Albanian, origin.MarriageGülbahar married Mehmed in 1446, when he was still a prince and the governor of Amasya. She had two children, a son, Şehzade Bayezid (future Bayezid II) born in 1447 in Demotika, and a daughter, Gevherhan Hatun, born in 1446, who married Ughurlu Muhammad, a son of Aq Qoyunlu Sultan Uzun Hasan in 1474.Due to their middle name in common, Gülbahar is sometimes confused with Sittişah Mukrime Hatun, another consort of MehmedIn 1451, after Mehmed's accession to the throne, she followed him to Edirne. According to Turkish tradition, all princes were expected to work as provincial governors as a part of their training. In 1455 or 1456, Bayezid was appointed the governor of Amasya, and Gülbahar accompanied him, where the two remained until 1481, except for in 1457, when she came to Constantinople, and attended her son's circumcision ceremony.Gülbahar was apparently quite concerned about the future of her son, and related to that, her own properties. In order to secure her properties, she endowed the incomes of certain villages and fields to the Enderun mosque in 1474. Among the endowed properties was the village of Ağılcık, which was turned back into a Timariot village in 1479 during the land reform.In 1468, Mehmed gave the village of Bağluca to Gülbahar. After six years, in 1473, she sold the village to Taceddin Bey, son of Hamza Bali (died 1486), the book keeper of Bayezid's court. In 1478, the village's exemption was abolished and granted back to her probably as a result of the land reform. This order was reissued a year later at the request of Mevlana Şemseddin Ahmed according to which the village was not reverted to her, and she had likely become subject to a legal dispute.Mother of the SultanPer custom, Gülbahar got the highest position in the imperial family after the sultan himself when her son, Bayezid ascended the throne in 1481 until her death in 1492. During her son's reign, she and the rest of the Imperial Family resided at the Old Palace (saray-ı atik) and were visited by the Sultan who on each visit used to pay his respect to his mother. In one case, Gülbahar complained of her son's rare visits and in a letter to her son wrote: \"My fortune, I miss you. Even if you don't miss me, I miss you ... Come and let me see you. My dear lord, if you are going on campaign soon, come once or twice at least so that I may see your fortune-favored face before you go. It's been forty days since I last saw you. My sultan, please forgive my boldness. Who else do I have beside you ... ?\"Gülbahar had a considerable influence over Bayezid, for she used to make evaluations about the situation of some statesmen. Bayezid also valued his mother's words. In a letter written to him, she advises him against Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha, but favours his tutor Ayas Pasha and Hizirbeyoğlu Mehmed Pasha.In 1485, Bayezid endowed a mosque, and a school in Tokat in the memory of Gülbahar Hatun.DeathGülbahar Hatun died in 1492, and was buried in Fatih Mosque, Istanbul. The tomb was damaged in the 1766 Istanbul earthquake, and was rebuilt in 1767–1768.IssueWith Mehmed II, Gülbahar Hatun had at least a daughter and a son:Gevherhan Hatun (c. 1446 - 1514).Bayezid II (1447 - 1512).In popular cultureIn the 2012 film Fetih 1453, Gülbahar Hatun is portrayed by Turkish actress Şahika Koldemir.In the 2013 Turkish series Fatih, Gülbahar Hatun is portrayed by Turkish actress Seda Akman.In the second season of Netflix's Rise of Empires: Ottoman (2020-2022), Gülbahar Hatun is portrayed by actress Yasemin Eti.See alsoOttoman EmpireOttoman dynastyList of consorts of the Ottoman SultansPassage 2:Hüma HatunHüma Hatun (Ottoman Turkish: \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, \"bird of paradise/phoenix\" c. 1410 \u0000 September 1449) was a consort of Ottoman Sultan Murad II and mother of Mehmed II.LifeAlthough, some Turkish sources claim that she was of Turkish origin, Hüma Hatun was a slave girl of European origin. Nothing is known of her family background, apart from the fact that an Ottoman inscription (vakfiye) describes her as Hātun binti Abdullah (daughter of Abdullah); at that time, people who converted to Islam were given the name Abdullah meaning Servant of God, which is evidence of her non-Muslim origin. According to tradition, she was of Italian and/or Jewish origins and her original name was Stella or Ester. According to another theory, backed on the fact that Mehmed II was fluent in the Serbian language, it was that she came from those areas and was South Slavic, most likely Serbian. Finally, a third theory says she was Greek. Her name, hüma, means \"bird of paradise/phoenix\", after the Persian legend. Hüma Hatun entered in Murad II's harem around 1424. By him she had firstly two daughters, Hatice Hatun in 1425 and Fatma Hatun in 1430, and finally, on 30 March 1432, she gave birth to her only son, the future Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror. In 1438, Mehmed was circumcised along with his elder half-brother, Şehzade Alaeddin. When Mehmed was 11 years old, he was sent to Manisa as a prince governor. Hüma followed her son to Manisa. Her children's wet nurse was Hundi Hatun (d. 14 February 1486): usually styled Daye Hatun (lady governess), she became very wealthy and influential enough during the reign of Mehmed II, enough to fund several charitable foundations and commission prayers for her soul. In 1444, after the death of Mehmed's elder half-brother, Şehzade Alaeddin, who died in 1443, Mehmed was the only heir left to the throne. In that same year, Murad II abdicated the throne due to depression over the death of his son, Şehzade Alaeddin Ali Çelebi,  and retreated to Manisa.Her son Şehzade Mehmed succeeded the throne as Mehmed II. She held the Vâlide Hatun position for two years. In 1446, Murad took over the throne again, and Hüma and her son returned to Bursa. However, Mehmed succeeded the throne in 1451, after the death of his father, but she never became a Valide Hatun as she died before the accession. She was not alive to see the conquest of Constantinople, which became the capital of Ottoman Empire for nearly five centuries, before the Empire was abolished in 1922 and Turkey was officially declared as a republic.DeathShe died in September 1449 in Bursa, two years before her son's second accession to the throne. Her tomb is located at the site known as \"Hatuniye Kümbedi\" (Hatuniye Tomb) to the east of Muradiye Complex, which was built by her son Mehmed. The quarter where her tomb lies has been known thus far as Hüma Hatun Quarter.IssueBy Murad II, Hüma Hatun had two daughters and a son:Hatice Hatun (1425 - after 1470). She married Candaroğlu İsmail Kemaleddin Bey and had three sons: Hasan Bey, Yahya Bey and Mahmud Bey. Her descendants were still alive during the reign of Abdulmejid I, in the 19th century.Fatma Hatun (1430 - after 1464). She married Zaganos Pasha and had two sons: Hamza Bey and Ahmed Çelebî, who would become an important adviser to his cousin Bayezid II. After divorced in 1462, she married Mahmud Çelebi.Mehmed II the Conqueror (1432 - 1481) - with Hüma Hatun. Sultan of the Ottoman Empire after his father and conqueror of Constantinople in 1453.In popular cultureHüma Hatun was portrayed by Leyla Feray in the docuseries Rise of Empires: Ottoman (2020).See alsoList of consorts of the Ottoman sultansList of mothers of the Ottoman sultansPassage 3:TjuyuThuya (sometimes transliterated as Touiyou, Thuiu, Tuya, Tjuyu or Thuyu) was an Egyptian noblewoman and the mother of queen Tiye, and the wife of Yuya. She is the grandmother of Akhenaten, and great grandmother of Tutankhamun.BiographyThuya is believed to be a descendant of Queen Ahmose-Nefertari, and she held many official roles in the interwoven religion and government of ancient Egypt. She was involved in many religious cults; her titles included 'Singer of Hathor' and ' Chief of the Entertainers' of both Amun and Min. She also held the influential offices of Superintendent of the Harem of the god Min of Akhmin and of Amun of Thebes.  She married Yuya, a powerful ancient Egyptian courtier of the Eighteenth Dynasty.  She is believed to have died in around 1375 BC in her early to mid 50s.ChildrenYuya and Thuya had a daughter named Tiye, who became the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Amenhotep III. The great royal wife was the highest Egyptian religious position, serving alongside of the pharaoh in official ceremonies and rituals.Yuya and Thuya also had a son named Anen, who carried the titles Chancellor of Lower Egypt, Second Prophet of Amun, sm-priest of Heliopolis and Divine Father.They also may have been the parents of Ay, an Egyptian courtier active during the reign of pharaoh Akhenaten who became pharaoh after the death of Tutankhamun. However, there is no conclusive evidence regarding the kinship of Yuya and Ay, although certainly, both men came from Akhmim.TombThuya was interred in tomb KV46 in the Valley of the Kings, together with her husband Yuya, where their largely intact burial was found in 1905. It was the best-preserved tomb discovered in the Valley before that of Tutankhamun, Thuya's great-grandson. The tomb was discovered by a team of workmen led by archaeologist James Quibell on behalf of the American millionaire Theodore M. Davis. Though the tomb had been robbed in antiquity, much of its contents were still present, including beds, boxes, chests, a chariot, and the sarcophagi, coffins, and mummies of the two occupants.Thuya's large gilded and black-painted wooden sarcophagus was placed against the south wall of the tomb. It is rectangular, with a lid shaped like the sloping roof of the per-wer shrine of Upper Egypt, and sits on ornamental sledge runners, their non-functionality underscored by the three battens attached below them. Ancient robbers had partially dismantled it to access her coffins and mummy, placing its lid and one long side on a bed on the other side of the tomb; the other long side had been leaned against the south wall. Her outer gilded anthropoid coffin had been removed, its lid placed atop the beds, and the trough put into the far corner of the tomb; the lid of her second (innermost) coffin, also gilded, had been removed and placed to one side although the trough and her mummy remained inside the sarcophagus. Quibell suggests this is due to the robbers having some difficulty in removing the lid of this coffin.MummyThuya's mummified body was found covered with a large sheet of linen, knotted at the back and secured by four bandages. These bands were covered with resin and opposite each band were her gilded titles cut from gold foil. The resin coating on the lower layers of bandages preserved the impression of a large broad collar. The mummy bands that had once covered her wrapped mummy were recovered above the storage jars on the far side of the room.The first examination of her body was conducted by Australian anatomist Grafton Elliot Smith. He found her to be an elderly woman of small stature, 1.495 metres (4.90 ft) "}
{"doc_id":"doc_249","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Mehdi AbrishamchiMehdi Abrishamchi (Persian: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 born in 1947 in Tehran) is a high-ranking member of the People's Mujahedinof Iran (MEK).Early lifeAbrishamchi came from a well-known anti-Shah bazaari family in Tehran, and participated in June 5, 1963, demonstrations in Iran. Hebecame a member of Hojjatieh, and left it to join the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) in 1969. In 1972 he was imprisoned for being a MEK member, and spenttime in jail until 1979.CareerShortly after Iranian Revolution, he became one of the senior members of the MEK. He is now an official in the National Council ofResistance of Iran.Electoral historyPersonal lifeAbrishamchi was married to Maryam Rajavi from 1980 to 1985. Shortly after, he married Mousa Khiabani'syounger sister Azar.LegacyAbrishamchi credited Massoud Rajavi for saving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran after the \"great schism\".Passage 2:PåsolsidenPå solsiden (On the Sunny Side) is a Norwegian comedy-drama film from 1956 directed by Edith Carlmar. It stars Arne Lie, Randi Kolstad, Henny Moan,Ellen Isefiær, and Joachim Holst-Jensen. The film is based on Helge Krog's 1927 play of the same name.PlotOn a warm summer day, the writer Joachim Briscomes to the Riibe estate. He has been invited by Hartvig, the son running the farm. However, not everyone is happy with the visit, which has unexpectedconsequences for several people in the family. All of them have a part to play when Esther must eventually have a big showdown with those that have alwayslived \"on the sunny side.\"Reception and reissueWhen the film premiered in 1956, the newspaper Aftenavisen Stavangeren characterized it as \"a truly amiable,sunny, and charming comedy.\" The film was released on DVD  in 2005 by Nordisk Film.OtherThe 1936 Swedish film På Solsidan (On the Sunny Side) was alsobased on Krog's play. It had a script written by Oscar Hemberg and was directed by Gustaf Molander. The film starred Lars Hanson, Ingrid Bergman, KarinSwanström, and Edvin Adolphson.CastArne Lie: landowner Hartvig RiibeEllen Isefiær: Margrethe, Hartvig's motherRandi Kolstad: Ester Riibe, Hartvig's wifeHennyMoan: Wenche, Hartvig's sisterJoachim Holst-Jensen: Uncle SeverinFrank Robert: Joakim BrisJan Voigt: Preben KlingbergLalla Carlsen: woman in a boatMinorroles are also played by Otto Carlmar, Haakon Arnold, Ragnar Olason, Odd Johansen, and Odd Rohde.Passage 3:Princess Auguste of Bavaria(1875–1964)Princess Auguste of Bavaria (German: Auguste Maria Luise Prinzessin von Bayern; 28 April 1875 – 25 June 1964) was a member of the BavarianRoyal House of Wittelsbach and the spouse of Archduke Joseph August of Austria.Birth and familyAuguste was born in Munich, Bavaria, the second child of PrinceLeopold of Bavaria and his wife, Archduchess Gisela of Austria. She had one older sister, Princess Elisabeth Marie of Bavaria and two younger brothers, PrinceGeorg of Bavaria and Prince Konrad of Bavaria.Marriage and issueShe married Joseph August, Archduke of Austria, on 15 November 1893 in Munich. The couplehad six children;Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria, born on 28 March 1895; died on 25 September 1957(1957-09-25) (aged 62)Archduchess Gisela AugusteAnna Maria, born on 5 July 1897; died on 30 March 1901(1901-03-30) (aged 3)Archduchess Sophie Klementine Elisabeth Klothilde Maria, born on 11 March 1899;died on 19 April 1978(1978-04-19) (aged 79)Archduke Ladislaus Luitpold, born on 3 January 1901; died on 29 August 1946(1946-08-29) (aged 44)ArchdukeMatthias Joseph Albrecht Anton Ignatius, born on 26 June 1904; died on 7 October 1905(1905-10-07) (aged 1)Archduchess Magdalena Maria Raineria, born on 6September 1909; died on 11 May 2000(2000-05-11) (aged 90)AncestryWorld War IOn the outbreak of war with Italy in 1915, Augusta Maria Louise, though inher 40s and the mother of a son serving as an officer, went to the front with the cavalry regiment of which her husband, the Archduke Josef August, a corpscommander, was honorary colonel, and served a common soldier, wearing a saber and riding astride, until the end of the war.Passage 4:Edith CarlmarEdithCarlmar (born Edith Mary Johanne Mathiesen) (15 November 1911 – 17 May 2003) was a Norwegian actress and Norway's first female film director. She is knownfor films such as Aldri annet enn bråk (1954), Fjols til fjells (1957), and Ung flukt (The Wayward Girl, 1959). Her 1949 film, Døden er et kjærtegn (Death is aCaress), is considered to be Norway's first film noir. The last film she directed, Ung flukt, introduced Liv Ullmann, Norway's most famous actor internationally, tothe silver screen.Carlmar came from a poor family in the working class districts of East Oslo. However, she did manage to take dancing classes and made herdebut on stage at the age of 15. In the theater she met Otto Carlmar whom she married three years later. From 1936 she worked as an actress in varioustheatres. Here she met the film director Tancred Ibsen who introduced her to the world of cinema.In 1949 she and her husband started Carlmar Film A/S, andbegan writing scripts, directing and producing films. They made ten feature films over a ten-year period. After a decade of film-making Carlmar retired as adirector. In the last part of her life she accepted only minor acting roles in plays and movies. Carlmar's films often tackled such social issues as abortion, drugaddiction, mental illness and out of wedlock births. Her films often pushed the boundaries of censorship at that time.FilmographyActressVigdis (1943)Denhemmelighetsfulle leiligheten (1948)Jentespranget (Lina's Wedding) (1973)DirectorDøden er et kjærtegn (1949)Skadeskutt (1951)Ung frue forsvunnet(1953)Aldri annet enn bråk (1954)Bedre enn sitt rykte (1955)På solsiden (1956)Slalåm under himmelen (1957)Fjols til fjells (1957)Lån meg din kone (1958)Ungflukt (The Wayward Girl) (1959)Director shortsBak kulisseneKirker i OsloLangåra - et sommerparadis on YouTube, published by the City Archive of Oslo * OslobymuseumVann og kloakk on YouTube, published by the City Archive of OsloPassage 5:Gertrude of BavariaGertrude of Bavaria (Danish and German: Gertrud;1152/55–1197) was Duchess of Swabia as the spouse of Duke Frederick IV, and Queen of Denmark as the spouse of King Canute VI.Gertrude was born to Henrythe Lion of Bavaria and Saxony and Clementia of Zähringen in either 1152 or 1155. She was married to Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia, in 1166, and became awidow in 1167. In 1171 she was engaged and in February 1177 married to Canute of Denmark in Lund. The couple lived the first years in Skåne. On 12 May1182, they became king and queen. She did not have any children. During her second marriage, she chose to live in chastity and celibacy with her husband.Arnold of Lübeck remarked of their marriage, that her spouse was: \"The most chaste one, living thus his days with his chaste spouse\" in eternal chastity.Passage6:Heather D. GibsonHeather Denise Gibson (Greek: Χέδερ Ντενίζ Γκίμπσον) is a Scottish economist currently serving as Director-Advisor to the Bank of Greece(since 2011). She was the spouse of Euclid Tsakalotos, former Greek Minister of Finance.Academic careerBefore assuming her duties at the Bank of Greece andalternating child-rearing duties with her husband, Gibson worked at the University of Kent, where she published two volumes on international exchange ratemechanisms and wrote numerous articles on this and other topics, sometimes in cooperation with her husband, who was teaching at Kent at the time.PersonallifeGibson first came to Greece in 1993, with her husband, with whom she took turns away from their respective economic studies to raise their three childrenwhile the other worked.The couple maintain two homes in Kifisia, along with an office in Athens and a vacation home in Preveza. In 2013, this proved detrimentalto Tsakalotos and his party when his critics began calling him «αριστερός αριστοκράτης» (aristeros aristokratis, \"aristocrat of the left\"), while newspapers opposedto the Syriza party seized on his property holdings as a chance to accuse the couple of hypocrisy for enjoying a generous lifestyle in private while criticizing the\"ethic of austerity\" in public. One opposition newspaper published on the front page criticism reasoning that Tsakalotos own family wealth came from the samesort of investments in companies as made by financial institutions JP Morgan and BlackRock.WorksEditorEconomic Bulletin, Bank of GreeceBooksThe EurocurrencyMarkets, Domestic Financial Policy and International Instability (London, etc., Longman: 1989) ISBN 0312028261International Finance: Exchange Rates andFinancial Flows in the International Financial System (London, etc., Longman: 1996) ISBN 0582218136Economic Transformation, Democratization andIntegration into the European Union (London: Palgrave Macmillan: 2001) ISBN 9780333801222Articles and papers\"Fundamentally Wrong: Market Pricing ofSovereigns and the Greek Financial Crisis,\" Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 39(PB), pp. 405–419 (with Stephen G. & Tavlas, George S., 2014)\"Capitalflows and speculative attacks in prospective EU member states\" (with Euclid Tsakalotos, Economics of Transition Volume 12, Issue 3, pages 559–586, September2004)\"A Unifying Framework for Analysing Offsetting Capital Flows and Sterilisation: Germany and the ERM\" (with Sophocles Brissimis & Euclid Tsakalotos,International Journal of Finance & Economics, 2002, vol. 7, issue 1, pp. 63–78)\"Internal vs External Financing of Acquisitions: Do Managers Squander RetainedProfits\" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, Studies in Economics, 1996; Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 2000)\"Are AggregateConsumption Relationships Similar Across the European Union\" (with Alan Carruth & Euclid Tsakalotos, Regional Studies, Volume 33, Issue 1, 1999)Takeover Riskand the Market for Corporate Control: The Experience of British Firms in the 1970s and 1980 (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, 1998) PDF\"TheImpact of Acquisitions on Company Performance: Evidence from a Large Panel of UK Firms\" (with Andrew Dickerson and Euclid Tsakalotos, Oxford EconomicPapers New Series, Vol. 49, No. 3 (Jul., 1997), pp. 344–361)\"Short-Termism and Underinvestment: The Influence of Financial Systems\" (with Andrew Dickersonand Euclid Tsakalotos, The Manchester School of Economic & Social Studies, 1995, vol. 63, issue 4, pp. 351–67)\"Testing a Flow Model of Capital Flight in FiveEuropean Countries\" (with Euclid Tsakalotos, The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, Volume 61, Issue 2, pp. 144–166, June 1993)Full list ofarticles by Heather D Gibson. researchgate.net. Recovered 7 July 2015Passage 7:Sophia Magdalena of DenmarkSophia Magdalena of Denmark (Danish: SophieMagdalene; Swedish: Sofia Magdalena; 3 July 1746 – 21 August 1813) was Queen of Sweden from 1771 to 1792 as the wife of King Gustav III. Born into theHouse of Oldenburg, the royal family of Denmark-Norway, Sophia Magdalena was the first daughter of King Frederick V of Denmark and Norway and his firstconsort, Princess Louise of Great Britain. Already at the age of five, she was betrothed to Gustav, the heir apparent to the throne of Sweden, as part of an"}
{"doc_id":"doc_250","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Etan BoritzerEtan Boritzer (born 1950) is an American writer of children’s literature who is best known for his book What is God? first published in1989. His best selling What is? illustrated children's book series on character education and difficult subjects for children is a popular teaching guide for parents,teachers and child-life professionals.Boritzer gained national critical acclaim after What is God? was published in 1989 although the book has caused controversyfrom religious fundamentalists for its universalist views. The other current books in the What is? series include: What is Love?, What is Death?, What is Beautiful?,What is Funny?, What is Right?, What is Peace?, What is Money?, What is Dreaming?, What is a Friend?, What is True?, What is a Family?, and What is a Feeling?The series is now also translated into 15 languages.Boritzer was first published in 1963 at the age of 13 when he wrote an essay in his English class at WadeJunior High School in the Bronx, New York on the assassination of John F. Kennedy. His essay was included in a special anthology by New York City public schoolchildren compiled and published by the New York City Department of Education.Boritzer now lives in Venice, California and maintains his publishing office therealso. He has helped numerous other authors to get published through How to Get Your Book Published! programs. Boritzer is also a yoga teacher who teachesregular classes locally and guest-teaches nationally. He is also recognized nationally as an erudite speaker on The Teachings of the Buddha.Passage 2:Catherineof Bosnia, Baness of SlavoniaCatherine Kotromanić Babonić (Serbo-Croatian: Katarina Kotromanić) (? – after 1310) was Princess of Bosnia and Baness ofSlavonia by marriage.Catherine was child of Prijezda I Kotromanić and his wife Elizabeth of Slavonia. Her brothers were Vuk, Prijezda and Stephen. Catherine wasmarried to Stpehen III Babonić. They had two sons: Ladislav (fl. 1293)Stephen V (fl. 1293)Catherine and her husband were given Zemunik Fortress in Vrbas areaby Prijezda I in spring 1287. Catherine was Baness of Slavonia from 1310 to 1316.Passage 3:Albert Thompson (footballer, born 1912)Albert Thompson (born1912, date of death unknown) was a Welsh footballer.CareerThompson was born in Llanbradach, Wales, and joined Bradford Park Avenue from Barry Town in1934. After making 11 appearances and scoring two goals in the league for Bradford, he joined York City in 1936. He was York City's top scorer for the 1936–37season, with 28 goals. He joined Swansea Town in 1937, after making 29 appearances and scoring 28 goals for York. After making 4 appearances in the leaguefor Swansea, he joined Wellington Town.== Notes ==Passage 4:Bill Smith (footballer, born 1897)William Thomas Smith (9 April 1897 – after 1924) was anEnglish professional footballer.CareerDuring his amateur career, Smith played in 17 finals, and captained the Third Army team in Germany when he was stationedin Koblenz after the armistice during the First World War. He started his professional career with Hull City in 1921. After making no appearances for the club, hejoined Leadgate Park. He joined Durham City in 1921, making 33 league appearances in the club's first season in the Football League.He joined York City in theMidland League in July 1922, where he scored the club's first goal in that competition. He made 75 appearances for the club in the Midland League and fiveappearances in the FA Cup before joining Stockport County in 1925, where he made no league appearances.Passage 5:Andrew, Duke of SlavoniaAndrew, Duke ofSlavonia (Hungarian: András szlavóniai herceg; 1268–1278) was the youngest son of King Stephen V of Hungary and his wife, Elizabeth the Cuman. Tworebellious lords kidnapped him in 1274 in an attempt to play him off against his brother, Ladislaus IV of Hungary, but the king's supporters liberated him. He wasstyled \"Duke of Slavonia and Croatia\" in a 1274 letter. Years after his death (in 1290 and in 1317), two adventurers claimed to be identical with Andrew, but bothfailed.FamilyAndrew was born in 1268. He was the second son (and youngest child) of Stephen V, the junior king of Hungary at the time of Andrew's birth. Thesenior king was Andrew's grandfather Béla IV. Andrew's mother was Stephen's wife, Elizabeth the Cuman.Andrew's father, Stephen, became the sole King ofHungary in 1270, but died two years later. Stephen was succeeded by his elder son (Andrew's ten-year-old brother) Ladislaus IV. In theory, Ladislaus's ruledunder the regency of his mother, Elizabeth, but in fact, competing parties of the most wealthy noble families, including the Csáks and Kőszegis, were fightingagainst each other for the control of government.Duke of SlavoniaHenry Kőszegi, the Ban of Slavonia, and his ally, Joachim Gutkeled, the Master of the treasury,who had earlier held Ladislaus IV in captivity, kidnapped the six-year-old Andrew in July 1274, taking him to Slavonia in an attempt to play him off against hisbrother. However, Kőszegi's and Gutkeled's rival, Peter Csák, and his allies annihilated their united troops in late September and liberated Andrew. In a letterdated to the end of 1274, Andrew is mentioned as \"Duke of Slavonia and Croatia\", but otherwise he was only referred to as \"Duke Andrew\". According to ascholarly theory, the former title was only used to emphasize that Andrew was the lawful heir to his 12-year-old elder brother at the time the letter, whichreferred to a planned marriage between Andrew and a relative of Rudolf I of Germany, was written. Andrew died at the age of ten between 6 April and 6November 1278.Two false AndrewsAndrew's childless brother, Ladislaus IV was murdered on 10 July 1290. His distant relative, Andrew III, succeeded him andwas crowned king on 23 July. However, an adventurer announced that he was identical with King Ladislaus's younger brother, claiming Hungary to himselfagainst Andrew III. Through showing his specific birthmark, the impostor even convinced Stephen V's sister – the late Duke Andrew's aunt – Kinga, wife ofBolesław V the Chaste, Duke of Cracow. The false Duke Andrew invaded Hungary from Poland, but King Andrew's commander, George Baksa routed his troop,forcing him to return to Poland before 18 November. The pretender was in short killed by his Hungarian retainers.In 1317, a new adventurer declared himselfDuke Andrew, on this occasion in Majorca. He and his imprisonment was mentioned in the correspondence between Sancho, King of Majorca, and Robert, King ofNaples who was the uncle of Charles I of Hungary. The second false Duke Andrew's further fate is unknown.Passage 6:Stephen V of HungaryStephen V(Hungarian: V. István, Croatian: Stjepan V., Slovak: Štefan V; before 18 October 1239 – 6 August 1272, Csepel Island) was King of Hungary and Croatia between1270 and 1272, and Duke of Styria from 1258 to 1260. He was the oldest son of King Béla IV and Maria Laskarina. King Béla had his son crowned king at the ageof six and appointed him Duke of Slavonia. Still a child, Stephen married Elizabeth, a daughter of a chieftain of the Cumans whom his father settled in the GreatHungarian Plain.King Béla appointed Stephen Duke of Transylvania in 1257 and Duke of Styria in 1258. The local noblemen in Styria, which had been annexedfour years before, opposed his rule. Assisted by King Ottokar II of Bohemia, they rebelled and expelled Stephen's troops from most parts of Styria. After OttokarII routed the united army of Stephen and his father in the Battle of Kressenbrunn on 12 July 1260, Stephen left Styria and returned to Transylvania.Stephenforced his father to cede all the lands of the Kingdom of Hungary to the east of the Danube to him and adopted the title of junior king in 1262. In two years, a civilwar broke out between father and son, because Stephen accused Béla of planning to disinherit him. They concluded a peace treaty in 1266, but confidence wasnever restored between them. Stephen succeeded his father, who died on 3 May 1270, without difficulties, but his sister Anna and his father's closest advisorsfled to the Kingdom of Bohemia. Ottokar II invaded Hungary in the spring of 1271, but Stephen routed him. In next summer, a rebellious lord captured andimprisoned Stephen's son, Ladislaus. Shortly thereafter, Stephen unexpectedly fell ill and died.Childhood (1239–1245)Stephen was the eighth child and first sonof King Béla IV of Hungary and his wife, Maria, a daughter of Theodore I Lascaris, Emperor of Nicaea. He was born in 1239. Archbishop Robert of Esztergombaptised him on 18 October. The child, heir apparent from birth, was named after Saint Stephen, the first King of Hungary.Béla and his family, including Stephen,fled to Zagreb after the Mongols had annihilated the royal army in the Battle of Mohi on 11 April 1241. The Mongols crossed the frozen Danube in February 1242and the royal family ran off as far as the well-fortified Dalmatian town of Trogir. The King and his family returned from Dalmatia after the Mongols unexpectedlywithdrew from Hungary in March.Junior kingDuke of Slavonia (1245–1257)A royal charter of 1246 mentions Stephen as \"King, and Duke of Slavonia\". Apparently,in the previous year, Béla had his son crowned as junior king and endowed with the lands between the river Dráva and the Adriatic Sea, according to historiansGyula Kristó and Ferenc Makk. The seven-year-old Stephen's provinces—Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia—were administered by royal governors, known asbans.In a letter addressed to Pope Innocent IV in the late 1240s, Béla IV wrote that \"[o]n behalf of Christendom we had our son marry a Cuman girl\". The bridewas Elizabeth, the daughter of a leader of the Cumans whom Béla had invited to settle in the plains along the river Tisza. Elizabeth had been baptized, but tenCuman chieftains present at the ceremony nevertheless took their customary oath upon a dog cut into two by a sword.Duke of Transylvania and Styria(1257–1260)When Stephen attained the age of majority in 1257, his father appointed him Duke of Transylvania. Stephen's rule in Transylvania was short-lived,because his father transferred him to Styria in 1258. Styria had been annexed in 1254, but the local lords rose up in rebellion and expelled Béla IV's governor,Stephen Gutkeled, before Stephen's appointment. Stephen and his father jointly invaded Styria and subdued the rebels. In addition to Styria, Stephen alsoreceived two neighboring counties—Vas and Zala—in Hungary from his father. He launched a plundering raid in Carinthia in the spring of 1259, in retaliation ofDuke Ulrich III of Carinthia's support of the Styrian rebels.Stephen's rule remained unpopular in Styria. With support from King Ottokar II of Bohemia, the locallords again rebelled. Stephen could preserve only Pettau (present-day Ptuj, Slovenia) and its region. On 25 June 1260, Stephen crossed the river Morava toinvade Ottokar's realm. His military force, which consisted of Székely, Romanian and Cuman troops, routed an Austrian army. However, in the decisive Battle ofKressenbrunn King Béla's and Stephen's united army was vanquished on 12 July, primarily because the main forces, which were under King Béla's command,arrived late. Stephen, who commanded the advance guard, barely escaped from the battlefield. The Peace of Vienna, which was signed on 31 March 1261, put an"}
{"doc_id":"doc_251","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Where Was I\"Where Was I?\" may refer to:Books\"Where Was I?\", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind's IWhere Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009Film and TVWhere Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A. Seiter. With Reginald Denny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran.Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim RoseWhere Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953 Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location by looking at photos\"Where Was I?\" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980Music\"Where was I\", song by W. Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939\"Where Was I\", single from Charley Pride discography 1988\"Where Was I\" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton\"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)\", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Pass album)\"Where Was I?\", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)\"Where Was I\", song by Sawyer Brown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can You Hear Me Now 2002\"Where Was I?\", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999\"Where Was I\", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)\"Where Was I\", song by Rosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomas album)Passage 2:Bayezid IIBayezid II (Ottoman Turkish: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, romanized: Bāyezīd-i s\u0000ānī; Turkish: II. Bayezid; 3 December 1447 – 26 May 1512) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1481 to 1512. During his reign, Bayezid consolidated the Ottoman Empire, thwarted a Safavid rebellion and finally abdicated his throne to his son, Selim I. Bayezid evacuated Sephardi Jews from Spain after the proclamation of the Alhambra Decree and resettled them throughout Ottoman lands, especially in Salonica.Early lifeBayezid II was the son of Mehmed II (1432–1481) and Gülbahar Hatun, an Albanian concubine.There are sources that claim that Bayezid was the son of Sittişah Hatun, due to the two women's common middle name, Mükrime. This would make Ayşe Hatun, one of Bayezid's consorts, a first cousin of Bayezid II. However, the marriage of Sittişah Hatun took place two years after Bayezid was born and the whole arrangement was not to Mehmed's liking.Born in Demotika, Bayezid II was educated in Amasya and later served there as a bey for 27 years. In 1473, he fought in the Battle of Otlukbeli against the Aq Qoyunlu.Fight for the throneBayezid II's overriding concern was the quarrel with his brother Cem Sultan, who claimed the throne and sought military backing from the Mamluks in Egypt. Karamani Mehmed Pasha, latest grand vizier of Mehmed II, informed him of the death of the Sultan and invited Bayezid to ascend the throne. Having been defeated by his brother's armies, Cem sought protection from the Knights of St. John in Rhodes. Eventually, the Knights handed Cem over to Pope Innocent VIII (1484–1492). The Pope thought of using Cem as a tool to drive the Turks out of Europe, but as the papal crusade failed to come to fruition, Cem died in Naples.ReignBayezid II ascended the Ottoman throne in 1481. Like his father, Bayezid II was a patron of western and eastern culture. Unlike many other sultans, he worked hard to ensure a smooth running of domestic politics, which earned him the epithet of \"the Just\". Throughout his reign, Bayezid II engaged in numerous campaigns to conquer the Venetian possessions in Morea, accurately defining this region as the key to future Ottoman naval power in the Eastern Mediterranean. In 1497, he went to war with Poland and decisively defeated the 80,000 strong Polish army during the Moldavian campaign. The last of these wars ended in 1501 with Bayezid II in control of the whole Peloponnese. Rebellions in the east, such as that of the Qizilbash, plagued much of Bayezid II's reign and were often backed by the shah of Persia, Ismail I, who was eager to promote Shi'ism to undermine the authority of the Ottoman state. Ottoman authority in Anatolia was indeed seriously threatened during this period and at one point Bayezid II's vizier, Hadım Ali Pasha, was killed in battle against the Şahkulu rebellion. Hadım Ali Pasha's death prompted a power vacuum. As a result, many important statesmen secretly pledged allegiance to Kinsman Karabœcu Pasha (Turkish: \"Karaböcü Kuzen Paşa\") who made his reputation in conducting espionage operations during the Fall of Constantinople in his youth.Jewish and Muslim immigrationIn July 1492, the new state of Spain expelled its Jewish and Muslim populations as part of the Spanish Inquisition. Bayezid II sent out the Ottoman Navy under the command of admiral Kemal Reis to Spain in 1492 in order to evacuate them safely to Ottoman lands. He sent out proclamations throughout the empire that the refugees were to be welcomed. He granted the refugees the permission to settle in the Ottoman Empire and become Ottoman citizens. He ridiculed the conduct of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile in expelling a class of people so useful to their subjects. \"You venture to call Ferdinand a wise ruler,\" he said to his courtiers, \"he who has impoverished his own country and enriched mine!\" Bayezid addressed a firman to all the governors of his European provinces, ordering them not only to refrain from repelling the Spanish refugees, but to give them a friendly and welcome reception. He threatened with death all those who treated the Jews harshly or refused them admission into the empire. Moses Capsali, who probably helped to arouse the sultan's friendship for the Jews, was most energetic in his assistance to the exiles. He made a tour of the communities and was instrumental in imposing a tax upon the rich, to ransom the Jewish victims of the persecution.The Muslims and Jews of al-Andalus contributed much to the rising power of the Ottoman Empire by introducing new ideas, methods and craftsmanship. The first printing press in Constantinople (now Istanbul) was established by the Sephardic Jews in 1493. It is reported that under Bayezid's reign, Jews enjoyed a period of cultural flourishing, with the presence of such scholars as the Talmudist and scientist Mordecai Comtino; astronomer and poet Solomon ben Elijah Sharbi\u0000 ha-Zahab; Shabbethai ben Malkiel Cohen, and the liturgical poet Menahem Tamar.SuccessionDuring Bayezid II's final years, on 14 September 1509, Constantinople was devastated by an earthquake, and a succession battle developed between his sons Selim and Ahmet. Ahmet unexpectedly captured Karaman, and began marching to Constantinople to exploit his triumph. Fearing for his safety, Selim staged a revolt in Thrace but was defeated by Bayezid and forced to flee back to the Crimean peninsula. Bayezid II developed fears that Ahmet might in turn kill him to gain the throne, so he refused to allow his son to enter Constantinople.Selim returned from Crimea and, with support from the Janissaries, he forced his father to abdicate the throne on 25 April 1512. Bayezid departed for retirement in his native Dimetoka, but he died on 26 May 1512 at Havsa, before reaching his destination and only a month after his abdication. He was buried next to the Bayezid Mosque in Istanbul.LegacyBayezid was praised in a ghazal of Abdürrezzak Bahşı, a scribe who came to Constantinople from Samarkand in the second half of the 15th century that worked at the courts of Mehmed II and Bayezid II, and wrote in Chagatai with the Old Uyghur alphabet:I had a pleasant time in your reign my Padishah.I was without fear of all fears and dangers.The fame of your justice and fairness reached to China and Hotan.Thanks to God that there exist a merciful person like my Padishah.Sultan Bayezid Khan ascended the throne.This country had been his fate since past eternity.Any enemy that denied the country of my master:That enemy's neck had been in rope and gallows.Your believing servants' faces smile like Bahşı's.The place of those who walk unbelieving is hellfire.Bayezid II ordered al-\u0000Atufi, the librarian of Topkapı Palace, to prepare a register. The library's diverse holdings reflect a cosmopolitanism that was encyclopaedic in scope.FamilyConsortsBayezid had ten known consorts, plus other unknown concubines, mothers of the other sons and daughters:Şirin HatunHüsnüşah HatunBülbül HatunNigar HatunGülruh HatunGülbahar HatunMuhtereme Ferahşad HatunAyşe Hatun. Daughter of Alâüddevle Bozkurt Bey of the Dulkadir dynasty, and niece of Sittişah Hatun, first legal wife of Mehmed II, father of Bayezid. She died in 1512.Gülfem HatunMühürnaz HatunSonsBayezid had at least eight sons:Şehzade Abdullah (Amasya, 1465 - Konya, 11 June 1483) - son of Şirin Hatun. Bayezid's first son, he was governor of Manisa, Trebizond and Konya. He died of unknown causes and was buried in Bursa. He took as consort his cousin Nergiszade Ferahşad Sultan (daughter of Şehzade Mustafa, son of Mehmed II), with whom he had a son who died in infancy (1481-1489) and two daughters, Aynişah Sultan (1482-? , married) and Şahnisa Sultan (1484- ?, who in turn married her cousin Şehzade Mehmed Şah, son of her father's half brother Şehzade Şehinşah).Şehzade Ahmed (Amasya, c. 1466 - Bursa, 24 March 1513) - son of Bülbül Hatun. Bayezid's favorite son, he was executed by his half-brother Selim I, who became sultan. He had three known concubines, seven sons and four daughters.Şehzade Korkut (Amasya, 1469 - Manisa, 10 March 1513) - son of Nigar Hatun. Rival of Selim I for the throne, he was first exiled by them and then executed. He had two children who died as infants and two daughters, Fatma Sultan and Ferahşad Sultan.Selim I (Amasya, 10 October 1470 – Çorlu, 22 September 1520) – son with Gülbahar Hatun, who succeeded as Sultan Selim Han I (Yavuz).Şehzade Şehinşah (Amasya, 1474 - Karaman, 1511) - son of Hüsnüşah Hatun. He was governor of Manisa and Karaman. He was executed by his father for sedition and buried in Bursa. He had a consort, Mukrime Hatun, mother of his only known son, Şehzade Mehmed Şah (who married his cousin Şahnisa Sultan, daughter of Şehzade Abdullah).Şehzade Mahmud (Amasya, 1475 - Manisa, 1507) - son of an unknown concubine. He could be the full brother of Gevhermuluk Sultan. He was governor of Kastamonu and Manisa. He had three sons, Şehzade Musa (b.1490), Şehzade Orhan (b.1494) and Şehzade Emir Suleyman, executed by Selim I in 1512, and two daughters, Ayşe Hundi Sultan (1496 - after 1556, married in 1508 to Ferruh Bey; had a daughter Mihrihan Hanımsultan) and Hançerli Zeynep Fatma Sultan (1495 - April 1533, married to Mehmed Bey in 1508; had two children, Sultanzade Kasim Bey and Sultanzade Mahmud Bey. It is believed that she may have istruited the future Hürrem Sultan before she was introduced to Suleiman the Magnificent via Hafsa Sultan or Pargali Ibrahim.Şehzade Alemşah (Amasya, 1477 - Manisa, 1502) - son of Gülruh Hatun. Governor of Mentese and Manisa. He had a son, Şehzade Osman Şah (1492-1512, killed by Selim), and two daughters, Ayşe Sultan (married to his cousin Mehmed Celebi, son of Fatma Sultan, daughter of Bayezid II) and Fatma Sultan (1493-1522).Şehzade Mehmed (Amasya, 1486 - Kefe, December 1504) - son of Ferahşad Hatun. Governor of Kefe. He was married to a princess of the Giray khanate of Crimea (perhaps Ayşe Hatun, who after Mehmed's death married "}
{"doc_id":"doc_252","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Steele of the Royal MountedSteele of the Royal Mounted is a 1925 American silent Western film directed by David Smith and starring Bert Lytell, StuartHolmes and Charlotte Merriam. It is based on a novel by James Oliver Curwood about the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, and was shot on location in the SanBernardino National Forest.PlotAs described in a film magazine review, Isobel, an Eastern young woman, introduces Philip Steele to her father Colonel Becker, butas a trick implies that her father is her husband. Philip becomes disillusioned and goes to Canada and joins the North-West Mounted Police. Here he pursues a badman. In the meantime, the young woman seeks him out so she can explain the mistake she made. When she finds him, he has bagged his man, and there is areconciliation.CastPassage 2:Rumbi KatedzaRumbi Katedza is a Zimbabwean Film Producer and Director who was born on 17 January 1974.Early life andeducationShe did her Primary and Secondary Education in Harare, Zimbabwe. Katedza graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English from McGill University, Canadain 1995. In 2008 Katedza received the Chevening Scholarship that enabled her to further her studies in film. She also holds a MA in Filmmaking from GoldsmithsCollege, London University.Work and filmographyKatedza has experience in Film and TV Production, Directing, Writing as well as Producing and presenting Radioshows. From 1994 to 2000, She produced and presented radio shows on Women's issues, Arts and Culture, Hip Hop and Acid Jazz for the CKUT (Montreal) andZBC Radio 3 (Zimbabwe). From 2004 - 2006, she served as the Festival Director of the Zimbabwe International Film Festival. Whilst there, she produced thePostcards from Zimbabwe Series. In 2008, Katedza founded Mai Jai Films and has produced numerous films and television productions under the bannernamelyTariro (2008);Big House, Small House (2009);The Axe and the Tree (2011);The Team (2011)Playing Warriors (2012)Her early works include:Danai(2002);Postcards from Zimbabwe (2006);Trapped (2006 – Rumbi Katedza, Marcus Korhonen);Asylum (2007);Insecurity Guard (2007)Rumbi Katedza is apart-time lecturer at the University of Zimbabwe, in the department of Theatre Arts. She is a judge and monitor at the National Arts Merit Awards, responsible formonitoring new film and TV productions throughout the year on behalf of the National Arts Council of Zimbabwe. She has also lobbied Zimbabwean governmentto actively support the film industry.Passage 3:Beauty No. 2Beauty No. 2 is a 1965 American avant-garde film by directed by Andy Warhol and starring EdieSedgwick and Gino Piserchio. Chuck Wein also has a role in the film but never appears onscreen. Wein wrote the scenario and is also credited as assistantdirector.SynopsisThe movie has a fixed point of view showing a bed with two characters on it, Sedgwick and Piserchio. The film's writer, Chuck Wein is heardspeaking but is just out of view. Sedgwick is wearing a lace bra and panties, and Piserchio, wearing only jockey shorts, engage in flirting and light kissing. Weinasks Sedgwick questions seemingly designed to harass and annoy her. Piserchio is more or less a bystander not interacting with Wein.The dialogue was ad-libbedand no conclusions are reached in the film. The only conceivable climax is when Sedgwick finally becomes so mad at Wein's taunts, she throws a glass ashtray atWein, breaking it.ReceptionBeauty No. 2 was filmed in June 1965 and premiered at the Cinematheque at the Astor Place Playhouse in New York City on July 17,1965. Critical reviews were generally positive with some critics compared Edie Sedgwick's screen presence to Marilyn Monroe.See alsoList of American films of1965Andy Warhol filmographyFootnotesExternal linksBeauty No. 2 at IMDbBeauty No. 2 at AllMoviePassage 4:Beauty No. 1Beauty No. 1 is a 1965 film by AndyWarhol starring Edie Sedgwick, Kip Stagg a.k.a.Bima Stagg, and Chuck Wein.Synopsis and backgroundBeauty No. 1 is a precursor to Andy Warhol's better knownfollow up, Beauty No. 2 and was originally titled Beauty.The movie features Edie Sedgwick, Chuck Wein, and Kip Stagg, a.k.a. Bima Stagg. The film has a fixedpoint of view showing a bed with two characters on it, Sedgwick and Stagg. Chuck Wein is heard speaking but is just out of view. Sedgwick, in a skimpy outfit ofbra and panties, and Stagg, wearing only jockey shorts, engage in flirting and light kissing. Wein asks Sedgwick questions seemingly designed to harass andannoy her. Stagg is more or less a bystander not interacting with Wein.After dissatisfaction with performances in the first shoot, Warhol re-cast and re-shotBeauty as Beauty No. 2, with Edie Sedgwick, Chuck Wein and Gino Piserchio reprising the role of Kip Stagg.The dialogue seems as if it were created ad lib and noconclusions are reached in the film.The original film negative is maintained by the Andy Warhol Museum.Passage 5:Andy WarholAndy Warhol (; born AndrewWarhola Jr.; August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987) was an American visual artist, film director, producer, and leading figure in the pop art movement. His worksexplore the relationship between artistic expression, advertising, and celebrity culture that flourished by the 1960s, and span a variety of media, includingpainting, silkscreening, photography, film, and sculpture. Some of his best-known works include the silkscreen paintings Campbell's Soup Cans (1962) andMarilyn Diptych (1962), the experimental films Empire (1964) and Chelsea Girls (1966), and the multimedia events known as the Exploding Plastic Inevitable(1966–67).Born and raised in Pittsburgh, Warhol initially pursued a successful career as a commercial illustrator. After exhibiting his work in several galleries inthe late 1950s, he began to receive recognition as an influential and controversial artist. His New York studio, The Factory, became a well-known gathering placethat brought together distinguished intellectuals, drag queens, playwrights, Bohemian street people, Hollywood celebrities, and wealthy patrons. He promoted acollection of personalities known as Warhol superstars, and is credited with inspiring the widely used expression \"15 minutes of fame\". In the late 1960s hemanaged and produced the experimental rock band The Velvet Underground and founded Interview magazine. He authored numerous books, including ThePhilosophy of Andy Warhol and Popism: The Warhol Sixties. He lived openly as a gay man before the gay liberation movement. In June 1968, he was almost killedby radical feminist Valerie Solanas,  who shot him inside his studio. After gallbladder surgery, Warhol died of cardiac arrhythmia in February 1987 at the age of 58in New York City.Warhol has been the subject of numerous retrospective exhibitions, books, and feature and documentary films. The Andy Warhol Museum in hisnative city of Pittsburgh, which holds an extensive permanent collection of art and archives, is the largest museum in the United States dedicated to a singleartist. Warhol has been described as the \"bellwether of the art market\". Many of his creations are very collectible and highly valuable. His works include some ofthe most expensive paintings ever sold. In 2013, a 1963 serigraph titled Silver Car Crash (Double Disaster) sold for $105 million. In 2022, Shot Sage Blue Marilyn(1964) sold for $195 million, which is the most expensive work of art sold at auction by an American artist.BiographyEarly life and beginnings (1928–1949)Warholwas born on August 6, 1928, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was the fourth child of Ondrej Warhola (Americanized as Andrew Warhola Sr. 1889–1942) and Julia(née Zavacká, 1891–1972), whose first child was born in their homeland of Austria-Hungary and died before their move to the US.His parents were working-classLemko emigrants from Mikó, Austria-Hungary (now called Miková, located in today's northeastern Slovakia). Warhol's father emigrated to the United States in1914, and his mother joined him in 1921, after the death of Warhol's grandparents. Warhol's father worked in a coal mine. The family lived at 55 Beelen Streetand later at 3252 Dawson Street in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh. The family was Ruthenian Catholic and attended St. John Chrysostom ByzantineCatholic Church. Andy Warhol had two elder brothers—Pavol (Paul), the eldest, was born before the family emigrated; Ján was born in Pittsburgh. Pavol's son,James Warhola, became a successful children's book illustrator.In third grade, Warhol had Sydenham's chorea (also known as St. Vitus' Dance), the nervoussystem disease that causes involuntary movements of the extremities, which is believed to be a complication of scarlet fever which causes skin pigmentationblotchiness. At times when he was confined to bed, he drew, listened to the radio and collected pictures of movie stars around his bed. Warhol later described thisperiod as very important in the development of his personality, skill-set and preferences. When Warhol was 13, his father died in an accident.As a teenager,Warhol graduated from Schenley High School in 1945, and also won a Scholastic Art and Writing Award. After graduating from high school, his intentions were tostudy art education at the University of Pittsburgh in the hope of becoming an art teacher, but his plans changed and he enrolled in the Carnegie Institute ofTechnology, now Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, where he studied commercial art. During his time there, Warhol joined the campus Modern Dance Cluband Beaux Arts Society. He also served as art director of the student art magazine, Cano, illustrating a cover in 1948 and a full-page interior illustration in 1949.These are believed to be his first two published artworks. Warhol earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in pictorial design in 1949. Later that year, he moved to New YorkCity and began a career in magazine illustration and advertising.1950sWarhol's early career was dedicated to commercial and advertising art, where his firstcommission had been to draw shoes for Glamour magazine in the late 1940s. In the 1950s, Warhol worked as a designer for shoe manufacturer Israel Miller.While working in the shoe industry, Warhol developed his \"blotted line\" technique, applying ink to paper and then blotting the ink while still wet, which was akin toa printmaking process on the most rudimentary scale. His use of tracing paper and ink allowed him to repeat the basic image and also to create endless variationson the theme. American photographer John Coplans recalled that nobody drew shoes the way Andy did. He somehow gave each shoe a temperament of its own, asort of sly, Toulouse-Lautrec kind of sophistication, but the shape and the style came through accurately and the buckle was always in the right place. The kids inthe apartment [which Andy shared in New York – note by Coplans] noticed that the vamps on Andy's shoe drawings kept getting longer and longer but [Israel]Miller didn't mind. Miller loved them.In 1952, Warhol had his first solo show at the Hugo Gallery in New York, and although that show was not well received, by1956, he was included in his first group exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art, New York. Warhol's \"whimsical\" ink drawings of shoe advertisements figured insome of his earliest showings at the Bodley Gallery in New York in 1957.Warhol habitually used the expedient of tracing photographs projected with an"}
{"doc_id":"doc_253","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Kaoru HatoyamaKaoru Hatoyama (\u0000\u0000 \u0000, Hatoyama Kaoru, 21 November 1888 – 15 August 1982) was an educator and an administrator, the schoolmaster of Kyoritsu Women's University, which was founded by her mother-in-law, Haruko Hatoyama. She is well known as the wife of Ichirō Hatoyama, who was the 52nd–54th Prime Minister of Japan, serving terms from December 10, 1954 through December 23, 1956. She was the mother of Iichirō Hatoyama, who was Japan's Foreign Minister from 1976 through 1977.After the elections of 2009, she became more widely known as the grandmother of Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama and his politician brother Kunio Hatoyama.See alsoHatoyama Hall (Hatoyama Kaikan)NotesPassage 2:Prince Feodor Alexandrovich of RussiaPrince Feodor Alexandrovich of Russia (Russian: Фёдор Александрович Романов; 23 December [O.S. 11 December] 1898 – 30 November 1968) was the second son and third child of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna. He was also a nephew of Nicholas II of Russia, the last emperor of Russia.Born and raised in Imperial Russia during the reign of his uncle Nicholas II, he followed a military career and entered the Corps of Pages during World War I. With the fall of the Russian monarchy, he escaped the fate of many of his relatives killed by the Bolsheviks fleeing to his parents estate in Crimea. For a time, he was under house arrest there with a large group of family members. They left Russia on 11 April 1919. In exile, he settled in France where he married Princess Irina Pavlovna Paley, his distant cousin. The couple divorced in 1936. Afflicted with tuberculosis, Prince Feodor moved to England with his mother spending the years of World War II there. After the war ended, he settled permanently in the south of France.Russian princePrince Feodor Alexandrovich Romanov was born at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, Russian Empire on 23 December 1898. He was the second son and third child among seven siblings. Although a grandson of Emperor Alexander III through his mother, he was not entitled to the title Grand Duke of Russia because he was only a great-grandson of Emperor Nicholas I in the male line through his father. He spent his early years in Imperial Russia. Following family tradition, he began a military career. During World War I he entered the Corps of Pages.At the fall of the Russian monarchy, he looked for refuge with his family in his father's property in Crimea. They lived there undisturbed until the rise to power of the Bolsheviks with the October Revolution in 1917. For some time, Prince Feodor was under house arrest in Ai-Todor and later at Dulber imprisoned with his parents, siblings, grandmother the Dowager Empress and many more Romanov relatives.Prince Feodor, and his relatives in the Crimea, escaped the fate of a number of his Romanov cousins who were murdered by the Bolsheviks when they were freed by German troops in 1918. He left Russia on 11 April 1919 abroad the Royal Navy ship HMS Marlborough and moved  to England and later to France.Life in exileDuring his first years in exile, Prince Feodor lived in Paris in the apartment of his sister Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia and her husband Prince Felix Yusupov. He worked as a taxi driver, and later as an architect.Prince Feodor married on 3 June 1923 in St. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Paris, Princess Irina Paley (1903–1990), his first cousin once removed. She was a daughter of Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia and his morganatic wife Princess Olga Paley. The couple had one son:Prince Michael Feodorovich (Paris 4 May 1924 – 22 September 2008); married 1st Paris 15 Oct 1958 (divorced 1992) Helga Staufenberger (born Vienna, 22 August 1926); m. 2nd Josse 15 January 1994 Maria de las Mercedes Ustrell-Cabani (b. Hospitalet, Spain 26 August 1960). Michael died on the same day as his cousin, Prince Michael Andreevich of Russia.Prince Feodor and his wife lived separated in 1930. Princess Irina began a relationship with Count Hubert de Monbrison (15 August 1892 – 14 April 1981) and had a daughter with him while still married to Prince Feodor, who recognized the child as his.Prince Feodor Alexandrovich and Princess Irina divorced on 22 July 1936. He did not remarry and spent World War II in England at the home of his mother. By 1941 he was seriously ill with tuberculosis and had to stay for long periods in sanatoriums to recuperate. During the war years, he had sporadic contact with his son who remained in the south of France with Feodor's ex-wife. After the war ended, to improve his health and to stay closer to his son, Prince Feodor settled in the south of France at the villa of his sister Princess Irina Alexandrovna. He lived there for the rest of his life. With very limited income of his own and too ill to work, his ex-wife and his sister helped with the medical bills. Prince Feodor Alexandrovich died on 30 November 1968 in Ascain, France.AncestryNotesPassage 3:Hubba bint HulailHubba bint Hulail (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) was the grandmother of Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf, thus the great-great-great-grandmother of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.BiographyHubbah was the daughter of Hulail ibn Hubshiyyah ibn Salul ibn Ka’b ibn Amr al-Khuza’i of Banu Khuza'a who was the trustee and guardian of the Ka‘bah (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, 'Cube'). She married Qusai ibn Kilab and after her father died, the keys of the Kaaba were committed to her. Qusai, according to Hulail's will, had the trusteeship of the Kaaba after him.Hubbah never gave up ambitious hopes for the line of her favourite son Abd Manaf. Her two favourite grandsons were the twin sons Amr and Abd Shams, of ‘Ātikah bint Murrah. Hubbah hoped that the opportunities missed by Abd Manaf would be made up for in these grandsons, especially Amr, who seemed much more suitable for the role than any of the sons of Abd al-Dar. He was dear to the ‘ayn (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, eye) of his grandmother Hubbah.FamilyQusai ibn Kilab had four sons by Hubbah: Abd-al-Dar ibn Qusai dedicated to his house, Abdu’l Qusayy dedicated to himself, Abd-al-Uzza ibn Qusai to his goddess (Al-‘Uzzá) and Abd Manaf ibn Qusai to the idol revered by Hubbah. They also had two daughters, Takhmur and Barrah. Abd Manaf's real name was 'Mughirah', and he also had the nickname 'al-Qamar' (the Moon) because he was handsome.Hubbah was related to Muhammad in more than one way. Firstly, she was the great-great-grandmother of his father Abdullah. She was also the great-grandmother of Umm Habib and Abdul-Uzza, respectively the maternal grandmother and grandfather of Muhammad's mother Aminah.Family tree* indicates that the marriage order is disputedNote that direct lineage is marked in bold.See alsoFamily tree of MuhammadList of notable HijazisPassage 4:Abdul-Vahed NiyazovAbdul-Vahed Validovich Niyazov (Russian: Абдул-Вахед Валидович Ниязов), born Vadim Valerianovich Medvedev (Russian: Вадим Валерианович Медведев; 23 April 1969) is a Russian businessman and Islamic social and political activist. He was president of the Islamic Cultural Center of Russia, and the public division of Russian Council of Muftis.Life and careerNiyazov was born on 23 April 1969 in Omsk as Vadim Valerianovich Medvedev.  After graduating from high school, he served in the engineering and construction troops of the Baikal-Amur Mainline. In 1990 he began studying at the Moscow Historical and Archival Institute, but failed to graduate.In April 1991 Niyazov became president of the Islamic Cultural Centre of Moscow, which in 1993 became the Islamic Cultural Centre of Russia, established with the financial support of the Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Moscow. In February 1994 he became deputy chairman of the executive committee of the Supreme Coordination Centre of the Spiritual Directorates of Muslims of Russia (VKTs DUMR, Russian: ВКЦ ДУМР). In May 1995 Niyazov became co-chairman of the Union of Muslims of Russia. In autumn 1998, he was elected chairman of the Council of the All-Russian political social movement \"Refakh\" (Prosperity).  On 19 December 1999 Niyazov was elected a deputy of the State Duma's  third convocation as part of the \"Interregional movement Unity (\"Bear\")\" electoral bloc, on the federal list of the Union of Muslims of Russia. He worked as deputy chairman of the State Duma Committee on the regulations and organization of the work of the State Duma. He was expelled from the faction for \"provocative\" statements in support of \"world Islamic extremism and terrorism\", on the subject of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict during the Second Intifada.In May 2001 Niyazov became chairman of the political council of the \"Eurasian Party - Union of Patriots of Russia\". By late 2007 Niyazov was head of the movement \"Muslims in support of President Putin\". In 2011 he was elected Honorary President of the international initiative \"SalamWorld\", which aimed to create a social network for Muslims along Sharia norms. The site had closed by 2015 after spending three years in development and tens of million of dollars in marketing, having had backup and funding issues. Since 2018, Niyazov has been president of the European Muslim Forum.Passage 5:Hannah ArnoldHannah Arnold may refer to:Hannah Arnold (née Waterman) (c.1705–1758), mother of Benedict ArnoldHannah Arnold (beauty queen) (born 1996), Filipino-Australian model and beauty pageant titleholderPassage 6:Prince Dmitri Alexandrovich of RussiaPrince Dmitri Alexandrovich of Russia (15 August [O.S. 2 August] 1901 –  7 July 1980) was the fourth son and fifth child of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia. He was a nephew of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.Early lifePrince Dmitri Alexandrovich Romanov was born at the Gatchina Palace, near Saint Petersburg, Russia on 15 August 1901. He was the fourth son and fifth child among seven siblings. His parents, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich (1866–1933) and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna (1875–1960), were first cousins once removed. Consequently, Prince Dmitri was the great-grandson of Tsar Nicholas I (from his father's side) while the great-great-grandson of the same Tsar Nicholas I (from his mother's side), the grandson of Tsar Alexander III and the nephew of Tsar Nicholas II.During the Russian Revolution Prince Dmitri was imprisoned along with his parents and grandmother the Dowager Empress at Dulber, in the Crimea. He escaped the fate of a number of his Romanov cousins who were murdered by the Bolsheviks when he was freed by German troops in 1918. He left Russia on  11 April 1919, at the age of seventeen, aboard the Royal Navy ship HMS Marlborough to attend  to Malta where they spent nine months before settling to England.ExileIn exile, Prince Dmitri lived between England and France. He had a varied career. In the late 1920s he emigrated to the United States where he worked as a stockbroker in Manhattan. He returned to Europe in the early 1930s. For a brief period in the 1930s, he managed Coco Chanel's shop at Biarritz.It was through Chanel that he met a Russian aristocrat who worked as model for her fashion house: Countess Marina Sergeievna Golenistcheva-Koutouzova (20 November 1912 – 7 January 1969). She was the second daughter of Count Sergei Alexandrovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (1885 – 1950) and his wife Countess Maria Alexandrovna, born "}
{"doc_id":"doc_254","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Place of originIn Switzerland, the place of origin (German: Heimatort or Bürgerort, literally \"home place\" or \"citizen place\"; French: Lieu d'origine;Italian: Luogo di attinenza) denotes where a Swiss citizen has their municipal citizenship, usually inherited from previous generations. It is not to be confusedwith the place of birth or  place of residence, although two or all three of these locations may be identical depending on the person's circumstances.Acquisition ofmunicipal citizenshipSwiss citizenship has three tiers. For a person applying to naturalise as a Swiss citizen, these tiers are as follows:Municipal citizenship,granted by the place of residence after fulfilling several preconditions, such as sufficient knowledge of the local language, integration into local society, and aminimum number of years lived in said municipality.Cantonal (state) citizenship, for which a Swiss municipal citizenship is required. This requires a certainnumber of years lived in said canton.Country citizenship, for which both of the above are required, also requires a certain number of years lived in Switzerland(except for people married to a Swiss citizen, who may obtain simplified naturalisation without having to reside in Switzerland), and involves a criminalbackground check.The last two kinds of citizenship are a mere formality, while municipal citizenship is the most significant step in becoming a Swiss citizen.Nowadays the place of residence determines the municipality where citizenship is acquired, for a new applicant, whereas previously there was a historical reasonfor preserving the municipal citizenship from earlier generations in the family line, namely to specify which municipality held the responsibility of providing socialwelfare. The law has now been changed, eliminating this form of allocating responsibility to a municipality other than that of the place of residence. Care needs tobe taken when translating the term in Swiss documents which list the historical \"Heimatort\" instead of the usual place of birth and place of residence.However,any Swiss citizen can apply for a second, a third or even more municipal citizenships for prestige reasons or to show their connection to the place they currentlylive – and thus have several places of origin. As the legal significance of the place of origin has waned (see below), Swiss citizens can often apply for municipalcitizenship for no more than 100 Swiss francs after having lived in the same municipality for one or two years. In the past, it was common to have to pay between2,000 and 4,000 Swiss francs as a citizenship fee, because of the financial obligations incumbent on the municipality to grant the citizenship.A child born to twoSwiss parents is automatically granted the citizenship of the parent whose last name they hold, so the child gets either the mother's or the father's place of origin.A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the citizenship, and thus the place of origin, of the Swiss parent.International confusionAlmostuniquely in the world (with the exception of Japan, which lists one's Registered Domicile; and Sweden, which lists the mother's place of domicile as place of birth),the Swiss identity card, passport and driving licence do not show the holder's birthplace, but only their place of origin. The vast majority of countries show theholder's actual birthplace on identity documents. This can lead to administrative issues for Swiss citizens abroad when asked to demonstrate their actual place ofbirth, as no such information exists on any official Swiss identification documents. Only a minority of Swiss citizens have a place of origin identical to theirbirthplace. More confusion comes into play through the fact that people can have more than one place of origin.Significance and historyA citizen of a municipalitydoes not enjoy a larger set of rights than a non-citizen of the same municipality. To vote in communal, cantonal or national matters, only the current place ofresidence matters – or in the case of citizens abroad, the last Swiss place of residence.The law previously required that a citizen's place of origin continued to bearall their social welfare costs for two years after the citizen moved away. In 2012, the National Council voted by 151 to 9 votes to abolish this law. The place ofdomicile is now the sole payer of welfare costs.In 1923, 1937, 1959 and 1967, more cantons signed treaties that assured that the place of domicile had to paywelfare costs instead of the place of origin, reflecting the fact that fewer and fewer people lived in their place of origin (1860: 59%, in 1910: 34%).In 1681, theTagsatzung – the then Swiss parliament – decided that beggars should be deported to their place of origin, especially if they were insufficiently cared for by theirresidential community.In the 19th century, Swiss municipalities even offered free emigration to the United States if the Swiss citizen agreed to renouncemunicipal citizenship, and with that the right to receive welfare.See alsoAncestral home (Chinese)Bon-gwanRegistered domicile== Notes and references==Passage 2:Motherland (disambiguation)Motherland is the place of one's birth, the place of one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnic group.Motherlandmay also refer to:Music\"Motherland\" (anthem), the national anthem of MauritiusNational Song (Montserrat), also called \"Motherland\"Motherland (NatalieMerchant album), 2001Motherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album), 2011Motherland (Daedalus album), 2011\"Motherland\" (Crystal Kay song), 2004Film andtelevisionMotherland (1927 film), a 1927 British silent war filmMotherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary filmMotherland (2015 film), a 2015 TurkishdramaMotherland (2022 film), a 2022 documentary film about the Second Nagorno-Karabakh WarMotherland (TV series), a 2016 British televisionseriesMotherland: Fort Salem, a 2020 American science fiction drama seriesOther usesMotherland Party (disambiguation), the name of several politicalgroupsPersonifications of Russia, including a list of monuments called MotherlandSee alsoAll pages with titles containing MotherlandMother Country(disambiguation)Passage 3:Beaulieu-sur-LoireBeaulieu-sur-Loire (French pronunciation: [boljø sy\u0000 lwa\u0000], literally Beaulieu on Loire) is a commune in the Loiretdepartment in north-central France. It is the place of death of Jacques MacDonald, a French general who served in the Napoleonic Wars.PopulationSeealsoCommunes of the Loiret departmentPassage 4:Brooklyn SudanoBrooklyn Sudano is an American actress and director. She starred as Vanessa Scott in theABC comedy series My Wife and Kids and later played the leading role in the 2006 drama film Rain. Sudano has appeared in films such as Alone in the Dark II(2008), Turn the Beat Around (2010) and With This Ring (2015), and starred in the NBC action series, Taken (2017).Sudano is the daughter of GrammyAward-winning singer Donna Summer and songwriter Bruce Sudano, and the older sister of Amanda Sudano of the music duo Johnnyswim. Sudano directed thedocumentary film, Love to Love You, Donna Summer, which premiered in 2023.Early lifeSudano was born in Los Angeles, California, to African American singerDonna Summer and Italian American songwriter Bruce Sudano. She was named after her father's hometown of Brooklyn, New York City. Her younger sister (by19 months) is singer and songwriter Amanda Sudano of Johnnyswim. She has an older half-sister, Mimi Sommer, from her mother's first marriage to HelmutSommer. As a baby, she was featured in her mother's song \"Brooklyn\" on the record I'm a Rainbow.Sudano spent the early part of her childhood on a 56-acreranch in Thousand Oaks, California until her family moved to Connecticut when she was 10 years old. When she was 14, her family relocated to Nashville,Tennessee. Here, Sudano gravitated toward the arts. She also sang in the gospel choir at church. Sudano and her sisters spent summers touring and singingbacking vocals for their famous mother. In her leisure, she studied dance and wrote songs.She attended high school at Christ Presbyterian Academy where sheappeared in all the theater productions. Sometimes Sudano accompanied her parents while they toured around the world, continuing her studies with tutors. Adistinguished student, she was valedictorian at her graduation.Upon graduation, Sudano chose to attend Vanderbilt University, having also been accepted atBrown, Duke, and Georgetown University. However, she eventually left Vanderbilt early to study at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute in NewYork.CareerWhile studying acting in New York, Sudano was spotted by a modelling agent and signed to the Ford Modeling Agency. She appeared in numerousadvertising campaigns in print and television, including Clairol, Clean & Clear and K-Mart. In 2003, Sudano replaced Meagan Good as Vanessa Scott on My Wifeand Kids. Vanessa is Junior's girlfriend and later wife, who first appears in the season finale of season 3 (played by Good). Sudano continued as a regular castmember throughout the rest of the series' five-year run.In 2006, Sudano made her big screen debut with the leading role in the film adaptation of V. C. Andrews'novel Rain. She appeared in the horror films Somebody Help Me (2007) and Alone in the Dark II (2008) and well as the MTV romantic drama film, Turn the BeatAround in 2010. In 2015, she co-starred opposite Regina Hall, Jill Scott and Eve in the romantic comedy-drama, With This Ring. On television, Sudano gueststarred on Cuts, CSI: NY, $#*! My Dad Says, Body of Proof and Ballers. In 2016, she played the role of Christy Epping in the Hulu miniseries 11.22.63. In 2017,Sudano starred in the first season of NBC's action series, Taken. In 2021, she began starring as Angela Prescott in the Freeform thriller series, CruelSummer.Alongside Roger Ross Williams, Sudano directed the 2023 documentary film, Love to Love You, Donna Summer about her mother, Donna Summer. Ithad its world premiere at the 73rd Berlin International Film Festival.Personal lifeSudano married her longtime boyfriend, Mike McGlaflin, on October 8, 2006. Thecouple's wedding inspired Bruce Sudano's song \"It's Her Wedding Day\".Sudano and McGlaflin have a daughter, and reside in the Los Angelesarea.FilmographyFilmTelevisionPassage 5:Place of birthThe place of birth (POB) or birthplace is the place where a person was born. This place is often used inlegal documents, together with name and date of birth, to uniquely identify a person. Practice regarding whether this place should be a country, a territory or acity/town/locality differs in different countries, but often city or territory is used for native-born citizen passports and countries for foreign-born ones.As a generalrule with respect to passports, if the place of birth is to be a country, it's determined to be the country that currently has sovereignty over the actual place ofbirth, regardless of when the birth actually occurred. The place of birth is not necessarily the place where the parents of the new baby live. If the baby is born in ahospital in another place, that place is the place of birth. In many countries, this also means that the government requires that the birth of the new baby isregistered in the place of birth.Some countries place less or no importance on the place of birth, instead using alternative geographical characteristics for the"}
{"doc_id":"doc_255","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was thedirector of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of CulturalHistory. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage 2:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film andTV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra(1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)NotQuite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 3:Jesse E. HobsonJesse EdwardHobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955. Prior to SRI, he was the director of the Armour ResearchFoundation.Early life and educationHobson was born in Marshall, Indiana. He received bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from PurdueUniversity and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology. Hobson was also selected as a nationally outstanding engineer.Hobsonmarried Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children.CareerAwards and membershipsHobson was named an IEEE Fellow in 1948.Passage4:Jason Moore (director)Jason Moore (born October 22, 1970) is an American director of film, theatre and television.Life and careerJason Moore was born inFayetteville, Arkansas, and studied at Northwestern University. Moore's Broadway career began as a resident director of Les Misérables at the Imperial Theatre induring its original run. He is the son of Fayetteville District Judge Rudy Moore.In March 2003, Moore directed the musical Avenue Q, which opened Off-Broadwayat the Vineyard Theatre and then moved to Broadway at the John Golden Theatre in July 2003.  He was nominated for a 2004 Tony Award for his direction. Moorealso directed productions of the musical in Las Vegas and London and the show's national tour. Moore directed the 2005 Broadway revival of Steel Magnolias andShrek the Musical, starring Brian d'Arcy James and Sutton Foster which opened on Broadway in 2008. He directed the concert of Jerry Springer — The Opera atCarnegie Hall in January 2008.Moore, Jeff Whitty, Jake Shears, and John \"JJ\" Garden worked together on a new musical based on Armistead Maupin's Tales of theCity. The musical premiered at the American Conservatory Theater, San Francisco, California in May 2011 and ran through July 2011.For television, Moore hasdirected episodes of Dawson's Creek, One Tree Hill, Everwood, and Brothers & Sisters. As a writer, Moore adapted the play The Floatplane Notebooks with PaulFitzgerald from the novel by Clyde Edgerton. A staged reading of the play was presented at the New Play Festival at the Charlotte, North Carolina RepertoryTheatre in 1996, with a fully staged production in 1998.In 2012, Moore made his film directorial debut with Pitch Perfect, starring Anna Kendrick and BrittanySnow. He also served as an executive producer on the sequel. He directed the film Sisters, starring Tina Fey and Amy Poehler, which was released on December18, 2015. Moore's next project will be directing a live action Archie movie.FilmographyFilmsPitch Perfect (2012)Sisters (2015)Shotgun Wedding(2022)TelevisionSoundtrack writerPitch Perfect 2 (2015) (Also executive producer)The Voice (2015) (1 episode)Passage 5:S. N. MathurS.N. Mathur was theDirector of the Indian Intelligence Bureau between September 1975 and February 1980. He was also the Director General of Police in Punjab.Passage 6:DanaBlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the boardof directors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and an Israeli cultureentrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israelin 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors. During her studiesshe worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film and academiccareerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged and promotedproductions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities.Blankstein directed the mini-series\"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed thenew director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launchof the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains(graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)Passage 7:Peter LevinPeterLevin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television andtelevision films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, LouGrant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reasonto Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", written by his wifeAudrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in severalBroadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. Hetrained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific ResidentTheatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associateartist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 8:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museumdirector who has worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for17 months, resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museumof Art from 2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United Statesafter leaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum ofArt. On 1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was bornin Dublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied bothart history and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester BeattyLibrary (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was AssistantDirector at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of theCouncil of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery ofAustralia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad,increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years ofthe museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During hisdirectorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initialdesign for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was notdelivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art,including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museumby acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; andthe Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King EdwardTerrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGAfrom 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too closeto the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitionsat the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging toCharles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which usedelephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was\"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events inNew York had \"obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedy"}
{"doc_id":"doc_256","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Messenger (2009 film)The Messenger is a 2009 war drama film starring Ben Foster, Woody Harrelson, Samantha Morton, Steve Buscemi, and JenaMalone. It is the directorial debut of Oren Moverman, who also wrote the screenplay with Alessandro Camon.The film premiered at the 2009 Sundance FilmFestival and was in competition at the 59th Berlin International Film Festival where it won the Silver Bear for Best Screenplay and the Berlinale Peace Film Award'09. The film received first prize for the 2009 Deauville American Film Festival. The film has also received four Independent Spirit Award nominations (includingone win), a Golden Globe nomination, and two Oscar nominations.PlotOn leave from the Iraq War, Will Montgomery, a U.S. Army staff sergeant, finds that hisgirlfriend Kelly is engaged to another man. Before he is to be discharged, he is dispatched as a casualty notification officer along with Gulf War veteran CaptainTony Stone as his mentor. He is told of the importance of his task by Lieutenant Colonel Dorsett as many have failed. Stone then relays the rules of telling next ofkin of a tragedy. On the job, their first report to the family prompts the mother to slap Stone, as she and his pregnant fiancé weep over the deceased; a mannamed Dale Martin angrily throws things at Will; a woman who secretly married an enlisted man cries in his arms after learning of her husband's death; a Mexicanman who is told through a translator about the death of his daughter cries in front of his other child; and a woman named Olivia is in considerably less visible painafter learning of her husband's death. Stone suspects it is due to her having an affair.In a bar, Will and Stone discuss their lives to each other. Will talks about hisgirlfriend rejecting him and tells Stone about his father's death due to drunk driving, along with tales of his estranged mother. Will sees Olivia with her son at amall buying clothes for her husband's funeral, breaking up a fight between her and two Army recruiters attempting to enlist boys and girls, before offering her aride. He fixes her car and becomes friends with both her and her young son Matt. After hearing a voicemail from Kelly talking about her upcoming wedding, hepunches a hole through his wall in a fit of rage, which further aggravates his hand. He arrives at Olivia's house and the two express affection for each other, buthis attempts at physical intimacy are met with hesitancy as she tells him about how her husband mistreated her and her son.When Will comforts a family in alocal grocery store after telling them of their son's fate, Stone physically berates him for it. Will stands up to his rank by using his first name \"Tony\"  beforewalking home on his own. They later make up and spend the next few days together, where Stone has a hookup and unsuccessfully tries to get Will to do thesame. They end up at Kelly's wedding drunk and make a scene, fight in a parking lot, then wake up in a forest after passing out and go home. Martin is there, andhe apologizes for lashing out at Will. In Tony's apartment, Will tells Tony about his experience with a friend who died while fighting in Iraq - an event that resultedin his chronic damage to his left eye - and how he feels his bravery was meaningless as he could not do anything for him; he contemplated suicide soon after, butstopped himself when he saw the sunrise. Hearing this, Tony breaks down in tears.The next day, Olivia decides to move from her house. She tells Will that she isgoing with her son to Louisiana; Will tells her he is considering staying in the army. He asks Olivia to let him know their new address; she asks him to come withher into the house.CastProductionThe Messenger marked the directorial debut of Israeli screenwriter and former journalist Oren Moverman.  Though SydneyPollack, Roger Michell, and Ben Affleck were all attached to direct the movie at various times, when those talks fell through, the producers eventually askedMoverman to helm the project. The filmmakers worked closely with the United States Army and the Walter Reed Medical Center to conduct research on militarylife, and were specifically advised by Lieutenant Colonel Paul Sinor as a technical consultant.ReleaseThe Messenger premiered at the 2009 Sundance Film Festivalbefore receiving a limited release in North America in 4 theaters. It grossed $44,523 for an average of $11,131 per theater ranking 46th at the box office, andwent on to earn $1.1 million domestically and $411,601 internationally for a total of $1.5 million, against its budget of $6.5 million.ReceptionCritical responseOnRotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 90%, based on 162 reviews, with an average rating of 7.51/10. The site's critical consensus states, \"A darkbut timely subject is handled deftly by writer/director Owen Moverman and superbly acted by Woody Harrelson and Ben Foster.\" On Metacritic, the film has ascore of 77 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".Harrelson's performance was subject to considerable praise, leading to GoldenGlobe and Oscar nominations for Best Supporting Actor.Awards and nominationsTop ten listsThe Messenger, upon receiving strong positive reviews fromaudiences, appeared on several critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2009.3rd: Robert Mondello, NPR4th: Ty Burr, Boston Globe4th: Stephen Holden, The NewYork Times9th: Frank Scheck, The Hollywood Reporter10th: Peter Travers, Rolling StoneTop 10: David Denby, The New YorkerPassage 2:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas(born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum,from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. In 2010 he wasdecorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage 3:Jeffrey MessengerJeffrey Messenger (born November 28, 1949) is an American politician. He is aformer member of the Missouri House of Representatives from the 130th district from 2013 to 2021. He is a member of the Republican party.Passage 4:LisaMessengerLisa Messenger (born 1971) is an Australian entrepreneur and author. She is the owner and creative director of marketing for The Messenger Group, abook publishing company. As well as the founder and Editor in Chief of Collective Hub.BackgroundMessenger grew up on a large farm outside Coolah, centralwestern New South Wales, Australia and now lives north of Bondi Beach, Sydney.Her first job was as a riding instructor. She graduated from a boarding school inSydney and Southern Cross University (Bachelor of Business, 1999). She worked for several years before taking her degree. She founded The Messenger Groupin 2001 in Sydney, brokering sponsorship deals and doing public relations and marketing.Her self-help and entrepreneurship books reveal several major personalchallenges as well as business success. She was married and divorced, and as detailed in her 2016 books, was engaged to an entrepreneur in 2015. In 2023, herfriend is acting as a surrogate mother.BusinessesThe Messenger Group is a media company. Lisa Messenger launched it as a publishing company in 2001, and itnow has 18 arms including a lifestyle website, publishing, events, marketing consultancy, and homewares. The Group has published around 400 books.  Collectivewas launched in 2013 with $1.5 million of her own money, as an \"entrepreneurial and lifestyle\" print magazine, alongside a website and events company. In2015, Collective was distributed in 37 countries.In October 2017, the Group announced that this flagship publication would shift from monthly to bi-monthly after\"several redundancies as the business streamlines itself around the three key pillars of print, digital and events.\"On 26 March 2018, Messenger announced thatthe print edition would close. Messenger also closed the Sydney office. Financial and creative reasons were given, and she wrote a book about the process.Several months later, the print edition was reinstated, although with one-off issues and freelance contracts for a smaller number of journalists.BooksMessengerhas written several lifestyle and business books. Most were published by her own company, although Daring & Disruptive was also published by Simon &Schuster.Messenger, L. 2022. Start Up To Scale Up. The Messenger Group.Messenger, L. 2021. 365 Days Of Kindness. The Messenger Group.Messenger, L. 2020.Life In Lessons. The Messenger Group.Messenger, L. 2019. Daily Mantras To Ignite Your Purpose. The Messenger Group.Messenger, L. 2018. Risk & Resilience;Breaking & Remaking a Brand. The Messenger Group.Messenger, L. 2018. Work From Wherever. The Messenger Group.Messenger, L. 2016. Daring & Disruptive:Unleashing the Entrepreneur. Simon & Schuster/North Star WayMessenger, L. 2016. Daring & Disruptive playbook. The Messenger Group.Messenger, L. 2016.Breakups and Breakthroughs. The Messenger Group.Messenger, L. 2015. Life & Love: Creating the Dream. The Messenger Group.Messenger, L. 2015. Money andMindfulness playbook. The Messenger Group.Messenger, L. 2015. Money and Mindfulness: living in abundance. The Messenger Group.Messenger, L. 2012. SocialMedia to Boost Your Brand. The Messenger Group.Messenger, L. 2011. Books to Boost Your Brand. The Messenger Group.Messenger, L. and C. Gray (eds.) 2009.Property Investing - The Australian Way. Messenger Publishing.Messenger, L. 2009. Maverick Marketing. The Messenger Group.Messenger, L. and Z. Liew 2009.Cubicle Commando: Intrapreneurs, Innovation and Corporate Realities. Messenger Publishing.Messenger, L. 2009. Happiness Is.... MessengerPublishing.AwardsSouthern Cross University Alumni of the Year (2010)Thought Leaders Entrepreneur of the Year (2008)Passage 5:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry isan Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986)(mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie andMe (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 6:MarkusZusakMarkus Zusak (born 23 June 1975) is an Australian writer. He is best known for The Book Thief and The Messenger, two novels which became internationalbestsellers. He won the Margaret A. Edwards Award in 2014.Early lifeZusak was born in Sydney, Australia. His mother Lisa is originally from Germany and hisfather Helmut is Austrian. They emigrated to Australia in the late 1950s. Zusak is the youngest of four children and has two sisters and one brother. He attendedEngadine High School and briefly returned there to teach English while writing. He studied English and history at the University of New South Wales, graduatingwith a Bachelor of Arts and a Diploma of Education.CareerZusak is the author of six books. His first three books, The Underdog, Fighting Ruben Wolfe, and WhenDogs Cry, released between 1999 and 2001, were all published internationally. The Messenger, published in 2002, won the 2003 CBC Book of the Year Award(Older Readers) and the 2003 NSW Premier's Literary Award (Ethel Turner Prize) in Australia and was a runner-up for the Printz Award in America.The Book Thief"}
{"doc_id":"doc_257","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Invisible Man (1984 film)The Invisible Man (Russian: Человек-невидимка, romanized: Chelovek-nevidimka) is a 1984 Soviet science fiction filmdirected by Aleksandr Zakharov based on the 1897 eponymous novel by H. G. Wells.PlotDr. Griffin, with no other motive than curiosity, undertakes research onthe concept of invisibility. Having become invisible, he finds himself in an unfortunate combination of circumstances consisting of being suspected of murder andhunted down, forced to abandon the notebooks containing the notes of his experiences that would enable him to carry out the opposite process. His formerclassmate Dr. Kemp promises to find them, but in fact intends to use them himself in search of absolute power.CastAndrey Kharitonov as  Jonathan Griffin, TheInvisible ManRomualdas Ramanauskas (voiced by Sergei Malishevsky) as KempLeonid Kuravlyov as Thomas MarvelNatalia Danilova as Jane BetOleg Golubitsky asColonel Edai, Chief of PoliceNina Agapova as Mrs. HallViktor Sergachyov as Mr. HallAlexander Pyatkov as Bar ownerPassage 2:The Invisible Man AttacksTheInvisible Man Attacks (Spanish:El Hombre invisible ataca) is a 1967 Argentine comedy film.CastMartin KaradagiánGilda LousekTristanRicardo PassanoJoerigoliGuillermo BattagliaNathan PinzónGobbi dartMila DemarieThe Gypsy IvanoffOscar OrleguiSusana MayoExternal linksThe Invisible Man Attacks atIMDbPassage 3:Big PalBig Pal is a 1925 American silent sports drama film directed by John G. Adolfi and starring William Russell, Julanne Johnston and MaryCarr. It was released in Britain in 1926, distributed by Wardour Films.PlotAs described in a film magazine review, Judge Truscott's daughter Helen spurns hiswealthy lifestyle and goes to do social work in poorer neighborhoods. She is saved from a runaway horse accident by Dan Williams, champion pugilist, and awarm friendship develops between them. On the eve of a championship battle, Dan's favorite nephew, little Johnny, is abducted by criminals, and Dan is notifiedthat unless he quits during the fifth round of the boxing match, the lad's life will be sacrificed. He decides to lose, but, as the fifth round approaches, Helenappears ringside along with Johnny, who had escaped his abductors. Dan cuts loose, winning the match and the affections of Helen.CastWilliam Russell as DanWilliamsJulanne Johnston as Helen TruscottMary Carr as Mary WilliamsMickey Bennett as Johnny WilliamsHayden Stevenson as Tim WilliamsHenry A. Barrows asJudge TruscottFrank Hagney as Bill HoganWilliam Bailey as Undetermined Secondary Role (uncredited)Buck Black as One of the Kids (uncredited)Alison Skipworthas Agatha Briggs, truant officer (uncredited)PreservationA newly restored copy of Big Pal exists at the Library of Congress.Passage 4:Abbott and Costello Meet theInvisible ManAbbott and Costello Meet the Invisible Man is a 1951 American science fiction comedy film directed by Charles Lamont and starring the team ofAbbott and Costello alongside Nancy Guild.The film depicts the misadventures of Lou Francis and Bud Alexander, two private detectives investigating the murderof a boxing promoter. The film was part of a series in which the duo meet classic characters from Universal's stable, including Frankenstein, the Mummy and theKeystone Kops.PlotLou Francis and Bud Alexander have just graduated from a private detective school. Tommy Nelson, a middleweight boxer, comes to themwith their first case. Tommy recently escaped from jail after being accused of murdering his manager, and asks the duo to accompany him on a visit to hisfiancée, Helen Gray. He wants her uncle, Dr. Philip Gray, to inject him with a special serum which will render Tommy invisible, and hopes to use the newfoundinvisibility to investigate his manager's murder and prove his innocence. Dr. Gray adamantly refuses, arguing that the serum is still unstable, recalling that theformula's discoverer, Jack Griffin, was driven insane by the formula and did not become visible again until after he was killed. However, as the police arriveTommy injects himself with it and successfully becomes invisible. Detective Roberts questions Dr. Gray and Helen while Bud and Lou search for Tommy.Helen andTommy convince Bud and Lou to help them seek the real killer, after Tommy explains that the motive for the murder occurred after he refused to \"throw\" a fight,knocking his opponent, Rocky Hanlon, out cold. Morgan, the promoter who fixed the fight, ordered Tommy's manager beaten to death while framing Tommy forthe crime. In order to investigate undercover, Lou poses as a boxer, with Bud as his manager. They go to Stillwell's gym, where Lou gets in the ring with Rocky.Tommy, still invisible, gets into the ring with them and again knocks out Hanlon, making it look like Lou did it, and an official match is arranged. Needing to proveMorgan was behind the plot to frame Tommy, Bud and Lou go out to the same restaurant to covertly spy on him alongside an invisible Tommy. But the effects ofthe serum and Tommy getting drunk make the task difficult for the two who have to keep covering for him. Morgan pays off Lou to throw the fight, but when thematch occurs with the aid of an invisible Tommy, Hanlon is knocked out yet again after a wildly chaotic boxing match. Morgan plans Bud's murder, but is thwartedby Tommy. Bud, Lou, and Tommy fight off Morgan and his goons, but when Tommy is rendered partially visible from some steam he is wounded in the battle andbegins to bleed badly. The protagonists rush to the hospital where a blood transfusion is arranged between Lou and Tommy, thanks to Lou having the same bloodtype. During the transfusion Tommy becomes visible again – some of Tommy's blood has apparently entered Lou, who briefly turns invisible, only to reappearwith his legs inexplicably on backwards.CastProductionAbbott and Costello Meet the Invisible Man was filmed between October 3 and November 6, 1950. Thecharacters' surnames \"Alexander\" and \"Francis\" are Abbott's and Costello's real middle names.The special effects, which depicted invisibility and other opticalillusions, were created by Stanley Horsley, son of cinema pioneer David Horsley. He also did the special effects for The Invisible Man Returns, The InvisibleWoman and Invisible Agent.As a reference to the first Invisible Man film, a photo is featured of the serum's inventor, Dr. John \"Jack\" Griffin, which is actually apicture of Claude Rains, who played the role in Universal's first Invisible Man film in 1933.When asked by a reporter whom he has fought in the past, Lou answers,\"Chuck Lamont, Bud Grant\". The film's director and screenwriter, respectively, are Charles Lamont and John Grant.ReleaseThe film had a preview screening atThe Fox theater in St. Louis, Missouri, on March 9, 1951. The film saw release on Wednesday, March 14.Home mediaThis film has been released several times onDVD. First on The Best of Abbott and Costello Volume Three, on August 3, 2004, on October 28, 2008, as part of Abbott and Costello: The Complete UniversalPictures Collection, and in 2015 in the Abbott and Costello Meet the Monsters Collection. Later, the film was included in the 3-disc The Invisible Man: TheComplete Legacy Collection and the 21-disc Universal Classic Monsters: Complete 30-Film Collection, both released on September 2, 2014. It was released onBlu-ray on August 28, 2018.NotesPassage 5:The Invisible Woman (1940 film)The Invisible Woman is an American science fiction comedy film directed by A.Edward Sutherland. It is the third film in Universal Pictures' The Invisible Man film series, following The Invisible Man and The Invisible Man Returns, which werereleased earlier in the year. It was more of a screwball comedy than a horror film like the others in the series. Universal  released The Invisible Woman onDecember 27, 1940.The film stars Virginia Bruce, John Barrymore, John Howard, Charlie Ruggles, and Oscar Homolka, and features Margaret Hamilton, CharlesLane and Shemp Howard.PlotWealthy lawyer Richard Russell (John Howard) funds the dotty old inventor Professor Gibbs (John Barrymore) creation of aninvisibility device. The first test subject for this machine is Kitty Carroll (Virginia Bruce), a department store model who has been fired from her previous job. Themachine proves quite successful, and Kitty uses her invisible state to pay back her sadistic former boss, Mr. Growley (Charles Lane).While the Professor and theinvisible Kitty are off visiting Russell's lodge,   gangster Blackie Cole (Oscar Homolka) sends in his gang of moronic thugs—including “Hammerhead’ (ShempHoward)—to steal the device. Once the machine is back at their hideout, they cannot get it to work.  Kitty is now visible, and  Blackie sends the gang to kidnapher and the Professor. Kitty learns that alcohol will restore her invisibility, and, with Russell's help, she exploits this to defeat the gang.Cut to the end of the film.Kitty has married Richard and become a mother. After an alcohol rub, their infant son begins to fade from view. “Hmmm,” the  Professor says to the audience.“Hereditary!”CastCast is sourced from the book Universal Horrors:ProductionAfter the success of The Invisible Man Returns, Universal Pictures began work on afollowup and signed Curt Siodmak to develop the idea in 1940 with comedy writers Frederic I. Rinaldo and Robert Lees. Universal gave the film a $300,000budget. Margaret Sullivan had originally been slated for the role of the invisible woman because she owed Universal one more film in her contract. Director JohnCromwell approached Sullivan about playing the lead in So Ends Our Night, and she failed to report to Universal for The Invisible Woman. Sullivan received arestraining order preventing her from working elsewhere. Eventually, she was allowed to finish So Ends the Night, as long as she continued work on two films forUniversal. Virginia Bruce was cast as the invisible woman and signed her contract on September 12, 1940.John Barrymore began to have trouble memorizing hisdialogue. According to John Howard, Barrymore began cutting up the script and placing pieces on the set—behind vases, phones or other props—so he could readthe lines.Howard says  that \"Barrymore was an ordinary fellow. He wasn't stuffy and he had no pretense whatsoever. Even in pictures that you felt weren't up tosnuff, I don't think he showed any disdain. We knew perfectly well The Invisible Woman wasn't going to be an award-winning picture, but it was fun to do. No onetook it seriously\".Maria Montez is among the cast, in her first film role.ReceptionThe film was nominated for the 14th Academy Awards for Special Effects. (At thetime, the category embraced photographic and sound effects.) The photographic effects were by John Fulton and the sound effects by John Hall.  I Wanted Wingswon the Oscar for Special Effects. At the time of its release, this film was considered slightly risqué because much is made of the fact that the heroine, thoughinvisible, is naked during much of the action.On its release, The Invisible Woman grossed a total of just under $660,000. Universal followed it with Invisible Agenton July 31, 1942.Theodore Strauss of The New York Times called the film \"silly, banal and repetitious ... The script is as creaky as a two-wheeled cart and were itnot for the fact that John Barrymore is taking a ride in it we hate to think what The Invisible Woman might have turned out to be\".  Variety called it \"good"}
{"doc_id":"doc_258","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Lương Hoàng NamLương Hoàng Nam (born 2 March 1997) is a Vietnamese footballer who plays as a central midfielder for V.League 1 club HảiPhòng.HonoursCông An Nhân DânV.League 2: 2022Passage 2:John McMahon (Surrey and Somerset cricketer)John William Joseph McMahon (28 December 1917– 8 May 2001) was an Australian-born first-class cricketer who played for Surrey and Somerset County Cricket Clubs in England from 1947 to 1957.SurreycricketerMcMahon was an orthodox left-arm spin bowler with much variation in speed and flight who was spotted by Surrey playing in club cricket in North Londonand brought on to the county's staff for the 1947 season at the age of 29. In the first innings of his first match, against Lancashire at The Oval, he took fivewickets for 81 runs.In his first full season, 1948, he was Surrey's leading wicket-taker and in the last home game of the season he was awarded his county cap –he celebrated by taking eight Northamptonshire wickets for 46 runs at The Oval, six of them coming in the space of 6.3 overs for seven runs. This would remainthe best bowling performance of his first-class career, not surpassed, but he did equal it seven years later. In the following game, the last away match of theseason, he took 10 Hampshire wickets for 150 runs in the match at Bournemouth. In the 1948 season as a whole, he took 91 wickets at an average of 28.07. As atail-end left-handed batsman, he managed just 93 runs in the season at an average of 4.22.The emergence of Tony Lock as a slow left-arm bowler in 1949brought a stuttering end of McMahon's Surrey career. Though he played in 12 first-class matches in the 1949 season, McMahon took only 19 wickets; a similarnumber of matches in 1950 brought 34 wickets. In 1951, he played just seven times and in 1952 only three times. In 1953, Lock split the first finger of his lefthand, and played in only 11 of Surrey's County Championship matches; McMahon played as his deputy in 14 Championship matches, though a measure of theircomparative merits was that Lock's 11 games produced 67 wickets at 12.38 runs apiece, while McMahon's 14 games brought him 45 wickets at the, for him, lowaverage of 21.53. At the end of the 1953 season, McMahon was allowed to leave Surrey to join Somerset, then languishing at the foot of the CountyChampionship and recruiting widely from other counties and other countries.Somerset cricketerSomerset's slow bowling in 1954 was in the hands of leg-spinnerJohnny Lawrence, with support from the off-spin of Jim Hilton while promising off-spinner Brian Langford was on national service. McMahon filled a vacancy for aleft-arm orthodox spinner that had been there since the retirement of Horace Hazell at the end of the 1952 season; Hazell's apparent successor, Roy Smith, hadfailed to realise his promise as a bowler in 1953, though his batting had advanced significantly.McMahon instantly became a first-team regular and played inalmost every match during his four years with the county, not missing a single Championship game until he was controversially dropped from the side in August1957, after which he did not play in the Championship again.In the 1954 season, McMahon, alongside fellow newcomer Hilton, was something of adisappointment, according to Wisden: \"The new spin bowlers, McMahon and Hilton, did not attain to the best standards of their craft in a wet summer, yet, likethe rest of the attack, they would have fared better with reasonable support in the field and from their own batsmen,\" it said. McMahon took 85 wickets at anaverage of 27.47 (Hilton took only 42 at a higher average). His best match was against Essex at Weston-super-Mare where he took six for 96 in the first inningsand five for 45 in the second to finish with match figures of 11 for 141, which were the best of his career. He was awarded his county cap in the 1954 season, butSomerset remained at the bottom of the table.The figures for the 1955 were similar: McMahon this time took 75 wickets at 28.77 apiece. There was a smallimprovement in his batting and the arrival of Bryan Lobb elevated McMahon to No 10 in the batting order for most of the season, and he responded with 262 runsand an average of 9.03. This included his highest-ever score, 24, made in the match against Sussex at Frome. A week later in Somerset's next match, heequalled his best-ever bowling performance, taking eight Kent wickets for 46 runs in the first innings of a match at Yeovil through what Wisden called \"clevervariation of flight and spin\". These matches brought two victories for Somerset, but there were only two others in the 1955 season and the side finished at thebottom of the Championship for the fourth season running.At the end of the 1955 season, Lawrence retired and McMahon became Somerset's senior spin bowlerfor the 1956 season, with Langford returning from National Service as the main support. McMahon responded with his most successful season so far, taking 103wickets at an average of 25.57, the only season in his career in which he exceeded 100 wickets. The bowling average improved still further in 1957 to 23.10 whenMcMahon took 86 wickets. But his season came to an abrupt end in mid-August 1957 when, after 108 consecutive Championship matches, he was dropped fromthe first team during the Weston-super-Mare festival. Though he played some games for the second eleven later in August, he regained his place in the first teamfor only a single end-of-season friendly match, and he was told that his services were not required for the future, a decision, said Wisden, that \"proved highlycontroversial\".Sacked by SomersetThe reason behind McMahon's sacking did not become public knowledge for many years. In its obituary of him in 2002,McMahon was described by Wisden as \"a man who embraced the antipodean virtues of candour and conviviality\". It went on: \"Legend tells of a night at the FlyingHorse Inn in Nottingham when he beheaded the gladioli with an ornamental sword, crying: 'When Mac drinks, everybody drinks!'\" The obituary recounts a furtherescapade in second eleven match at Midsomer Norton where a curfew imposed on the team was circumvented by \"a POW-type loop\" organised by McMahon,\"with his team-mates escaping through a ground-storey window and then presenting themselves again\". As the only Somerset second eleven match thatMcMahon played in at Midsomer Norton was right at the end of the 1957 season, this may have been the final straw. But in any case there had been \"anembarrassing episode at Swansea's Grand Hotel\" earlier in the season, also involving Jim Hilton, who was also dismissed at the end of the season. Team-matesand club members petitioned for McMahon to be reinstated, but the county club was not to be moved.After a period in Lancashire League cricket with MilnrowCricket Club, McMahon moved back to London where he did office work, later contributing some articles to cricket magazines.== Notes and references==Passage 3:Isabella HarwoodIsabella Harwood or Ross Neil (14 June 1837 – 29 May 1888) was a British novelist who also wrote dramas inverse.BiographyHarwood was probably born in Dorset in 1837 where her parents Phillip Harwood and his wife Isabella Neil lived. Phillip Harwood was then aUnitarian minister in Bridport.Between 1864 and 1870 she wrote four sensational novels which were published without attribution. Between 1871 and 1883 shewrote a number of unfashionable blank verse dramas which were said to be readable. Two were produced in Edinburgh and London but they were not favourablyreceived.Harwood lived with her father in London and then in Hastings. She died in St Mary-in-the-Castle in 1888 in Hastings a year after herfather.WorksNovelsAbbot's CleveCarleton GrangeRaymond's HeroineKathleenThe Heir ExpectantPlaysLady Jane Grey; Inez, or, The Bride of PortugalPlaysThe Cid;The King and the Angel; Duke for a Day; or The Tailor of BrusselsElfinella, or, Home from Fairyland; Lord and Lady RussellArabella Stuart; The Heir of Linne;TassoEglantineAndrea the Painter; Claudia's Choice; Orestes; PandoraPassage 4:Henry Moore (cricketer)Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was anEnglish-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in New Zealand.Life and familyHenry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849. He was the son ofthe Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet Sarah Montagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch. One of his brothers,Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted. Their great grandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805. One of their sisters was amaid of honour to Queen Victoria.Moore went to New Zealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch. He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera inNovember 1879, and they had one son. In May 1884 she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died.In 1886 Moore became a Justice of thePeace in Geraldine. In 1897 he married Alice Fish of Geraldine. They moved to England four years before his death in 1916.Cricket careerMoore was aright-handed middle-order batsman. In consecutive seasons, 1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealandfirst-class season: 76 and 75 respectively. His 76 came in his first match for Canterbury, against Otago. He went to the wicket early on the first day with the scoreat 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with Charles Corfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a \"very fine exhibition of free hitting, combinedwith good defence\". Canterbury were all out for 133, but went on to win the match. His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took thescore from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6. The New Zealand cricket historian Tom Reese said, \"Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out ofhis ground to indulge in some forceful driving.\" Canterbury won again.Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379runs at an average of 34.4. Also in 1877–78, he was a member of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians. In 1896–97, atthe age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a South Canterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team.Passage 5:Ross McMillanPeter RossMcMillan (born 2 June 1987) is a professional rugby union player. His position is hooker.  McMillan has previously played professionally for Nottingham,Gloucester, Moseley, Coventry, Birmingham & Solihull, Northampton, Bristol and Leicester Tigers.CareerBorn in Chesterfield, England McMillan representedEngland at U19 level whilst with his first professional club Nottingham.On 2 June 2006 Gloucester announced McMillan's signing on a 2 years contract ahead ofcompetition from other Premiership clubs to sign him from Nottingham.  For the 2007-08 season, Ross was dual-registered with Moseley.  In a friendly prior tothe 2008-09 season, McMillan suffered a ruptured cruciate ligament against Aviron Bayonnais, a season-ending injury.McMillan signed for Coventry in the summerof 2009.McMillan joined Northampton Saints midway through the 2011-2012 season from Birmingham & Solihull as a triallist. He was awarded a short-term"}
{"doc_id":"doc_259","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Thing About StyxThe Thing About Styx (German: Die Sache mit Styx) is a 1942 German comedy crime film directed by Karl Anton and starring Laura Solari, Viktor de Kowa and Margit Symo. It was based on the novel Rittmeister Styx by Georg Mühlen-Schulte.CastLaura Solari as Julia SanderViktor de Kowa as Captain StyxMargit Symo as ArianeWill Dohm as BasilioCurt Lucas as Jules StoneWalter Steinbeck as Jacques StoneHans Leibelt as consul SanderHarald Paulsen as Dr. BonnettTheodor Loos as LenskiFranz Weber as CyrillWerner Scharf as TschelebiFranz Zimmermann as DodleyKurt Seifert as EugeneKarl Meixner as messengerLeo Peukert as DuchanHans Stiebner as hostLouis Ralph as packagerWilhelm Bendow as administrator of the legationKurt Mikulski as opera doormanTheodor Vogeler as accompanist #1Friedrich Petermann as accompanist #2Karl JüstelAngelo FerrariFranz SchafheitlinWalter BechmannPassage 2:The Wonderful World of Captain KuhioThe Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, Kuhio Taisa, lit. \"Captain Kuhio\") is a 2009 Japanese comedy-crime film, directed by Daihachi Yoshida, based on Kazumasa Yoshida's 2006 biographical novel, Kekkon Sagishi Kuhio Taisa (lit. \"Marriage swindler Captain Kuhio\"), that focuses on a real-life marriage swindler, who conned over 100 million yen (US$1.2 million) from a number of women between the 1970s and the 1990s.The film was released in Japan on 10 October 2009.CastMasato Sakai - Captain KuhioYasuko Matsuyuki - Shinobu NaganoHikari Mitsushima - Haru YasuokaYuko Nakamura - Michiko SudoHirofumi Arai - Tatsuya NaganoKazuya Kojima - Koichi TakahashiSakura Ando - Rika KinoshitaMasaaki Uchino - Chief FujiwaraKanji Furutachi - Shigeru KurodaReila AphroditeSei AndoAwardsAt the 31st Yokohama Film FestivalBest Actor – Masato SakaiBest Supporting Actress – Sakura AndoPassage 3:The Thing from Another WorldThe Thing from Another World, sometimes referred to as just The Thing, is a 1951 American black-and-white science fiction-horror film, directed by Christian Nyby, produced by Edward Lasker for Howard Hawks' Winchester Pictures Corporation, and released by RKO Radio Pictures. The film stars Margaret Sheridan, Kenneth Tobey, Robert Cornthwaite, and Douglas Spencer. James Arness plays The Thing: He is difficult to recognize in costume and makeup due to both low lighting and other effects used to obscure his features. The Thing from Another World is based on the 1938 novella \"Who Goes There?\" by John W. Campbell (writing under the pseudonym of Don A. Stuart).The film's storyline concerns a United States Air Force crew and scientists who find, frozen in the Arctic ice, a crashed flying saucer and a humanoid body nearby. Returning to their remote arctic research outpost with the body still in a block of ice, they are forced to defend themselves against the still alive and malevolent plant-based alien when it is accidentally thawed out.PlotIn Anchorage, journalist Ned Scott (Douglas Spencer), looking for a story, visits the officer's club of the Alaskan Air Command, where he meets Captain Pat Hendry (Kenneth Tobey), his co-pilot Lieutenant Eddie Dykes, (a friend of Scott's), and flight navigator Ken \"Mac\" MacPherson. General Fogarty orders Hendry to fly to Polar Expedition Six at the North Pole, per a request from its lead scientist, Nobel laureate Dr. Arthur Carrington (Robert Cornthwaite); Carrington has radioed that an unusual aircraft has crashed nearby. With Scott, Corporal Barnes, crew chief Bob, and a pack of sled dogs, Hendry pilots a Douglas C-47 Skytrain transport aircraft to the remote outpost.Upon arrival, Scott and the airmen meet radio operator Tex, Dr. Chapman, his wife Mrs. Chapman, a man named Lee, who is one of two cooks, and the Inuit dog handlers. Also present are scientists Vorhees, Stern, Redding, Stone, Laurence, Wilson, Ambrose, Auerbach, Olson, and Carrington. Hendry later rekindles his romance with Nikki Nicholson (Margaret Sheridan), Carrington's secretary. Several scientists fly with the airmen to the crash site, finding a large object buried beneath the ice. As they spread out to determine the object's shape, they realize that they are standing in a circle; they have discovered a flying saucer. The team attempts to melt the ice covering the saucer with thermite, but a violent reaction with the craft's metal alloy completely destroys it. Their Geiger counter, however, detects a frozen body buried nearby; it is excavated in a large block of ice and loaded aboard the C-47 transport. They fly out as an Arctic storm closes in on their site.Hendry assumes command of the outpost and, pending radio instructions from General Fogarty, denies Scott permission to send out his story; he also denies the scientists' demands to examine the body. Tex sends an update to Fogarty, and the airmen settle in as the storm arrives. A watch is posted; Barnes relieves McPherson and, disturbed by the creature's appearance in the clearing ice, covers it with an electric blanket, which he does not realize is plugged in. The block slowly thaws and the creature, still alive, escapes into the storm and is attacked by the sled dogs. The airmen recover the creature's severed arm after the attack.The scientists examine the arm, concluding that the alien is an advanced form of plant life. Carrington is convinced of its superiority to humans and becomes intent on communicating with it. The airmen begin a search, which leads to the outpost's greenhouse. Carrington stays behind with Vorhees, Stern, and Laurence, having noticed evidence of alien activity. They discover a third sled dog hidden away, which has had all of its blood drained; the carnivorous plant creature feeds on blood. Carrington and the scientists post a secret watch of their own, hoping to encounter the alien before the airmen find it.The next morning, the airmen continue their search. Tex informs them that Fogarty is aware of their discovery and demands further information, now prevented by the fierce storm. Stern appears, badly injured, and tells the group that the creature has killed Auerbach and Olson. When the airmen investigate, the alien attacks them; they manage to barricade it inside the greenhouse. Hendry confronts Carrington and orders him to remain in his lab and quarters.Carrington, obsessed with the alien, shows Nicholson and the other scientists his experiment: Using seeds taken from the severed arm, he has been growing small alien plants by feeding them from the blood plasma supply at the base. Hendry finds the plasma missing when it is needed to treat Stern, which leads him to Carrington. Fogarty transmits orders to keep the creature alive, but it escapes from the greenhouse and attacks the airmen in their quarters. They douse it with buckets of kerosene and set it aflame, forcing it to retreat into the storm. After regrouping, they realize that their building's temperature is falling rapidly; the furnaces have stopped working, sabotaged by the alien. They retreat to the station's generator room to keep warm, and rig an electrical \"fly trap\". The alien continues to stalk them, but at the last moment, Carrington attempts to communicate, pleading with the creature. It knocks him aside, walks into the trap, and is electrocuted. On Hendry's order, it is reduced to a pile of ash.When the weather clears, Scotty is finally able to file his \"story of a lifetime\" by radio to a roomful of reporters in Anchorage. He ends his broadcast with a warning: \"Tell the world. Tell this to everybody, wherever they are. Watch the skies everywhere. Keep looking. Keep watching the skies...\".CastProductionIn 1950, Lederer and Hecht convinced Hawks to buy the rights to \"Who Goes There?\". The cost ended up being $1,250.In an unusual practice for the era, no actors are named during the film's dramatic \"slow burning letters through background\" opening title sequence; the cast credits appear at the end of the film. Appearing in a small role was George Fenneman, who at the time was gaining fame as Groucho Marx's announcer on the popular quiz show You Bet Your Life. Fenneman later said he had difficulty with the overlapping dialogue in the film.The film was partly shot in Glacier National Park with interior sets built at a Los Angeles ice storage plant.The scene where the alien is set aflame and repeatedly doused with kerosene was one of the first full-body fire stunts ever filmed.The film took full advantage of the national feelings in America at the time in order to help enhance the horror elements of the film's storyline. The film reflected a post-Hiroshima skepticism about science and prevailing negative views of scientists who meddle with things better left alone. In the end it is American servicemen and several sensible scientists who win the day over the alien invader.ScreenplayThe film was loosely adapted by Charles Lederer, with uncredited rewrites from Howard Hawks and Ben Hecht, from the 1938 novella \"Who Goes There?\" by John W. Campbell. The story was first published in Astounding Science Fiction under Campbell's pseudonym, Don A. Stuart. (Campbell had just become Astounding's managing editor when his novella appeared in its pages.) Science fiction author A. E. van Vogt, who had been inspired to write from reading \"Who Goes There?\" and who had been a prolific contributor to Astounding, had wanted to write the script.The screenplay changes the fundamental nature of the alien. Lederer's \"Thing\" is a humanoid life form whose cellular structure is closer to vegetation, although it must feed on blood to survive; reporter Scott even refers to it in the film as a \"super carrot\". The internal, plant-like structure of the creature makes it impervious to bullets, but not to other destructive forces. Campbell's \"Thing\" is a life form capable of assuming the physical and mental characteristics of any living thing it encounters; this characteristic was later realized in John Carpenter's adaptation of the novella, the 1982 film The Thing.DirectorThere is debate as to whether the film was directed by Howard Hawks, with Christian Nyby receiving the credit so that Nyby could obtain his Director's Guild membership or whether Nyby directed it with considerable input from producer Hawks for Hawks' Winchester Pictures, which released the film through RKO Radio Pictures Inc. Hawks gave Nyby only $5,460 of RKO's $50,000 director's fee and kept the rest, but Hawks always denied that he directed the film.Cast members disagree on Hawks' and Nyby's contributions: Tobey said that \"Hawks directed it, all except one scene\" while, on the other hand, Fenneman said that \"Hawks would once in a while direct, if he had an idea, but it was Chris' show\". Cornthwaite said that \"Chris always deferred to Hawks ... Maybe because he did defer to him, people misinterpreted it\".One of the film's stars, William Self, later became President of 20th Century Fox Television. In describing the production, Self said, \"Chris was the director in our eyes, but Howard was the boss in our eyes\". Although Self has said that \"Hawks was directing the picture from the sidelines\", he also has said that \"Chris would stage each scene, how to play it. But then he would go over to Howard and ask him for advice, which the actors did not hear ... Even though I was there every day, I don't think any of us can answer the question. Only Chris and Howard can answer the question\".At a reunion of The Thing cast and crew members in 1982, Nyby said:Did Hawks direct it? That's one of the most inane and ridiculous questions I've ever heard, and people keep asking. That it was Hawks' style. Of course it was. This is a man I "}
{"doc_id":"doc_260","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Dan MilneDan Milne is a British actor/director who is possibly best known for his role in EastEnders.CareerHe started his career in 1996 and made anappearance in Murder Most Horrid and as a pub poet in In a Land of Plenty. He then appeared in EastEnders as David Collins, Jane Beale's dying husband.As amember of the Young Vic, he collaborated with Tim Supple to originate  Grimm Tales, which toured internationally, culminating in a Broadway run at the NewVictory Theater. Since that time he has collaborated on more than seven major new works, including Two Men Talking, which has run for the past six years invarious cities across the world. In 2013, he replaced Ken Barrie as the voice of the Reverend Timms in the children's show, Postman Pat.Passage 2:ArindamSilArindam Sil (born March 12, 1964) is an Indian actor, film director and line producer who predominantly works in Bengali films..Early lifeSil was born on 12March 1964 in North Calcutta to a traditional joint family. He was a student of St. Joseph's College, Calcutta, and St. Xavier's College, Kolkata, from where hepassed ICSE, ISC & B Com (Hons) examinations. He then pursued M.B.A. in marketing from the Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management atthe University of Calcutta. He gave up his PhD at USA to pursue his interest in becoming an actor. In 2012 he directed a movie Aborto. Sil and his company,Nothing Beyond Cinema, has managed the line-production of films like The Bong Connection, Via Darjeeling, 033, Brake Fail, Shukno Lanka, Nobel Chor, Kahaani,Detective Byomkesh Bakshi, TE3N, Meri Pyari Bindu', among others.FilmographyDirectorActorAfghaani Snow (2023)Sada Ronger Prithibi (2023)Shabash Feluda(2023)Lost (2023)Tirandaj Shabor (2022)Mahananda (2022)Bhalo Meye Kharap Meye (2019)Durgeshgorer Guptodhon (2019)Finally Bhalobasha(2019)Guptodhoner Sondhane (2018)Eagoler Chokh (2016) (cameo)Har Har Byomkesh (2015) (cameo)Shudhu Tomari Jonyo (2015) Nayantara's FatherBunoHaansh (2014)Kaal Madhumas (2013)Target Kolkata (2013)Asbo Aar Ekdin (2012)Laptop (2012) Raya's FatherNobel Chor (2012)Arekti Premer Golpo (2010)EktiTarar Khonje (2010)Sob Choritro Kalponik (2009)Brake Fail (2009)Via Darjeeling (2008)Tolly Lights (2008)Chalo Let's Go (2008)Bow Barracks Forever (2007)TheBong Connection (2007)Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero (2005)Dwitio Paksha (2004)Mahulbanir Sereng (2004)Annadaata (2002)Debdas(2002)Moner Majhe Tumi (2002)Cancer (2001)Hey Ram (2000)Shesh Thikana (2000)Sankha Sindurer Dibyi (1999)Shatru Mitra (1999)Swapno Niye (1999)TumiEle Taai (1999)Executive producerMeri Pyaari Bindu (2017)Kahaani 2: Durga Rani Singh (2016)Te3n (2016)Detective Byomkesh Bakshy!Gunday (2014)Kahaani(2012)Nobel Chor (2012)Shukno Lanka (2010)033 (2010)Brake Fail (2009)Via Darjeeling (2008)The Bong Connection (2007)See alsoPijush GangulyParanBandopadhyayPassage 3:Circle of DeceptionCircle of Deception is a 1960 CinemaScope British war film directed by Jack Lee and starring Bradford Dillman, SuzyParker and Harry Andrews.PlotA Canadian officer is sent on a secret and dangerous mission during World War II. His superior officers deceptively give him falseinformation about the planned invasion of 1944. He is told that this secret information must not get into enemy hands. He is transported into occupied territory ina way that insures he will be captured. He resists torture, but finally tells all.  The Germans are misled and the Normandy landings succeed. The Canadian officeris now a broken man.CastBradford Dillman as Captain Paul RaineSuzy Parker as Lucy BowenHarry Andrews as Captain Thomas RawsonRobert Stephens asCaptain SteinPaul Rogers as Major William SpenceJohn Welsh as Major TaylorRonald Allen as Jim AbelsonA. J. Brown as Frank BowenMartin Boddey as HenryCrowCharles Lloyd-Pack as AyresJacques Cey as CureJohn Dearth as Captain OrmrodNorman Coburn as CarterHennie Scott as Small boyRichard Marner asGerman colonelWalter Gotell as Phoney Jules BallardPassage 4:Elliot SilversteinElliot Silverstein (born August 3, 1927) is a retired American film and televisiondirector. He directed the Academy Award-winning western comedy Cat Ballou (1965), and other films including The Happening (1967), A Man Called Horse(1970), Nightmare Honeymoon (1974), and The Car (1977). His television work includes four episodes of The Twilight Zone (1961–1964).CareerElliot Silversteinwas the director of six feature films in the mid-twentieth century. The most famous of these by far is Cat Ballou, a comedy-western starring Jane Fonda and LeeMarvin.The other Silverstein films, in chronological order, are The Happening, A Man Called Horse,  Nightmare Honeymoon, The Car, and Flashfire.Other workincluded directing for the television shows The Twilight Zone, The Nurses, Picket Fences, and Tales from the Crypt.While Silverstein was not a prolific director, hisfilms were often decorated. Cat Ballou, for instance, earned one Oscar and was nominated for four more. His high quality work was rewarded in 1990 with aLifetime Achievement Award by the Directors Guild of America.AwardsIn 1965, at the 15th Berlin International Film Festival, he won the Youth Film Award –Honorable Mention, in the category of Best Feature Film Suitable for Young People for Cat Ballou.He was also nominated for the Golden Berlin Bear.In 1966, hewas nominated for the DGA Award in the category for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (Cat Ballou).In 1971, he won the Bronze Wrangleraward at the Western Heritage Awards in the category of Theatrical Motion Picture for A Man Called Horse, along with producer Sandy Howard, writer Jack DeWitt,and actors Judith Anderson, Jean Gascon, Corinna Tsopei and Richard Harris.In 1985, he won the Robert B. Aldrich Achievement Award from the Directors Guildof America.In 1990, he was awarded the DGA Honorary Life Member Award.Personal lifeSilverstein has been married three times, each ending in divorce. His firstmarriage was to Evelyn Ward in 1962; the couple divorced in 1968. His second marriage was to Alana King. During his first marriage, he was the step-father ofDavid Cassidy.He currently lives in North Hollywood, Los Angeles. Actively retired, Silverstein has taught film at USC and continues to work on screen plays andother projects.FilmographyTales from the Crypt (TV Series) (1991–94)Picket Fences (TV Series) (1993)Rich Men, Single Women (TV Movie) (1990)Fight for Life(TV Movie) (1987)Night of Courage (TV Movie) (1987)Betrayed by Innocence (TV Movie) (1986)The Firm (TV Series) (1982–1983)The Car (1977)NightmareHoneymoon (1974)A Man Called Horse (1970)The Happening (1967)Cat Ballou (1965)Kraft Suspense Theatre (TV Series) (1963–64)The Defenders (TV Series)(1962–64)Arrest and Trial (TV Series) (1964)The Doctors and the Nurses (TV Series) (1962–64)Twilight Zone (TV Series) (1961–64)Breaking Point (TV Series)(1963)Dr. Kildare (TV Series) (1961–63)The Dick Powell Theatre (TV Series) (1962)Belle Sommers (TV Movie) (1962)Naked City (TV Series) (1961–62)Have Gun- Will Travel (TV Series) (1961)Route 66 (TV Series) (1960–61)Checkmate (TV Series) (1961)The Westerner (TV Series) (1960)Assignment: Underwater (TVSeries) (1960)Black Saddle (TV Series) (1960)Suspicion (TV Series) (1958)Omnibus (TV Series) (1954–56)Passage 5:Victor OstrovskyVictor John Ostrovsky(born 28 November 1949) is an author and a former katsa (case officer) for the Israeli Mossad. He authored two nonfiction books about his service with theMossad: By Way of Deception, a #1 New York Times bestseller in 1990, and The Other Side of Deception several years later.FamilyOstrovsky's mother, agymnastics teacher by trade, was born in Mandatory Palestine to Haim and Esther Margolin, (his grandparents) who fled Russia in 1912 and settled in Palestinewhere Haim served as Auditor General of the Jewish National Fund (JNF), and Esther volunteered to the British Army (ATS), as truck driver during World War II,and later joined the Haganah to fight for Israel's independence from the British mandate rule.Ostrovsky's father was a Canadian-born Jew who served with theRoyal Canadian Air Force during World War II as a tail gunner on a Lancaster bomber, taking part in more than 20  missions over Germany. His plane was shotdown over Germany, but he managed to escape and return to active service. After the war, he joined the Israeli military to fight in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War,rising to command Sde Dov, an Israeli Air Force base in Israel.Early lifeHe was born in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, on 28 November 1949, and he moved toIsrael at the age of five.CareerOstrovsky joined the Israeli Youth Brigade at 14 and quickly became an expert marksman, finishing second in a 1964 nationalshooting competition, with a score of 192 out of 200. At the age of 17, he joined the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) after a minor eye condition ended his hopes ofbecoming a pilot. He was assigned to the Military Police and rose to command the Nablus Military Police Base. Later, he was made commanding officer of theMilitary Police West Bank Central Command.After his service with the Military Police, he spent six years in the Israeli Navy. He was selected to attend the Staffand Command School and attained the rank of Lieutenant Commander. Ostrovsky was placed in charge of all Navy weapons testing. He helped introduce theHarpoon surface-to-surface missile to the Saar missile boats as well as the Vulcan Phalanx anti-missile defense system.According to court papers filed by theIsraeli government in an attempt to stop the publication of his book By Way of Deception, Ostrovsky was recruited by the Mossad in 1984 and trained as a katsa(case officer) at the Mossad's training school north of Tel Aviv.In 1986, he says that he left the agency saying it was because of what he considered cases ofunnecessarily-malicious actions by Mossad operatives. He also accused its directors of knowingly making less-than-accurate reports to the nation's politicalleadership. However, historian Benny Morris states that Ostrovsky's two years in the Mossad were mostly spent as a trainee, and he wouldn't have had access tomany operational secrets before he was fired.His wife, Bella Ostrovsky, died on January 8, 2015, at 65.He operated Ostrovsky Fine Art Gallery in Scottsdale,Arizona. While he has painted many subjects, he is best known for his Metaphors of Espionage collection, inspired by his days as a spy for the Mossad.By Way ofDeceptionIn 1990, he published By Way of Deception to draw attention to the corruption and shortcomings that he claims to have witnessed in the Mossad. Hehas repeatedly argued that intelligence-gathering agencies must be permitted certain operational freedoms but that significantly-increased governmentaloversight of espionage activities is necessary.Without effective oversight, he has said that the Mossad cannot achieve its full potential and value. According toOstrovsky, if a US senator on a military committee whose \"aide was Jewish, he or she would be approached as a sayan,\" which Ostrovsky later defines as \"avolunteer Jewish helper outside Israel\" who would then assist Mossad. Of the Israeli spy network in the United States, David Wise wrote in his New York Times"}
{"doc_id":"doc_261","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Mason of the MountedMason of the Mounted is a 1932 American pre-Code Western film directed by Harry L. Fraser. It was the fourth MonogramPictures eight-film Western film series \"the Bill and Andy series\" with Bill Cody co-starring with child actor Andy Shuford.PlotNorth-West Mounted Police ConstableBill Mason and two other Mounties are chasing a murderer who shoots and wounds one of them. When the murderer has entered the United States, Bill Masongoes undercover to get his man and bring him back to Canada for justice.  He finds that the murderer, now calling himself Calhoun is leading a group of rustlers.Without knowing his true identity, the locals have Mason elected as the head of a vigilante committee to stop the rustling.CastBill Cody as Bill MasonAndy Shufordas Andy Talbot, Luke's NephewNancy Drexel as Marion KirbyLeRoy Mason as CalhounJack Carlyle as Luke Kirby, Marion's FatherJames A. Marcus as MarshalArtSmith as R.N.W.M.P, OfficerExternal linksMason of the Mounted at IMDbMason of the Mounted is available for free viewing and download at the InternetArchivePassage 2:Le Masque de la MéduseLe masque de la Méduse (English: The Mask of Medusa) is a 2009 fantasy horror film directed by Jean Rollin. The film isa modern-day telling of the Greek mythological tale of the Gorgon and was inspired by the 1964 classic Hammer Horror film of the same name and the 1981 cultclassic Clash of the Titans. It was Rollin's final film, as the director died in 2010.CastSimone Rollin as la MéduseSabine Lenoël as EuryaleMarlène Delcambre asSthénoJuliette Moreau as JulietteDelphine Montoban as CorneliusJean-Pierre Bouyxou as le gardienBernard Charnacé as le collectionneurAgnès Pierron as lacolleuse d'affiche au Grand-GuignolGabrielle Rollin as la petite contrebassisteJean Rollin as l'homme qui enterre la têteThomas Smith as ThomasProductionIt wasthought that Rollin's 2007 film La nuit des horloges was the final film of his career, as he had mentioned in the past. However, in 2009, Rollin began preparationfoe Le masque de la Méduse. Rollin originally directed the film as a one-hour short, which was screened at the Cinémathèque de Toulouse, but after the release,Rollin decided to add 20 minutes of additional scenes and then cut the film into two distinct parts, as he did with his first feature, Le Viol du Vampire.  The filmwas shot on location at the Golden Gate Aquarium and Père Lachaise Cemetery, as well as on stage at the Theatre du Grande Guignol, which is where the longestpart of the film takes place. It was shot on HD video on a low budget of €150,000. Before the release, it was transferred to 35mm film.ReleaseThe film was notreleased theatrically, although it premiered on 19 November 2009 at the 11th edition of the Extreme Cinema Film Festival at the Cinémathèque de Toulouse. Aspart of \"An Evening with Jean Rollin\", it was shown as a double feature with Rollin's 2007 film La nuit des horloges.Home mediaNo official DVD was released,although for a limited time, a DVD of La masque de la Méduse was included with the first 150 copies of Rollin's book Jean Rollin: Écrits complets Volume1.Passage 3:Code of the MountedThe Code of the Mounted is a 1935 American drama film directed by Sam Newfield from a screenplay by Milton Raison.  The filmstars Kermit Maynard, Robert Warwick, and Jim Thorpe.CastPlotRaoul Marlin kills a fur trapper, and is captured and imprisoned by members of the RoyalCanadian Mounted Police.  Snaky, a member of his gang, kills the two Mounties guarding him, and helps him escape, but another Mountie, Jim Wilson, tracks himdown and recaptures him. However, as they are making their way back to jail, more members of the gang Marlin belongs to, including the gang's leader, Jean,waylay them and free Marlin once again. Wilson and his partner, Rogers, begin tracking the gang down. The trail leads them to a general store which is owned byDuval, who is Jean's second-in-command, as well as being in love with her. Wilson hatches a plan to go undercover and impersonate a notorious thief andmurderer, Benet.  When he gets to the store, he witnesses Duval kill an Indian, when the Indian refuses to sell his furs for fifty cents each. Jean tells him to getout of there, but Wilson gives her his story of being Benet, and wanting to partner with her and split the black market in the region with her. Wilson's cover isfurther bolstered when Rogers begins spreading a \"rumor\" around town that Wilson is Benet.  After spreading the rumor, Rogers leaves to go get more Mountiesto help break up the gang. Duval, jealous of the attention Jean is bestowing on Wilson/Benet, as well as being upset over being shut out of their deal, begins todig into Benet's history.  At the newspaper office, he finds out that the real Benet had been hung a short time earlier.  He takes the newspaper article to Jean,who is furious, and gathers her gang to go after Wilson. Just as they are about to hunt Wilson down, Rogers and the others Mounties arrive. Most of the gang isarrested, but Jean and Marlin escape.  Wilson takes out after the two.  As he catches up with them, Marlin gets a bead on him, but is shot and killed by Jean, whohas developed feelings for Wilson. In exchange, Wilson lets Jean escape.ProductionThis was the fifth production of a work by James Oliver Curwood starringKermit Maynard.  It went into production on May 9, 1935, directed by Sam Neufeld.  It was scheduled for a June 8 release, and opened on time.ReceptionTheFilm Daily gave it a positive review, calling it an \"outdoor action story with better than usual attention to general production details\".  They complimented thescenery, Maynard's roping and riding skills, and felt it had enough action throughout, but went \"slightly overboard on dialogue and gunplay\".  The felt thedirection was good, and the cinematography excellent.  In a brief review, the Motion Picture Herald gave it a lukewarm review, saying that the film was \"fair\", butthe cinematography was \"excellent\", and Maynard's performance was \"well-liked\".Passage 4:QuerelleQuerelle is a 1982 West German-French English-languagearthouse film directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder and starring Brad Davis, adapted from French author Jean Genet's 1947 novel Querelle of Brest. It wasFassbinder's last film, released shortly after his death at the age of 37.PlotThe plot centers on the handsome Belgian sailor Georges Querelle, who is also a thiefand murderer. When his ship, Le Vengeur, arrives in Brest, he visits the Feria, a bar and brothel for sailors run by the Madame Lysiane, whose lover, Robert, isQuerelle's brother. Querelle has a love/hate relationship with his brother: when they meet at La Feria, they embrace, but also punch one another slowly andrepeatedly in the belly. Lysiane's husband Nono works behind the bar and also manages La Feria's underhanded affairs with the assistance of his friend, thecorrupt police captain Mario.Querelle makes a deal to sell opium to Nono. During the execution of the deal, he murders his accomplice Vic by slitting histhroat.  After delivering the drugs, Querelle announces that he wants to sleep with Lysiane.  He knows that this means he will have to throw dice with Nono, whohas the privilege of playing a game of chance with all of her prospective lovers. If Nono loses, the suitor is allowed to proceed with his affair. If the suitor loses,however, he must submit to anal sex with Nono first, according to Nono's maxim that \"That way, I can say my wife only sleeps with arseholes.\" Querelledeliberately loses the game, allowing himself to be sodomized by Nono. When Nono gloats about Querelle's \"loss\" to Robert, who won his dice game, the brothersend up in a violent fight.  Later, Querelle becomes Lysiane's lover, and also has sex with Mario.Luckily for Querelle, a builder, Gil, murders his work mate Theo,who had been harassing and sexually assaulting him.  Gil hides from the police in an abandoned prison, and Roger, who is in love with Gil, establishes contactbetween Querelle and Gil in the hopes that Querelle can help Gil flee. Querelle falls in love with Gil, who closely resembles his brother.  Gil returns his affections,but Querelle betrays Gil by tipping off the police. Querelle cleverly arranged it so that the murder of Vic is also blamed on Gil.Querelle's superior, LieutenantSeblon, is in love with Querelle, and constantly tries to prove his manliness to him. Seblon is aware that Querelle murdered Vic, but chooses to protecthim.  Later, Seblon reveals his love and concern to a drunken Querelle, and they kiss and embrace before returning to Le Vengeur.CastBrad Davis asQuerelleFranco Nero as Lieutenant SeblonJeanne Moreau as LysianeLaurent Malet as Roger BatailleHanno Pöschl as Robert / GilGünther Kaufmann asNonoBurkhard Driest as MarioRoger Fritz as MarcellinDieter Schidor as Vic RivetteNatja Brunckhorst as PauletteWerner Asam as WorkerAxel Bauer as WorkerNeilBell as TheoRobert van Ackeren as Drunken legionnaireWolf Gremm as Drunken legionnaireFrank Ripploh as Drunken legionnaireProductionAccording to Genet'sbiographer Edmund White, Querelle was originally going to be made by Werner Schroeter, with a scenario by Burkhard Driest, and produced by Dieter Schidor.However, Schidor could not find the money to finance a film by Schroeter, and therefore turned to other directors, including John Schlesinger and Sam Peckinpah,before finally settling on Fassbinder. Driest wrote a radically different script for Fassbinder, who then \"took the linear narrative and jumbled it up\". White quotesSchidor as saying \"Fassbinder did something totally different, he took the words of Genet and tried to meditate on something other than the story. The storybecame totally unimportant for him. He also said publicly that the story was a sort of third-rate police story that wouldn't be worth making a movie about withoutputting a particular moral impact into it\".Schroeter had wanted to make a black and white film with amateur actors and location shots, but Fassbinder insteadshot it with professional actors in a lurid, expressionist color, and on sets in the studio. Edmund White comments that the result is a film in which, \"Everything isbathed in an artificial light and the architectural elements are all symbolic.\"SoundtrackJeanne Moreau – \"Each Man Kills the Things He Loves\" (music by PeerRaben, lyrics from Oscar Wilde's poem \"The Ballad of Reading Gaol\")\"Young and Joyful Bandit\" (Music by Peer Raben, lyrics by Jeanne Moreau)Both songs werenominated to the 1984 Razzie Awards for \"Worst Original Song\".ReleaseQuerelle sold more than 100,000 tickets in the first three weeks after its release in Paris,the first time that a film with a gay theme had achieved such success. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, which categorizes reviews as positive or negativeonly, the film has an approval rating of 57% calculated based on 14 critics comments. By comparison, with the same opinions being calculated using a weightedarithmetic mean, the rating is 6.10/10. Writing for The New York Times critic Vincent Canby noted that Querelle was \"a mess...a detour that leads to a deadend.\"Penny Ashbrook calls Querelle Fassbinder's \"perfect epitaph: an intensely personal statement that is the most uncompromising portrayal of gay malesensibility to come from a major filmmaker.\" Edmund White considers Querelle the only film based on Genet's book that works, calling it \"visually as artificial and"}
{"doc_id":"doc_262","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Paolo Delle PianePaolo Delle Piane (born 1 May 1964 in Bologna) is a retired Italian racing driver.See alsoMotorsport in ItalyPassage 2:WesleyBarresiWesley Barresi (born 3 May 1984) is a South African born first-class and Netherlands international cricketer. He is a right-handed wicket keeper-batsmanand also bowls right-arm offbreak. In February 2021, Barresi announced his retirement from all forms of cricket, but returned to the national team in August2022.CareerWesley became the 100th victim to Indian cricketer Yuvraj Singh, when he was dismissed in the 2011 World Cup game against India.In July 2018, hewas named in the Netherlands' One Day International (ODI) squad, for their series against Nepal. Ahead of the ODI matches, the International Cricket Council(ICC) named him as the key player for the Netherlands.In July 2019, he was selected to play for the Amsterdam Knights in the inaugural edition of the Euro T20Slam cricket tournament. However, the following month, the tournament was cancelled.Passage 3:Carlo CicalaCarlo Cicala or Carlo Cicada was a Roman Catholicprelate who served as Bishop of Albenga (1554–1572).).BiographyOn 30 March 1554, Carlo Cicala was appointed during the papacy of Pope Julius III as Bishop ofAlbenga. He served as Bishop of Albenga until his resignation in 1572.Episcopal successionWhile bishop, he was the principal co-consecrator of:BenedettoLomellini, Bishop of Ventimiglia (1565);Filippo Spinola, Bishop of Bisignano (1566); andLuca Fieschi, Bishop of Andria (1566).Passage 4:BronisławDembowskiBronisław Dembowski (2 October 1927 – 16 November 2019) was a Polish Catholic bishop.Dembowski was born in Poland and was ordained to thepriesthood in 1953. He served as the bishop of the Diocese of Włocławek, Poland, from 1992 to 2003.== Notes ==Passage 5:Carlo Delle PianeCarlo Delle Piane(2 February 1936 – 23 August 2019) was an Italian film actor. From 1948 until his death, he appeared in more than 100 films.Born in Rome, Delle Piane made hisdebut at the age of twelve in Duilio Coletti's Heart; he starred in the stereotypical role of an arrogant but basically kind-hearted boy in many films until themid-fifties. The turning point of his career was the encounter with Pupi Avati, with whom Delle Piane experienced more significant and varied roles, going fromcomic surreal performances to melancholic and even dramatic shades.In 1984, he won the Nastro d'Argento for Best Actor for his performance in Una gitascolastica. For his role in Regalo di Natale he won the Volpi Cup at the 43rd Venice International Film Festival.Selected filmographyPassage 6:Wale AdebanwiWaleAdebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations,and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow. He is currently a Presidential PennCompact Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change,nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa.EducationbackgroundWale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in PoliticalScience from the University of Ibadan. He also has an MPhil. and a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge.CareerAdebanwi worked as afreelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science asa lecturer and researcher. He was later appointed as an assistant professor in the African American and African Studies Department of the University of California,Davis, USA. He became a full professor at UC Davis in 2016.Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal ofContemporary African Studies.WorksHis published works include:Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University ofRochester Press, 2016)Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)Authority Stealing:Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books,including.The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge,2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare)Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation inNarration (Routledge, 2012)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).AwardsRhodes Professorship in RaceRelations awarded by Oxford University to Faculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies.Passage 7:Carlo CesioCarlo Cesio or Carlo Cesi (17 April 1622– 6January 1682) was a Baroque-style painter and engraver of the Roman school.BiographyCesio was born in 1622 at Antrodoco in the present Province of Rieti,then part of the Roman States. He was brought up at Rome, in the school of Pietro da Cortona, and was employed in several prominent public works during thepontificate of Alexander VII. He painted historical subjects. He died in 1686 at Rieti.In the Quirinal, he painted The Judgment of Solomon, and others of his worksare in Santa Maria Maggiore and in the Rotunda. Carlo Cesio was also an engraver of some eminence; we have by him several plates after the Italian painters ofhis time. His plates are etched and finished off with the graver, in a free, masterly style.Among his works as an engraver:The Virgin and Infant Jesus with St.John; half-length.St. Andrew led to Martyrdom, prostrating himself before the Cross; after Guido.The Frontispiece to the book entitled Discorsi dellaMusica.Sixteen plates from the Pamphili Gallery; after Pietro da Cortona.Forty-one plates (1657) of the Farnese Gallery; after Annibale Carracci.Eight plates of theBuongiovanni Chapel in the church of St. Augustine at Rome; after Lanfranco.A book of anatomical drawings, published posthumously in German: L'anatomia deipittori del signore Carlo CesioPassage 8:John McMahon (Surrey and Somerset cricketer)John William Joseph McMahon (28 December 1917 – 8 May 2001) was anAustralian-born first-class cricketer who played for Surrey and Somerset County Cricket Clubs in England from 1947 to 1957.Surrey cricketerMcMahon was anorthodox left-arm spin bowler with much variation in speed and flight who was spotted by Surrey playing in club cricket in North London and brought on to thecounty's staff for the 1947 season at the age of 29. In the first innings of his first match, against Lancashire at The Oval, he took five wickets for 81 runs.In hisfirst full season, 1948, he was Surrey's leading wicket-taker and in the last home game of the season he was awarded his county cap – he celebrated by takingeight Northamptonshire wickets for 46 runs at The Oval, six of them coming in the space of 6.3 overs for seven runs. This would remain the best bowlingperformance of his first-class career, not surpassed, but he did equal it seven years later. In the following game, the last away match of the season, he took 10Hampshire wickets for 150 runs in the match at Bournemouth. In the 1948 season as a whole, he took 91 wickets at an average of 28.07. As a tail-endleft-handed batsman, he managed just 93 runs in the season at an average of 4.22.The emergence of Tony Lock as a slow left-arm bowler in 1949 brought astuttering end of McMahon's Surrey career. Though he played in 12 first-class matches in the 1949 season, McMahon took only 19 wickets; a similar number ofmatches in 1950 brought 34 wickets. In 1951, he played just seven times and in 1952 only three times. In 1953, Lock split the first finger of his left hand, andplayed in only 11 of Surrey's County Championship matches; McMahon played as his deputy in 14 Championship matches, though a measure of their comparativemerits was that Lock's 11 games produced 67 wickets at 12.38 runs apiece, while McMahon's 14 games brought him 45 wickets at the, for him, low average of21.53. At the end of the 1953 season, McMahon was allowed to leave Surrey to join Somerset, then languishing at the foot of the County Championship andrecruiting widely from other counties and other countries.Somerset cricketerSomerset's slow bowling in 1954 was in the hands of leg-spinner Johnny Lawrence,with support from the off-spin of Jim Hilton while promising off-spinner Brian Langford was on national service. McMahon filled a vacancy for a left-arm orthodoxspinner that had been there since the retirement of Horace Hazell at the end of the 1952 season; Hazell's apparent successor, Roy Smith, had failed to realise hispromise as a bowler in 1953, though his batting had advanced significantly.McMahon instantly became a first-team regular and played in almost every matchduring his four years with the county, not missing a single Championship game until he was controversially dropped from the side in August 1957, after which hedid not play in the Championship again.In the 1954 season, McMahon, alongside fellow newcomer Hilton, was something of a disappointment, according toWisden: \"The new spin bowlers, McMahon and Hilton, did not attain to the best standards of their craft in a wet summer, yet, like the rest of the attack, theywould have fared better with reasonable support in the field and from their own batsmen,\" it said. McMahon took 85 wickets at an average of 27.47 (Hilton tookonly 42 at a higher average). His best match was against Essex at Weston-super-Mare where he took six for 96 in the first innings and five for 45 in the second tofinish with match figures of 11 for 141, which were the best of his career. He was awarded his county cap in the 1954 season, but Somerset remained at thebottom of the table.The figures for the 1955 were similar: McMahon this time took 75 wickets at 28.77 apiece. There was a small improvement in his batting andthe arrival of Bryan Lobb elevated McMahon to No 10 in the batting order for most of the season, and he responded with 262 runs and an average of 9.03. Thisincluded his highest-ever score, 24, made in the match against Sussex at Frome. A week later in Somerset's next match, he equalled his best-ever bowlingperformance, taking eight Kent wickets for 46 runs in the first innings of a match at Yeovil through what Wisden called \"clever variation of flight and spin\". Thesematches brought two victories for Somerset, but there were only two others in the 1955 season and the side finished at the bottom of the Championship for thefourth season running.At the end of the 1955 season, Lawrence retired and McMahon became Somerset's senior spin bowler for the 1956 season, with Langfordreturning from National Service as the main support. McMahon responded with his most successful season so far, taking 103 wickets at an average of 25.57, the"}
{"doc_id":"doc_263","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Hartley LobbanHartley W Lobban (9 May 1926 – 15 October 2004) was a Jamaican-born first-class cricketer who played 17 matches for Worcestershirein the early 1950s.Life and careerLobban played little cricket in Jamaica. He went to England at the end of World War II as a member of the Royal Air Force, andsettled in Kidderminster in Worcestershire in 1947, where he worked as a civilian lorry driver for the RAF. He began playing for Kidderminster Cricket Club in theBirmingham League, and at the start of the 1952 season, opening the bowling for the club's senior team, he had figures of 7 for 9 and 7 for 37.Worcestershireinvited him to play for them, and he made his first-class debut against Sussex in July 1952. He took five wickets in the match (his maiden victim being KenSuttle) and then held on for 4 not out with Peter Richardson (20 not out) to add the 12 runs needed for a one-wicket victory after his county had collapsed from192 for 2 to 238 for 9. A week later he claimed four wickets against Warwickshire, then a few days later still he managed 6 for 52 (five of his victims bowled) inwhat was otherwise a disastrous innings defeat to Derbyshire. In the last match of the season he took a career-best 6 for 51 against Glamorgan; he and RegPerks (4 for 59) bowled unchanged throughout the first innings. Worcestershire won the game and Lobban finished the season with 23 wickets at 23.69.He took23 wickets again in 1953, but at a considerably worse average of 34.43, and had only two really successful games: against Oxford University in June, when hetook 5 for 70, and then against Sussex in July. On this occasion Lobban claimed eight wickets, his most in a match, including 6 for 103 in the first innings. He alsomade his highest score with the bat, 18, but Sussex won by five wickets.In 1954 Lobban made only two first-class appearances, and managed only the singlewicket of Gloucestershire tail-ender Bomber Wells. In his final game, against Warwickshire at Dudley, his nine first-innings overs cost 51. He bowled just twoovers in the second innings as Warwickshire completed an easy ten-wicket win. Lobban played one more Second XI game, against Glamorgan II at Cardiff ArmsPark; in this he picked up five wickets.He was also a professional boxer and played rugby union for Kidderminster.He later moved to Canada, where he worked asa teacher in Burnaby, British Columbia. He and his wife Celia had a son and two daughters.Passage 2:Wale AdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is aNigerian-born first Black Rhodes Professor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of theAfrican Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow. He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of AfricanaStudies at the University of Pennsylvania. Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations,identity politics, elites and cultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa.Education backgroundWale Adebanwi graduated witha first degree in Mass Communication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Ibadan. He alsohas an MPhil. and a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge.CareerAdebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editorfor many newspapers and magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher. He was laterappointed as an assistant professor in the African American and African Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA. He became a full professorat UC Davis in 2016.Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies.WorksHispublished works include:Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)Yoruba Elites and EthnicPolitics in Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics inPost-Military Nigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including.The Political Economy of Everyday Life inAfrica: Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare)Governance and the Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria:Critical Interpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)(co-edited withEbenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).AwardsRhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University toFaculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies.Passage 3:Howard HawksHoward Winchester Hawks (May 30, 1896 – December 26, 1977) was an Americanfilm director, producer, and screenwriter of the classic Hollywood era. Critic Leonard Maltin called him \"the greatest American director who is not a householdname.\"  Roger Ebert called Hawks \"one of the greatest American directors of pure movies, and a hero of auteur critics because he found his own laconic values inso many different kinds of genre material.\" He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director for Sergeant York (1941) and earned the HonoraryAcademy Award in 1974.A versatile film director, Hawks explored many genres such as comedies, dramas, gangster films, science fiction, film noir, war films, andwesterns. His most popular films include Scarface (1932), Bringing Up Baby (1938), Only Angels Have Wings (1939), His Girl Friday (1940), To Have and HaveNot (1944), The Big Sleep (1946), Red River (1948), The Thing from Another World (1951), Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953), and Rio Bravo (1959). Hisfrequent portrayals of strong, tough-talking female characters came to define the \"Hawksian woman\".Early life and backgroundHoward Winchester Hawks wasborn in Goshen, Indiana. He was the first-born child of Frank Winchester Hawks (1865–1950), a wealthy paper manufacturer, and his wife, Helen Brown (néeHoward; 1872–1952), the daughter of a wealthy industrialist. Hawks's family on his father's side were American pioneers, and his ancestor John Hawks hademigrated from England to Massachusetts in 1630. The family eventually settled in Goshen and by the 1890s was one of the wealthiest families in the Midwest,due mostly to the highly profitable Goshen Milling Company.Hawks's maternal grandfather, C. W. Howard (1845–1916), had homesteaded in Neenah, Wisconsin,in 1862 at age 17. Within 15 years he had made his fortune in the town's paper mill and other industrial endeavors. Frank Hawks and Helen Howard met in theearly 1890s and married in 1895. Howard Hawks was the eldest of five children, and his birth was followed by Kenneth Neil Hawks (August 12, 1898 – January 2,1930), William Bellinger Hawks (January 29, 1901 – January 10, 1969), Grace Louise Hawks (October 17, 1903 – December 23, 1927), and Helen Bernice Hawks(1906 – May 4, 1911). In 1898, the family moved back to Neenah where Frank Hawks began working for his father-in-law's Howard Paper Company.Between1906 and 1909, the Hawks family began to spend more time in Pasadena, California, during the cold Wisconsin winters in order to improve Helen Hawks's illhealth. Gradually, they began to spend only their summers in Wisconsin before permanently moving to Pasadena in 1910. The family settled in a house down thestreet from Throop Polytechnic Institute, and the Hawks children began attending the school's Polytechnic Elementary School in 1907. Hawks was an averagestudent and did not excel in sports, but by 1910 had discovered coaster racing, an early form of soapbox racing. In 1911, Hawks's youngest sibling, Helen, diedsuddenly of food poisoning. From 1910 to 1912, Hawks attended Pasadena High School. In 1912, the Hawks family moved to nearby Glendora, California, whereFrank Hawks owned orange groves. Hawks finished his junior year of high school at Citrus Union High School in Glendora. During this time he worked as abarnstorming pilot.He was sent to Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire from 1913 to 1914; his family's wealth may have influenced his acceptance to theelite private school. Even though he was 17, he was admitted as a lower middleclassman, the equivalent of a sophomore. While in New England, Hawks oftenattended the theaters in nearby Boston. In 1914, Hawks returned to Glendora and graduated from Pasadena High School that year. Skilled in tennis, by 18 yearsold, Hawks won the United States Junior Tennis Championship. That same year, Hawks was accepted to Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, where he majoredin mechanical engineering and was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon. His college friend Ray S. Ashbury remembered Hawks spending more of his time playingcraps and drinking alcohol than studying, although Hawks was also known to be a voracious reader of popular American and English novels in college.Whileworking in the film industry during his 1916 summer vacation, Hawks made an unsuccessful attempt to transfer to Stanford University. He returned to Cornellthat September, leaving in April 1917 to join the Army when the United States entered World War I. He served as a lieutenant in the Aviation Section, U.S. SignalCorps. During World War I, he taught aviators to fly, and he used these experiences as influence for future aviation films such as The Dawn Patrol (1930). Likemany college students who joined the armed services during the war, he received a degree in absentia in 1918. Before Hawks was called for active duty, hereturned to Hollywood and, by the end of April 1917, was working on a Cecil B. DeMille film.CareerEntering films (1916–1925)Howard Hawks's interest andpassion for aviation led him to many important experiences and acquaintances. In 1916, Hawks met Victor Fleming, a Hollywood cinematographer who had beenan auto mechanic and early aviator. Hawks had begun racing and working on a Mercer race car—bought for him by his grandfather C.W. Howard—during his 1916summer vacation in California. He allegedly met Fleming when the two men raced on a dirt track and caused an accident. This meeting led to Hawks's first job inthe film industry, as a prop boy on the Douglas Fairbanks film In Again, Out Again (on which Fleming was employed as the cinematographer) for FamousPlayers–Lasky. According to Hawks, a new set needed to be built quickly when the studio's set designer was unavailable, so Hawks volunteered to do the jobhimself, much to Fairbanks's satisfaction. He was next employed as a prop boy and general assistant on an unspecified film directed by Cecil B. DeMille. (Hawksnever named the film in later interviews, and DeMille made roughly five films in that time period). By the end of April 1917, Hawks was working on Cecil B.DeMille's The Little American. Hawks then worked on the Mary Pickford film The Little Princess, directed by Marshall Neilan. According to Hawks, Neilan did not"}
{"doc_id":"doc_264","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Mr. Right (2009 film)Mr. Right is a 2009 British film directed by David Morris and Jacqui Morris. The jointly-made gay-themed film is the debut for both directors.SynopsisThe film presents life of a number of individuals who live in London's Soho area in their quest for their \"Mr. Right\". One of the highlights of the film is when all the characters gather for an excruciatingly awkward and hilarious dinner party at which wine and secrets are spilled.Harry (James Lance) is a TV producer but dreams to get way. He loves Alex (Luke de Woolfson), an aspiring yet insecure actor who also works as a caterer. Meanwhile Alex is struggling to create an identity for himself and decides to live independently through monetary help from his brother despite Harry wanting him backTom (David Morris, the co-director of the film) is a successful art dealer who is in a precarious relationship with Lars (Benjamin Hart), a handsome sometime-model. Tom finds excuses for Lars' flings so long as Lars doesn't leave him. Meanwhile Lars has this attraction to Harry and can't get over his feelingsWilliam (Rocky Marshall) a divorced former rugby player finds it difficult very difficult to parent his nine-year-old daughter Georgie while trying to get on a new relationship with Lawrence (Leon Ockenden), a striving soap actor. Their relationship is complicated as Georgie is intent on sabotaging his relationship.Louise (Georgia Zaris), a fag hag, is dating Paul (Jeremy Edwards), but suspects Paul is gay. Paul is slowly but surely getting drawn into the gay scene, despite visibly and verbally protesting every step of the way.By the end of the film three months later, the characters are still striving to make new paths for themselves. Harry is appealing for Alex, now in a small studio residence to return, but the latter turns him gently down despite having feelings for him. Things are much better between William and Lawrence as Georgie becomes more accepting of their relationship. Things have soured between Lars and William. Devastated Lars catches Harry while the latter has just packed to leave everything behind for his long-planned trip away from his dreaded work. Meanwhile Paul is getting more and more into the gay scene despite putting a brave face that he is still straight.CastMainJames Lance as HarryLuke de Woolfson as AlexDavid Morris as TomBenjamin Hart as LarsRocky Marshall as WilliamLeon Ockenden as LawrenceGeorgia Zaris as LouiseJeremy Edwards as PaulOthersJan Waters as Harry's MotherMaddie Planer as Georgie, Williams's daughterSheila Kidd as William's motherAndrew Dunn as Alex's FatherKaren Meagher as Alex's MotherRick Warden as Alex's BrotherKaty Odey as PresenterLucy Jules as EmmaSarah Carleton as WaitressDolly Wells as FizzHarry Serjeant as RunnerIan Tytler as CharlieJim Cole as HeathArchie Kidd as BarnabyHeather Bleasdale as Barnaby's MotherYvonne O'Grady as Business WomanMax Karie as MarcelKate Russell as The Yellow TeamIan Russell as The Yellow TeamMark Hayford as The Blue TeamDiane Morgan as The Blue TeamTerry Bird as Red TeamCheryl Fergison as Red TeamPassage 2:Mr. and Mrs. IyerMr. and Mrs. Iyer is a 2002 Indian English-language drama film written and directed by Aparna Sen and produced by N. Venkatesan. The film features Sen's daughter Konkona Sen Sharma as Meenakshi Iyer, a Tamil Iyer Brahmin who is a Hindu. Rahul Bose portrays the character of Raja Chowdhury, a Bengali Muslim wildlife photographer. The story revolves around these two lead characters during a fateful bus journey amidst the carnages of a communal strife in India. Zakir Hussain, an Indian tabla maestro, composed the background score and music for the film;  Goutam Ghose, a film director himself, was the cinematographer.Mr. and Mrs. Iyer premiered at the Locarno International Film Festival in Switzerland and was showcased at other prominent film festivals. The film opened to Indian audiences on 19 July 2002. It was met with critical acclaim upon release, and won several national and international awards, including the Golden Maile award at the Hawaii International Film Festival and the Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration in India. The film, which was also released as a DVD, had English as its predominant language with a sporadic use of Hindi, Tamil, and Bengali.PlotMeenakshi Iyer and her infant son, Santhanam, embark on a bus journey to return home, after visiting her parents. At the bus station, Meenakshi is introduced to Raja Chowdhury by a common friend. Raja, a wildlife photographer, is requested by Meenakshi's parents to look after their daughter and grandson during the journey. The passengers of the bus include a boisterous group of youngsters, two Sikh men, an elderly Muslim couple, a young couple high on romance, a mentally challenged boy and his mother, and some card-playing men. The bus faces a roadblock and the bus driver attempts a detour, but  is stopped by traffic jam caused by sectarian violence between Hindus and Muslims in nearby areas.Raja reveals his Muslim identity to Meenakshi. As someone who comes from a high caste and conservative Hindu Brahmin family, Meenakshi shudders at the very fact that during their travel she drank water offered by Raja, a Muslim. She is shocked and asks Raja to not touch her. Raja contemplates leaving the bus, but is forced to stay inside by the patrolling police, who declare a curfew due to the riot. After the police leaves to scout other areas, a rioting Hindu mob arrives and forcibly enters the bus. They begin interrogating passengers about their religious identities and when in doubt, they even resort to check if the person is circumcised.In order to protect himself from them, one of the passengers, who is Jewish and hence circumcised, points to the old Muslim couple to divert the  mob's attention. The mob's leader drags the old couple out of the bus. One of the teenagers resists this, but she is assaulted by the mob. As Raja attempts to rise in revolt, Meenakshi plants Santhanam on his lap, ordering him to hold the baby with an intent to shield Raja's Muslim identity. The mob asks about their identities, and Meenaksi tells the leader that she is Mrs. Iyer and Raja is her husband. After this chilling encounter, the passengers spend the night in the bus.In the morning, the passengers trek to a nearby village to seek accommodation. Raja and Meenakshi, identifying themselves as Mr. and Mrs. Iyer, fail to find any accommodation. However, the police officer, who was patrolling the earlier evening, bails them out by providing shelter at an abandoned forest bungalow. They are provided with the single usable bedroom available in the bungalow. Meenakshi refuses to share the room with Raja, and curses herself for coming along with a stranger. Raja confronts her on her outdated prejudices about caste and religion. After a brief quarrel, Raja allows her the comfort of the bedroom and prefers to sleep outside. The next morning when Meenakshi does not find Raja, she gets worried and angry as to why he left Santhanam and her in such a place. Soon, she feels relieved to find Raja sleeping outside. After they reach a restaurant in the nearby village, they meet the teenagers from the bus. The girls are excited and curious to know about Meenaakshi and Raja's love story. To keep their farce alive, both of them cook up an impromptu story right from how they met till where they went for their honeymoon. During their stay at the bungalow, they discover each other's beliefs and understanding of religion. That night, as they witness a horrific murder by one of the mobs, a shocked Meenakshi is comforted by Raja.The next day, they reach a railway station with the army's help. There, they board the train towards their destination. At their destination station, Kolkata, Meenakshi's husband, Mr. Iyer arrives to receive her and Santhanam. Meenakshi introduces Raja to her husband as Jehangir Chowdhury, a Muslim man who helped her (a Hindu woman) during the curfew. Raja hands over a camera roll to Meenakshi, containing the photos of their journey; they bid an emotional farewell to each other.CastKonkona Sen Sharma as Meenakshi S. Iyer – A traditional Tamil Iyer Brahmin traveling with her   son, Santhanam, in the bus on her way to meet her husband. She meets a fellow-traveler, Raja Chowdhury, and gets drawn to him due to the surrounding circumstances.Rahul Bose as Jehangir \"Raja\" Chowdhury – A liberal Muslim by faith, he is a wildlife photographer by profession. With the imminent danger from the rioters, Meenakshi contrives a protective identity for him as her husband.Bhisham Sahni as Iqbal Ahmed Khan – An elderly conservative Muslim traveling along with his wife, Najma. He ends up as one of the victims of the sectarian violence.Surekha Sikri as Najma Ahmed Khan – The dutiful and loving wife of Iqbal, Najma perishes in the riots when she comes in defence of her husband.Anjan Dutt as Cohen – He is responsible for diverting the attention of the Hindu mob, in self-defence, towards the old Muslim couple. Thereafter, he is petrified thinking that he may also have been killed by the mob who could wrongly identify him as a Muslim, since he is circumcised.Bharat Kaul as  Rajesh Arora – The police officer responsible for controlling and maintaining the law and order in the riot-stricken area. He gets acquainted with the bus passengers and helps the Iyer 'couple' find a place to stay during the curfew.Niharika Seth, Riddhi Basu, Richa Vyas, Eden Das, Jishnu Sengupta  as Khushbu, Mala, Sonali, Amrita, Akash – An enthusiastic young group of friends riding the bus.ProductionDevelopmentAparna Sen, a noted actress and director of Bengali cinema, made her debut as a director with the English film 36 Chowringhee Lane (1981). Mr. and Mrs. Iyer was her second film in English. She hoped to write a simple romantic story, but it shaped out to be a relationship drama in the backdrop of sectarian violence. Sen came up with the background of the story in the aftermath of 9/11 and the 2002 Gujarat riots. In an interview, Sen stated that the omnipresent, circumstantial violence in the film was only to serve as a strain in the script which aimed to show how the relationship evolves between two people who are forced to be together under trying times. She stated that the time frame of the film was set after the attacks on the Parliament of India on 13 December 2001.In an interview at the screening at the Locarno Film Festival, Sen revealed that Konkona was involved in the pre-production research, and she suggested the title. About the cinematographer Gautam Ghose, Aparna Sen said that they had a good rapport and that Ghose, himself an acclaimed director, was one of the best cinematographers she knew. Ghose, in reply, said that he hoped to give his best for the film and thus contribute to their friendship.CastingRahul Bose's work in English, August (1994) and Split Wide Open (1999) made Aparna Sen feel that he was a good, controlled and intelligent actor. After a costume and a makeup test, he was chosen for the character of Raja Chawdhury. Sen admitted that Bose's work was up to the mark, and working with him was a wonderful experience. She told in an interview that Konkona Sen Sharma's abilities as a sensitive actress fetched her the role of Meenakshi Iyer. Konkona said that she chose this film as she was interested in Indian films made in English, and was reluctant to do regular commercial films. Sen had penned the elderly Muslim woman's character bearing Surekha Sikri in mind. Eventually Sikri and the author and "}
{"doc_id":"doc_265","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Bohemond III of AntiochBohemond III of Antioch, also known as Bohemond the Child or the Stammerer (French: Bohémond le Bambe/le Baube; c. 1148–1201), was Prince of Antioch from 1163 to 1201. He was the elder son of Constance of Antioch and her first husband, Raymond of Poitiers. Bohemond ascended to the throne after the Antiochene noblemen dethroned his mother with the assistance of the lord of Armenian Cilicia, Thoros II. He fell into captivity in the Battle of Harim in 1164, but the victorious Nur ad-Din, atabeg of Aleppo released him to avoid coming into conflict with the Byzantine Empire. Bohemond went to Constantinople to pay homage to Manuel I Komnenos, who persuaded him to install a Greek Orthodox patriarch in Antioch. The Latin patriarch of Antioch, Aimery of Limoges, placed Antioch under interdict. Bohemond restored Aimery only after the Greek patriarch died during an earthquake in 1170.Bohemond remained a close ally of the Byzantine Empire. He fought against the new lord of Armenian Cilicia, Mleh, assisting in the restoration of Byzantine rule in the Cilician plain. He also made alliances with the Muslim rulers of Aleppo and Damascus against Saladin, who had begun to unite the Muslim countries along the borders of the crusader states. Since Bohemond repudiated his second wife and married an Antiochene lady, Patriarch Aimery excommunicated him in 1180.Bohemond forced the Armenian rulers of Cilicia to accept his suzerainty in the late 1180s. He also secured the County of Tripoli for his second son, Bohemond, in 1187. However, Saladin occupied almost the whole Principality of Antioch in the summer of 1188. To preserve the peace with Saladin, Bohemond did not provide military assistance to the crusaders during the Third Crusade.  The expansionist policy of King Leo I of Armenia in the 1190s gave rise to a lasting conflict between Antioch and Cilicia. Bohemond was captured in 1194 by Leo, who tried to seize Antioch, but the burghers formed the Commune of Antioch and expelled the Armenian soldiers from the town. Bohemond was released only after he acknowledged Leo's independence.New conflicts emerged after Bohemond's eldest son, Raymond, died in 1197. Raymond's widow, who was Leo's niece, gave birth to a posthumous son, Raymond-Roupen, but Bohemond's younger son, Bohemond of Tripoli, wanted to secure his succession in Antioch with the assistance of the commune. The elderly Bohemond seems to have supported his son during his last years. The War of the Antiochene Succession began with Bohemond's death and lasted until 1219.Early lifeBohemond was the elder son of Princess Constance of Antioch and her first husband, Raymond of Poitiers. He was born around 1148. Prince Raymond died fighting against Nur ad-Din, atabeg of Aleppo, in the Battle of Inab on 29 June 1149.Neither Baldwin III of Jerusalem nor the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos could persuade the widowed Constance to take a new husband. Finally, she chose Raynald of Châtillon, a French knight who had recently settled in Syria. Raynald ruled the principality as Constance's husband from 1153 until he was captured by Majd al-Din, governor of Aleppo, in late November 1160 or 1161.Urged by the Antiochene noblemen, Baldwin III proclaimed Bohemond the rightful ruler, charging Aimery of Limoges, Latin Patriarch of Antioch, with the administration of the principality during Bohemond's minority. However, Constance appealed to Manuel Komnenos, who confirmed her position as the sole ruler of Antioch. Constance wanted to retain power even after Bohemond reached the age of majority. However, the Antiochene noblemen rebelled against her with the assistance of Thoros II, Lord of Armenian Cilicia, forcing her to leave Antioch in February 1163.Prince of AntiochFirst yearsBohemond was installed as prince after his mother was dethroned. Nur ad-Din laid siege to Krak des Chevaliers in the County of Tripoli in September 1163. Raymond III of Tripoli appealed to Bohemond for assistance. Bohemond and Constantine Kalamanos, Byzantine governor of Cilicia, hurried to the castle. The united Christian armies defeated the besiegers in the Battle of al-Buqaia.Amalric of Jerusalem entrusted the government of the Kingdom of Jerusalem to Bohemond before departing for his campaign against Egypt in July 1164. Taking advantage of Bohemond's absence, Nur ad-Din attacked the fortress at Harenc in the Principality of Antioch (present-day Harem, Syria). Bohemond, Raymond III of Tripoli, Thoros II of Armenian Cilicia, and Constantine Kalamanos joined their forces and marched to Harenc, compelling Nur ad-Din to retreat.Reynald of Saint-Valery, Lord of Harenc, tried to convince Bohemond not to pursue the enemy, but Bohemond did not follow his advice. The armies clashed at the battle of Harim on 10 August 1164. Nur ad-Din almost annihilated the Christian army. Most Christian commanders (including Bohemond) were captured. Two days later, Harenc fell to Nur ad-Din. Nur ad-Din took his prisoners to Aleppo. His advisors urged Nur ad-Din to proceed to Antioch, but he declined, fearing that an attack on Antioch could provoke Emperor Manuel into annexing the principality. Amalric of Jerusalem hurried to Antioch to start negotiations with Nur ad-Din. Before long, Nur ad-Din released Bohemond, along with Thoros II of Cilicia, for a ransom because he regarded them as vassals of the Byzantine emperor.The Muslims advised [Nur ad-Din] to proceed to Antioch and seize it because it was devoid of defenders and fighting men to hold it, but he did not do so. He said, \"The city is an easy matter but the citadel is strong. Perhaps they will surrender it to the Byzantine emperor because its ruler is his nephew. To have Bohemond as a neighbor I find preferable to being a neighbour of the ruler of the Constantinople.\" He sent out squadrons in those areas and they plundered, seized and killed the inhabitants. Later he ransomed Prince Bohemond for a large sum of money and the release of many Muslim captives.Byzantine allianceSoon after his release, Bohemond visited Emperor Manuel in Constantinople and paid homage to him. In return for monetary aid, Bohemond agreed to allow Athanasius, the Eastern Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, to accompany him back to Antioch. The Latin Patriarch, Aimery, left Antioch and imposed an interdict on the city. Manuel's cousin, Andronicus Komnenus, who was made Byzantine governor of Cilicia in 1166, often visited Antioch to meet Bohemond's beautiful young sister, Philippa. Bohemond appealed to Manuel, who dismissed Andronicus, replacing him with Constantine Kalamanos.Bohemond granted Apamea to the Knights Hospitaller in 1168. An earthquake destroyed most towns of northern Syria on 29 June 1170. The Greek Patriarch, Athanasius, died when the edifice of the Cathedral of St. Peter collapsed on him during the Mass. Bohemond went to Qosair (present-day Altınözü, Turkey) and persuaded the exiled Latin Patriarch to return to his see.Mleh, who had seized Cilicia with Nur ad-Din's help, besieged Bagras, the fortress of the Knights Templars near Antioch, in early 1170. Bohemond sought assistance from Amalric of Jerusalem, and their united army defeated Mleh, also forcing him to restore the towns of the Cilician plains to the Byzantine Empire. Bohemond's relationship with Armenian Cilicia remained tense, which prevented him from pursuing an active foreign policy until Mleh was dethroned in 1175.Bohemond concluded an alliance with Gumushtekin, atabeg of Aleppo, against Saladin, the Ayyubid ruler of Egypt and Syria, in May 1176. On Bohemond's demand, Gumushtekin released his Christian prisoners, including Bohemond's stepfather, Raynald of Châtillon. To strengthen his alliance with the Byzantine Empire, in 1177 Bohemond married Theodora, who was closely related to Emperor Manuel.Bohemond met Philip, Count of Flanders, who had come to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in September 1177. According to the contemporaneous William of Tyre, many crusaders blamed Bohemond and Raymond III of Tripoli for dissuading Philip from participating in a military campaign against Egypt, preferring instead to take advantage of Philip's presence in their own realms. Indeed, in December Philip and Bohemond jointly laid siege to Harenc, a fortress of As-Salih Ismail al-Malik, Emir of Damascus, seizing the opportunity following a mutiny of the garrison. They lifted the siege soon after As-Salih informed them that Saladin (the common enemy of both As-Salih and Bohemond) had left Egypt for Syria. As-Salih paid 50,000 dinars and renounced half of the nearby villages in favor of Bohemond.Bohemond and Raymond III of Tripoli marched to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in early 1180, according to William of Tyre. Baldwin IV of Jerusalem feared that the two princes (who were his father's cousins) had come to dethrone him, the symptoms of his leprosy having become \"more and more evident\" by that time. Historian Bernard Hamilton, who accepts William of Tyre's narration, says that Bohemond and Raymond came to Jerusalem to choose a husband for Baldwin's sister and heir, Sibylla, wishing to decrease the influence of the king's maternal relatives. However, Baldwin gave her in marriage to Guy of Lusignan, who was supported by their mother, Agnes of Courtenay. Sibylla's marriage contributed to the formation of two parties of noblemen. Bohemond, Raymond III of Tripoli, and the Ibelin brothers became the leaders of the group that opposed Guy of Lusignan.ConflictsManuel I Komnenos died on 24 September 1180. Bohemond soon repudiated his wife, Theodora, to marry an Antiochene lady of bad reputation, Sibylla. Ali ibn al-Athir described her as a spy who was \"in correspondence with Saladin and exchanged gifts with him\". Patriarch Aimery accused Bohemond of adultery and excommunicated him. After Bohemond confiscated church property, Aimery imposed an interdict on Antioch and fled to his fortress at Qosair. Bohemond besieged the fortress, but Rainald II Masoir, Lord of Margat, and other noblemen who supported the patriarch rose up against him.Baldwin IV sent Heraclius, Patriarch of Jerusalem, along with other bishops, and Raynald of Châtillon to Antioch to mediate. After preparatory negotiations with the envoys in Latakia, Bohemond and Aimery met in Antioch. Bohemond agreed to restore confiscated church property and Aimery lifted the interdict, but Bohemond's excommunication remained in force because he refused to return to Theodora. Peace was not fully restored, and the leaders of the opposition fled to Armenian Cilicia.Bohemond made peace with Imad ad-Din Zengi II, the Zengid ruler of Aleppo, in May 1182. However, Imad ad-Din was forced to surrender Aleppo to Saladin on 11 June 1183. Fearing an attack on Antioch, Bohemond sold Tarsus to Roupen III, Lord of Armenian Cilicia, to raise funds. Baldwin IV of Jerusalem promised to send 300 knights to Antioch. Saladin did not invade the principality and signed a peace treaty with Bohemond. Bohemond attended the assembly that Baldwin IV had summoned to discuss the administration of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in autumn 1183. At the meeting, Guy of Lusignan was dismissed as regent, and his five-year-old stepson, Baldwin, was proclaimed co-ruler. A charter shows that Bohemond was in Acre in April 1185, suggesting that he was present when the leper Baldwin IV died around that time.Roupen III of Armenian Cilicia laid siege to Lampron, the seat of his rival, Hethum "}
{"doc_id":"doc_266","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:The Daltons' WomenThe Daltons' Women is a 1950 American Western film directed by Thomas Carr starring Lash LaRue and Al \"Fuzzy\" St. John. It wasthe seventh of LaRue's films for Ron Ormond's Western Adventures Productions Inc.The film was the first to be released by Howco, Ron Ormond's new filmcompany composed of Ormond and drive-in movie owners Joy N. Houck and J. Francis White, and director Thomas Carr's first film in the Lash LaRue series. Thefilm features appearances by several well known stars such as Jack Holt, Tom Tyler and Tom Neal and a lengthier running time of 77 minutes featuring amultitude of musical numbers, juggling, and a lengthy catfight. Though the Women of the title have little to do with the narrative of the film, \"the frontier's firstdance hall belles\" were played up in the publicity with the original film trailer giving Lash LaRue last billing. The film was shot at the Iverson Movie Ranch.PlotUSMarshal Lash and Deputy Marshal Fuzzy work undercover together with a female Pinkerton detective to end the Dalton Brothers working with a corrupt mayor andsheriff.Criticism\"carelessly assembled oater that moves erratically from a thin story line to irrelevant little subplots and gives the general impression that the filmwas slapped together from bits of disconnected pieces,...the women involved have no relationship between the Dalton Brothers, who themselves are only slightlyconcerned in the proceedings\"-Hollywood ReporterCastLash La Rue ... Marshal Lash La RueAl St. John ... Deputy Fuzzy Q. JonesJack Holt ... Clint Dalton/MikeLeonardTom Neal  ... MayorPamela Blake ... Joan TalbotJacqueline Fontaine ... Jacqueline FontaineRaymond Hatton ... Sheriff DoolinLyle Talbot ... Jim ThorneTomTyler ... Emmett DaltonJ. Farrell MacDonald ... Alvin - Stage Company Representative Terry Frost ... Jess Dalton/Billy SaundersArchie R. Twitchell  ... HonestHankStanley Price ... MansonBud Osborne ... Adams the Stage DriverCliff Taylor ... George the BartenderJune Benbow ... MayHenry \"Duke\" Johnson ... TheJugglerPassage 2:Ben PalmerBen Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director.His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!(2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020). Palmer has alsodirected films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015).BiographyPalmer was born and raisedin Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness. He attended Chetwynde School.His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developedwith its main star, Leigh Francis. Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively.FilmographyBo'Selecta! (2002–06)Comedy Lab (2004–2010)Bo! in the USA (2006)The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)Comedy Showcase(2012)Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)Them from That Thing (2012)Bad Sugar (2012)Chickens (2013)London Irish (2013)Man Up (2015)SunTrap(2015)BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)Back (2017)Comedy Playhouse (2017)Urban Myths (2017–19)Click & Collect(2018)Semi-Detached (2019)Breeders (2020)Passage 3:Abhishek SaxenaAbhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi film director who directed themovie Phullu. The Phullu movie was released in theaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role. Apart from these, he has also directedPatiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi film. This film was screened in cinemas in 2014.Life and backgroundAbhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in thecapital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena. Abhishek Saxena married Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014. His mother'sname is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena.Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu, which hasappeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June 2017.CareerAbhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad.He made his first directed film Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi movie.After this, he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened incinemas on 16 June 2017. Saxena is now making his upcoming movie \"India Gate\".In 2018 Abhishek Saxena has come up with topic of body-shaming in hisupcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta. Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj'slife.Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will make his Bollywood debut. Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, \"As a fatperson, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’t happen only with those who are on the heavier side, but also with thin people. The idea germinated fromthere.\"Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director in many films and serials in the beginning of his career, in whichhe has a television serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus.In addition to these serials, he played the role ofassistant director in the movie \"Girgit\" which was made in Telugu language.FilmographyAs DirectorPassage 4:G. MarthandanG. Marthandan is an Indian filmdirector who works in Malayalam cinema. His debut film is Daivathinte Swantham CleetusEarly lifeG. Marthandan was born to M. S. Gopalan Nair and P.Kamalamma at Changanassery in Kottayam district of Kerala. He did his schooling at NSS Boys School Changanassery and completed his bachelor's degree inEconomics at NSS Hindu College, Changanassery.CareerAfter completing his bachelor's degree, Marthandan entered films as an associate director with theunreleased film Swarnachamaram directed by Rajeevnath in 1995. His next work was British Market, directed by Nissar in 1998. He worked as an associatedirector for 18 years.He made his directional debut with Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus in 2013, starring Mammooty in the lead role. His next movie was in 2015,Acha Dhin, with Mammooty and Mansi Sharma in the lead roles. Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus and Paavada were box office successes.FilmographyAs directorAsassociate directorAs actorTV serialKanyadanam (Malayalam TV series) - pilot episodeAwardsRamu Kariat Film Award - Paavada (2016)JCI Foundation Award -Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus (2013)Passage 5:Tangled DestiniesTangled Destinies is a 1932 pre-Code American murder mystery film directed by Frank R.Strayer. The film is also known as Who Killed Harvey Forbes? in the United Kingdom.CastGene Morgan as Capt. Randall \"Randy\" GordonDoris Hill as DorisGlennTryon as Tommy Preston, the Co-pilotVera Reynolds as Ruth, the Airline StewardessEthel Wales as Prudence DaggottMonaei Lindley as Monica van BurenSydSaylor as Buchanan, the PrizefighterSidney Bracey as McGinnis, posing as Professor MarmontLloyd Whitlock as Floyd MartinJames B. Leong as LingWilliam P. Burtas Harvey ForbesHenry Hall as Dr. Wingate, the ParsonWilliam Humphrey as Professor HartleyPassage 6:The Daltons Ride AgainThe Daltons Ride Again is a 1945American Western film directed by Ray Taylor starring Alan Curtis, Lon Chaney Jr., Kent Taylor and Noah Beery Jr. The movie was made by Universal Pictures andthe supporting cast features Milburn Stone (\"Doc\" in the subsequent television series Gunsmoke) and Douglas Dumbrille.PlotCastAlan Curtis as Emmett Dalton, aBrotherLon Chaney Jr. as Grat Dalton, a BrotherKent Taylor as Bob Dalton, a BrotherNoah Beery Jr. as Ben Dalton, a BrotherMartha O'Driscoll as Mary Bohannon,Emmett's girlfriendJess Barker as Jeff ColtonThomas Gomez as 'Professor' J. K. McKenna, the Town drunkJohn Litel as Mitchael J. 'Mike\" Bohannon, theNewspaper editorMilburn Stone as Parker W. Graham, a Land developer / bad guyWalter Sande as Wilkins / bad guyDouglass Dumbrille as Sheriff HoskinsStanleyAndrews as Tex Walters, the Dalton's friendCritical receptionCritic John Howard Reid called it \"a handsome little oater with good performances and a fine violentshootout as its climax.\"Passage 7:Frank R. StrayerFrank Raymond Strayer (September 21, 1891 – February 3, 1964) was an actor, film writer, director andproducer. He was active from the mid-1920s until the early 1950s. He directed a series of 14 Blondie! (1938) movies as well.BiographyStrayer attended CarnegieTech and then the Pennsylvania Military Academy. After graduation, he served in the Navy during World War I. After the War, he found work at Metro Studios,which would later become known as MGM. While there, he worked as an assistant director and also acted in a few films. During the 1920s, he moved on toColumbia Pictures. While there, he became a successful writer, director and producer.FilmographyWriterThe Man Who (1921)By Appointment Only (1933)Murderat Midnight (1931)DirectorFrank Strayer is credited with having directed 86 films. These include 14 movies in a series based on the Blondie and Dagwood comicstrip, dramas such as Manhattan Tower (1931), starring Mary Brian and James Hall, and several horror films, including The Monster Walks (1932). Unlessotherwise noted, credits below are as listed in the AFI database.ProducerFootlight Glamour (1943)It's a Great Life (1943)ActorThe Man Who (1921)Passage8:Thomas Carr (director)Thomas Howard Carr (July 4, 1907 - April 23, 1997) was an American actor and film director of Hollywood movies and televisionprograms. Often billed as \"Tommy Carr\", he later adopted his more formal \"Thomas Carr\" birth name as his billing name.BiographyCarr was born into an actingfamily on July 4, 1907 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His father was the actor William Carr and his mother was the actress Mary Carr.  Thomas Carr followed thefamily profession, and in 1915 began acting in silent films.  From 1915 through 1953, Carr played small supporting roles in a number of low budget Hollywoodfilms. However, Carr's star as an actor did not rise.In 1945, he turned to directing, and from 1945 through 1951 Carr directed numerous B movies for Hollywood'sPoverty Row.  Most of Carr's films were Westerns; however, in 1948 he was co-director (along with Spencer Gordon Bennet) of the live-action Supermanserial.  From 1951 to 1968, Carr's directing was focused mainly on television.  He directed episodes of numerous television shows in the 1950s and 1960s,including episodes of Lassie, Adventures of Superman, Daniel Boone, Wanted: Dead or Alive, and Gunsmoke.His older brother Stephen was a recurring castmember, in various roles, during the first season of Adventures of Superman. Steve is also seen pointing \"up in the sky\" during the opening credits of the blackand white episodes.Thomas Carr retired from directing in 1968.  He died in Ventura, California on 23 April 1997.Partial filmographyBibliographyHolmstrom, John.The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995, Norwich, Michael Russell, 1996, p. 30.External linksThomas Carr at IMDbTommy Carrin middle age,signed portrait(archived)Passage 9:Jesse James vs. the DaltonsJesse James vs. the Daltons is a 1954 American 3-D Western film directed by"}
{"doc_id":"doc_267","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Hell and Mr. FudgeHell and Mr. Fudge is a 2012 American drama film directed by Jeff Wood and written by Donald Davenport. Based on a true story, the film stars Mackenzie Astin as Edward Fudge, a real life Alabama preacher who has been hired to determine the nature of hell. The real life Fudge is best known for his book The Fire That Consumes, in which he argues against the immortal soul and eternal torment in hell.CastMackenzie Astin as Edward FudgeCody Sullivan as young EdwardKeri Lynn Pratt as Sara FudgeJohn Wesley Shipp as Bennie Lee FudgeEileen Davidson as Sibyl FudgeWes Robertson as Joe MarkTrevor Allen Martin as young JoeHelen Ingebritsen as Mrs. HerneChristian Fortune as Davy HollisSean McGowan as Don HalowayTom Hillmann as Simon ClarageProductionFilming took place in Athens, Alabama in June and July 2011. The film had a scheduled release date of \"first quarter 2012\". Fudge cooperated in the film's development.ReceptionIn April 2012, the film received a Platinum award in the \"Christian theatrical feature film\" category at the Worldfest-Houston International Film Festival. The film's producers subsequently sought a distributor for a wider release.Passage 2:Yes or NoYes or No  or Yes/No may refer to:Yes and no in EnglishYes–no question, a form of question which can normally be answered using a simple \"yes\" or \"no\"Film and TVYes or No?, a 1920 silent filmYes or No (film), a 2010 Thai romantic filmYes or No (game show), a version of Deal or No Deal airing in South KoreaYes or No (TV series), (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000) a Tamil-language talent game show in India\"Yes/No\" (Glee)\", an episode of Glee\"Yes or No, Tsunade's answer\" (\"YES\u0000NO\u0000!\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\"), a season four episode of the anime series Naruto (see list of Naruto episodes)MusicAlbumsYes/No, a 2012 EP by Fake BloodYes, No (T-Square album), 1988Songs\"Yes/No\" (Banky W. song), 2012\"Yes or No\" (song), by The Go-Go's\"Yes or No\" by Wayne Shorter from the 1965 album JuJu\"Yes or No\", song by Tommy SeebachOther uses\"Yes\" or \"No\" the Guide to Better Decisions a book by Spencer JohnsonSee alsoYes and no (disambiguation)Passage 3:Yes or YesYes or Yes (stylized as YES or YES) is the sixth extended play by the South Korean girl group Twice. It was released on November 5, 2018, by JYP Entertainment and distributed by Iriver. It contains seven tracks, including the lead single of the same name and the Korean version of \"BDZ\". Twice members Jeongyeon, Chaeyoung and Jihyo took part in writing lyrics for three songs on the EP.The album became a commercial success for the group, topping the Gaon Album Chart and becoming Twice's first Korean album to top Japan's Oricon Album Chart. It recorded over 300,000 copies sold, and with its release, Twice reached an accumulated number of over 3 million albums sold in South Korea. A reissue, titled The Year of \"Yes\", was released on December 12, 2018.Background and releaseIn early October 2018, advertisements with the phrase \"Do you like Twice? Yes or Yes\" (Korean: \"\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000? YES or YES\") were put up on subway billboards, drawing attention online. On October 11, JYP Entertainment confirmed that Twice planned to release a third Korean album that year on November 5. Yes or Yes was revealed as the album's title on October 20 and a special video commemorating Twice's third anniversary contained a short clip of the album's lead single of the same name.Twice released their first group teaser photo regarding their comeback on October 23. On October 24, individual teaser posters featuring Nayeon, Jeongyeon, and Momo were uploaded. A track list image for the album's eponymous title track was also posted, revealing that it was written by Sim Eun-jee, who previously worked with Twice as a songwriter for \"Knock Knock\". On October 25, individual teaser photos featuring Sana, Jihyo, and Mina were posted by the group. On the same day, a second track list image for the album was posted, revealing the titles of three songs written by Twice members: \"LaLaLa\" penned by Jeongyeon, \"Young & Wild\" co-written by Chaeyoung, and \" Sunset\" being written by Jihyo. On October 26, individual teaser photos featuring Dahyun, Chaeyoung, and Tzuyu were uploaded. A third track list image unveiling additional details about the album was also posted, revealing seven songs in total.On October 27, a second group teaser photo was released by Twice. On October 28, a second set of individual teaser photos featuring each member was uploaded. Twice then revealed their first music video teaser for \"Yes or Yes\" on October 29. On October 30, Twice unveiled their third group teaser poster. The following day, the group released the second music video teaser for the album's title track, revealing their opening choreography. A full preview of the album's contents was revealed by the group on November 1. On November 2, Twice uploaded their third music video teaser, revealing more of their choreography and opening verse. More parts of the lead track's opening verse was revealed by the group on November 3. A highlight medley featuring snippets from all of the album's tracks was uploaded on November 4.Yes or Yes alongside its eponymous lead single was officially released on November 5, with Twice holding their live showcase at the KBS Arena Hall in Hwagok-dong, Gangseo-gu, Seoul.CompositionYes or Yes is an EP consisting of seven tracks. The title track \"Yes or Yes\" was composed by David Amber and Andy Love, with Korean lyrics by Sim Eun-jee. Amber previously co-composed \"Heart Shaker\" and Sim Eun-jee co-wrote lyrics for \"Knock Knock\". \"Yes or Yes\" was described as a bright and lively \"color pop\" song in the synth-pop genre with influences from Motown, reggae and arena pop. Lyrically, it is about only being able to reply \"yes\" to a confession of love.\"Say You Love Me\" is an upbeat song which lyrically describes the feeling of one who is admitting to their romantic interest and waiting for their reply. \"LaLaLa\" is written by Jeongyeon, and is described as a \"quintessential love song\". \"Young & Wild\" is penned by Chaeyoung and lyrically talks about self-confidence. \"Sunset\", written by Jihyo, features a mono-speaker sound effect with its lyrics comparing one's romantic interest to a sunset. \"After Moon\" is classified as a ballad track. The album's final track is the Korean version of \"BDZ\" from their Japanese album BDZ.PromotionTwo days before the album's release, Twice appeared on the television show Knowing Bros and performed part of \"Yes or Yes\" for the first time. The group held a showcase for the album on November 5, 2018, at the KBS Arena Hall in Gangseo-gu, Seoul. The first televised performance of \"Yes or Yes\" was at the 2018 MBC Plus X Genie Music Awards on November 6. Twice also appeared on Idol Room as part of the promotion for the album.The group promoted the album on several Korean music show programs, first performing the title track and \"BDZ\" on M Countdown on November 8. They also performed on KBS2's Music Bank on November 9 and 23, SBS' Inkigayo on November 11, MBC M's Show Champion on November 14, and MBC's Show! Music Core on November 17. The title track \"Yes or Yes\" garnered a total of four music show wins, first getting a win on Show Champion on November 14. It received a music show win on M!Countdown and Inkigayo, and achieved its fourth win on Show Champion for the second week.Twice also performed \"Yes or Yes\" at the 39th Blue Dragon Film Awards held on November 23.Commercial performanceFollowing the release of Yes or Yes, the lead single achieved an 'all-kill' by topping the real-time rankings on Melon, Mnet, Naver, Genie, Olle, Soribada, and Bugs. The EP also reached the top of 17 iTunes Album charts. Additionally, all seven tracks from the mini-album charted in the top 7 of Japan's Line Music charts.  In South Korea, the album topped the Gaon Album Chart and the title track topped the Gaon Digital Chart after the first week of its release. Yes or Yes was Twice's first Korean album to rank number 1 on Japan's Oricon Albums Chart and Digital Albums Chart. On November 11, Yes or Yes received a Platinum certification from Gaon for reaching sales of over 250,000 copies. The album then ranked at number three on the Monthly Gaon Album Chart for the month of November, recording 322,803 copies sold.With the release of Yes or Yes, Twice reached an accumulated number of over 3 million albums sold in South Korea, achieving the feat within three years of their career.Track listingContent productionCredits adapted from album liner notes.LocationsPersonnelChartsCertificationsAccoladesPassage 4:Yes or No (film)Yes or No (Thai: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, romanized: Yak Rak Ko Rak Loei; literally \"Let's Love As We Wish\") is a 2010 Thai romantic comedy-drama film directed by Sarasawadee Wongsompetch, starring Sucharat \"Aom\" Manaying and Suppanad \"Tina\" Jitaleela. It is the first lesbian-genre film from Thailand with a \"tom\" (i.e. butch) lead character.PlotPie comes from an upper middle class Thai family that adheres to traditional thought and customs, including the very vocal disapproval of homosexuality. Kim, on the other hand, carries herself with  deliberate masculinity that defies convention and intimidates Pie upon first encounter, so much so that she immediately requests a roommate change which the college promptly denies.Pie is reluctant to converse or interact with her roommate so she takes tape and   draws boundaries in the room to separate her space from Kim's to avoid as much contact as possible. On the first day of class, Kim by chance meets Jane, who is seen still crying after her breakup. Kim offers her a handkerchief and Jane immediately gets smitten by her. Later that week, Jane walks into Pie and Kim's room and is embarrassed and shocked to see Kim. She immediately walks out, then comes back in and drags Pie out in the hallway. Jane confesses that Kim is the girl she has fallen for and uses Pie to get an introduction and thus begins her chase for Kim.Despite how hard Pie tries to ignore or discourage Kim, the two begin to intermingle when Kim cooks and shares with Pie and the two have a short conversation together. One day Kim receives a package from her father's worker and is told to deliver to Aunt In. She asks Pie to help her get there but Pie hurriedly turns her down and gives her fast directions before walking away. Night time falls and Kim is seen sitting near a lake, completely lost. Pie finds her and offers her to take her to Aunt In but only as a thank you for the food.That starts a series of moments where the two begin to spend increasingly more time together and soon those “boundary lines” disappear and Pie finds herself drifting away from her then boyfriend, to Kim. The two share many sweet moments, most notably, when  Kim took Pie to the park to help her record information for school. The two share a lollipop and Kim in a roundabout way, confesses her attraction to Pie. The latter does not reply but she is seen smiling.But as Pie's feelings grow, so do those of Jane for Kim, and of P'van for Pie. Because Pie has yet to accept that she may have feelings for Kim, and Kim is reluctant to confess, this triggers mutual jealousy and sadness. When P'van unexpectedly pops up at the school to take Pie out, she tries to turn him down but Jane comes along and invites herself and forces Kim and Pie to accept his offer. During their time together, Pie gets visibly upset at how close Jane is to Kim and tries various times to either make Kim "}
{"doc_id":"doc_268","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:John Farrell (businessman)John Farrell is the director of YouTube in Latin America.EducationFarrell holds a joint MBA degree from the University ofTexas at Austin and Instituto Tecnologico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM).CareerHis business career began at Skytel, and later at Iridium as head ofBusiness Development, in Washington DC, where he supported the design and launched the first satellite location service in the world and establishedinternational distribution agreements.He co-founded Adetel, the first company to provide internet access to residential communities and businesses in Mexico.After becoming General Manager of Adetel, he developed a partnership with TV Azteca in order to create the first internet access prepaid card in the countryknown as the ToditoCard.  Later in his career, John Farrell worked for Televisa in Mexico City as Director of Business Development for Esmas.com. There heestablished a strategic alliance with a leading telecommunications provider to launch co-branded Internet and telephone services. He also led initial efforts tolaunch social networking services, leveraging Televisa’s content and media channels.GoogleFarrel joined Google in 2004 as Director of Business Development forAsia and Latin America. On April 7, 2008, he was promoted to the position of General Manager for Google Mexico, replacing Alonso Gonzalo. He is now director ofYouTube in Latin America, responsible for developing audiences, managing partnerships and growing Google’s video display business. John is also part of Google’sLatin America leadership management team and contributes to Google’s strategy in the region. He is Vice President of the IAB (Interactive Advertising Bureau), amember of the AMIPCI (Mexican Internet Association) Advisory Board, an active Endeavor mentor, and member of YPO.Passage 2:John DonatichJohn Donatich isthe Director of Yale University Press.Early lifeHe received a BA from New York University in 1982, graduating magna cum laude. He also got a master's degreefrom NYU in 1984, graduating summa cum laude.CareerDonatich worked as director of National Accounts at Putnam Publishing Group from 1989 to 1992.Hiswriting has appeared in various periodicals including Harper's, The Atlantic Monthly and The Village Voice.He worked at HarperCollins from 1992 to 1996, servingas director of national accounts and then as vice president and director of product and marketing development.From 1995 to 2003, Donatich served as publisherand vice president of Basic Books. While there, he started the Art of Mentoring series of books, which would run from 2001 to 2008.  While at Basic Books,Donatich published such authors as Christopher Hitchens, Steven Pinker, Samantha Power, Alan Dershowitz, Sir Martin Rees and Richard Florida.In 2003,Donatich became the director of the Yale University Press.  At Yale, Donatich published such authors as Michael Walzer, Janet Malcolm, E. H. Gombrich, MichaelFried, Edmund Morgan and T. J.  Clark.  Donatich began the Margellos World Republic of Letters, a literature in translation series that published such authors asAdonis, Norman Manea and Claudio Magris. He also launched the digital archive platform, The Stalin Digital Archive and the Encounters Chinese Languagemultimedia platform.In 2009, he briefly gained media attention when he was involved in the decision to expunge the Muhammad cartoons from the YaleUniversity Press book The Cartoons that Shook the World, for fear of Muslim violence.He is the author of a memoir, Ambivalence, a Love Story, and a novel, TheVariations.BooksAmbivalence, a Love Story: Portrait of a Marriage (memoir), St. Martin's Press, 2005.The Variations (novel), Henry Holt, March, 2012ArticlesWhyBooks Still Matter, Journal of Scholarly Publishing, Volume 40, Number 4, July 2009, pp. 329–342, E-ISSN 1710-1166 Print ISSN 1198-9742Personal lifeDonatichis married to Betsy Lerner, a literary agent and author; together they have a daughter, Raffaella.Passage 3:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film,television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some of his televisionseries credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Orderand Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A KillerAmong Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received anEmmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with SusanStrasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University.Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded theoff-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact TheatreCompany.Passage 4:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editoronly)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990)(mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation!(2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 5:Mrs. Gibbons' Boys (film)Mrs. Gibbons' Boys is a black and white 1962 British comedy filmdirected by Max Varnel and starring Kathleen Harrison, Lionel Jeffries and Diana Dors. It is based on the play Mrs. Gibbons' Boys by Joseph Stein and WillGlickman; and was released in the UK as the bottom half of a double bill with Constantine and the Cross (1961).PlotAn ageing widow finally finds new love andhappiness; but matters are complicated when her two convict sons escape from prison and beg her to hide them.CastKathleen Harrison as Mrs GibbonsLionelJeffries as Lester GibbonsDiana Dors as MyraJohn Le Mesurier as ColeFrederick Bartman as Mike GibbonsDavid Lodge a sFrank GibbonsDick Emery asWoodrowEric Pohlmann as MorelliWilliam Kerwin as MatthewMilo O'Shea as HorsePeter Hempson as RonniePenny Morrell as  PearlNancy Nevinson as MrsMorelliMark Singleton as PCTony Hilton as Dustcart driverProductionDiana Dors was living in Los Angeles but returned to England to make the film.Passage 6:LisaJakubLisa Jakub () (born December 27, 1978) is a Canadian writer, yoga teacher, and former actress. She is best known for her roles as Lydia Hillard in thecomedy-drama film Mrs. Doubtfire (1993) and as Alicia Casse in Independence Day (1996).Childhood and educationJakub was born on December 27, 1978, inToronto, Ontario. She is of Slovak (father) and Welsh and Scottish (mother) descent. She attended multiple schools in her early life, including Hillfield StrathallanCollege.Jakub graduated from the University of Virginia with a degree in Sociology in 2010.ActingJakub's first role was as Katis' Granddaughter in the 1985 filmEleni. She appeared in comedy-drama film Mrs. Doubtfire (1993) alongside Mara Wilson, Sally Field, Matthew Lawrence, and Robin Williams. When Jakub receivedthe part of Lydia in Mrs. Doubtfire, her high school expelled her for accruing too many absences. Robin Williams wrote a letter to Jakub's high school, pleadingwith them to re-admit Jakub but this was unsuccessful.She played Sandra in Matinee (1993), appeared in A Pig's Tale (1994) and Independence Day (1996), TheBeautician and the Beast (1997), and played the \"inspiration\" for Princess Leia in the short film George Lucas in Love (1999). She starred in Picture Perfect(1995), and portrayed a bordello worker in the American Old West in Painted Angels (1997).Personal lifeAfter retiring from acting in 2001 at the age of 22, Jakubmoved to Virginia and married her longtime best friend, former Hollywood theater manager Jeremy Jones, in 2005. She has publicly stated that she has no plansto return to acting. Jakub later became a writer, authoring two books called You Look Like That Girl (2015) and Not Just Me (2017) and regularly contributes toonline blogs. Jakub is also a qualified Kripalu yoga teacher. She has openly discussed her battles with anxiety, depression and panic attacks, which she hassuffered from since her teenage years and credits her yoga practice in helping her overcome her battles. In 2021, Lisa launched a new website, BlueMala, whichshe described as the resource that she wished she had when she was in her darkest moments. The website contains her articles on mental wellness along withher yoga and meditation videos.WritingsYou Look Like That Girl: A Child Actor Stops Pretending and Finally Grows Up (2015)Not Just Me: Anxiety, Depression,and Learning to Embrace Your Weird (2017)(Don't) Call Me Crazy (contributing writer) (Algonquin, 2018)FilmographyFilmTelevisionPassage 7:DanaBlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School. She was appointed by the boardof directors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director, and an Israeli cultureentrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israelin 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors. During her studiesshe worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film and academiccareerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged and promotedproductions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities.Blankstein directed the mini-series\"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed thenew director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launchof the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains(graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)Passage 8:MichaelGovanMichael Govan (born 1963) is the director of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Prior to his current position, Govan worked as the director of the Dia"}
{"doc_id":"doc_269","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Jason Moore (director)Jason Moore (born October 22, 1970) is an American director of film, theatre and television.Life and careerJason Moore was bornin Fayetteville, Arkansas, and studied at Northwestern University. Moore's Broadway career began as a resident director of Les Misérables at the Imperial Theatrein during its original run. He is the son of Fayetteville District Judge Rudy Moore.In March 2003, Moore directed the musical Avenue Q, which openedOff-Broadway at the Vineyard Theatre and then moved to Broadway at the John Golden Theatre in July 2003.  He was nominated for a 2004 Tony Award for hisdirection. Moore also directed productions of the musical in Las Vegas and London and the show's national tour. Moore directed the 2005 Broadway revival ofSteel Magnolias and Shrek the Musical, starring Brian d'Arcy James and Sutton Foster which opened on Broadway in 2008. He directed the concert of JerrySpringer — The Opera at Carnegie Hall in January 2008.Moore, Jeff Whitty, Jake Shears, and John \"JJ\" Garden worked together on a new musical based onArmistead Maupin's Tales of the City. The musical premiered at the American Conservatory Theater, San Francisco, California in May 2011 and ran through July2011.For television, Moore has directed episodes of Dawson's Creek, One Tree Hill, Everwood, and Brothers & Sisters. As a writer, Moore adapted the play TheFloatplane Notebooks with Paul Fitzgerald from the novel by Clyde Edgerton. A staged reading of the play was presented at the New Play Festival at the Charlotte,North Carolina Repertory Theatre in 1996, with a fully staged production in 1998.In 2012, Moore made his film directorial debut with Pitch Perfect, starring AnnaKendrick and Brittany Snow. He also served as an executive producer on the sequel. He directed the film Sisters, starring Tina Fey and Amy Poehler, which wasreleased on December 18, 2015. Moore's next project will be directing a live action Archie movie.FilmographyFilmsPitch Perfect (2012)Sisters (2015)ShotgunWedding (2022)TelevisionSoundtrack writerPitch Perfect 2 (2015) (Also executive producer)The Voice (2015) (1 episode)Passage 2:Peter LevinPeter Levin is anAmerican director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a large number of credits directing episodic television and television films.Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15, The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney& Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), PopeyeDoyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. He directed \"Heart in Hiding\", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, forwhich she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming a director, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. Hecostarred with Susan Strasberg in \"[The Diary of Ann Frank]\" but had to leave the production when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the CarnegieMellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions at the Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He alsoco-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with his wife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The InteractTheatre Company.Passage 3:The Seventh Company OutdoorsThe Seventh Company Outdoors (French: La Septième Compagnie au clair de lune) is a 1977 Frenchcomedy film directed by Robert Lamoureux. It is a sequel to Now Where Did the 7th Company Get to?.CastJean Lefebvre - PithivierPierre Mondy - ChaudardHenriGuybet - TassinPatricia Karim - Suzanne ChaudardGérard Hérold - Le commandant GillesGérard Jugnot - GorgetonJean Carmet - M. Albert, le passeurAndréPousse - LambertMichel BertoPassage 4:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director whohas worked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months,resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States afterleaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born inDublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both arthistory and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester BeattyLibrary (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was AssistantDirector at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of theCouncil of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery ofAustralia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad,increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years ofthe museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During hisdirectorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initialdesign for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was notdelivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art,including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museumby acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; andthe Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King EdwardTerrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGAfrom 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too closeto the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitionsat the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging toCharles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which usedelephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was\"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events inNew York had \"obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedywas also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA'soccupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003.Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He becamea joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintingsand sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in thefield of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read,understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of awebsite, www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so.Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest inexpanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy andMary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During histenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exportedprior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), anIndian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum ofArt in July 2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bringgreater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, andIdeologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storagefor classes annually. Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu:Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular"}
{"doc_id":"doc_270","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Fred M. Wilcox (director)Fred McLeod Wilcox (December 22, 1907 – September 23, 1964) was an American motion picture director. He worked forMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer for many years  and is best remembered for directing Lassie Come Home (1943) and Forbidden Planet (1956). These films were entered inthe National Film Preservation Board's National Film Registry in 1993 and 2013 respectively.FilmographyJoaquin Murrieta (1938)Lassie Come Home(1943)Courage of Lassie (1946)Three Daring Daughters (1948)Hills of Home (1948)The Secret Garden (1949)Shadow in the Sky (1952)Code Two(1953)Tennessee Champ (1954)Forbidden Planet (1956)I Passed for White (1960)External linksFred M. Wilcox at IMDbPassage 2:Dan RhodesDan Rhodes (born1972) is an English writer known for the novel Timoleon Vieta Come Home (2003), a subversion of the popular Lassie Come Home movie. He is also the author ofAnthropology (2000), a collection of 101 stories, each consisting of exactly 101 words. In 2010 he was awarded the E. M. Forster Award.BiographyRhodes grewup in Devon, and graduated in Humanities from the University of Glamorgan (now the University of South Wales) in 1994, returning in 1997 to complete an MA inCreative Writing. Don't Tell Me the Truth About Love was written at this time. He has held a variety of jobs, including stockroom assistant for Waterstone's,barman in his parents' pub, and a teacher in Ho Chi Minh City. He has also worked on a fruit and vegetable farm and is still employed as a postman.Following thepublication of his second book, Rhodes's frustration with the publishing industry led him to announce his retirement from writing, though he later said, \"I haven'treally given up. I'm certainly not making any more grand pronouncements. I was just sick of the business and wanted out. Not just the publishers; everyonearound me.\"Rhodes was included on Granta's Best of Young British Novelists list in 2003, to his own bemusement and frustration, partly because of Granta'sselection methods (\"It's one thing to judge a writer by stuff they've written, but to judge them on stuff they're going to write is lunacy\") but also because some ofthe others on the list failed to respond to his request to sign a joint statement protesting the Iraq War.In 2014, Rhodes self-published the novel When theProfessor Got Stuck in the Snow, a \"rural farce\" about a visit to an obscure English village by a fictional Richard Dawkins, stating that he wanted to get the bookout faster than conventional publishing allowed. Traditional publishers were loath to publish the novel for fear of legal action from Professor Richard Dawkins, whois parodied in it. Rhodes appealed repeatedly to Dawkins, a defender of satire and free speech, for permission to \"publish and be damned\" but received noresponse. The novel was republished by Aardvark Bureau in October 2015.In 2021, Lightning Books published his novel Sour Grapes, a satire on the literary worldset at a rural book festival.Rhodes is married with two children.BibliographyCollectionsAnthropology: And a Hundred Other Stories (2000) ISBN1-84195-614-7Don't Tell Me the Truth About Love (2001) ISBN 1-84195-613-9Marry Me (2013) ISBN 0-85786-849-7NovelsTimoleon Vieta Come Home (2003)ISBN 1-84195-481-0The Little White Car (under the pen name Danuta de Rhodes) (2004) ISBN 1-84195-528-0Gold (2007) ISBN 978-1-84195-953-5Little HandsClapping (2010) ISBN 1-84767-529-8This Is Life (2012) ISBN 0-85786-245-6When the Professor Got Stuck in the Snow (2014, self-published limited edition;2015 formal publication by Aardvark Bureau) ISBN 9781910709016Sour Grapes (2021) ISBN 9781785632921Passage 3:Prairie ThunderPrairie Thunder is a 1937American Western film directed by B. Reeves Eason and written by Ed Earl Repp. The film stars Dick Foran, Janet Shaw, Frank Orth, Wilfred Lucas, Albert J. Smithand Yakima Canutt. The film was released by Warner Bros. on September 11, 1937. It was the last of 12 B-westerns Foran made for Warners as a singing cowboy(as he was often billed) from 1935 to 1937.PlotIn the Old West, a telegraph line is coming to Buffalo Creek, where general store owner Nate Temple lives withdaughter, Joan. Joan is courting Rod Farrell, a scout for the Union Army. Rod is ordered to investigate a break in the telegraph line, along with sidekick, Wichita, aUnion soldier. Rod finds the break in the line in Indian territory and repairs it. Rod suspects a white man assisted the local Indian tribe in sabotaging the line. Rodand Wichita ride up on an Indian camp. The Indian chief, High Wolf, tells Rod the Indians intend to make war because the railroad and the telegraph coming tothe region have depleted the buffalo population. High Wolf confirms a white man, who he will not name, is the only friend to his tribe. Rod and Wichita discover aman named Lynch and his gang are supplying the Indians with weapons and ammunition in exchange for the Indians hijacking supply trains. Rod and Wichitabreach the gang's hideout, take Lynch and his gang into custody, hold them at Temple's store, and telegraph the cavalry for help. Rod rides off with Joan whileWichita guards the gang. Matson, one of Lynch's men not arrested, tells High Wolf of the gang's arrest, and a slew of Indian braves invade Buffalo Creekterrorizing the town with gunfire. Rod and Joan, hearing the gunfire, head toward town. Matson and High Wolf free the gang and Lynch orders the Indians to burnthe town. Lynch intercepts Rod and Joan. Rod is taken to the Indian camp. Joan is taken to Lynch's hideout. Wichita overhears Lynch and sneaks into the Indiancamp where Rod is tied to a stake to be burned. Lynch also arrives at the camp telling High Wolf to strike the railroad workers camp. Wichita, dressed as anIndian, frees Rod and the pair head for Lynch's hideout where they rescue Joan, then head to the railroad construction camp with the Indians in pursuit. Thecitizens of Buffalo Creek, now displaced after the town was burned, fortify their wagons on the outskirts of town and a gunfight ensues as the Indians arrive. Rod,Wichita and Joan join in the fight. The cavalry arrives and the Indians retreat. High Wolf is shot and Rod subdues Lynch. Rod is awarded a congressional medaland promoted to colonel. Rod and Joan ride off as Rod sings \"The Prairie Is My Home.\"CastDick Foran as Rod FarrellJanet Shaw as Joan TempleFrank Orth asWichitaWilfred Lucas as Nate TempleAlbert J. Smith as LynchYakima Canutt as High WolfGeorge Chesebro as MatsonSlim Whitaker as Indian FighterJ. P.McGowan as Colonel StantonJohn Harron as Lieutenant AdamsJack Mower as PortlandHenry Otho as ChrisPaul Panzer as JedPassage 4:Gypsy ColtGypsy Colt is a1954 American drama film directed by Andrew Marton and starring Donna Corcoran, Ward Bond and Frances Dee. Shot in Ansco Color, it was produced anddistributed by Hollywood studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The film's basic plot was taken from Lassie Come Home with the focus changed from a dog to theeponymous horse.A 60-minute version of Gypsy Colt was made available in 1967 as part of the weekly TV anthology Off to See the Wizard.PlotA young girl, Meg(Donna Corcoran), is disheartened when her parents Frank (Ward Bond) and Em MacWade (Frances Dee) are forced to sell Gypsy Colt, her favorite horse, to arancher. Gypsy Colt escapes several times, ultimately taking a 500-mile journey to return to his rightful owner.CastDonna Corcoran as MegWard Bond asFrankFrances Dee as EmLee Van Cleef as HankLarry Keating as Wade Y. GeraldNacho Galindo as PanchoRodolfo Hoyos Jr. as RodolfoPeggy Maley as PatRobertHyatt as Phil Gerald (as Bobby Hyatt)Highland Dale as Gypsy, the HorseReceptionAccording to MGM records, the movie earned $721,000 in the U.S. and Canadaand $704,000 in other markets, making a profit of $259,000.Comic book adaptationDell Four Color #568 (June 1954)Passage 5:Abhishek SaxenaAbhishekSaxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi film director who directed the movie Phullu. The Phullu movie was released in theaters on 16 June 2017, in which filmSharib Hashmi is the lead role. Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi film. This film was screened in cinemas in 2014.Life andbackgroundAbhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name is Mukesh Kumar Saxena. Abhishek Saxenamarried Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014. His mother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena.Saxena started his career with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz,after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu, which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June 2017.CareerAbhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad. He made his first directed film Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi movie.After this, he has alsodirected a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017. Saxena is now making his upcoming movie \"India Gate\".In 2018Abhishek Saxena has come up with topic of body-shaming in his upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta. Where Sanah Kapoor will play the role of Saroj and actorsRandeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj's life.Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai will make his Bollywood debut. Talking about thefilm, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, \"As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’t happen only with those who are on the heavierside, but also with thin people. The idea germinated from there.\"Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, he has played the role of assistant director inmany films and serials in the beginning of his career, in which he has a television serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as well as in 2011, he also assisted in a serial ofStar Plus.In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistant director in the movie \"Girgit\" which was made in Telugu language.FilmographyAsDirectorPassage 6:Rich GosselinRichmond \"Rich\" Gosselin (born April 25, 1956) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player who played in the WorldHockey Association (WHA) and the Swiss-A League. He was drafted in the seventh round of the 1976 NHL Amateur Draft by the Montreal Canadiens. Gosselinplayed three games with the Winnipeg Jets during the 1978–79 WHA season, after which he went overseas to play in Switzerland.Gosselin served as a head coachin various European leagues after his playing career ended. In Manitoba, he has coached the Eastman Midget 'AAA' Selects, South East Prairie Thunder, andSteinbach Pistons junior hockey team.  Gosselin coached the Prairie Thunder to a second-place finish at the 2009 Allan Cup.Passage 7:Eric KnightEric MowbrayKnight (10 April 1897 – 15 January 1943) was an English novelist and screenwriter, who is mainly known for his 1940 novel Lassie Come-Home, which introducedthe fictional collie Lassie.  He took American citizenship in 1942 shortly before his death.BiographyBorn in Menston, West Riding of Yorkshire, Knight was theyoungest of three sons born to Marion Hilda (née Creasser) and Frederic Harrison Knight, both Quakers. His father was a rich diamond merchant who, when Ericwas two years old, was killed during the Boer War. His mother then moved to St. Petersburg, Imperial Russia, to work as a governess for the imperial family. The"}
{"doc_id":"doc_271","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Gaius Julius AquilaGaius Julius Aquila was the name of a number of people who lived during the Roman Empire.Prefect of EgyptGaius Julius Aquila was a praefectus of Roman Egypt between 10 CE and 11.Governor of Bythinia et PontusGaius Julius Aquila was a Roman knight, stationed with a few cohorts, in 45 CE, to protect Tiberius Julius Cotys I, king of the Bosporan Kingdom, who had received the sovereignty after the expulsion of Tiberius Julius Mithridates. In the same year, Aquila obtained the praetorian insignia. He also erected a monument honouring the emperor Claudius in Asia Minor (modern Turkey) known as the Kuşkayası Monument.Passage 2:Maximus of TyreMaximus of Tyre (Greek: Μάξιμος Τύριος; fl. late 2nd century AD), also known as Cassius Maximus Tyrius, was a Greek rhetorician and philosopher who lived in the time of the Antonines and Commodus, and who belongs to the trend of the Second Sophistic.  His writings contain many allusions to the history of Greece, while there is little reference to Rome; hence it is inferred that he lived longer in Greece, perhaps as a professor at Athens. Although nominally a Platonist, he is really a sophist rather than a philosopher, although he is still considered one of the precursors of Neoplatonism.WritingsThe DissertationsThere exist 41 essays or discourses on theological, ethical, and other philosophical subjects, collected into a work called The Dissertations. The central theme is God as the supreme being, one and indivisible though called by many names, accessible to reason alone:In such a mighty contest, sedition and discord, you will see one according law and assertion in all the earth, that there is one God, the king and father of all things, and many gods, sons of God, ruling together with him.As animals form the intermediate stage between plants and human beings, so there exist intermediaries between God and man, viz. daemons, who dwell on the confines of heaven and earth. The soul in many ways bears a great resemblance to the divinity; it is partly mortal, partly immortal, and, when freed from the fetters of the body, becomes a daemon. Life is the sleep of the soul, from which it awakes at death. The style of Maximus is superior to that of the ordinary sophistical rhetorician, but scholars differ widely as to the merits of the essays themselves.Dissertation XX discusses \"Whether the Life of a Cynic is to Be Preferred\". He begins with a narrative of how Prometheus created mankind, who initially lived a life of ease \"for the earth supplied them with aliment, rich meadows, long-haired mountains, and abundance of fruits\" – in other words, a Garden of Eden that resonates with Cynic ideas. It was \"a life without war, without iron, without a guard, peaceful, healthful unindigent\".Then, taking perhaps from Lucretius, he contrasts that Garden to mankind's \"second life\", which started with the division of the earth into property, which they then enclosed into fortifications and walls, and started to wear jewellery and gold, built houses, “molested the earth by digging into it for metals”, and invaded the sea and the air (killing animals, fish and birds), in what he described as a “slaughter and all-various gore, pursuing gratification of the body”. Humans became unhappy and, to compensate, sought wealth, “fearing poverty...dreading death...neglecting the care of life...They blamed base actions but did not abstain from them and “the hated to live, but dreaded to die”.He then contrasts the two lives – that of the original Garden and of the “second life” he has just described and asks, which man would not choose the first, who “knows that by the change he shall be liberated from a multitude of evils” and what he calls “a dreadful prison of unhappy men, confined to a dreadful prison of unhappy men, confined in a dark recess, with large iron fetters round their feet, a great weight about their neck…passing their time in filth, in torment, and in weeping”. He asks, “Which of these images shall we proclaim blessed”? He goes on to praise Diogenes of Sinopeus, the Cynic, for choosing his ascetic life, but only because he avoided the often fearful fates of other philosophers – such as Socrates being condemned. But there is no mention of he himself taking up the ascetic life himself; rather he only talks about how the Garden would be preferable to the life mankind has made for itself. So it is unlikely he was a Cynic, but was just envious of that idealised pre-civilisation Life in the Garden.Maximus of Tyre must be distinguished from the Stoic Claudius Maximus, tutor of Marcus Aurelius.Ancient Greek TextMaximus Tyrius, Philosophumena, Dialexeis - Edited by George Leonidas Koniaris, Publisher Walter de Gruyter, 1995, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110882568 - this critical edition presents the Ancient Greek text of Maximus of Tyre.TranslationsTaylor, Thomas, The Dissertations of Maximus Tyrius. C. Wittingham (1804)Trapp, Michael. Maximus of Tyre: The Philosophical Orations, (NY: Oxford University Press, 1997)Passage 3:R. Charlton (poet/songwriter)R. Charlton, who lived in the early nineteenth century, was a Tyneside poet/songwriter.DetailsR. Charlton (lived ca. 1812) was a Tyneside songwriter, who, according to the information given by Thomas Allan in the Allan's Illustrated Edition of Tyneside Songs published in 1891, has the song \"Newcastle Improvements\" attributed to his name.The song is sung to the tune of \"Canny Newcassel\" according to W & T Fordyce. It is written in Geordie dialect and has a strong Northern connection). Unlike the others songwriters who wrote about the town improvements and mentioned changes to layout, street plans, new buildings etc., Charlton concentrated on the social changes brought about by the work, and sometimes not too kindly.The same song without any comment, except the author's name, appears on page 159 of The Tyne Songster published by W & T Fordyce published in 1840 and on page 151 of A Collection of Songs, Comic, Satirical, and Descriptive published by Thomas Marshall published in 1829Nothing more appears to be known of this person, or their life, or even their Christian name or sex.See alsoGeordie dialect words(Geordie) Rhymes of Northern Bards by John Bell JuniorJohn Bell (folk music)Passage 4:Mubarak KhwajaMubarak Khwaja (Kazakh: М\u0000б\u0000р\u0000к \u0000ожа, Persian: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) was the khan of White Horde in 1320–1344. He succeeded his brother, Ilbasan, with the assistance of Uzbeg, Khan of the Golden Horde and the House of Batu. However, he declared his independence from Sarai. The Khan sent his son Tini Beg to overthrow him. Thus, he was replaced by Chimtay, son of Ilbasan. He may have lived longer after his dethronement, occupying some lands.GenealogyGenghis KhanJochiOrda KhanSartaqtayKöchüBayanSasibuqaMubarak KhwajaSee alsoList of Khans of the Golden HordePassage 5:Chou Meng-tiehChou Meng-tieh (simplified Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000; traditional Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000; pinyin: Zhōu Mèngdié; 29 December 1921 – 1 May 2014) was a Taiwanese poet and writer.  He lived in Tamsui District, New Taipei City.BiographyHe was born Chou Chi-shu in Xichuan County, Henan in 1921. In 1948, Chou joined the China Youth Corps and was forced to drop out of school. He was sent to Taiwan following the defeat of Chiang Kai-shek's army in the Chinese Civil War, leaving his wife, two sons, and daughter behind in Mainland China. He settled in Tamsui District, New Taipei City.Chou started writing in the Central Daily News and publishing poetry in 1952. He retired from the army in 1955.In 1959, he started selling books outside the Cafe Astoria in Taipei and published his first book of poetry entitled Lonely County. Chou's book stall became a gathering spot for well-known writers, such as Huang Chun-ming, Pai Hsien-yung, and Sanmao. Chou wrote often on the subjects of time, life, and death, and was influenced by Buddhism.In 1980, the American magazine Orientations praised him as the \"Amoy Street Prophet\".  During the same year, he was forced to close his book stall in front of Cafe Astoria due to gastric ulcer surgery. He was the first recipient of the National Culture and Arts Foundation Literature Laureate Award in 1997.Chou died of pneumonia in New Taipei City on May 1, 2014 at the age of 92. His funeral was held twelve days later, with writers and politicians including Chang Show-foong, Lung Ying-tai, Timothy Yang, and Hsiang Ming in attendance.A bilingual selection from Chou's poetry with English translations by Lloyd Haft, Zhou Mengdie: 41 Poems, was published by Azoth Books (Taiwan) in 2022.Passage 6:Zhou YouguangZhou Youguang (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000; pinyin: Zhōu Y\u0000uguāng; 13 January 1906 – 14 January 2017), also known as Chou Yu-kuang or Chou Yao-ping, was a Chinese economist, banker, linguist, sinologist, Esperantist, publisher, and supercentenarian, known as the \"father of Pinyin\", a system for the writing of Mandarin Chinese in Roman script, or romanization, which was officially adopted by the government of the People's Republic of China in 1958, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1982, and the United Nations in 1986.Early life and careerZhou was born Zhou Yaoping in Changzhou (Changchow), Jiangsu Province, on 13 January 1906 to a Qing Dynasty official. At the age of ten, he and his family moved to Suzhou, Jiangsu Province. In 1918, he entered Changzhou High School, during which time he first took an interest in linguistics. He graduated in 1923 with honors.Zhou enrolled that same year in St. John's University, Shanghai where he majored in economics and took supplementary coursework in linguistics. He was almost unable to attend due to his family's poverty, but friends and relatives raised 200 yuan for the admission fee, and also helped him pay for tuition. He left during the May Thirtieth Movement of 1925 and transferred to Guanghua University, from which he graduated in 1927.On 30 April 1933, Zhou married Zhang Yunhe (\u0000\u0000\u0000). The couple went to Japan for Zhou's studies. Zhou started as an exchange student at the University of Tokyo, later transferring to Kyoto University due to his admiration of the Japanese Marxist economist Hajime Kawakami, who was a professor there at the time. Kawakami's arrest for joining the outlawed Japanese Communist Party in January 1933 meant that Zhou could not be his student. Zhou's son, Zhou Xiaoping (\u0000\u0000\u0000), was born in 1934. The couple also had a daughter, Zhou Xiaohe (\u0000\u0000\u0000).In 1937, due to the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Zhou and his family moved to the wartime capital Chongqing, and his daughter died. He worked for   Sin Hua Bank before entering public service as a deputy director at the National Government's Ministry of Economic Affairs, agricultural policy bureau (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) . After the 1945 Japanese defeat in World War II, Zhou went back to work for Sin Hua where he was stationed overseas: first in New York City and then in London. When he was in New York, he met Albert Einstein twice while visiting friends at Princeton University.Zhou participated for a time in the China Democratic National Construction Association. After the founding of the People's Republic was established in 1949 he returned to Shanghai, where he taught economics at Fudan University for several years.Designing PinyinBecause of his friendship with Zhou Enlai who recalled the economist's fascination with linguistics and Esperanto, he summoned Zhou to Beijing in 1955 and tasked his team with developing a new alphabet for China. The Chinese government placed Zhou at the head of a "}
{"doc_id":"doc_272","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Anne Elizabeth RectorAnne Elizabeth Rector (June 26, 1899 – February 17, 1970) was an American artist.Rector was the daughter of Enoch J. Rectorand she attended the Art Students League of New York studying under John French Sloan. Ann also studied landscape painting under Andrew Dasburg. Shemarried Edmund Duffy and they moved to New York City in 1948, when her husband began work for the Saturday Evening Post. She later headed Rector Studiosthat manufactured glass top tables. Her daughter married Ivan Chermayeff, the son of Serge Ivan Chermayeff.Rector's childhood diaries were published in 2004.They had been found many years after Rector's death and described her life for the year of 1912.Passage 2:Edmund DuffyEdmund Duffy (March 1, 1899 –September 12, 1962), was an American editorial cartoonist.  He grew up in Jersey City, New Jersey, eventually moving to metropolitan areas. Duffy did notattend high school, but instead went into the Art Students League of New York. Duffy's career took him to London, Paris, New York, and finally to Baltimore,where he spent the majority of his professional career working for The Baltimore Sun.Duffy won three Pulitzer Prizes for Editorial Cartooning in 1931, 1934, and1940. Duffy began working for the Baltimore Sun in 1924, when he was only about 25 years old, and he received high praise from the famous journalist H.L.Mencken.Journalism careerDuffy first came into the journalism field with his submission of a page of sketches for Armistice Day. The sketches were put into theNew York Tribune in the Sunday section. Duffy worked on a variety of assignments in order to save up money, then launching his European career. He moved toLondon and worked for the London Evening News. Duffy worked in Paris for a few years, and he finally returned to the United States in 1922. He worked for twoyears with both the New York Leader and the Brooklyn Eagle.The longest period of his career began in 1924 when he began working for The Baltimore Sun. Duffyworked there until 1948, in order to work a less tiring job, working for the Saturday Evening Post.  Duffy drew numerous noteworthy cartoons, approaching majorissues and incidents, such as lynching and the Ku Klux Klan, but also the famous Monkey Scopes Trial of 1925.Denouncing racism through artDuffy was known forhis daring nature in relation to his work. H.L. Mencken saw promise in his work and “Duffy with his sometimes savage artwork, did the kind of thing that delightedMencken, who loved nothing more than to ‘stir up the animals’”. Duffy was not afraid to please Mencken, and held nothing back  He was one of the few people ofhis time that would boldly approach the topic of racism.  He blatantly condemned lynching and the actions of the KKK.  This was one of his main issues that heapproached during his career.  During the time period that Duffy worked it was not popular to advocate against racism, so Duffy was civil rights before it was awide movement in the United States. S.L. Harrison, a late professor of Communication at the University of Miami, wrote that Duffy “displayed uncommon vigor inattacking the Ku Klux Klan”.Scopes TrialJust a year after Duffy began working for The Baltimore Sun, 1925, a famous trial began in Tennessee.  Tennessee hadpassed a law, the Butler Act, barring teachers against the topic of evolution in the classroom, but one biology teacher, John T. Scopes, ignored the law and taughthis students evolution.  Scopes decided that the students should learn evolution, even if it went against the teachings of the bible.  Since the trial was popular anda nationwide topic, Mencken took a staff from The Sun, including Duffy, to cover the trial.  “[Edmund Duffy’s] graphic artwork played a significant role in thepublic’s perception of the trial proceedings reported in the pages of The Sun, then one of America’s most influential newspapers”.  His cartoons brought moreattention to the issue, as he derided Tennessee for crushing knowledge in one of his more notable cartoons from the trial called ‘A Closed Book in Tennessee.’ Inthis cartoon, Duffy shows a man, representing Tennessee, holding a sign that says “Fundamentalists Only Wanted as Teachers.”  The man is standing on top ofthe book of knowledge, holding it shut.  Duffy knew that this powerful cartoon would cause a great response, but that is exactly what Mencken wanted andexpected from him.  Many more of his cartoons from the trial held the same message, in which he was publicly shaming Tennessee for the law, the trial, and theverdict.  Mencken once said that with a good cartoonist he would not need a whole editorial staff, and a great cartoonist he found in Duffy.Pulitzer PrizesOverEdmund Duffy's career, he won three Pulitzer Prizes, which is a lot compared to other recipients over the years.  His three prize winning cartoons are thefollowing:“An Old Struggle Still Going On” (1931)This cartoon references the anti-communism era that began in the 1920s and 1930s.  At the time, communismwas seen as being anti-religion, which is what Duffy conveys in the cartoon.  “California Points with Pride!” (1934)This cartoon is one of Duffy's manyanti-lynching pieces.  This one, however, deals with white on white lynching.  In California, people took two kidnappers from prison and lynched them in a park,but the Governor praised the people that did the lynching.  Duffy condemned the Governor in this cartoon.“The 'Outstretched Hand'” (1940)In this cartoon,Duffy's topic is Adolf Hitler and his brutality.  By the time the cartoon was drawn, Germany had already invaded Poland, and Duffy shows Hitler's broken promisesand peace offerings.  Hitler's hand drips with blood in the image.Passage 3:Anne EvansAnne or Ann Evans may refer to:Ann Evans (midwife) (1840–1916), NewZealand nurseAnne Evans (poet) (1820–1870), English poet and composerAnne Evans (arts patron) (1871–1941), art patron in ColoradoAnne Evans (soprano)(born 1941), British operatic sopranoAnne Evans Estabrook, American real estate developerSee alsoMary Ann Evans, writer better known as George EliotMaryAnne Disraeli, née Evans, wife of DisraeliEvans (surname)Passage 4:James Randall MarshJames Randall Marsh (1896–1966) was an American artist and thehusband of Anne Steele Marsh.BiographyMarsh was born in 1896 in Paris, France. He was the son of Frederick Dana Marsh and Alice Randall Marsh. He was thebrother of the painter Reginald Marsh.He married Anne Steele in 1925 and the couple settled in Essex Fells, New Jersey. There Marsh set up a metal forge whichhe used to create industrial and residential lighting fixtures. In 1948, the Marshes relocated to Pittstown, New Jersey where James continued operating a forge,expanding the operation to include decorative metal work. His work was mainly in the American Arts and Craft style.In 1952, Marsh was instrumental inestablishing the Hunterdon Art Museum. When an 1836 stone mill became available for sale, Marsh and his neighbors decided to turn it into an art center, withMarsh providing most of the purchase price. The museum, with workshops, is still in operation and the building is listed as Dunham's Mill on the National Registerof Historic Places listings in Hunterdon County, New Jersey.In 1964, he purchased the M. C. Mulligan & Sons Quarry, also listed on the NRHP, and donated it tothe Clinton Historical Museum, now known as the Red Mill Museum Village. On October 9, 1965, the James Randall Marsh Historical Park was dedicated at themuseum.Marsh died on January 20, 1966, in Flemington.Passage 5:Michael RectorMichael Rector (born December 16, 1993) is a former American football widereceiver. He played college football at Stanford.Professional careerRector signed with the Detroit Lions as an undrafted free agent on May 12, 2017. He waswaived by the Lions on September 2, 2017.Passage 6:Stan RiceStanley Travis Rice Jr. (November 7, 1942 – December 9, 2002) was an American poet and artist.He was the husband of author Anne Rice.BiographyRice was born in Dallas, Texas, in 1942. He met his future wife Anne O'Brien in high school. They brieflyattended North Texas State University together, before marrying in 1961 and moving to San Francisco in 1962, to enroll at San Francisco State University, wherethey both earned their bachelor's and master's degrees.Rice was a professor of English and Creative Writing at San Francisco State University. In 1977, hereceived the Academy of American Poets' Edgar Allan Poe Award for Whiteboy, and in subsequent years was also the recipient of the Joseph Henry JacksonAward, as well as a writing fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts. Rice retired after 22 years as Chairman of the Creative Writing program as wellas Assistant Director of the Poetry Center in 1989.It was the death of his and Anne's first child, daughter Michele (1966–1972), at age six of leukemia, which ledto Stan Rice becoming a published author. His first book of poems, based on his daughter's illness and death, was titled Some Lamb, and was published in 1975.He encouraged his wife to quit her work as a waitress, cook and theater usher in order to devote herself full-time to her writing, and both eventually encouragedtheir son, novelist Christopher Rice, to become a published author as well.Rice, his wife and his son moved to Garden District, New Orleans, in 1988, where heeventually opened the Stan Rice Gallery. In 1989, they purchased the Brevard-Rice House, 1239 First Street, built in 1857 for Albert Hamilton Brevard.Stan Rice'spaintings are represented in the collections of the Ogden Museum of Southern Art and the New Orleans Museum of Art. He had a one-person show at the JamesW. Palmer Gallery, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York. The Art Galleries of Southeastern Louisiana presented an exhibition of selected paintings in March2005. Prospective plans are underway to present exhibitions of Rice's paintings at various locations in Mexico.In Prism of the Night, Anne Rice said of Stan: \"He'sa model to me of a man who doesn't look to heaven or hell to justify his feelings about life itself. His capacity for action is admirable. Very early on he said to me,'What more could you ask for than life itself'?\"Poet Deborah Garrison was Rice's editor at Alfred A. Knopf for his 2002 collection, Red to the Rind, which wasdedicated to novelist son Christopher, in whose success as a writer his father greatly rejoiced. Garrison said of Rice: \"Stan really attempted to kind of stare downthe world, and I admire that.\"Knopf's Victoria Wilson, who edited Anne's novels and worked with Stan Rice on his 1997 book, Paintings, was particularlyimpressed by his refusal to sell his artworks, saying, \"The great thing about Stan is that he refused to play the game as a painter, and he refused to play thegame as a poet.\"Personal lifeRice was an atheist.DeathStan Rice died of brain cancer at age 60, on December 9, 2002, in New Orleans where he lived and wassurvived by Anne and Christopher, as well as his mother, Margaret; a brother, Larry; and two sisters, Nancy and Cynthia.Rice is entombed in Metairie Cemeteryin New Orleans.Poetry collectionsSome Lamb (1975)Whiteboy (1976) (earned the Edgar Allan Poe Award from the Academy of American Poets)Body of Work(1983)Singing Yet: New and Selected Poems (1992)Fear Itself (1997)The Radiance of Pigs (1999)Red to the Rind (2002)False Prophet (2003)"}
{"doc_id":"doc_273","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Rumbi KatedzaRumbi Katedza is a Zimbabwean Film Producer and Director who was born on 17 January 1974.Early life and educationShe did her Primary and Secondary Education in Harare, Zimbabwe. Katedza graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English from McGill University, Canada in 1995. In 2008 Katedza received the Chevening Scholarship that enabled her to further her studies in film. She also holds a MA in Filmmaking from Goldsmiths College, London University.Work and filmographyKatedza has experience in Film and TV Production, Directing, Writing as well as Producing and presenting Radio shows. From 1994 to 2000, She produced and presented radio shows on Women's issues, Arts and Culture, Hip Hop and Acid Jazz for the CKUT (Montreal) and ZBC Radio 3 (Zimbabwe). From 2004 - 2006, she served as the Festival Director of the Zimbabwe International Film Festival. Whilst there, she produced the Postcards from Zimbabwe Series. In 2008, Katedza founded Mai Jai Films and has produced numerous films and television productions under the banner namelyTariro (2008);Big House, Small House (2009);The Axe and the Tree (2011);The Team (2011)Playing Warriors (2012)Her early works include:Danai (2002);Postcards from Zimbabwe (2006);Trapped (2006 – Rumbi Katedza, Marcus Korhonen);Asylum (2007);Insecurity Guard (2007)Rumbi Katedza is a part-time lecturer at the University of Zimbabwe, in the department of Theatre Arts. She is a judge and monitor at the National Arts Merit Awards, responsible for monitoring new film and TV productions throughout the year on behalf of the National Arts Council of Zimbabwe. She has also lobbied Zimbabwean government to actively support the film industry.Passage 2:Sam the ManSam the Man is a 2001 American film directed by Gary Winick and starring Fisher Stevens.PlotA writer having difficulty completing his second novel goes on a journey of self-discovery.CastExternal linksSam the Man at IMDbSam the Man at Rotten TomatoesPassage 3:The Man Is ArmedThe Man Is Armed is a 1956 film noir crime film directed by Franklin Adreon starring Dane Clark, William Talman, May Wynn and Robert Horton.PlotFramed by another man, truck driver Johnny Morrison serves a year in prison. After his release, Johnny confronts the man, Mitch Mitchell, who plunges off a roof to his death.Johnny then learns that his former employer, Hackett, was the one who set him up as a fall guy. Hackett claims it was a test of loyalty, and since Johnny passed, he now stands to earn $100,000 for helping Hackett pull off the robbery of an armored transport company.Johnny's old girlfriend, Carol Wayne, still has feelings for him, even though she has been seeing Mike Benning, a young doctor. While the death of Mitchell is investigated by police Lt. Coster as a homicide, Johnny and three other thugs pull off the heist.Unable to get the loot to Hackett due to roadblocks, Johnny hides out. Hackett, believing he has been double-crossed, shoots Johnny and buries the money on his family farm, but the police catch up to him. A wounded Johnny knocks out Mike and abducts Carol, but collapses and dies after a few steps. Mike leads Carol away as the cops arrive.CastDane Clark as Johnny MorrisonWilliam Talman as HackettMay Wynn as Carol WayneRobert Horton as Dr. Michael BenningBarton MacLane as Det. Lt. Dan CosterFredd Wayne as EganRichard Benedict as Lew 'Mitch' MitchellRichard Reeves as RutbergHarry Lewis as ColeBobby Jordan as ThorneLarry J. Blake as Ray PerkinsDarlene Fields as TerryclothJohn Mitchum as OfficerSee alsoList of American films of 1956Passage 4:Wolf WarriorWolf Warrior (Chinese: \u0000\u0000) is a 2015 Chinese war film written and directed by Wu Jing. It stars Wu Jing along with Scott Adkins, Yu Nan and Kevin Lee. It was released on 2 April 2015. A sequel, titled Wolf Warrior 2, was released in China in 2017 and became the all-time highest-grossing film in China.PlotIn 2008, a combined task group of People's Liberation Army Special Operations Forces and Chinese police raid a drug smuggling operation in an abandoned chemical facility in southern China. The leader of the smuggling operation, Wu Ji, holds one of his own men hostage while taking cover behind a section of the facility's reinforced wall.Leng Feng, a skilled PLA sniper, ignores orders to stand down and fires three shots at a weak section of the wall, penetrating through on the third shot and killing Wu Ji. Leng Feng is sent to solitary confinement as punishment, but is approached by Long Xiaoyun, the female commander of the legendary 'Wolf Warriors', an elite unit within the PLA tasked with simulating foreign tactics for the PLA to train against. Long Xiaoyun offers Leng Feng a place in the Wolf Warriors. Meanwhile, in the Philippines, crime lord Min Deng, the older brother of Wu Ji, hires ex-US Navy SEAL “Tom Cat” (Scott Adkins) and his group to assassinate Leng Feng and avenge his brother.The Wolf Warriors participate in a training exercise in a remote and uninhabited forested region on China's southern border. During the exercise, Tom Cat and his mercenaries ambush a Wolf Warrior squad, killing one of Leng Feng's comrades. Subsequently, the PLA and the Wolf Warriors are tasked with hunting down Tom Cat‘s squad to restore their honor. The combined infantry force move into the forest but are delayed by multiple traps set by Tom Cat and pinned down by sniper fire until Leng Feng manages to kill the shooter. Afterwards, the rest of the PLA force engages Tom Cat's other mercenaries, who stage a fighting retreat but are eventually overwhelmed and killed one by one. Meanwhile, Long Xiaoyun and the other PLA commanders deduce that Ming Deng himself is also in the training area to take possession of a smuggled cache of biotechnology, which could allow the creation of a genetic weapon that could target Chinese people exclusively.Leng Feng eventually catches Tom Cat just before China's southern border. Leng Feng is nearly defeated, but manages to kill Tom Cat with his own knife. Medical personnel from a PLA relief force arrive, but Leng Feng recognises the wrist tattoo of the medic that approaches him and realizes that they are Min Deng's men in PLA uniforms. He attacks them, eventually holding Min Deng himself at bayonet point on the very edge of the Chinese border. Min Deng's paramilitary force approaches from the other side of the border, but so do the rest of the Wolf Warriors and PLA soldiers. Min Deng's force retreats, leaving him to be arrested.CastWu Jing as Leng Feng, a marksman in the People's Liberation Army who was initially court martialled and reprimanded for failing to obey a direct order during an operation. He is later recruited into a Chinese Special Forces Unit called \"War Wolf\" after Long Xiaoyun takes an interest in him.Yu Nan as Lieutenant Colonel Long Xiaoyun, Commander of the Chinese Special Forces Unit \"War Wolf\"Ni Dahong as Ming Deng, a drug lord who hires a group of foreign mercenaries to avenge his brother's death at the hands of Leng Feng.Scott Adkins as \"Tom Cat,\" a former US Navy SEAL turned mercenary, who is hired by Meng Deng to kill Leng FengKevin Lee as \"Mad Cow\"Shi ZhaoqiZhou XiaoouFang ZibinGuo GuangpingRu PingHong WeiWang SenZhuang XiaolongChris CollinsProductionThe script went through 14 drafts over seven years. In order to portray more realistic combat scenes, the movie used five missiles (each at a value of one million yuan), more than 30,000 rounds of ammunition, and a variety of Chinese active military aircraft, including the Chengdu J-10, Harbin Z-9, and CAIC Z-10. In one large battle scene, 32 active tanks appeared in the same shot, including a Type 96 tank.In order to prepare for the film, with the support of Chinese PLA Nanjing Military Region, Wu Jing trained for 18 months at a camp in Nanjing Military Region. On the first day of shooting, it was the hottest summer in Nanjing's history. The temperature was up to 49.8 °C, making 5 extra actors suffer from shock.Most of the film was made on location in Jiangsu province, at sites including Nanjing and Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum.Box officeAs of 25 May 2015, it has earned US$89.11 million in China.In China, it opened on 2 April 2015, earning US$33.32 million in its 4-day opening weekend topping the Chinese box office. In its second weekend, it fell to number two, earning US$36.19 million (behind Furious 7).Critical responseThe film had an overall rating of 6.8 on the Chinese review site Douban as of August 2017. Variety magazine wrote: \"To a layperson's eyes, the military exercise does look authentic, and the cross-country skirmishes are ruggedly watchable on an acrobatic level. Yet it's impossible to overlook the inanity of the plotting\".AwardsInternational influenceWolf Warrior and its sequel, Wolf Warrior 2, are the namesake of China's aggressive 'wolf warrior diplomacy' under Xi Jinping's administration.Passage 5:Edward YatesEdward J. Yates (September 16, 1918 – June 2, 2006) was an American television director who was the director of the ABC television program American Bandstand from 1952 until 1969.BiographyYates became a still photographer after graduating from high school in 1936. After serving in World War II, he became employed by Philadelphia's WFIL-TV as a boom microphone operator. He was later promoted to cameraman (important as most programming was done live and local during the early years of television) and earned a bachelor's degree in communications in 1950 from the University of Pennsylvania.In October 1952, Yates volunteered to direct Bandstand, a new concept featuring local teens dancing to the latest hits patterned after the \"950 Club\" on WPEN-AM. The show debuted with Bob Horn as host and took off after Dick Clark, already a radio veteran at age 26, took over in 1956.It was broadcast live in its early years, even after it became part of the ABC network's weekday afternoon lineup in 1957 as American Bandstand. Yates pulled records, directed the cameras, queued the commercials and communicated with Clark via a private line telephone located on his podium.In 1964, Clark moved the show to Los Angeles, taking Yates with him.Yates retired from American Bandstand in 1969, and moved his family to the Philadelphia suburb of West Chester.He died in 2006 at a nursing home where he had been for the last two months of his life.External linksEdward Yates at IMDbPassage 6:Arms and the Man (1932 film)Arms and the Man is a 1932 British film based on the play Arms and the Man by George Bernard Shaw. It was written and directed by Cecil Lewis.Passage 7:Wu Jing (actor)Wu Jing, also known as Jacky Wu, (Chinese: \u0000\u0000; pinyin: Wú Jīng; born 3 April 1974) is a Chinese actor, director and martial artist best known for his roles in various martial arts films such as Tai Chi Boxer, Fatal Contact, the Sha Po Lang films, and as Leng Feng in Wolf Warrior, its sequel Wolf Warrior 2, and most recently The Battle at Lake Changjin. Wu Jing is one of the most profitable actors in China and his movies are often the highest grossed films in China and around the world. Wu ranked first on the Forbes China Celebrity 100 list in 2019 and 23rd in 2020.CareerIn April 1995, Wu was spotted by martial arts choreographer Yuen Woo-ping, Wu played Hawkman / Jackie in 1996 film Tai Chi Boxer, his first Hong Kong film debut. Since then Wu has appeared in numerous mainland Chinese wuxia television series. He has also worked with choreographer and director Lau Kar-leung in 2003 film Drunken Monkey. Wu achieved success in Hong "}
{"doc_id":"doc_274","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Billy MilanoBilly Milano (born June 3, 1964) is an American heavy metal and hardcore punk musician. He is the singer and occasionally guitarist andbassist of crossover thrash band M.O.D., and was the singer of its predecessor, Stormtroopers of Death. Prior to these bands, Milano played in early New Yorkhardcore band the Psychos, which also launched the career of future Agnostic Front vocalist Roger Miret. Milano was also the singer of United Forces, whichincluded his Stormtroopers of Death bandmate Dan Lilker. Milano managed a number of bands, including Agnostic Front, for whom he also co-produced the 1997Epitaph Records release Something's Gotta Give and roadie for Anthrax.DiscographyStormtroopers of Death albumsStormtroopers of Death videosMethod ofDestruction (M.O.D.)MasteryPassage 2:Don't You Believe It\"Don't You Believe It\" is a song written by Burt Bacharach and Bob Hillard and recorded by AndyWilliams. Released as a single, the B-side was a cover of the George Gershwin song \"Summertime\".Chart performanceThe song reached No. 15 on the BillboardEasy Listening chart and No. 39 on the Hot 100 in 1962.Passage 3:Kristian LeontiouKristian Leontiou (born February 1982) is an English singer. Formerly a soloartist, he is the lead singer of indie rock band One eskimO.Early lifeKristian Leontiou was born in London, England and is of Greek Cypriot descent. He went toHatch End High School in Harrow and worked several jobs in and around London whilst concentrating on music when he had any free time.  In 2003 he signed amajor record deal with Polydor. At the time, Leontiou was dubbed \"the new Dido\" by some media outlets. His debut single \"Story of My Life\" was released in June2004 and reached #9 in the UK Singles Chart. His second single \"Shining\" peaked at #13 whilst the album Some Day Soon was certified gold selling in excess of150,000 copies.Leontiou toured the album in November 2004 taking him to the US to work with L.A Reid, Chairman of the Island Def Jam music group.  Unhappywith the direction his career was going, on a flight back from the US in 2004 he decided to take his music in a new direction.  Splitting from his label in late 2005,he went on to collaborate with Faithless on the song \"Hope & Glory\" for their album ‘'To All New Arrivals'’.  It was this release that saw him unleash the OneeskimO moniker.  It was through working with Rollo Armstrong on the Faithless album, that Rollo got to hear an early demo of \"Astronauts\" from the One eskimOproject. Being more than impressed by what he heard, Rollo opened both his arms and studio doors to Leontiou and they began to co-produce the ‘'All Balloons’'album.It was at this time that he paired up with good friend Adam Falkner, a drummer/musician, to introduce a live acoustic sound to the album. They recordedthe album with engineer Phill Brown (engineer for Bob Marley and Robert Plant) at Ark studios in St John's Wood where they recorded live then headed back toRollo's studio to add the cinematic electro touches that are prominent on the album.Shortly after its completion, One eskimO's \"Hometime\" was used on a ToyotaPrius advert in the USA. The funds from the advert were then used to develop the visual aspect of One eskimO. He teamed up with friend Nathan Erasmus (GravyMedia Productions) along with animation team Smuggling Peanuts (Matt Latchford and Lucy Sullivan) who together began to develop the One eskimO world, thefirst animation produced was for the track ‘Hometime’ which went on to win a British animation award in 2008.In 2008 Leontiou started a new managementventure with ATC Music. By mid-2008 Time Warner came on board to develop all 10 One eskimO animations which were produced the highly regarded PassionPictures in London.  Now with all animation complete and a debut album, One eskimO prepare to unveil themselves fully to the world in summer 2009.Leontioureleased a cover version of Tracy Chapman's \"Fast Car\", which was originally released as a single in 2005. Leontiou's version was unable to chart, however, dueto there being no simultaneous physical release alongside the download single, a UK chart rule that was in place at the time. On 24 April 2011, the song enteredthe singles chart at number 88 due to Britain's Got Talent contestant Michael Collings covering the track on the show on 16 April2011.DiscographyAlbumsSinglesNotesA  - Originally released as a single in April 2005, Leontiou's version of \"Fast Car\" did not chart until 2011 in the UK.Alsofeatured onNow That's What I Call Music! 58 (Story of My Life)Win a Date with Tad Hamilton! OST, Love Love Songs - The Ultimate Love Collection(Shining)Summerland OST (The Crying)Passage 4:Can't Believe It (Flo Rida song)\"Can't Believe It\" is a song by American rapper Flo Rida. The song features arap verse from Cuban-American rapper Pitbull. The song samples \"Infinity\" by London-based duo Infinity Ink. The music video for \"Can't Believe It\" was directedby Geremey and Georgie Legs.Chart performanceWeekly chartsYear-end chartsCertificationsPassage 5:Meek MillRobert Rihmeek Williams (born May 6, 1987),known professionally as Meek Mill, is an American rapper. Born and raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, he embarked on his music career as a battle rapper, andlater formed a short-lived rap group, The Bloodhoundz. In 2008, Atlanta-based rapper T.I. signed Meek Mill to his first record deal. In February 2011, afterleaving Grand Hustle Records, Mill signed with Miami-based rapper Rick Ross's Maybach Music Group (MMG). Mill's debut album, Dreams and Nightmares, wasreleased in 2012 under MMG and Warner Bros. Records. The album, preceded by the lead single \"Amen\" (featuring Drake), peaked at number two on the U.S.Billboard 200.In October 2012, Mill announced the launch of his own label imprint, Dream Chasers Records, named after his mixtape series. Meek Mill rose tofame after featured on MMG's Self Made compilation, with his debut singles \"Tupac Back\" (featuring Rick Ross) and \"Ima Boss\" (featuring Rick Ross), beingincluded on volume one (2011). He released his second album, Dreams Worth More Than Money, in 2015 and his third album, Wins & Losses, in 2016. His fourthstudio album, Championships, was released in November 2018 and debuted at the top of the Billboard 200 chart. Its lead single, \"Going Bad\" (featuring Drake),peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot 100, marking Mill's highest charting single to date. Meek's fifth album, Expensive Pain, was released on October 1,2021.In November 2017, he was sentenced to two to four years in prison for violating parole, before being released while his trial continues after serving fivemonths. In August 2019, a documentary series about his battle with the criminal justice system, Free Meek, was released on Amazon Prime Video. Mill served asexecutive producer on the series alongside fellow rapper Jay-Z. The two also became the co-founders of nonprofit organization Reform Alliance, which focuses onnational prison reform through lobbying.Early lifeRobert Rihmeek Williams was born on May 6, 1987, in the South Philadelphia area of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,the son of Kathy Williams. He has an older sister, Nasheema Williams. Kathy grew up in poverty and her mother died when she was young. Meek's father waskilled when Meek was five years old, apparently during an attempted robbery. His uncle, Robert, described Meek Mill's father as a \"black sheep of the family\".After her husband's death, Kathy moved with Meek and his sister to North Philadelphia, where they lived in a three-bedroom apartment on Berks Street. Theirfinancial condition was poor and she started cutting hair, doing other jobs, and shoplifting in order to support her family. At home, Meek was shy and rarelyspoke. As a kid, he became acquainted with another of his father's brothers, who under the MC name Grandmaster Nell was a pioneering disc jockey (DJ) in thelate-1980s Philadelphia hip-hop scene and influenced rap artists Will Smith and DJ Jazzy Jeff. Meek's interest in hip-hop grew as a result of these early influences.He was also influenced by the independent hip-hop artists Chic Raw and Vodka, whom he learned to emulate by watching their DVDs.During his early teenageyears, Meek often took part in rap battles under the pseudonym Meek Millz. He often stayed up well past midnight filling notebooks with phrases and verses thathe later drew on. Later he and three friends formed the rap group The Bloodhoundz. They bought blank CDs and jewel cases at Kinkos, encouraging friends toburn them with the group's songs and distribute them.Career2006–2010: Career beginningsThe Bloodhoundz lasted long enough to release four mixtapes. From2006 to 2008 Mill released three solo mixtapes including The Real Me, The Real Me 2, and Flamers. In 2009, Mill released his fourth solo mixtape, Flamers 2:Hottest in tha City, which spawned the promotional singles \"I'm So Fly,\" \"Prolli,\" and \"Hottest in the City.\" Flamers 2 caught the attention of Charles \"CharlieMack\" Alston, founder and president of 215 Aphillyated Records. Mack, who previously represented for other Philadelphians Will Smith, DJ Jazzy Jeff, Boyz II Menand Ms. Jade, was so impressed with Mill that he immediately signed him to his management company. During that same year, Meek Mill also met the founderand owner of Grand Hustle Records, Atlanta-based rapper and record executive T.I. T.I. was also impressed by Mill and offered him an opportunity to travel, tomeet with him and Warner Bros. Records; within a week both record companies offered him a deal. Although he was offered other record deals, Mill feltcollaborating with T.I. was \"an opportunity of a lifetime\" and thus chose his label. However, a setback occurred, when Mill was sentenced to a stint in jail for adrug and gun charge.After being released in 2009, he continued working as an artist under Grand Hustle, Mill formed a work relationship with the label's residentdisc jockey, DJ Drama. Mill and Drama teamed up to release the third edition of Mill's Flamers series. The mixtape, titled Flamers 3: The Wait Is Over, wasreleased on March 12, 2010, and is helmed as a \"Gangsta Grillz mixtape\". The mixtape features his promotional single \"Rosé Red\", which was later remixed withadditional verses from fellow American rappers T.I., Rick Ross and Vado. Rick Ross contributed his verse after he was visiting Philadelphia and asked his Twitterfollowers who he should collaborate with; Meek Mill was the overwhelming response. The remix was included on Mill's following mixtape, Mr. Philadelphia. Due toMill and T.I.'s respective legal troubles, Mill was never able to release an official album under Grand Hustle and they parted ways in 2010. That same year, a filmwas released  called Streets. A direct-to-DVD crime drama, starring Mill, produced by Alston and directed by Jamal Hill.2011–2012: Dreams & NightmaresInFebruary 2011, Rick Ross announced the signing of Mill along with fellow American rapper Wale to his Maybach Music Group (MMG) label. In March 2011, Mill wasincluded in XXL's \"Freshman Class of 2011\". Later that year, he released his debut single, \"Tupac Back\", featuring Rick Ross, from his label's compilation albumSelf Made Vol. 1 (2011). That same year he released his second single, \"Ima Boss\", also take from the compilation and featuring Ross. The song was later"}
{"doc_id":"doc_275","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Marc-Kanyan CaseMarc-Kanyan Case (14 September 1942 – 6 January 2023) was a French professional footballer. He competed in the men'stournament at the 1968 Summer Olympics.Passage 2:Stoney CaseStoney Jarrod Case (born July 7, 1972) is a former quarterback for three teams in the NationalFootball League (NFL) and three teams in the Arena Football League (AFL).High school and collegeCase played high school football for the Odessa PermianPanthers, quarterbacking the team to an undefeated, 16–0 season and the Texas 5A football title in 1989, one year after the events chronicled in the Friday NightLights book and movie. The Panthers were voted ESPN's National Champion team as a result. During his Permian career, Case also lettered in baseball as anoutfielder, first baseman and pitcher. His brother Stormy Case also played quarterback for the Panthers and went on to play for Texas A&M.Recruited to playcollege football for the University of New Mexico, Case was a four-year starter for the Lobos and was the first player in NCAA Division I-A (now FBS) history topost 9,000 career passing yards and 1,000 career rushing yards. In the course of his college career he threw or ran for 98 touchdowns, which at the time of hisgraduation was second in I-A history to Ty Detmer.  In 1994, Case was the WAC player of the year and led the NCAA with 33 total TD'S and 3,649 totalyards.1991: Threw for 1,564 yards with 10 TD vs 6 INT with 2 rushing TD's.1992: Threw for 2,289 yards with 18 TD vs 13 INT with 4 rushing TD's.1993: Threwfor 2,490 yards with 17 TD vs 8 INT with 14 rushing TD's.1994: Threw for 3,117 yards with 22 TD vs 12 INT on 409 pass attempts with 11 rushingTD's.Professional careerNFLCase was a third round pick in the 1995 NFL Draft and played quarterback for Arizona Cardinals from 1995 to 1998, though he spentpart of that time with the Barcelona Dragons in the NFL Europe. He was signed as a free agent by both the Indianapolis Colts and the Baltimore Ravens in 1999,and went to the Detroit Lions as an unrestricted free agent in 2000.Case saw limited action during his NFL career. He played in two games during his rookieseason, but saw no action in either 1996 or 1998. He played twice in 1997 as a replacement for injured starter Kent Graham. He played in 10 games for theBaltimore Ravens in 1999, starting four games and winning two of them. He also played in five other games later in the season, receiving playing time as aback-up quarterback. In all, Case played in a total of 24 career NFL games over six years, 12 as a starter, in which he passed for 1,826 yards and 4 touchdownswhile rushing for 270 yards and 5 touchdowns. His best game came in 1999 against the Atlanta Falcons, Case threw for 2 touchdowns and no interceptions with aQB rating of 96.5.As an NFL player, Case was criticized by some fans for his uncertainty and lack of ability to throw an effective long pass. His worst careerperformance came in October 1999 when he appeared for the Ravens against the Kansas City Chiefs, completing only 15 of 37 passes for 103 yards. \"The Chiefs\",noted the Baltimore City Paper, \"by comparison, ran back his intercepted passes for 108 yards. Repeat: 103 yards forward, 108 yards backward. Add in those twotouchdowns off interceptions and Case did almost precisely as much for Kansas City as did the Chiefs' own quarterback, Elvis Grbac (112 yards, two TDpasses).\"In 2000, Case signed with the Detroit Lions as the primary backup to quarterback Charlie Batch. Appearing in five games, Case passed for 503 yards, 1touchdown, and 4 interceptions. His best game came on November 30 in a game against the Minnesota Vikings.  Even though the Lions lost 24–17, Case filled infor an injured Batch and put up 230 yards on 23–33 passing with a touchdown and an interception.AFLAfter major shoulder surgery at the end of his contract withDetroit and seemingly out of the NFL, Case subsequently moved to the Arena Football League. In 2004, he was signed by Tampa Bay Storm, playing in just threegames in 2005 and completing 4 of 7 passes for 35 yards and 2 touchdowns.In 2006, Case was the backup to Mark Grieb with the San Jose SaberCats in the AFLAmerican Conference, Western Division. On October 31, he returned to Tampa Bay as a free agent.  Four games into the 2007 season, Case took over as theStorm's starting quarterback. However, that was short-lived when he dislocated his shoulder against the Orlando Predators and had season ending surgery.SeealsoList of NCAA major college football yearly total offense leadersPassage 3:Richard CaseRichard Case (born 1964) is an American comics artist best known forhis work for DC Comics especially the Vertigo imprint.He is not to be confused with the similarly-named Richard Case, a comics artist who worked for the IgerStudio and Fiction House in the 1940s.CareerAfter receiving a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the Rhode Island School of Design, Richard Case worked as anassistant to comics artist Walt Simonson in 1985. Case's first credited published comic book story appeared in Marvel Comics' Strange Tales vol. 2 #10 (Jan.1988). He moved to DC Comics and pencilled the majority of issues of Grant Morrison's run on Doom Patrol beginning with issue #19 (Feb. 1989). In 1992, hedrew several issues of Darkhold: Pages from the Book of Sins for Marvel. Back at DC, Case inked Marc Hempel's pencils on the Sandman story \"The Kindly Ones\"and penciled a few pages in Hempel's style. He illustrated Jamie Delano's Ghostdancing limited series, the final story arc of Peter Milligan's Shade, the ChangingMan, and Hunter: The Age of Magic with Dylan Horrocks. Since leaving the comics industry, he has worked extensively in computer game illustration especially forUbisoft.BibliographyDC ComicsImage ComicsGen 13 Bikini Pin-Up Special #1 (one page) (1997)Marvel ComicsPassage 4:Gregory C. CaseGregory C. Case (born1963) is the chief executive officer of Aon plc. He has held this position since April 2005.Early life and educationCase was born in Kansas City.Case received anundergraduate degree from Kansas State University, where he graduated summa cum laude. Case holds a Master of Business Administration from Harvard Schoolof Business.CareerCase was at first an investment banker.He then worked for 17 years at McKinsey & Company, where he eventually became head of the globalinsurance practice and then head of the financial services practice.In April 2005, Case was named chief executive officer of Aon plc.In September 2006, Casetestified on behalf of Aon and the Council of Insurance Agents and Brokers to the US House of Representatives on the topic of risks of catastrophic terrorismevents.In 2018, Case received the Owen B. Butler Education Excellence Award from the Committee for Economic Development.Case was named one of the 100best performing CEOs in world in 2019 according to the Harvard Business Review.CompensationCase's annual salary as CEO of Aon amounts to around US$14.6million, and has varied widely over the years.  Case's total compensation for 2005 and 2006, respectively, was US$21 million and US$7.5 million.  In both 2007and 2008, Case's compensation from Aon of US$11.3 million and US$12.9 million, respectively, placed him as the 13th highest compensated CEO in Illinois andNorthwest Indiana. Case's compensation dropped to US$10.4 million in 2009, placing him at 15th rank in the same geography, then rose dramatically in 2010 toUS$20.8 million, making him the 3rd highest compensated in the region.  Compensation for 2011 and 2012 was US$17.5 million and US$2.5 million,respectively.  Case's compensation across 2007 to 2009 did not substantially change (11.3, 12.9, 10.4 million) despite a 95% drop in profits for the company inthe 4th quarter of 2008.Passage 5:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone(1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990)(mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation!(2008) (documentary)The Doctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 6:Andrew CaseAndrew Paul William Case (born January 6, 1993) is a Canadian professionalbaseball pitcher for the Piratas de Campeche of the Mexican League. He was signed by the Toronto Blue Jays as an undrafted free agent in 2013.CollegeCaseattended Lethbridge College in Lethbridge, Alberta.Professional careerToronto Blue JaysCase signed with the Toronto Blue Jays as an undrafted free agent onOctober 16, 2013. He drew the attention of the Blue Jays after throwing a no-hitter during \"Tournament 12\", an annual tournament for the top college players inCanada. He was assigned to the Low-A Vancouver Canadians for the entire 2014 season, and was a mid-season All-Star for the Canadians. He pitched to a 0–1win–loss record, 2.45 earned run average (ERA), and 37 strikeouts in 44 innings that year. He split time in 2015 between Vancouver and the Single-A LansingLugnuts. Case made 39 total relief appearances in the 2015 season, and posted a 3–4 record, 3.10 ERA, and 44 strikeouts in 521⁄3 total innings, and was againnamed a mid-season All-Star for Vancouver. Before the start of the 2016 season, Case was suspended for 50-games for failing to take a drug test. He made oneappearance for the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League Blue Jays and was then promoted to Lansing, where he finished the season. In 252⁄3 total innings, Caseposted a 0–2 record, 2.10 ERA, and 22 strikeouts in the 2016 campaign. During the offseason, Case made nine relief appearances for the Canberra Cavalry of theAustralian Baseball League (ABL). Case opened 2017 with the High-A Dunedin Blue Jays, and later earned promotions to the Double-A New Hampshire Fisher Catsand Triple-A Buffalo Bisons, posting a combined 7–1 record with a 2.84 ERA in a career-high 66 innings pitched.On January 24, 2018, the Blue Jays invited Caseto spring training. He did not make the club and spent the year split between Buffalo and New Hampshire, posting a 1-3 record and 4.96 ERA with 35 strikeouts in49.0 innings of work between the two teams. He was assigned to New Hampshire to begin the 2019 season, and posted a 5.40 ERA in 3 games. On April 18,2019, Case announced his retirement from professional baseball.Québec CapitalesCase initially came out of retirement in 2020 to sign with the Québec Capitalesof the Frontier League, but did not play in a game for the team following the cancellation of the Frontier League season due to the COVID-19 pandemic. OnFebruary 15, 2021, Case re-signed with Québec. Case made 14 appearances for the Capitales, posting a 3.29 ERA with 12 strikeouts in 132⁄3 inningspitched.Olmecas de TabascoOn July 17, 2021, Case signed with the Olmecas de Tabasco of the Mexican League. In 10 relief appearances, Case posted a 2-0record with a 1.80 ERA and 9 strikeouts. He was released following the season on October 20, 2021.Québec Capitales (second stint)On May 11, 2022, Casere-signed with the Québec Capitales of the Frontier League. He made 2 appearances, pitching two scoreless innings out of the bullpen.Piratas de CampecheOn"}
{"doc_id":"doc_276","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Rotrou III, Count of PercheRotrou III (bef. 1080 – 8 May 1144), called the Great (le Grand), was the Count of Perche and Mortagne from 1099. He wasthe son of Geoffrey II, Count of Perche, and Beatrix de Ramerupt, daughter of Hilduin IV, Count of Montdidier. He was a notable Crusader and a participant in theReconquista in eastern Spain, even ruling the city of Tudela in Navarre from 1123 to 1131. He is commonly credited with introducing Arabian horses to thePerche, giving rise to the Percheron breed. By his creation of a monastery at La Trappe in memory of his wife, Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England, in 1122 healso laid the foundations of the later Trappists.First CrusadeRotrou took part in the First Crusade, travelling with the army of the duke of Normandy, RobertCurthose. What influenced Rotrou in this regard were probably familial connexions. He was related to the Anglo-Norman aristocracy and the Perche was a march(border region) in southern Normandy. A sister was married to Raymond I of Turenne, who was a fellow Crusader in the following of Raymond IV of Toulouse. Hismother, Beatrix, was a sister of Ebles II of Roucy, who had campaigned in Spain in 1073, and Felicia, who married Sancho Ramírez, King of Aragon. A religiousmotivation cannot be discounted.According to the Chanson d'Antioche, Rotrou was under the command of Bohemond of Taranto during the Siege of Antioch, andwas one of the first to go over the city's walls through scaling ladders on 3 June 1098. When the Crusaders had to confront a Seljuk relief force two weeks later inopen battle, Rotrou was one of the front line commanders. He fulfilled his vow and made it all the way to Jerusalem. The Chanson also mentions his bravery atthe siege of Nicaea of 1097.In 1107, Rotrou built a castle on land held partly allodially and partly in lordship by Hugh II of Le Puiset, thus challenging Hugh'srights to the estate. Since Pope Urban II had taken Crusaders' \"houses, families, and all their goods into the protection of Saint Peter and the Roman church\", andboth Hugh and Rotrou were veterans of the First Crusade, the dispute was intractable. Bishop and lawyer Ivo of Chartres could not resolve it, since it involved ajudicial duel, over which the church was not allowed to preside, and so remitted it to the court of the County of Blois. There Hugh lost, but in the violence thatfollowed his tenant, who held the land from him as a fief, was captured by Rotrou's men. The reigning pope, Paschal II, who was in Chartres in April, sent thecase back to Ivo, who complained in a letter that since \"this law of the Church protecting the goods of knights going to Jerusalem was new. . . they did not knowwhether the protection applied only to their properties or also applied to their fortifications.\" Rotrou denied that the case had anything to do with the novel canonlaw.Norman politicsDuring Rotrou's absence his father, Geoffrey of Mortagne, died in 1099. On the first Sunday after returning to France, Rotrou paid a visit tothe monastery of Nogent-le-Rotrou, a foundation of his family's and the location of his father tomb. There he asked to become a confrater (brother) of the Abbeyof Cluny, Nogent's mother house, and to show his sincerity and prove the fulfillment of his Crusading vow he placed a charter confirming his predecessors'donations to the abbey and the palm frond brought back from Jerusalem on the altar.Rotrou's position in the Duchy of Normandy was that of defender of thefrontier with the Île-de-France. His position was probably enhanced by his participation in the First Crusade. Whereas his father had only held the title of viscount,Rotrou is usually called a count. In the war between Henry I of England and Robert Curthose, Rotrou sided with the former and was an important figure in Henry'sadministration of the duchy after the capture of Robert at Tinchebrai in 1106. Rotrou was a direct vassal of Henry in England, where he held fiefs jure uxoris, inright of his wife, the king's daughter Matilda. He was not often in England, but is purported to have been close to his wife.ReconquistaEarly participationRotrou'sactual first participation in the Reconquista dates to the first decade of the twelfth century (possibly 1104–5). He and a group of Normans are said to have foughtthe Muslims in the service of Alfonso the Battler, then King of Aragon and Navarre, until the Aragonese plotted against them and they returned home. It has beenspeculated that the Norman involvement in the campaign originated as gossip designed to discredit Alfonso by Cluny, an ally of Alfonso's rival, Alfonso VI ofCastile. More probably the Normans just accomplished too little to be noticed, or were perhaps sent back home without encountering any Muslims because theirservices were not need at the time, when Alfonso the Battler had an alliance with the taifa (faction-kingdom) of Zaragoza. Perhaps the 'Aragonese plot' originatedas a rumour with dissatisfied returning Normans.After the death of his wife, eldest son and two of his nephews in the wreck of the White Ship (1120), Rotroureturned to Spain. His parting may have been an act of penitence (perhaps he believed his sins had brought on the tragedy), or perhaps a public demonstration ofgrieving, since his wife was a daughter of the king, who had also lost his heir, William Adelin, in the wreck. According to the Chronicle of San Juan de la Peña,Rotrou took part in the conquests of Zaragoza (1118) and Tudela (1119), but this account has been shown to be apocryphal. Many French barons can beconnected with the expedition against Zaragoza, but although his Anales de la Corona de Aragón name Rotrou as fighting under Alfonso of Aragon on severaloccasions, Jerónimo Zurita does not mention him by name when recording the call for transpyrenean assistance put out by the Battler. Likewise Rotrou is attestedfighting for Henry I in Normandy in 1119 and so could not have had any hand in the conquest of Tudela, although the Chronicle of San Juan makes him out to bethe chief conqueror and the first and independent ruler of the town. Neither is he mentioned in the charter of surrender of Tudela.Rule of TudelaRotrou was still inNormandy in 1120 when he signed the reconfirmation act of the abbey of Arcisses. Since he received land in Zaragoza after the conquest, it might be assumedthat he sent either money or men to assist in the enterprise. He did not sign the city's fueros, which the nobles of southern France who had participated in itsconquest did. He had arrived in Aragon by 1123, perhaps as early as 1121. His first participation was probably in the campaign against Lleida. An Aragonesecharter dating to April 1123 refers to Rotrou as \"count in Tudela\", although it does not specifically refer to him as the ruler of the place. The Norman lord RobertBurdet, who later held the Tarragona as a principality, may originally have fought alongside Rotrou in Normandy and then followed him to Spain c.1123. Robert isfirst mentioned in a charter issued by Rotrou in Spain, in which the count granted some houses in Zaragoza to a knight of his named Sabino in gratitude for hisservices (December 1124). There is a slightly later reference which shows that Rotrou was in control of Tudela and that he had appointed Robert to act as hisalcalde (mayor) or military commander of the citadel and one Duran Pixon to act as administrator (justiciar). This charter also affirms, against the Chronicle ofSan Juan, that Rotrou ruled Tudela as a vassal of Alfonso the Battler, who is called \"emperor\" in the document. Similar charters from February 1128 andNovember 1131 show that this arrangement continued for almost a decade, even though Rotrou was often absent in Normandy and Robert Burdet in Tarragona.When Alfonso granted fueros to Tudela in 1127 he also mentioned Rotrou, Robert and Duran. It has been suggested that Rotrou's rise to an important frontierpost in a city in whose conquest he played no role was either recompense for the mistreatment he received in the first decade of the century or due to thedeterrent effect of his private army of Normans on the neighbouring Muslims.In the winter of 1124–25, Rotrou led an expedition against the hilltop Muslimfortress of Peña Cadiella (Benicadell), which guarded the road from Alicante to Valencia. Since Muslim troops from Murcia often moved up this road to Valencia, itwas of great strategic importance for any planned campaign in eastern al-Andalus. Rotrou's expedition, which had royal approval, may have been planned inconjunction with Alfonso's Andalusian expedition that took place in 1127–28. Rotrou was assisted in his endeavour by the Aragonese knights of the Confraternityof Belchite and their master, Galindo Sánchez. Rotrou returned to Normandy with his retinue in 1125, leaving Robert Burdet in command of Tudela (where he isattested in charters from 1126 through 1128). Rotrou did not participate in Alfonso's Andalusian campaign, and a rumour in Normandy claimed that Alfonso madehis war out of envy for Rotrou's achievements.Rotrou returned to Alfonso the Battler in 1130, when he was at the Siege of Bayonne. On 26 October, from thesiege, Alfonso granted the fuero previously given to Tudela to the small town of Corella. Rotrou was one of the signatories, since the castle of Corella had beengranted to him by the king in December 1128. He is last attested as ruler in Tudela with Robert as his underling in a private act of November 1131. He was still inIberia in March 1132, when he witnessed Alfonso's grant of a fuero to the town of Asín.Second trip to the Holy LandSometime before 1144, Rotrou returned to theMideast on Crusade, one of the few north French barons to do so. On this second trip Rotrou obtained some relics which he donated to the monastery he hadfounded at La Trappe.In Spain, Rotrou established links with García Ramírez, the future king of Navarre. García married Margaret of L'Aigle, daughter of Rotrou'ssister Juliana. Margaret's daughter Margaret, married William I of Sicily and raised to the chancellorship her cousin Stephen du Perche, a younger and illegitimateson of Rotrou. She also made Gilbert, another cousin from the Perche, count in Gravina. This Gilbert was one of Rotrou's grandsons, although by which son is notknown. Another relation, Henry of Montescaglioso, was a son of Margaret, perhaps illegitimate.FamilyRotrou's first wife's name is unknown.  They had onedaughter:Beatrix, married Renaud IV, lord of Château-GontierRotrou's second wife was Matilda, illegitimate daughter of Henry I of England and one of his manymistresses, Edith. Matilda drowned in the wreck of the White Ship on 25 November 1120.  They had two daughters:Philippa, married Elias II, Count ofMaineFeliciaRotrou's third wife was Hawise, daughter of Walter of Salisbury and sister of Patrick, Earl of Salisbury. They had three sons:Rotrou IV, killed at theSiege of AcreGeoffrey (died after 1154)Stephen, Archbishop of PalermoRotrou also had an illegitimate son by an unknown mistress:Bertrand, father of Gilbert,Count of GravinaRotrou was succeeded as Count of Perche by his son of the same name.== Notes ==Passage 2:Thomas Beaufort, Count of PercheThomasBeaufort, styled 1st Count of Perche (c. 1405 – 3 October 1431) was a member of the Beaufort family and an English commander during the Hundred Years'War.He was the third son of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset and his wife, Margaret Holland.CareerWith his elder brother, Henry Beaufort, 2nd Earl of"}
{"doc_id":"doc_277","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Everything's DuckyEverything's Ducky is a 1961 comedy film directed by Don Taylor and written by Benedict Freedman and John Fenton Murray. Thefilm stars Mickey Rooney, Buddy Hackett, Jackie Cooper, Joanie Sommers, Roland Winters and Elizabeth MacRae. The film was released on December 20, 1961,by Columbia Pictures.PlotTwo sailors sneak a talking duck aboard their ship. Complications ensue. The duck waddles all over the ship until he escapes.CastMickeyRooney as Kermit 'Beetle' McKayBuddy Hackett as Seaman Admiral John Paul 'Ad' JonesJackie Cooper as Lt. J.S. ParmellJoanie Sommers as Nina LloydRolandWinters as Capt. Lewis BollingerElizabeth MacRae as Susie PenroseGene Blakely as Lt. Cmdr. Bernard KempGordon Jones as Chief Petty Officer ConroyRichardDeacon as Dr. DeckhamJames Millhollin as George ImhoffJimmy Cross as DrunkRobert Williams as Duck HunterKing Calder as FrankEllie Kent as NurseWilliamHellinger as CorpsmanAnn Morell as WaveGeorge Sawaya as SimmonsDick Winslow as FröehlichAlvy Moore as Jim LipscottWalker Edmiston as Scuttlebutt – TheDuckPassage 2:Abhishek SaxenaAbhishek Saxena is an Indian Bollywood and Punjabi film director who directed the movie Phullu. The Phullu movie was releasedin theaters on 16 June 2017, in which film Sharib Hashmi is the lead role. Apart from these, he has also directed Patiala Dreamz, this is a Punjabi film. This filmwas screened in cinemas in 2014.Life and backgroundAbhishek Saxena was born on 19 September 1988 in the capital of India, Delhi, whose father's name isMukesh Kumar Saxena. Abhishek Saxena married Ambica Sharma Saxena on 18 December 2014. His mother's name is Gurpreet Kaur Saxena.Saxena started hiscareer with a Punjabi film Patiala Dreamz, after which he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu, which has appeared in Indian cinemas on 16 June2017.CareerAbhishek Saxena made his film debut in 2011 as an assistant director on Doordarshan with Ashok Gaikwad. He made his first directed film PatialaDreamz, this is a Punjabi movie.After this, he has also directed a Hindi film Phullu in 2017, which has been screened in cinemas on 16 June 2017. Saxena is nowmaking his upcoming movie \"India Gate\".In 2018 Abhishek Saxena has come up with topic of body-shaming in his upcoming movie Saroj ka Rishta. Where SanahKapoor will play the role of Saroj and actors Randeep Rai and Gaurav Pandey will play the two men in Saroj's life.Yeh Un Dinon ki Baat Hai lead Randeep Rai willmake his Bollywood debut. Talking about the film, director Abhishek Saxena told Mumbai Mirror, \"As a fat person, I have noticed that body-shaming doesn’thappen only with those who are on the heavier side, but also with thin people. The idea germinated from there.\"Career as an Assistant DirectorApart from this, hehas played the role of assistant director in many films and serials in the beginning of his career, in which he has a television serial in 2011, Doordarshan, as wellas in 2011, he also assisted in a serial of Star Plus.In addition to these serials, he played the role of assistant director in the movie \"Girgit\" which was made inTelugu language.FilmographyAs DirectorPassage 3:G. MarthandanG. Marthandan is an Indian film director who works in Malayalam cinema. His debut film isDaivathinte Swantham CleetusEarly lifeG. Marthandan was born to M. S. Gopalan Nair and P. Kamalamma at Changanassery in Kottayam district of Kerala. He didhis schooling at NSS Boys School Changanassery and completed his bachelor's degree in Economics at NSS Hindu College, Changanassery.CareerAfter completinghis bachelor's degree, Marthandan entered films as an associate director with the unreleased film Swarnachamaram directed by Rajeevnath in 1995. His nextwork was British Market, directed by Nissar in 1998. He worked as an associate director for 18 years.He made his directional debut with Daivathinte SwanthamCleetus in 2013, starring Mammooty in the lead role. His next movie was in 2015, Acha Dhin, with Mammooty and Mansi Sharma in the lead roles. DaivathinteSwantham Cleetus and Paavada were box office successes.FilmographyAs directorAs associate directorAs actorTV serialKanyadanam (Malayalam TV series) - pilotepisodeAwardsRamu Kariat Film Award - Paavada (2016)JCI Foundation Award - Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus (2013)Passage 4:Don Taylor (American actor anddirector)Donald Richie Taylor (December 13, 1920 – December 29, 1998) was an American actor and film director. He co-starred in 1940s and 1950s classics,including the 1948 film noir The Naked City, Battleground, Father of the Bride, Father's Little Dividend and Stalag 17. He later turned to directing films such asEscape from the Planet of the Apes (1971), Tom Sawyer (1973), Echoes of a Summer (1976), and Damien: Omen II (1978).BiographyEarly life and workThe sonof Mr. and Mrs. D. E. Taylor, Donald Ritchie Taylor was born in Freeport, Pennsylvania on December 13, 1920. (Another source says that he was born \"inPittsburgh and raised in Freeport, Pa.\") He studied speech and drama at Penn State University and hitchhiked to Hollywood in 1942. He was signed as a contractplayer at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and appeared in small roles. Drafted into the United States Army Air Forces (AAF) during World War II, he appeared in the AirForces's Winged Victory Broadway play and movie (1944), credited as \"Cpl. Don Taylor.\"Acting careerAfter discharge from the AAF, Taylor was cast in a lead roleas the young detective, Jimmy Halloran, working alongside veteran homicide detective Dan Muldoon (Barry Fitzgerald) in Universal's 1948 screen version of TheNaked City, which was notable for being filmed entirely on location in New York. Taylor was later part of the ensemble cast in MGM's classic World War II dramaBattleground (1949).  He then appeared as the husband of Elizabeth Taylor in the comedies Father of the Bride (1950) and its sequel Father's Little Dividend(1951), starring Spencer Tracy. Another memorable role was Vern \"Cowboy\" Blithe in Flying Leathernecks (1951). In 1952, Taylor played a soldier bringing hisJapanese war-bride back to small-town America in Japanese War Bride. In 1953, Taylor had a key role as the escaping prisoner Lt. Dunbar in Billy Wilder's Stalag17. His last major film role came in I'll Cry Tomorrow (1955).Directorial careerFrom the late 1950s through the 1980s, Taylor turned to directing movies and TVshows, such as Alfred Hitchcock Presents, the short-lived Steve Canyon, starring Dean Fredericks, and Rod Serling's Night Gallery.  One of his memorable efforts,in 1973, was the musical film Tom Sawyer, which boasted a Sherman Brothers song score. Other films that Taylor directed are Escape from the Planet of the Apes(1971), Echoes of a Summer (1976), The Great Scout & Cathouse Thursday (also 1976), The Island of Dr. Moreau (1977) starring Burt Lancaster, Damien: OmenII (1978) with William Holden, and The Final Countdown (1980) with Kirk Douglas.Taylor occasionally performed both acting and directing roles simultaneously,as he did for episodes of the TV detective series Burke's Law.Writing careerTaylor \"wrote one-act plays, radio dramas, short stories, and the 1985 TV movie MyWicked, Wicked Ways ... The Legend of Errol Flynn.\"Personal lifeTaylor was married twice.His first wife was Phyllis Avery, whom he married in 1944; theydivorced in 1955, but not before the births of their daughters Anne and Avery.His second wife was Hazel Court, whom he married in 1964 and stayed with untilhis death; they had a son, Jonathan, and a daughter, Courtney.DeathTaylor died on December 29, 1998, at the University of California Medical Center in LosAngeles, California, of heart failure.AwardsNominee, Best Director – Saturn Awards (The Island of Dr. Moreau) (1977)Nominee, Best Director-Comedy – EmmyAwards (The Farmer's Daughter) (1963)Selected filmography as directorIn addition to his Hollywood credits, Taylor directed 27 television movies and episodes for53 television series including Cannon, Rod Serling's Night Gallery, Mod Squad, It Takes a Thief, The Big Valley, The Flying Nun, Vacation Playhouse, The TammyGrimes Show,  The Wild Wild West, Burke's Law, The Rogues, The Farmer's Daughter, The Lloyd Bridges Show, The Dick Powell Theatre, Dr. Kildare, Checkmate,87th Precinct, Zane Grey Theater, The Rifleman, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Honky Tonk, and others.Everything's Ducky (1961)Ride the Wild Surf (1964)Jack ofDiamonds (1967)The Five Man Army (1969)Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971)Tom Sawyer (1973)Echoes of a Summer (1976)The Great Scout &Cathouse Thursday (1976)The Island of Dr. Moreau (1977)Damien: Omen II (1978)The Final Countdown (1980)The Diamond Trap (1988)Selected filmography asactorPassage 5:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Irelandand Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31,2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and theNational Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 todirect the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeededDan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended ClonkeenCollege. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He workedin the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), GovernmentPublications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery ofIreland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art MuseumDirectors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expandedthe traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitionsat the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annualvisitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gainedgovernment support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building provedcontroversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy'stenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's A"}
{"doc_id":"doc_278","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ann SheridanClara Lou \"Ann\" Sheridan (February 21, 1915 – January 21, 1967) was an American actress and singer. She is best known for her roles inthe films San Quentin (1937) with Humphrey Bogart, Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) with James Cagney and Bogart, They Drive by Night (1940) with George Raftand Bogart, City for Conquest (1940) with Cagney and Elia Kazan, The Man Who Came to Dinner (1942) with Bette Davis, Kings Row (1942) with Ronald Reagan,Nora Prentiss (1947), and I Was a Male War Bride (1949) with Cary Grant.Early lifeClara Lou Sheridan was born in Denton, Texas, on February 21, 1915, theyoungest of five children (Kitty, Pauline, Mabel and George) of garage mechanic George W. Sheridan and Lula Stewart (née Warren). According to Sheridan, herfather was a grandnephew of Civil War Union general Philip Sheridan.She was active in dramatics at Denton High School and at North Texas State TeachersCollege. She also sang with the college's stage band and played basketball on the North Texas women's basketball team. Then, in 1933, Sheridan won the prize ofa bit part in an upcoming Paramount film, Search for Beauty, when her sister Kitty entered Sheridan's photograph into a beauty contest.CareerParamountAfterthe release of Search for Beauty in 1934, Paramount put the 19-year-old under contract at a starting salary of $75 a week ($1,641 today), where she playedmostly uncredited bit parts for the next two years. She can be glimpsed in the following 1934 films, and if credited, as Clara Lou Sheridan: Bolero, Come OnMarines!, Murder at the Vanities, Shoot the Works, Kiss and Make-Up with Cary Grant, The Notorious Sophie Lang, College Rhythm (directed by Norman Taurogwhom Sheridan admired), Ladies Should Listen with Cary Grant, You Belong to Me, Wagon Wheels, The Lemon Drop Kid with Lee Tracy, Mrs. Wiggs of theCabbage Patch, Ready for Love, Limehouse Blues with George Raft and Anna May Wong, and One Hour Late.Along with fellow contractees, Sheridan worked withParamount's drama coach Nina Mouise and performed on the studio lot in such plays as The Milky Way and The Pursuit of Happiness. While in The Milky Way,Paramount decided to change her first name from Clara Lou to the same as her character Ann.Sheridan was then cast in the film Behold My Wife! (1934) at thebehest of director and friend Mitchell Leisen. The role provided two standout scenes for the actress, including one in which her character commits suicide, to whichshe attributed Paramount's keeping her under contract.She continued with bit parts in Enter Madame (1935) with Elissa Landi and Cary Grant, Home on theRange (1935) with Randolph Scott and Evelyn Brent, and Rumba (1935) with George Raft and Carole Lombard, until her first lead role in Car 99 (1935), with FredMacMurray. \"No acting, it was just playing the lead, that's all\", she later said. She next had a support role as the romantic interest in Rocky Mountain Mystery(1935), a Randolph Scott Western. She then appeared in Mississippi (1935) with Bing Crosby and W. C. Fields, The Glass Key (1935) with George Raft in a briefspeaking role for which she was billed as \"Nurse\" in the cast list at the end of the film, and (having one line) The Crusades (1935) with Loretta Young. In her lastpicture under her deal with Paramount, the studio loaned her out to Poverty Row production company Talisman to make The Red Blood of Courage (1935) withKermit Maynard. After this, Paramount declined to renew her contract. Sheridan made Fighting Youth (1935) at Universal and then signed a contract with WarnerBros. in 1936.Warner Bros.Sheridan's career prospects began to improve at her new studio. Her early films for Warner Bros. included Sing Me a Love Song(1936); Black Legion (1937) with Humphrey Bogart; The Great O'Malley (1937) with Pat O'Brien and Bogart, her first real break; San Quentin (1937), withO'Brien and Bogart, singing for the first time in a film; and Wine, Women and Horses (1937) with Barton MacLane.Sheridan moved into B picture leads: TheFootloose Heiress (1937); Alcatraz Island (1937) with John Litel; and She Loved a Fireman (1937) with Dick Foran for director John Farrow. She was a lead in ThePatient in Room 18 (1937) and its sequel Mystery House (1938). Sheridan was in Little Miss Thoroughbred (1938) with Litel for Farrow and supported Dick Powellin Cowboy from Brooklyn (1938).Universal borrowed her for a support role in Letter of Introduction (1938) at the behest of director John M. Stahl. For Farrow,she was in Broadway Musketeers (1938), a remake of Three on a Match (1932).Sheridan's notices in Letter of Introduction impressed Warner Bros. executivesand she began to get roles in better quality pictures at her own studio starting with Angels with Dirty Faces (1938), wherein she played James Cagney's loveinterest; Bogart, O'Brien and the Dead End Kids had supporting roles. The film was a big hit and critically acclaimed.Sheridan was reunited with the Dead End Kidsin They Made Me a Criminal (1938) starring John Garfield. She was third-billed in the Western Dodge City (1939), playing a saloon owner opposite Errol Flynn andOlivia de Havilland. The film was another success.Oomph girlIn March 1939, Warner Bros. announced Sheridan had been voted by a committee of 25 men as theactress with the most \"oomph\" in America. \"Oomph\" was described as \"a certain indefinable something that commands male interest\".She received as many as250 marriage proposals from fans in a single week. Sheridan reportedly loathed the sobriquet that made her a popular pin-up girl in the early 1940s. However,she expressed in a February 25, 1940, news story distributed by the Associated Press that she no longer \"bemoaned the \"oomph\" tag.\" She continued, \"But I'msorry now. I know if it hadn't been for \"oomph\" I'd probably still be in the chorus.\"This was later referenced and spoofed on the 1941 animated short HollywoodSteps Out.StardomSheridan co-starred with Dick Powell in Naughty but Nice (1939) and played a wacky heiress in Winter Carnival (1939).She was top billed inIndianapolis Speedway (1939) with O'Brien and Angels Wash Their Faces (1939) with the Dead End Kids and Ronald Reagan. Castle on the Hudson (1940) put heropposite Garfield and O'Brien.Sheridan's first real starring vehicle was It All Came True (1940), a musical comedy costarring Bogart and Jeffrey Lynn. Sheintroduced the song \"Angel in Disguise\".Sheridan and Cagney were reunited in Torrid Zone (1940) with O'Brien in support. She was with George Raft, Bogart andIda Lupino in They Drive by Night (1940), a smash-hit trucking melodrama. Sheridan was back with Cagney for City for Conquest (1941) and then madeHoneymoon for Three (1941), a comedy with George Brent.Sheridan did two lighter films: Navy Blues (1941), a musical comedy, and The Man Who Came toDinner (1942) with Bette Davis, wherein she played a character modeled on Gertrude Lawrence. She then made Kings Row (1942), in which she received topbilling playing opposite Ronald Reagan, Robert Cummings, and Betty Field. It was a major success and one of Sheridan's most memorable films.Sheridan andReagan were reunited for Juke Girl (1942) released about six weeks after Kings Row. She was in the war film Wings for the Eagle (1942) and made a comedy withJack Benny, George Washington Slept Here (1943). She played a Norwegian resistance fighter in Edge of Darkness (1943) with Errol Flynn and was one of themany Warner Bros., stars who had cameos in Thank Your Lucky Stars (1943).She was the heroine of a novel, Ann Sheridan and the Sign of the Sphinx, written byKathryn Heisenfelt and published by Whitman Publishing Company in 1943. While the heroine of the story was identified as a famous actress, the stories wereentirely fictitious. The story was probably written for a young teenaged audience and is reminiscent of the adventures of Nancy Drew. It is part of a series knownas \"Whitman Authorized Editions\", 16 books published between 1941 and 1947 that always featured a film actress as heroine.Sheridan was given the lead in themusical Shine On, Harvest Moon (1944), playing Nora Bayes, opposite Dennis Morgan. She was in a comedy The Doughgirls (1944).Sheridan was absent fromscreens for over a year, touring with the USO to perform in front of the troops as far afield as China. She returned in One More Tomorrow (1946) with Morgan.She had an excellent role in the noir Nora Prentiss (1947), which was a hit. It was followed by The Unfaithful (1948), a remake of The Letter, and Silver River(1948), a Western melodrama with Errol Flynn.Leo McCarey borrowed her to support Gary Cooper in Good Sam (1948). She was meant to star in Flamingo Road.She then left Warner Bros., saying: \"I wasn't at all satisfied with the scripts they offered me.\"Freelance starHer role in I Was a Male War Bride (1949), directed byHoward Hawks and starring Cary Grant, was another success. In 1950, she appeared on the ABC musical television series Stop the Music.She made Stella (1950),a comedy with Victor Mature at Fox.In April 1949, she announced she wanted to produce Second Lady, a film based on a story by Eleanore Griffin. She was goingto make My Forbidden Past (originally titled Carriage Entrance) at RKO. They fired her and Sheridan sued for $250,000 (equivalent to $3.1 million today) The NewYork Times reported the amount as $350,000 ($4.3 million today). Sheridan ultimately won $55,162 ($680,000 today).UniversalSheridan made Woman on theRun (1950), a noir also starring Dennis O'Keefe which she produced. She wanted to make a film called Her Secret Diary.Woman on the Run was distributed byUniversal, and Sheridan signed a contract with that studio. While there, she made Steel Town (1952), Just Across the Street (1952), and Take Me to Town(1953), a comedy with Sterling Hayden that was the first film directed by Douglas Sirk in the United States.Later careerSheridan starred with Glenn Ford inAppointment in Honduras (1953), directed by Jacques Tourneur. She appeared opposite Steve Cochran in Come Next Spring (1956) and was one of several starsin MGM's The Opposite Sex (1956), a remake of The Women starring June Allyson, Joan Collins, Dolores Gray, Sheridan and Ann Miller. Her last film, Woman andthe Hunter (1957), was shot in Africa.She performed in stage tours of Kind Sir (1958) and Odd Man In (1959), and The Time of Your Life at the Brussels WorldFair in 1958. In all three shows, she acted with Scott McKay, whom she later married.In 1962, she played the lead in the Western series Wagon Train episodetitled \"The Mavis Grant Story\".In the mid-1960s, Sheridan appeared on the NBC soap opera Another World.Her final role was as Henrietta Hanks in the televisioncomedy Western series Pistols 'n' Petticoats, which was filmed while she became increasingly ill in 1966, and was broadcast on CBS on Saturday nights. The 19thepisode of the series, \"Beware the Hangman\", aired as scheduled on the same day that she died in 1967.For her contributions to the motion picture industry, AnnSheridan has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7024 Hollywood Boulevard.Personal lifeSheridan married actor Edward Norris August 16, 1936, inEnsenada, Mexico. They separated a year later and divorced in 1939. On January 5, 1942, she married fellow Warner Bros. star George Brent, who co-starred"}
{"doc_id":"doc_279","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Daphne and the PirateDaphne and the Pirate is a 1916 American drama film directed by  Christy Cabanne and starring Lillian Gish.CastLillian Gish as Daphne La TourElliott Dexter as Philip de MornayWalter Long as Jamie d'ArcyHoward Gaye as Prince HenriLucille Young as FanchetteRichard Cummings as Francois La TourJack Cosgrave as Duc de MornayJoseph SingletonGeorge C. Pearce (as George Pearce)W. E. LawrencePearl ElmoreJewel Carmen (as Jewell Carman)See alsoLillian Gish filmographyPassage 2:The Dream (1966 film)The Dream or Dream (Serbian: San) is a 1966 Yugoslavian war film directed by Mladomir Puriša Đorđević. It was entered into the 17th Berlin International Film Festival.CastLjubiša Samardžić as MaliMihajlo Janketić as DecakOlivera Katarina as Devojka (as Olivera Vuco)Mija Aleksić as CiganinLjuba Tadić as Mile GrkSinisa Ivetić as HeinrichAleksandar Stojković as BerberinBata Živojinović as LazarStole ArandjelovićFaruk Begolli as PetarViktor Starčić as DirigentKarlo Bulić as ProfesorZoran BečićPassage 3:The Pirate (1984 film)The Pirate (French: La Pirate) is a 1984 French drama film directed by Jacques Doillon. It was entered in the 1984 Cannes Film Festival.Plot summaryCastJane Birkin as AlmaMaruschka Detmers as CarolePhilippe Léotard as n° 5Andrew Birkin as Andrew, le mariLaure Marsac as L'enfantMichael Stevens as Concierge de l'hôtelDidier Chambragne as Le coursierArsène Altmeyer as Le taxiPassage 4:Morgan, the PirateMorgan, the Pirate (Italian: Morgan il pirata) is a 1960 Italian-French international co-production historical adventure film, directed by André de Toth and Primo Zeglio, and starring Steve Reeves as Sir Henry Morgan, the pirate who became the Lieutenant-Governor of Jamaica.PlotIn 1670, freeborn Englishman, Henry Morgan, is enslaved by the Spaniards in Panama and sold to Doña Inez, daughter of Governor Don José Guzmán. Morgan falls in love with his mistress, much to the dismay of her father, who punishes him by sentencing him to a life of hard labor aboard a Spanish galleon. Morgan leads his fellow slaves in mutiny, takes command of the ship, and becomes a pirate, without knowing that Doña Inez was on board, on her way to Spain. She becomes his prisoner, but spurns him when he declares his love in Tortuga. Not long after, Morgan's daring exploits on the Spanish Main pique the interest of King Charles II of England, and Morgan agrees to attack only Spanish vessels in return for English ships and men. Fearing for the security of Doña Inez, after the pirates discover her identity, he permits her to return to Panama. Once there, she warns Don José of Morgan's planned invasion, and the pirate ships are either easily sunk or routed by the alerted Spanish. Not giving up, Morgan leads his men overland and attacks the city from the rear. The maneuver succeeds, Panama falls to the pirates, and Doña Inez finally admits her love for Morgan.CastSteve Reeves as Sir Henry MorganValérie Lagrange as Doña InezIvo Garrani as Governor Don José GuzmánChelo Alonso as ConcepciónLydia Alfonsi as Doña MaríaArmand Mestral as François l'OlonnaisGiulio Bosetti as Sir Thomas ModyfordAngelo Zanolli as DavidGeorge Ardisson as WalterReleaseMorgan, the Pirate was released in Italy on 17 November 1960. It was released in the United States on 6 July 1961 with a 93-minute running time.ReceptionTurner Classic Movies' Jeff Stafford writes, \"Largely due to de Toth's direction, Morgan the Pirate is a lively, fast-paced entertainment with moments of tongue-in-cheek humor that is several notches in quality above the usual turgid, Italian-made spectacle. The striking cinematography, filmed in garish Eastmancolor, is by the award-winning Tonino Delli Colli who has lensed such art house classics as Pasolini's The Gospel According to St. Matthew (1964), Marco Bellocchio's China Is Near (1967), and Sergio Leone's Once Upon a Time in the West (1968). And the amusing, Ravel-inspired score by Franco Mannino strikes the perfect mock-epic tone. Among the more memorable set pieces are an exotic voodoo dance performed by Cuban sex bomb Chelo Alonso (a former dancer at the Folies Bergère in Paris), a battle at sea in which Morgan's men, disguised as women, storm a Spanish galleon in full drag, and the bloody, climactic sacking of Panama with shootings, stabbings and explosions galore.\"Passage 5:Prem Mhanje Prem Mhanje Prem AstaPrem Mhanje Prem Mhanje Prem Asta (Marathi: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) is a Marathi drama film released on 19 April 2013. Produced by Sachin Parekar and directed by Mrinal Dev-Kulkarni. The film stars are Mrinal Dev-Kulkarni, Sachin Khedekar, Pallavi Joshi, Sunil Barve, Suhas Joshi, Mohan Agashe and Smita Talwalkar. The film's music is by Milind Ingle and Surel Ingle.The film is based on the connection between love and marriage.PlotThe movie is a heart-warming story of two different individuals who at one point in their lives were married. A single mother along with her two daughters live with her mother-in-law. Her husband had abandoned them 4 years ago, but staying in the same city had never bothered to check on his family. The only thing he did in those 4 years was to send divorce papers, which his wife has not signed.Other side of the story revolves around a doctor who is a father to two kids. His ex-wife had to choose between staying home with family or career in USA and she chose career. But she never let the divorce hamper the relation she shares with her ex-husband. But this incident had definitely made her ex-husband depressed and alone.One eventful day at their kids school gets them together and a conversation begins, which blooms into something amazing. Until there is a twist in the tale.CastMrinal Dev-KulkarniSachin KhedekarPallavi JoshiSunil BarveSuhas JoshiMohan AgasheSmita TalwalkarRitika ShrotriCrewDirector - Mrinal Dev-KulkarniStory - Mrinal Dev-KulkarniProducer - Sachin ParekarCinematographer - Amlendu ChaudharyArt Director - Vinod Gunaji and Nitin BorkarMusic Director - Milind Ingle and Surel IngleLyricist - Kishore KadamSoundtrackThe music has been directed by Milind Ingle and Surel Ingle, while the lyrics have been provided by Kishore Kadam.Track listingPassage 6:The Pirate's DreamThe Pirate's Dream (Italian: Il pirata sono io!) is a 1940 Italian film directed by Mario Mattoli and starring Erminio Macario.PlotThe setting is Santa Cruz, in the second half of the eighteenth century. The Governor of the island, to ingratiate himself with the Viceroy, contrives to have the island assaulted from a mock pirate ship. The plan is to have a mock battle, defeat the aggressors and throw them back into the sea. The trouble is that the pirates really come...CastErminio Macario as JoséJuan de Landa as Bieco de la MuerteEnzo Biliotti as Il governatoreDora Bini as OliviaMario Siletti as Il viceréCarmen Navasqués as La viceregina (as Carmen Navascues)Agnese Dubbini as La nutriceKatiuscia Odinzova as LupitaCarlo Rizzo as PedroTino Scotti as Il barbierePassage 7:A Dream or Two AgoA Dream or Two Ago is a 1916 American silent drama film directed by James Kirkwood and starring Mary Miles Minter. It is one of approximately a dozen of Minter's films known to have survived. The film was restored in 2004 and was shown along with The Innocence of Lizette (1916) at a Dutch film festival.PlotAs described in Motography magazine:The mother of Millicent Hawthorne prefers society to home life and neglects her daughter. One day the child, then about five years old, runs away, intending to buy a gift for her mother. She is injured when a gang of thieves break into the jewelry store. Unable to remember her name or address, she is cared for by Mother Gumph, leader of the gang. In this environment she grows up, becoming a pickpocket of some ability. She is happy in this life and only in dreams remembers dimly another existence.One night she aids the gang in robbing the Hawthorne home, and at the sight of the familiar rooms she is puzzled but still unable to remember.In the meantime, her mother, overcome by remorse after her child is lost, gives up her frivolous diversions and devotes her time to charity. Her father, on the contrary, becomes the owner of a notorious café which he manages through Kraft. One day Kraft meets Millicent and offers her a position as a dancer. The first evening she dances Mrs. Hawthorne, on a tour of investigation, enters the place and is saddened at conditions.That evening Mrs. Hawthorne learns who really owns the café, and begs her husband to give it up, telling him of the pathetic little dancer she saw there. He refuses but changes his mind when a little later word is brought from a dying member of the gang of the real identity of Millicent and he knows that the dancer is his own daughter. Millicent is rescued from Kraft and through an operation her memory is restored. And only as a dream does she remember her career as a thief.CastMary Miles Minter - Millicent HawthorneDodo Newton - Millicent (age 5)Lizette Thorne - Her MotherClarence Burton - Her FatherJohn Gough - HumpyOrral Humphrey - KraftGertrude Le BrandtPassage 8:The Pirate and the Slave GirlThe Pirate and the Slave Girl (Italian: La scimitarra del Saraceno, also known as  The Pirate's Captive) is a 1959 Italian  adventure film written and directed  by Piero Pierotti and starring Lex Barker.PlotCaptain Drakut, called the \"Dragon\", is a ruthless Saracen pirate who makes the Mediterranean unsafe with his ship. On his forays he hijacks ships and kidnaps the women captured on the ships in order to later sell them as slaves to Turkish human traffickers in North Africa. The rogue pirate only becomes weak when it comes to one woman: the glow-eyed princess Miriam, ruler of a desert tribe of Arabs. One day, Drakut makes a crucial mistake when he raids the \"San Luca\" and kidnaps Bianca, who is traveling with him. She is the daughter of the governor of Rhodes, which currently belongs to the Republic of Venice. There were also several secret papers from the Doge of Venice on board. The governor is in dire need, as he has to assume that his Bianca could also be bartered away to some lecherous Arab despot. But he is lucky in his misfortune, because a certain Roberto Diego, a notorious adventurer and son of the once feared \"Red Corsair\", offers his father his help.  Diego has just been sentenced to incarceration because of high debts, but is willing to risk his life to save the beautiful little daughter and the secret documents for the good of Bianca and the Doge of Venice if his sentence is released. However, the governor has no idea that Roberto has very personal motives for bringing himself up as a rescuer and liberator. Because Roberto still has a score to settle with Drakut: He was once responsible for the death of Roberto's father. The governor agrees to this bargain, and Diego joins Drakut's crew on board. In the Catalan painter Francesco he found his only ally. As a newcomer on board, Roberto has to be very careful because people are very suspicious of him. When he tries to flirt with Bianca, Drakut's right hand man, the brutal Gamal, notices and flogs the Red Corsair's son. Soon, the general emotional chaos puts the whole rescue operation in danger, because Roberto falls in love with Drakut's hostage Bianca, while Miriam, the pirate captain's lover, falls in love with Roberto.     Arriving on North Africa's shores, Drakut travels on to an oasis. Miriam is the sole ruler here so far. Drakut, who once "}
{"doc_id":"doc_280","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Nancy BurneNancy Burne (23 December 1907 – 25 March 1954) was an English stage and film actress.Born in Chorlton, Lancashire, she began her filmcareer at British International Pictures, starring alongside comedians such as Gene Gerrard, Stanley Lupino and Will Hay. Most of her subsequent screenappearances were as a leading lady in quota quickies.She starred alongside John Loder in the 1935 romantic comedy It Happened in Paris, which marked CarolReed's debut as director. In 1937 she had a supporting role in the independent film Thunder in the City, an expensive drama starring Edward G. Robinson whichwas a major financial and critical failure. Her final screen appearance was in the 1939 horseracing film Flying Fifty-Five.FilmographyThe Love Nest (1933)TheButterfly Affair (1933)Facing the Music (1933)The Warren Case (1934)Irish Hearts (1934)Song at Eventide (1934)Dandy Dick (1935)Lend Me Your Husband(1935)Trust the Navy (1935)Once a Thief (1935)Old Roses (1935)It Happened in Paris (1935)Reasonable Doubt (1936)A Wife or Two (1936)Royal Eagle(1936)Skylarks (1936)Knights for a Day (1937)Thunder in the City (1937)John Halifax (1938)Flying Fifty-Five (1939)Passage 2:The Flying Fifty-Five (1924film)The Flying Fifty-Five is a 1924 British silent sports film directed by A. E. Coleby and starring Lionelle Howard, Frank Perfitt and Lionel d'Aragon. It is based ona 1922 novel of the same title by Edgar Wallace, and was remade as a sound film in 1939.CastLionelle Howard as Reggie CambreyStephanie Stephens as StellaBarringtonBrian B. Lemon as Lord FountwellFrank Perfitt as Joanh UrquhartLionel d'Aragon as Sir Jacques GregoryBert Darley as Honourable ClaudeBarringtonAdeline Hayden Coffin as AuntJohn Alexander as JebsonJohnny ButtAnnie EsmondFurther readingLow, Rachael. The History of the British Film1918-1929. George Allen & Unwin, 1971.Passage 3:The Flying Fifty-FiveThe Flying Fifty-Five may refer to:The Flying Fifty-Five (1924 film), a British silent sportsfilmFlying Fifty-Five, a 1939 British sports drama filmPassage 4:2001–02 UEFA Champions League second group stageIn the second group stage of the 2001–02UEFA Champions League, eight winners and eight runners-up from the first group stage were drawn into four groups of four teams, each containing two groupwinners and two runners-up. Teams from the same country or from the same first round group could not be drawn together. The top two teams in each groupadvanced to the quarter-finals.SeedingSeeding was determined by the UEFA coefficients and participants' first group stage positions. Four best-ranked groupwinners were seeded in Pot 1, the remaining four in Pot 2. Group runners-up were seeded to Pots 3 and 4 accordingly.Tie-breaking criteriaBased on Article 7.06 inthe UEFA regulations, if two or more teams are equal on points on completion of the group matches, the following criteria will be applied to determine therankings:higher number of points obtained in the group matches played among the teams in question;superior goal difference from the group matches playedamong the teams in question;higher number of goals scored away from home in the group matches played among the teams in question;superior goal differencefrom all group matches played;higher number of goals scored;higher number of coefficient points accumulated by the club in question, as well as its association,over the previous five seasons.GroupsGroup AGroup BGroup CGroup DNotesPassage 5:Jane PiersonJane Pierson was a French film actress. She appeared in fiftyfive films between 1924 and 1952.Selected filmographyThe Imaginary Voyage (1926)Captain Rascasse (1927)The Marriage of Mademoiselle Beulemans(1927)Little Devil May Care (1928)The Maelstrom of Paris (1928)The Wonderful Day (1929)Under the Roofs of Paris (1930)Everybody Wins (1930)Le Million(1931)You Will Be My Wife (1932)Youth (1933)La tête d'un homme (1933)Forty Little Mothers (1936)The Brighton Twins (1936)Fire in the Straw (1939)TheStairs Without End  (1943)Passage 6:Flying Fifty-FiveFlying Fifty-Five is a 1939 British sports-drama film directed by Reginald Denham and starring  Derrick DeMarney, Nancy Burne, Marius Goring, John Warwick and Peter Gawthorne. It was made by Admiral Films at Welwyn Studios. The film is based on a 1922 novel ofthe same name by Edgar Wallace which had previously been made into a 1924 silent film The Flying Fifty-Five.PlotAfter being disinherited by his wealthy father,an amateur jockey, Bill Urquhart goes to work under an assumed name (Bill Hart) at a rural racing stables owned and run by Stella Barrington and her drunkenbrother, Charles, who is an old friend of Bill's. Confusion arises when Bill is mistakenly reported to have been murdered.Partial castDerrick De Marney as BillUrquhartNancy Burne as Stella BarringtonMarius Goring as Charles BarringtonJohn Warwick as JebsonPeter Gawthorne as Jonas UrquhartD. A. Clarke-Smith asJacques GregoryAmy Veness as Aunt ElizaRonald Shiner as Scrubby OaksBilly Bray as CheerfulFrancesca Bahrle as ClareTerry-Thomas as Young manNormanPierce as CreditorBasil McGrail as JockeySee alsoThe Flying Fifty-Five (1924)List of films about horse racingPassage 7:Approaching MidnightApproaching Midnightis a 2013 American independent drama film directed, written, and produced by Sam Logan Khaleghi, and starring Jana Kramer, Sam Logan Khaleghi, Brandon T.Jackson, and Mia Serafino. Approaching Midnight was filmed in Michigan, United States.PremiseA U.S. Army staff sergeant (Sam Logan Khaleghi) fights the threatof corruption and deception in his hometown after returning from battle.CastJana Kramer.... AspenSam Logan Khaleghi.... Staff Sergeant Wesley KentBrandon TJackson.... Corporal Artie AJ CulpepperMia Serafino.... WhisperJeff Stetson.... Mayor Steven MalvernePatrick Sarniak.... Malverne'sAttorneyProductionDevelopmentApproaching Midnight is directed, written, and directed by Sam Logan Khaleghi. Khaleghi chose to film Approaching Midnight inMichigan because he loves the state and wanted to feature the amazing architecture and geography. American Legion members were a part of making the film asthey stood in as extras and an American Legion honor guard appears in the film.FilmingApproaching Midnight was filmed in Detroit, Farmington, and WestBloomfield, Michigan. The war sequences in the movie were filmed in Milan near Ann Arbor.ReleaseIn July 2013, Monterey Media bought the United Statesdistribution rights and will release the film in the United States in Fall 2013. Approaching Midnight had its world theatrical premiere on August 27, 2013 atEmagine Royal Oak. The film was also released at the American Legion National Convention in Houston, Texas.Passage 8:Jackie ParisCarlo Jackie Paris(September 20, 1924 – June 17, 2004) was an American jazz singer and guitarist. He is best known for his recordings of \"Skylark\" and \"'Round Midnight\" fromthe late 1940s to the early 1950s.Music careerEarly yearsParis was born and raised in Nutley, New Jersey, to an Italian-American family, where he attendedNutley High School. His uncle Chick had been a guitarist with Paul Whiteman's orchestra. Paris was a popular child entertainer in vaudeville who shared the stagewith Bill \"Bojangles\" Robinson and the Mills Brothers. He tap danced from his youth and into his years in the US Army.After serving in the army during World WarII, he was inspired by his friend Nat King Cole to assemble a trio featuring himself on guitar and vocals. The Jackie Paris Trio was a hit at the Onyx Club on NewYork's 52nd Street.Recording and performingHe recorded from the 1940s into the 2000s. His albums include Songs by Jackie Paris (EmArcy), Jackie Paris Singsthe Lyrics of Ira Gershwin (Time), and The Song Is Paris (Impulse!). The first song that he recorded was \"Skylark\", on one of two sessions made by his trio forMGM Records in 1947. He recorded Thelonious Monk's \"Round Midnight\", which was produced by the critic Leonard Feather and featured a young Dick Hyman onpiano.In 1949, he toured with the Lionel Hampton Orchestra and was invited to join Duke Ellington's Orchestra, but he was too exhausted to take it. Paris waspart of the Lionel Hampton Orchestra that played at the famed Cavalcade of Jazz in Los Angeles at Wrigley Field which was produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. on July10, 1949. They did a second concert at Lane Field in San Diego on September 3, 1949. He was the only vocalist to tour as a regular member of the Charlie ParkerQuintet. Unfortunately, no recordings exist of the Parker–Paris combination, but there is a photograph of the two working together. He worked often with CharlesMingus, who called Paris his favorite singer and recorded with him often, including 1952's \"Paris in Blue\" and \"Duke Ellington's Sound of Love\" on the albumChanges Two in 1974.During the 1960s–70s, Paris frequently performed with his wife at the time Anne Marie Moss.Paris performed or recorded with Bobby Scott,Charlie Shavers, Coleman Hawkins, Dizzy Gillespie, Donald Byrd, Eddie Costa, Gigi Gryce, Hank Jones, Joe Wilder, Johnny Mandel, Lee Konitz, Max Roach, NealHefti, Oscar Pettiford, Ralph Burns, Terry Gibbs, Tony Scott, and Wynton Kelly.A documentary about him, 'Tis Autumn: The Search for Jackie Paris came out in2006.RecognitionHe won many jazz polls and awards, including those of Down Beat, Playboy, Swing Journal, and Metronome. In 1953, he was named Best NewMale Vocalist of the Year in the first Down Beat Critics Poll. The winning female vocalist was Ella Fitzgerald, who repeatedly named Paris as one of her favorites.In2001, Paris played to a standing room crowd – and to a standing ovation – at New York's Birdland jazz club in Times Square. He was virtually the only performerto have appeared at every incarnation of the famed night spot, from the legendary Birdland of the 1950s to the present.He was praised by comic Lenny Bruce,who shared the bill with him on many occasions. Bruce said, \"I dig his talent. The audience loves him and he gets laughs. He is too much!\"Awards and honorsNewStar Male Vocalist, Down Beat Critics Poll, 1953Best Male Vocalist, Playboy Musicians & Critics Poll, 1957–1961Gold Disc Award, Lucky to Be Me, Swing Journal,1989DiscographySongs by Jackie Paris (Wing, 1956)Skylark (Brunswick, 1957)The Jackie Paris Sound (EastWest, 1958)The Song Is Paris (Impulse!, 1962)Singsthe Lyrics of Ira Gershwin (Time, 1962)Live at the Maisonette with Anne Marie Moss (Differant Drummer, 1975)Jackie Paris (Audiophile, 1981)Nobody Else but Me(Audiophile, 1988)Lucky to Be Me (EmArcy, 1989)Love Songs (EmArcy, 1990)The Intimate Jackie Paris (Hudson, 2001)Passage 9:55 (number)55 (fifty-five) isthe natural number following 54 and preceding 56.Mathematics55 is a triangular number (the sum of the consecutive numbers 1 to 10), and a doubly triangularnumber.the 10th Fibonacci number.  It is the largest Fibonacci number to also be a triangular number.a square pyramidal number (the sum of the squares of theintegers 1 to 5) as well as a heptagonal number, and a centered nonagonal number.In base 10, it is a Kaprekar number.55 is a multiple of 5 and 11, 5 being theprime index of 11.ScienceThe atomic number of caesium.AstronomyMessier object M55, a magnitude 7.0 globular cluster in the constellation SagittariusThe New"}
{"doc_id":"doc_281","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Peggy PettittPeggy Pettitt (born February 8, 1950) is an American actress, dancer, teacher, playwright, and storyteller. Pettitt is best known for herrole as Billie Jean in the 1972 family–drama film Black Girl, starring alongside Brock Peters and Claudia McNeil. Pettitt is a native of St. Louis, Missouri.Playwrightand storytellerThe centerpiece of Pettitt's theater career is a unique style of solo performance rooted in African-American storytelling. She developed this form toportray a spectrum of characters. Related by blood and circumstance, these characters shed light on the multifaceted history of African American men andwomen. And they tell \"stories addressing important issues of our time.\" In collaboration with director Remy Tissier, she has created over 10 original full-lengthplays. These examine issues of domestic violence, sexual abuse, cross-generational differences, voting registration, the Civil Rights Movement, identity and theworld HIV/Aids crisis. Titles include Women Preachers, Caught Between the Devil and The Deep Blue Sea, Tricksters: All Over You Like White On Rice, WrappedUp, Tied Up and Tangled, Mollie Oil BETWIXT, Wild Steps and In The Spirit For Real.One play was the product of her 2000-01 Fulbright Fellowship to Senegal: TheSpirit Factor. An original play, it's based on the living history and the art of storytelling in West Africa. Another play, Voyage, was presented at the Avignon OffFestival in 2010. It explores American history through both the blues and a spiritual heritage that lives along the Mississippi River but originated in West Africa.Pettitt has presented her work at the Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni Les Rencontres du Bout des Mondes International Festival in 2011 (French Guiana). In addition tothe Fulbright Fellowship, she has received numerous other grants and awards. These include grants from the National Endowment for the Arts and the New YorkFoundation for the Arts. Pearls of Wisdom is a storytelling ensemble of the Elders Share the Arts in N.Y. City. Pettitt is its founding artistic director, and with thePearls of Wisdom, she was inducted in 2007 into City Lore's People's Hall of Fame.ActressIn 1972, during the era of Blaxploitation movies, Pettitt starred in BlackGirl, her first feature film. Pettitt was nominated for Best Actress by the NAACP for her role in Black Girl, written by J.E. Franklin (from her 1969 WGBH (Boston)teleplay and her 1971 play), and directed by Ossie Davis. Another of her noteworthy roles was at Lincoln Center as Miss Lindsey in Mule Bone, Zora Neale Hurstonand Langston Hughes’ historical comedy.TeacherPettitt has professional experience and training in directing and storytelling workshops. She teaches astep-by-step process of creating, writing and performing original material. Partnering with a wide array of organizations, she has helped scores of diverse groupspresent their own original stories as both theater and storytelling performances. She also works extensively with drama therapists, social workers and educatorsin public schools.Both in the U.S. and abroad, Pettitt has worked at numerous schools and educational institutions. Her teaching experience extends to facilitiessuch as homeless shelters, prisons, drug treatment centers, VA hospitals, and senior and adolescent centers. Additionally she has ample experience working withthe emotionally and physically disabled and their families. She currently teaches self-scripting at New York University's Experimental Theatre Wing.BiographyIn1974, after earning a BA from Antioch College, she moved to London on a Thomas J. Watson Fellowship. Pettitt now resides in New York City. She has beenmarried since 1982 to writer, director and painter Rémy Tissier.Awards and honors2008, Story gatherer for \"Another River Flows\" recipient of the PennsylvaniaHuman Relation Award2010, Voyage was presented at the Avignon, France Off FestivalNominated for an NAACP Image Award for role in Black Girl2007, Ms.Pettitt and the Pearls of Wisdom were inducted into New York City Lore's People's Hall of FameRecipient of New York City's Arts In Education Roundtable Awardfor sustained achievement in theaterHonored by the William Hodson Senior Center, The Roundtable Senior Center and Elders Share the Arts for \"Commitment tothe art of storytelling that transforms lives and communities\"2011, Performance Space 122 founders and board pioneers Shining Star AwardIn booksOut ofCharacter, Mark Russell, 1997Performing Democracy, Susan Chandler Haedicke, 2004Mapping Memories, Pam Schweitzer, 2004Local Acts, An InternationalAnthology, Jan Cohen Cruz, 2005Ensemble Works, An Anthology, Ferdinand Lewis, 2005Reminiscence Theatre: Making Theatre from Memory, Pam Schweitzer,2007Forget Memory: Creating Better Lives For People With Dementia, Ann Basting, 2009.== Notes ==Passage 2:Maksim KedrinMaksim Kedrin (born 21September 1982 in Beloretsk) is a Russian former alpine skier who competed in the 2002 Winter Olympics.External linkssports-reference.comMaksim Kedrin atFIS (alpine)Maksim Kedrin at OlympediaPassage 3:François van der MerweFrançois van der Merwe is a South African professional rugby union player. He plays atlock for Lyon Olympique in the Top 14. He is older brother of Flip van der MerwePassage 4:Filip ArsenijevićFilip Arsenijević (Serbian Cyrillic: Филип Арсенијевић;born 2 September 1983) is a Serbian footballer. He is older brother of Nemanja Arsenijević.Club careerBorn in Titovo Užice, SR Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia, between2001 and 2009 he played in Serbian clubs FK Sloboda Užice, OFK Beograd, FK Mačva Šabac, FK Sevojno and FK Javor Ivanjica. Between 2009 and 2011 he hasbeen in Greece playing with Panthrakikos in the Greek Super League.On 30 August 2011 he returned to Serbia and signed a one-year deal with top league club FKJagodina. Later, he spent the 2012 season playing with the Kazakhstan Premier League team FC Shakhter Karagandy and winning the national title, beforereturning to Jagodina by early 2013 in time to help the team with the Serbian Cup.HonoursJavor IvanjicaSerbian First League: 2007–08ShakhterKaragandyKazakhstan Premier League: 2012JagodinaSerbian Cup: 2013Passage 5:Aleksandar LomaAleksandar Loma (Serbian: Александар Лома; born March 2,1955) is a Serbian philologist, Indo-Europeanist and a corresponding member of the Serbian Academy of Science and Arts since October 30, 2003.AleksandarLoma emphasized that Serbian epic poetry about Kosovo events is older than the events it describes, having its origin in the pre-Christian and pre-Balkan periodsof Serbian history.Bibliography\"Sloveni i Albanci do XII veka u svetlu toponomastike\" [Slavs and Albanians till the 12th century in the light of the toponomastics],Stanovništvo slovenskog porijekla u Albaniji (in Serbian), Cetinje, pp. 279–327, 1990, OCLC 439986558Ogledna sveska, 1998, Department for etymology ofInstitute for Serbian language of SANU (coauthorship)Ljubinko Radenković, ed. (2002), Prakosovo : slovenski i indoevropski koreni srpske epike (in Serbian),Belgrade: SANU Institute of Balkanology, ISBN 9788671790338, OCLC 54098329Etymological dictionary of Serbian language, 2003 (coauthorship)Passage6:Robin KačaniklićRobin Kačaniklić (Serbian Cyrillic: Робин Качаниклић, Macedonian: Робин Качаниклиќ; born 25 August 1988) is a Swedish footballer whoplays for Real Åstorp FF as a midfielder. He is older brother to the former Swedish national team player Alexander Kačaniklić.Passage 7:Peggie CrombiePeggie (orPeggy) Crombie (1901–1984) was an Australian modernist painter. She was a member of the Melbourne Society of Women Painters andSculptors.BiographyCrombie was born in 1901 in Melbourne, Australia. In 1921 she studied art at Stott's Commercial Art Training Institute. From 1922 through1928 she attended the National Gallery Art School in Melbourne, where she was taught by Lindsay Bernard Hall, William Beckwith McInnes and GeorgeBell.Crombie exhibited her work with modernist groups in Melbourne, specifically The Embryos, the 1932 Group, the New Art Club, the Melbourne Society ofWomen Painters and Sculptors, and the Victorian Artists Society.Crombie died in 1984.External linksimages of Peggy Crombie's paintings on MutualArtPeggyCrombie [Australian art and artists file], State Library VictoriaPassage 8:Ognen StojanovskiOgnen Stojanovski (Macedonian: Огнен Стојановски; born January25, 1984) is a Macedonian professional basketball player. He was under contract with MZT Skopje until 2014. He is 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) in height and plays at thepoint guard position.Born in Skopje, Republic of Macedonia, he is older brother of the twins Vojdan Stojanovski and Damjan Stojanovski, who are also basketballplayers.Achievements RabotničkiMacedonian League Champion - 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2009Macedonian Cup Winner - 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 FeniIndustriesMacedonian League Champion - 2010, 2011Macedonian Cup Winner - 2010 MZT SkopjeMacedonian League Champion - 2012, 2013, 2014MacedonianCup Winner - 2012, 2013, 2014Passage 9:Peggy Jones (musician)Peggy Jones (later Malone, July 19, 1940 – September 16, 2015), known on stage as Lady Bo inrecognition of her relationship with Bo Diddley, was an American musician. A pioneer of rock and roll, Jones played rhythm guitar in Bo Diddley's band in the late1950s and early 1960s, becoming one of the first (perhaps the first) female rock guitarists in a highly visible rock band, and was sometimes called the QueenMother of Guitar.Early lifeBorn in Harlem, New York City, in 1940, Jones grew up in the Sugar Hill section, and attended the High School of Performing Arts whereshe studied tap and ballet dance and trained in opera. Even from a very young age, she found herself completely consumed with music; purchasing her firstguitar at the age of 15. She was briefly in a local doo-wop group, the Bop Chords, which disbanded in 1957.  A chance meeting with Bo Diddley, who wasimpressed to see a girl with a guitar case, led to an invitation to join Diddley's band as a guitarist and singer.  She recorded with him from 1957 to 1961 or 1963,appearing on singles including \"Hey! Bo Diddley\", \"Road Runner\", \"Bo Diddley's A Gunslinger\", and the instrumental \"Aztec\" which she wrote and played all theguitar parts. However, throughout her career, Peggy Jones always strived to be an independent artist and was involved in an R&B band known as the Jewels,among other various names.Throughout her time with Diddley, Jones maintained the separate career she had begun independently as a songwriter, sessionmusician, and bandleader.  She led her own band, the Jewels (also known as the Fabulous Jewels, Lady Bo and the Family Jewels, and various other names, butnot to be confused with The Jewels), which became a top R&B band on the New York – Boston east coast club scene the 1960s and 1970s.  She eventually leftDiddley's band to concentrate on the Jewels and other activities.  She was replaced with another female guitarist, Norma-Jean Wofford (\"The Duchess\").Jonesplayed guitar on Les Cooper's 1962 instrumental \"Wiggle Wobble\" and percussion on the 1967 hit \"San Franciscan Nights\" by Eric Burdon and The Animals andother recordings and later backed James Brown and Sam & Dave.  She remained musically active well into the 21st century.Solo workShe left Bo Diddley's band"}
{"doc_id":"doc_282","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Chang YiThe Yellow Emperor, also known as the Yellow Thearch or by his Chinese name Huangdi (), is either an individual deity (shen) in Chinese religion, one of the legendary Chinese sovereigns and cultural heroes included among the mytho-historical Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, or a part of the Five Regions' Highest Deities (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; pinyin: W\u0000fāng Shàngdì). Calculated by Jesuit missionaries, who based their work on various Chinese chronicles, and later accepted by the twentieth-century promoters of a universal calendar starting with the Yellow Emperor, Huangdi's traditional reign dates are 2697–2597 or 2698–2598 BC.Huangdi's cult became prominent in the late Warring States and early Han dynasty, when he was portrayed as the originator of the centralized state, as a cosmic ruler, and as a patron of esoteric arts. A large number of texts – such as the Huangdi Neijing, a medical classic, and the Huangdi Sijing, a group of political treatises – were thus attributed to him. Having waned in influence during most of the imperial period, in the early twentieth century Huangdi became a rallying figure for Han Chinese attempts to overthrow the rule of the Qing dynasty, which they considered foreign because its emperors were Manchu people. To this day the Yellow Emperor remains a powerful symbol within Chinese nationalism. Traditionally credited with numerous inventions and innovations – ranging from the lunar calendar (Chinese calendar), Taoism, wooden houses, boats, carts, \"the compass needle\", \"the earliest forms of writing\", civilization and its benefits, and/or an early form of football – the Yellow Emperor is now regarded as the initiator of Han culture (later Chinese culture).Names\"Huangdi\": Yellow Emperor, Yellow ThearchUntil 221 BC when Qin Shi Huang of the Qin dynasty coined the title huangdi (\u0000\u0000) – conventionally translated as \"emperor\" – to refer to himself, the character di \u0000 did not refer to earthly rulers but to the highest god of the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC) pantheon. In the Warring States period (c. 475–221 BC), the term di on its own could also refer to the deities associated with the five Sacred Mountains of China and colors. Huangdi (\u0000\u0000), the \"yellow di\", was one of the latter. To emphasize the religious meaning of di in pre-imperial times, historians of early China commonly translate the god's name as \"Yellow Thearch\" and the first emperor's title as \"August Thearch\", in which \"thearch\" refers to a godly ruler.In the late Warring States period, the Yellow Emperor was integrated into the cosmological scheme of the Five Phases, in which the color yellow represents the earth phase, the Yellow Dragon, and the center. The correlation of the colors in association with different dynasties was mentioned in the Lüshi Chunqiu (late 3rd century BC), where the Yellow Emperor's reign was seen to be governed by earth. The character huang \u0000 (\"yellow\") was often used in place of the homophonous huang \u0000, which means \"august\" (in the sense of ' distinguished') or \"radiant\", giving Huangdi attributes close to those of Shangdi, the Shang supreme god.Xuanyuan and YouxiongThe Records of the Grand Historian, compiled by Sima Qian in the first century BC, gives the Yellow Emperor's name as \"Xuan Yuan\" (traditional Chinese: \u0000\u0000; simplified Chinese: \u0000\u0000; pinyin: Xuān Yuán < Old Chinese (B-S) *q\u0000a[r]-[\u0000]\u0000a[n], lit. \"Chariot Shaft\"). Third-century scholar Huangfu Mi, who wrote a work on the sovereigns of antiquity, commented that Xuanyuan was the name of a hill where Huangdi had lived and that he later took as a name. The Classic of Mountains and Seas mentions a Xuanyuan nation whose inhabitants have human faces, snake bodies, and tails twisting above their heads; Yuan Ke, a contemporary scholar of early Chinese mythology, \"noted that the appearance of these people is characteristic of gods and suggested that they may reflect the form of the Yellow Thearch himself\". The Qing dynasty scholar Liang Yusheng (\u0000\u0000\u0000, 1745–1819) argued instead that the hill was named after the Yellow Emperor. Xuanyuan is also the name of the star Regulus in Chinese, the star being associated with Huangdi in traditional astronomy. He is also associated to the broader constellations Leo and Lynx, of which the latter is said to represent the body of the Yellow Dragon  (\u0000\u0000 Huánglóng), Huangdi's animal form.Huangdi was also referred to as \"Youxiong\" ( \u0000\u0000; Y\u0000uxióng). This name has been interpreted as either a place name or a clan name. According to British sinologist Herbert Allen Giles (1845–1935), that name was \"taken from that of [Huangdi's] hereditary principality\". William Nienhauser, a modern translator of the Records of the Grand Historian, states that Huangdi was originally the head of the Youxiong clan, which lived near what is now Xinzheng in Henan. Rémi Mathieu, a French historian of Chinese myths and religion, translates \"Youxiong\" as \"possessor of bears\" and links Huangdi to the broader theme of the bear in world mythology. Ye Shuxian has also associated the Yellow Emperor with bear legends common across northeast Asia people as well as the Dangun legend.Other namesSima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian describes the Yellow Emperor's ancestral name as Gongsun (\u0000\u0000).In Han dynasty texts, the Yellow Emperor is also called upon as the \"Yellow God\" (\u0000\u0000 Huángshén). Certain accounts interpret him as the incarnation of the \"Yellow God of the Northern Dipper\" (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Huángshén Běid\u0000u), another name of the universal god (Shangdi \u0000\u0000 or Tiandi \u0000\u0000). According to a definition in apocryphal texts related to the Hétú \u0000\u0000, the Yellow Emperor \"proceeds from the essence of the Yellow God\".As a cosmological deity, the Yellow Emperor is known as the \"Great Emperor of the Central Peak\" (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Zhōngyuè Dàdì), and in the Shizi as the \"Yellow Emperor with Four Faces\" (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Huángdì Sìmiàn). In old accounts the Yellow Emperor is identified as a deity of light (and his name is explained in the Shuowen jiezi to derive from guāng \u0000, \"light\") and thunder, and as one and the same with the \"Thunder God\" (\u0000\u0000 Léishén), who in turn, as a later mythological character, is distinguished as the Yellow Emperor's foremost pupil, such as in the Huangdi Neijing.HistoryThe Chinese historian Sima Qian – and much Chinese historiography following him – considered the Yellow Emperor to be a more historical figure than earlier legendary figures such as Fu Xi, Nüwa, and Shennong. Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian begins with the Yellow Emperor, while passing over the others.Throughout most of Chinese history, the Yellow Emperor and the other ancient sages were considered to be historical figures. Their historicity started to be questioned in the 1920s by historians such as Gu Jiegang, one of the founders of the Doubting Antiquity School in China. In their attempts to prove that the earliest figures of Chinese history were mythological, Gu and his followers argued that these ancient sages were originally gods who were later depicted as humans by the rationalist intellectuals of the Warring States period. Yang Kuan, a member of the same current of historiography, noted that only in the Warring States period had the Yellow Emperor started to be described as the first ruler of China. Yang thus argued that Huangdi was a later transformation of Shangdi, the supreme god of the Shang dynasty's pantheon.Also in the 1920s, French scholars Henri Maspero and Marcel Granet published critical studies of China's accounts of high antiquity. In his Danses et légendes de la Chine ancienne [\"Dances and legends of ancient China\"], for example, Granet argued that these tales were \"historicized legends\" that said more about the time when they were written than about the time they purported to describe.In the \"middle of the [20th] century, a group of\" Chinese \"historians proposed the theory that [the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors]\" were originally Chinese gods who became thought of as human during the later period of the Zhou dynasty. Most scholars now agree that the Yellow Emperor originated as a god who was later represented as a historical person. K.C. Chang sees Huangdi and other cultural heroes as \"ancient religious figures\" who were \"euhemerized\" in the late Warring States and Han periods. Historian of ancient China Mark Edward Lewis speaks of the Yellow Emperor's \"earlier nature as a god\", whereas Roel Sterckx, a professor at University of Cambridge, calls Huangdi a \"legendary cultural hero\".Origin of the mythThe origin of Huangdi's mythology is unclear, but historians have formulated several hypotheses about it. Yang Kuan, a member of the Doubting Antiquity School (1920s–40s), argued that the Yellow Emperor was derived from Shangdi, the highest god of the Shang dynasty. Yang reconstructs the etymology as follows: Shangdi \u0000\u0000 \u0000 Huang Shangdi \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000 Huangdi \u0000\u0000 \u0000 Huangdi \u0000\u0000, in which he claims that huang \u0000 (\"yellow\") either was a variant Chinese character for huang \u0000 (\"august\") or was used as a  way to avoid the naming taboo for the latter. Yang's view has been criticized by Mitarai Masaru and by Michael Puett.Historian Mark Edward Lewis agrees that huang \u0000 and huang \u0000 were often interchangeable, but disagreeing with Yang, he claims that huang meaning \" yellow\" appeared first. Based on what he admits is a \"novel etymology\" likening huang \u0000 to the phonetically close wang \u0000 (the \"burned shaman\" in Shang rainmaking rituals), Lewis suggests that \"Huang\" in \"Huangdi\" might originally have meant \"rainmaking shaman\" or \"rainmaking ritual.\"  Citing late Warring States and early Han versions of Huangdi's myth, he further argues that the figure of the Yellow Emperor originated in ancient rain-making rituals in which Huangdi represented the power of rain and clouds, whereas his mythical rival Chiyou (or the Yan Emperor) stood for fire and drought.Also disagreeing with Yang Kuan's hypothesis, Sarah Allan finds it unlikely that such a popular myth as the Yellow Emperor's could have come from a taboo character.  She argues instead that pre-Shang \"'history',\" including the story of the Yellow Emperor, \"can all be understood as a later transformation and systematization of Shang mythology.\" In her view, Huangdi was originally an unnamed \"lord of the underworld\" (or the \"Yellow Springs\"), the mythological counterpart of the Shang sky deity Shangdi.  At the time, Shang rulers claimed that their mythical ancestors, identified with \"the [ten] suns, birds, east, life, [and] the Lord on High\" (i.e., Shangdi), had defeated an earlier people associated with \"the underworld, dragons, west.\"  After the Zhou dynasty overthrew the Shang dynasty in the eleventh century BC, Zhou leaders reinterpreted Shang myths as meaning that the Shang had vanquished a real political dynasty, which was eventually named the Xia dynasty. By Han times – as seen in Sima Qian's account in the Shiji – the Yellow Emperor, who as lord of the underworld had been symbolically linked to the Xia, had become a historical ruler whose descendants were thought to have founded the Xia.Given that the earliest extant mention of the Yellow Emperor was on a fourth-century BC Chinese bronze inscription claiming that he was the ancestor of the royal house of the state of Qi, Lothar von Falkenhausen speculates that Huangdi was invented as an ancestral figure as part of a strategy to claim that all ruling clans in the \"Zhou dynasty culture sphere\" shared common ancestry.History of Huangdi's cultEarliest "}
{"doc_id":"doc_283","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Waitrose Duchy OrganicWaitrose Duchy Organic (formerly Duchy Originals from Waitrose and earlier simply Duchy Originals) is a brand of organic food sold in Waitrose stores in the United Kingdom. The brand is a partnership between Waitrose and Duchy Originals Limited, a company set up in 1990  by King Charles III when he was Prince of Wales and Duke of Cornwall. The Duchy Originals company is named after the Duchy of Cornwall estates that are held in trust by the Duke of Cornwall, who often holds the title Prince of Wales.HistoryThe Duchy Originals brand was originally conceived in 1990 as an outlet for the organic food grown on the Prince of Wales' Highgrove House estate and nearby Home Farm which he had leased from the Duchy of Cornwall in the mid-1980s. The first Duchy Originals product was oaten biscuits. Products were initially sold through high-end stores such as Harrods and Fortnum & Mason. During the 1990s, Duchy Originals products began being stocked in farm shops and independent delicatessens and expansion during the 2000s saw a selected range of Duchy Originals products becoming widely available in most major UK supermarkets, with Waitrose as the brand's largest customer. By 2008 sales of Duchy Originals had raised over £7 million cumulatively for The Prince of Wales's Charitable Fund.Following the 2007–2008 financial crisis the Duchy Originals business began making losses, amounting to around £3 million in 2009, and in September of that year it was announced that Duchy Originals had agreed an exclusive deal with Waitrose. From August 2010 products were relaunched under the Duchy Originals from Waitrose brand and the then range of around 200 lines was expanded to over 300. Waitrose invested heavily in the brand and sales doubled during the first three years of the exclusive arrangement. By 2013 the brand was selling in 30 countries including Australia and Japan. In the summer of 2015 the brand name was changed to Waitrose Duchy Organic. The tradition of donating royalties to charity continued and Prince Charles continued his involvement with the brand which operates separately from the Duchy of Cornwall. The lease on Home Farm was not renewed in 2020, but the Prince of Wales continued to farm organically at Sandringham House. The new tenant of Home Farm continued the relationship with Waitrose Duchy Organic, which reported a profit of £3.6 million in 2021.The brandsThe company Duchy Originals, a wholly owned subsidiary of The Prince of Wales's Charitable Fund, originated the Duchy Originals brand in 1990 as a premium organic food and drink brand. It also created two other brands, Duchy Selections and Duchy Collections. Duchy Selections was a range of premium free-range (but not organic) pork and fish products and mineral waters, and Duchy Collections was a range of high quality non food products. The Duchy Originals company has never sold the goods that carry the brand names, and other than the short-lived Duchy Originals Food company venture it has not manufactured them. Instead Duchy branded products have been sold and manufactured by a number of different retail companies, all of whom have paid royalties to the Duchy Originals Company.Financial informationBy the end of the 1990s the brand had an annual turnover of around £1 million. This had grown to £4.86 million by 2006/7. Administrative expenses came to £3.31 million, giving an operating profit of £1.53 million. The company was badly hit by the recession in 2007 and started making a loss. For the financial year 2008/9, the company failed to make any profits and turnover dropped to £2.2 million, with an operating loss of £3.3 million, compared to the previous year's operating profit of £57,000. Fortunes improved after the 2009 Waitrose arrangement, and by 2013 annual profits were £2.8 million.The Duchy Originals Food companyDuchy Originals' only venture into manufacturing has been the Duchy Originals Food company. This was a wholly owned subsidiary of the Duchy Originals company and it opened a factory in Launceston, Cornwall in 2006. The factory was a bakery making both sweet and savoury pastry products. The venture suffered financial problems, with the factory making a loss of £447,158 in the financial year 2006/7. In 2009, the Duchy Originals company decided to sell the bakery, with one-off costs from the sale contributing towards Duchy Originals making a loss for 2009–10.Herbal medicinesIn 2008, Duchy Originals partnered with the alternative medicine company Nelsons to produce a line of herbal remedies. This led to controversy, in which leading UK scientists said that Duchy Originals promoted its herbal remedies with scientifically unsound claims. Edzard Ernst, the UK's first professor of complementary medicine, said Duchy Originals detox products were \"outright quackery\". Subsequently, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) ruled that healing claims were misleading and required the company to amend an advertising campaign promoting two herbal medicines.Mineral waterIn 2002 the Deeside Water Company began to produce some of its bottled mineral water for the Duchy Originals brand. In 2010, Waitrose rebranded the product as Duchy Originals from Waitrose and in 2016 the supermarket repackaged it as part of its Waitrose One premium range.Garden toolsGardening tools were produced under the Duchy Originals brand by the Lancashire company Caldwells until it went into administration in 2009.Charitable givingThe company Duchy Originals Ltd is a wholly owned subsidiary company of The Prince of Wales's Charitable Fund and donates to the charity from its profits. By 2013 the brand had raised £11 million from its profits for the Prince's Charities. In Canada the proceeds from sales of Duchy Originals products are donated to the charities associated with The Prince's Charities Canada. By 2012 more than one million Canadian dollars were being raised annually in this manner.The Duchy Future Farming programmeThe Duchy Future Farming programme was set up in 2013 in partnership with the Soil Association to provide advice and support to UK farmers and growers in conducting research into organic farming methods. Participants are encouraged to carry out experiments in their own fields, and over 3000 farmers had been involved in this by 2015. A research fund offering up to £25,000 is also available.Passage 2:John De MargheritiJohn De Margheriti (born July 1962) is an Italian-born Australian electrical engineer, software developer and entrepreneur. De Margheriti is widely seen as a founding 'father' of Australia's video games industry and Australia's most experienced interactive entertainment business executive.He is the founder and former CEO of BigWorld Pty Limited and the founder of parent company Micro Forté Pty Limited. De Margheriti is also the Executive Chairman of the Academy of Interactive Entertainment, the Chairman of Canberra Technology Park, the founder of the Game Developers' Association of Australia, the founder of the Australian Game Developers Conference, and the founder of the three Canberra business parks, the co-founder of DEMS Entertainment, the co-founder of Dreamgate Studios, the co-founder of Game Plus and co-founder of The Film Distillery.De Margheriti has been recognised as an Honorary Ambassador for Canberra due to his contribution to Australia's national capital and in 2022 was awarded the Pearcey Medal, Australia's highest honour in the ICT Industry, for his lifetime contribution to the establishment and ongoing success of the Australian games industry. Without his vision, tenacity and passion, the industry would not be as successful and vibrant as it is in now. John has effectively had an influence on just about every Australian games studio and developer in operation today, not to mention his contribution to the broader ICT community and the international games industry.Early yearsBorn in Rome, Italy, De Margheriti arrived in Canberra with his family in 1970. He experimented with CB radios and electronics early as a young teenager. When he was sixteen De Margheriti experimented with making computer games independently. During his senior years at Hawker College, De Margheriti co-created an amateur 8 millimetres (0.31 in) science fiction film after watching the 1977 film, Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope. During the development of his amateur film, he co-developed a robotics system entitled 3DIM that would enable him to film complex stop-motion animation footage of large scale spaceship models.  De Margheriti's need to create scrolling film credits led him to discover computers as a tool. The film involved dozens of actors and as a result, De Margheriti gained his first taste in management working with actors and prop builders. During filming he met Steve Wang which would later form the basis of a longstanding business association. He wrote his first computer game called “Maze” on a PDP-11 and his peer, Steve Wang developed a computer game called “Caves”, also on a PDP-11 computer.De Margheriti graduated with a degree in electrical engineering from the UNSW Sydney (UNSW), and holds an MBA from Sydney University. Wang also went on to study at UNSW in the field of computer science. Together they devoted much of their time during university hours to developing computer games. They pooled their money to purchase a Commodore PET. During this time John also met Stephen Lewis and he joined the group, helping make games on the Commodore PET.The most memorable game that they developed during university years was made for the Commodore 64. Whilst working part-time at the Computer 1 computer store in Randwick to put himself through university, De Margheriti met Gerry Gerlach who was interested in finding a person who could develop a computer game based on the recent Australian win of the Americas Cup 12 metres (39 ft) sailing.  After a conversation with Gerlach, De Margheriti approached his friends at the university and pulled together a team including Wang, Stephen Lewis and John Reidy capable of developing the simulation game. The team spent 72 hours straight developing a demo, pitched it to Armchair Entertainment and won a contract to develop the Americas Cup Sailing Simulation game for the Commodore 64 and Amstrad which was ultimately developed and then sold to Electronic Arts.Soon after starting to develop their first game, Wang and Lewis tactfully told De Margheriti that his true strength was not programming but managing and winning new projects for the fledgling group. This “truth” ultimately saw De Margheriti become the entrepreneur and visionary for a group of profit and not for profit companies that have offices around the globe.In addition to the Americas Cup Sailing Simulation, De Margheriti went on to program two other of games for Electronic Arts including Demon Stalkers and Fireking for the Commodore 64 and IBM PC, which was later released by Sydney-based Strategic Studies Group. http://www.ssg.com.au/Later careerMicro Forte Pty LimitedBetween 1985 and 1988, De Margheriti turned his focus towards business negotiations and contract development. He co-founded a games development company called Micro Forté Pty Limited and wrote games for a new company called Electronic Arts.In 1995 De Margheriti came up with the concept of developing a software solution that would somehow group bulletin board "}
{"doc_id":"doc_284","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Pieces of a WomanPieces of a Woman is a 2020 drama film directed by Kornél Mundruczó, from a screenplay by Kata Wéber. The film stars VanessaKirby, Shia LaBeouf, Molly Parker, Sarah Snook, Iliza Shlesinger, Benny Safdie, Jimmie Fails, and Ellen Burstyn as the family and associates of Martha (Kirby)involved in her traumatic childbirth, baby loss, and a subsequent court case against the midwife, Eva (Parker), whom Martha's mother Elizabeth (Burstyn) blamesfor the baby's death. Martin Scorsese and Sam Levinson served as executive producers, and the film was scored by Howard Shore.An international co-productionof the United States and Canada, the film is partly based on Mundruczó and Wéber's stage play of the same name and explores themes of grief and loss. Itpremiered on September 4, 2020, at the 77th Venice International Film Festival, where Kirby won the Volpi Cup for Best Actress. It was released in selecttheaters on December 30, 2020, before beginning to digitally stream on Netflix on January 7, 2021, and became noted for its long take childbirth scene at thestart of the film.The film received generally positive reviews, with praise for the actors, particularly Kirby, though elements of the plot were criticized. For herperformance, Kirby received Academy Award, BAFTA, SAG, Critics' Choice, and Golden Globe nominations.PlotMartha and Sean, a young Boston couple, areexpecting their first child. Sean resents Martha's mother Elizabeth, a wealthy Holocaust survivor, who is buying them a minivan.Martha goes into labor at theirhome and Sean calls their midwife Barbara, who is unavailable and sends another midwife named Eva in her place. Martha struggles with nausea and pain duringcontractions and, when she reaches ten centimeters, Eva realizes the baby's heart rate has dropped dangerously low. Sean asks Eva if they are safe to continueand Eva tells Sean to call an ambulance. Martha soon gives birth to a baby girl who at first seems healthy. Eva then notices the baby is turning blue and attemptsto revive her, but she goes into cardiac arrest and dies.The following month, Martha and Sean attend an appointment with a coroner; Sean is eager to find outwhat went wrong, while Martha is reluctant. They learn the cause of death has not yet been established but are told they were able to determine that the babywas in a low-oxygen environment and start proceedings against Eva. Sean leaves, overcome with emotion, while Martha remains and decides that she wants todonate the baby's body to science.The relationship between Martha and Sean continues to be strained, as is Martha's relationship with her mother, who wants tobury the baby and have a funeral. Both Martha and Sean remain deeply depressed. Sean returns the car that Elizabeth bought for them. He later has sex withMartha's cousin, Suzanne, and uses cocaine after being sober for almost seven years. Suzanne, who is also the attorney prosecuting Eva, informs him that apotential lawsuit against Eva could be very lucrative.At a tense family gathering at her home, Elizabeth tells Martha that she has to attend Eva's trial and blamesMartha for her baby's death because she decided to have a home birth. Elizabeth then tells Sean that she never liked him before offering him a check for a largesum of money to leave and never return. Martha drops Sean off at Logan International Airport and he leaves for Seattle.Months later, Martha testifies at Eva'strial. After her testimony, the judge allows her to address the court, and she states that Eva is not at fault for the death and that she does not blame her. Backhome, she discovers that the apple seeds she stored in her refrigerator have started to sprout. A month later, Martha scatters her daughter's ashes into the riverfrom the bridge that Sean helped to build.Years later, a little girl climbs an apple tree, picks an apple, and eats it. Martha calls her name, Lucianna, then helps herdown. The two go inside together.CastProductionPlayThe play Pieces of a Woman was created by Kornél Mundruczó and Kata Wéber, a couple who experiencedmiscarriage during pregnancy. The couple did not initially talk about their experience or process their grief, but Mundruczó read a scene written in Wéber'snotebook depicting a woman and her mother debate child loss and felt that it needed exploration. Wéber, who had already titled the scene \"Pieces of a Woman\",became the playwright after Mundruczó encouraged her to make a \"family drama\" from the scene; the play was originally performed at TR Warszawa in Warsaw,Poland. Following (Polish) Maja, her senile mother, and her Norwegian husband, the play contained two scenes: the childbirth and a family dinner in theaftermath. For BroadwayWorld, Filip Piotrowicz wrote that the scenes being performed in real time with real props (including a working oven and food beingcooked inside) felt both like a film and classic theatrical form. The birth scene was multimedia, with the performance being recorded by a camera freely roamingthe stage and live-streamed on screens in the theater, and other screens showing ultrasound scans of the fetus.Development and themesThe film Pieces of aWoman was announced to be in production in October 2019, with Mundruczó directing from a screenplay by Wéber. It is based on their play, and alsoincorporates fictionalized aspects of the trial of Hungarian midwife Ágnes Geréb. Wéber consulted with psychiatrists and other women who had lost babies whilewriting the film. In developing the play for the screen, Mundruczó chose to set it in Boston, thinking the city's historic Irish Catholic culture was a good translationof the conservative Polish society of the original. It is his first film in the English language. Wéber submitted the script to the Hungarian National Film Fund but didnot get support; Aaron Ryder read the script and showed it to producers Ashley Levinson and Kevin Turen, who took it on. Sam Levinson and Martin Scorsese,among others, served as executive producers on the film; Scorsese, who was shown the film by composer Howard Shore prior to its release, boarded after thefilm was complete, hoping to help its distribution as Mundruczó and Wéber were unknown filmmakers. Supporting actress Ellen Burstyn, who was directed byScorsese in Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore, said that he \"picked up on things [about Pieces of a Woman] that [she] never heard anybody else pick up on. Andhe has such an appreciation of the art of moviemaking that you feel seen.\"The film explores themes of trauma, which Dr. Lipi Roy writing for Forbes foundrelevant during the COVID-19 pandemic when it was released; Mundruczó and lead actress Vanessa Kirby both also commented that the loss in the film can speakto people who have been bereaved in the pandemic, and Wéber spoke of the relevance of the isolation and inability to talk about feelings that Martha experiences.Kirby has described the film as \"almost a character study on grief\" that also explores intergenerational trauma. In the film, Martha's family are all physicallypresent but not emotionally available to her, and they each find different ways to process their loss, according to Roy. Midwives speaking with NOW also notedthat films exploring grief often do so by presenting it as a bonding experience, while Pieces of a Woman focused on the differences. Renaldo Matadeen of CBRcompared the film's exploration of grief to that of Marriage Story, though he felt that Pieces of a Woman did not explore the shared grief Martha and Seanexperience. Also for NOW, Kevin Ritchie noted that the film shifts focus on themes throughout, featuring class tensions at the start and, at the end, focusing ongenerational divides and present baggage of Holocaust survival. The New Yorker's Anthony Lane wrote that the film \"amounts to a set of variations on the themeof winter\", reflected in its little-changing Boston setting; similarly, Lee Marshall of Screen International opined that the wintry setting and its \"oppressive\" GothicRevival architecture helped to inform the themes of the film.CastingThe first person to be cast was Shia LaBeouf as Sean. He was followed shortly by VanessaKirby, playing Martha, who had been shown the script by Sam Levinson; she had met with the Levinsons and told them she wanted to make a film like A WomanUnder the Influence. Mundruczó was a fan of The Crown and wanted to cast Kirby after watching her as Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon and thinking herperformance resembled Claudia Cardinale and Catherine Deneuve. He also wanted to work with Kirby at this point in her career, \"Where all of the skills arealready there, but the fear is not [...] When you are very established, you are more and more careful.\" Though Kirby was considered a frontrunner in discussionsfor the role, the production had been turned down by bigger names before Kirby was shown the script; the day after she read it, she flew to Budapest and theyhad a two-hour meeting with Mundruczó. Asked about this, Kirby said that she \"just loved the script ... You just know when you know\".Kirby and LaBeouf wererevealed as the lead roles when the film was announced in October 2019. Kirby spoke with women who had experienced baby loss to prepare for her role, andprepared extensively for her performance of labor in the opening scene. She had not given birth herself and was concerned about realism; she first watchedchildbirth documentaries but felt these were too edited and so she wrote to obstetricians and was invited by one, Claire Mellon, to observe on a labor ward,including being allowed to witness a birth, which she told NPR she would not have been able to perform in the film without.In December 2019, Jimmie Fails, EllenBurstyn, Molly Parker and Iliza Shlesinger joined the cast of the film, followed by Sarah Snook and Benny Safdie in January 2020. Burstyn said getting cast in thefilm felt like \"a win-win-win situation\", as she was able to work with Mundruczó, whose White God Burstyn enjoyed, and Kirby, whose The Crown performanceBurstyn had been impressed by; Kirby was also excited to work with Burstyn.FilmingPrincipal photography began on December 3, 2019, in Montreal, Canada, andlasted until the end of January 2020.The film is noted for its 24-minute long take labor scene at the start, dubbed \"The Scene\" by The Guardian's Adrian Hortonand described as \"one of the most controversial scenes of the year\" by Entertainment Weekly. Writer Wéber did not anticipate a one-shot take, which Mundruczóplanned from the start, though knew she wanted all the details present. Mundruczó began the scene with Martha's first pains and ended with the arrival of anambulance \"because [they didn't] want to show exactly what's happening\", wanting to leave the audience having only seen the baby alive while creatingsuspense. As the director, Mundruczó wanted the actors to make their own performance choices in the scene; there were no marks to hit, LaBeouf came up withthe bad jokes used himself, and the production team would not show the cast any of the stage performance so as not to influence them. Kirby told Empire thatthe cast \"had a map of where to be, and then [they would] freefall and see what happened.\" Three crewmembers were used for the scene: director ofphotography Benjamin Loeb, acting as camera operator upon Mundruczó's request, and two boom operators. A birthing coach, Elan McAllister, had also been"}
{"doc_id":"doc_285","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Servillano AquinoServillano Aquino y Aguilar (April 20, 1874 – February 3, 1959) was a Filipino general during the Philippine Revolution and thePhilippine–American War. He served as a delegate to the Malolos Congress and was the grandfather of Benigno S. \"Ninoy\" Aquino Jr. He is the great-grandfatherof Benigno Aquino III, the 15th President of the Philippines.Early life and educationAquino, known by his nickname \"Mianong\", was born on April 20, 1874, to DonBraulio Aquino y Lacsamana and Doña Petrona Aguilar y Henson. He had his early education from a private tutor in Mexico, Pampanga. He moved to Manila andentered the Colegio de San Juan de Letran, and later, the University of Santo Tomas.Philippine–American WarIn 1896, Aquino became a mason and joined theKatipunan. He was also elected mayor of Murcia, Tarlac and under General Francisco Macabulos, he organized the Filipino revolutionary forces against theAmericans. He was promoted to major but was defeated in the battle at Mount Sinukuan or Mount Arayat in Arayat, Pampanga. After the Pact of Biak-na-Batowas signed, Aquino was self-exiled to Hong Kong together with Emilio Aguinaldo and the revolutionary government after receiving 100,000 pesos from theSpanish government in exchange of their surrender. He returned to the Philippines in 1898 and joined General Antonio Luna to fight against the American forces.Together they attacked Manila but retreated to Mount Arayat. In September 1902, he surrendered and was jailed in Bilibid Prison and sentenced to hang.However, United States President Theodore Roosevelt pardoned Aquino after two years.Personal lifeHe married Guadalupe Quiambao, with whom he had threechildren, namely Gonzalo (born 1892), Benigno (1894–1947) and Amando (born 1896). Later, he married his sister-in-law, Belen Sanchez, and had a child withher, Herminio (born 1949).DeathAquino died of a heart attack on February 3, 1959.AncestrySee alsoList of people pardoned or granted clemency by the presidentof the United StatesPassage 2:Stanisław of MasoviaStanisław of Masovia (pl: Stanisław mazowiecki; 17 May 1501 – 8 August 1524), was a Polish prince memberof the House of Piast in the Masovian branch. He was a Duke of Czersk, Warsaw, Liw, Zakroczym and Nur during 1503-1524 (under regency until 1518) jointlywith his brother.He was the eldest son of Konrad III the Red and his third wife Anna, a daughter of Mikolaj Radziwiłł the Old, Voivod of Vilnius and the first GrandChancellor of Lithuania.LifeAfter the death of their father on 28 October 1503, Stanisław and his younger brother Janusz III inherited his domains but, becausethey were minors, remained under the regency of their mother.Most of the Masovian inheritance (except Czersk, which had already been given to Konrad III as ahereditary fief in 1495) was seriously threatened by the Kingdom of Poland at the time of Konrad III's death, and was not secured in his sons' hands until 14March 1504, when by a ruling of King Alexander, the young princes received their whole patrimony as a fief.Stanisław and his brother took the government in1518, because of the constant riots of the local nobility. Despite this, Anna Radziwiłł retained the real power in Masovia until her death in 1522. In the same yearwhen they attained their majority, both princes attended the wedding of King Sigismund I the Old to Bona Sforza in Kraków.In 1519, fulfilling their duties asPolish vassals, Stanisław and Janusz III intervened in the Polish-Teutonic War, sending auxiliary troops to the Polish King, and in the winter of 1519-1520 theypersonally captured several towns in Masuria. At the same time, Stanisław secretly entered into talks with the Teutonic Knights for a ceasefire, which finally tookplace in December 1520, a few months before a peace treaty ended the war between Poland and the Teutonic Order.In their private lives, both Stanisław and hisbrother were heavily inclined to drink and women; however, in order to continue his bloodline, in 1523 Stanisław started negotiations for marriage with PrincessHedwig of Poland, only surviving daughter of King Sigismund I and his first wife, Barbara Zápolya. The wedding never took place; one year later, and likely as aresult of his dissolute lifestyle, Stanisław died on 8 August 1524. He was buried at St. John's Archcathedral, Warsaw.The sudden death of Stanisław, and that twoyears later of his younger brother Janusz III, were considered suspicious at the time. The main suspect was a Płock lady called Katarzyna Radziejowska, who afterbeing seduced and abandoned by both princes, was believed to have poisoned firstly Anna Radziwiłł, then Stanisław and finally Janusz III in revenge. Declaredguilty, she and her supposed accomplice were tied naked to poles and beaten for hours, and finally burned alive. The hurry where the sentence was carried raisedeven more suspicion that in fact the real instigator of the crimes was Queen Bona. The controversy was so intense that King Sigismund I, in order to clarify thematter once and for all, ordered an investigation, as a result of which a special edict was declared on 9 February 1528 which ruled that the princes \"weren'tvictims of a human hand, but was the will of the Almighty Lord that caused their deaths\".According to Jan Długosz, the real cause of the death of both princescould be an inherited disease of the Masovian princes: tuberculosis.Passage 3:Konrad V KantnerKonrad V Kantner (ca. 1385 – 10 September 1439) was a duke ofOleśnica, Koźle, half of Bytom and half of Ścinawa during 1412–1427 (with his brothers as co-rulers), since 1427 sole ruler over Oleśnica.He was the second sonof Konrad III the Old, Duke of Oleśnica, by his wife Judith. Like his one older and three younger brothers, at the baptism he received the name of Konrad, whichwas characteristic in this branch of the House of Piast. His nickname of Kantner was derived from the town of Kanth (pl: Kąty Wrocławskie), who was a propertyof the Oleśnica dukes since 1379.LifeAfter the death of his father in 1412, Konrad V succeeded him in all his lands together with his older brother Konrad IV theOlder as co-rulers, due to the minority of their younger brothers.In 1416, when all Konrad III's sons attained his majority, Konrad IV renounced to thegovernment on behalf of Konrad V and the rest of his brothers. However, because two other brothers (Konrad VI the Dean and Konrad VIII the Younger), alsopursued a Church career, the main beneficiaries in the government are two others laic brothers: Konrad V and Konrad VII the White, who in 1431 co-founded inKoźle a Minorites Cloister. In 1434 they purchased the town of Wołczyn to Duke Louis II of Brieg. The co-rulership was maintained until 1427, when was made thedivision of the Duchy: Konrad V retained the main city of Oleśnica.Like his brothers, Konrad V fought against the Hussites. In 1428 they tried unsuccessfully toprevent their depredations in the Duchy of Troppau. On 4 April 1431 they raided Gliwice, which was occupied by the Hussites and where just held religiousdiscussions in which the Lithuanian prince Sigismund Korybut, a nephew of Vytautas, was involved. Presumably, therefore, undertook the Hussites in 1432 a raidinto the Duchy of Oleśnica, which was largely spared from them until then. Konrad V and his brothers, however, managed to defeat them at Ścinawa. Togetherwith his brother Konrad IV, other Piast Dukes and the cities of Wrocław, Świdnica and Nysa was notarized on 13 September 1432 for the Hussites the stilloccupied cities of Niemcza, Kluczbork and Otmuchów the amount of 10,000 groschen for damages.Their fight against the Hussites was rewarded by EmperorSigismund, who, in his capacity as King of Bohemia, in 1434 transfer to them the districts of Psie Pole and Psary. Three years later, in 1437 he confirmed to themthe complete investiture of this territories by Escheat, so that upon the death of the childless Konrad VII they could reverted to the Kingdom. Two years later,Konrad V died of the plague. The guardianship of his minor sons was taken by his brother Konrad VII.Marriage and issueBy 9 October 1411, Konrad V marriedMargareta (d. 15 March 1449), whose origins are unknown. They had five children:Agnes (b. aft. 1411 – d. Herbst, September 1448), married in 1437 to Kaspar ISchlik, Count of Passaun-Weisskirchen and Imperial Chancellor.Konrad IX the Black (b. ca. 1415 – d. 14 August 1471).Konrad X the White (b. 1420 – d. 21September 1492).Anna (b. ca. 1425? – d. aft. 15 August 1482), married by 1444 to Duke Władysław I of Płock.Margareta (b. by 1430 – d. 10 May 1466), Abbessof Trebnitz (1456).In his will, Konrad V leave the town of Wołów to his wife as her dower, who was ruled by her until her own death. His sons were excluded fromthe government by their uncle Konrad VII, who maintained his rule until 1450, when they finally deposed him and assumed the full control over theDuchy.Passage 4:Konrad IV the OlderKonrad IV the Elder (Polish: Konrad IV Starszy, German: Konrad von Oels) (c. 1384 – 9 August 1447) served as the Duke ofOels (Oleśnica), Koźle, half of Bytom, and half of Ścinawa from 1412 to 1416, sharing the rule with his brothers. After 1416, he became the sole ruler over Kąty,Bierutów, Prudnik, and Syców. In 1417, he assumed the role of Bishop of Wrocław and also held the title of Duke of Nysa.Born to Konrad III the Old, Duke ofOleśnica, and his wife Judith, Konrad IV the Elder was the eldest among his siblings. It is worth noting that his four younger brothers also shared the nameKonrad; however, historians primarily distinguish them through letters and regnal numbers.LifeChurch careerKonrad IV, despite being the oldest son and having astrong potential to inherit his father's duchy, made the decision to pursue a religious vocation. He quickly advanced within the church hierarchy and by the end of1399, he assumed the role of cleric in Wrocław. Within a year, he was elected as the canon of Wrocław and the provost of Domasław/Domslau, although he didnot succeed in this position. Nevertheless, this setback did not deter him, and in 1410 he was ultimately chosen as the canon of Wrocław. From 1411 to 1417, heheld the office of provost of the chapter. During this time, Konrad IV devoted himself entirely to his candidacy for the position of Bishop of Warmia, concentratingall his efforts towards this goal. He embarked on a lengthy journey to Rome in pursuit of this appointment, although the endeavor proved unsuccessful.Nonetheless, as compensation, he was awarded a master's degree and appointed as a papal notary. In 1412, he also assumed the role of Canon ofOlomouc.Following the resignation of Duke Wenceslaus II of Legnica, the Bishop of Wrocław, on 17 December 1417, Pope Martin V appointed Konrad IV as thenew Bishop of Wrocław. He received his ordination as bishop on 22 January 1418 from John Tylemann, a suffragent of the Kolegiata of St. Nicholas inOtmuchów.Beginning of his involvement in politicsKonrad IV, in addition to his clerical duties, actively participated in politics during his time. In 1402, he joinedthe newly formed alliance of Silesian princes. In 1409, he supported his father alongside King Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia during the truce negotiations betweenPoland and the Teutonic Knights. In 1412, Konrad IV served as a mediator in conflicts involving the Dukes of Opole, King Wenceslaus IV, and the city of Wrocław."}
{"doc_id":"doc_286","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Vadim VlasovVadim Nikolayevich Vlasov (Russian: Вадим Николаевич Власов; born 19 December 1980) is a former Russian football player.Vlasovplayed in the Russian Premier League with FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod.He is a younger brother of Dmitri Vlasov.Passage 2:Roshan Lal VermaRoshan LalVerma is an Indian politician and a member of the Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh in India. He represents the Tilhar constituency of UttarPradesh and is a member of the Samajwadi Party.Early life and educationRoshan Lal Verma was born in Shahjahanpur district. He attended the Adarsh School andis educated till eighth grade.Political careerRoshan Lal Verma has been a MLA for three term. He represented the Tilhar constituency and was a member ofthe  political party, Bahujan Samaj Party. Later he joined Bhartiya Janta Party until 2021.In 2022 he joined Samajwadi Party.Members of Legislative AssemblyHewas elected in 2007 as  Member, 15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh. And re-elected in 2012 for 16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh and again in2017 as Member, 17th Legislative AssemblyElectoral performanceSee alsoTilhar (Assembly constituency)Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar PradeshUttarPradesh Legislative AssemblyPassage 3:Vrindavan Lal VermaVrindavan Lal verma (9 January 1889 – 23 February 1969) was a Hindi novelist and playwright. Hewas honoured with Padma Bhushan for his literary works; Agra University presented him with honorary D. Lit. He received Soviet Land Nehru Award and thegovernment India also awarded him for his novel, Jhansi Ki Rani.Life and careerHe was drawn toward mythological and historical narratives from early childhood.His masterpiece, Mriganayani, set at the end of the 15th century in Gwalior, tells the legend of Man Singh Tomar and his \"doe-eyed queen\" Mrignayani.Hishistorical novels areGadh Kundar (1927)Virata ki Padmini (1930)Musahibju (1943)Jhansi ki Rani (1946)Kachnar (1947)Madavji Sindhia (1949)Tute Kante(1949)Mriganayani (1950)Bhuvan Vikram (1954)Ahilya Bai (1955)Rani DurgavatiLalitadityaVarma's social novels includeSangam (1928)Lagan (1929)Pratyagat(1929)Kundali Chakra (1932)Prem ki Bheni (1939)Kabhi na Kabhi (1945)Achal Mera Koyi (1947)Rakhi ki Laj (1947)Sona (1947)Amar Bel (1952).His plays includean adaptation of his novel, Jhansi ki Rani, Hans Mayur (1950), Bans ki Phans (1950), Pile Hath (1950), Purva ki Aur (1951), Kevat (1951), Nilkanth (1951),Mangal Sutra (1952), Birbal (1953), and Lalit Vikram (1953).Varma wrote short stories also which have been published in seven volumes. His autobiography ApniKahani has also been applauded.Passage 4:Manikya Lal VermaManikya Lal Verma (Born on 4 December 1897 in a Mathur kayastha family) was a member ofConstituent Assembly of India in 1949. He was prime minister of Rajasthan, India before full formation of the state. He was elected to Lok Sabha in 1957 fromChittorgarh and in 1952 from Tonk. He was recipient of Padma Bhushan in 1965.He played pivotal role in Bijolia movement, a farmers agitation raised between1919 and 1923 in Bhilwara. He remained in prison for several years being a freedom fighter.  Verma was an untiring social activist. He played a vital role inpromoting education among Tribes, other backward classes and women in southern Rajasthan.  He founded Vimukt Janjaati sangh to promote social conditions ofnotified castes. This organisation established several hostels for notified caste students in Rajasthan. In Western border district's Simant (\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000)Chatrawas were established on his initiative.He died on 14 January 1969. His wife Smt. Narayni Devi was a member of Rajya Sabha and son Deen Bandhu Vermawas a member of Loksabha from Udaipur constituency. His son in law Shiv Charan Mathur was also Chief Minister of Rajasthan for two terms.The Manikya LalVerma Textile and Engineering College was named after him. A huge garden at bank of Pichola lake, Udaipur is also named behind him.Other details as perloksabha.nic.in ...Social and Political worker; Secretary, Vidya Pracharini Sabha, Bijolia (1916); Organised Peasant Satyagraha against taxes and forced labour in1918; Imprisoned in 1919, also 1923, thrice in 1927 and again in 1931; Interned at Kumbhalgarh in 1932-33 and expelled from Udaipur State in 1938 forestablishing 'Praja Mandal' and conducting Satyagraha against the State and imprisoned again for one year, 1939; Participated in 'Quit India Movement';Chairman of Reception Committee, All India States' People's Conference, 1945; Chief Minister of Rajasthan, 1948–49; President, Rajasthan State CongressCommittee, 1951; Member, All India Congress Working Committee, 1952–54; President, Rajasthan Bhil Seva Mandal Vimukta Jati Sevak Sangh, 1954–55;Convener, All India Gadia Luhar Sammelan and Bharat Sevak Samaj, 1955–56; President, Gadiya Lohar Sewak Sangh, 1956–62, Rajasthan Adim Jati SevakSangh, 1957–62; Rajasthan Van Shramik Sahakari Sangh, 1959–62; Member, Constituent Assembly, 1947–50; Provisional Parliament, 1950–52; First LokSabha, 1952—57 and Second Lok Sabha, 1957–62.Social activities:  Organised Harijan Ashram at Nareli in Ajmer Merwara, 1934; Did constructive work amongBhils and Meenas of Rajasthan at Village Khadlai, Dungarpur State in August, 1934; Established Akal Pidit Seva Sangh, Mewar, 1940; Established Harijan SevakSangh and Bhil Seva Sangh in Udaipur; Established Mahila Ashram, Bhilwara, 1944; Established Rajasthan Kalbeliya Seva Sangh.Special interests:  Improvementof agriculture on modern lines; Establishment of Socialistic Society on the cooperative principles; Established three Tribes colony in Udaipur and Kota District andsettled Gadia Lohars in Jodhpur, Nagor, Bikaner, Ajmer, Pali District and Banjaras in Bhilwara District, Kalbeliyas in Udaipur District.Passage 5:Kerem İnanKeremİnan (born 25 March 1980) is a Turkish professional football goalkeeper who plays for Erokspor.Career statisticsAs of 20 August 2010HonoursGalatasarayTurkishLeague: 2 (1999–00, 2001–02)Turkish Cup: 2 (1998–99, 1999–00) UEFA Cup: 1 (1999–00)UEFA Super Cup: 1 (2000)Passage 6:Jhunnilal VermaJhunnilal Verma(also Jhunni Lal Verma or J. L. Verma) was an Indian lawyer and politician from Madhya Pradesh. He was freedom fighter from Bundelkhand Damoh region.InDecember 1933, Verma was elected unopposed to the Legislative Council of the Central Provinces and Berar, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of G. S.Singhai. He represented the Damoh district non-Muhammadan rural constituency. He was still a member in 1936.During establishment of Saugor University hewas in the team with Dr. Hari Singh Gour and also the founder of Damoh Degree College. J. L. Verma Law College, the law school affiliated with Dr. Hari SinghGour University was named in his honor.  He wrote two books Bharat Darshan and Karm Sanyasi Krishna.External linksJhunni Lal Verma, author profile atRajkamal PrakashanPassage 7:Roman SmishkoRoman Smishko (Ukrainian: Роман Володимирович Смішко) is a retired Ukrainian professional footballer whoplayed as a goalkeeper.He is a younger brother of Ukrainian defender Bohdan Smishko.CareerHe played for clubs in Estonian, Lithuanian and Belarusian toplevels.In the 2014 Meistriliiga season he set the league clean sheet record by not conceding a single goal for 1,281 minutes between 5 April 2014 and 25 July2014 which is 30 minutes short and allegedly the second best result in countries top flight after Edwin Van der Sar's 1,311 minutes.Passage 8:Miloš ZličićMilošZličić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милош Зличић; born 29 December 1999) is a Serbian football forward who plays for Smederevo 1924. He is a younger brother of LazarZličić.Club careerVojvodinaBorn in Novi Sad, Zličić passed Vojvodina youth school and joined the first team at the age of 16. Previously, he was nominated for thebest player of the \"Tournament of Friendship\", played in 2015. He made his senior debut in a friendly match against OFK Bačka during the spring half of the2015–16 season, along with a year younger Mihajlo Nešković. Zličić made an official debut for Vojvodina in the 16th fixture of the 2016–17 Serbian SuperLigaseason, played on 19 November 2016 against Novi Pazar.Loan to CementIn July 2018, Zličić joined the Serbian League Vojvodina side Cement Beočin onhalf-year loan deal. Zličić made his debut in an official match for Cement on 18 August, in the first round of the new season of the Serbian League Vojvodina, in adefeat against Omladinac. He scored his first senior goal on 25 August, in victory against Radnički.International careerZličić was called in Serbia U15 nationalteam squad during the 2014, and he also appeared for under-16 national team between 2014 and 2015. He was also member of a U17 level later. After that, hewas member of a U18 level, and scored goal against Slovenia U18.Career statisticsAs of 26 February 2020Passage 9:Dmitri Varfolomeyev (footballer, born1978)Dmitri Nikolayevich Varfolomeyev (Russian: Дмитрий Николаевич Варфоломеев; born 15 March 1978) is a Russian former football player.He is a youngerbrother of Sergei Varfolomeyev.HonoursZhenis AstanaKazakhstan Premier League champion: 2001Kazakhstan Cup winner: 2001Passage 10:Baboo LalVermaBaboo Lal Verma as an Indian politician. He is a Cabinet Minister of Food & Civil Supply, Consumer Affairs in Government of Rajasthan and MLA inKeshoraipatan constituency Bundi district from Rajasthan."}
{"doc_id":"doc_287","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:SennedjemSennedjem was an Ancient Egyptian artisan who was active during the reigns of Seti I and Ramesses II. He lived in Set Maat (translated as\"The Place of Truth\"), contemporary Deir el-Medina, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes. Sennedjem had the title \"Servant in the Place of Truth\". Hewas buried along with his wife, Iyneferti, and members of his family in a tomb in the village necropolis. His tomb was discovered January 31, 1886. WhenSennedjem's tomb was found, it contained furniture from his home, including a stool and a bed, which he used when he was alive.His titles included Servant inthe Place of Truth, meaning that he worked on the excavation and decoration of the nearby royal tombs.See alsoTT1 – (Tomb of Sennedjem, family andwife)Passage 2:ThadThad is a masculine given name, often a short form (hypocorism) of Thaddeus. It may refer to:Thad Allen (born 1949), United States CoastGuard admiralThad Altman (born 1955), American politicianThad Balkman (born 1971), American politician, lawyer, and judgeThaddeus Thad Bingel, Americaneducator and political consultantThaddis Thad Bosley (born 1956), American baseball playerThaddeus Thad F. Brown (1902–1970), American police chiefThadBusby (born 1974), American football playerThaddeus Thad Carhart (born 1950), American writerThad Castle, character in the TV series Blue MountainStateWilliam Thad Cochran (1937–2019), United States Senator from MississippiThad Cockrell, American singer-songwriterThaddeus Thad A. Eure (1899–1993),American politicianThad McIntosh Guyer (born 1950), American lawyerThad Heartfield (1940–2022), American lawyer and federal judgeThaddeus ThadHutcheson (1915–1986), American attorney and politicianThad J. Jakubowski (1924–2013), American Roman Catholic bishopThad Jaracz (born 1946), Americanbasketball playerThaddeus Thad Jones (1923–1986), American jazz trumpeter and bandleaderThad Krasnesky (fl. 2000s–2020s), American children's authorThadLevine (born 1971), American baseball executiveThaddeus Thad Lewis (born 1987), American football playerThaddeus Thad Luckinbill (born 1975), Americanactor and film producerThad Matta (born 1967), American men's basketball coachThad McArthur (born 1928), American Olympic modern pentathleteThadMcClammy (1942–2021), American politicianThaddus Thad McFadden (American football) (born 1962), American football playerThaddus Thad McFadden(basketball) (born 1987), American basketball playerThaddeus Thad Moffitt (born 2000), American racing driverThaddeus Thad Mumford (1951–2018), Americantelevision writer and producerThaddeus Thad Spencer (1943–2013), American heavyweight boxerThad Starner (fl. 1980s–2010s), American computerscientistThaddeus Thad Stem Jr. (1916–1980), American author and poetThaddeus Stevens (1792–1868), United States Representative from PennsylvaniaRobertThaddeus R. Thad Taylor (1925–2006), American theatre directorThaddeus Thad Tillotson (1940–2012), American baseball pitcherThad Vann (1907–1982),American football player and coachThad Viers (born 1978), American politicianThad Vreeland Jr. (1924–2010), American materials scientistThad Weber (born1984), American baseball pitcherPassage 3:Where Was I\"Where Was I?\" may refer to:Books\"Where Was I?\", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind'sIWhere Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006Where was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009Film and TVWhere Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A. Seiter.With Reginald Denny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran.Where Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim RoseWhere Was I? (TV series)1952–1953 Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location by looking at photos\"Where Was I?\" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980Music\"Wherewas I\", song by W. Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939\"WhereWas I\", single from Charley Pride discography 1988\"Where Was I\" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton\"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)\", song by Joe Passfrom Simplicity (Joe Pass album)\"Where Was I?\", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)\"Where Was I\",song by Sawyer Brown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can You Hear Me Now 2002\"Where Was I?\", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from LiveOn  1999\"Where Was I\", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)\"Where Was I\", song by Rosie Thomas fromWith Love (Rosie Thomas album)Passage 4:Lydia Hamilton SmithLydia Hamilton Smith (February 14, 1813 – February 14, 1884) was the long-time housekeeperof Thaddeus Stevens and a prominent black businesswoman after his death.Early lifeLydia Hamilton was born at Russell Tavern near Gettysburg in AdamsCounty, Pennsylvania, US. She \"was the widow of a Gettysburg Negro barber [Jacob Smith-died 1852], by whom she had two children.\" Her mother was a freemulatto woman of European and African descent, and her father was Irish.Career with StevensSeparated from her husband, Smith moved to Lancaster with hermother and sons in 1847 and accepted a position as housekeeper to prominent lawyer and abolitionist Thaddeus Stevens, who had moved from Gettysburg fiveyears earlier but practiced law and had business interests in several counties in the Susquehanna River basin. Stevens was elected to the U.S. House ofRepresentatives the following year, and Smith continued to keep the bachelor's house (including his house in Washington, D.C.) until Stevens died in 1868.Smithwas described as \"giving great attention to her appearance,\" and in later years she had her clothes made to resemble those of Mary Lincoln. Carl Sandburgdescribed Smith as \"a comely quadroon with Caucasian features and a skin of light-gold tint, a Roman Catholic communicant with Irish eyes ... quiet, discreet,retiring, reputed for poise and personal dignity.\"Smith had two sons, William and Isaac, by her late husband, Jacob Smith. She and Stevens also raised thelatter's nephews, whom he adopted in the 1840s.  On April 2, 1861, Smith's older son, William Smith, fatally shot himself while handling a pistol at Stevens'shome, as his mother watched. William Smith was 26 years old and worked as a shoemaker in Lancaster. Her other son, Isaac Smith, a banjo player and barber,enlisted in the 6th United States Colored Infantry Regiment in 1863 and served in Virginia.No evidence exists as to the exact nature of the relationship betweenStevens and Smith. In the one brief surviving letter from Stevens to her, he addresses her as \"Mrs. Smith,\" unusual deference to an African-American servant inthat era. Family members also asked Stevens to be remembered to \"Mrs. Smith.\" Nonetheless, during her time with Stevens, neighbors considered her hiscommon-law wife. Smith not only handled social functions for the politician, she also mingled with Stevens's guests, who were instructed to address her as\"Madame\" or \"Mrs. Smith.\" Opposition newspapers (for Stevens's views concerning racial equality were quite controversial) claimed she was frequently called\"Mrs. Stevens\" by people who knew her.Smith was at Stevens's bedside when he died in Washington, D.C. on August 11, 1868, along with his friend SimonStevens and surviving nephew (Thaddeus Stevens Jr.), two African-American nuns, and several other people. Under Stevens's will, Smith was allowed to choosebetween a lump sum of $5,000 or a $500 annual allowance; she was also allowed to take any furniture in his house. With the inheritance, Smith purchasedStevens' house and the adjoining lot.BusinesswomanStevens and Smith were active in the Underground Railroad, which led to the burning of his ironworks,Caledonia Furnace, during the Civil War. Recent excavation of their house in Lancaster unearthed a cistern with a passageway to a nearby tavern, as well as aspittoon inside, which some historians think was used to shelter escaping slaves. Smith bought her house in Lancaster next to Stevens's house in 1860. Duringand after the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863, Smith hired a horse and wagon, and collected food and supplies for the wounded of both sides from neighbors inAdams, York and Lancaster counties and delivered them to the makeshift hospitals. After Stevens's death in 1868, in addition to buying his house in Lancaster,Smith operated a prosperous boarding house across from the Willard Hotel in Washington, D.C., as well as invested in real estate and other businessventures.Death and legacyLydia Hamilton Smith died in Washington on her 71st birthday in 1884 and, per her wishes, was buried in St. Mary's Catholic cemeteryin Lancaster, although she also left money for the continued upkeep of Stevens's grave at the Shreiner-Concord cemetery.In Steven Spielberg's 2012 film Lincoln,Smith was portrayed by actress S. Epatha Merkerson.Notes and referencesFurther readingCarlson, Peter. \"Lincoln's Feisty Foil.\" American History, vol. 48, no. 1(Apr. 2013), pp. 50–55.Delle, James A., and Mary Ann Levine.  \"Archaeology, Intangible Heritage, and the Negotiation of Urban Identity in Lancaster,Pennsylvania.\" Historical Archaeology, vol. 45, no. 1 (2011), pp. 51–66Passage 5:Thaddeus P. MottThaddeus Phelps Mott (December 7, 1831 – November 23,1894) was an American adventurer, sailor and soldier of fortune. A former Union Army officer during American Civil War, he also took part in wars in Mexico,Italy, and the Ottoman Empire. He was primarily responsible for recruiting former Union and Confederate soldiers for service in the Egyptian Army, in which heheld the rank of major general, and was the first officer to take service with the Khedive Isma'il Pasha as his aide-de-camp in 1870. At the time of his death, hewas also the last surviving son of the eminent surgeon Valentine Mott.BiographyEarly life and military careerMott was born in New York City, New York, the son ofDr. Valentine Mott (1785–1865) and Louisa Dunmore Munn. He was one of nine children born to the couple. Little is known of his early life except that, as a child,he \"developed a spirit of adventure\". He was a natural linguist and was educated at New York University where his father was emeritus professor of surgery.Atage 17, he left the country to fight in revolutionary Italy, commissioned as a second lieutenant, serving under Giuseppe Garibaldi. Suffering from ill healthfollowing his Italian service, mostly due to exposure and privation, Mott subsequently served as a shipmate on various clipper ships during the next several years.He initially signed on to the Hornet bound for California, then as a third mate on the Hurricane in 1851, a second mate on the St. Denis in 1852 and the mate ofthe St. Nicholas in 1854. He returned to California a year later and spent 1856–57 in the Mexican Army under General Ignacio Comonfort prior to and during theReform War. In 1858, he married Emily Josephine Daunton and had two children with her, Marie Louise and Valentine Mott.Return to the United States and theAmerican Civil WarHe eventually returned to the United States and enlisted in the Union Army shortly before the American Civil War where he was assigned as"}
{"doc_id":"doc_288","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Sun LuyuSun Luyu (died August or September 255), courtesy name Xiaohu, was an imperial princess of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. She was the younger daughter of Sun Quan, the founding emperor of Wu, and his concubine Bu Lianshi. She is also referred to as Princess Zhu (\u0000\u0000\u0000/\u0000\u0000) because of her marriage to Zhu Ju.LifeSun Luyu was the younger daughter of Sun Quan, the founding emperor of Eastern Wu, and his concubine Bu Lianshi. She had an elder sister, Sun Luban. The sisters' courtesy names, Xiaohu (\u0000\u0000) and Dahu (\u0000\u0000), respectively mean \"small tiger\" and \"big tiger\". Sun Luyu initially married Zhu Ju, a general who briefly served as the fifth Imperial Chancellor of Wu. She and Zhu Ju had a daughter, who married Sun Quan's sixth son, Sun Xiu, who was also a half-brother of Sun Luyu.In the 240s, a power struggle broke out between two of Sun Quan's sons – Sun He, the Crown Prince and Sun Ba, the Prince of Lu – with both of them fighting over the position of Crown Prince. The power struggle had a polarising effect on Sun Quan's subjects; two opposing factions, each supporting either Sun He or Sun Ba, emerged from among them. During this time, Sun Luyu's husband Zhu Ju supported Sun He, while Sun Luyu's sister Sun Luban and her husband Quan Cong sided with Sun Ba. When Sun Luban tried to get Sun Luyu to support Sun Ba, Sun Luyu refused and became estranged from her sister as a result.In 250, the power struggle came to an end when Sun Quan forced Sun Ba to commit suicide and deposed Sun He from his position as Crown Prince. Many of the officials involved in the power struggle were executed, exiled or removed from office. Sun Luyu's husband, Zhu Ju, was demoted and reassigned to a new post in Xindu Commandery (\u0000\u0000\u0000; around present-day Chun'an County, Zhejiang). While Zhu Ju was en route to Xindu Commandery, Sun Hong (\u0000\u0000), one of Sun Ba's supporters, took advantage of Sun Quan's poor health to issue a fake imperial decree ordering Zhu Ju to commit suicide. Zhu Ju thought that the decree was genuine so he killed himself as ordered. The general Liu Zuan (\u0000\u0000) had previously married Sun Quan's second daughter (a half-sister of Sun Luban and Sun Luyu), but she died early, so Sun Quan arranged for him to marry the widowed Sun Luyu.In August or September 255 during Sun Liang's reign, Sun Yi (\u0000\u0000) and others plotted to overthrow the regent Sun Jun, but were discovered and executed before they could carry out their plan. Sun Luban, who had a secret affair with Sun Jun after her husband Quan Cong died in 249, seized the opportunity to falsely accuse her estranged sister Sun Luyu of being involved in the plot. Sun Jun believed Sun Luban and had Sun Luyu arrested and executed. She was buried at Shizigang (\u0000\u0000\u0000;  literally \"stones hill\"), a hill in present-day Yuhuatai District, Nanjing, Jiangsu.Postmortem eventsAfter Sun Jun died in 256, his cousin Sun Chen succeeded him as the regent for the Wu emperor Sun Liang. Sometime between 256 and 258, Sun Liang suspected that Sun Luban had something to do with Sun Luyu's death, so he summoned his half-sister and questioned her. A fearful Sun Luban lied to him, \"I really don't know. I heard it from Zhu Ju's sons, Zhu Xiong (\u0000\u0000) and Zhu Sun (\u0000\u0000).\" Sun Liang thought that Zhu Xiong and Zhu Sun betrayed Sun Luyu to Sun Jun – especially since Zhu Sun married Sun Jun's younger sister – so he ordered Ding Feng to execute Zhu Xiong and Zhu Sun.In 258, Sun Chen deposed Sun Liang and replaced him with Sun Xiu, Sun Quan's sixth son, as the third emperor of Wu. Sun Xiu's wife, Lady Zhu, was the daughter of Zhu Ju and Sun Luyu. On 18 January 259, Sun Xiu staged a coup d'état against the regent Sun Chen, succeeded in ousting him from power, and ordered Sun Chen and his entire family to be executed. Sun Xiu also had Sun Jun's dead body unearthed and stripped of the honours accorded to him, and posthumously rehabilitated the people who were executed during Sun Jun and Sun Chen's regencies. Sun Luyu was one of them.Sometime between 6 November and 5 December 264, Sun Hao, the fourth emperor of Wu, ordered Sun Luyu's remains to be unearthed and reburied with honours befitting her status as a princess. The Soushen Ji recorded an account as follows: [Sun Hao] wanted to have [Sun Luyu]'s remains unearthed and properly reburied, but the graves all looked the same and he could not tell which was hers. Some palace servants claimed they could remember the clothes she wore when she died, so [Sun Hao] ordered two shamans to separately summon her spirit and observe closely. After some time, the shamans saw a woman in her 30s dressed in purple and white, wearing a blue patterned headpiece and red silk shoes. She walked up the hill to the middle, placed her hands on her knees and sighed, and stopped there for a while before walking towards a grave. She wandered around the grave and disappeared suddenly. The descriptions given separately by the two shamans were very similar. When her coffin was opened, they saw that her appearance was exactly as described.See alsoLists of people of the Three KingdomsEastern Wu family trees#Sun QuanNotesPassage 2:Abd al-MuttalibShaiba ibn Hāshim (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000; c. 497–578), better known as \u0000Abd al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, lit. 'Servant of Muttalib') was the fourth chief of the Quraysh tribal confederation. He was the grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.Early lifeHis father was Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf,: 81 the progenitor of the distinguished Banu Hashim, a clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. They claimed descent from Ismā'īl and Ibrāhīm. His mother was Salma bint Amr, from the Banu Najjar, a clan of the Khazraj tribe in Yathrib (later called Madinah). Hashim died while doing business in Gaza, before Abd al-Muttalib was born.: 81 His real name was \"Shaiba\" meaning 'the ancient one' or 'white-haired' because of the streak of white through his jet-black hair, and is sometimes also called Shaybah al-\u0000amd (\"The white streak of praise\").: 81–82 After his father's death he was raised in Yathrib with his mother and her family until about the age of eight, when his uncle Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf went to see him and asked his mother Salmah to entrust Shaybah to his care. Salmah was unwilling to let her son go and Shaiba refused to leave his mother without her consent. Mu\u0000\u0000alib then pointed out that the possibilities Yathrib had to offer were incomparable to Mecca. Salmah was impressed with his arguments, so she agreed to let him go. Upon first arriving in Mecca, the people assumed the unknown child was Muttalib's servant and started calling him 'Abd al-Muttalib (\"servant of Muttalib\").: 85–86Chieftain of Hashim clanWhen Mu\u0000\u0000alib died, Shaiba succeeded him as the chief of the Hāshim clan. Following his uncle Al-Mu\u0000\u0000alib, he took over the duties of providing the pilgrims with food and water, and carried on the practices of his forefathers with his people. He attained such eminence as none of his forefathers enjoyed; his people loved him and his reputation was great among them.: 61 'Umar ibn Al-Kha\u0000\u0000āb's grandfather Nufayl ibn Abdul Uzza arbitrated in a dispute between 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib and \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, Abu Sufyan's father, over the custodianship of the Kaaba. Nufayl gave his verdict in favour of 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib. Addressing \u0000arb ibn Umayyah, he said:Why do you pick a quarrel with a person who is taller than you in stature; more imposing than you in appearance; more refined than you in intellect; whose progeny outnumbers yours and whose generosity outshines yours in lustre? Do not, however, construe this into any disparagement of your good qualities which I highly appreciate. You are as gentle as a lamb, you are renowned throughout Arabia for the stentorian tones of your voice, and you are an asset to your tribe.Discovery of Zam Zam Well'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib said that while sleeping in the sacred enclosure, he had dreamed he was ordered to dig at the worship place of the Quraysh between the two deities Isāf and Nā'ila. There he would find the Zamzam Well, which the Jurhum tribe had filled in when they left Mecca. The Quraysh tried to stop him digging in that spot, but his son Al-\u0000ārith stood guard until they gave up their protests. After three days of digging, 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib found traces of an ancient religious well and exclaimed, \"Allahuakbar!\" Some of the Quraysh disputed his claim to sole rights over water, then one of them suggested that they go to a female shaman who lived afar. It was said that she could summon jinns and that she could help them decide who was the owner of the well. So, 11 people from the 11 tribes went on the expedition. They had to cross the desert to meet the priestess but then they got lost. There was a lack of food and water and people started to lose hope of ever getting out. One of them suggested that they dig their own graves and if they died, the last person standing would bury the others. So all began digging their own graves and just as Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib started digging, water spewed out from the hole he dug and everyone became overjoyed. It was then and there decided that Abdul-Muttalib was the owner of the Zam Zam well. Thereafter he supplied pilgrims to the Kaaba with Zam Zam water, which soon eclipsed all the other wells in Mecca because it was considered sacred.: 86–89 : 62–65The Year of the ElephantAccording to Muslim tradition, the Ethiopian governor of Yemen, Abrahah al-Ashram, envied the Kaaba's reverence among the Arabs and, being a Christian, he built a cathedral on Sana'a and ordered pilgrimage be made there.: 21 The order was ignored and someone desecrated (some saying in the form of defecation: 696 note 35 ) the cathedral. Abrahah decided to avenge this act by demolishing the Kaaba and he advanced with an army towards Mecca.: 22–23 There were thirteen elephants in Abrahah's army: 99 : 26 and the year came to be known as 'Ām al-Fīl (the Year of the Elephant), beginning a trend for reckoning the years in Arabia which was used until 'Umar ibn Al-Kha\u0000\u0000āb replaced it with the Islamic Calendar in 638 CE (17 AH), with the first year of the Islamic Calendar being 622 CE.When news of the advance of Abrahah's army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinānah, Khuzā'ah and Hudhayl united in defence of the Kaaba. A man from the \u0000imyar tribe was sent by Abrahah to advise them that he only wished to demolish the Kaaba and if they resisted, they would be crushed. \"Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib told the Meccans to seek refuge in the nearest high hills while he, with some leading members of Quraysh, remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abrahah sent a dispatch inviting 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib to meet him and discuss matters. When 'Abdul-Mu\u0000\u0000alib left the meeting he was heard saying, \"The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure He will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonour the servants of His House.\": 24–26 It is recorded that when Abrahah's forces neared the Kaaba, Allah commanded small birds (abābīl) to destroy Abrahah's army, raining down pebbles on it from their beaks. Abrahah was seriously wounded and retreated towards Yemen but died on the way.: 26–27 This event is referred to in the following Qur'anic chapter:Have you not seen how your Lord dealt with the owners of the Elephant?Did He not make their treacherous plan go astray?And He sent against "}
{"doc_id":"doc_289","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Christopher LawfordChristopher Kennedy Lawford (March 29, 1955 – September 4, 2018) was an American author, actor, and activist. He was amember of the prominent Kennedy family, and son of English actor Peter Lawford and Patricia \"Pat\" Kennedy Lawford, who was a sister of President John F.Kennedy.  He graduated from Tufts University in 1977 and earned a Juris Doctor degree from Boston College in 1983. He later earned a master's certificate inClinical Psychology from Harvard University and was a lecturer on drug addiction.After struggling with addiction for 17 years, he became an actor, performing inseveral movies and television shows for over 20 years.  He wrote several books, based on his own experience, about addiction and recovery.  He also traveledaround the U.S. speaking about his experiences with addiction for 20 years, and was a public health campaigner, working with organizations like the World HealthOrganization (WHO) and the United Nations (UN), and for the U.S. federal government.Early life and educationLawford was born on March 29, 1955, at SaintJohn's Health Center in Santa Monica, California .  He was named for Saint Christopher and because his mother liked the name.: p. 1   He was the eldest child andonly son of actor and \"Rat Pack\" member Peter Lawford (1923–1984) and Patricia \"Pat\" Kennedy Lawford (1924–2006), who was President John F. Kennedy'ssister. His three younger sisters were Sydney Lawford McKelvy (born 1956), Victoria Pender (born 1958), and Robin Lawford (born 1961).  Lawford describedhimself as a \"second-string Kennedy\" because he did not get as much attention as his cousins.  His parents divorced in 1966; Patricia Lawford moved fromCalifornia to New York City with her son and daughters.Before his parents' divorce, Lawford attended St. Martin of Tours Elementary School in Los Angeles, whereat the age of 8, he was informed about his uncle John F. Kennedy's assassination.  After moving to New York City with his mother, he attended the MiddlesexSchool, a prep school in Concord, Massachusetts. He graduated from Tufts University in 1977 and earned a J.D. degree from Boston College Law School in1983.  He later earned a master's certificate in Clinical Psychology from Harvard University, and lectured on drug addiction at Harvard, Columbia University, andother colleges.Drug and legal issuesIn 1969, the year after his uncle Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated, when Lawford was 14, he was introduced to LSD by hispeers at school.: p. 110   He was addicted to alcohol, cocaine, uppers, downers, and \"any other drugs he could buy\" for the next 17 years.  During that time, hewas \"in and out of hospitals and arrested three times\", including in 1980,  for impersonating a doctor in Aspen, Colorado in order to purchase prescriptionmedication. The charges were later dropped when Lawford completed his probation.  In 2000, Lawford was diagnosed with hepatitis C, which he contracted due tohis years of drug use.Lawford briefly attended Fordham Law School, but dropped out after a few months due to his dependency on heroin.  In April 1984, thesame year his father Peter Lawford died at the age of 61, after years of alcohol and drug abuse, Lawford's cousin and best friend David Kennedy, and third oldestson of Robert Kennedy, who also battled substance abuse issues, died of a drug overdose at the age of 28. David's death prompted Lawford to seek professionalhelp for his issues.  In 1986, at the age of 30, Lawford entered rehab and got treatment for his drug addiction, and remained clean and sober until his death in2018.CareerActingLawford chose to become, like his father, an actor in the mid-1980s, after realizing that a law career would not suit him.  He performed incommercials in Boston for two years, and then he and his wife moved to Southern California in 1988 so that he could pursue an acting career.  He worked in filmand television for over 20 years.  His acting credits included the sitcom Frasier and the drama The O.C. .  In 2003, he had a brief stint on the soap opera GeneralHospital, but was best known for playing Philip “Charlie” Brent, Jr. on All My Children from 1992 to 1995.Lawford had small roles in films such as The RussiaHouse, a 1990 spy thriller co-starring Michelle Pfeiffer and Sean Connery, and the 1991 rock-music film The Doors, which was directed by Oliver Stone.  Lawfordplayed a Navy officer in the 2000 film Thirteen Days, a drama about the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis.  In 1997, Lawford had a role in the independent comedy KissMe Guido as the gay lover of the main character.  He also had a small role in Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines, co-starring Arnold Schwarzenegger, whodirected Lawford in a 1990 episode of the HBO anthology series Tales from the Crypt (\"The Switch\") and was married to Lawford's cousin Maria Shriver at thetime.  In 2005, Lawford appeared in the motorcycle racing film The World's Fastest Indian, co-starring Anthony Hopkins.WritingLawford wrote several books \"thatdescribed his efforts to recover from drug addiction\".  In 2005, he published his memoir, Symptoms of Withdrawal, in which he recounted decades of \"betterliving through chemistry\".  In 2009, he wrote Moments of Clarity, a compilation of first-person recollections by famous addicts, including Ed Begley, Jr., AlecBaldwin, Buzz Aldrin, Richard Dreyfuss, Martin Sheen, Judy Collins, and musician and federal prisoner Dejuan Verrett.  The book was dedicated to Lawford'scousin David Kennedy, and another cousin, Patrick J. Kennedy, wrote the introduction.  Lawford told interviewer Connie Martinson that although writing Momentsof Clarity was \"difficult\" and he did not want to do it, the book was \"meant to happen\".In 2013, Lawford published Recover to Live: Kick Any Habit, Manage AnyAddiction, in which he interviewed 100 addiction specialists and described treatments for alcohol and drug dependence, gambling, sex and porn, eating disorders,smoking, and hoarding.  In 2014, he published What Addicts Know: 10 Lessons From Recovery To Benefit Everyone; Dr. Drew Pinsky wrote theforeword.  Lawford's final book about addiction and recovery was 2016's When Your Partner Has an Addiction, \"a how-to manual for people who want to stay withtheir addicted partners\", which he co-authored with psychotherapist Beverly Engel.Lawford also wrote a book about dealing with hepatitis C, called HealingHepatitis C, which he co-wrote with Diana Sylvestre in 2009.ActivismLawford traveled around the U.S. speaking about his experiences with addiction for 20years.  He was a public health campaigner, and worked with the World Health Organization (WHO), the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy, andthe Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, and was a public advocacy consultant to Caron Treatment Centers, an organization that ran treatment programs.  In2001, Lawford founded and was CEO of the Global Recovery Initiative, a not-for-profit organization that \"seeks to remove barriers and provide opportunities forpeople in recovery\".Lawford also worked with the United Nations (UN).  In March 2010, he traveled to Ukraine on behalf of the UN, to participate in a discussionwith health officials and advocates about \"issues related to hepatitis C (Hep C) prevention in Ukraine\", and to raise awareness.  In 2011, was named a GoodwillAmbassador on Drug Dependence Treatment and Care, in 2012, was involved in a campaign against opiate use in Afghanistan, and served on the UN's Office onDrugs and Crime.  His cousin, former Rhode Island congressman Patrick J. Kennedy, said about Lawford: \"Chris was one of those people who had a way of tellingstories that lifted people’s perceptions and judgments of those who suffer from the disease of addiction\".Personal lifeMarriages and childrenLawford was marriedand divorced three times.  He had three children, David Christopher Kennedy Lawford (named after his cousin David Kennedy),: pp. 319–320 Savannah RoseLawford, and Matthew Peter Valentine Lawford with his first wife Jeannie Olsson, an ad-sales assistant for New York Magazine.  They divorced in 2000.  In 2005,he married Russian actress Lana Antonova; they divorced in 2009.  In 2014, Lawford married yoga instructor Mercedes Miller in Hawaii.  At the time of his deathin 2018, he had been in a relationship with his girlfriend Kyla Resch since August 2017.DeathOn September 4, 2018, Lawford died of a heart attack in Vancouver,British Columbia, where he was living with his girlfriend and working to open a recovery center.  He had a medical emergency at a yoga studio and laterdied.  Patrick Kennedy told the Associated Press that Lawford had been doing \"hot yoga, which he did often, but the strain of it 'must have been too much for himat that point'\".  Lawford's cousins Maria Shriver, Patrick Kennedy, and Kerry Kennedy took to Twitter after his death, honoring Lawford's work in the recoverycommunity.FilmographyFilmTelevisionBibliographySymptoms of Withdrawal: A Memoir of Snapshots and Redemption, 2005Healing Hepatitis C, 2009Moments ofClarity: Voices from the Front Lines of Addiction and Recovery, 2009Recover to Live: Kick Any Habit, Manage Any Addiction, 2013What Addicts Know: 10 Lessonsfrom Recovery to Benefit Everyone, 2014See alsoKennedy family treeKennedy cursePassage 2:Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.Joseph Patrick Kennedy (September 6, 1888– November 18, 1969) was an American businessman, investor, philanthropist, and politician. He is known for his own political prominence as well as that of hischildren and was the patriarch of the Irish-American Kennedy family, which included President John F. Kennedy, U.S. Attorney General and Senator Robert F.Kennedy, and longtime Senator Ted Kennedy.Kennedy was born into a political family in East Boston, Massachusetts. He made a large fortune as a stock marketand commodity investor and later invested his profits in real estate and a wide range of businesses across the United States. During World War I, he was anassistant general manager of a Boston area Bethlehem Steel shipyard; through that position, he became acquainted with Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was theAssistant Secretary of the Navy. In the 1920s, Kennedy made huge profits by reorganizing and refinancing several Hollywood studios; several acquisitions wereultimately merged into Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO) Studios. Kennedy increased his fortune with distribution rights for Scotch whisky. He owned the largestprivately owned building in the country, Chicago's Merchandise Mart.Kennedy was a leading member of the Democratic Party and of the Irish Catholic community.President Roosevelt appointed Kennedy to be the first chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which he led from 1934 to 1935. Kennedylater directed the Maritime Commission. Kennedy served as the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1938 to late 1940. With the outbreak ofWorld War II in September 1939, Kennedy was pessimistic about Britain's ability to survive attacks from Nazi Germany. During the Battle of Britain in November1940, Kennedy publicly suggested, \"Democracy is finished in England. It may be here [in the United States].\" After a controversy regarding this statement,Kennedy resigned his position.Kennedy was married to Rose Fitzgerald and had nine children. During his later life, he was heavily involved in the political careers"}
{"doc_id":"doc_290","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Shari RomanShari Roman is an American artist, author, screenwriter and director.BiographyOriginally commissioned by John Pierson for hisIndependent Film Channel (USA) program  Split Screen, Roman's first short film, Lars from 1-10 about Danish Dogme film maker Lars von Trier won a slot at theSundance Film Festival in 1999 and went on to screen at Edinburgh, London, Los Angeles, Tokyo, NYC's Museum of Modern Art, on television and in cinemasworldwide. She has directed a series of shorts, pop promos and additional docs  on filmmakers, including British director Mike Figgis and cinematographerAnthony Dod Mantle.  Along with the four original Dogme films; \"Celebration,\" \"The Idiots,\" \"Mifune\" and \"The King is Alive,\"  two of her short films were selectedfor 2005's  official Dogme' 95 DVD collection, celebrating the 10th anniversary of von Trier's filmmaking manifesto. She was named one of the \"Top 25 New FacesIn Independent Film\" by Filmmaker Magazine.Her book on approaches to new cinema, Digital Babylon: Hollywood, Indiewood and Dogme '95 was published in2001 by Lone Eagle Publishing, and reissued by HCD/The Hollywood Reporter in 2003 and 2007.  Her essay on von Trier, The Man Who Would Be Dogme, waspublished in the 2003 collection, Lars von Trier: Interviews by the University Press of Mississippi, as part of their Conversations with Filmmakers Series. Herfiction has appeared in Veneer Magazine,  writings on cinema, music and art have been seen in numerous publications, including British Vogue, Mojo, TheGuardian, The Independent and Time Out London. For the cover of Filmmaker Magazine (USA) she wrote The Genius of the System, a profile of multi-media artistMatthew Barney under a National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) grant.MiscellaneousShe 'sings' on Greg Weeks's 2008 solo album.DeathOn October 4, 2009,Filmmaker Magazine reported that Shari Roman had died on September 9, 2009 at Mt. Sinai Hospital in New York after a brief illness.See alsoThe SpotPassage2:Stately Wayne ManorErnie Santilli is an American writer, musician and performer better known under the pen name of Stately Wayne Manor. He is best knownfor his participation in professional wrestling as the longtime magazine columnist for Power Slam and Wrestling World.CareerMusicSelf-taught, Manor becamecompetent in songwriting, synthesizer, drum set and related percussion instruments, harmonica, vocals and electric bass. He performed in a public demonstrationwith synthesizer inventor Dr. Robert Moog. He also wrote three articles for Modern Drummer magazine.Stately is one of the \"Sigma Kids,\" a group of eleven(among dozens) of David Bowie devotees who kept a ten-day vigil outside the studio and band's hotel during the recording of Young Americans rewardedafterwards with an exclusive listening party hosted by Bowie, as documented in Rolling Stone magazine.  In 2007, a special CD/DVD re-release of the albumfeatures Manor visible in four photos in the enclosed booklet.  Photos from the event also appear in books about Bowie and the original supermodel, Gia, as wellas on the SWM website ‘Photos’ archive.  The May 2014 issue of Britain's Mojo magazine, in an article chronicling the YA sessions, featured two photos from saidbooklet, including a never-before-released color version of one, capturing Stately in the foreground. The same photo ran in the September 2016 editing of WaxPoetics magazine. Inspired by the Sigma experience, Manor assembled a short-lived band, recruiting bassist Gail Ann Dorsey.In the latter half of the Seventies,Stately became deeply immersed in the emerging punk rock music scene.  He was a regular and occasional performer at Philadelphia's Hot Club and frequentedNYC venues such as CBGB and Max's Kansas City, regularly sleeping on the couch of future recording-engineer superstar Bob Clearmountain while in New York.Manor was also slated to drum behind former Sex Pistol Sid Vicious on the Philly date of the latter's aborted \"solo tour.\"  Additionally, he wrote the liner notes forthe aborted Cheetah Chrome debut solo album on Polish Records.  (Stately did receive a 'Thank You' on that label's release \"Siren\" by RonnieSpector.)Professional wrestlingManor later regained interest in a childhood hobby, professional wrestling, and was particularly drawn towards the \"heel\" (‘badguy’) characters.Manor eventually broke into the sport as a feature writer in 1984 and, in 1986, as a pro-heel columnist for Wrestling World magazine. Manorexpanded into color commentating, managing grapplers, performing in-ring skits and ghostwriting wisecracks for the performers. Manor was a color commentatorfor the ECW promotion (in their pre-Extreme days).  He is also the first American magazine writer to give international exposure to Sabu, Rey Misterio, SeanWaltman, John Cena, Sandman and Victoria/Tara (Lisa Marie Varon).During 1993, in the midst of his 17-year Wrestling World’ employment, Manor debuted asecond villain-praising column in the British Power Slam. The combined consecutive tenures makes Manor the longest-running magazine columnist in prowrestling history.Other mediaPrintStately takes on the general public via ‘’On Manor's Mind’’ rants for the alternative set, and rages about inane celebrities in hisSNAPS—Suckas Needing A Pimp Slap—Of The Month column.A lifelong fan of obscure so-bad-they're-good films, Stately also authors ‘’Manor On Movies’’, anaffectionate homage to the genre, and one of the earliest columns of its kind still regularly published.  It is available in hard copy and on a few websites besidesits own, e.g. The Spinning Image.  His long-term side project is a book dedicated to the horror/sci-fi end of what Manor has dubbed \"junkfilms.\"Other journalsthat have carried Stately's work, under the Manor moniker or otherwise, include Inside Karate, Video Review, People (Australia), Filmfax, Tuber’s Voice (theoriginators of the term ‘couch potato’), Comic Release, Carbon 14, and Brutarian, to name a few.  In addition, he has repeatedly scored ‘Dishonorable Mention’ inthe annual international Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest, where the challenge is to compose the worst possible opening line for a novel.Radio and televisionIncharacter, Manor has guested on radio programs throughout the US and Canada, including morning drive time shows in Philadelphia and New York City.Manorwas once booked on Sneak Previews Goes Video—an Eighties reworking of the popular movie-review program—to discuss wrestling videos, but the segment wasred-lighted by PBS executives who considered the subject matter \"too lowbrow.\"VideoStately can be heard providing color commentary on two volumes from thePro Wrestling From Japan series, Bam Bam Bigelow And Friends, and Bruiser Brody Memorial, both featuring the American stars as they toured with the NewJapan Pro-Wrestling promotion in the late Eighties.  A few tapes of his work with primordial ECW were briefly marketed, as well. In July 2019 WWE Network madesome of these extremely early ECW matches available in their Hidden Gems section.Passage 3:Schloss Hausen (Oberaula)Schloss Hausen is a German castle andstately home in Oberaula.Passage 4:LacordaireLacordaire is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:Jean Théodore Lacordaire (1801–1870), BelgianentomologistJean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire (1802–1861), French preacherSee alsoColegio LacordaireLacordaire AcademyPassage 5:ThibilisThibilis (a.k.a. Tibilis)was a Roman and Byzantine era town in what was Numidia but is today northeast Algeria. The site has extensive Roman and Byzantine ruins.HistoryThenumerous Latin inscriptions discovered on the site of Thibilis provided indications on the status and magistrates of this city: during the Early Empire, Thibilis wasfirst a pagus dependent on the Cirtaian confederacy which united Cirta, Rusicade, Chullu and Milève. Enjoying a certain autonomy, the city was administered bytwo magistri of annual mandate, assisted by one or two aediles.During the reigns of Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius, notables of Thibilis gained the highestoffice of the Imperial administration, Quintus Antistius Adventus Aquilinus Postumus, consul suffect about 167, and his son Lucius Antistius Burrus, son-in-law ofMarcus Aurelius And consul in 181.Thibilis gained the rank of municipality headed by two duumviri  between 260  and 268  which corresponds to the periodestimated for the dissolution of the confederacy.Local cults included flamen Augusti for imperial worship and Saturni (priest of Saturn) and a local deity, Bacaxand Magna Mater deorum Idaea, the Great Mother of the Gods.See alsoList of cultural assets of AlgeriaPassage 6:Roman and the Four StepsRoman and the FourSteps was a popular band in Hong Kong in the 1960s. Roman formed the band drawing inspirations from The Beatles.CareerThe band was noteworthy for singingin English and often singing British and American songs.  Roman Tam would eventually leave the band and enter the cantopop genre solo where he wouldeventually be labelled the \"Godfather of Cantopop\" after his death.DiscographyReflections of Charlie Brown b/w I Just Can't Wait (1967)Day Dream b/w CathyCome Home (1969)Passage 7:DugèsDugès is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:Antoine Louis Dugès (1797–1838), French obstetrician andnaturalistAlfredo Dugès (1826–1910), French-born Mexican physician and naturalist, son of AntoineMarie Jonet Dugès (1730–1797), French midwifePassage8:Ćiro TruhelkaĆiro Truhelka (2 February 1865 – 18 September 1942) was a Croatian archeologist, historian and art historian who devoted much of hisprofessional life to the study of the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He wrote about prehistoric, Roman and medieval findings, Turkish documents, Stećci,Roman and medieval money, and bosančica. He was also engaged in albanology. In addition, he was the first curator of the National Museum of Bosnia andHerzegovina.Early life and educationĆiro Truhelka was born on 2 February 1865 in Osijek to Antun Vjenceslav and Marija (née Schön) Truhelka. His father was ofCzech and mother of German origin. He finished elementary school in Osijek after which he enrolled in high school that he eventually finished in Zagreb where hemoved after his father's death along with his mother and siblings, Dragoš and Jagoda Truhelka. In youth, he showed interest in painting and technical sciences,but because of his family's poor financial situation, he opted for the study of philosophy at the University of Zagreb which lasted three years. He chose art historyand history as main subjects. He received his doctorate in 1885 with the dissertation \"Andrija Medulić: His Life and Work\".Professional careerAs a student,Truhelka worked with Izidor Kršnjavi at the Strossmayer Gallery of Old Masters and made institutions' first catalog (1885). In 1886, he became secretary of theMuseum Society for Bosnia and Herzegovina and the first curator of the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina. His task was preparing Museum's opening in1888. He was only 21 years old when he came to Sarajevo in which he lived for 40 years. In the  Museum, he managed the ethnographic, prehistoric, andmedieval collections, but as there were not many experts, he cared for all museum collections except those from the field of natural sciences. As a curator,"}
{"doc_id":"doc_291","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Henry Moore (cricketer)Henry Walter Moore (1849 – 20 August 1916) was an English-born first-class cricketer who spent most of his life in NewZealand.Life and familyHenry Moore was born in Cranbrook, Kent, in 1849. He was the son of the Reverend Edward Moore and Lady Harriet Janet SarahMontagu-Scott, who was one of the daughters of the 4th Duke of Buccleuch. One of his brothers, Arthur, became an admiral and was knighted. Their greatgrandfather was John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1783 to 1805. One of their sisters was a maid of honour to Queen Victoria.Moore went to NewZealand in the 1870s and lived in Geraldine and Christchurch. He married Henrietta Lysaght of Hāwera in November 1879, and they had one son. In May 1884she died a few days after giving birth to a daughter, who also died.In 1886 Moore became a Justice of the Peace in Geraldine. In 1897 he married Alice Fish ofGeraldine. They moved to England four years before his death in 1916.Cricket careerMoore was a right-handed middle-order batsman. In consecutive seasons,1876–77 and 1877–78, playing for Canterbury, he made the highest score in the short New Zealand first-class season: 76 and 75 respectively. His 76 came in hisfirst match for Canterbury, against Otago. He went to the wicket early on the first day with the score at 7 for 2 and put on 99 for the third wicket with CharlesCorfe before he was out with the score at 106 for 3 after a \"very fine exhibition of free hitting, combined with good defence\". Canterbury were all out for 133, butwent on to win the match. His 75 came in the next season's match against Otago, when he took the score from 22 for 2 to 136 for 6. The New Zealand crickethistorian Tom Reese said, \"Right from the beginning he smote the bowling hip and thigh, going out of his ground to indulge in some forceful driving.\" Canterburywon again.Moore led the batting averages in the Canterbury Cricket Association in 1877–78 with 379 runs at an average of 34.4. Also in 1877–78, he was amember of the Canterbury team that inflicted the only defeat on the touring Australians. In 1896–97, at the age of 47, he top-scored in each innings for a SouthCanterbury XVIII against the touring Queensland cricket team.Passage 2:Wale AdebanwiWale Adebanwi (born 1969) is a Nigerian-born first Black RhodesProfessor at St Antony's College, Oxford where he was, until June 2021, a Professor of Race Relations, and the Director of the African Studies Centre, School ofInterdisciplinary Area Studies, and a Governing Board Fellow. He is currently a Presidential Penn Compact Professor of Africana Studies at the University ofPennsylvania. Adebanwi's research focuses on a range of topics in the areas of social change, nationalism and ethnicity, race relations, identity politics, elites andcultural politics, democratic process, newspaper press and spatial politics in Africa.Education backgroundWale Adebanwi graduated with a first degree in MassCommunication from the University of Lagos, and later earned his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Ibadan. He also has an MPhil. and aPh.D. in Social Anthropology from the University of Cambridge.CareerAdebanwi worked as a freelance reporter, writer, journalist and editor for many newspapersand magazines before he joined the University of Ibadan's Department of Political Science as a lecturer and researcher. He was later appointed as an assistantprofessor in the African American and African Studies Department of the University of California, Davis, USA. He became a full professor at UC Davis in2016.Adebanwi is the co-editor of Africa: Journal of the International African Institute and the Journal of Contemporary African Studies.WorksHis published worksinclude:Nation as Grand Narrative: The Nigerian Press and the Politics of Meaning (University of Rochester Press, 2016)Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria:Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency (Cambridge University Press, 2014)Authority Stealing: Anti-corruption War and Democratic Politics in Post-MilitaryNigeria (Carolina Academic Press, 2012)In addition, he is the editor and co-editor of other books, including.The Political Economy of Everyday Life in Africa:Beyond the Margins (James Currey Publishers, 2017)Writers and Social Thought in Africa (Routledge, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Governance andthe Crisis of Rule in Contemporary Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: CriticalInterpretations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).(co-edited with Ebenezer Obadare) Nigeria at Fifty: The Nation in Narration (Routledge, 2012)(co-edited withEbenezer Obadare) Encountering the Nigerian State (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).AwardsRhodes Professorship in Race Relations awarded by Oxford University toFaculty of African and Interdisciplinary Area Studies.Passage 3:Milton RosmerMilton Rosmer (4 November 1881 – 7 December 1971) was a British actor, filmdirector and screenwriter. He made his screen debut in The Mystery of a Hansom Cab (1915) and continued to act in theatre, film and television until 1956. In1926 he directed his first film The Woman Juror and went on to direct another 16 films between 1926 and 1938.He began his acting career as a stage actor andappeared as Francis Tresham in \"The Breed of the Treshams\" (1903) opposite John Martin-Harvey.Milton Rosmer died in Chesham, Buckinghamshire in1971.Partial filmographyActorScreenwriterBalaclava (1928)DirectorThe Perfect Lady (1931)P.C. Josser (1931)Many Waters (1931)After the Ball (1932)ChannelCrossing (1933)The Secret of the Loch (1934)What Happened to Harkness? (1934)Emil and the Detectives (1935)Everything Is Thunder (1936)The Great Barrier(1937)The Challenge (1938)Passage 4:Maria Marten, or The Murder in the Red BarnMaria Marten, or The Murder in the Red Barn is a 1935 British film melodramafilm starring Tod Slaughter and Eric Portman. It was directed by Milton Rosmer. It is based on the true story of the 1827 Red Barn Murder where a 25 year oldmother is shot dead by her lover (Squire William Corder) and her stepmother claims to have dreamt of the murder the night of the event, before the youngwoman's body was discovered. The film is also known as Murder in the Red Barn (short UK title).The film is based on the popular 19th-century melodramas aboutthe case and is highly theatrical, with an opening in which all the characters are introduced by a Master of Ceremonies in front of a painted backdrop, but is alsoslightly more lavishly produced and cinematically inventive than the later films directed by Tod Slaughter's producer George King. Slaughter gives a full-throatedover-the-top performance in a calculatedly melodramatic style, encouraging the audience to vicariously share in his villainy; this approach became his trademarkand gives his films a cult status of their own peculiar kind.PlotWilliam Corder seduces then murders innocent country maiden Maria Marten in the red barn beforeburying her body beneath the barn floor. She gets murdered because she becomes pregnant and too annoying for William. Her gypsy lover Carlos is hunted downas a suspect, but brings Corder to justice.CastTod Slaughter as Squire William CorderSophie Stewart as Maria MartenD. J. Williams as Farmer Thomas MartenEricPortman as Carlos, the gypsyClare Greet as Mrs. MartenGerard Tyrell as Timothy WinterbottomAnn Trevor as Nan, the maidStella Rho as Gypsey CroneDennisHoey as Gambling WinnerQuentin McPhearson as Matthew SennettAntonia Brough as Maud SennettNoel Dainton as Officer Steele of the Bow StreetRunnersExternal linksMaria Marten, or The Murder in the Red Barn at IMDbPassage 5:Maria Marten (1928 film)Maria Marten is a 1928 British silent drama filmdirected by Walter West starring Trilby Clark, Warwick Ward and Dora Barton. It is based on the real story of the Red Barn Murder in the 1820s, and is one of fivefilm versions of the events. The film shifted the action to fifty years earlier to the height of the Georgian era. This was the last of the silent film adaptations of theMaria Marten story, and its success paved the way for the much better 1935 sound film remake starring Tod Slaughter. A 35mm print of the 1928 silent filmexists in the British Film Institute's archives.PlotWhen his secret lover Maria Marten tells him she is pregnant with his child and asks him to marry her, thevillainous Squire Corder murders her and buries her body in the red barn. The dead woman's ghost later visits her mother in a dream, and leads her to find herdaughter's body, incriminating the squire.CastTrilby Clark as Maria MartenWarwick Ward as Squire William CorderDora BartonJames Knight as CarlosCharlesAshton as Sam GilesVesta Sylva as Ann MartenFrank Perfitt as John MartenMargot Armand as Lady Maud DerringhamJudd Green as William GilesTom Morris asIshmaelChili BouchierPassage 6:Viva Knievel!Viva Knievel! is a 1977 American action film directed by Gordon Douglas and starring Evel Knievel (as himself), GeneKelly and Lauren Hutton, with an ensemble supporting cast including Red Buttons, Leslie Nielsen, Cameron Mitchell, Frank Gifford, Dabney Coleman and MarjoeGortner.PlotDaredevil motorcycle rider Evel Knievel stars as himself in this fictional story. The film opens with  Knievel sneaking into an orphanage late at night todeliver presents: Evel Knievel action figures. One of the boys casts away his crutches, telling Knievel that he'll walk after his accident just as Knievel had.Knievelthen prepares for another of his stunt jumps. We are introduced to his alcoholic mechanic Will Atkins (Gene Kelly), who was a former stunt rider himself before hiswife died, driving him to drink. While signing autographs, Knievel is ambushed by photojournalist Kate Morgan (Lauren Hutton), who has been sent to photographthe jump: if Knievel is killed, it will be a great story.As it happens, Evel does crash while attempting the stunt, and though badly injured, survives. He beratesMorgan, announces his retirement, and is taken to the hospital.While rehabilitating, Knievel resists all attempts to get back on the horse, including those fromJessie (Marjoe Gortner), a former protégé with mysterious backers who want Evel to do a jump in Mexico. Eventually, though, Knievel relents and agrees.Asubplot develops when Will's estranged son Tommy shows up from boarding school, and asks to join the tour. Will, who is reminded of his dead wife, is cold toTommy, leaving Knievel to show the boy kindness. Likewise, Kate reappears, apologetic for her previous motives, and now wishes that he will never stopjumping.Meanwhile, Jessie's benefactor is revealed: drug lord Stanley Millard (Leslie Nielsen). Millard (without Jessie's knowledge) plans to cause a fatal accidentduring the jump. He will then have Knievel's body transported back to America in an exact duplicate of the tour trailer, but one that has a massive supply of drugshidden in the walls.Will, however, stumbles onto the plot, is drugged, and sent to a psychiatric ward under the control of the corrupt Ralph Thompson (DabneyColeman) to prevent him from spilling the beans. Evel sneaks into the ward late at night when Will has dried out, but all Will can remember is that someoneknocked him out. Knievel leaves him there to keep whoever is behind the plot in the dark.As Knievel prepares for the jump (down a massive ramp and over a fire"}
{"doc_id":"doc_292","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ma che freddo fa\"Ma che freddo fa\" is a 1969 song composed by Claudio Mattone (music) and Franco Migliacci (lyrics).  The song premiered at the 19th edition of the Sanremo Music Festival with a double performance of Nada and The Rokes, placing at the fifth place. The first verses include a citation of Donovan's \" Laléna\". Nada's version was a massive success, selling about one million copies, mainly in the Italian and Spanish markets.The song was later covered by numerous artists, including Mina, Giusy Ferreri, Renzo Arbore, Piccola Orchestra Avion Travel, and, with the title \"Et pourtant j'ai froid\", Dalida.Track listingNada version7\" single - TL 19\"Ma che freddo fa\" (Claudio Mattone, Franco Migliacci)\"Una rondine bianca\" (Claudio Mattone)The Rokes version7\" single - AN 4172\"Ma che freddo fa\" (Claudio Mattone, Franco Migliacci)\"Per te, per me\" (Shel Shapiro, Franco Migliacci)CertificationsPassage 2:Walter Robinson (composer)Walter Robinson is an American composer of the late 20th century. He is most notable for his 1977 song Harriet Tubman, which has been recorded by folk musicians such as Holly Near, John McCutcheon, and others.  He is also the composer of several operas.Passage 3:Xu ShaofaXu Shaofa (Hsu Shao-Fa) (born 1947), is a male former international table tennis player from China.Table tennis careerHe won a gold medal at the 1975 World Table Tennis Championships  with Li Zhenshi, Liang Geliang, Lu Yuansheng and Li Peng as part of the Chinese team. In addition he won a silver medal in 1973.See alsoList of table tennis playersList of World Table Tennis Championships medalistsPassage 4:Alonso MudarraAlonso Mudarra (c. 1510 – April 1, 1580) was a Spanish composer of the Renaissance, and also played the vihuela, a guitar-shaped string instrument.  He was an innovative composer of instrumental music as well as songs, and was the composer of the earliest surviving music for the guitar.BiographyThe place of his birth is not recorded, but he grew up in Guadalajara, and probably received his musical training there.  He most likely went to Italy in 1529 with Charles V, in the company of the fourth Duke of the Infantado, Íñigo López de Mendoza, marqués de Santillana.  When he returned to Spain he became a priest, receiving the post of canon at the cathedral in Seville in 1546, where he remained for the rest of his life.  While at the cathedral, he directed all of the musical activities; many records remain of his musical activities there, which included hiring instrumentalists, buying and assembling a new organ, and working closely with composer Francisco Guerrero for various festivities.  Mudarra died in Seville, and his sizable fortune was distributed to the poor of the city according to his will.Mudarra wrote numerous pieces for the vihuela and the four-course guitar, all contained in the collection Tres libros de musica en cifras para vihuela (\"Three books of music in numbers for vihuela\"), which he published on December 7, 1546 in Seville.  These three books contain the first music ever published for the four-course guitar, which was then a relatively new instrument. The second book is noteworthy in that it contains eight multi-movement works, all arranged by \"tono\", or mode.Compositions represented in this publication include fantasias, variations (including a set on La Folia), tientos, pavanes and galliards, and songs. Modern listeners are probably most familiar with his Fantasia X, which has been a concert and recording mainstay for many years.   The songs are in Latin, Spanish and Italian, and include romances, canciones (songs), villancicos, (popular songs) and sonetos (sonnets).  Another innovation was the use of different signs for different tempos:  slow, medium, and fast.References and further readingJohn Griffiths: \"Alonso Mudarra\", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed March 24, 2005), (subscription access)Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.  ISBN 0-393-09530-4Guitar Music of the Sixteenth Century, Mel Bay Publications (transcribed by Keith Calmes)The Eight Masterpieces of Alonso Mudarra, Mel Bay Publications (transcribed by Keith Calmes)Fantasia VI in hypermedia (Shockwave Player required) at the BinAural Collaborative HypertextJacob Heringman and Catherine King: \"Alonso Mudarra songs and solos\". Magnatune.com (http://www.magnatune.com/artists/albums/heringman-mudarra/hifi_play)External linksFree scores by Alonso Mudarra in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)Free scores by Alonso Mudarra at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)Passage 5:Wang Chien-faWang Chien-fa (Chinese: \u0000\u0000\u0000; pinyin: Wáng Qiánfā; born 19 March 1949) is a politician in Taiwan. He was the Magistrate of Penghu County from 20 December 2005 until 25 December 2014.EducationWang obtained his bachelor's degree from the Department of Public Administration at National Open University.Penghu County Magistrate2005 Penghu County Magistracy electionWang was elected Magistrate of Penghu County as the Kuomintang candidate on 3 December 2005 and assumed office on 20 December 2005.2009 Penghu County Magistracy electionWang was reelected for a second term on 5 December 2009.See alsoPenghu County GovernmentPassage 6:Alexander CourageAlexander Mair Courage Jr. (December 10, 1919 – May 15, 2008) familiarly known as \"Sandy\" Courage, was an American orchestrator, arranger, and composer of music, primarily for television and film. He is best known as the composer of the theme music for the original Star Trek series.Early lifeCourage was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He received a music degree from the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, New York, in 1941. He served in the United States Army Air Forces in the western United States during the Second World War. During that period, he also found the time to compose music for the radio. His credits in this medium include the programs Adventures of Sam Spade Detective, Broadway Is My Beat, Hollywood Soundstage, and Romance.CareerCourage began as an orchestrator and arranger at MGM studios, which included work in such films as the 1951 Show Boat (\"Life Upon the Wicked Stage\" number); Hot Rod Rumble (1957 film); The Band Wagon (\"I Guess I'll Have to Change My Plan\"); Gigi (the can-can for the entrance of patrons at Maxim's); and the barn raising dance from Seven Brides for Seven Brothers.He frequently served as an orchestrator on films scored by André Previn (My Fair Lady, \"The Circus is a Wacky World\", and \"You're Gonna Hear from Me\" production numbers for Inside Daisy Clover), Adolph Deutsch (Funny Face, Some Like It Hot), John Williams (The Poseidon Adventure, Superman, Jurassic Park, and the Academy Award-nominated musical films Fiddler on the Roof and Tom Sawyer), and Jerry Goldsmith (Rudy, Mulan, The Mummy, et al.).  He also arranged the Leslie Bricusse score (along with Lionel Newman) for Doctor Dolittle (1967).Apart from his work as a respected orchestrator, Courage also contributed original dramatic scores to films, including two westerns: Arthur Penn's The Left Handed Gun (1958) and André de Toth's Day of the Outlaw (1959), and the Connie Francis comedy Follow the Boys (1963). He continued writing music for movies throughout the 1980s and 1990s, including the score for Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987), which incorporated three new musical themes by John Williams in addition to Courage's adapted and original cues for the film. Courage's score for Superman IV: The Quest for Peace was released on CD in early 2008 by the Film Music Monthly company as part of its boxed set Superman - The Music, while La-La Land Records released a fully expanded restoration of the score on May 8, 2018, as part of Superman's 80th anniversary.Courage also worked as a composer on such television shows as Daniel Boone, The Brothers Brannagan, Lost in Space, Eight Is Enough, and Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea. Judd, for the Defense, Young Dr. Kildare and The Brothers Brannagan were the only television series besides Star Trek for which he composed the main theme.The composer Jerry Goldsmith and Courage teamed on the long-running television show The Waltons in which Goldsmith composed the theme and Courage the Aaron Copland-influenced incidental music. In 1988, Courage won an Emmy Award for his music direction on the special Julie Andrews: The Sound of Christmas.  In the 1990s, Courage succeeded Arthur Morton as Goldsmith's primary orchestrator.Courage and Goldsmith collaborated again on orchestrations for Goldsmith's score for the 1997 film \"The Edge.\"Courage frequently collaborated with John Williams during the latter's tenure with the Boston Pops Orchestra.FamilyAt the age of 35, Courage married Mareile Beate Odlum on October 6, 1955.Mareile, born in Germany, was the daughter of Rudolf Wolff and Elisabeth Loechelt. After Wolff's suicide Elisabeth married Carl Wilhelm Richard Hülsenbeck, renowned for his involvement in the Dada movement in Europe. Hülsenbeck brought his wife (Elisabeth), son (Tom) and step-daughter (Mareile) to the United States in 1938 to avoid the political situation rapidly developing in Europe. After arriving in the US he changed his last name to Hulbeck.Mareile's marriage to Courage was her third. Her second marriage was to Bruce Odlum (son of financier Floyd Odlum) in 1944. That union produced two sons, Christopher (1947) and Brian (1949). When Courage married Mareile he accepted the responsibility of acting stepfather to them. The family originally lived together on Erskine Dr. in Pacific Palisades, but later moved to a mountainside home on Beverly Crest Drive in Beverly Hills.Aside from his musical abilities Courage was also an avid and accomplished photographer. He took many dramatic photos of bullfights and auto racing. He was a racing enthusiast, and his interest in that sport and photography brought him into contact with many racing personalities of the era, notably Phil Hill and Stirling Moss, both of whom he considered friends. Moss paid at least one social visit to the Erskine residence.Though a dedicated stepfather to Christopher and Brian, Courage's musical career took precedence over his familial responsibilities. He sought to interest his step-children in music, and was responsible for arranging Brian's first musical lessons, on alto saxophone. Later in life Brian became a composer of serious electronic music, though the vocation was not apparent during his childhood, as he was a poor saxophone student.Alexander and Mareile were divorced April 1, 1963. Courage subsequently married Kristin M. Zethren on July 14, 1967. That marriage also ended in divorce in 1972.Star Trek themeCourage is best known for writing the theme music for the original Star Trek series, and other music for that series. Courage was hired by Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry to score the original series at Jerry Goldsmith's suggestion, after Goldsmith turned down the job.  Courage went on to score incidental music for episodes \"The Man Trap\" and \"The Naked Time\" and some cues for \"Mudd's Women.\"Courage reportedly became alienated from Roddenberry when Roddenberry claimed half of the theme music royalties. Roddenberry wrote words for Courage's theme, not because he expected the lyrics to be sung on television, but so that he (Roddenberry) could receive "}
{"doc_id":"doc_293","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Eleanor of Aragon, Countess of ToulouseEleanor of Aragon, Countess of Toulouse (1182–1226) was a daughter of King Alfonso II of Aragon and Sanchaof Castile.She married Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse.LifeAccording to the Ex Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium, she was the second daughter and fourth of ninechildren of the troubadour king, Alfonso II of Aragon and his wife Sancha of Castile. She had for older brothers Pierre II the Catholic and Alphonse II, Count ofProvence and Forcalquier, and for sisters Constance, first queen of Hungary, then empress by her marriage with Frederick II, and Sancie, countess ofToulouse.According to the Crónica of San Juan de la Peña, her brother Peter II sealed the union of Eleanor, with Raymond VI of Toulouse, Duke of Narbonne andMarquis of Provence, in order to put an end to the dissensions with the counts of Toulouse.Raymond VI was the eldest son of Raymond V and Constance ofFrance, daughter of King Louis VI and Adelaide de Maurienne. Eleanor was Raymond VI's 6th wife, having divorced an unknown daughter and sole heiress ofEmperor Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus just two years earlier. Raymond and Eleanor did not have children.By this marriage she became countess of Toulouse whichwould suffer the pangs of the war and the Albigensian Crusade, in the following years. The crusade was initiated by Pope Innocent III and headed by the FrenchCrown against Toulouse and Catharism.Passage 2:Maria of Aragon, Queen of CastileMaria of Aragon ((1403-02-24)24 February 1403 – (1445-02-18)18 February1445) was the Queen of Castile as the first wife of King John II from their marriage in 1420 until her death in 1445. She was the daughter of Ferdinand I ofAragon and Eleanor of Alburquerque.LifeMaria was married by her brother in his ambition to place his father's issue on the thrones of Castile and Aragon. Themarriage took place in simplicity. Maria was occasionally politically active on behalf of her brothers, the princes of Aragon; she disregarded her husband's policy infavor of her brothers and the relationship between Maria and John was somewhat tense.After her death on 18 February 1445, her husband married Isabella ofPortugal and they became the parents of Isabella I of Castile. Maria has no descendants today, her line having gone extinct within a few decades of herdeath.ChildrenMaria and John II of Castile had four children:Catherine, Princess of Asturias ((1422-10-05)5 October 1422–(1424-09-17)17 September1424).Eleanor, Princess of Asturias ((1423-09-10)10 September 1423–(1425-08-22)22 August 1425).Henry IV of Castile ((1425-01-05)5 January1425–(1474-12-11)11 December 1474). First married Blanche II of Navarre and later married Joan of Portugal.Infanta Maria (c. 1428–c. 1429).AncestryPassage3:Sancha of LeónSancha of León (c. 1018 – 8 November 1067) was a princess and queen of León. She was married to Ferdinand I, the Count of Castile who laterbecame King of León after having killed Sancha's brother in battle. She and her husband commissioned the Crucifix of Ferdinand and Sancha.LifeSancha was adaughter of Alfonso V of León by his first wife, Elvira Menéndez. She became a secular abbess of the Monastery of San Pelayo.In 1029, a political marriage wasarranged between her and count García Sánchez of Castile. However, having traveled to León for the marriage, García was assassinated by a group of disgruntledvassals. In 1032, Sancha was married to García's nephew and successor, Ferdinand I of Castile, when the latter was 11 years old.At the Battle of Tamarón in1037 Ferdinand killed Sancha's brother Bermudo III of León, making Sancha the heir and allowing Ferdinand to have himself crowned King of León. Sancha's ownposition as queen of León is unclear and contradictory. She succeeded to the throne of León as the heir of her brother and in her \"own right\" but despite this, sheis not clearly referred to as queen regnant, and after the death of her husband the throne passed to her son, despite the fact that she was still alive.FollowingFerdinand's death in 1065 and the division of her husband's kingdom, she is said to have played the futile role of peacemaker among her sons.She was a devoutCatholic, who, with her husband, commissioned the crucifix that bears their name as a gift for the Basilica of San Isidoro.ChildrenSancha had five children:Urracaof ZamoraSancho II of León and CastileElvira of ToroAlfonso VI of León and CastileGarcía II of GaliciaDeath and burialShe died in the city of León on 8 November1067. She was interred in the Royal Pantheon of the Basilica of San Isidoro, along with her parents, brother, husband, and her children Elvira, Urraca andGarcía.The following Latin inscription was carved in the tomb in which were deposited the remains of Queen Sancha:\"H. R. SANCIA REGINA TOTIUS HISPANIAE,MAGNI REGIS FERDINANDI UXOR. FILIA REGIS ADEFONSI, QUI POPULAVIT LEGIONEM POS DESTRUCTIONEM ALMANZOR. OBIIT ERA MCVIIII. III N. M.\"Whichtranslates to:\"Here lies Sancha, Queen of All Spain, wife of the great king Ferdinand and daughter of king Alfonso, who populated León after the destruction ofAlmanzor. Died in the one thousand one hundred eighth era on the third nones of May [5 May 1071].\"Passage 4:Eleanor of Aragon, Queen of CastileEleanor ofAragon (20 February 1358 – 13 August 1382) was a daughter of King Peter IV of Aragon and his wife Eleanor of Sicily. She was a member of the House ofBarcelona and Queen of Castile by her marriage.FamilyEleanor was the youngest child and only daughter of her father by his third marriage. Eleanor was a sisterof John I of Aragon and Martin of Aragon. She was a half-sister of Constance, Queen of Sicily, Joanna, Countess of Ampurias and Isabella, Countess ofUrgell.MarriageAt Soria on the 18 June 1375, Eleanor married John I of Castile. Her marriage was arranged as part of the arrangements for peace betweenAragon and Castile agreed at Almazán on the 12 April 1374 and at Lleida on the 10 May 1375.Eleanor and John were married for seven years, in which time theyhad three children:Henry (4 October 1379 – 25 December 1406), succeeded his father as King of CastileFerdinand (27 November 1380 – 2 April 1416), becameKing of Aragon in 1412Eleanor (b. 13 August 1382), died youngAfter seven years of marriage on 13 August 1382, Eleanor died giving birth to her daughter andnamesake Eleanor, who died young. Eleanor's son Ferdinand later claimed his mother's rights on the Kingdom of Aragon when both of Eleanor's brothers diedwithout surviving sons.Passage 5:Sancha of Castile, Queen of AragonSancha of Castile (21 September 1154/5 – 9 November 1208) was the only surviving child ofKing Alfonso VII of Castile by his second wife, Richeza of Poland.  On January 18, 1174, she married King Alfonso II of Aragon at Zaragoza; they had at leasteight children who survived into adulthood.A patroness of troubadours such as Giraud de Calanson and Peire Raymond, the queen became involved in a legaldispute with her husband concerning properties which formed part of her dower estates. In 1177 she entered the county of Ribagorza and took forcible possessionof various castles and fortresses which had belonged to the crown there.After her husband died at Perpignan in 1196, Sancha was relegated to the background ofpolitical affairs by her son  Peter II. She retired from court, withdrawing to the Hospitaller convent for noble ladies, the Monastery of Santa María de Sigena, atSigena, which she had founded. There she assumed the cross of the Order of St John of Jerusalem which she wore until the end of her life. The queen motherentertained her widowed daughter Constance at Sigena prior to her leaving Aragon to marry Emperor Frederick II in 1208. She died soon afterwards, agedfifty-four, and was interred in front of the high altar of her foundation at the Monastery of Santa María de Sigena; her tomb is still there to be seen.IssuePeter II(1174/76 – 14 September 1213), King of Aragon and Lord of Montpellier.Constance (1179 – 23 June 1222), married firstly King Imre of Hungary and secondlyFrederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.Alfonso II (1180 – February 1209), Count of Provence, Millau and Razès.Eleanor (1182 – February 1226), married CountRaymond VI of Toulouse.Ramon Berenguer (ca. 1183/85 – died young).Sancha (1186 – aft. 1241), married Count Raymond VII of Toulouse, in March1211Ferdinand (1190 – 1249), cistercian monk, Abbot of Montearagón.Dulcia (1192 – ?), a nun at Sijena.Passage 6:Eleanor of Castile (died 1244)Eleanor ofCastile (1200—1244) was Queen of Aragon by her marriage to King James I of Aragon.QueenshipEleanor was the daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Eleanorof England. In 1221 at Ágreda, Eleanor married King James I of Aragon; she was nineteen and he was fourteen. The next six years of James's reign were full ofrebellions on the part of the nobles. By the Peace of Alcalá of 31 March 1227, the nobles and the king came to terms. The couple had a son, Alfonso, who marriedConstance of Béarn. Eleanor's marriage to James was annulled in 1230, and the agreement prohibited her from remarrying. Their son, Alfonso, was declaredlegitimate, but he pre-deceased James.Monastic lifeEleanor became a nun after the annulment. She went to the Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas tojoin her elder sister Berengaria who had retired from ruling Castile and Leon, and their other sister Constance, who was long a nun there.  All three sisters diedthere, Constance in 1243, Eleanor in 1244, and Berengaria in 1246.  All are buried in the Abbey.BurialEleanor was buried in the Monastery of Las Huelgas inBurgos. Her remains were deposited in a tomb which is now located in the Nave of Santa Catarina of the Gospel, and lies between the tomb containing theremains of Philip, son of Sancho IV and María de Molina, which is placed to the right, and the tomb containing the remains of Peter, brother of Philip.During workon the Monastery in the middle of the twentieth century it was found that the remains of Eleanor, mummified and in good condition, lay in her tomb of limestone;the roof had two slopes and was smooth, although in the past was polychrome. Her coffin was wooden and devoid of cover, although there were still remnants ofits shell and lysed cross made of studded gold braid, as well as clothing that was buried with the Queen, among which highlighted three brocade garments inArabic, which Manuel Gómez Moreno considered similar to those found in the grave of her grandnephew Philip.Passage 7:Constance of AragonConstance ofAragon (1179 – 23 June 1222) was an Aragonese infanta who was by marriage firstly Queen of Hungary, and secondly Queen of Germany and Sicily and HolyRoman Empress. She was regent of Sicily from 1212 to 1220.She was the second child and eldest daughter of the nine children of Alfonso II of Aragon andSancha of Castile.Queen of HungaryHer father died in 1196 and Constance's fate was decided by the new King, her brother Peter II. Peter arranged her marriagewith King Emeric of Hungary, and the nineteen-year-old Constance left Aragon for Hungary. The wedding took place in 1198. Two years later, in 1200, the Queengave birth to a son, called Ladislaus.When King Emeric was dying, he crowned his son Ladislaus co-ruler on 26 August 1204. The King wanted to secure his"}
{"doc_id":"doc_294","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Lifted BellsLifted Bells are an American rock band from Chicago, Illinois. The band consists of members of the bands Their/They're/There, Braid, andStay Ahead of the Weather.CareerLifted Bells began in 2013 with the release of a self-titled EP, via Naked Ally Records. In 2014, Lifted Bells released their secondEP titled Lights Out via Naked Ally. In 2016, Lifted Bells signed to Run For Cover Records and released their third EP titled Overreactor.DiscographyEPsLifted Bells(2013, Naked Ally)Lights Out (2014, Naked Ally)Overreactor (2016, Run For Cover)Minor Tantrums (2018, Run For Cover)Passage 2:Tri-State (band)Tri-State isan American rock band from New Jersey.AboutTri-State is a four-piece jangle pop and indie rock band from Maplewood, New Jersey, that formed in 2010,consisting of vocalist and guitarist Julian Brash, drummer Brady McNamara, bassist and vocalist Scott Stemmermann and vocalist and guitarist Jeff Zelevansky.Their music is described as \"jangle-pop\" and \"guitar-based rock'n'roll,\" and they draw comparison to the groups R.E.M., Dinosaur Jr., Eleventh Dream Day, andthe artist Neil Young. They self-released the six-track EP, entitled Tri-State, on May 24, 2016. A review of the EP by Jim Testa in Jersey Beat says \"this is a terrificrecord [...] that neatly draws inspiration from Nineties alterna-rock without sounding dated or derivative. The guitars rumble and roar, the drumming alwayskeeps things moving forward, and the vocals and lyrics bring a perspective you just don't find in younger bands.\" Independent Clauses writes \"Tri-State's tunesunfold in pleasing ways[,] creat[ing] an ominous mood that builds and builds,\" adding that \"if you're into '90s indie-rock or mature songwriting that appreciateswith multiple listens, give [Tri State] a spin.\" Tri-State signed with Mint 400 Records in 2014.Mint 400 RecordsThat year they contributed the song \"Take a Bow\"for the compilation, Patchwork, and a rendition of \"Carrie Anne\" for the 2015 compilation, 1967. Tri-State released two singles \"New Minuits\" and \"TitanicBrothers,\" on September 21, 2015. They performed at the 2016 North Jersey Indie Rock Festival. Their second EP, the five-track We Did What We Could Do, wasreleased with Mint 400 Records, on October 22, 2016. Bob Makin of Courier News describes the EP as \"pop hooks, vocal harmonies, driving beats, and intricate,intertwined guitars with intelligent [and] probing lyrics.\" It was listed in Jersey Beat's Top Local Releases\" of 2016. The lead track \"Summer Nun\" appears on thecompilation album, NJ / NY Mixtape.DiscographyLP\"Hey Pal\" (2019)EPsDoom Loop (2021)Tri-State (2013)We Did What We Could Do (2016)Singles\"New Minuits /Titanic Brothers\" (2015)Appearing onPatchwork (2014)1967 (2015)NJ / NY Mixtape (2018)Passage 3:The M'sThe M's is an American indie rock band fromChicago.HistoryThe M's were formed in 2000 by Josh Chicoine, Joey King, Steve Versaw and Robert Hicks. Chicoine, King and Versaw met in the winter of 1999and began collaborating in a makeshift studio in Chicago's Bucktown neighborhood in which the short lived group, Sanoponic, was formed. After Sanoponic'sdissolution, they began working on new material with Hicks who had the name The M's in mind for a new project. Their debut EP appeared in 2002 on BrillianteRecords, followed by a full-length in 2004. They signed with Polyvinyl Record Co. for their 2006 and 2008 releases. Glenn Rischke joined the group in 2008 for therelease of their last recording to date \"Real Close Ones\". The group decided to go into \"a long hiatus\" on March 6, 2009. In 2011, The M's released a digital-onlyEP \"The Personal Touch\" on Movings label, recorded collaboratively with electronic trio from Chicago TV Pow.MembersJosh Chicoine - vocals, guitarSteve Versaw -drumsJoey King - vocals, bassRobert Hicks - vocals, guitarGlenn Rischke - Keyboards, percussion (Joined 2008/2009)DiscographyThe M's EP (Brillante Records,2002)The M's LP (Brillante, 2004)Split with Dr. Dog (Polyvinyl Record Co., 2006)Future Women (Polyvinyl, 2006)Real Close Ones (Polyvinyl, 2008)The PersonalTouch with TV Pow (Movings, 2011)Passage 4:Knuckle PuckKnuckle Puck is an American rock band, formed in 2010 in the suburbs of Chicago, Illinois. The groupreleased several EPs, one of which, While I Stay Secluded (2014), peaked at number 5 on the Heatseekers Albums chart. The band released a split EP with the UKband Neck Deep. The group signed to Rise in 2014 and released its debut album, Copacetic, through the label in 2015.The band's name comes from the\"knucklepuck\" shot in ice hockey, which was popularized by the 1994 film D2: The Mighty Ducks.HistoryFormation and early releases (2010–2014)Knuckle Puckstarted out covering songs in fall 2010 in the outskirts of Chicago. The band got its name from a Stick to Your Guns t-shirt that said \"Knuckle Puck Crew\". Theband consisted of lead vocalist Joe Taylor, lead guitarist Kevin Maida, and drummer John Siorek. The group started writing original songs in April 2011 with theaddition of rhythm guitarist Nick Casasanto. The group had friends fill in on bass. In July, the band played its first ever show. In October, the band released aself-titled EP, this was followed up by the Acoustics EP in March 2012. In October, the band released the Don't Come Home EP. The band co-headlined a tour withSeaway from late May to early June 2013. In August, the band self-released The Weight That You Buried EP. In February 2014 Bad Timing and Hopeless releaseda split EP that featured two songs each from Knuckle Puck and Neck Deep. Both bands toured together (alongside Light Years) from late February to early April.On March 16, the band performed at South by So What?! festival. In spring, the band gained bassist Ryan Rumchaks. Between May and June, the band supportedMan Overboard on the group's The Heart Attack Tour alongside Transit, and Forever Came Calling.A music video was released for the song \"No Good\" in June. Itwas directed by Eric Teti. In late July, it was announced the band were recording, and in early August the band finished recording its next release. Knuckle Pucksupported Senses Fail on the band's Let It Enfold You 10th anniversary tour from late August till early October 2014. In early September, the band released a 7\"flexi containing the songs \"Oak Street\" and \"Home Alone\", the former of which was intended for release on the group's next EP. The flexi was released by BadTiming. On October 16, 2014, \"Bedford Falls\" was available for streaming. On October 23, the While I Stay Secluded EP was made available for streaming and onOctober 28, it was released by Bad Timing. The EP had peaked at number 5 on the Heatseekers Albums in the U.S. Guitarist Kevin Maida revealed that the band\"firmly and confidently\" considered the EP the group's best work so far. On October 31, the band released a music video for \"Oak Street\". In November andDecember, the band supported Modern Baseball on the group's winter tour.Copacetic and Shapeshifter (2014–2020)In November 2014, the various artistscompilation album Punk Goes Pop 6 was released, it featured Knuckle Puck covering The 1975 song \"Chocolate\". On December 22, 2014, Knuckle Puck signed toRise Records. Maida said that Rise would be \"a bountiful new home\" for the group and would help the band evolve. Throughout January and February 2015 theband supported Neck Deep on the band's The Intercontinental Championships Tour. In late February, the band announced it had started recording its debutalbum and by early April, the group had finished. The group joined The Maine's The American Candy Spring 2015 Tour, as a support act, throughout April andMay. On June 11, the band's debut album, Copacetic, was announced. The artwork and track list was revealed. On June 19, a music video was released for\"Disdain\". On June 30, \"True Contrite\" was made available for streaming. The band played on the 2015 edition of Warped Tour. On July 14, \"Pretense\" was madeavailable for streaming. On July 23, the album was made available for streaming. Copacetic released on July 31. The band supported State Champs on thegroup's European tour in September and October. The band toured the U.S. in October and November, with support from Seaway, Head North and Sorority Noise.In February and March 2016, the band supported Neck Deep and State Champs on the groups' co-headlining tour of the U.S.In March 2017, a 7-inch vinyl singlewas released, featuring the tracks \"Calendar Days\" and \"Indecisive\". On July 27, the band released the first single from their at the time upcoming album ontoYouTube and iTunes titled \"Gone\". A few months later in September the second single \"Double Helix\" was released on YouTube with its music video. The groupreleased their second album, Shapeshifter, on October 13.In October 2019 Knuckle Puck released a 7\" vinyl containing Gold Rush and Fences, previously releasedwith Neck Deep and containing two more tracks. This vinyl sold out in a few hours.20/20 (2020–present)On February 21, 2020, the band released a single called\"Tune You Out\", and commenced a tour across North America with Heart Attack Man throughout February and March 2020, which was cut short by the onset ofthe COVID-19 pandemic. On April 21, 2020, a second single and 7\" record \"RSVP\" was released. A music video for the song \"Breathe\" was released on June 18,2020, the song features Derek Sanders from the band Mayday Parade. The band released their third album 20/20 on September 18, 2020. The band playedmultiple drive in shows in October 2020 with Hot Mulligan. In December 2021, the band headlined a tour celebrating their tenth anniversary with Arm's Length,Carly Cosgrove, and Snow Ellet.On December 1, 2021, the band released a single \"Levitate\" and announced a US and European tour from March 2022 to June2022 with co-headliner Hot Mulligan with support by Meet Me at the Altar and Anxious during the US shows. The band released an extended play Disposable Lifeon February 4, 2022, with Joe Taylor calling the recording of the EP \"the most fun we've had in a long time\" The band supported New Found Glory on the group'sUS tour through September 2022 to November 2022.On October 20, 2022, the band announced that they had signed with Pure Noise Records and released a newsingle Groundhog Day. The band announced that their upcoming 4th LP would release in 2024.  The band later announced a compilation vinyl releaseRetrospective consisting of their first two EP's and their split with Neck Deep.StyleKnuckle Puck sound has been described by AllMusic biographer JamesChristopher Monger as a \"melodic blend of old-school punk rock and emo\", compared to the likes of The Wonder Years, The Story So Far, and Rise Against.Copacetic has been described as emo and pop punk. AllMusic reviewer Timothy Monger noted the album's sound \"ranging from blazing, epic emo and pop-punk toslower, more contemplative fare.\" Cleveland.com reviewer Troy L. Smith noted that people who liked early 2000s pop punk albums such as Simple Plan's NoPads, No Helmets...Just Balls (2002) and New Found Glory's Sticks and Stones (2002) would enjoy Copacetic.Side projectsRumchaks released a solo EP, Decades,in July 2013. Rumchaks plays guitar and sings vocals in Oak Lawn, Illinois-based band Homesafe, alongside vocalist/bassist Tyler Albertson and drummer Eman"}
{"doc_id":"doc_295","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Marzuban ibn Muhammad ibn ShaddadMarzuban ibn Muhammad ibn Shaddad was a Kurdish ruler, the brother of Lashkari ibn Muhammad. He succeeded his brother to the throne of the Shaddadids in 978. He was incompetent, however, and reigned only until his murder by his younger brother Fadl ibn Muhammad in 985.SourcesMinorsky, Vladimir (1977) [1953]. Studies in Caucasian History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-05735-3.Peacock, Andrew (2011). \"SHADDADIDS\". Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition.Passage 2:Shabbir MuhammadShabbir Muhammad (born 3 March 1978) is a Pakistani field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 2004 Summer Olympics.Passage 3:Maria al-QibtiyyaMāriyya bint Sham\u0000ūn (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), better known as Māriyyah al-Qib\u0000iyyah or al-Qub\u0000iyya (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), or Maria the Copt, died 637, was an Egyptian woman who, along with her sister Sirin bint Shamun, was sent to the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 628 as a gift by Al-Muqawqis, a Christian governor of Alexandria, during the territory's Sasanian occupation. She and her sister were slaves. She spent the rest of her life in Medina and had a son, Ibrahim with Muhammad. The son died as an infant and she died almost five years later.Al-Maqrizi says that she was a native of Hebenu (Coptic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, Koinē Greek: \u0000λάβαστρων πόλις Alábastrōn pólis, Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000, romanized: al-Khafn), a village located near Antinoöpolis.BiographyIn the Islamic year 6 AH (627 – 628 CE), Muhammad is said to have had letters written to the great rulers of the Middle East, proclaiming the continuation of the monotheistic faith with its final messages and inviting the rulers to join. The purported texts of some of the letters are found in Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari's History of the Prophets and Kings. Tabari writes that a deputation was sent to an Egyptian governor named as al-Muqawqis. Maria was a slave who was offered as a gift of goodwill to Muhammad in reply to his envoys inviting the governor of Alexandria to Islam. Muhammad emancipated her after the birth of her son.Tabari recounts the story of Maria's arrival from Egypt:In this year Hātib b. Abi Balta'ah came back from al-Muqawqis bringing Māriyah and her sister Sīrīn, his female mule Duldul, his donkey Ya'fūr, and sets of garments. With the two women al-Muqawqis had sent a eunuch, and the latter stayed with them. Hātib had invited them to become Muslims before he arrived with them, and Māriyah and her sister did so. The Messenger of God, peace and blessings of Allah be upon Him, lodged them with Umm Sulaym bt. Milhān. Māriyah was beautiful. The prophet sent her sister Sīrīn to Hassān b. Thābit and she bore him 'Abd al-Rahmān b. Hassān.The death of Ibrahim caused Muhammad to weep.Status as a wife or concubineMuhammad's earliest biographers, like Ibn Ishaq, Ibn Sa’d, and al-Tabari, mentioned Mariyah as the Prophet’s slavegirl or concubine in their sirah.Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya is another scholar and biographer of prophet Muhammad who writes a sirah called Zad al-Ma'ad where he mentioned Mariyah as a slave girl.Like Rayhana bint Zayd, there is some debate between historians and scholars as to whether Mariyah ever became Muhammad's wife or remained a concubine. An indication that she was a concubine is that when she bore her son to Muhammad, she was set free.Ibn ‘Abbas said: When Maria gave birth to Ibrahim the Messenger of Allah (\u0000) said, ‘Her son has set her free.’  There is also strong evidence that there was no living quarter for her in the proximity of the Prophet's Mosque. Only the wives of Muhammad had their quarters adjacent to one another in the proximity of his mosque at Medina. Maria was made to reside permanently in an orchard, some three kilometers from the mosque. Evidence that suggests she was a concubine is in the narration:Anas said:  The Messenger of Allah (\u0000) had a female-slave (amat) with whom he had intercourse, but ‘Aishah and Hafsah would not leave him alone until he said that she was forbidden for him. Then Allah, the Mighty and Sublime, revealed: “O Prophet! Why do you forbid (for yourself) that which Allah has allowed to you.’ until the end of the Verse.”The ‘female-slave’ referred to in this narration was Maria, the Copt, as specified in a hadith attributed to Umar and classified as sahih by Ibn Kathir, which names her Umm Ibrahim (the mother of Ibrahim).In a report from Ibn ‘Abbas and ‘Urwah b. al-Zubair concerning the same incident, Muhammad said to Hafsa:I make you witness that I my concubine (surriyyati) is now forbidden unto me.Some Islamic scholars point to a different Asbāb al-nuzūl (circumstance of revelation) for the above incident, saying it was only caused by Muhammad drinking honey, as narrated in Sahih al-Bukhari by Muhammed's wife Aisha:The Prophet (\u0000) used to stay (for a period) in the house of Zaynab bint Jahsh (one of the wives of the Prophet ) and he used to drink honey in her house. Hafsa bint Umar and I decided that when the Prophet (\u0000) entered upon either of us, she would say, \"I smell in you the bad smell of Maghafir (a bad smelling raisin). Have you eaten Maghafir?\" When he entered upon one of us, she said that to him. He replied (to her), \"No, but I have drunk honey in the house of Zaynab bint Jahsh, and I will never drink it again.\"However, another narration in Sunan Abu Dawud indicates that drinking honey is a euphemism for sexual intercourse:The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) was asked about a man who divorced his wife three times, and she married another who entered upon her, but divorced her before having intercourse with her, whether she was lawful for the former husband. She said: The Prophet (peace be upon him) replied: She is not lawful for the first (husband) until she tastes the honey of the other husband and he tastes her honey.Al-Tabari lists Maria as both one of Muhammad's wives and his slave, perhaps using \"wife\" in the sense of one whom Muhammad slept with and who mothered his child.Mariyah the Copt was presented to the Messenger of God, given to him by al-Muqawqis, the ruler of Alexandria, and she gave birth to the Messenger of God’s son Ibrahim. These were the Messenger of God's wifes.The Prophet admired Umm Ibrahim [\"Mother of Ibrahim,\" Mariyah’s title], who was fair-skinned and beautiful. He lodged her in al-‘Aliyah, at the property nowadays called of Umm Ibrahim. He used to visit her there and ordered her to veil herself, [but] he had intercourse with her by virtue of her being his property...One hadith attributed to Mus‘ab b. ‘Abdullah al-Zubairi states that the two were married, though another rendering of the hadith by Mus‘ab's nephew Zubair b. al-Bakkar makes no mention of marriage.See alsoAisha bint Abu BakrList of non-Arab SahabaNotesPassage 4:Ibrahim ibn Muhammad Al ash-SheikhIbrahim ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh  was a leading Salafi scholar in Saudi Arabia and minister of justice between 1975 and 1990.BackgroundIbrahim ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh was born into the noted family of Saudi religious scholars, the Al ash-Sheikh, descendants of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the influential Muslim scholar. He was the eldest son of Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh, Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia until 1969.CareerIbrahim ibn Muhammad was one of the most influential religious leaders in the early 1970s. He maintained a close relationship with King Faisal, with whom he met on a weekly basis. He believed that Saudi Arabia should take a leading role in the Arab world and pushed for Saudi involvement in war with Israel.Between 1975 and 1990, he served as minister of justice.FamilyHis brother Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh, a younger son of the late Grand Mufti, also served as minister of justice, from 1993 to 2009. His grandson Turki is a lawyer practicing in London and Riyadh.Passage 5:Abdullah ibn Muhammad\u0000Abd Allāh ibn Mu\u0000ammad (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000) also known as al-\u0000āhir (lit. 'the pure') and al-\u0000ayyib (lit. 'the good') was one of the sons of Muhammad and Khadija. He died in childhood.His full name was Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn Abd Allah ibn Shaiba. His father became a successful merchant and was involved in trade. Due to his upright character Muhammad acquired the nickname \"al-Amin\" (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), meaning \"faithful, trustworthy\" and \"al-Sadiq\" meaning \"truthful\" and was sought out as an impartial arbitrator. His reputation attracted a proposal in 595 from Khadija, a successful businesswoman. Muhammad consented to the marriage, which by all accounts was a happy one. After the marriage was consummated, his elder brother al-Qasim was born. Qasim was the eldest son of Muhammad and Khadija. After Qasim, his four sisters were born. Abd Allah was born around 611. He was the youngest child of Muhammad and Khadija.Muhammad gave him the name of his father. Abd Allah died at 4 in 615 CE.SiblingsQasim ibn MuhammadZainab bint MuhammadRuqayya bint MuhammadUmm Kulthum bint MuhammadFatima bint MuhammadIbrahim ibn MuhammadPassage 6:Ibrahim ibn MuhammadIbrāhīm ibn Mu\u0000ammad (Arabic: \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000), was the son of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and Maria al-Qibtiyya. He died at the age of 2.Eclipse occurrenceIn his book \"Al-Bidāya wa-n-Nihāya\" Ibn Kathir mentions that Ibrahim died on Thursday 10 Rabi' al-Awwal 10 AH, and on the same day right after his death, an eclipse of the sun occurred, so people at the moment started talking that Allah is showing his condolences to his prophet by eclipsing the Sun. Muhammad, not wanting his companions to fall into Fitna by ascribing divinities to him or his son, stood at the mosque and said:  \" The sun and the moon do not eclipse because of the death or life (i.e. birth) of someone. When you see the eclipse pray and invoke Allah.\"Illness and deathMuhammad's wife, and the mother of believers, Ibrahim's mother was an Egyptian woman who came from Byzantine official to Muhammad in 628. According to Ibn Kathir, quoting Ibn Sa'd, he was born in the last month of the year 8 AH, equivalent of 630 CE. Muslim scholars such as Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj and Al-Nasa'i mention that Al-Waqidi is not reliable and is not trustworthy to be quoted. The child was named after Abraham (or Ibrahim in Arabic) the Biblical prophet revered in Jewish, Christian and Muslim traditions. Ibrahim was placed in the care of a nurse called Umm Sayf, wife of Abu Sayf, the blacksmith, in the tradition of the Arabs of the time, to whom Muhammad gave some goats to complement her milk supply. When he fell ill he was moved to a date orchard near the residence of his mother, under the care of her and her sister Sirin. When it was clear that he would not likely survive, Muhammad was informed. His reaction to the news is reported as:He was so shocked at the news that he felt his knees could no longer carry him, and asked `Abd al Rahman ibn `Awf to give him his hand to lean upon. He proceeded immediately to the orchard and arrived in time to bid farewell to an infant dying in his mother's lap. Prophet Muhammad took the child and laid him in his own lap while shaking his hand. His heart was torn apart by the new tragedy, and his face mirrored his inner pain. Choking with sorrow, he said to his son, \"O Ibrahim, against the judgement of God, we cannot avail you a thing,\" and then fell silent. Tears flowed from his eyes. The child lapsed gradually, and "}
{"doc_id":"doc_296","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Jean de LimurJean de Limur (13 November 1887, Vouhé, Charente-Maritime – 5 June 1976, Paris) was a French film director, actor and screenwriter.His works include La Garçonne (1936) and The Letter (1929). A French army officer and a designer, he first came to the United States with his parents, Count andCountess de Limur in September 1920; their destination was Burlingame, California, where lived Jean's brother André (who married Ethel, daughter of WilliamHenry Crocker).FilmographyThe Arab (1924) actorHuman Desires (1924)The Legion of the Condemned (1928) co-screenplayThe Letter (1929) directorJealousy(1929) directorMy Childish Father (1930)Paprika (1933) directorL'Auberge du Petit-Dragon (1935)La Garçonne (1936) director; with Arletty, Edith Piaf, and MarieBellPassage 2:Andréa FerréolAndréa Ferréol (born Andrée Louise Ferréol; January 6, 1947) is a French actress and officer of the Ordre national du Mérite(2009).Her debut was in the 1973 film La Grande bouffe, which made a big scandal at the Cannes Film Festival.She was the last partner of Egyptian actor OmarSharif.FilmographyPassage 3:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who hasworked in Ireland and Australia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months,resigning December 31, 2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from2005 to 2010, and the National Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States afterleaving Australia in 2005 to direct the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On1 July 2019, he succeeded Dan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born inDublin and attended Clonkeen College. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both arthistory and history.He worked in the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester BeattyLibrary (1983–85), Government Publications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was AssistantDirector at the National Gallery of Ireland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of theCouncil of Australian Art Museum Directors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery ofAustralia (NGA)Kennedy expanded the traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad,increased the number of exhibitions at the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years ofthe museum's highest ever annual visitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions.During hisdirectorship, the NGA gained government support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initialdesign for the building proved controversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was notdelivered during Dr Kennedy's tenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art,including David Hockney's A Bigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museumby acquiring the Holmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; andthe Australian Print Workshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new \"front\" entrance to the Gallery, facing King EdwardTerrace, which was completed in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the \"Sensation exhibition\" (scheduled at the NGAfrom 2 June 2000 to 13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being \"too closeto the market\" implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitionsat the NGA during his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging toCharles Saatchi and attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which usedelephant dung and was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was\"Catholic-bashing\" and an \"aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion.\" In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events inNew York had \"obscured discussion of the artistic merit of the works of art\". He has said that it \"was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far.\"Kennedywas also repeatedly questioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA'soccupational health and safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003.Kennedy announced in 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He becamea joint Irish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintingsand sculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in thefield of art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as \"learning to read,understand and write visual language.\"   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of awebsite, www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so.Kennedy has been a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest inexpanding the museum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy andMary Sibande have been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During histenure the Toledo Museum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exportedprior being sold to the museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), anIndian sculpture of Ganesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum ofArt in July 2005. During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bringgreater public attention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000objects, the Hood has one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, andIdeologies of the African Body, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storagefor classes annually. Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu:Forest of Stone Steles: Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: IrregularPolygons.PublicationsKennedy has written or edited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics,Glendale Press (1988), ISBN 978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats: Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson:Art and Medicine (with Davis Coakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie),Roberts Rinehart Publishers (1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7SeanScully: The Art of the Stripe, Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art(October 2010), ISBN 978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to AustralianSociety and its art. He is a trustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and amember of the International Association of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received anhonorary doctorate from Lourdes University. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguishededucator for art education.== Notes ==Passage 4:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Filmand Television School. She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film andTelevision. She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baronand Professor Alexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School,Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to RenenSchorr on his film The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the BerlinInternational Film Festival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Sabamunicipality. The department encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational"}
{"doc_id":"doc_297","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ismail HoxhaIsmail Hoxha is a member of the Assembly of the Republic of Albania for the Democratic Party of Albania.Passage 2:Ilir BanoIlir Bano is amember of the Assembly of the Republic of Albania for the Democratic Party of Albania.Passage 3:Viktor GumiViktor Gumi is a member of the Assembly of theRepublic of Albania for the Democratic Party of Albania.Passage 4:Paulin SterkajPaulin Sterkaj is a member of the Assembly of the Republic of Albania for theDemocratic Party of Albania. Sterkaj moved to the Socialist Party of Albania.Passage 5:Fatos HoxhaFatos Hoxha is a member of the Assembly of the Republic ofAlbania for the Democratic Party of Albania.Passage 6:Dashnor SulaDashnor Sula (14 March 1969) is a member of the Assembly of the Republic of Albania for theDemocratic Party of Albania. He started his political career in 2005 when he won the elections and became the deputy of Peqin city.Early life and familyDashnorSula was born in Peqin, on 14 march 1969 to Riza Sula and Refije Sula. He was raised in Peqin and continued his studies there until he finished high school.Afterwards he moved to Tirana to continue his studies. He did his Bachelor studies in Law at the University of Tirana and his Master studies in Criminal Law. Hehas been married to Elida Magani Sula since 1994 and they have two children, Paola Sula and Silvio Sula.Career1992-1993: Attorney at the prosecutor's office ofPeqin1993-1996: Attorney at the prosecutor's office of Elbasan1996-1998: Attorney at the prosecutor's office of Tirana1998-1998: Attorney at the prosecutor'soffice of Gjirokaster1999-2000: Attorney at the general prosecutor's office; Supreme court.  2002-2005: Attorney at the general prosecutor's office regardingorganized crimes.2005-2013: Member of Albanian Parliament.2020-present: Member of Albanian Parliament.Other worksDashnor Sula has also taken the lawyerlicence and he still continues to practice his profession.Passage 7:Ylli LamaYlli Lama is a member of the Assembly of the Republic of Albania for the DemocraticParty of Albania.Passage 8:Leka, Crown Prince of Albania (born 1982)Leka, Prince of Albania (Leka Anwar Zog Reza Baudouin Msiziwe Zogu, born 26 March 1982)is a claimant to the defunct throne of Albania and the head of the House of Zogu.At the time of his birth on 26 March 1982, the South African government, byorder of Prime Minister P. W. Botha, declared his maternity ward extraterritorial land, to ensure that Leka was born on Albanian soil. Leka is the only child of Leka,Crown Prince of Albania and his wife Susan, Crown Princess of Albania. He is the only grandchild of King Zog I of the Albanians, succeeding as head of the royalhouse upon the death of his father in 2011. He has worked as an official at the country's interior and foreign ministries. He also served as a political advisor to theAlbanian President from 2012 to 2013.In May 2010, Leka became engaged to Elia Zaharia, an Albanian actress and singer. They married on 8 October 2016 inTirana.Early lifeLeka is the son of the pretender to the defunct throne of Albania, Crown Prince Leka, and his Australian wife Crown Princess Susan.He was namedin honour of Egyptian president Anwar El Sadat, his grandfather King Zog I, Emperor Mohammed Reza of Iran, and Baudouin I, King of the Belgians. Msiziwe is aZulu term meaning 'the one who was assisted'. Leka is a member of the House of Zogu.Education and activitiesLeka's was educated in South Africa at St Peter'sCollege, Johannesburg, and in the United Kingdom at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, where he was named Best Foreign Student of the Academy, beingcongratulated by the Albanian Minister of Defence. He was also educated at the Skanderbeg Military Academy in Albania, at the Università per Stranieri inPerugia, where he studied the Italian language, and in Kosovo, where he studied international relations.Leka resides in Tirana. He speaks Albanian, English, someZulu, and Italian. He owns boxer dogs, and his interests include martial arts, volleyball, and swimming. He is fond of wildlife and has taken part in mountainclimbing, abseiling, and target shooting.On 5 April 2004, Leka accepted the Mother Teresa Medal on behalf of his late grandmother, Queen Géraldine, for herhumanitarian efforts.Leka is known to have worked with youth organizations, like MJAFT!, and supported a wide range of humanitarian efforts in Albania, but hemaintains that he only supports self-help projects to stimulate Albanian and Kosovar economic growth, Gazeta Sot.Leka is known as a supporter of Kosovarindependence from Serbia and has close ties to the Kosovar leadership in Pristina.Leka founded the youth leadership of the Movement for National Development,which was a movement created by his father in 2005 to change the political face of Albania.On 24 June 2010, Prince Leka unveiled a blue plaque at ParmoorHouse in Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom, which was the home of King Zog during his wartime exile.Public serviceOn 21 August 2007, Foreign Minister LulzimBasha announced that Leka had been appointed to his office. The prince intended to pursue a career in diplomacy. After three years he had been transferred tothe office of the Minister of Interior. After the election of Bujar Nishani as president in 2012, Leka was appointed as political adviser to the President.Leka wasconsidered as a candidate in the 2022 Albanian presidential election, though the position ultimately went to Bajram Begaj.Personal lifeLeka met Elia Zaharia inParis, and in May 2010 they were engaged. Since then she has accompanied him on most of his visits and meetings with members of royal families. She is alsohead of the Queen Geraldine Foundation, which is a humanitarian, charitable and non-profit organisation, created by the Royal Court. The foundation aims to beclose to the Albanian families who need help and to children who need care. It has reconstructed numerous schools and kindergartens in northern Albania,especially in the Mat District, from where the Zogu Family comes.On 27 March 2016 it was announced by Skënder Zogu (born 1933), a member of the Zogufamily, that the couple would be married on 8 October 2016 in the Royal Palace in Tirana.WeddingLeka was married on Saturday 8 October 2016 in Tirana. Theceremony was a semi-official ceremony, held in Tirana in the Royal Palace, with many guests including members of other noble and royal families. The event wasa civil wedding officiated by the Mayor of Tirana, Erion Veliaj. A blessing was given by the five religious leaders of Albania representing the faiths of Sunni Islam,Bektashi, and the Christian traditions of Orthodox, Catholic and Protestant. This tradition of the Albanian royal family is part of the tradition of religious tolerancein Albania.Wedding guests included friends and relatives from around the world including relatives of his mother from Australia. Guests also included members ofother royal families from neighbouring countries and further afield. These included Queen Sofía of Spain and Prince and Princess Michael of Kent. Prince Michael ofKent is a first cousin of Queen Elizabeth II and his wife Princess Michael of Kent is related to Prince Leka through her mother, Countess Marianne Szapáry, whowas a 5th cousin of Queen Géraldine and had been a bridesmaid at her wedding to King Zog in 1938. Other royal guests included Empress Farah of Iran, CrownPrince Alexander and Crown Princess Katherine of Yugoslavia, Crown Princess Margareta of Romania, Custodian of the Crown and Prince Radu of Romania,Nicholas, Prince of Montenegro, Prince Guillaume of Luxembourg together with Princess Sibilla, Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia, Princess Léa of Belgium andother members from the royal families of Russia, Liechtenstein, Romania, Greece, Georgia, Morocco and members of other noble families. Heads of state ofAlbania also attended the ceremony.ChildrenElia gave birth to a daughter on 22 October 2020 at Queen Geraldine Maternity Hospital in Tirana, on the 18thanniversary of Leka's grandmother Queen Geraldine's death. Their daughter was named Geraldine in her honour. On 28 January 2023, on the day of her baptism,her full name is Geraldine Sibilla Francesca Susan Marie.Honours and awardsHonoursNational dynastic honoursHouse of Zogu: Sovereign Knight with Collar of theRoyal Order of Albania House of Zogu: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Fidelity House of Zogu: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Order ofSkanderbeg Albanian Royal Family: Sovereign of the Military Order and Medal of BraveryForeign honoursItalian Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the RoyalOrder of Saints Maurice and Lazarus Two Sicilian Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Francis I Russian Imperial Family: Knight Grand Cross ofthe Imperial Order of Saint Andrew Royal House of Ghassan: Knight Grand Collar of the Equestrian Order of Michael Archangel Sovereign Military Order of Malta :Grand Cross pro Merito Melitensi – civilian special class –AwardsAlbania – Honored Citizen of the City of Burrel (2012) Albania – Honored Citizen of the Communeof Bërdicë (2012) USA – Key to City of New Orleans (2011) USA – Honorary Mayor of the City of Baton RougeSee alsoHeads of former ruling familiesPassage9:Susan of AlbaniaSusan, Crown Princess of Albania (née Susan Barbara Cullen-Ward, formerly Williams; 28 January 1941 – 17 July 2004) was theAustralian-born wife of Leka, Crown Prince of Albania.Her husband, known as King Leka, had been proclaimed King of the Albanians by the anti-communistAlbanian government-in-exile in 1961, upon the death of his father King Zog. Meanwhile, Albania itself was a communist republic.Early lifeSusan Cullen-Ward wasborn in the Sydney suburb of Waverley. Her mother was Phyllis Dorothea Murray-Prior and her father was Alan Robert Cullen-Ward, a pastoralist. SusanCullen-Ward was a great-granddaughter of the Queensland politician Thomas Lodge Murray-Prior (1819–1892).Cullen-Ward grew up on her father's sheepstation. She attended Presbyterian Ladies' College at Orange, then studied at Sydney Technical College before teaching art at a private studio.She was married toRichard Williams from 1965 to 1970. Susan Cullen-Ward was an Anglican.Marriage to the Crown Prince of AlbaniaSusan Cullen-Ward met Leka, Crown Prince ofAlbania, the only child of King Zog I of the Albanians, at a dinner party in Sydney. In October 1975, they married in a civil ceremony in Biarritz, France. Thecouple were later married in a religious ceremony in Madrid.Australian authorities refused to recognise her as a queen but, in a compromise when AndrewPeacock was foreign minister, issued a passport in the name of \"Susan Cullen-Ward, known as Queen Susan\".She lived a turbulent life after marrying Leka, asthey moved from one country to another, having no permanent residence or fixed point of reference. In the first few years of their marriage, the couple lived inSpain. They later settled in Rhodesia (now known as Zimbabwe). After a falling out with the government of Robert Mugabe, the couple moved again, this time toSouth Africa where their son, Leka, was born in 1982. She also had a stillborn daughter while resident in Rhodesia.DeathThe Crown Princess of Albania died oflung cancer on 17 July 2004 in Tirana, Albania. After her death, she lay in state in a chapel outside Tirana. She is buried next to her mother-in-law, Queen"}
{"doc_id":"doc_298","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Ian Barry (director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The ChainReaction (1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker(1993)Inferno (1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)TheDoctor Blake Mysteries (2013)Passage 2:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film andTelevision School. She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.She is a film director, and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and ProfessorAlexander Blankstein. She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in2008 with high honors. During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on hisfilm The Loners.  She also directed and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin InternationalFilm Festival, 2007.Film and academic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality. Thedepartment encouraged and promoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational communityactivities.Blankstein directed the mini-series \"Tel Aviviot\" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen was appointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam SpiegelInternational Film Lab. In 2022, she spearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in eastJerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series; director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debutfilm, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2006)Passage 3:Rolan BykovRolan Antonovich Bykov (Russian: Ролан Антонович Быков; October 12, 1929 –October 6, 1998) was a Soviet and Russian stage and film actor, director, screenwriter and pedagogue. People's Artist of the USSR (1990).Early lifeRolan Bykovwas born to Anton Mikhailovich Bykov and Olga Matveyevna Bykova (née Sitnyakovskaya), the youngest of two brothers. There are many myths surrounding hisbiography, including the names of Rolan and his parents, date and place of birth. Different directories showed that he was born in Moscow, yet Bykov and hisbrother Geronim stated that their family moved to Moscow from Kyiv in 1934. Throughout his life Rolan Antonovich Bykov was officially known as RolandAnatolyevich Bykov and his date of birth — as November 12 which, according to him, was caused by a mistake in his passport. He named various reasons for this:from a drunken militsioner at the passport office to his own aunt who confused names and dates while arranging his documents. As for the unusual name, Rolanexplained that he was named after Romain Rolland (according to the Russian pronunciation) by his parents who confused Romain's surname for his name.Bykov'sfather was a military and intelligence officer of mixed Polish-Czech ancestry originally named Semyon Geronimovich Gordanovsky. He started his career byparticipating in World War I and making a successful escape after being taken captive by Austria-Hungary. During the Russian Civil War he fought as part of the1st Cavalry Army led by Semyon Budyonny. Between 1924 and 1926 he worked in Cheka and regularly visited Germany under different passports. His last codename was Anton Mikhailovich Bykov which he adopted as a real name. He was later promoted to a high-ranking position in the Communist Party of the SovietUnion and served as a managing director at various enterprises.Bykov's mother also changed her name from Ella Matusovna to Olga Matveevna at one point.While Bykov regularly referred to her and her relatives as «Ukrainians», she was in fact a daughter of a prosperous Jewish NEPman. She wanted to become anactress and finished two courses of a theater institute, but was expelled for truancy.Between 1937 and 1947 Bykov studied in Moscow schools. In 1939 he joineda youth theatrical studio organized by a Pioneers Palace where he met Alexander Mitta, Boris Rytsarev and Igor Kvasha. During the Battle of Moscow his familywas evacuated to Yoshkar-Ola for three years, although his father chose to stay and volunteered for the front line. In 1947 he entered the Boris Shchukin HigherTheater College to study acting under Vera Lvova and Leonid Shikhmatov.CareerIn 1951 Bykov graduated and immediately joined the Moscow Youth Theaterwhere he served as an actor and a stage director until 1959. Simultaneously he also appeared in several movies in episodic roles, worked as an actor at theMoscow Drama Theater (1951—1952), as the head of the theater studio at the Bauman Palace of Culture (1951—1953), as a stringer for various children'sprogrammes at the Soviet Central Television and as an editor on radio (1953—1959). He made his acting debut in the film School of Courage. In 1957 heorganized a Student's Theater at the Moscow State University where he served as the main director up until 1959. Iya Savvina was among actors he discovered inthe process.Between 1959 and 1960 Bykov headed the Lenin Komsomol Theatre in Leningrad, but left it for cinema. In 1959 he played the main part of AkakiAkakiyevich in The Overcoat, an adaptation of Nikolai Gogol's story directed by Aleksey Batalov. Soon after he joined Mosfilm where he spent the rest 40 yearsworking as an actor and a film director. He played over 100 roles and became highly popular as a comedy actor with such roles as Chebakov from Balzaminov'sMarriage (1964), Barmalei from Aybolit-66 and Skomorokh from Andrei Rublev (both 1966), Ivan Karyakin from Two Comrades Were Serving (1968), Petrykinfrom Big School-Break (1973), Cat Bazilio from The Adventures of Buratino (1975), Father Fyodor from The Twelve Chairs (1976) and others.As a film director hebecame known for his experimental children's and family movies. Among his most famous works are Seven Nannies (1962), Aybolit-66 (1966), Attention, aTurtle! (1970) and Scarecrow (1983). His films are generally associated with postmodernism, presented as a mix of different styles, genres and techniques, withtheatrical musical numbers, arthouse editing, fourth wall breaking and so on. An unexpectedly grim Scarecrow released in 1984 became especially controversialand led to a lot of public criticism; some insisted it should be banned. Bykov survived a heart attack in the process. Yet in 1986 with the start of perestroika hewas awarded the USSR State Prize for his movie.Apart from his movie career Bykov also worked as an educator at High Courses for Scriptwriters and FilmDirectors. Between 1986 and 1990 he served as a secretary of the Union of Cinematography of the USSR. He was also a member of the Nika Awardorganization.In 1989 Bykov headed the Younost studio at Mosfilm dedicated to children's cinema. Between 1989 and 1992 he also headed the All-Soviet Center ofCinema and TV for Children and Youth. In 1992 he created and headed the Rolan Bykov's Fund (also known as International Fund for Development of Cinema forChildren and Youth). According to his 1994 interview to Vladislav Listyev, they had produced 64 movies by that time and received various awards internationally,yet none of them were shown at Russian movie theaters since new management saw them as nonprofitable.Since 1989 Bykov had been involved in the politicallife of Russia. Between 1989 and 1991 he served as a member of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union. He also headed a NonpartisanSocio-Political Movement 95 that expressed support to culture, science, education and ecology. During the 1995 Parliamentary elections he headed a liberalpro-government Common Cause party along with Irina Khakamada and Vladimir Dzhanibekov. He also served as a president of the Help bank at one point.In1996 Bykov was diagnosed with lung cancer and survived a surgery. He died two years later from thrombosis. He was buried at Novodevichy Cemetery.PersonallifeFirst wife — an actress Lydia Nikolayevna Knyazeva (1925—1987). They met at the Moscow Youth Theater and spent 15 years together. They also adopted aboy from an orphanage and raised him under the name of Oleg Rolanovich Bykov (1958—2002). He appeared in Scarecrow in minor role and produced severalmovies, but left the industry shortly after.Second wife — an actress Elena Sanayeva, daughter of the acclaimed Soviet actor Vsevolod Sanayev. Bykov adoptedher son from the first marriage Pavel Sanayev (born 1969) who became a popular Russian film director and writer. His part-autobiographical novel Bury MeBehind the Baseboard published in 1994 became a national bestseller. Bykov is featured in it under a name of Tolik. The book was adapted as a 2009 drama filmBury Me Behind the Baseboard, although the Sanayev family were displeased with it.Bykov also wrote poetry since childhood and published a book of poems in1994 entitled Poems by Rolan Bykov that was re-released several times. In 2010 his widow Elena Sanayeva published a book of Bykov's diaries (from 1945 to1996) that contained a lot of personal thoughts along with his wife's commentaries.In later years Bykov expressed a lot of concern regarding the movie industryand newer times in general. In his interview to Vladislav Listyev he stated that modern cinema was solely built around money, or the golden calf as he called it,with no place for art. «Back in 1984 I survived a heart attack following the release of Scarecrow; these days I survived a stroke during the production of a10-minute short under Belgian producers». In his interviews to Leonid Filatov he characterized modern times as «corrupted», «a collapse of culture and morals»,and modern cinema — as «a cigarette butt's art». In his diaries he continued those themes, predicting a Third World War, an environmental disaster and ageneral «schizophreniation» of the world population. The only exit he saw was a cultural and spiritual renaissance.Selected filmographyActorDirectorAwards andhonorsMedal \"For Labour Valour\" (1967)Jubilee Medal \"In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin\" (1970)Honored Artist ofthe RSFSR (1973)USSR State Prize (1986) – for film ScarecrowPeople's Artist of the RSFSR (1987)Vasilyev Brothers State Prize of the RSFSR (1987) – for his roleas Professor Larsen in film Dead Man's LettersNika Award for Best Actor (1988) – for film CommissarPeople's Artist of the USSR (1990)Order \"For Merit to theFatherland\", 4th class (11 November 1994)Passage 4:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art"}
{"doc_id":"doc_299","qid":"","text":"Passage 1:Mickey's Tent ShowMickey's Tent Show is a 1933 short film in Larry Darmour's Mickey McGuire series starring a young Mickey Rooney. Directed byJesse Duffy, the two-reel short was released to theaters on October 27, 1933 by Post Pictures Corp.SynopsisMickey and the Gang decide to put on a circus showfor the neighborhood kids. As usual, Stinkie Davis and his pals try whatever they can to make their rivals miserable. Throughout the show, whenever Mickey andhis friends try to perform an act, Stinkie interrupts them by playing his father's new radio.CastIn order by credits:Mickey Rooney - \"Mickey McGuire\"Douglas Scott- \"Stinkey\" DavisMarvin Stephens - \"Katrink\"Jimmie Robinson - \"Hambone\" JohnsonBilly Barty - Billy McGuire (\"Mickey's Little Brother\")Shirley Jeane Rickert -\"Tomboy Taylor\"External linksMickey's Tent Show at IMDbPassage 2:Kadamba (1983 film)Kadamba is a 1983 film, directed by P. N. Menon and produced by P. V.George. The film stars Prakash, Jayanthi, Sathaar and Achankunju in the lead roles. The film has musical score by K. Raghavan.PlotJanu is brought up by herfather after the sudden death of her mother. Problems start brewing in her life when her father searches for a perfect groom, unaware that she is in love withsomeone else.CastJayanthi as JanuPrakashAchankunju as Velu, janu's fatherBalan K. Nair as KeshavanSathaar as KunjiramanBhaskara KuruppuSoundtrackThemusic was composed by K. Raghavan and the lyrics were written by Bichu Thirumala and Thikkodiyan.Passage 3:Thulasi (1987 film)Thulasi is a 1987 IndianTamil-language romantic drama film directed by Ameerjan. The film stars Murali and Seetha. It was released on 27 November 1987.PlotThirunavukarasu isconsidered as a God by his villagers. Nevertheless, his son Sammadham is an atheist and he doesn't believe in his father's power. Sammadham and Ponni, a lowcaste girl, fall in love with each other. Sammadham's best friend Siva, a low caste boy, passes the Master of Arts degree successfully. Thirunavukarasu's daughterThulasi then develops a soft corner for Siva.Thirunavukarasu cannot accept for his son Sammadham's marriage with Ponni due to caste difference. Sammadhamthen challenges him to marry her. Thirunavukarasu appoints henchmen to kill her and Ponni is found dead the next day in the water. In the meantime, Siva alsofalls in love with Thulasi. The rest of the story is what happens to Siva and Thulasi.CastMurali as Sivalingam \"Siva\"Seetha as ThulasiChandrasekhar asSammadhamMajor Sundarrajan as ThirunavukarasuSenthilCharle as KhanThara as PonniMohanapriya as SarasuVathiyar RamanA. K. Veerasamy asKaliyappanSoundtrackThe music was composed by Sampath Selvam, with lyrics written by Vairamuthu.ReceptionThe Indian Express gave a negative reviewcalling it \"thwarted love\".Passage 4:Le Masque de la MéduseLe masque de la Méduse (English: The Mask of Medusa) is a 2009 fantasy horror film directed by JeanRollin. The film is a modern-day telling of the Greek mythological tale of the Gorgon and was inspired by the 1964 classic Hammer Horror film of the same nameand the 1981 cult classic Clash of the Titans. It was Rollin's final film, as the director died in 2010.CastSimone Rollin as la MéduseSabine Lenoël as EuryaleMarlèneDelcambre as SthénoJuliette Moreau as JulietteDelphine Montoban as CorneliusJean-Pierre Bouyxou as le gardienBernard Charnacé as le collectionneurAgnèsPierron as la colleuse d'affiche au Grand-GuignolGabrielle Rollin as la petite contrebassisteJean Rollin as l'homme qui enterre la têteThomas Smith asThomasProductionIt was thought that Rollin's 2007 film La nuit des horloges was the final film of his career, as he had mentioned in the past. However, in 2009,Rollin began preparation foe Le masque de la Méduse. Rollin originally directed the film as a one-hour short, which was screened at the Cinémathèque deToulouse, but after the release, Rollin decided to add 20 minutes of additional scenes and then cut the film into two distinct parts, as he did with his first feature,Le Viol du Vampire.  The film was shot on location at the Golden Gate Aquarium and Père Lachaise Cemetery, as well as on stage at the Theatre du GrandeGuignol, which is where the longest part of the film takes place. It was shot on HD video on a low budget of €150,000. Before the release, it was transferred to35mm film.ReleaseThe film was not released theatrically, although it premiered on 19 November 2009 at the 11th edition of the Extreme Cinema Film Festival atthe Cinémathèque de Toulouse. As part of \"An Evening with Jean Rollin\", it was shown as a double feature with Rollin's 2007 film La nuit des horloges.HomemediaNo official DVD was released, although for a limited time, a DVD of La masque de la Méduse was included with the first 150 copies of Rollin's book JeanRollin: Écrits complets Volume 1.Passage 5:P. N. Menon (director)Palissery Narayanankutty Menon alias P. N. Menon (2 January 1926 – 9 September 2008) wasan Indian film director and art director in the Malayalam cinema. He is also famous as the Designer of Promotional Posters. Menon was also the uncle of anotherpopular film director Bharathan, being the younger brother of the latter's father. In 2001, he was honoured with the J. C. Daniel Award, Kerala government'shighest honour for contributions to Malayalam cinema.Early lifeBorn in Wadakkancherry, he completed his studies at Thrissur and from School of Art in Chennai.He came to Chennai when he was only 20 years old. He couldn't find any job in Chennai, so travelled to Salem and become a production boy in a Studio. But,after two-and-a-half years, the studio was shut down and went back to Chennai. He got back to sketches, then painting, then doing magazine covers. One of hisdesigning assignments was for one of Producer B. Nagi Reddy's magazines. The production house was so impressed with his talent that when they bought VahiniStudio in 1951, Nagi Reddy's son appointed him as a paid apprentice in the painting department.He got a job as an art director in an English play produced by thedaughter of the then Andhra Chief Minister. They had three performances in Delhi, one for the then Vice President Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, another for thenPrime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and the third for then Army Chief Field Marshal K. M. Cariappa. Ninamaninja Kalpadukal was his first movie Malayalam movie asthe art director and his debut in the field of film direction in the 60s with the film Rosie (1965).CareerMenon's Olavum Theeravum based on M. T. VasudevanNair's script and released in 1970. It won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Film. Menon's boldest film is Kuttiyedathi (Eldest Sister), again based on a shortstory by M. T. Vasudevan Nair.Perhaps his most successful commercial film was Chembarathi (Hibiscus) which was based on a script by MalayattoorRamakrishnan and starred newcomers like Raghavan, Sudhir and Roja Ramani (Sobhana) along with veteran actors like Madhu and Rani Chandra. Another scriptof Malayattoor Ramakrishnan named Gayathri which was directed by him was awarded the President's Special Film Award Medal for National Integration. Menon'sfilm Malamukalile Daivam, has won National Award too.After a long period of absence lasting more than a decade, he directed a film, Nerkkuneraey (\"Face toFace\"), in (2004).Poster DesignerMenon made a name as a versatile Poster Designer as well. He artistic posters always helped the film to gain attention ofcinegoers. He has also done posters even for Bollywood films like Anokha Rishta starring Rajesh Khanna. Some of the Malayalam films he had designed postersare Oomakkuyil, Kakkothikkavile Appooppan Thaadikal, Itha Innu Muthal, Poomadhathe Pennu, Aavanazhi, Amrutham Gamaya and Manivathoorile AayiramSivarathrikal.Personal lifeHis wife's name was Bharathi Menon and they had two daughters, named Rajasree and Jayasree. Popular film director Bharathan washis nephew, and was trained by him in direction. Bharathan predeceased his uncle.DeathDuring his last years, Menon lived with his daughter in Kochi. He sufferedfrom many serious illnesses like Alzheimer's disease during this period. Finally, he died on 9 September 2008 aged 82, at a private hospital in Kochi. He wascremated with full state honours at Ravipuram Crematorium the next day.AwardsKerala State Film Awards1970 – Best Film: Olavum Theeravum1972 – SecondBest Film: Chembarathi1973 – Second Best Film: Gayathri1983 – Special Jury Award: Malamukalile Daivam2001 – J. C. Daniel AwardNational Film Awards1973 –Best Feature Film in Malayalam: Gayathri1983 – Best Feature Film in Malayalam: Malamukalile DaivamFilmographyPassage 6:Mike FieldsMaurice John BernardFields (12 August 1935 – 27 May 2014), known as Mike or Mickey Fields, was an English footballer who played in the Football League for Chester.Playing careerAforward, Fields was offered a trial at Nottingham Forest as a youngster but accepted an offer from his hometown club of Chester to begin playing for their juniorside.Fields broke into Chester's first–team late in 1955–56, with his first and only league goal following against Chesterfield in September 1956. A year later hehelped create history by scoring Chester's winner against Burnley in the final of the Lancashire Senior Cup as they became the first club from outside Lancashireto win the competition.Fields soon began to suffer cartilage problems, leading to his release by the club in May 1959 as he joined Borough United.Fields remaineda part-timer throughout his career at Chester, working for Shell where he continued to be employed after his playing days ended.Passage 7:Happy WeHappy We(Swedish: Två killar och en tjej) is a Swedish 1983 film directed by Lasse Hallström.CastBrasse Brännström -  Thomas BengtssonMagnus Härenstam - KlasseWallinPia Green - Anna WallinLars Amble - Fredrik WahlgrenGösta Engström - Gammal studiekamratEwa Fröling - DoctorSvea Holst - Gammal patientExternallinksHappy We at IMDbPassage 8:Jesse DuffyJesse Duffy (March 24, 1894 – December 14, 1952), sometimes billed as J. A. Duffy, was an American serialscreenwriter for Republic Pictures and Columbia Pictures during the 1940s. He also directed some of the \"Mickey McGuire\" series starring Mickey Rooney releasedby Post Pictures Corporation, and later distributed by Columbia.External linksJesse Duffy at IMDbPassage 9:QuerelleQuerelle is a 1982 West German-FrenchEnglish-language arthouse film directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder and starring Brad Davis, adapted from French author Jean Genet's 1947 novel Querelle ofBrest. It was Fassbinder's last film, released shortly after his death at the age of 37.PlotThe plot centers on the handsome Belgian sailor Georges Querelle, who isalso a thief and murderer. When his ship, Le Vengeur, arrives in Brest, he visits the Feria, a bar and brothel for sailors run by the Madame Lysiane, whose lover,Robert, is Querelle's brother. Querelle has a love/hate relationship with his brother: when they meet at La Feria, they embrace, but also punch one another slowlyand repeatedly in the belly. Lysiane's husband Nono works behind the bar and also manages La Feria's underhanded affairs with the assistance of his friend, thecorrupt police captain Mario.Querelle makes a deal to sell opium to Nono. During the execution of the deal, he murders his accomplice Vic by slitting his"}