Passage 1:Margaret, Countess of BrienneMarguerite d'Enghien (born 1365 - d. after 1394), was the ruling suo jure Countess of Brienne and of Conversano, suojure Lady of Enghien, and Lady of Beauvois from 1394 until an unknown date.LifeMarguerite was born in 1365, the eldest daughter of Louis of Enghien, Count ofBrienne and Conversano, Lord of Enghien, Titular Duke of Athens, and Giovanna of Sanseverino. Marguerite had a brother, Antoine who died at the age ofsixteen, leaving her, the eldest daughter, heir to her father's estates and titles.  She inherited the counties of Brienne and of Conversano, and the Lordship ofEnghien from her father Louis of Enghien on 17 March 1394. She was the wife of John of Luxembourg, Sire of Beauvois and the mother of Peter of Luxembourg,Count of Saint-Pol, Count of Brienne and of Conversano who inherited her fiefs, and John II of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny.ReignMarguerite became the suo jureCountess of Brienne and Conversano, and Dame of Enghien upon her father's death on 17 March 1394. Her husband John also became Count of Brienne and ofConversano by right of his wife.She died on an unknown date sometime after 1394. Her will was dated 19 September 1393. Her eldest son, Peter received hertitles of Brienne and of Conversano.Marriages and issueOn an unknown date, Marguerite married  her first husband, Pierre de Baux, and following his death, shemarried as her second husband, a relative of her mother, Giacopo of Sanseverino. Both of these early marriages were childless. In 1380, after Giacopo's death,Marguerite married her third husband, John of Luxembourg, Sire of Beauvois (1370–1397).  He was the son of Guy of Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol andMahaut of Châtillon, Countess of Saint-Pol. By her third husband, Marguerite had five children:Peter of Luxembourg (1390–31 August 1433), Count of Saint-Pol(1430), which he inherited from his aunt Jeanne of Luxembourg, Countess of Saint-Pol and Ligny; he also inherited, on an unknown date, Marguerite's fiefs ofBrienne and of Conversano, thus becoming Count of Brienne and of Conversano. He married on 8 May 1405, Margaret de Baux, by whom he had nine children,including Jacquetta of Luxembourg, mother of Elizabeth Woodville Queen-Consort of Edward IV of England.John II of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny (1392–5January 1441), inherited the title of Beauvois from his father, and the title of Ligny from his aunt, Jeanne of Luxembourg. On 23 November 1418, married Jeannede Béthune, widow of Robert of Bar, Count of Marle and Soissons who had been killed at the Battle of Agincourt on 25 October 1415. John, who was an ally of theEnglish during the Hundred Years War, received Joan of Arc as his prisoner, and subsequently sold her to the English for 10,000 livres.Louis of Luxembourg (died18 September 1443). He was a statesman and a high-ranking churchman. His posts and clerical titles included Cardinal (1439), Archbishop of Rouen (1437),Chancellor of France (1425), Governor of Paris (1436), Bishop of Thérouanne, Administrator of Ely (1437), Bishop of Frascati (1442). He was buried in ElyCathedral.Catherine of Luxembourg (born c. 1393)Jeanne of Luxembourg (died 1420), married firstly, on 8 September 1415, Louis, Seigneur de Ghistelles (killedat the Battle of Agincourt); she married secondly on 28 October 1419, Jean IV, Viscount of Melun, Constable of Flanders.Passage 2:Nocher II, Count ofSoissonsNocher II (died 1019), Count of Bar-sur-Aube, Count of Soissons. He was the son of Nocher I, Count of Bar-sur-Aube. Nocher's brother Beraud (d. 1052)was Bishop of Soissons.Nocher became Count of Soissons, jure uxoris, upon his marriage to Adelise, Countess of Soissons.  Nocher and Adelisa had threechildren:Nocher III (d. 1040), Count of Bar-sur-Aube, had at least two daughters by unknown wife:Adèle (d. 1053), Countess of Bar-sur-AubeIsabeauGuy,archbishop of ReimsRenaud I, Count of SoissonsNocher's son and namesake became Count of Bar-sur-Aube upon his death, and the countship of Soissonsreverted to his wife.  His son Renaud would eventually become the Count of Soissons.Passage 3:Adelaide, Countess of SoissonsAdelaide (died 1105), wassovereign Countess of Soissons from 1057 until 1105.She was the daughter of Renaud I, Count of Soissons, and his wife, whose name is unknown, widow ofHilduin III, Count of Montdidier. .Adelaide became ruler of the County of Soissons upon the death of her father and brother, Guy II, Count of Soissons, in1057.Adelaide married William Busac, Count of Eu, grandson of Richard I, Duke of Normandy.  Adelaide and William had five children:Renaud II, Count ofSoissonsJohn I, Count of Soissons, married to Aveline de PierrefondsManasses of Soissons, Bishop of Cambrai, Bishop of SoissonsLithuise de Blois, married to MiloI of MontlhéryUnnamed daughter, married to Yves le Vieux.William Busac became Count of Soissons, de jure uxoris, upon their marriage.NotesSourcesDormay,C., Histoire de la ville de Soissons et de ses rois, ducs, comtes et gouverneurs, Soissons, 1664 (available on Google Books)Passage 4:Margaret, Countess ofSoissonsMargaret (or Margaretha) of Soissons (died ca. 1350) was ruling Countess of Soissons in 1305-1344. She was the only daughter of Hugh, Count ofSoissons, and Johanna of Argies. In 1306 she succeeded her father as Countess of Soissons.Margaret was married to John of Beaumont, son of John II, Count ofHolland. Margaret and John had five children:Johanna of Hainault (1323–1350), married first to Louis II, Count of Blois, (three sons), and second to William I,Marquis of Namur, no issue.John, Canon of Cambrai.William, Canon of Cambrai, Beauvais and Le Mans.Amalrik, Canon of Cambrai, Dole and Tours.Reinout,Canon of Cambrai.Upon their marriage, John became Count of Soissons, jure uxoris.SourcesDormay, C., Histoire de la ville de Soissons et de ses rois, ducs,comtes et gouverneurs, Soissons, 1664 (available on Google Books)Passage 5:Jeanne of Bar, Countess of Marle and SoissonsJeanne de Bar, suo jure Countess ofMarle and Soissons, Dame d'Oisy, Viscountess of Meaux, and Countess of Saint-Pol, of Brienne, de Ligny, and Conversano (1415 – 14 May 1462)  was a nobleFrench heiress and Sovereign Countess. She was the only child of Robert of Bar, Count of Marle and Soissons, Sire d'Oisy, who was killed at the Battle ofAgincourt when she was a baby, leaving her the sole heiress to his titles and estates. In 1430, at the age of fifteen, Jeanne was one of the three women placed incharge of Joan of Arc when the latter was a prisoner in the castle of John II of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny, Jeanne's stepfather. She was the first wife of Louis ofLuxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol, of Brienne, de Ligny, and Conversano, Constable of France.FamilyJeanne was born in 1415, the only child of Robert of Bar,Count of Marle and Soissons, Sire d'Oisy (1390- 25 October 1415), whose own mother was Marie de Coucy, Countess of Soissons, granddaughter of English KingEdward III of England. Her mother was Jeanne de Béthune, Viscountess of Meaux (c.1397- late 1450).On 25 October 1415, her father was killed in the Battle ofAgincourt, leaving Jeanne, who was a baby, as sole heiress to her father's titles and estates. In 1418, her mother married secondly John II of Luxembourg, Countof Ligny and de Guise (1392 – 5 January 1441), son of John of Luxembourg, Sire de Beauvois and Marguerite of Enghien, Countess of Brienne and of Conversano.The marriage was childless.It was Jeanne's stepfather John who received Joan of Arc as his prisoner, and kept her at his castle of Beaurevoir. Joan, who was threeyears Jeanne's senior, was placed in the care of Jeanne, her mother and Jeanne of Luxembourg, John's elderly aunt. The three ladies did all they could to comfortJoan in her captivity, and unsuccessfully tried to persuade her to abandon her masculine clothing for feminine attire. They earned Joan's gratitude for their kindand compassionate treatment of her. Despite the pleas of Jeanne and the other two women, John sold Joan of Arc to the English, who were his allies, for 10,000livres.Marriage and issueOn 16 July 1435, at the age of twenty, Jeanne married Louis of Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol, Brienne, de Ligny, and Conversano,Constable of France (1418 – 19 December 1475). The marriage took place at the Chateau de Bohain. She was Louis' first wife. Louis was the eldest son of Peterof Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol, Brienne, and Conversano, by his wife Margaret de Baux. Louis had been brought up by his paternal uncle, who was Jeanne'sstepfather, John II of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny and Guise; therefore the young couple were well-acquainted with one another. John designated Louis as hisheir to the counties of Ligny and Guise, but upon John's death in 1441, King Charles VII of France sequestered the estates and titles. The title of Ligny waseventually restored to Louis. The title and estates of Guise were given to Louis' youngest sister, Isabelle as her dowry, which passed to her husband, Charles,Count of Maine, upon their marriage in 1443.  Jeanne succeeded as Viscountess of Meaux suo jure upon the death of her mother in late 1450.Jeanne and Louishad seven children:John of Luxembourg, Count of Marle and Soissons, Governor of Burgundy (killed at the Battle of Morat on 22 June 1476)Jacqueline ofLuxembourg (died 1511), married Philippe de Croy, 2nd Count of Porcien, by whom she had issue.Pierre II de Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol, of Brienne, deLigny, Marle and Soissons (1448 – 25 October 1482), on 12 July 1466, married Marguerite of Savoy (1439 Turin – 9 March 1483 Bruges), the daughter of Louis,Duke of Savoy and Anne de Lusignan of Cyprus, and widow of Giovanni IV Paleologo, Margrave of Montferrat, by whom he had issue, including Marie deLuxembourg (c. April 1467 – 1 April 1547), wife of François de Bourbon, Count of Vendôme, and from whom Mary, Queen of Scots, King Henry IV of France, thesubsequent Bourbon kings of France, and the Lorraine Dukes of Guise were directly descended.Helene of Luxembourg (died 23 August 1488), married Janus ofSavoy, Count of Faucigny, Governor of Nice (1440–1491), the brother of her sister-in-law, Marguerite of Savoy, by whom she had a daughter, Louise of Savoy(1467 – 1 May 1530).Charles of Luxembourg, Bishop of Laon (1447 – 24 November 1509), had several illegitimate children by an unknown mistress.Anthony I,Count of Ligny, Brienne, and Roussy (died 1519), married firstly Antoinette de Bauffrémont, Countess de Charny, by whom he had issue; he married secondly,Françoise de Croÿ-Chimay, by whom he had issue; he married thirdly Gillette de Coélivy. His last marriage was childless. By his mistress, Peronne de Machefert,he had an illegitimate son, Antoine of Luxembourg, Bastard of Brienne, who married and left descendants.Philippe of Luxembourg (died 1521), Abbesse atMoncelDeathJeanne died on 14 May 1462 aged about forty-seven years. Her husband married secondly Marie of Savoy (20 March 1448 – 1475), daughter ofLouis, Duke of Savoy and Anne of Cyprus, by whom he had three more children. Marie was a younger sister of his daughter-in-law Marguerite of Savoy. Louis ofLuxembourg was imprisoned in the Bastille and afterward beheaded in Paris on 19 December 1475 for treason against King Louis XI of France.AncestryPassage


Passage 1:Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2003The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show is an annual fashion show sponsored by Victoria's Secret, a brand of lingerieand sleepwear. Victoria's Secret uses the show to promote and market its goods in high-profile settings. The show features some of the world's leading fashionmodels, such as current Victoria's Secret Angels Tyra Banks, Heidi Klum, Gisele Bündchen, and Adriana Lima.The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2003 wasrecorded in New York City, United States at the 69th Regiment Armory. The show featured musical performances by Sting, Mary J. Blige, and Eve. Angel HeidiKlum was wearing the Victoria's Secret Fantasy Bra : Very Sexy Fantasy Bra worth $11,000,000.Fashion show segmentsSegment 1: Sexy SuperHeroinesSegment 2: Razor Sharp Latex LadiesSpecial PerformanceSegment 3 : Rock Chicks Rockin' OutSpecial PerformanceSegment 4 : Sexy KittensSpecialPerformanceSegment 5 : GlaaaaamaaazonsIndexFinaleAngels: Adriana Lima, Gisele Bündchen, Tyra Banks, Heidi Klum.Returning Models: Michelle Alves,Alessandra Ambrosio, Carmen Kass, Dewi Driegen, Naomi Campbell, Ana Beatriz Barros, Angela Lindvall, Frankie Rayder, Mini Andén, Eugenia Volodina, OluchiOnweagba, Liya Kebede, Lindsay Frimodt, Fernanda Tavares, Letícia Birkheuer, Ujjwala Raut, Karolina Kurkova.Newcomers: Isabeli Fontana, Marcelle Bittar,Jacquetta Wheeler, Margarita Svegzdaite, Deanna Miller.External linksVSFS 2003 GalleryPassage 2:Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2001The Victoria's SecretFashion Show is an annual fashion show sponsored by Victoria's Secret, a brand of lingerie and sleepwear. Victoria's Secret uses the show to promote and marketits goods in high-profile settings. The show features some of the world's leading fashion models, such as current Victoria's Secret Angels Tyra Banks, Heidi Klum,Daniela Peštová, Gisele Bündchen, and Adriana Lima.The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2001 was recorded in New York, United States at the Bryant Park. Theshow featured musical performances by Andrea Bocelli and Mary J. Blige. Angel Heidi Klum was wearing the Victoria's Secret Fantasy Bra: The Heavenly Star Braworth $12,500,000.Fashion show segmentsSpecial PerformanceSegment 1Special PerformanceSegment 2IndexFinaleAngels: Gisele Bündchen, Heidi Klum,Adriana Lima, Tyra Banks, Daniela Peštová.Returning models: Karolína Kurková, Caroline Ribeiro, Eva Herzigová, Mini Andén, Fernanda Tavares, Trish Goff,Bridget Hall, Aurélie Claudel, Rhea Durham, Alessandra Ambrosio, Inés Rivero.Newcomers: Rie Rasmussen, Maggie Rizer, Alek Wek, Omahyra Mota, Karen Elson,Molly Sims, Audrey Marnay, Diána Mészáros, Anouck Lepere, Emma Heming.External linksVSFS 2001 GalleryPassage 3:List of Victoria's Secret modelsThis is a listof current and former Victoria's Secret Angels and fashion models who have walked in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show since its inception in 1995.Victoria'sSecret AngelsModels who were chosen as Victoria's Secret Angels are listed in the table below. In June 2021, Victoria's Secret announced that it was ending itsAngels brand.PINK spokesmodelsThe following is the list of models who have been contracted as spokesmodels for Victoria's Secret's PINK brand.NotesPassage4:Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2002The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show is an annual fashion show sponsored by Victoria's Secret, a brand of lingerie andsleepwear. Victoria's Secret uses the show to promote and market its goods in high-profile settings. The show features some of the world's leading fashionmodels, such as current Victoria's Secret Angels Tyra Banks, Heidi Klum, Gisele Bündchen, and Adriana Lima.The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2002 wasrecorded in New York, United States at the 69th Regiment Armory. The show featured musical performances by Destiny's Child, Marc Anthony, and Phil Collins.Karolína Kurková was wearing the Victoria's Secret Fantasy Bra : Star of Victoria Fantasy Bra worth $10,000,000.Fashion show segmentsSpecialPerformanceSegment 1: Religious HolidaySpecial PerformanceSegment 2: Jungle AnimalsSpecial PerformanceSegment 3: Flamenco FrillsSegment 4: NeonAngelsFinaleAngels: Gisele Bündchen, Heidi Klum, Adriana Lima, Tyra Banks, Karolína Kurková.Returning models: Carmen Kass, Bridget Hall, Naomi Campbell,Fernanda Tavares, Alessandra Ambrosio, Frankie Rayder, Caroline Ribeiro, Oluchi Onweagba.Newcomers: Yfke Sturm, Eugenia Volodina, Lindsay Frimodt,Michelle Alves, Nadine Strittmatter, Raquel Zimmermann, Liya Kebede, Dewi Driegen, Ana Beatriz Barros, Caitriona Balfe, Inga Savits, Ujjwala Raut, AnaHickmann, Reka Ebergenyi, Letícia Birkheuer.IndexExternal linksVSFS 2002 GalleryPassage 5:Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2005The Victoria's Secret FashionShow is an annual fashion show sponsored by Victoria's Secret, a brand of lingerie and sleepwear. Victoria's Secret uses the show to promote and market itsgoods in high-profile settings. The show features some of the world's leading fashion models, such as current Victoria's Secret Angels Tyra Banks, Heidi Klum,Gisele Bündchen, Adriana Lima, Karolína Kurková, Alessandra Ambrosio, Selita Ebanks, and Izabel Goulart.The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2005 was recordedin New York City, United States at the 69th Regiment Armory. The show featured musical performances by Chris Botti, Seal, and Ricky Martin. Gisele Bündchenwas wearing the Victoria's Secret Fantasy Bra : Sexy Splendor Fantasy Bra worth $12,500,000.Fashion Show segmentsSegment 1: Sexy Santa HelpersSegment2: Sexy Shadow DreamsSegment 3: Sexy Crystal PrincessesSegment 4: Sexy DeliciousThis segment was swapped in order of appearance with the fifth segment,Sexy Russian Babes, in the edited TV version.Segment 5: Sexy Russian BabesThis segment was swapped in order of appearance with the fourth segment, SexyDelicious, in the edited TV version.Special PerformanceSegment 6: Sexy ToysFinaleTyra Banks led the finale. == Index ==Passage 6:The Gravity GroupTheGravity Group is a wooden roller coaster design firm based in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. The firm was founded in July 2002 out of the engineering team ofthe famed but now defunct Custom Coasters International. The core group of designers and engineers at The Gravity Group have backgrounds in civil, structuraland mechanical engineering.  Their experience comes from work on over 40 different wooden roller coasters around the world.  The first coaster designed underthe Gravity Group opened as Hades at Mount Olympus Theme Park in 2005. The Gravity Group also designed The Voyage at Holiday World in Santa Claus,Indiana, which opened in May 2006 and is the second-longest wooden roller coaster in the world.  These first two accomplishments of the team have beenreceived with great success by both the industry and coaster enthusiasts alike.In 2007, The Gravity Group opened Boardwalk Bullet, an intense wooden rollercoaster that was built at Kemah Boardwalk and opened as the only wooden coaster in the Greater Houston area. The Gravity Group designed Ravine Flyer II atWaldameer in Erie, Pennsylvania, which was opened at the start of the 2008 season. In 2009, Wooden Coaster - Fireball was opened at Happy Valley in China,becoming China's first wooden roller coaster. In 2011 Quassy Amusement Park opened Wooden Warrior, the company's sixth wooden roller coaster. The GravityGroup was also involved in the rebuilding of Libertyland's Zippin Pippin at Bay Beach Amusement Park in Green Bay, Wisconsin.In 2008, members of The GravityGroup announced the development of their own wooden coaster trains called Timberliners.  They are being produced by Gravitykraft Corporation, a sistercompany to The Gravity Group.  The Gravity Group promotes their trains as the only wooden coaster trains capable of steering through curves, resulting in amore comfortable and maintenance-friendly ride.  Timberliners were planned to debut on The Voyage at Holiday World for the 2010 season, but after four yearsof delays, Holiday World officially cancelled the project on August 16, 2013.  However, in 2011, the Timberliners appeared on Wooden Warrior at QuassyAmusement Park in Connecticut and on Twister at Gröna Lund in Sweden, and in 2013 were added to Hades as part of its transformation to Hades 360.List ofroller coastersAs of 2019, The Gravity Group has built 28 roller coasters around the world.Passage 7:The Cú Chulainn CoasterThe Cú Chulainn Coaster is awooden roller coaster located at Emerald Park in Ashbourne, County Meath, Ireland. Manufactured by The Gravity Group, the wooden coaster features anoverbanked turn and opened on 6 June 2015.HistoryThe Cú Chulainn Coaster was officially announced by Tayto Park in a press release on 19 February 2015,although construction started earlier in August 2014. Ohio-based company The Gravity Group was selected to build the roller coaster, marking their secondinstallation in Europe following Twister at Gröna Lund in Sweden. Construction was completed in May 2015, and the roller coaster opened on 6 June 2015. It waspart of a €26 million investment at Tayto Park, which also included 7 other new attractions for the 2015 season. Its theme is based on the mythological loresurrounding Irish hero Cú Chulainn, whom the ride is named after.ReceptionPassage 8:Victoria's SecretVictoria's Secret is an American lingerie, clothing, andbeauty retailer known for high visibility marketing and branding, starting with a popular catalog and followed by an annual fashion show with supermodels dubbedAngels. As the largest retailer of lingerie in the United States, the brand has struggled since 2016 due to shifting consumer preferences and controversysurrounding corporate leadership's business practices.Founded in 1977 by Roy and Gaye Raymond, the company's five lingerie stores were sold to Leslie Wexnerin 1982. Wexner rapidly expanded into American shopping malls, growing the company into 350 stores nationally with sales of $1 billion by the early 1990s whenVictoria's Secret became the largest lingerie retailer in the United States.From 1995 through 2018, the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show was an essential part of thebrand's image featuring an annual runway spectacle of models promoted by the company as fantasy Angels. The 1990s saw the company's further expansionthroughout shopping malls along with the introduction of the 'miracle bra', the new brand Body by Victoria, and the development of a line of fragrances andcosmetics. In 2002 Victoria's Secret announced the launch of PINK, a brand that was aimed to appeal to teenagers. Starting in 2008, Victoria's Secret expandedinternationally, with retail outlets within international airports, franchises in major cities overseas, and in company-owned stores throughout Canada and theUK.By 2016, Victoria's Secret's market share began to decline due to competition from other brands that embraced a wider range of sizes and a growingconsumer preference for athleisure. The company canceled the circulation of their famous catalog in 2016. The brand struggled to maintain its market positionfollowing criticism and controversy over the unsavory behavior and business practices of corporate leadership under Wexner and Ed Razek. As of May 2020, with


Passage 1:Henry III, Duke of Münsterberg-OelsHenry III of Münsterberg-Oels (also: Henry III of Poděbrady, Henry III of Bernstadt; German: Heinrich III. vonPodiebrad; Czech: Jindřich III-Minstrbersko Olešnický; 29 April 1542, Oleśnica – 10 April 1587, Oleśnica) was Duke of Münsterberg from 1565 to 1574 and Dukeof Bernstadt.  He also held the title of Count of Glatz.LifeHenry's parents were Henry II of Münsterberg and Oels and Margaret (1515–1559), daughter of Henry Vof Mecklenburg-Schwerin.  Henry III was married to Magdalena Meseritsch of Lomnitz (Czech: Magdaléna Mezeřícká z Lomnice).When his father died in 1548,Henry was only six years old, so he initially stood under the guardianship of his uncle John, who called himself "Duke of Bernstadt" from 1548 until his death in1565.  In 1565, Henry III took up the rule of the Duchy of Bernstadt.  He was excessively in debt, and in 1574, he had to sell the Duchy of Bernstadt, includingthe castle and several more villages, to the von Schindel family.Henry III died childless in 1587.  The Duchy of Bernstadt was bought back in 1604 by Henry'sbrother Charles II.References ad sourcesHugo Weczerka: Handbuch der historischen Stätten: Schlesien, Stuttgart, 1977, ISBN 3-520-31601-3, p. 19  andgenealogical tables on p. 602–603.Rudolf Žáček: Dějiny Slezska v datech, Prague, 2004, ISBN 80-7277-172-8, p. 145, 410 and 436.External linksMarek,Miroslav. "Genealogy of Poděbrady". Genealogy.EU.Passage 2:Olaf III of NorwayOlaf III or Olaf Haraldsson (Old Norse: Óláfr Haraldsson, Norwegian: OlavHaraldsson; c. 1050 – 22 September 1093), known as Olaf the Peaceful (Old Norse: Óláfr kyrri, Norwegian: Olav Kyrre), was King of Norway from 1067 until hisdeath in 1093.He was present at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in England in 1066 where his father, King Harald Hardrada, saw defeat and was killed in action, anevent that directly preceded his kingship. During his rule, Olaf made peace with regards to earlier royal conflicts with the church, strengthened the power of themonarchy, and is traditionally credited with founding the city of Bergen circa 1070. Around 1225, Snorri Sturluson wrote  Olav Kyrres saga about King Olaf in theHeimskringla.BiographyOlaf was a son of King Harald Hardrada and Tora Torbergsdatter. Olaf joined his father during the invasion of England during 1066.However, he was only 16 years old during the Battle of Stamford Bridge in September 1066. He stayed on a ship and did not participate in the fighting. After theNorwegian defeat, he sailed with the remains of the Norwegian strike force back to Orkney, where they wintered. The return journey to Norway took place insummer 1067.After the death of his father, Olaf shared the kingdom with his brother Magnus II (Magnus 2 Haraldsson) who had become king the previous year.When King Magnus died during 1069, Olaf became the sole ruler of Norway.During his reign, the nation of Norway experienced a rare extended period of peace.He renounced any offensive foreign policy, instead protecting Norway's sovereignty through agreements and marriage connections. Domestically he emphasizedthe church's organization and the modernization of the kingdom. The latter resulted in, among other things, the reorganization of the body-guard and ofmeasures under which key cities, especially Bergen, could better serve as a royal residence. According to the Heimskringla by Snorri Sturluson, Olaf is said tohave founded the city of Bergen (originally called Bjørgvin).The death of Harald Hardrada and the serious defeat suffered by the Norwegians in 1066 tempted theDanish king, Svend Estridsen, to prepare for an attack on Norway. King Svend no longer felt bound by the ceasefire agreement signed with Harald Hardrada in1064, since it would only be valid for the two kings during their own lives. However Olaf made peace with King Svend and married the king's daughter Ingerid.Later, Olav's half sister Ingegerd married King Svend's son  Olaf. Although there were some attacks on England by Danish forces, peace persisted betweenDenmark and Norway. Olaf also made peace with William the Conqueror of England.King Olaf broke with his father's line in his relationship to the church. HaraldHardrada had developed a continuing conflict with the Archbishopric of Bremen due to the archbishop's authority over the Norwegian church. Unlike his father,Olav recognized that authority fully. Political considerations may have been behind this conciliatory attitude, as may have been Olaf's concern with the churchorganization. Until his time bishops had formed part of the king's court and traveled with him around the country to take care of the ecclesiastical affairs while theking took care of worldly matters. The bishops established fixed residence in Oslo, Nidaros and Bergen. King Olaf also took the initiative for the construction ofchurches, including Christ Church in Bergen and Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim.Olaf strengthened the power of the king and instituted the system of guilds inNorway. There are strong indications that the government of King Olaf began writing secure provincial laws to a greater extent. The Norwegian lawGulatingsloven was probably put in writing for the first time during his reign.King Olaf died of illness on 22 September 1093 in Haukbø, Rånrike, then part ofNorway (now Håkeby, Tanum Municipality, Sweden). He was buried at the Nidaros Cathedral. His marriage to Ingerid did not produce any children. His successoras king, Magnus III nicknamed Magnus Barefoot (Magnus Berrføtt), was acknowledged to be his illegitimate son.Appearance and characterThe Morkinskinna (c.1220) describes Olaf III as:"[A] tall man, and everyone agrees that there has never been seen a fairer man or a man of nobler appearance.""He had blond hair, alight complexion, and pleasing eyes, and he was well proportioned. He was taciturn for the most part, and not much of a speechmaker, though he was goodcompany after drink."Another description is found in the Heimskringla of Snorri Sturluson:"Olaf was a stout man, well grown in limbs; and every one said ahandsomer man could not be seen, nor of a nobler appearance.""His hair was yellow as silk, and became him well; his skin was white and fine over all his body;his eyes beautiful, and his limbs well proportioned. He was rather silent in general, and did not speak much even at Things; but he was merry in drinking parties.He loved drinking much, and was talkative enough then; but quite peaceful.""He was cheerful in conversation, peacefully inclined during all his reign, and lovinggentleness and moderation in all things."MemorialA memorial to King Olaf Kyrre was placed in Bergen, Norway in connection with the city's 900-year anniversary.The abstract equestrian statue by noted Norwegian sculptor Knut Steen was unveiled on 21 May 1998.The "Maine penny"The Maine penny - a Norwegian silvercoin discovered in the US State of Maine in 1957 and suggested as evidence of Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact - has been dated to the time of Olaf III. Thecircumstances of its arrival from Norway to a Native American village in the present US territory remain unclear and highly disputed.See alsoList of NorwegianmonarchsPassage 3:Ingerid of DenmarkIngerid Swendsdatter of Denmark (also spelt Ingrid; 11th century – after 1093) was a Danish princess who becameQueen of Norway as the spouse of King Olaf III of Norway.Ingerid Swensdatter was the daughter of King Sweyn II of Denmark. It is not known which one of herfather's wives and concubines who was the mother of Ingerid.She was married to Olav Kyrre in 1067 in a marriage arranged as a part of the peace treatybetween Denmark and Norway, and became Queen of Norway upon marriage the same year. To further strengthen the alliance Olav Kyrre's half-sister, IngegerdHaraldsdatter, married  King Olaf I of Denmark, who was the brother of Queen Ingerid.Ingerid Svendsdatter was Olaf Kyrre's official consort and queen. There arenot much information about her personality or her acts as queen.  Queen Ingerid had no children by King Olaf. After the death of King Olav in 1093, queendowager Ingerid, according to unconfirmed tradition, moved to Sogn and married Svein Brynjulfsson of Aurland, with whom she reportedly had a daughter,Hallkattla  She seem to have retired to private life as a widow and there is nothing to indicate that she played any political part after the death of herspouse.AncestryNotesPassage 4:Ingeborg of Denmark, Queen of NorwayIngeborg Eriksdotter (c. 1244 – 24/26 March 1287) was Queen of Norway and the wife ofKing Magnus VI. She was born a Danish princess, daughter of Eric IV of Denmark. As queen dowager, she played an important part in politics during the minorityof her son King Eirik II of Norway in 1280-82.BiographyIngeborg was born to Eric IV of Denmark and Jutta of Saxony. Ingeborg was only about six years-oldwhen her father was killed. Her mother returned to Saxony and married Count Burchard VIII of Querfurt-Rosenburg.  In large part, Ingeborg and her three sisterslived in the court of her uncle King Christopher I of Denmark and Queen Margaret Sambiria.  The four sisters were heirs to substantial lands in Denmark. Thestruggle to claim Ingeborg's inheritance from her murdered father would later involve Norway in intermittent conflicts with Denmark for decades tocome.Ingeborg was promised in marriage by the Danish regency government to Magnus, the son of King Haakon IV of Norway. Ingeborg arrived in Tønsberg on28 July 1261, after she being retrieved  at the instruction of King Haakon from the monastery in  Horsens (dominikanerkloster ved Horsens).  On 11 September1261, she married Magnus in Bergen.   Magnus and Ingeborg were crowned directly after their marriage, and Magnus was given the district of Ryfylke for hispersonal upkeep. The marriage was described as happy.On 16 December 1263 King Haakon IV of Norway died while fighting the Scottish king over the Hebrides,and Magnus became the ruler of Norway. Ingeborg is not known to have played any part in politics as queen. Her two older sons Olaf (1262 – 15 March 1267) andMagnus (b. and d. 1264) died in infancy, but the youngest two would later become Kings of Norway: Eric II (1268 – 13 July 1299) and Haakon V (ca. 10 April1270 – 8 May 1319).In 1280, she became a widow. Ingeborg was an important figure in the leadership of the country during the minority of King Eirik, thoughshe was not formally named regent. Her influence grew after her son was declared adult in 1283. Her principal ally was Alv Erlingsson, who had been a secondcousin of her husband King Magnus and served as the governor Borgarsyssel which today makes up the county of Østfold.During the reign of her cousin King EricV of Denmark, Ingeborg  begun a feud regarding  her inheritance, which she had never received.  This largely private feud caused hostility between Norway andthe German Hanseatic cities and a tense relationship with Denmark. Several Danish nobles, including Count Jacob of Halland, took her side against the Danishmonarch, but she died before the affair was finished.Passage 5:Hallvard TrættebergHallvard Trætteberg (21 April 1898 in Løten – 21 November 1987 in Oslo) wasthe leading Norwegian heraldic artist and the expert adviser on heraldry to the Government of Norway and the Norwegian Royal Family for much of the 20th


Passage 1:The Museums at Washington and ChapinThe Museums at Washington and Chapin are several museums that share a campus in South Bend, Indiana.The name is derived from the location, at the corner of Washington Street and Chapin Street in South Bend. Both museums have one common entrance offThomas Street, one block south of Washington Street. The museums currently include the History Museum and Studebaker National Museum.ExternallinksStudebaker National MuseumThe History MuseumPassage 2:William P. Didusch Center for Urologic HistoryThe William P. Didusch Center for Urologic Historyis a museum and the headquarters of the American Urological Association in Linthicum, Maryland. It is described as encompassing "a rich and varied collection ofdrawings, photographs, and instruments of historical importance to urology, many displayed in the urological exhibits during the American Urological Association(AUA) conventions."BackgroundThe center is named in honor of William Didusch, the museum's founder and first curator. Didusch was a notable scientificillustrator, and Executive Secretary of the AUA. Didusch had begun working at Johns Hopkins University in 1915 as an illustrator and eventually a lecturer.Didusch was an artist but more committed to the drawing of illustrations, rather than paintings, of anatomy. As result he became a legend during his time afterhis work in Johns Hopkins Hospital. Some of his many illustrations were those of the anatomy of the urinary tract and instruments used to treat the urinarydiseases. The museum was formally established in 1971 as the William P. Didusch Museum, following Didusch's gift to the American Urological Association of hismany original urological drawings. It was accommodated within the headquarters buildings of the AUA, then on Charles Street in Baltimore. Didusch curated themuseum until his death in 1981, when he was succeeded by Herbert Brendler. After Brendler's death in 1986, William W. Scott (a colleague of Nobel LaureateCharles Huggins at the University of Chicago) became curator of the museum. When Scott retired in 1993, the post of curator went to Rainer Engel of JohnsHopkins. In 2003 – when the AUA moved to Linthicum, Maryland – the museum also moved. Its scope was extended to relate to the topic of research in urologichistory. Engel remained curator until 2011, when Michael Moran took over the position.CollectionThe museum provides 300 years of the history of urology,beginning from early and extremely dangerous kidney stone surgeries to modern ultra sound treatments that "pulverizes these jagged mineral clumps withoutany need to enter the body". It includes illustrations, urological tools such as catheters, cystoscopes (includes Nitze cystoscopes made in 1890 with platinumloops for illumination and rotating cystoscopes), operating resectoscopes, laparoscopes, lithotriptors, and resectoscopes; some of this urologic equipment wassterilized using formaldehyde or cyanide. All was donated by urologists, including Ernest F. Hock of Binghamton, New York, Hans Reuter of Stuttgart, Germanyand Adolf A. Kutzmann of Los Angeles.The Center also aids research in all fields of urologic history in the United States. It contains an extensive urological library,with early urological and medical texts, and the AUA archives.Current AUA Historian Engel considers the museum to show how medical history in urology evolved,and notes that the implements on display frequently scare visitors. Amongst its items are "long, thick metal tubes that once opened the floodgates between someunfortunate soul's bladder and the outside world", lassoes and nutcrackers on the end of steel tubes to break bladder stones, and Hugh Hampton Young's"Prostate Punch", which resembles a "massively enlarged and curved hypodermic needle designed for the blind resection of prostate tissues", used in prostatesurgery (to ream out the tube of prostate tissue blindly); this last implement was used on the wealthy railway magnate Diamond Jim Brady, who—cured of aprostate problem—gave a generous donation to Johns Hopkins which enabled the establishment of the Brady Urological Institute and also the museum.A numberof very large mineral samples of kidney stones are also on display. The collection in the museum also includes more than 30 microscopes dating as far back as the18th century, along with operating manuals; this acquisition on loan from a German urology family.A popular display is the "spermatorrhea ring", a device fromthe early 20th century used to prevent ejaculations while sleeping. It is made of a double ring of metal, with the inner ring clipped over the penis and the outerring, which is lined on the inside with an armature of blunt metal teeth, on the shaft. These teeth constitute what could be called the "medically active ingredient".In the event of voluntary unknowing erection while sleeping, "the sensitive skin of the engorged part expands against the spiky outer ring, and the sleeper ispricked into consciousness in time to prevent nature from committing an unspeakable crime against itself".Passage 3:Lake City-Columbia County HistoricalMuseumLake City-Columbia County Historical Museum is a living history museum at the May Vinzant Perkins House in Lake City, Florida.HistoryThe LakeCity-Columbia County Historical Museum is located in the Vinzant House. The house was built in the 1880s and purchased by John Vinzant Jr. for $450. Vinzanthad come to Lake City after serving in the American Civil War as a sergeant in the 1st Florida Cavalry. Vinzant was the Columbia County Clerk of the Circuit Courtand County Tax Collector. Vinzant also contributed to the Florida Agricultural College Fund when it was established about 1 mile south from the house in 1888.Vinzant was married to Mattie Vinzant and had three daughters: Cronin Ives, Birdie Livingston and May Perkins. John Vinzant died in 1907. Vinzant's youngestdaughter May Perkins was married to Herbert Perkins and moved away to Washington, D.C. In 1912 May Perkins had a son but he died in infancy and then herhusband died shortly afterwards. May Perkins returned to her father's house in Lake City. May Perkins' mother Mattied died in 1926 leaving her to live alone at thehouse until her death in 1981 at 102 years old. Perkins became a notable Lake City poet and historian. Since the death of Perkins in 1981 the house is still calledthe May Vinzant Perkins house. The Historic Preservation Board of Lake City and Columbia County jointly bought the house with the Blue-Grey Army, Inc. in 1983.The two groups wanted to restore the house and make it a historical and cultural center as well as a museum. The house was renovated in 1984 by the Blue-GreyArmy to turn the May Vinzant Perkins house into a museum as well as to save the house from being demolished since it was in poor condition. In 2000 a plaquewas placed on the front of the house commemorating May Vinzant Perkins as a notable Floridian.Lake City holds an annual Battle of Olustee festival in downtown.Events are held at the Lake City-Columbia County Museum related to civil war history such as caring for wounded civil war soldiers or performing plays in relationto the civil war. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic the museum had to close from March to the second week of May 2020.Blue-Grey ArmyThe Blue-Grey Army is anorganization that has collected civil war artifacts and annually sponsors the Battle of Olustee Festival in Lake City. The organization jointly bought the Vinzanthouse with the Lake City Columbia County Historical Society. A room in the museum holds the Blue-Grey Army's civil war artifacts and is called the Blue-GreyArmy room.GalleryPassage 4:Historical Museum of SerbiaThe Historical Museum of Serbia (Serbian: Историјски музеј Србије/Istorijski muzej Srbije, IMUS) is apublic institution dedicated to documentation of history of Serbia from prehistory up to the present. The museum was established in 1963 and today it preservesover 35,000 exhibits in its collection. Over the years the museum was located at different locations around the capital city of Belgrade. In 2020, as a part of theBelgrade Waterfront development project, the museum was granted the historical building of the Belgrade Main railway station as its new permanent base. Themuseum is one of the leading institutions of its kind in the city and the country.HistoryThe first unsuccessful initiative to establish the museum was taken in 1950with the enactment of the Decree on the establishment of the History Museum of the People's Republic of Serbia. The proposal was reinitiated in 1954 with theestablishment of the Serbian Revolution Museum (hosted by the Residence of Prince Miloš) commemorating the 150th anniversary of the First SerbianUprising.The Historical Museum of Serbia was established by the decision of the People's Republic of Serbia authorities on 20 February 1963 with the newinstitution absorbing the Serbian Revolution Museum. The task of the Museum was defined in 1966 as follows: ″to collect, record, store, arrange, study andexhibit material from the history of the Serbian people and Serbia from the earliest times to the present day″.Until 2003 the museum published the  scientificjournal Zbornik Istorijskog muzeja Srbije. Initially, from 1954 to 1965, it was published by the Serbian Revolution Museum.In November 2020 the Serbiangovernment made the decision to relocate the museum to a far bigger building, which formerly served as Belgrade Main railway station.See alsoList of museumsin SerbiaPassage 5:Museum of the Sea (Uruguay)The Museum of the Sea, opened in 1996, is a museum of natural history located in La Barra, in the departmentof Maldonado, Uruguay. It occupies about 2,300 m2 (25,000 sq ft) and is divided into four large halls, which are open to the public all year round.OverviewThemuseum contains over 5,000 specimens of marine fauna, all of which are clearly labelled. Among these specimens are whale skeletons, sea urchins, starfish andturtle shells. In addition, there are old photographs and an old bathing machine used by women in the early days of the 20th century, as well as telescopes andblunderbusses of the period. There is also an exhibit about the most famous pirates. This huge collection of objects, exhibits, photographs and stories is the workof the museum's creator, Pablo Etchegaray. This self-taught collector began his collection of marine-related items many years ago.Exhibit hallsThe Museum of theSea is composed of four museums in one. In the Museum of the Sea, everything is related to marine life: whale skeletons, seashells, a deep sea room, interactiveexhibits, an area where children can draw their own pictures, a section devoted to pirates and another to treasure. The Beach Resort Museum shows the historyof holiday resorts, some of which are now city neighbourhoods, such as Pocitos and Carrasco, while others are tourist destinations, such as Punta del Este, LaPaloma, Piriápolis, Atlántida, Mar del Plata and Copacabana. The Nostalgia Museum holds collections of vintage objects such as jars, tins, radio sets, medicalremedies, photographs, and beach-related items such as beach umbrellas and pails that were used decades ago. Three collections and 38,000 specimens ofinsects are exhibited in the Insectarium. Most of the specimens are beetles, but there are also moths, cicadas, and grasshoppers, among other species.Passage


Passage 1:The Rebel GladiatorsThe Rebel Gladiators (Italian: Ursus il gladiatore ribelle/ Ursus, the Rebel Gladiator) is a 1962 Italian peplum film directed by Domenico Paolella starring Dan Vadis, Josè Greci and Alan Steel.PlotThe newly crowned emperor Commodus kidnaps the beautiful Arminia, who happens to be betrothed to the mighty gladiator Ursus. Obsessed with a desire to physically best all other men, he uses the girl as a hostage to force Ursus to fight him in the arena, but when Ursus beats him up and actually forces the dictator to beg for his life, he accuses Ursus of being in league with a group of usurpers who oppose Commodus' tyrannical rule. Ursus finally leads a slave revolt that overthrows Commodus, who is killed in the uprising, and Ursus is reunited with Arminia.CastDan Vadis as UrsusJosè Greci as ArminiaAlan Steel as Commodo/CommodusTullio Altamura as AntoninoNando Tamberlani as Marco AurelioGloria MillandGianni Santuccio as Emilio LetoSal Borghese as gladiatorBruno ScipioniAndrea Aureli as gladiator instructorCarlo Delmi as SettimioPassage 2:Voice of Free ChinaThe Voice of Free China (Chinese: ; pinyin: Zìyóu Zhōngguó Zhīshēng) was the international broadcasting station of the Republic of China from 1949 until 1998. During the Cold War era the station was the source of Chinese Nationalist propaganda largely aimed at discrediting the People's Republic of China and buttressing the Nationalists' claims to be the sole legitimate government of all of China.The Voice of Free China, for many years, was owned by the Broadcasting Corporation of China. This was a private company under a government contract to provide public radio programming. The BCC still exists today, but in 1998 the Voice of Free China and the government-owned Central Broadcasting System merged.With the easing of cross-strait relations and the liberalization of Taiwan's government, the Voice of Free China changed its name to Radio Taipei International in 1998 and also used the name "Voice of Asia" for some broadcasts. In 2003, it became Radio Taiwan International reflecting the defeat of the Kuomintang government in 2000 and the new government's orientation towards Taiwan independence from China. Today, this station is now known as Radio Taiwan International.See alsoPropaganda in the Republic of ChinaPassage 3:Ellen BassEllen Bass (born June 16, 1947) is an American poet and author.  She has won three Pushcart Prizes and a Lambda Literary Award for her 2002 book Mules of Love. She co-authored the 1991 child sexual abuse book The Courage to Heal. She received a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts in 2014 and was elected a chancellor of the Academy of American Poets in 2017. Bass has taught poetry at Pacific University and founded poetry programs for prison inmates.LifeBass grew up in Pleasantville, New Jersey, where her parents owned a liquor store. Her family later moved to Ventnor City, New Jersey. She attended Goucher College, where she graduated magna cum laude in 1968 with a bachelor's degree. She pursued a master's degree in creative writing at Boston University, where she studied with Anne Sexton, and graduated in 1970. From 1970 to 1974, Bass worked at Project Place, a social service center in Boston.From 1983 to 2003, she worked in the field of healing from childhood sexual abuse: writing the best-selling The Courage to Heal in 1991, developing training seminars for professionals, offering workshops for survivors, and lecturing to mental health professionals nationally and internationally. She is a co-founder of the Survivors Healing Center in Santa Cruz, a non-profit organization offering services to survivors of child sexual abuse.Bass has taught poetry at the low-residency Master of Fine Arts program at Pacific University in Oregon since 2007. She has taught workshops in Santa Cruz, California since 1974 and also nationally. In 2013, she founded the Poetry Program at the Salinas Valley State Prison, which offers a weekly workshop to incarcerated men. In 2014, she also founded the Santa Cruz Poetry Project, which offers six weekly workshops to men and women incarcerated in the Santa Cruz County jails.Among Bass' poetry books are Indigo, (2020) which was a finalist for the Paterson Poetry Prize, the Publishers Triangle Award and the Northern California Book Award; Like a Beggar (2014), which was a finalist for the Paterson Poetry Prize, the Publishing Triangle Award, the Milt Kessler Poetry Award, the Lambda Literary Award, and the Northern California Book Award; The Human Line (2007), and Mules of Love (2002), which won the Lambda Literary Award. Her poems have been published widely in journals and anthologies, including the New Yorker, the American Poetry Review, the Kenyon Review, and Ploughshares.Her nonfiction books include I Never Told Anyone: Writings by Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse (HarperCollins, 1983), Free Your Mind: The Book for Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Youth and Their Allies (HarperCollins, 1996), and The Courage to Heal: A Guide for Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse (HarperCollins, 1988, 2008), which has been translated into twelve languages.In 2017, Bass was elected as a Chancellor of the Academy of American Poets.Bass was named the Santa Cruz County Artist of the Year in 2019.Bass lives in Santa Cruz, California with her wife, Janet Bryer. She has two children, Saraswati Bryer-Bass and Max Bryer-Bass.AwardsBass was awarded the Elliston Book Award for Poetry from the University of Cincinnati, Nimrod/Hardman's Pablo Neruda Prize, The Missouri Review’s Larry Levis Award, the Greensboro Poetry Prize, the New Letters Poetry Prize, the Chautauqua Poetry Prize, four Pushcart Prizes (2003, 2015, 2017), Fellowships from The Guggenheim Foundation, The National Endowment for the Arts, and the California Arts Council.Indigo, (2020) was a finalist for the Paterson Poetry Prize, the Publishers Triangle Award and the Northern California Book Award. Like a Beggar (Copper Canyon Press, 2014) was a finalist for the Paterson Poetry Prize, the Publishing Triangle Award, the Milt Kessler Poetry Award, the Lambda Literary Award, and the Northern California Book Award. The Human Line (Copper Canyon Press, 2007) was named among the notable books of 2007 in the poetry section by the San Francisco Chronicle, and Mules of Love (BOA Editions, 2002) won the 2002 Lambda Literary Award.Published worksPoetryI'm not your laughing daughter. University of Massachusetts Press. 1973. ISBN 9780870231285.No More Masks! An Anthology of Poems by Women. Co-edited with Florence Howe. Doubleday. 1973. ISBN 9780385025539.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: others (link)Of Separateness and Merging. Autumn Press, 1977. ISBN 978-0394734309.For Earthly Survival. A letter press chapbook, Moving Parts Press, 1980.Our Stunning Harvest. New Society Publishers, 1984. ISBN 978-0865710535.Mules of Love. BOA Editions. 2002. ISBN 9781929918225.The Human Line. Copper Canyon Press. 2007. ISBN 9781556592553.Like A Beggar. Copper Canyon Press. 2014. ISBN 9781556594649.Indigo. Copper Canyon Press. 2020. ISBN 9781556595752.NonfictionI Never Told Anyone: Writings by Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse. Co-authored with Louise Thornton and others. Harper Collins. 1991 [1983]. ISBN 9780060965730.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: others (link)The Courage to Heal: A Guide for Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse. Co-authored with Laura Davis. Harper Collins. 2008 [1988]. ISBN 9780061284335.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: others (link)Beginning to Heal: A First Book for Men and Women Who Were Sexually Abused as Children. Co-authored with Laura Davis. Harper Collins. 2003 [1993]. ISBN 9780062270597.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: others (link)Free Your Mind: The Book for Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Youth—and Their Allies. Co-authored with Kate Kaufman. Harper Collins. 1996. ISBN 9780060951047.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: others (link)Children's booksI Like You to Make Jokes with Me, But I Don't Want You to Touch Me. Lollipop Power Books/Carolina Wren Press. 1993 [1981]. ISBN 9780914996279.Passage 4:The Wonderful World of Captain KuhioThe Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio (, Kuhio Taisa, lit. "Captain Kuhio") is a 2009 Japanese comedy-crime film, directed by Daihachi Yoshida, based on Kazumasa Yoshida's 2006 biographical novel, Kekkon Sagishi Kuhio Taisa (lit. "Marriage swindler Captain Kuhio"), that focuses on a real-life marriage swindler, who conned over 100 million yen (US$1.2 million) from a number of women between the 1970s and the 1990s.The film was released in Japan on 10 October 2009.CastMasato Sakai - Captain KuhioYasuko Matsuyuki - Shinobu NaganoHikari Mitsushima - Haru YasuokaYuko Nakamura - Michiko SudoHirofumi Arai - Tatsuya NaganoKazuya Kojima - Koichi TakahashiSakura Ando - Rika KinoshitaMasaaki Uchino - Chief FujiwaraKanji Furutachi - Shigeru KurodaReila AphroditeSei AndoAwardsAt the 31st Yokohama Film FestivalBest Actor – Masato SakaiBest Supporting Actress – Sakura AndoPassage 5:Chlorox, Ammonium and CoffeeChlorox, Ammonia and Coffee (Norwegian: Salto, salmiakk og kaffe) is a 2004 Norwegian comedy film written and directed by Mona J. Hoel, starring Benedikte Lindbeck, Kjersti Holmen and Fares Fares. The film follows multiple storylines, and is about having the courage to take chances in life.External linksChlorox, Ammonium and Coffee at IMDbChlorox, Ammonium and Coffee at Rotten TomatoesChlorox, Ammonium and Coffee at Filmweb.no (in Norwegian)Chlorox, Ammonium and Coffee! at the Norwegian Film InstitutePassage 6:Free China: The Courage to BelieveFree China: The Courage to Believe is a 2012 documentary film (61 minutes) about the persecution of Falun Gong, starring Jennifer Zeng and Dr. Charles Lee.DescriptionThe film is based on a true story of a mother and former Communist Party member, Jennifer Zeng, who along with more than 70 million Chinese were practicing Falun Gong, a belief that combined Buddhism and Daoism until the Chinese Government outlawed it. The Internet police intercepted an email and Jennifer was imprisoned for her faith. As she endured physical and mental torture, she had to decide: does she stand her ground and languish in jail, or does she recant her belief so she can tell her story to the world and be reunited with her family?A world away, Dr. Charles Lee, a Chinese American businessman, wanted to do his part to stop the persecution by attempting to broadcast uncensored information on state controlled television. He was arrested in China and sentenced to three years of re-education in a prison camp where he endured forced labor, making amongst other things, Homer Simpson slippers sold at stores throughout the US.With more than one hundred thousand protests occurring each year inside China, unrest among Chinese people is building with the breaking of each political scandal. As China's prisoners of conscience are subjected to forced labor and possibly organ harvesting, but at this time it is unconfirmed. This timely documentary exposes profound issues such as genocide and unfair trade practices with the West. The film also highlights how new Internet technologies are helping bring freedom to more than 1.3 billion people living in China and other repressive regimes throughout the world.Interviewees in the filmJennifer Zeng - author of Witnessing History: One Chinese


Passage 1:Bill Smith (footballer, born 1897)William Thomas Smith (9 April 1897 – after 1924) was an English professional footballer.CareerDuring his amateurcareer, Smith played in 17 finals, and captained the Third Army team in Germany when he was stationed in Koblenz after the armistice during the First WorldWar. He started his professional career with Hull City in 1921. After making no appearances for the club, he joined Leadgate Park. He joined Durham City in 1921,making 33 league appearances in the club's first season in the Football League.He joined York City in the Midland League in July 1922, where he scored the club'sfirst goal in that competition. He made 75 appearances for the club in the Midland League and five appearances in the FA Cup before joining Stockport County in1925, where he made no league appearances.Passage 2:Thomas Scott (diver)Thomas Scott (1907 - date of death unknown) was an English diver.BoxingHecompeted in the 10 metre platform at the 1930 British Empire Games for England.Personal lifeHe was a police officer at the time of the 1930 Games.Passage3:Fred Bradley (rower)Frederick Bradley (1908 – date of death unknown) was an English rower.RowingHe competed in the single sculls at the 1930 British EmpireGames for England and won a bronze medal.Personal lifeHe was listed as having no occupation at the time of the 1930 Games.Passage 4:ParimalaNagappaParimala Nagappa is a politician from the state of Karnataka and wife of Late H. Nagappa. Parimala was elected as M.L.A from Hanur constituency on aJanata Dal (Secular) ticket in the 2004 Karnataka assembly elections. On 16 March 2017, she joined the Bharatiya Janata Party.Passage 5:Albert Thompson(footballer, born 1912)Albert Thompson (born 1912, date of death unknown) was a Welsh footballer.CareerThompson was born in Llanbradach, Wales, and joinedBradford Park Avenue from Barry Town in 1934. After making 11 appearances and scoring two goals in the league for Bradford, he joined York City in 1936. Hewas York City's top scorer for the 1936–37 season, with 28 goals. He joined Swansea Town in 1937, after making 29 appearances and scoring 28 goals for York.After making 4 appearances in the league for Swansea, he joined Wellington Town.== Notes ==Passage 6:Harry Wainwright (footballer)Harry Wainwright (born1899; date of death unknown) was an English footballer.CareerWainwright played for Highfields before joining Port Vale as an amateur in December 1919. Aftermaking his debut in a 1–0 defeat at Barnsley on Boxing Day he signed as a professional the following month. He was unable to nail down a regular place however,and was released at the end of the season with just four appearances to his name.He returned to Highfields before moving on to Doncaster Rovers where hescored in their return to football following WW1, in the 2–1 defeat to Rotherham Town in the Midland League. He scored two more goals that season, and nonethe following season.He then went to Brodsworth Main, Frickley Colliery, Sheffield United, Boston Town, Scunthorpe & Lindsey United and Newark Town.CareerstatisticsSource:Passage 7:Etan BoritzerEtan Boritzer (born 1950) is an American writer of children’s literature who is best known for his book What is God? firstpublished in 1989. His best selling What is? illustrated children's book series on character education and difficult subjects for children is a popular teaching guidefor parents, teachers and child-life professionals.Boritzer gained national critical acclaim after What is God? was published in 1989 although the book has causedcontroversy from religious fundamentalists for its universalist views. The other current books in the What is? series include: What is Love?, What is Death?, Whatis Beautiful?, What is Funny?, What is Right?, What is Peace?, What is Money?, What is Dreaming?, What is a Friend?, What is True?, What is a Family?, and Whatis a Feeling? The series is now also translated into 15 languages.Boritzer was first published in 1963 at the age of 13 when he wrote an essay in his English classat Wade Junior High School in the Bronx, New York on the assassination of John F. Kennedy. His essay was included in a special anthology by New York Citypublic school children compiled and published by the New York City Department of Education.Boritzer now lives in Venice, California and maintains his publishingoffice there also. He has helped numerous other authors to get published through How to Get Your Book Published! programs. Boritzer is also a yoga teacher whoteaches regular classes locally and guest-teaches nationally. He is also recognized nationally as an erudite speaker on The Teachings of the Buddha.Passage8:Harry Johnson (wrestler)Harry Johnson (born 1903, date of death unknown) was an English wrestler.WrestlingHe competed in the welterweight category at the1930 British Empire Games for England.Personal lifeHe was a turner at the time of the 1930 Games and lived in 31 Kambala Road, Battersea.Passage 9:H.NagappaH. Nagappa was a Janata Dal (United) political leader, two term member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly and minister for agricultural marketing inthe J. H. Patel cabinet.He was abducted by forest brigand Veerappan and his gang members on 25 August 2002 from the Kamagere village of Chamarajanagardistrict. On 8 December 2002, Nagappa was killed by Veerappan or his gang members or by Tamil nadu police at Changadi forest area near M. M. Hills borderingthe state of Tamil Nadu.who killed him is a mystery .Passage 10:Theodred II (Bishop of Elmham)Theodred II was a medieval Bishop of Elmham.The date ofTheodred's consecration unknown, but the date of his death was sometime between 995 and 997.


Passage 1:Brian Kennedy (gallery director)Brian Patrick Kennedy (born 5 November 1961) is an Irish-born art museum director who has worked in Ireland andAustralia, and now lives and works in the United States.  He was the director of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem for 17 months, resigning December 31,2020. He was the director of the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio from 2010 to 2019. He was the director of the Hood Museum of Art from 2005 to 2010, and theNational Gallery of Australia (Canberra) from 1997 to 2004.CareerBrian Kennedy currently lives and works in the United States after leaving Australia in 2005 todirect the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College. In October 2010 he became the ninth Director of the Toledo Museum of Art. On 1 July 2019, he succeededDan Monroe as the executive director and CEO of the Peabody Essex Museum.Early life and career in IrelandKennedy was born in Dublin and attended ClonkeenCollege. He received B.A. (1982), M.A. (1985) and PhD (1989) degrees from University College-Dublin, where he studied both art history and history.He workedin the Irish Department of Education (1982), the European Commission, Brussels (1983), and in Ireland at the Chester Beatty Library (1983–85), GovernmentPublications Office (1985–86), and Department of Finance (1986–89). He married Mary Fiona Carlin in 1988.He was Assistant Director at the National Gallery ofIreland in Dublin from 1989 to 1997. He was Chair of the Irish Association of Art Historians from 1996 to 1997, and of the Council of Australian Art MuseumDirectors from 2001 to 2003. In September 1997 he became Director of the National Gallery of Australia.National Gallery of Australia (NGA)Kennedy expandedthe traveling exhibitions and loans program throughout Australia, arranged for several major shows of Australian art abroad, increased the number of exhibitionsat the museum itself and oversaw the development of an extensive multi-media site.  Although he oversaw several years of the museum's highest ever annualvisitation, he discontinued the emphasis of his predecessor, Betty Churcher, on showing "blockbuster" exhibitions.During his directorship, the NGA gainedgovernment support for improving the building and significant private donations and corporate sponsorship. However, the initial design for the building provedcontroversial generating a public dispute with the original architect on moral rights grounds.  As a result, the project was not delivered during Dr Kennedy'stenure, with a significantly altered design completed some years later.  Private funding supported two acquisitions of British art, including David Hockney's ABigger Grand Canyon in 1999, and Lucian Freud's After Cézanne in 2001. Kennedy built on the established collections at the museum by acquiring theHolmgren-Spertus collection of Indonesian textiles; the Kenneth Tyler collection of editioned prints, screens, multiples and unique proofs; and the Australian PrintWorkshop Archive. He was also notable for campaigning for the construction of a new "front" entrance to the Gallery, facing King Edward Terrace, which wascompleted in 2010 (see reference to the building project above).Kennedy's cancellation of the "Sensation exhibition" (scheduled at the NGA from 2 June 2000 to13 August 2000) was controversial, and seen by some as censorship. He claimed that the decision was due to the exhibition being "too close to the market"implying that a national cultural institution cannot exhibit the private collection of a speculative art investor. However, there were other exhibitions at the NGAduring his tenure, which could have raised similar concerns. The exhibition featured the privately owned Young British Artists works belonging to Charles Saatchiand attracted large attendances in London and Brooklyn. Its most controversial work was Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary, a painting which used elephant dungand was accused of being blasphemous. The then-mayor of New York, Rudolph Giuliani, campaigned against the exhibition, claiming it was "Catholic-bashing" andan "aggressive, vicious, disgusting attack on religion." In November 1999, Kennedy cancelled the exhibition and stated that the events in New York had "obscureddiscussion of the artistic merit of the works of art". He has said that it "was the toughest decision of my professional life, so far."Kennedy was also repeatedlyquestioned on his management of a range of issues during the Australian Government's Senate Estimates process - particularly on the NGA's occupational healthand safety record and concerns about the NGA's twenty-year-old air-conditioning system. The air-conditioning was finally renovated in 2003. Kennedy announcedin 2002 that he would not seek extension of his contract beyond 2004, accepting a seven-year term as had his two predecessors.He became a jointIrish-Australian citizen in 2003.Toledo Museum of ArtThe Toledo Museum of Art is known for its exceptional collections of European and American paintings andsculpture, glass, antiquities, artist books, Japanese prints and netsuke. The museum offers free admission and is recognized for its historical leadership in the fieldof art education.  During his tenure, Kennedy has focused the museum's art education efforts on visual literacy, which he defines as "learning to read, understandand write visual language."   Initiatives have included baby and toddler tours, specialized training for all staff, docents, volunteers and the launch of a website,www.vislit.org. In November 2014, the museum hosted the International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA) conference, the first Museum to do so. Kennedy hasbeen a frequent speaker on the topic, including 2010 and 2013 TEDx talks on visual and sensory literacy.Kennedy has expressed an interest in expanding themuseum's collection of contemporary art and art by indigenous peoples. Works by Frank Stella, Sean Scully, Jaume Plensa, Ravinder Reddy and Mary Sibandehave been acquired.  In addition, the museum has made major acquisitions of Old Master paintings by Frans Hals and Luca Giordano.During his tenure the ToledoMuseum of Art has announced the return of several objects from its collection due to claims the objects were stolen and/or illegally exported prior being sold tothe museum.  In 2011 a Meissen sweetmeat stand was returned to Germany followed by an Etruscan Kalpis or water jug to Italy (2013), an Indian sculpture ofGanesha (2014) and an astrological compendium to Germany in 2015.Hood Museum of ArtKennedy became Director of the Hood Museum of Art in July 2005.During his tenure, he implemented a series of large and small-scale exhibitions and oversaw the production of more than 20 publications to bring greater publicattention to the museum's remarkable collections of the arts of America, Europe, Africa, Papua New Guinea and the Polar regions. At 70,000 objects, the Hoodhas one of the largest collections on any American college of university campus. The exhibition, Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the AfricanBody, toured several US venues. Kennedy increased campus curricular use of works of art, with thousands of objects pulled from storage for classes annually.Numerous acquisitions were made with the museum's generous endowments, and he curated several exhibitions: including Wenda Gu: Forest of Stone Steles:Retranslation and Rewriting Tang Dynasty Poetry, Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe, and Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons.PublicationsKennedy has written oredited a number of books on art, including:Alfred Chester Beatty and Ireland 1950-1968: A study in cultural politics, Glendale Press (1988), ISBN978-0-907606-49-9Dreams and responsibilities: The state and arts in independent Ireland, Arts Council of Ireland (1990), ISBN 978-0-906627-32-7Jack B Yeats:Jack Butler Yeats, 1871-1957 (Lives of Irish Artists), Unipub (October 1991), ISBN 978-0-948524-24-0The Anatomy Lesson: Art and Medicine (with DavisCoakley), National Gallery of Ireland (January 1992), ISBN 978-0-903162-65-4Ireland: Art into History (with Raymond Gillespie), Roberts Rinehart Publishers(1994), ISBN 978-1-57098-005-3Irish Painting, Roberts Rinehart Publishers (November 1997),  ISBN 978-1-86059-059-7Sean Scully: The Art of the Stripe,Hood Museum of Art (October 2008), ISBN 978-0-944722-34-3Frank Stella: Irregular Polygons, 1965-1966, Hood Museum of Art (October 2010), ISBN978-0-944722-39-8Honors and achievementsKennedy was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in 2001 for service to Australian Society and its art. He is atrustee and treasurer of the Association of Art Museum Directors, a peer reviewer for the American Association of Museums and a member of the InternationalAssociation of Art Critics. In 2013 he was appointed inaugural eminent professor at the University of Toledo and received an honorary doctorate from LourdesUniversity. Most recently, Kennedy received the 2014 Northwest Region, Ohio Art Education Association award for distinguished educator for art education.==Notes ==Passage 2:Only the Lonely (film)Only the Lonely is a 1991 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Chris Columbus, produced byJohn Hughes, and stars John Candy, Maureen O'Hara (in her final film role), Ally Sheedy and Anthony Quinn. The film is a comedic take on the premiseestablished in the 1953 television play Marty and the 1955 film Marty, while the title comes from the song "Only the Lonely" by Roy Orbison. The story follows abachelor who is looking to settle down and start a family with a mortuary beautician, while coping with his controlling mother who wants him all toherself.PlotDanny Muldoon, a 38-year-old Chicago policeman, lives with his controlling Irish mother, Rose Muldoon. A lonely bachelor, he falls in love with TheresaLuna, an introverted girl who works in her father's funeral home. On their first date, they have a picnic on Comiskey Park field. Dating becomes difficult as Rosefears Theresa is trying to steal her son away.Danny's brother Patrick tries to convince him to remain unmarried and move to Florida with their mother to take careof her; Salvatore "Sal" Buonarte, one of Danny's married friends and a fellow officer, advises him not to settle down just yet, as he did. Danny begins to feelguilty about his relationship, especially towards his mother. This leads to his interrupting dates with Theresa to check on her.When Theresa finally meets Rose ata fancy dinner, Rose immediately begins to put her down, mocking her Sicilian and Polish heritage. Theresa stands up to her, then berates Danny for not doing sohimself. After Theresa leaves, Danny scolds his mother for being so cruel, saying that her way of "telling it like it is" hurts people. He reminds her she lost a$450,000 account for his late father's company by making anti-Semitic remarks. He then tells Rose he will propose to Theresa, whether she approves ornot.Danny apologizes to Theresa, proposing to her from the bucket of a Chicago fire truck. She says yes and they are set to be married. However, even thoughRose finally approves, Danny calls to check on his mother in front of Theresa on the night before the wedding. Angered that they might never be alone, she walksoff. Neither of them show up for the wedding. A few weeks later, Danny's friends ask why they called off the wedding, but he gives no answer. When a friend


Passage 1:George AlagiahGeorge Maxwell Alagiah  ( born 22 November 1955) is a British newsreader, journalist and television news presenter.Since 3 December2007, he has been the presenter of the BBC News at Six and was previously the main presenter of GMT on BBC World News since its launch on 1 February2010.BackgroundAlagiah was born in Colombo, Ceylon on 22 November 1955. His parents, Donald Alagiah, an engineer, and Therese, were Sri Lankan Tamil. In1961, his parents moved to Ghana in West Africa, where he had his primary education at Christ the King International School. He has four sisters. His secondaryeducation took place at St John's College, an independent Roman Catholic school in Portsmouth, England, after which he read politics at Van Mildert College,Durham University. Whilst at Durham, he wrote for and became editor of the student newspaper Palatinate and was a sabbatical officer of Durham Students'Union.In 2004, he returned to his grandfather's original home in Sri Lanka in the aftermath of the Asian tsunami to survey the damage. The family's former homehad been destroyed, but he was able to recognise an old well where he had played with his sisters, although the well was unsalvageable.BroadcastingcareerAlagiah joined the BBC in 1989 after seven years in print journalism with South Magazine. Before becoming a presenter, he was Developing Worldcorrespondent, based in London, and then Southern Africa correspondent in Johannesburg. As one of the BBC's leading foreign correspondents, he reported onevents ranging from the genocide in Rwanda to the plight of the Marsh Arabs in southern Iraq to the civil wars in Afghanistan, Liberia, Sierra Leone andSomalia.He was the presenter of BBC Four News from its launch in 2002; the programme was later relaunched as The World and then another edition of WorldNews Today. In January 2003 he joined the BBC Six O'Clock News, which he co-presented with Sophie Raworth until October 2005, and with Natasha Kaplinskyuntil October 2007. Since 3 December 2007, he has been the sole presenter of the Six O'Clock News. Prior to that, he had been the deputy anchor of the BBC OneO'Clock News and BBC Nine O'Clock News from 1999. Since 3 July 2006, he has presented World News Today on BBC World News and BBC Two, which wasrebranded GMT on 1 February 2010. He last appeared on the programme in 2014. He was formerly a relief presenter on BBC News at Ten, presenting mainlyMonday to Thursday when main presenters Huw Edwards and Fiona Bruce were unavailable.A specialist on Africa and the developing world, Alagiah hasinterviewed, among others, Nelson Mandela, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, former Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan and President Robert Mugabeof Zimbabwe. His other documentaries and features include reports on why affirmative action in America is a 'Lost Cause', for the Assignment programme,Saddam Hussein's genocidal campaign against the Kurds of northern Iraq for the BBC's Newsnight programme and a report on the last reunion of the veterans ofDunkirk.Awards and interestsIn 2000, Alagiah was part of the BBC team which collected a BAFTA award for its coverage of the Kosovo conflict. He has wonnumerous awards including Best International Report at the Royal Television Society in 1993 and in 1994 was the overall winner of the Amnesty International UKMedia Awards. He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours.His appearances at literary festivals includeCheltenham, Keswick, Hay-on-Wye and London, and he has spoken at the Royal Geographical Society, the Royal Society of Arts and at the Royal OverseasLeague. He is on the Board of the Royal Shakespeare Company.From 2002 to 2009, Alagiah was a patron of the Fairtrade Foundation from which in July 2009, hewas obliged to resign by BBC Management who claimed professional conflict of interest. Complaints were received at the BBC from members of the public whowere unhappy that Alagiah had been asked to step down. The BBC responded that in keeping with its principles of impartiality, it would be inappropriate for one ofits leading journalists to be seen supporting a movement that clearly represents a controversial view of global trade. He has also been actively involved insupporting microfinance as a tool for development, including recent appearances in support of Opportunity International. He has been a patron of Parenting UKsince 2000.In 2010, he received the Outstanding Achievement in Television award at the Asian Awards.In 2020, his debut novel The Burning Land was shortlistedfor a Society of Authors' award. The book is described as a "gripping, pacy thriller about corruption and homicide in South Africa".Personal lifeHe is married toFrances Robathan, whom he met at Durham University. The couple have two children, Adam and Matthew. He lives in Stoke Newington, North London.On 17 April2014, it was announced that Alagiah was being treated for colorectal cancer. A statement from the BBC said: "He is grateful for all the good wishes he hasreceived thus far and is optimistic for a positive outcome." On 28 June, Alagiah announced on Twitter that he was making "encouraging progress". In late October2015 he announced on Twitter that the treatment was officially over, and he returned to the BBC on 10 November. In January 2018 it emerged that the cancerhad returned and he would undergo further treatment.In March 2018, in an interview with The Sunday Times, Alagiah noted that his cancer was terminal andcould have been caught earlier if the screening programme in England, which is automatically offered from the age of 60, was the same as that in Scotland,where it is automatically offered from the age of 50.In June 2020 Alagiah said that the cancer had spread to his lungs, liver and lymph nodes, but was not at a"chronic" or "terminal" stage. In October 2022, Alagiah announced that his cancer had spread further and he took a break from TV to undergo a new series oftreatment.Passage 2:William CrawleyWilliam Crawley, MRIA, is a Belfast-born BBC journalist and broadcaster. He is the presenter of Talkback, a daily radioprogramme on BBC Radio Ulster, and he is a presenter of Sunday on BBC Radio 4. He has also made several television series for BBC Northern Ireland.EarlylifeWilliam Hugh Galloway Crawley was born and raised in North Belfast. He was educated at Grove Primary School, Dunlambert Secondary School, Belfast RoyalAcademy and Queen's University, where he studied Philosophy (B.A., M.Phil.). He read Theology (M.Div.) at Princeton Theological Seminary. In 1999 Crawley wasawarded a PhD by Queen's for a thesis on the epistemology of the American philosopher Alvin Plantinga.Prior to his career in the media, Crawley worked as auniversity lecturer in Philosophy and Theology. Having been licensed, then subsequently ordained into the ministry of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland in themid-1990s, he worked as assistant minister in First Presbyterian Church, New York City, and Fisherwick Presbyterian Church, Belfast, before serving asPresbyterian chaplain at the University of Ulster. He later resigned from the ordained ministry and from membership of the church before beginning his career asa journalist. He has described himself as "a lapsed Protestant."Television programmesBlueprint NI, a three-part series examining Ireland's natural history, firstbroadcast in 2008.The late-night television interview show, William Crawley Meets..., a series of 30 minutes in duration with leading thinkers and social reformersfrom across the world, including the philosopher Peter Singer, the scientist Richard Dawkins, the writer and broadcaster Melvyn Bragg, and the gay bishop GeneRobinson.Frozen North (BBC One, 2008), a documentary examining the possible future impact of global warming.Festival Nights (BBC Two), television coverageof the 2005, 2006 and 2007 Belfast Festival at Queens.Hearts and Minds, a Northern Ireland politics programme.What's Wrong With ...? (BBC One), a six-partround-table current affairs discussion programme.More Than Meets The Eye (BBC Two, 2008), a series investigating folklore in contemporary Ireland.He anchoredthe BBC's live coverage of the Queen's official visit to Northern Ireland in 2008.In 2010, he presented an episode of Spotlight (BBC One NI) concerning theVatican.In 2012, he wrote and presented a 60-minute documentary exploring the history of the Ulster Covenant.In 2013, his series An Independent Peopleexamined the history of Ireland's Presbyterians.His 2013 one-hour documentary It's a Blas followed his year-long effort to learn Irish sufficiently well to present alive radio programme in the language.The 2013 programme The Man Who Shrank The World told the story of the engineering feat carried out by the scientist LordKelvin in the creation of a transatlantic communications cable was made as part of the Groundbreakers series for BBC Four.His 2014 four-part series for BBC TwoNorthern Ireland, It's a Brave New World -- New Zealand, examined the links between Northern Ireland and New Zealand.2015 Brave New World: USA (4 partseries).2016 Brave New World: Australia (4 part series).2017 Brave New World: Canada (4 part series).2018 Brave New World: Bringing It Home (1episode).2019 Spend It Like Stormont.Radio programmesHe presented Sunday Sequence on BBC Radio Ulster from 2002 to 2014.Since 2008, he has presentedSunday on BBC Radio 4.He has presented the daily radio phone-in show Talkback on BBC Radio Ulster since 2015.He has presented Radio 4's Beyond Belief andThe Moral Maze.Awards and membershipsFellow of the Royal Society of the Arts (FRSA).Fellow of the British-American Project.Recipient of Eisenhower Fellowship(2012).Honorary Doctor of Letters (D.Lit.), Queen's University Belfast, 2012, for services to broadcasting.Andrew Cross Award for Speech Broadcaster of the Year2006, and other programme content awards.Thinker and Explainer of the Year, Slugger O'Toole/Channel 4 Political Awards 2011.Aisling Award, 2013, forcontribution to Irish language broadcasting.Patron, Belfast Film Festival.Member of advisory board of Irish Pages: A Journal of Contemporary Writing.2015 RoyalTelevision Society Documentary Award for Brave New World: New Zealand.Member of the Royal Irish Academy.2022 IMRO Speech Broadcaster of the Year (GoldAward).Passage 3:Tim RussertTimothy John Russert (May 7, 1950 – June 13, 2008) was an American television journalist and lawyer who appeared for morethan 16 years as the longest-serving moderator of NBC's Meet the Press. He was a senior vice president at NBC News, Washington bureau chief and also hostedan eponymous CNBC/MSNBC weekend interview program. He was a frequent correspondent and guest on NBC's The Today Show and Hardball. Russert coveredseveral presidential elections, and he presented the NBC News/Wall Street Journal survey on the NBC Nightly News during the 2008 U.S. presidential election.Time magazine included Russert in its list of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2008. Russert was posthumously revealed as a 30-year source forsyndicated columnist Robert Novak.Early lifeRussert was born in Buffalo, New York, the son of Elizabeth "Betty" (née Seeley; January 9, 1929 – August 14,


Passage 1:OttakootharOttakoothar (c. 12th century CE) was a Tamil court poet to three Later Chola kings, namely Vikrama Chola, Kulotunga II and Rajaraja II.He wrote poems in praise of these three kings.The poet's memorial is believed to be still in a place known as Darasuram in Kumbakonam, just opposite thefamous Airavatesvara Temple. According to legend, the goddess Saraswati blessed him in Koothanur, then he became a famous poet.FamilyAccording to alegend, there was once a  Chola king called Muchukundan who had his capital at Karur. He is said to have won the favor of God Murugan after deep penances andthe latter is said to have bestowed upon him his personal bodyguards to aid him in his wars. Muchukundan Chola then married Chitravalli, daughter of the warriorchief and Murugan's bodyguard called Virabahu and spawned a new line. The poet Ottakoothar is presented as the scion of the family of this Sengunthar chief inhis work Eeti-elupattu. It is worth mentioning that this Muchukunda Chola figures in the ancestry of Rajendra I as detailed in his Tiruvalangadu copperplates.Literary worksOttakoothar (Tamil: ) is renowned for his Ula poems on the three successive kings, Vikrama Chola, Kulothunga IIand Rajaraja II.  The Ula poems are generally written in honor of the king and describe the triumphant procession of the king amidst the people and his subjects.He also authored a work dealing with the Kulottunga II's childhood called Kulottunga Cholan Pillai Tamil.Ottakoothar wrote Uttara Kandam, the seventh (lastchapter) kandam of the Tamil epic Ramayanam. Ottakoothar's works can be found at the open access Tamil literature repository Project Madurai.During thisperiod when he was very popular, the Sengunthar community, the one to which he belonged, requested him to compose a work in their honor. He initially refusedbut then later agreed provided they brought him 1008 heads of their first born sons. Accordingly, 1008 members of the community sacrificed their lives so that hecould write about their history. The poet then wrote, Eeti-elupattu, a poem consisting of seventy verses in honor of the spear and extolled the glorious past of theSengunthar chiefs and soldiers. He later wrote another poem called Elupp-elupattu in order to bring back the 1008 dead members to life. When he sang it theheads are said to have miraculously attached to their bodies and the dead became alive once again. The poet Koothar thus came to be known as Otta Koothar  forhe attached the heads to the bodies and revived them.Popular cultureIn the 1957 Tamil film Ambikapathy, the character of Ottakoothar was portrayed and wasperformed by M. N. Nambiar. The character was also played by Rajesh in Mahasakthi Mariamman, a 1986 Tamil film.See alsoKoothanur Maha SaraswathiTemplePassage 2:Rajaraja IIRajaraja II was a chola emperor who reigned from 1150 CE to 1173 CE. He was made his heir apparent and Co-Regent in 1146 andso the inscriptions of Rajaraja II count his reign from 1146. Rajaraja's reign began to show signs of the coming end of the dynasty.Growing weaknessThe extentof the Chola territories remained as it was during Rajaraja's predecessors. The Vengi country was still firmly under the Chola rule.The Chola central administrationdid show weaknesses with regard to their control and effective administration over the outlying parts of the empire, which became pronounced towards the end ofRaja Raja-II's reign.  However, Rajaraja regained adequate control of provinces like Vengi, Kalinga, Pandya and Chera territories. He probably even invaded SriLanka as is explained in one of the Tamil poems written during his time.  This is borne out by the fact that not just Rajaraja, but also his successors likeKulothunga III bore titles like Tribhuvana Chakravartin attesting to their military capabilities and cultural achievements.During the last years of Rajaraja's reign, acivil unrest as a result of a succession dispute convulsed the Pandya country, further weakening Chola influence there. This was only to be expected as eventhough the Pandyas were subjugated by the Cholas since the time of Aditya I and were firmly controlled until the time of Virarajendra, the Madurai kingdomnevertheless kept making efforts from time to time, for gaining their independence from their occupiers.  Later Pandyas like Maravarman or MaravarambanSundara Pandyan, Jatavarman Vira Pandyan and Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan steadily went on increasing their power and prestige and were to emerge as themost powerful kingdom in South India during the period 1200–1300. These developments were to slowly but surely weaken the Chola kingdom, though there wasa minor revival during the fairly steady rule of Kulothunga III (1178–1218).In as much as the cholas during his time were dominant militarily is noted by someliterature that mention Raja Raja's conquest and his innovative management initiatives.Here is excerpt from an inscription of his from the Rajagopala Perumaltemple:..Having won the heart (of the goddess) of the earth for countless ages, (he) was pleased to be seated on the throne of heroes, (made) of puregold..while the Villavar (Cheras), Telungar, Minavar (Pandyas),..and other kings prostrated themselves (before him). In the 8th year (of the reign) of (this) kingParakesarivarman, alias the emperor of the three worlds, Sri-Rajarajadeva.Death and successionThe last regnal year cited in Rajaraja's inscription is 26. Thatmakes the last year of his reign 1173. Rajaraja was not destined to live long. Rajaraja did not have any suitable direct descendant to ascend the Chola throne sohe chose Rajadhiraja Chola II a grandson of Vikrama Chola as his heir.  According to the Pallavarayanpettai inscription, Rajaraja died four years after he madeRajadhiraja Chola II as heir-apparent.  Since, Rajadhiraja himself was quite young, he would require the help of Pallavarayar to usher the young sons of Rajarajato safety. According to the inscription, Pallavarayar took steps immediately after the death of Rajaraja for the protection of the king's children, aged one and twoyears. According to historian Krishnaswami Aiyangar, Kulothunga Chola III who is widely considered as the last great Chola sovereign was the son of RajarajaII.Socio-Religious AchievementsKUMBAKONAMOne of the most important achievements of Rajaraja II was that despite being considered a weak king, it appearsthat he did enjoy periods of calm and peace especially during the later half of his 26-year rule.  It was during this period that he initiated construction of the veryfamous Airavatesvarar Temple at Darasuram, Kumbakonam .  This royal Siva temple, which is one of the trinity of the Great Living Chola Temples along with theBrihadeeswarar Temple Temples at  Thanjavur and Gangaikonda Cholapuram all of which are World Heritage Sites.  The Airavateswarar Temple was completedeither by the time his rule ended or during the initial period of his successor, Rajadhiraja II. The Airavateswarar Temple is considered an  architectural marvel ofthe Later Chola  period and this tradition was carried on by Kulothunga III who built the Kampahareswarar Temple at Tribhuvanam in commemoration of hisconquest of Madurai, Kalinga, Karuvur and his defeat of the Hoysala King Veera Ballala II  This temple contains innumerable miniature freezes containing storiesfrom Ramayanam, Periya Puranam and other stories devoted to Siva-Parvati, Vinayagar, Karthikeya etc.  The temple is also a symbol of continuing architecturaltradition of the Chola craftsmen for it also has musical stairs called the Saptasvaras near a small shrine for Ganapati. The Mukhamandapam or theMukhyamandapam of this temple is a real architectural marvel containing many great architectural specimen and was a continuation of the Later Chola traditionof building temples in the shape of giant elephant-driven Rathas or Chariots as like as in Melakadambur siva temple built by Kulothunga I, which was also carriedon not just by later Chola kings such as Kulothunga III but also by the kings of Kalinga and culminated in construction of the Sun Temple of Konarak by EasternGanga king Narasinghdeo. This is one of the later Chola temples which have remained unparalleled in terms of architectural excellence to date, that left a lastingimpression on the succeeding dynasties to the Chola rule.Rajaraja also made numerous grants to the temples at Tanjore, Chidambaram, Kanchi, Srirangam,Tiruchy as well as to the temples at Madurai.  He was also believed to be a regular visitor to the temples in Parasurama's country (Kerala), which were alsorecipients of his grants. During his time the chola navies did remain dominant in the western sea as well as eastern sea.Overall he was a benevolent king who didput up good administrative processes, including efficient revenue generation systems as evidenced by his relief measures to the people during the times of boththe famine and civil unrest, which though did take some effort to subdue, but which finally ensured that he retained the loyalty and respect of his ministers,commanders and the general sections of the populace.Extent of the Empire and Summary of the ruleEven though there was a famine which further caused a civildisturbance, Raja Raja-II nevertheless, kept most of his adversaries under control and also succeeded in largely maintaining the Chola territories consisting oftheir possessions in Tamizhagam including Kongunadu, Madurai and Thirunelveli, Nellore-Guntur areas (with Renandu and Telugu Cholas having allegiance toRaja Raja-II but controlling their areas with more authority than before), Visaiyavadai(Vijayawada)-Eluru-Rajahmundry-Prakasham (Draksharama) areastraditionally controlled by Vengi kings, Kalinga (whose King was a tribute paying subordinate and a supportive feudatory to Chola overlordship).. up to the banksof Hooghly.  In addition, he also had Northern Sri Lanka (as was the case during the time of his illustrious predecessor, Raja Raja-I) under his loose control whileas compared to before, even though he had subdued Chera kings, due to the re-emergence of Pandya power, he was forced to allow more autonomy to Malainadukings with whom he was believed to be having marital relations. But somehow, Raja Raja-II proved not strong enough to regain control of the eastern Gangavadiprovince, which was lost to the Hoysalas by his predecessor, the great Vikrama Chola. Possibly, the Hoysalas themselves were trying to free themselves from thecontrol of Western Chalukyas and other rapidly growing adversaries like Kalachuris and Kakatiyas, who were as hostile to the Chalukyas and Hoysalas, as theywere to the Cholas and even the Pandyas, as would be evidenced in the later years.NotesPassage 3:Ali RahumaAli Khalifa Rahuma (Arabic: )  (born May 16, 1982) is a Libyan football midfielder, also a Libyan national. He currently plays for Al-Ittihad, and is a member of the Libya nationalfootball team.External linksAli Rahuma at National-Football-Teams.comSoccerPunter. “Ali Khalifa Rahuma Profile and Statistics.” SoccerPunter. SoccerPunter, n.d.Web. 6 Sept. 2016Passage 4:Nayelly HernándezNayelly Hernández (born 23 February 1986) is a former Mexican professional squash player. She has representedMexico internationally in several international competitions including the Central American and Caribbean Games, Pan American Games, Women's World Team