Passage 1:The Goose WomanThe Goose Woman is a 1925 American silent drama film directed by Clarence Brown and starring Louise Dresser with Jack Pickfordas her son. The film was released by Universal Pictures.The Rex Beach short story is based in part on the then already sensational Hall-Mills murder case in whicha woman named Jane Gibson is described as a pig woman because of the pigs she raised on her property.PlotAs described in a film magazine reviews, operasinger Mary Holmes loses her voice as a result of giving birth to a boy, and develops an intense dislike of her offspring. She becomes a victim of drink, living alonein a shabby cottage and raises geese. Her son wins the love of Hazel Woods, a young actress, who repulsed the vicious advances of a millionaire theatre-owner.The latter is murdered. To gain publicity, Mary invents a wild story about having witnessed the murder. The district attorney furnishes her with fine clothes,reveals her identity as a former stage star, and she is the sensation of the day. However, the details she concocts about the crime cause her son’s arrest.Confronted with him, she experiences a sudden awakening of mother-love and confesses that her story is false. It transpires that the theatre doorman is theguilty person. The son is cleared and faces a happy future with his reformed parent and Hazel.CastReceptionBoth critics and audiences favorably received thefilm. The Goose Woman was remade in 1933 as The Past of Mary Holmes featuring Helen MacKellar and Jean Arthur.Passage 2:You Can No Longer RemainSilentYou Can No Longer Remain Silent (German: Du darfst nicht länger schweigen) is a 1955 West German romantic drama film directed by Robert A. Stemmleand starring Heidemarie Hatheyer, Wilhelm Borchert and Werner Hinz. It is based on the 1929 novel  Morning of Life by Kristmann Gudmundsson. It is setamongst feuding Scandinavian fishing families.It was shot at the Tempelhof Studios in Berlin with location shooting around in Sweden around Gothenburg. Thefilm's sets were designed by the art directors Helmut Nentwig and Karl Weber.CastPassage 3:The Goose Girl (1957 film)The Goose Girl (German: DieGänsemagd) is a 1957 West German family film directed by Fritz Genschow and starring Rita-Maria Nowotny, Renée Stobrawa and Renate Fischer. It is based onthe fairy tale The Goose Girl by the Brothers Grimm.CastRita-Maria Nowotny as Prinzessin RosemargretRenée Stobrawa as Königin-MutterRenate Fischer asMalice - KammermädchenGünter Hertel as Prinz FriedbertAlexander Welbat as Hinz - ReitburscheWolfgang Draeger as Kunz - ReitburscheFritz GenschowTheodorVogelerPeter HackPassage 4:Clarence BrownClarence Leon Brown (May 10, 1890 – August 17, 1987) was an American film director.Early lifeBorn in Clinton,Massachusetts, to Larkin Harry Brown, a cotton manufacturer, and Katherine Ann Brown (née Gaw), Brown moved to Tennessee when he was 11 years old. Heattended Knoxville High School and the University of Tennessee, both in Knoxville, Tennessee, graduating from the university at the age of 19 with two degrees inengineering. An early fascination in automobiles led Brown to a job with the Stevens-Duryea Company, then to his own Brown Motor Car Company in Alabama.He later abandoned the car dealership after developing an interest in motion pictures around 1913. He was hired by the Peerless Studio at Fort Lee, New Jersey,and became an assistant to the French-born director Maurice Tourneur.CareerAfter serving as a fighter pilot and flight instructor in the United States Army AirService during World War I, Brown was given his first co-directing credit (with Tourneur) for The Great Redeemer (1920). Later that year, he directed a majorportion of The Last of the Mohicans after Tourneur was injured in a fall.Brown moved to Universal in 1924, and then to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, where he remaineduntil the mid-1950s. At MGM he was one of the main directors of their major female stars; he directed Joan Crawford six times and Greta Garbo seven.Brown wasnominated six times (see below) for an Academy Award as a director, but he never received an Oscar. However, he won Best Foreign Film for Anna Karenina,starring Garbo at the 1935 Venice International Film Festival.Brown's films gained a total of 38 Academy Award nominations and earned nine Oscars. Brownhimself received six Academy Award nominations and in 1949, he won the British Academy Award for the film version of William Faulkner's Intruder in the Dust.In1957, Brown was awarded The George Eastman Award, given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film. Brown retired a wealthyman due to his real estate investments, but refused to watch new movies, as he feared they might cause him to restart his career.The Clarence Brown Theater,on the campus of the University of Tennessee, is named in his honor. He holds the record for most nominations for the Academy Award for Best Director without awin, with six.Personal lifeClarence Brown was married four times. His first marriage was to Paula Herndon Pratt in 1913, which lasted until their divorce in 1920.The couple produced a daughter, Adrienne Brown.His second marriage was to Ona Wilson, which lasted from 1922 until their divorce in 1927.He was engaged toDorothy Sebastian and Mona Maris, although he did not marry either of them, with Maris later saying she ended their relationship because she had her "own ideasof marriage then."He married his third wife, Alice Joyce, in 1933 and they divorced in 1945.His last marriage was to Marian Spies in 1946, which lasted until hisdeath in 1987.DeathBrown died at the Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica, California from kidney failure on August 17, 1987, at the age of 97. He isinterred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.On February 8, 1960, Brown received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1752 Vine Street, forhis contributions to the motion pictures industry.Selected filmographyDirectorTrilby (1915)The Law of the Land (1917)The Blue Bird (1918)The Great Redeemer(1920)The Last of the Mohicans (1920)The Foolish Matrons (1921)The Light in the Dark (1922)Don't Marry for Money (1923)The Acquittal (1923)ActorThe SignalTower (1924) – Switch ManBen-Hur (1925) – Chariot Race Spectator (uncredited)Navy Blues (1929) – Roller Coaster Rider (uncredited)Possessed (1931) – Manon Merry-Go-Round (uncredited) (final film role)NotesPassage 5:Bill SalugaWilliam Saluga (September 16, 1937 – March 28, 2023) was an American comedianand founding member of the improvisational comedy troupe Ace Trucking Company. He appeared on several television programs, including Seinfeld.EarlylifeSaluga was born on September 16, 1937 in Youngstown, Ohio. When Saluga was 10, his father was killed in an industrial accident at the Republic Steel Millwhere he worked and his mother supported the family by working as a bookkeeper. Saluga, known as "Billy" to his friends and family, was a high schoolcheerleader and class clown. After graduation, he served two years in the Navy and then began working as a performer in local theaters.CareerSaluga spentseveral years performing in Youngstown, Ohio theaters and clubs. He played numerous roles in notable productions, including Guys and Dolls and Inherit theWind. Saluga became a talent coordinator for the Steve  Allen show in the late 1960s. in 1969, he created the "Johnson" character while a member of the comedictroupe Ace Trucking Company.Saluga's shtick as the character "Johnson" would be, when someone would refer to him as "Mr. Johnson" or by the common genericnickname "Johnson," to exaggeratedly feign offense and list off all permutations of the name Raymond J. Johnson Jr. and nicknames thereof that do not mentionthe word "Johnson:""NOOO!!! You don't have to call me Johnson! My name is Raymond J. Johnson Jr.  Now you can call me Ray, or you can call me J, or you cancall me Johnny, or you can call me Sonny, or you can call me Junie, or you can call me Junior; now you can call me Ray J, or you can call me RJ, or you can callme RJJ, or you can call me RJJ Jr. . . but you doesn't hasta call me Johnson!" Saluga would then smugly turn away and begin puffing on his cigar. Saluga's routinereceived more widespread attention in the late 1970s after being used in a series of commercials for Miller Lite beer, and subsequently, in the early 1980s forAnheuser-Busch Natural Light beer. Saluga appeared alongside comedian/pitchman Norm Crosby echoing (in a roundabout way) Norm's advice to unknowingcustomers on how to more easily order the lengthily-named beer: "Well, y'doesn't hasta call it Anheuser Busch Natural Light Beer, and y'doesn't hasta call it'Busch Natural.'  Just say 'Natural!'" Saluga then later launches into the "You can call me Ray" routine after Crosby warns not to ask Johnson his name.From 1977to 1978, Saluga appeared regularly as Raymond J. Johnson Jr. on Redd Foxx's eponymous variety show. Saluga as Johnson also made appearances on This IsTom Jones, Laugh-In  and The David Steinberg Show. He also made appearances on Chuck Barris' The Gong Show during 1977 and 1978.A novelty disco singlecalled "Dancin' Johnson," based around Johnson's schtick, was released in 1978. a 1978 episode of Good Times contained a scene where Keith (while intoxicated)recited "You can call me Ray, or you can call me J" which was at the height of its popularity for the saying.Bob Dylan referenced the "you may call me" schtick inhis 1979 hit, "Gotta Serve Somebody," when he sings, "You may call me Terry, you may call me Timmy / You may call me Bobby, you may call me Zimmy / Youmay call me R.J., you may call me Ray / You may call me anything, but no matter what you say / You’re gonna have to serve somebody." The idea for the verseoriginated from Jerry Wexler, who suggested it during the recording sessions for Slow Train Coming.The character's popularity is referenced in multiple episodesof The Simpsons, with Saluga appearing as himself in the 2002 episode "The Old Man and the Key". Saluga also appeared as Johnson in the 2010 King of the Hillepisode "Just Another Manic Kahn-Day".Death and legacySaluga died of cardiopulmonary arrest in Los Angeles on March 28, 2023, at the age of 85. Saluga'snephew, Scott Saluga, told the media that his uncle was living in Burbank, California at the time of his death. Saluga did not have any surviving immediate familymembers.Saluga told friends he didn't mind being typecast and known to the public as Raymond Johnson. Comedian David Steinberg said that "Billy was alwaysdoing Ray J. He was relentless with it. I would say 'Mr. Johnson' and Billy would be off. He did it everywhere. At parties. His timing and delivery were so funnyevery time."In 2017, Saluga said that people never recognized him outside his character and that it gave him great pleasure hearing people perform his shtick inhis presence without knowing who he was.BibliographySaluga, Bill (1982). Bill Saluga's Name Game Book. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0553207545.Passage 6:LaBestia humanaLa Bestia humana is a 1957 Argentine film whose story is based on the 1890 novel La Bête Humaine by the French writer Émile Zola.ExternallinksLa Bestia humana at IMDbPassage 7:Miloš ZličićMiloš Zličić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милош Зличић; born 29 December 1999) is a Serbian football forward who


Passage 1:Alexandru CristeaAlexandru Cristea (1890–1942) was the composer of the music for "Limba Noastră", current national anthem of Moldova.BiographyAchoir director, a composer and music teacher. Taught at the  "Vasile Kormilov" music school (1928) with Gavriil Afanasiu and the  "Unirea" Conservatory(1927–1929) in Chişinău with Alexandru Antonovschi (canto), he was the master of vocal music from Chişinău (1920–1940), professor of music and conductor ofthe choir in the boys gymnasium "Ion Heliade Rădulescu" in Bucureti (1940–1941). Later, between 1941 and 1942, he directed the choir at the "Queen MotherElena" high school from Chişinău. In 1920, he was ordained as a deacon of the St. George Church in Chişinău, from 1927 to 1941 was a deacon holds theMetropolitan Cathedral of Chişinău.CreationHis main creation is considered the music for "Limba Noastră", current national anthem of Moldova, composed in thelyrics of the priest-poet Alexei Mateevici. He was awarded the “Răsplata muncii pentru biserică”.Passage 2:Pete TownshendPeter Dennis Blandford Townshend (;born 19 May 1945) is an English musician. He is the co-founder, leader, guitarist, second lead vocalist and principal songwriter of the Who, one of the mostinfluential rock bands of the 1960s and 1970s. Due to his aggressive playing style and innovative songwriting techniques, Townshend's works with the Who and inother projects have earned him critical acclaim.Townshend has written more than 100 songs for 12 of the Who's studio albums. These include concept albums,the rock operas Tommy (1969) and Quadrophenia (1973), plus popular rock radio staples such as Who's Next (1971); as well as dozens more that appeared asnon-album singles, bonus tracks on reissues, and tracks on rarities compilation albums such as Odds & Sods (1974). He has also written more than 100 songsthat have appeared on his solo albums, as well as radio jingles and television theme songs.While known primarily as a guitarist, Townshend also plays keyboards,banjo, accordion, harmonica, ukulele, mandolin, violin, synthesiser, bass guitar, and drums; he is self-taught on all of these instruments and plays on his ownsolo albums, several Who albums, and as a guest contributor to an array of other artists' recordings. Townshend has also contributed to and authored manynewspaper and magazine articles, book reviews, essays, books, and scripts, and he has collaborated as a lyricist and composer for many other musical acts. In1983, Townshend received the Brit Award for Lifetime Achievement and in 1990 he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Who.Townshend was ranked No. 3 in Dave Marsh's 1994 list of Best Guitarists in The New Book of Rock Lists. In 2001, he received a Grammy Lifetime AchievementAward as a member of the Who; and in 2008 he received Kennedy Center Honors. He was ranked No. 10 in Gibson.com's 2011 list of the top 50 guitarists, andNo. 10 in Rolling Stone's updated 2011 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. He and Roger Daltrey received The George and Ira Gershwin Award forLifetime Musical Achievement at UCLA on 21 May 2016.Early life and educationTownshend was born in Chiswick, West London, at the Chiswick Hospital,Netheravon Road, in the UK. He came from a musical family: his father, Cliff Townshend, was a professional alto saxophonist in the Royal Air Force's dance bandthe Squadronaires and his mother, Betty (née Dennis), was a singer with the Sydney Torch and Les Douglass Orchestras. The Townshends had a volatilemarriage, as both drank heavily and possessed fiery tempers. Cliff Townshend was often away from his family touring with his band while Betty carried on affairswith other men. The two split when Townshend was a toddler and he was sent to live with his maternal grandmother Emma Dennis, whom Pete later described as"clinically insane". The two-year separation ended when Cliff and Betty purchased a house together on Woodgrange Avenue in middle-class Acton, and the youngPete was happily reunited with his parents. His neighbourhood was one-third Polish, and a devout Jewish family upstairs shared their housing with them andcooking with them—many of his father's closest friends were Jewish.Townshend says he did not have many friends growing up, so he spent much of his boyhoodreading adventure novels like Gulliver's Travels and Treasure Island. He enjoyed his family's frequent excursions to the seaside and the Isle of Man. It was on oneof these trips in the summer of 1956 that he repeatedly watched the 1956 film Rock Around the Clock, sparking his fascination with American rock and roll. Notlong thereafter, he went to see Bill Haley perform in London, Townshend's first concert. At the time, he did not see himself pursuing a career as a professionalmusician; instead, he wanted to become a journalist.Upon passing the eleven-plus exam, Townshend was enrolled at Acton County Grammar School. At ActonCounty, he was frequently bullied because he had a large nose, an experience that profoundly affected him. His grandmother Emma purchased his first guitar forChristmas in 1956, an inexpensive Spanish model. Though his father taught him a couple of chords, Townshend was largely self-taught on the instrument andnever learned to read music. Townshend and school friend John Entwistle formed a short-lived trad jazz group, the Confederates, featuring Townshend on banjoand Entwistle on horns. The Confederates played gigs at the Congo Club, a youth club run by the Acton Congregational Church, and covered Acker Bilk, KennyBall, and Lonnie Donegan. However, both became influenced by the increasing popularity of rock 'n' roll, with Townshend particularly admiring Cliff Richard'sdebut single, "Move It". Townshend left the Confederates after getting into a fight with the group's drummer, Chris Sherwin, and purchased a "reasonably goodCzechoslovakian guitar" at his mother's antique shop.Townshend's brothers Paul and Simon were born in 1957 and 1960, respectively. Lacking the requisitegrades to attend university, Pete was faced with the decision of art school, music school, or getting a job. He ultimately chose to study graphic design at EalingArt College, enrolling in 1961. At Ealing, Townshend studied alongside future Rolling Stones guitarist Ronnie Wood. Notable artists and designers gave lectures atthe college such as auto-destructive art pioneer Gustav Metzger. Townshend dropped out in 1964 to focus on music full-time.Musical career1961–1964: theDetoursIn late 1961, Entwistle joined the Detours, a skiffle/rock and roll band, led by Roger Daltrey. The new bass player then suggested Townshend join as anadditional guitarist. In the early days of the Detours, the band's repertoire consisted of instrumentals by the Shadows and the Ventures, as well as pop and tradjazz covers. Their lineup coalesced around Roger Daltrey on lead guitar, Townshend on rhythm guitar, Entwistle on bass, Doug Sandom on drums, and ColinDawson as vocalist. Daltrey was considered the leader of the group and, according to Townshend, "ran things the way he wanted them." Dawson quit in 1962after arguing too much with Daltrey, who subsequently moved to lead vocalist. As a result, Townshend, with Entwistle's encouragement, became the soleguitarist. Through Townshend's mother, the group obtained a management contract with local promoter Robert Druce, who started booking the band as a supportact for bands including Screaming Lord Sutch, Cliff Bennett and the Rebel Rousers, Shane Fenton and the Fentones, and Johnny Kidd and the Pirates. In 1963,Townshend's father arranged an amateur recording of "It Was You", the first song his son ever wrote. The Detours became aware of a group of the same name inFebruary 1964, forcing them to change their name. Townshend's roommate Richard Barnes came up with "The Who", and Daltrey decided it was the bestchoice.1964–1982: The WhoNot long after the name change, drummer Doug Sandom was replaced by Keith Moon, who had been drumming semi-professionallywith the Beachcombers for several years. The band was soon taken on by a mod publicist named Peter Meaden who convinced them to change their name to theHigh Numbers to give the band more of a mod feel. After bringing out one failed single ("I'm the Face/Zoot Suit"), they dropped Meaden and were signed on bytwo new managers, Chris Stamp and Kit Lambert, who had paired up with the intention of finding new talent and creating a documentary about them. The bandanguished over a name that all felt represented the band best, and dropped the High Numbers name, reverting to the Who. In June 1964, during a performanceat the Railway Tavern, Townshend accidentally broke the top of his guitar on the low ceiling and proceeded to destroy the entire instrument. The on-stagedestruction of instruments soon became a regular part of the Who's live shows.With the assistance of Lambert, the Who caught the ear of American recordproducer Shel Talmy, who had the band signed to a record contract. Townshend wrote a song, "I Can't Explain", as a deliberate sound-alike of the Kinks, anothergroup Talmy produced. Released as a single in January 1965, "I Can't Explain" was the Who's first hit, reaching number eight on the British charts. A follow-upsingle ("Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere"), credited to both Townshend and Daltrey, also reached the top 10 in the UK. However, it was the release of the Who's thirdsingle, "My Generation", in November that, according to Who biographer Mark Wilkerson, "cemented their reputation as a hard-nosed band who reflected thefeelings of thousands of pissed-off adolescents at the time." The Townshend-penned single reached number two on the UK charts, becoming the Who's biggesthit. The song and its famous line "I hope I die before I get old" was "very much about trying to find a place in society", Townshend stated in an interview withDavid Fricke.To capitalise on their recent single success, the Who's debut album My Generation (The Who Sings My Generation in the US) was released in late1965, containing original material written by Townshend and several James Brown covers that Daltrey favoured. Townshend continued to write several successfulsingles for the band, including "Pictures of Lily", "Substitute", "I'm a Boy", and "Happy Jack". Lambert encouraged Townshend to write longer pieces of music forthe next album, which became "A Quick One, While He's Away". The album was subsequently titled A Quick One and reached No. 4 in the charts upon its releasein December 1966. In their stage shows, Townshend developed a guitar stunt in which he would swing his right arm against the guitar strings in a stylereminiscent of the vanes of a windmill. He developed this style after watching Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards warm up before a show.The Who commencedtheir first US tour on 22 March 1967. Townshend took to trashing his hotel suites, though not to the extent of his bandmate Moon. He also began experimentingwith LSD, though stopped taking the drug after receiving a potent hit after the Monterey Pop Festival on 18 June. Released in December, their next album wasThe Who Sell Out—a concept album based on pirate radio, which had been instrumental in raising the Who's popularity. It included several humorous jingles and


Passage 1:Popiel IPopiel I was a legendary ruler of Poland, member of the Popielids dynasty. According to the legends reported by Wincenty Kadłubek in hisChronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae, he was the son of Leszko III. Father of Popiel II.BibliographyJerzy Strzelczyk: Mity, podania i wierzeniadawnych Słowian. Poznań: Rebis, 2007. ISBN 978-83-7301-973-7.Jerzy Strzelczyk: Od Prasłowian do Polaków. Kraków: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, 1987.ISBN 83-03-02015-3.Passage 2:Beaulieu-sur-LoireBeaulieu-sur-Loire (French pronunciation: [boljø sy lwa], literally Beaulieu on Loire) is a commune in theLoiret department in north-central France. It is the place of death of Jacques MacDonald, a French general who served in the Napoleonic Wars.PopulationSeealsoCommunes of the Loiret departmentPassage 3:Sermon of Zaynab bint Ali in the court of YazidSermon of Zaynab bint Ali in the court of Yazid  are thestatements made by Zaynab bint Ali in the presence of Yazid I in the aftermath of the Battle of Karbala when the captive family members of Muhammad, prophetof Islam, and the heads of those murdered were moved to the Levant (equivalent to the historical region of Syria) by the forces of Yazid I. Zaynab delivered adefiant sermon in the court of Yazid in which she humiliated Yazid and exposed his army's atrocities while honoring the Ahl al-Bayt and those killed in Karbala andexpounding upon the eternal consequences of the battle.Zaynab bint AliZaynab bint Ali (Arabic:   ) was one of the daughtersof Ali and Fatimah. Like other members of her family she became a great figure of sacrifice, strength, and piety in Islam – in both the Sunni and Shia sects of thereligion. Zaynab married Abdullah ibn Ja'far and had three sons and two daughters. When her brother Husayn defended Islam and opposed the tyranny of Yazidcaliph in 680 AD (61 AH), Zaynab accompanied his companions, 72 men who, together with Husayn, were brutally slain by government forces numbering 30,000men at the Battle of Karbala. Zaynab played an important role in disclosing the true events leading up to the massacre of the third Shia Imam Husayn, and hissupporters. She also protected the life of her nephew Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin, the fourth Shia Imam, as he lay seriously ill and unable to go to thebattlefield. Because of her sacrifice and heroism, she became known as the "Hero of Karbala". Zaynab died in 681, and her shrine is located in Damascus,Syria.BackgroundAfter the battle of Karbala the captured family of the prophet and the heads of those who were killed were taken to the Levant by the forces ofYazid. On the first day of the month of Safar, according to Turabi, they arrived in the Levant and the captured family and heads were taken into Yazid's presence.First, the identity of each head was told to him. Then he paid attention to a woman who was objecting. Yazid asked, "Who is this arrogant woman?" All theaudience paused for a moment. The woman rose to answer and said: "Why are you asking them [the woman]? Ask me. I'll tell you [who I am]. I amMuhammad's granddaughter. I am Fatima's daughter." People at the court were impressed and amazed by her. According to the narration of Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid,in Yazid's presence a man with red skin asked Yazid for one of the captured women to be his slave. Yazid hit the lips and teeth of Hussein with his stick whilesaying: "I wish those of my clan who were killed at Badr, and those who had seen the Khazraj clan wailing (in the battle of Uhad) on account of lancet wounds,were here. At this time, Zaynab bint Ali began to give her sermon.ContextZaynab bint Ali started her sermon with the praise of Allah:In the name of Allah, Themost Gracious, the most Merciful. All praise is due to Allah, the Lord of the worlds. May praise and salutations be upon my grandfather, the leader of Allah'smessengers and upon his progeny.God gives time to disbelieversVerse 178 of chapter of Al Imran was descended about polytheists of Mecca such as Abu Sufyanibn Harb. Zainab bint Ali once again relates this verse to Yazid, grandson of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb. She said: "Do not be satisfied with this temporal achievement;this time passes quickly and Allah will punish you. You will be humiliated."As we see in the sermon:O Yazid! Do you think that we have become humble anddespicable owing to the martyrdom of our people and our own captivity? Do you think that by killing the godly persons you have become great and respectableand the Almighty looks at you with special grace and kindness? You have, however, forgotten what Allah says: The disbelievers must not think that our respite isfor their good We only give them time to let them increase their sins. For them there will be a humiliating torment. (Quran 3:178 (Yusuf Ali))Humiliate the enemyand honoring the Ahl al-BaytOne concern of Zaynab bint Ali in the battle of Karbala was the humiliation of the enemy and the honor of the Ahl al-Bayt.O son ofthe freed ones! Is it justice that you keep your women and slave-girls in seclusion but have made the helpless daughters of the Holy Prophet ride on swift camelsand given them in the hands of their enemies so that they may take them from one city to anotherPosition of those killed in KarbalaZaynab bint Ali told Yazid notto be happy because of his victory. She named verse 169 of Al Imran and emphasized that those dying for a just cause are victors and that Yazid's happiness willend with the torture of Allah.It will be the day when Allah will deliver the descendants of the Holy Prophet from the state of being scattered and will bring all ofthem together in Paradise. This is the promise which Allah has made in the Holy Quran. Do not think of those who are slain for the cause of Allah as dead. Theyare alive with their Lord and receive sustenance from Him.(Quran 3:169 (Yusuf Ali))Referring to the oppressionAt this point in the sermon she referred to all theoppression and injustices of the Umayyad from time of Abu Sufyan till the time of Yazid ibn Muawiyah. She also believed that the Umayyad owed their power tothe Islamic Ummah's failure to uphold the Quran and the rightful succession to Muhammad. She further stated that:Our blood is dripping from their hands andour flesh is falling down from their mouths.External consequences of the battleZaynab bint Ali stated that the battle of Karbala had a positive effect on history.She believed that jihad, struggle in the path of Allah, had eternal effects.You (Yazid) may employ your deceit and cunning efforts, but I swear by Allah that theshame and disgrace which you have earned by the treatment meted out to us cannot be eradicated.In the NewsIn his book, Explanations on Sermon of Zaynabbint Ali at the Levant, published by Bustan publications, Ali Karimi Jahromi reviews different opinions about this sermon.See alsoBattle of KarbalaSermon of Ali ibnHusayn in DamascusPassage 4:Motherland (disambiguation)Motherland is the place of one's birth, the place of one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnicgroup.Motherland may also refer to:Music"Motherland" (anthem), the national anthem of MauritiusNational Song (Montserrat), also called"Motherland"Motherland (Natalie Merchant album), 2001Motherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album), 2011Motherland (Daedalus album), 2011"Motherland"(Crystal Kay song), 2004Film and televisionMotherland (1927 film), a 1927 British silent war filmMotherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary filmMotherland(2015 film), a 2015 Turkish dramaMotherland (2022 film), a 2022 documentary film about the Second Nagorno-Karabakh WarMotherland (TV series), a 2016British television seriesMotherland: Fort Salem, a 2020 American science fiction drama seriesOther usesMotherland Party (disambiguation), the name of severalpolitical groupsPersonifications of Russia, including a list of monuments called MotherlandSee alsoAll pages with titles containing MotherlandMother Country(disambiguation)Passage 5:Place of birthThe place of birth (POB) or birthplace is the place where a person was born. This place is often used in legal documents,together with name and date of birth, to uniquely identify a person. Practice regarding whether this place should be a country, a territory or a city/town/localitydiffers in different countries, but often city or territory is used for native-born citizen passports and countries for foreign-born ones.As a general rule with respectto passports, if the place of birth is to be a country, it's determined to be the country that currently has sovereignty over the actual place of birth, regardless ofwhen the birth actually occurred. The place of birth is not necessarily the place where the parents of the new baby live. If the baby is born in a hospital in anotherplace, that place is the place of birth. In many countries, this also means that the government requires that the birth of the new baby is registered in the place ofbirth.Some countries place less or no importance on the place of birth, instead using alternative geographical characteristics for the purpose of identitydocuments. For example, Sweden has used the concept of födelsehemort ("domicile of birth") since 1947. This means that the domicile of the baby's mother isthe registered place of birth. The location of the maternity ward or other physical birthplace is considered unimportant.Similarly, Switzerland uses the concept ofplace of origin. A child born to Swiss parents is automatically assigned the place of origin of the parent with the same last name, so the child either gets theirmother's or father's place of origin. A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the place of origin of their Swiss parent. In a Swiss passportand identity card, the holder's place of origin is stated, not their place of birth. In Japan, the registered domicile is a similar concept.In some countries (primarilyin the Americas), the place of birth automatically determines the nationality of the baby, a practice often referred to by the Latin phrase jus soli. Almost allcountries outside the Americas instead attribute nationality based on the nationality(-ies) of the baby's parents (referred to as jus sanguinis).There can be someconfusion regarding the place of birth if the birth takes place in an unusual way: when babies are born on an airplane or at sea, difficulties can arise. The place ofbirth of such a person depends on the law of the countries involved, which include the nationality of the plane or ship, the nationality(-ies) of the parents and/orthe location of the plane or ship (if the birth occurs in the territorial waters or airspace of a country).Some administrative forms may request the applicant's"country of birth". It is important to determine from the requester whether the information requested refers to the applicant's "place of birth" or "nationality atbirth". For example, US citizens born abroad who acquire US citizenship at the time of birth, the nationality at birth will be USA (American), while the place ofbirth would be the country in which the actual birth takes place.Reference list8 FAM 403.4 Place of BirthPassage 6:Yazid IIIYazīd ibn al-Walīd ibn Abd al-Malik(701 – 3/4 October 744) (Arabic:      ) usually known simply as Yazid III was the twelfth Umayyad caliph. He reignedfor six months, from April 15 to October 3 or 4, 744, and he reigned until his death.Birth and backgroundYazid was the member of the influential Umayyad


Passage 1:IwamuraIwamura (written:  lit. "rock village") is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:Akinori Iwamura, Japanese baseball playerNoboru Iwamura, Japanese biologistAi Iwamura, Japanese actressIwamura Michitoshi, Meiji era politicianShunichi Iwamura ( , born 1940), Japanese sprint canoeistSee alsoIwamura Castle in Gifu Prefecture, JapanIwamura, Gifu, former town in Gifu Prefecture, Japan67853 Iwamura, main-belt asteroidPassage 2:Little Rock Trojans women's basketballThe Little Rock Trojans women's basketball team represents the University of Arkansas at Little Rock in Little Rock, Arkansas, United States. The school will join the Ohio Valley Conference (OVC) on July 1, 2022 after 31 seasons in the Sun Belt Conference.HistoryLittle Rock has won the West Division in the Sun Belt in 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2013. They won the Sun Belt Conference Tournament in 2011, 2012, and 2015. They have made the WNIT in 2008, 2009, and 2013. They made the Second Round of the NCAA Tournament in 2010 beating Georgia Tech 63–53. They lost to Oklahoma 60–44 in the subsequent game. They made the Second Round in 2015 after beating Texas A&M 69–60. They lost 57–54 to Arizona State in the subsequent game. As of the end of the 2015–16 season, the Trojans have an all-time record of 384–485, with a 288–231 record since joining Division I in 1999.NCAA tournament resultsPassage 3:University of Arkansas at Little RockThe University of Arkansas at Little Rock (UA Little Rock) is a public research university in Little Rock, Arkansas. Established as Little Rock Junior College by the Little Rock School District in 1927, the institution became a private four-year university under the name Little Rock University in 1957. It returned to public status in 1969 when it merged with the University of Arkansas System under its present name. The former campus of Little Rock Junior College is now (2019) the campus of Philander Smith College.At 250 acres (100 ha), the UA Little Rock campus encompasses more than 56 buildings, including the Center for Nanotechnology Integrative Sciences, the Emerging Analytics Center, the Sequoyah Research Center, and the Ottenheimer Library Additionally, UA Little Rock houses special learning facilities that include a learning resource center, art galleries, KUAR public radio station, University Television, and a campus-wide wireless network. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".AcademicsThe university features more than 100 undergraduate degrees and 60 graduate degrees, including graduate certificates, master's degrees, and doctorates, through both traditional and online courses. Students attend classes in one of the university's three new colleges and a law school:College of Business, Health, and Human ServicesCollege of Humanities, Arts, Social Sciences, and EducationDonaghey College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and MathematicsWilliam H. Bowen School of LawStudent lifeThe student life at UA Little Rock is typical of public universities in the United States. It is characterized by student-run organizations and affiliation groups that support social, academic, athletic and religious activities and interests. Some of the services offered by the UA Little Rock Office of Campus Life are intramural sports and fitness programs, diversity programs, leadership development, peer tutoring, student government association, student support programs including groups for non-traditional and first generation students, a student-run newspaper, and fraternity and sorority life. The proximity of the UA Little Rock campus to downtown Little Rock enables students to take advantage of a wide array of recreational, entertainment, educational, internship and employment opportunities that are not available anywhere else in Arkansas.Campus livingUA Little Rock provides a variety of on-campus living options for students ranging from traditional resident rooms to multiple bedroom apartments. The university has four residence halls on the eastern side of the campus and the University Village Apartment Complex on the southern side of campus. Six learning communities focusing on criminal justice, arts and culture, majors and careers, future business innovators, nursing careers, and STEM are available to students.AthleticsUA Little Rock's 14 athletic teams are known as the Little Rock Trojans, with almost all teams participating in the Sun Belt Conference. Little Rock is one of two Sun Belt members that do not sponsor football (UT Arlington being the other); UA Little Rock last fielded a football team in 1955 when it was known as Little Rock Junior College. Little Rock's main athletic offices are located in the Jack Stephens Center. UA Little Rock offers the following sports:Two Little Rock teams that do not compete in the Sun Belt are the women's swimming and diving team (Missouri Valley Conference) and wrestling (Pac-12 Conference), neither of which the Sun Belt sponsors. Wrestling is the school's newest sport, starting in 2019 and is the first Division I program in Arkansas.Little Rock will move to the Ohio Valley Conference for the 2022-23 season.Collections and archivesOn July 1, 2014, the UA Little Rock Collections and Archives division was created. The division encompasses:Ottenheimer LibraryCenter for Arkansas History and CultureSequoyah National Research CenterWeekend programsThe Japanese School of Little Rock ( Ritoru Rokku Nihongo Hoshūkō), a weekend Japanese education program, holds its classes at the University Plaza.Notable students and alumniGovernmentCamille Bennett – Arkansas House of Representatives, 2015–presentKarilyn Brown – Arkansas House of Representatives, 2015–presentJames Richard Cheek (1957) – U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador (1979–1981), Ethiopia (1985–1988), Sudan (1989–1992) and Argentina (1993–1996)Charlie Daniels (attended) – Arkansas Commissioner of State Lands (1985–2001), Arkansas Secretary of State (2002–2010), Arkansas State Auditor (2001–present)Vivian Flowers (B.S. in political science) – Arkansas House of Representatives, 2015–presentKenneth Henderson - Arkansas House of Representatives, 2015–present Douglas House (1976) Arkansas House of Representatives, 2013–presentAllen Kerr (attended) – Arkansas Insurance Commissioner (2015–present) and former member of the Arkansas House of RepresentativesMike Ross (1987) – U.S. House of Representatives, 2001–2013Bill Sample (attended) – Arkansas House of Representatives, 2005–2010; Arkansas Senate 2011–presentRobert William Schroeder III (1989) - U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Texas, Nominated June 2014Frank Scott Jr. – current mayor of Little Rock, AR.Vic Snyder (1988) – U.S. House of Representatives, 1997–2011James Sturch – (B.S., Political Science) – Arkansas House of Representatives, 2015–presentEducationJames E. Cofer – Ed.D. alumnus, former UA Little Rock professor, and former president of both Missouri State University and the University of Louisiana at MonroeEntertainmentJulie Adams (1946) – Actress (film & television)Symone (2017) - Drag Performer & Model (winner of Rupaul's Drag Race Season 13)AthleticsMalik Dixon - basketball player, top scorer in the 2005 Israel Basketball Premier LeagueDerek Fisher – Former Los Angeles Lakers player and New York Knicks head coachRayjon Tucker - Professional basketball player in the NBA with Milwaukee BucksNotesPassage 4:Little Rock Port Authority RailroadThe Port of Little Rock Railroad, sometimes called the Little Rock Port Authority Railroad, provides switching services through a 20-mile system of tracks at the 4,000-acre Little Rock Port Industrial Park at the Port of Little Rock, Arkansas.  It provides port access and railroad interchange services not only to the more than twenty businesses at the park, but also to any business seeking to ship or receive cargo through the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System.HistoryPurchase of 151 acres in July 1967 started the planning process for the dock area at the Port.  Four miles of railroad were constructed by July, 1968, the year in which the port began operations.   In 1970, the railroad connected to what were then the Rock Island Railroad and the Missouri Pacific Railroad, and started work on a marshalling yard.  By 1974 the marshalling yard was complete.    In 1977, railroad engine storage and maintenance buildings were completed.InterchangeThe line extends from the dock to the interchange point with what is now the Union Pacific (UP) at a junction near Clinton National Airport.   Access to what is now the BNSF is obtained through trackage/haulage rights.OperationsThe port railroad operates with two locomotives and five crew members.  It utilizes a tandem unit with an EMD GP15-1 locomotive owned by the port, and one EMD SW1500 locomotive leased from GATX.  The railroad handles over 20,000 cars annually.Passage 5:Jamal BeygJamal Beyg (Persian:  , also Romanized as Jamāl Beyg) is a village in Dezhkord Rural District, Sedeh District, Eqlid County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 305, in 76 families.Passage 6:Little Rock Trojans baseballThe Little Rock Trojans baseball team, is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of Arkansas at Little Rock in Little Rock, Arkansas, United States. The team is a member of the Ohio Valley Conference, which is part of the NCAA Division I. The team plays its home games at Gary Hogan Field in Little Rock, Arkansas.On July 1, 2015, the Trojans officially announced they would no longer be branded as Arkansas–Little Rock or "UALR," but will be the Little Rock Trojans effective immediately.Year-by-year resultsReferences:See alsoList of NCAA Division I baseball programsPassage 7:The Abingtons, CambridgeshireThe Abingtons are a community in South Cambridgeshire consisting of two small villages: Little Abington and Great Abington, about 7 miles (11 km) south east of Cambridge.HistoryThough often listed as a single entity, Great and Little Abington have since early medieval times been two parishes divided by the River Granta and remain so. The southernmost of the two, Great Abington, covers 1,588 acres (6.43 km2) and is bounded to the south by the county border with Essex, to the west by a branch of the Icknield Way (now the A11), and to the east by the parish of Hildersham. Little Abington covers 1,309 acres (5.30 km2), again bordered by the Icknield Way and Hildersham to the west and east, and by the ancient thoroughfare of Wool Street to the north.The village history dates back to the Bronze Age, some 4000 years ago. The Saxons gave the village its name, originally called "estate named after Abba", and the village was listed as Abintone in the Domesday Book. The 'Great' and 'Little' prefixes came later: the Latin magna is observed from 1218 and the Modern English great from 1523 while the Latin parva is observed from 1218 and the Middle English littel from 1336.In the decades before the Second World War the Land Settlement Association created a site to the south of Great Abington consisting of over sixty houses and plots of land for unemployed miners mainly from the former shipyards of Tyneside and coalfields of Yorkshire and Durham.The Cambridge to Haverhill railway line that opened in 1865 crossed Great Abington just south of the village, but closed in 1967. The medieval Cambridge to Colchester road that


Passage 1:The Wonderful World of Captain KuhioThe Wonderful World of Captain Kuhio (, Kuhio Taisa, lit. "Captain Kuhio") is a 2009 Japanese comedy-crime film, directed by Daihachi Yoshida, based on Kazumasa Yoshida's 2006 biographical novel, Kekkon Sagishi Kuhio Taisa (lit. "Marriage swindler Captain Kuhio"), that focuses on a real-life marriage swindler, who conned over 100 million yen (US$1.2 million) from a number of women between the 1970s and the 1990s.The film was released in Japan on 10 October 2009.CastMasato Sakai - Captain KuhioYasuko Matsuyuki - Shinobu NaganoHikari Mitsushima - Haru YasuokaYuko Nakamura - Michiko SudoHirofumi Arai - Tatsuya NaganoKazuya Kojima - Koichi TakahashiSakura Ando - Rika KinoshitaMasaaki Uchino - Chief FujiwaraKanji Furutachi - Shigeru KurodaReila AphroditeSei AndoAwardsAt the 31st Yokohama Film FestivalBest Actor – Masato SakaiBest Supporting Actress – Sakura AndoPassage 2:Star Quest: The OdysseyStar Quest: The Odyssey is a 2009 low budget American science-fiction film directed by Jon Bonnell, written by Carlos Perez, and starring Aaron Ginn-Forsberg, Davina Joy and Tamara McDaniel. The film was released on November 3, 2009.External linksStar Quest: The Odyssey at IMDbTrailer Star Quest: The Odyssey on YouTubePassage 3:Men's GroupMen's Group is a 2008 Australian drama film. The film is directed by Michael Joy from a screenplay co-written with John L. Simpson.PlotThe film follows the lives of six men over a period of months as they convene weekly in a self-help style group. Meeting at the home of Paul, the men include Freddy, a depressed stand-up comedian; the elderly Cecil; businessman Lucas; the bereaved Anthony; taciturn Moses; and talkative, middle-aged Alex. As trust grows between the men they gradually begin to open up and learn to listen to each other, discovering they are not alone in their fears as they had presumed. When a tragedy befalls the group, the men realize they must take responsibilities for their own lives and those of their loved ones.CastGrant Dodwell as AlexPaul Gleeson as PaulSteve Le Marquand as LucasDon Reid as CecilSteve Rodgers as FreddyPaul Tassone as MosesWilliam Zappa as AnthonyProductionDevelopmentThe concept of the film was conceived by Michael Joy and John L. Simpson, while working together on another project dealing with men's issues and their inability to communicate. At that time, director Michael Joy was experiencing depression and attended a men's support group on the advice of a telephone counsellor. Joy was struck by the pain of the men in the room and the safe environment in which they could express what they were going through.FilmingJoy worked with each of the actors separately, workshopping the script over two months. Using this technique, Michael and John L. would create scenes from key character points and events. Only then was a comprehensive screenplay drafted and delivered to the heads of departments.The actors were not allowed to see the screenplay prior to shooting, and had little or no idea of other characters' story lines. The filmmakers did this to capture the actors' first responses to what was unfolding in front of them. There was only one take for each shot that appears in the film, and the shoot lasted only 14 days. It was shot in sequence, so the filmmakers could not go back to reshoot. Before each scene, Joy spent time talking to the actors quietly and individually about their lives at that point, trying to get them to speak about specific things that needed to happen in the film.The film was a micro-budget production, created on a reverse finance model, with each key crew member and actor taking an equity position in the film.ReceptionThe film was praised and is particularly recognised for the strong performances by the lead actors. Anton Bitel of Eye for Film wrote the film "represents a refreshing examination of the collective male psyche through pure drama", and added the improvisational nature of the film results in an "ensemble performances of searing, warts-and-all realism, so utterly believable that viewers themselves will feel like silent members of the party, compelled by the power of the proceedings to watch, listen, learn – and maybe join in the conversation after the credits have rolled." On At the Movies, Margaret Pomeranz awarded the film four stars and David Stratton awarded it three and a half stars.On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Men's Group has an approval rating of 86% based on 7 reviews.AFI Fellowship and TourFollowing the theatrical release of the film by Titan View, John L. Simpson was approached by men's health groups who wished to screen the film and use it as a tool to prompt discussions about men's mental health. With this interest, Simpson proposed to tour the film around Australia to non-theatrical venues for community group screenings, and in the process create a map of all venues in Australia suitable to screen from. For this proposal he was awarded the 2008 AFI Fellowship.The program has allowed the film to tour to towns such as Tamworth, Armidale, Bellingen, Dorrigo, Bowraville, and Bowral.In early March 2009, Men’s Group was screened to men's and women's prisons in Tasmania.Awards and nominationsFilm Critics Circle of Australia2009: Nominated, Best Actor – Grant DodwellInside Film Awards2008: Won, Best Actor – Grant Dodwell2008: Won, Best Feature Film – John L. Simpson, Michael Joy2008: Won, Best Script – John L. Simpson, Michael Joy2008: Nominated, Best Music – Haydn Walker2008: DigiSPAA AwardPassage 4:Un Soir de JoieUn Soir de Joie (French)  is a Belgian comic film directed by Gaston Schoukens and released in 1955.The film's plot takes place in German-occupied Belgium during World War II and focuses on the so-called Faux Soir, a satirical version of the German-controlled newspaper Le Soir produced by the resistance.The film includes extensive footage of Brussels in the 1950s, where it was filmed on location.Marcel Roels, Roger Dutoit, Jean-Pierre Loriot, Victor Guyau, Madeleine Rivière, Jacques Philippet, Francine Vendel all acted in the film.PlotBased on a true story from November 1943: the Resistance manages to publish a fake edition of the pro-German newspaper 'Le Soir', put on sale by surprise in the newsstands and stuffed full of parodic articles pouring ridicule upon occupying forces. The film faithfully traced the course of this humorous and enterprising attempt to wake up the populace, filling out the basic plot with irreverent patriotic gags.Passage 5:Times of Joy and SorrowTimes of Joy and Sorrow (USA title), The Lighthouse (UK title), or (Yorokobi mo Kanashimi mo Ikutoshitsuki), is a 1957 color Japanese film directed by Keisuke Kinoshita, who shot on location at 10 different lighthouses throughout Japan, including opening scenes at Kannonzaki, the site of the country's first lighthouse.PlotIn 1932, a young lighthouse keeper returns from his father's funeral with a new bride, who quickly learns the importance of the marital bond to members of her husband's profession, which is often characterized by the hardships of physical isolation and sudden reassignment. Over the next 25 years they transfer to ten different lighthouses throughout Japan, raising two children and befriending multiple colleagues and their families. They endure wartime attacks on the strategically relevant lighthouses as well as a tragedy involving one of their children, ultimately celebrating the other's marriage and settling together into middle age.CastHideko Takamine as Kiyoko ArisawaKeiji Sada as Shiro ArisawaTakahiro Tamura as Mr. NozuKatsuo Nakamura as KotaroYōko Katsuragi as Fuji TatsukoKōji Mitsui as Mr. KanemakiKuniko Igawa as Itoko SuzukiShizue Natsukawa as Mrs. NatoriMasako Arisawa as YukinoHiroko Itō as MasakoNoboru Nakaya as Shingo NatoriTakeshi Sakamoto as PostmasterRyūji Kita as NatoriMutsuko Sakura as Mrs. KanemakiFeatured LighthousesKannonzaki Lighthouse - Miura Peninsula, KanagawaIshikari Lighthouse - Ishikari, HokkaidoIzu Oshima Lighthouse - Izu Ōshima, Izu IslandsMizunokojima Lighthouse - Bungo Channel, OitaMeshima Lighthouse - Gotō Islands, NagasakiHajiki Saki Lighthouse - Sado Island, NiigataOmaesaki Lighthouse - Omaezaki, ShizuokaAnorisaki Lighthouse - Shima, MieOgijima Lighthouse - Seto Inland Sea, KagawaHiyoriyama Lighthouse - Otaru, HokkaidoLegacyThe highly-popular film has been remade three times for Japanese television, and in 1986 Kinoshita himself reworked it as Big Joys, Small Sorrows, the Western version of its actual title (), which translates roughly as New Times of Joy and Sorrow.Its rousing, eponymous theme song was a major hit for Akira Wakayama and became a cultural touchstone of 1950s Japan.In 1993 a statue depicting the movie's two stars in an iconic pose from publicity materials was erected at Hajikizaki Lighthouse on Sato Island, one of the filming sites, as a tribute to lighthouse staff nationwide.AvailabilityAlthough the film has not been released on disc or for streaming in the United States, Kinoshita's remake Big Joys, Small Sorrows was among the inaugural films available in Spring 2019 for streaming on The Criterion Channel.Passage 6:Eve's LeavesEve's Leaves is a 1926 American silent romantic comedy film starring Leatrice Joy and William Boyd. The film was produced and distributed by Cecil B. DeMille and directed by Paul Sloane It is based upon the 1925 play of the same name by Harry Chapman Ford.PlotCaptain Corbin (Edeson), who operates the tramp cargo ship Garden of Eden, has raised his daughter Eve (Joy) as a boy. After learning about men after reading some romance novels belonging to the cook Cookie (Harris), she goes ashore in a Chinese port to find her true love and spies American Bob Britton (Boyd), whom she then has kidnapped to augment the ship's crew. Pirate Chang Fang (Long) and his pirates capture the ship seeking passage to his stronghold. With Cookie's help, Eve remakes herself using an outfit made from a curtain and some beads, which draws the interest of both Chang and Bob. In the end, Eve saves the day and she and Bob are married on board by a missionary (Hoyt).CastProductionLeatrice Joy had impulsively cut her hair short in 1926, and DeMille, whom Joy had followed when he set up Producers Distributing Corporation, was publicly angry as it prevented her from portraying traditional feminine roles. The studio developed projects with roles suitable for her “Leatrice Joy bob”, and Eve's Leaves was the second of five films before she regrew her hair. In both Eve's Leaves and The Clinging Vine (1926), Joy's character is mistaken as being male in at least one scene. In 1928, a professional dispute would end the Joy / Demille partnership and she signed with MGM.Intertitles featuring quotes from stereotype Chinese characters are in a racist fictional Asian dialect that today would be considered offensive.PreservationA 16mm print of Eve's Leaves is preserved film at the UCLA Film and Television Archive and the film has been released on DVD.Passage 7:Wasted TimeWasted Time(s) may refer to:Songs"Wasted Time" (Fuel song), 2007"Wasted Time" (Keith Urban song), 2016"Wasted Time" (Kings of Leon song), 2003"Wasted Time" (Skid Row song), 1991"Wasted Time" (Vance Joy song), 2014"Wasted Times" (The Weeknd song), 2018"Wasted Time", by Bret Michaels from Custom Built, 2010"Wasted Time", by


Passage 1:Chow Ka WaChow Ka Wa (Chinese: ; Cantonese Yale: Jāu Gāwà ; born 23 April 1986 in Hong Kong) is a Hong Kong footballer who plays for Hong Kong First Division League club Southern as a right midfielder.Club careerCitizenChow began his professional career at Citizen, a newly promoted First Division club, in the 2004–05 season. However, as a young player, he failed to compete for a place in the starting line-up, only mostly played in the Senior Shield.Loan to Xiangxie PharDuring the season, Xiangxie Phar was rebuilt and players all left the club. To retain their presence in the league, six teams from the First Division league loaned their young players so that they could gain match experiences. Chow was one of them who was loaned from Citizen. However, as he was still a student at that time, he failed to attend every training session and therefore was not given many match-playing chances. He returned to Citizen at the end of the season.Kwun TongAfter spending a season in the top-tier division, he joined Third Division side Kwun Tong, as he had to focus on academic studies. Although he played most of the matches, he failed to help them gain promotion to the Second Division. He left the club at the end of the season.Hong Kong 08Chow made a return to the First Division in the 2006–07 season, joining Hong Kong 08, which was formed by a team of young players to let them gain match experiences before competing in the 2008 Olympics qualifiers. He was given plenty of match-playing chances although there were many wingers at the team. However, the club was relegated and was dissolved after the season.Although many players and coaches joined newly promoted side Workable, Chow did not follow them and joined Third Division side Shatin, meaning he would miss the First Division for the second time.ShatinChow joined Third Division side Shatin in the 2007–08 season. As a third-tier club, however, Shatin had many players with First Division playing experience, including Lee Wai Man who was the current most capped Hong Kong national team record player, Ng Yat Hoi, Kwok Yue Hung and so on. With an exceptionally strong squad in the league, Chow helped Shatin claim the league title without dropping any points in all 15 matches, meaning they had also gained promotion to Second Division. At the same time, Shatin also won the Junior Shield title in the season.Chow stayed at the club as Shatin were aiming at promotion to the First Division for their first time in club history. He continued to make a great impact in the team and eventually helped the club achieve their season goal as they claimed the league title with only losing one match in 18 matches. On the other hand, Shatin successfully defended their Junior Shield title, defeating Sham Shai Po 2–0 in the final. Chow played 90 minutes in the match, providing one assist in the match.He followed the team and made a second return to the First Division in the 2009–10 season. However, since Shatin bought several new players to strengthen their squad, Chow's match-playing chances were therefore reduced. Shatin failed to avoid relegation to the Second Division as they placed 2nd at the bottom of the league. Chow also left the club after the season.PonticChow made his third leave from the First Division as he joined Second Division side Pontic in the 2010–11 season. As a key member in the team, he only missed one game throughout the season, helping the club gain promotion to the First Division.However, since Pontic failed to find sponsors, they lacked sufficient funds to run the club. As a result, Pontic announced they refused to promote to the First Division. Soon later, Pontic was punished and had their club qualification cancelled, meaning that they were not able to compete in every league and cup organised by the Hong Kong Football Association. Chow became Free Agent afterwards.SouthernChow joined Second Division side Southern in the 2011–12 season. Under coaching of Fung Hoi Man, Chow was a usual starter for the club, featuring 20 league matches and scoring 2 goals. Southern successfully gain promotion to the First Division as they placed second in the league.The 2012–13 season was a year of breakthrough for Chow Ka Wa, as his impressive performance and co-operation with fellow team-mates Dieguito, Jonathan Carril and Ip Chung Long attracted people's eyes. He made a great impact on Southern's 8-game unbeaten in the league during the season. Unfortunately, Chow was injured in January and was forced to stay on the sidelines for two months.On 20 April 2013, he scored the winning goal in the 68th minute after being substituted in the 60th minute against South China, not just helping the club to win 3–2, but also helping them to secure the league 4th place. This was also Chow's first game after his recovery on his injury. This goal became more important as Southern qualified for the 2013 Hong Kong AFC Cup play-offs by finishing fourth in the league, as Kitchee won the FA Cup on 11 May 2013 after they had secure a place in the play-offs by finishing second in the league.Career statisticsClubAs of 5 May 2013.Remarks:1 Others include 2013 Hong Kong AFC Cup play-offs.2 Hong Kong League Cup only consists of top-tier division clubs.3 Hong Kong League Cup was not held in the 2009–10 and 2012–13 seasons.Passage 2:Kenneth GyangKenneth Gyang is a young filmmaker in Nigeria and was born in Barkin Ladi of Plateau State, Nigeria.He studied Film Production at the National Film Institute in Jos and screenwriting at Gaston Kaboré's IMAGINE in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Two of his short films as well as a script titled "Game of Life" were selected for the Berlinale Talent Campus 2006 and "Mummy Lagos" was well received as an official competition entry.  "Mummy Lagos" was also selected for the Sithengi Talent Campus as part of the Cape Town World Cinema Festival in South Africa.Honors and awardsHis film "Omule" won Best Documentary Film at the 1st Nigerian Students International Film Festival in 2006 and "Mummy Lagos" also won Best Film at the Nigerian Field Society Awards organised by the German Cultural Centre, Goethe-Institut, in Lagos as well as the Jury Special Mention at the ANIWA festival in Ghana.In 2006 he was profiled by the influential UK-based BFM magazine as the youngest film director in Nigeria.Kenneth has worked with the BBC World Service Trust directing their highly quality TV drama "Wetin Dey" which was recently presented at the International Emmy World Television Festival in New York City. He has also worked with Communicating For Change as an Associate Producer on Bayelsian Silhouettes- a series of seven short films on HIV/AIDS.His most recent work is Finding Aisha, a TV series he co-wrote, produced and directed for the Nigerian production company Televista.In 2013, his debut feature film Confusion Na Wa produced by Tom Rowland Rees won the top gong - Best Film - at the Africa Motion Awards in Bayelsa.Kenneth also won The Future Awards 2013 Prize In Arts & Culture.He directed the AMAA award-winning film Blood and Henna about Meningitis in Northern Nigeria.Kenneths Feature Film confusion Na Wa was highly acclaimed and went ahead to win the AMAA Awards 2013 for Best Film and Best Nigerian film, also the film went ahead in 2014 to win Nollywood Movie Award for Best Cinematography (Yinka Edwards) and Nollywood Movie Award for Best Director (Kenneth Gyang).Passage 3:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 he was the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage 4:Confusion Na WaConfusion Na Wa is a 2013 Nigerian dark comedy drama film directed by Kenneth Gyang, starring Ramsey Nouah, OC Ukeje, Ali Nuhu and Tunde Aladese. The title of the film was inspired by the lyrics of the late Afrobeat singer Fela Kuti's song "Confusion". Confusion Na Wa won the Best picture at the 9th Africa Movie Academy Awards, it also won the award for Best Nigerian film.The film tells a story on how so many interconnected separate events come together to complicate the lives of people.PlotThe film starts with a monologue by an unnamed narrator explaining the synopsis of the film with images from the end of the film. Emeka Nwosu (Ramsey Nouah) is stuck in a traffic jam caused by the death of a pedestrian, when his concubine, Isabella (Tunde Aladese), sends him a text reminding him to get home early so they can have fun together. City hustlers Charles (OC Ukeje) and Chichi (Gold Ikponmwosa) arrive at the scene, and as a fight breaks out on the crowded road Emeka is knocked down and his phone falls out of his pocket, and after Emeka walks away unknowingly, Charles steals it. Bello (Ali Nuhu) is a diligent and honest civil servant, whose only "crime" at the office has been his refusal to partake in any of the corrupt practice by his co-workers. His raucous boss uses every opportunity to disrespect him. During a workday, Bello is given more jobs to do by his colleagues after work hours. He reluctantly accepts and is subsequently abused by his boss for not finishing the job on time despite his explanations.Charles and Chichi review the pictures on the stolen phone and try to reach an agreement on what to do with the phone. The two friends force their entry to the car of a publisher by breaking the wheel-screen, and steal the stereo. They buy some drinks with the money they got and begin discussing on their interpretation of The Lion King as seen by Africans. Emeka notices that his phone has been stolen and tries calling his number, but is told by Charlie that due to "The Circle of Life" in The Lion King ownership has been passed on to them from him. He furiously disengages from the conversation on the resistance of the friends to start a meaningful conversation. He is calmed by his concubine Isabella afterwards.Babajide (Tony Goodman) is the head publisher of Righteous Trumpet Newspaper. During a family dinner he explains the car robbery he faced and is surprised that both his wife and kids did not condemn the act by the thieves with complete disdain—instead, a sociological debate starts between him and his son, Kola (Nathaniel Deme) who is shifting the blame from the thieves to the government. His mum introduces another topic to end the heated debate since neither side will let go.Charles persuades Chichi to accompany him to a drug dealer, Muri (Toyin Oshinaike). Charles had previously had sex with Muri's sister but Chichi is negligent and wants to visit another dealer at "Abbatoir". He later retires then follows Charles. They buy drugs worth N200, and as Muri's sister walks outside and Muri notices Chichi facial expressions towards her, Muri tells them that his sister is about to get married . Charles and Chichi have a reflective discussion while having a cigar when Chichi informs Charles that he will be relocating to Bauchi State to start a new life with his uncle. Charles gives him the stolen phone as a farewell gift.The two friends interrupt the sexual intercourse between a disturbed Emeka and Isabella with a call, and they start to negotiate a ransom for the recovery of the phone, while Emeka's wife waits for him at home. Kola's sister, Doyin (Yachat Sankey) sneaks out of the house to attend a party and persuades


Passage 1:Anthony OsorioAnthony Osorio (born April 13, 1994) is a Canadian professional soccer player who last played as a defender and midfielder for theMississauga MetroStars in the Major Arena Soccer League.Club careerOsorio attended St. Edmund Campion where he represented the school team, having grownup in Brampton, Ontario. He was part of the team that won the school's second and third Ontario Federation of Schools Athletic Association Championship in fouryears.In 2013 after a successful trial in Uruguay Osorio joined the u19 side of Nacional. Then moved up to the reserve team the following year in 2014.Toronto FCIIHe joined the Toronto FC Academy in July 2014, and helped the club to become League1 Ontario champions and Inter-Provincial Cup Championship winners.Osorio was rewarded with a USL pro contract on December 9, 2015, joining Toronto FC II and going on to make 19 appearances in his inaugural season. Themidfielder made his professional debut on April 25, 2015, playing in a match against the Pittsburgh Riverhounds in the USL. Osorio would spend three seasonswith the club prior to be released at the conclusion of the 2017 season.Post-TFCIn 2018, he played for Vaughan Azzurri in League1 Ontario.  After that he joinedthe  Mississauga MetroStars of the Major Arena Soccer League.International careerOsorio represented Canada at the 2013 Francophone games in Nice, France.He made his international debut in a friendly as a halftime substitute vs Cameroon that ended in a 0–0 draw. Osorio made his first international start andrecorded his first international goal in a 1–0 win over Rwanda on September 8, 2013.Personal lifeOsorio's parents are Colombian – his father is a native of Cali,while his mother was born in Medellín. Osorio's older brother, Jonathan Osorio, plays for Toronto FC and represents the Canadian seniors. Osorio's youngerbrother, Nicholas, previously played in the Toronto FC system and represented the Canadian under-15s.In 2018, Osorio suffered a nasty ACL tear which forcedhim to undergo surgery and not participate at all in the Metrostars' inaugural season as well as take all of 2019 off on the sidelines to recover from the tragicinjury. Osorio was linked to a move to CPL side York 9 FC had the injury not occurred.Career statisticsAs of October 30, 2018Passage 2:Etta JonesEtta Jones(November 25, 1928 – October 16, 2001) was an American jazz singer. Her best-known recordings are "Don't Go to Strangers" and "Save Your Love for Me". Sheworked with Buddy Johnson, Oliver Nelson, Earl Hines, Barney Bigard, Gene Ammons, Kenny Burrell, Milt Jackson, Cedar Walton, and HoustonPerson.BiographyJones was born in Aiken, South Carolina, and raised in Harlem, New York. Still in her teens, she joined Buddy Johnson's band for a tour althoughshe was not featured on record. Her first recordings—"Salty Papa Blues", "Evil Gal Blues", "Blow Top Blues", and "Long, Long Journey"—were produced byLeonard Feather in 1944, placing her in the company of clarinetist Barney Bigard and tenor saxophonist Georgie Auld. In 1947, she recorded and released anearly cover version of Leon Rene's "I Sold My Heart to the Junkman" (previously released by the Basin Street Boys on Rene's Exclusive label) while at RCA VictorRecords. She performed with the Earl Hines sextet from 1949 to 1952.Following her recordings for Prestige, on which Jones was featured with high-profilearrangers such as Oliver Nelson and jazz stars such as Frank Wess, Roy Haynes, and Gene Ammons, she had a musical partnership of more than 30 years withtenor saxophonist Houston Person, who received equal billing with her. He also produced her albums and served as her manager after the pair met in one ofJohnny "Hammond" Smith's bands.Although Etta Jones is likely to be remembered above all for her recordings on Prestige, her close professional relationship withPerson (frequently, but mistakenly, identified as Jones' husband) helped ensure that the last two decades of her life would be marked by uncommon productivity.Starting in 1976, they began recording for Muse, which later changed its name to HighNote. Mr. Person became her manager, as well as her record producer andaccompanist, in a partnership that lasted until her death in 2001.Only one of her recordings—her debut album for Prestige Records (Don't Go to Strangers,1960)—enjoyed commercial success with sales of over 1 million copies. However, her remaining seven albums for Prestige, and beginning in 1976, her recordingsfor Muse Records, and for HighNote Records secured her a devoted following. She had three Grammy nominations: for the Don't Go to Strangers album in 1960,the Save Your Love for Me album in 1981, and My Buddy (dedicated to her first employer, Buddy Johnson) in 1998. In 2008 the album Don't Go to Strangers wasinducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 1996, she recorded the jazz vocalist tribute album, The Melody Lingers On, for the HighNote label. Her last recording,a tribute to Billie Holiday, was released on the day of Jones' death.She died in Mount Vernon, New York at the age of 72 from cancer. She was survived by herhusband, John Medlock, and a granddaughter.DiscographyThe Jones Girl...Etta...Sings, Sings, Sings (King, 1958)Don't Go to Strangers (Prestige,1960)Something Nice (Prestige, 1961)So Warm: Etta Jones and Strings (Prestige, 1961)From the Heart (Prestige, 1962)Lonely and Blue (Prestige, 1962)LoveShout (Prestige, 1963)Hollar! (Prestige, 1963)Soul Summit Vol. 2 (Prestige, 1963)Jonah Jones Swings, Etta Jones Sings (Crown, 1964)Etta Jones Sings (Roulette,1965)Etta Jones '75 (20th Century/Westbound 1975)Ms. Jones to You (Muse, 1976)My Mother's Eyes (Muse, 1978)If You Could See Me Now (Muse, 1979)SaveYour Love for Me (Muse, 1981)Love Me with All Your Heart (Muse, 1984)Fine and Mellow (Muse, 1987)I'll Be Seeing You (Muse, 1988)Sugar (Muse,1990)Christmas with Etta Jones (Muse, 1990)Reverse the Charges (Muse, 1992)At Last (Muse, 1995)My Gentleman Friend (Muse, 1996)The Melody Lingers On(HighNote, 1996)My Buddy: Etta Jones Sings the Songs of Buddy Johnson (HighNote, 1997)Some of My Best Friends Are...Singers with Ray Brown (Telarc,1998)All the Way (HighNote, 1999)Together at Christmas (HighNote, 2000)Easy Living (HighNote, 2000)Etta Jones Sings Lady Day (HighNote, 2001)Don'tMisunderstand: Live in New York  with Houston Person (HighNote, 2007)The Way We Were: Live in Concert  with Houston Person (HighNote, 2011)GuestappearancesWith Houston PersonThe Real Thing (Eastbound, 1973)The Lion and His Pride (Muse, 1994)Christmas with Houston Person and Friends (Muse,1994)Passage 3:David JiDavid Longfen Ji is an American businessman who co-founded Apex Digital, an electronics manufacturer.In 2004, he was arrested inChina following a dispute with Sichuan Changhong Electric, a supplier owned by the city of Mianyang and the province of Sichuan. Changhong accused him ofdefrauding them through bad checks. Ji was taken, according to an account by his lawyer, to the senior management and told, "I decide whether you live or die."He has been held in China without charges.Ji's case highlighted an "implicit racism" in dealings with American businessmen. As a U.S. citizen he was not grantedthe same treatment by authorities as non-ethnically Chinese businessmen sharing the same nationality.Passage 4:Luther LindsayLuther Jacob Goodall (December30, 1924 – February 21, 1972) was an American professional football player and wrestler, known by his ringname Luther Lindsay or Lindsey, who competedthroughout the United States with the National Wrestling Alliance as well as international promotions such as All Japan Pro Wrestling, Joint Promotions andStampede Wrestling.One of the first African American wrestlers to become a major star, he was extremely popular in the Pacific Northwest and Mid-Atlanticterritory. A frequent rival and tag team partner of Shag Thomas, he also teamed with Bearcat Wright, Nick Bockwinkel, Pepper Gomez and was involved in feudswith "Iron" Mike DiBiase, Mad Dog Vachon, Beauregarde, Moondog Mayne, Tony Borne and Pat Patterson and The Hangman.For much of the early 1950s and'60s, Lindsay was billed as the U.S. Colored (or Negro) Heavyweight Champion and took part in the first interracial professional wrestling matches held in theUnited States. Between 1953 and 1956, he faced NWA World Heavyweight Champion Lou Thesz in a series of matches. Although largely resulting in time limitdraws, he was the first African-American to make a challenge to the title and earned Thesz's respect during these bouts publicly praising his wrestling ability.Hewas considered one of the top submission wrestlers of his day working with Don Leo Jonathan and Stu Hart. Lindsay was one of the few men who bested him inthe infamous "Hart Dungeon" and later became one of Hart's best friends. Hart reportedly carried a picture of him in his wallet until his death. He was held in highregard by his fellow wrestlers such as Lou Thesz, J. J. Dillon, Rip Hawk and Les Thatcher.CareerEarly careerLuther Goodall was born on a farm outside Norfolk,Virginia, on December 30, 1924. He moved to Sedalia but later resided in Gibsonville, North Carolina, and later played college football for Norfolk State andnearby Hampton Institute where he was also a CIAA wrestling champion. Although excelling in athletics as an All-American Negro tackle-guard, state segregationlaws prohibited him from playing against white athletes. He played two years of professional football in Hamilton and Victoria for the Canadian Football League.Lindsey began wrestling professionally making his debut in 1950 or 1951. Taking the surname of his wife, Gertrude Lindsey, his earliest recorded match wasagainst Al Tucker in Chicago, Illinois, for promoter Leonard Schwartz on November 21, 1951.As early as 1953, Lindsay was billed as the U.S. Colored or NegroHeavyweight Champion. He was one of the few African-Americans in professional wrestling and, in accordance with state segregation laws at the time, he wasonly allowed to travel with and compete against other African-American wrestlers during his early career. One of his most frequent opponents was Shag Thomaswho he later claimed knew better than any other opponent. During the late 1950s, he became the first African-American south of Washington, D.C., to compete ina wrestling event when he faced Ron Wright in Kingsport, Tennessee. Although the National Guard was brought in amid fears of rioting, the crowd unexpectedlyfavored Lindsay against Wright. As a result of Lindsay's success in the area, other African-American wrestlers were also brought into the area such as BearcatWright and Bobcat Brown.Pacific Northwest WrestlingIn early 1953, he appeared in Washington where he faced George Dusette, the Masked Marvel, CarlEngstrom, Walter Kameroff, Jack Kiser, Bronko Lubich, Axel Cadier. He was involved in a battle royal which included Kiser, Lubich, Cadier, Bud Rattal and PaulDeGalles in Yakima on May 12. On July 31, he faced Lou Thesz for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship in Tacoma and the two fought to a time limit draw.This was the first of several meetings between the two champions and the first time the title was defended against an African-American opponent. A rematch one


Passage 1:Jacob Le MaireJacob Le Maire (c. 1585 – 22 December 1616) was a Dutch mariner who circumnavigated the earth in 1615 and 1616. The straitbetween Tierra del Fuego and Isla de los Estados was named the Le Maire Strait in his honour, though not without controversy. It was Le Maire himself whoproposed to the council aboard Eendracht that the new passage should be called by his name and the council unanimously agreed with Le Maire. The author orauthors of The Relation took Eendracht captain Willem Schouten's side by proclaiming:“ ... our men had each of them three cups of wine in signe of ioy for ourgood hap ... [and the naming of] the Straights of Le Maire, although by good right it should rather have been called Willem Schouten Straight, after our MastersName, by whose wise conduction and skill in sayling, the same was found.”.Eendracht then rounded Cape Horn, proving that Tierra del Fuego was not acontinent.BiographyJacob Le Maire was born in either Antwerp or Amsterdam, one of the 22 children of Maria Walraven of Antwerp and Isaac Le Maire(1558–1624) of Tournai, who was then already a prosperous merchant in Antwerp. Isaac and Maria married shortly before the Spanish siege of Antwerp in 1585after which they fled to settle in Amsterdam. Jacob is thought to have been the oldest son, born perhaps the same year. Isaac was very successful in Amsterdam,and became one of the founders of the Dutch East Indies Company (VOC). However, in 1605 Isaac Le Maire was forced to leave the company after a dispute andfor the next decade tried to break the company's monopoly on the trade to the East Indies.By 1615 Isaac had established a new company (the AustralianCompany) with the goal to find a new route to the Pacific and the Spice Islands, thereby evading the restrictions of the VOC. He contributed to the outfitting oftwo ships, the Eendracht and Hoorn, and put his son Jacob in charge of trading during the expedition. The experienced ship master Willem Schouten was captainof the Eendracht and a participant of the enterprise in equal shares with Isaac Le Maire.On 14 June 1615 Jacob le Maire and Willem Schouten sailed from Texel inthe United Provinces. On 29 January 1616 they rounded Cape Horn, which they named for the Hoorn, which was lost in a fire.  The Dutch city of Hoorn was alsothe birthplace of Schouten. After failing to moor at the Juan Fernández Islands in early March, the ships crossed the Pacific in a fairly straight line, visiting severalof the Tuamotus. Between 21 and 24 April 1616 they were the first Westerners to visit the (Northern) Tonga islands: "Cocos Island" (Tafahi), "Traitors Island"(Niuatoputapu), and "Island of Good Hope" (Niuafo'ou). On 28 April they discovered the Hoorn Islands (Futuna and Alofi), where they were very well received andstayed until 12 May. They then followed the north coasts of New Ireland and New Guinea and visited adjacent islands, including, on 24 July, what became knownas the Schouten Islands.They reached the northern Moluccas in August and finally Ternate, the headquarters of the VOC, on 12 September 1616. Here they wereenthusiastically welcomed by Governor-General Laurens Reael, admiral Steven Verhagen, and the governor of Ambon, Jasper Jansz.The Eendracht sailed on toJava and reached  Batavia on 28 October with a remarkable 84 of the original 87 crew members of both ships on board. Although they had opened an unknownroute, Jan Pieterszoon Coen of the VOC claimed infringement of its monopoly of trade to the Spice Islands. Le Maire and Schouten were arrested and theEendracht was confiscated. After being released, they returned from Batavia to Amsterdam in the company of Joris van Spilbergen, who was on acircumnavigation of the earth himself, be it via the traditional Strait of Magellan.Le Maire was aboard the ship Amsterdam on this journey home, but died enroute. Van Spilbergen was at his deathbed and took Le Maire's report of his trip, which he included in his book Mirror of the East and West Indies. The rest of thecrew arrived in the Netherlands on 1 July 1617, two years and 17 days after they departed. Jacob's father Isaac challenged the confiscation and the conclusion ofthe VOC, but it took him until 1622 until a court ruled in his favour. He was awarded 64,000 pounds and retrieved his son's diaries (which he then published aswell), and his company was allowed trade via the newly discovered route. Unfortunately, by then, the Dutch West Indies Company had claimed the samewaters.FootnotesPassage 2:Éric RohmerJean Marie Maurice Schérer or Maurice Henri Joseph Schérer, known as Éric Rohmer (French: [eik om]; 21 March1920 – 11 January 2010), was a French film director, film critic, journalist, novelist, screenwriter, and teacher.Rohmer was the last of the post-World War IIFrench New Wave directors to become established. He edited the influential film journal Cahiers du cinéma from 1957 to 1963, while most of hiscolleagues—among them Jean-Luc Godard and François Truffaut—were making the transition from critics to filmmakers and gaining internationalattention.Rohmer gained international acclaim around 1969 when his film My Night at Maud's was nominated at the Academy Awards. He won the San SebastiánInternational Film Festival with Claire's Knee in 1971 and the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival for The Green Ray in 1986. Rohmer went on to receive theVenice Film Festival's Career Golden Lion in 2001.After Rohmer's death in 2010, his obituary in The Daily Telegraph described him as "the most durable filmmakerof the French New Wave", outlasting his peers and "still making movies the public wanted to see" late in his career.Early lifeRohmer was born Jean-Marie MauriceSchérer (or Maurice Henri Joseph Schérer) in Nancy (also listed as Tulle), Meurthe-et-Moselle department, Lorraine, France, the son of Mathilde (née Bucher) andLucien Schérer. Rohmer was a Catholic. He was secretive about his private life and often gave different dates of birth to reporters. He fashioned his pseudonymfrom the names of two famous artists: actor and director Erich von Stroheim and writer Sax Rohmer, author of the Fu Manchu series. Rohmer was educated inParis and received an advanced degree in history, though he seemed equally interested and learned in literature, philosophy, and theology.Career as ajournalistRohmer first worked as a teacher in Clermont-Ferrand. In the mid-1940s he quit his teaching job and moved to Paris, where he worked as a freelancejournalist. In 1946 he published a novel, Elisabeth (AKA Les Vacances) under the pen name Gilbert Cordier. While living in Paris, Rohmer first began to attendscreenings at Henri Langlois's Cinémathèque Française, where he first met and befriended Jean-Luc Godard, François Truffaut, Claude Chabrol, Jacques Rivetteand other members of the French New Wave. Rohmer had never been very interested in film, preferring literature, but soon became an intense lover of films andabout 1949 switched from journalism to film criticism. He wrote film reviews for such publications as Révue du Cinéma, Arts, Temps Modernes and LaParisienne.In 1950, he co-founded the film magazine La Gazette du Cinéma with Rivette and Godard, but it was short-lived. In 1951 Rohmer joined the staff ofAndré Bazin's newly founded film magazine Cahiers du Cinéma, of which he became the editor in 1956. There, Rohmer established himself as a critic with adistinctive voice; fellow Cahiers contributor and French New Wave filmmaker Luc Moullet later remarked that, unlike the more aggressive and personal writings ofyounger critics like Truffaut and Godard, Rohmer favored a rhetorical style that made extensive use of questions and rarely used the first person singular. Rohmerwas known as more politically conservative than most of the Cahiers staff, and his opinions were highly influential on the magazine's direction while he was editor.Rohmer first published articles under his real name but began using "Éric Rohmer" in 1955 so that his family would not find out that he was involved in the filmworld, as they would have disapproved.Rohmer's best-known article was "Le Celluloïd et le marbre" ("Celluloid and Marble", 1955), which examines therelationship between film and other arts. In the article, Rohmer writes that in an age of cultural self-consciousness, film is "the last refuge of poetry" and the onlycontemporary art form from which metaphor can still spring naturally and spontaneously.In 1957 Rohmer and Claude Chabrol wrote Hitchcock (Paris: ÉditionsUniversitaires, 1957), the earliest book-length study of Alfred Hitchcock. It focuses on Hitchcock's Catholic background and has been called "one of the mostinfluential film books since the Second World War, casting new light on a filmmaker hitherto considered a mere entertainer". Hitchcock helped establish the auteurtheory as a critical method and contributed to the reevaluation of the American cinema that was central to that method.By 1963 Rohmer was becoming more atodds with some of the more radical left-wing critics at Cahiers du Cinéma. He continued to admire US films while many of the other left-wing critics had rejectedthem and were championing cinéma vérité and Marxist film criticism. Rohmer resigned that year and was succeeded by Rivette.Film career1950–1962: Shortsand early film careerIn 1950 Rohmer made his first 16mm short film, Journal d'un scélérat. The film starred writer Paul Gégauff and was made with a borrowedcamera. By 1951 Rohmer had a bigger budget provided by friends and shot the short film Présentation ou Charlotte et son steak. The 12-minute film wasco-written by and starred Jean-Luc Godard. The film was not completed until 1961. In 1952 Rohmer began collaborating with Pierre Guilbaud on a one-hour shortfeature, Les Petites Filles modèles, but the film was never finished. In 1954 Rohmer made and acted in Bérénice, a 15-minute short based on a story by EdgarAllan Poe. In 1956 Rohmer directed, wrote, edited and starred in La Sonate à Kreutzer, a 50-minute film produced by Godard. In 1958 Rohmer made Véroniqueet son cancre, a 20-minute short produced by Chabrol.Chabrol's company AJYM produced Rohmer's feature directorial debut, The Sign of Leo (Le Signe du lion) in1959. In the film an American composer spends the month of August waiting for his inheritance while all his friends are on vacation and gradually becomesimpoverished. It included music by Louis Sagver. The Sign of Leo was later recut and rescored by distributors when Chabrol was forced to sell his productioncompany, and Rohmer disowned the recut version. In 1962 Rohmer and Barbet Schroeder co-founded the production company Les Films du Losange (they werelater joined by Pierre Coltrell in the late 1960s). Les Films du Losange produced all of Rohmer's work (except his last three features produced by La CompagnieEric Rohmer).1962–1972: Six Moral Tales and television workRohmer's career began to gain momentum with his Six Moral Tales (Six contes moraux). Each of thefilms in the cycle follows the same story, inspired by F. W. Murnau's Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans (1927): a man, married or otherwise committed to awoman, is tempted by a second woman but eventually returns to the first.For Rohmer, these stories' characters "like to bring their motives, the reasons for their