Passage 1:Jesse E. HobsonJesse Edward Hobson (May 2, 1911 – November 5, 1970) was the director of SRI International from 1947 to 1955. Prior to SRI, he wasthe director of the Armour Research Foundation.Early life and educationHobson was born in Marshall, Indiana. He received bachelor's and master's degrees inelectrical engineering from Purdue University and a PhD in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology. Hobson was also selected as anationally outstanding engineer.Hobson married Jessie Eugertha Bell on March 26, 1939, and they had five children.CareerAwards and membershipsHobson wasnamed an IEEE Fellow in 1948.Passage 2:Ashwamedha (film)Ashwamedha is a 1990 Indian Kannada language action film directed by C. R. Simha. It stars KumarBangarappa and Geethanjali with Srividya, Srinath, Balakrishna, Avinash and Ramesh Bhat essaying other important roles.The story was written by C. R. Simhawho co-wrote the screenplay and dialogues with Keerthi. The film was produced by Shanthilal Jain in the banner of Sri Renukamba Enterprises. The film wasedited by S. Manohar while R. Deviprasad handled the cinematography.The film met with positive reviews upon release and is often regarded as one of the bestfilms in Kumar Bangarappa's career.CastSoundtrackSangeetha Raja composed the background score for the film and to the soundtracks, with the lyrics for all thesoundtracks penned by Doddarange Gowda. The album consists of five soundtracks. The soundtrack "Hrudaya Samudra Kalaki" sung by actor and playbacksinger, Rajkumar, was received very well and is often considered one of his best songs. The song is still being played in cultural and religious activities, andconcerts across Karnataka.Passage 3:Peter LevinPeter Levin is an American director of film, television and theatre.CareerSince 1967, Levin has amassed a largenumber of credits directing episodic television and television films. Some of his television series credits include Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, James at 15,The Paper Chase, Family, Starsky & Hutch, Lou Grant, Fame, Cagney & Lacey, Law & Order and Judging Amy.Some of his television film credits include Rape andMarriage: The Rideout Case (1980), A Reason to Live (1985), Popeye Doyle (1986), A Killer Among Us (1990), Queen Sized (2008) and among other films. Hedirected "Heart in Hiding", written by his wife Audrey Davis Levin, for which she received an Emmy for Best Day Time Special in the 1970s.Prior to becoming adirector, Levin worked as an actor in several Broadway productions. He costarred with Susan Strasberg in "[The Diary of Ann Frank]" but had to leave theproduction when he was drafted into the Army. He trained at the Carnegie Mellon University. Eventually becoming a theatre director, he directed productions atthe Long Wharf Theatre and the Pacific Resident Theatre Company. He also co-founded the off-off-Broadway Theatre [the Hardware Poets Playhouse] with hiswife Audrey Davis Levin and was also an associate artist of The Interact Theatre Company.Passage 4:C. R. SimhaChannapatna Ramaswami Simha (16 June 1942– 28 February 2014), better known as C. R. Simha, was an Indian actor, director, dramatist and playwright. He was best known for his work in Kannada films andfor his work in stage shows. Starting his career in Prabhat Kalavidaru, a theatre group based in Bangalore, he acted in numerous Kannada plays which reachedthe cult status. He started his own theatre group called "Nataranga" in 1972 and directed many successful plays such as Kakana Kote, Thughlaq andSankranthi.Simha also directed and acted in the Kannada adaptation of Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream and Othello. These plays found a widespreadpresentation across many states in India. Following this, he directed and acted in many English plays written by eminent personalities such as Moliere, BernardShaw, Edward Albee and Neil Simon among others. Apart from theatre, Simha acted in more than 150 feature films in Kannada which include both artistic andcommercially viable projects. He also directed about five feature films with the most prominent being his own film adaptation of Kakana Kote.Simha receivedmany awards in both the cinema and theatre fields. In 2003, he was awarded with the prestigious Sangeet Natak Akademi Award by the Government of Indiarecognising his contribution to theatre acting and direction.Early lifeSimha was born in Karnataka on 16 June 1942 into a Hoysala Karnataka Brahmin family. Hisyounger brother Srinath is a film actor who acted in several mainstream Kannada cinema as both the leading actor and supporting actor.Simha appeared on stageat the age of twelve. He wrote a book at the age of thirteen titled "Family Doctor" and got a publisher for a remuneration of 15. He was a student of NationalCollege at Basavanagudi, Bangalore. In 1959, he joined the National College Histrionics Club, an institution nurtured by Dr. H. Narasimhaiah. Simha then acted inmany Kannada plays like "Bahaddur Ganda" and "Manavemba Markata".CareerTheatreSimha, along with his friends, started a theatre group called "Nataranga" in1972. He acted in and directed many successful plays like Kakana Kote and Tughlaq.Simha also acted in and directed straight translations of Shakespeare's playssuch as Midsummer Night's Dream and Othello, which besides Karnataka, were also performed in Delhi, Bombay (Mumbai), Madras (Chennai) & Calcutta(Kolkata). In 1960, Simha became a member of "Bangalore Little Theatre" (BLT) and since then directed some of the reputed English plays which included hisportrayal of Cyrano de Bergerac which was hailed as a memorable performance. His other notable works for BLT were Utpal Dutt's Suryashikar and GirishKarnad's Thuglaq.In 1983, Simha started another theatre group called "Vedhike" in which his one-man show Typical Kailasam became a success. It was the firstamateur Kannada play to be performed abroad (in the United States of America, Canada and England). Some of the other notable plays which made newsthrough "Vedhike" are Meese Bandoru, Bhairavi, Karna, Rasa Rishi Kuvempu, Macbeth, Maduve Maduve, Haavu Yeni and 8/15. Among these, Rasa RishiKuvempu, based on the life and literature of Kuvempu, was made into a film, directed by Simha's son Rithwik Simha, in which Simha plays the role ofKuvempu.FilmsBesides making his strong presence in theatre, Simha was also a popular mainstream character actor in numerous Kannada films. He acted inclose to 150 feature films. His portrayal of roles varied from critically acclaimed award-winning films like Samskara, Bara, Chithegoo Chinte and Anuroopa andalso in commercially acclaimed films such as Indina Ramayana, Nee Bareda Kadambari, Parameshi Prema Prasanga, Rayaru Bandaru Mavana Manege and NeeThanda Kanike. Simha played negative roles, against Anant Nag in Ramapurada Ravana (1984) and with Dr. Rajkumar in Parashuram (1990). Simha's villainousrole in Parashuram was said to be very menacing.Besides acting, Simha has directed five films including Kakana Kote (1977), Shikaari, Simhasana, Ashwamedha(1990) and Angayalli Apsare (1993).TelevisionSimha made his strong presence in television too and acted in several tele-serials in Kannada, Hindi and Englishlanguages. This includes the serial Malgudi Days. Another serial was Goruru in America based on the travelogue written by the humorist Gorur RamaswamyIyengar. Simha played the part of Gorur and the serial was shot extensively in America including New York, Washington D.C., Niagara Falls, Disneyland andUniversal Studios – Hollywood.PublicationsSimha wrote and published five plays in Kannada. He was a popular columnist, he wrote a column called "NimmaSimha" every Friday for six years in the popular daily newspaper Vijaya Karnataka and three volumes of this are published in the Bookforum.FilmographyActorDirectorShikari (1981)Ashwamedha (1992)Angaili Apsare (1993)DeathIn February 2014, Simha was admitted to Sevakshetra Hospital,Bangalore having been suffering from prostate cancer from over a year. He died on 28 February 2014. On 1 March, his body was kept at the Samsa BayaluRangamandira for people to pay homage and his favourite songs were sung by theatre artists. He was cremated at the Banashankari crematorium in Bangalorethe same day. Simha's last public appearance was at the press meet of the film Rasarishi Kuvempu in which he played the lead role.Passage 5:Ian Barry(director)Ian Barry is an Australian director of film and TV.Select creditsWaiting for Lucas (1973) (short)Stone (1974) (editor only)The Chain Reaction(1980)Whose Baby? (1986) (mini-series)Minnamurra (1989)Bodysurfer (1989) (mini-series)Ring of Scorpio (1990) (mini-series)Crimebroker (1993)Inferno(1998) (TV movie)Miss Lettie and Me (2002) (TV movie)Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! (2008) (documentary)The Doctor BlakeMysteries (2013)Passage 6:Dana BlanksteinDana Blankstein-Cohen (born March 3, 1981) is the executive director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School.She was appointed by the board of directors  in November 2019.  Previously she was the CEO of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television. She is a film director,and an Israeli culture entrepreneur.BiographyDana Blankstein was born in Switzerland in 1981 to theatre director Dedi Baron and Professor Alexander Blankstein.She moved to Israel in 1983 and grew up in Tel Aviv.Blankstein graduated from the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School, Jerusalem in 2008 with high honors.During her studies she worked as a personal assistant to directors Savi Gabizon on his film Nina's Tragedies and to Renen Schorr on his film The Loners.  She alsodirected and shot 'the making of' film on Gavison's film Lost and Found. Her debut film Camping competed at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2007.Film andacademic careerAfter her studies, Dana founded and directed the film and television department at the Kfar Saba municipality. The department encouraged andpromoted productions filmed in the city of Kfar Saba, as well as the established cultural projects, and educational community activities.Blankstein directed themini-series "Tel Aviviot" (2012). From 2016-2019 was the director of the Israeli Academy of Film and Television.In November 2019 Dana Blankstein Cohen wasappointed the new director of the Sam Spiegel Film and Television School where she also oversees the Sam Spiegel International Film Lab. In 2022, shespearheaded the launch of the new Series Lab and the film preparatory program for Arabic speakers in east Jerusalem.FilmographyTel Aviviot (mini-series;director, 2012)Growing Pains (graduation film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter, 2008)Camping (debut film, Sam Spiegel; director and screenwriter,2006)Passage 7:Olav AaraasOlav Aaraas (born 10 July 1950) is a Norwegian historian and museum director.He was born in Fredrikstad. From 1982 to 1993 hewas the director of Sogn Folk Museum, from 1993 to 2010 he was the director of Maihaugen and from 2001 he has been the director of the Norwegian Museum ofCultural History. In 2010 he was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.Passage 8:S. N. MathurS.N. Mathur was the Director of the Indian


Passage 1:Barthold A. Butenschøn Sr.Hans Barthold Andresen Butenschøn (27 December 1877 – 28 November 1971) was a Norwegian businessperson.He was born in Kristiania as a son of Nils August Andresen Butenschøn and Hanna Butenschøn, and grandson of Nicolay Andresen. Together with Mabel Anette Plahte (1877–1973, a daughter of Frithjof M. Plahte) he had the son Hans Barthold Andresen Butenschøn Jr. and was through him the father-in-law of Ragnhild Butenschøn and grandfather of Peter Butenschøn. Through his daughter Marie Claudine he was the father-in-law of Joakim Lehmkuhl, through his daughter Mabel Anette he was the father-in-law of Harald Astrup (a son of Sigurd Astrup) and through his daughter Nini Augusta he was the father-in-law of Ernst Torp.He took commerce school and agricultural school. He was hired in the family company N. A. Andresen & Co, and became a co-owner in 1910. He eventually became chief executive officer. The bank changed its name to Andresens Bank in 1913 and merged with Bergens Kreditbank in 1920. The merger was dissolved later in the 1920s. He was also a landowner, owning Nedre Skøyen farm and a lot of land in Enebakk. He chaired the board of Nydalens Compagnie from 1926, having not been a board member before that.He also chaired the supervisory council of Forsikringsselskapet Viking and Nedre Glommen salgsforening, and was a supervisory council member of Filharmonisk Selskap. He was a member of the gentlemen's club SK Fram since 1890, and was proclaimed a lifetime member in 1964.He was buried in Enebakk.Passage 2:Peter BurroughsPeter Burroughs (born 27 January 1947) is a British television and film actor and the director of Willow Management. He is the father-in-law of actor and TV presenter Warwick Davis.Early careerBurroughs initially ran a shop in his village at Yaxley, Cambridgeshire.His first dramatic role was that of the character "Branic" in the 1979 television series The Legend of King Arthur. He also acted in the television shows Dick Turpin, The Goodies, Doctor Who in the serial The King's Demons and One Foot in the Grave.Film careerBurroughs played roles in Hollywood movies such as Flash Gordon, George Lucas' Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi (a swinging ewok), Willow, The Dark Crystal, Labyrinth and The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. In 1995, Burroughs set up Willow Management, an agency for short actors, along with co-actor Warwick Davis. He portrayed a bank goblin in the Harry Potter series (Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2).Personal lifeHis daughter Samantha (born 1971), is married to Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi and Willow film star Warwick Davis. He has another daughter, Hayley Burroughs, who is also an actress. His granddaughter is Annabelle Davis.FilmographyPassage 3:Brijlal NehruBrijalal Nehru (5 May 1884 – 27 May 1964) was a noted civil servant and member of the Nehru family.He was the son of Pandit Nandlal Nehru (the elder brother of Motilal Nehru) and the cousin of Jawaharlal Nehru. Nandlal Nehru was Diwan of Khetri State for 11 years.Brijlal was born on 5 May 1884 in Allahabad and he grew up in Anand Bhawan. Brijlal had been sent to Oxford in 1905 to compete for the Indian Civil Service by Motilal Nehru.  He was a senior officer of the Audit and Accounts Service. After his retirement, he served Finance Minister of Princely State of Jammu & Kashmir during reign of Maharaja Hari Singh.He was married to Rameshwari Raina, a noted social and women activist and a freedom fighter and recipient of Padma Bhushan in 1955, Later she also won the Lenin Peace Prize in 1961.Their son was Braj Kumar Nehru (1909-2001), an administrator and Padma Vibhushan recipient.Brijlal died on 27 May 1964, the same day on which his illustrious cousin died.Passage 4:James Armour (Master mason)James Armour (15 January 1731 – 20 September 1798) was a master mason and father of Jean Armour, and therefore the father-in-law of the poet Robert Burns. His birth year was shown here as 1730. The Scotland's People database has no record of this year of birth for a James Armour. Wikitree and several other data sources have his birth date as 10th/24th January 1731. The Scotland's People database has this record but showing his baptism on 24 January 1731. His birth on the original Old Parish Record is shown as 15 January 1731 to John Armour and Margrat(sic) Picken in Kilmarnock. James named his first son John which would normally be after James's father i.e. John. The chances of there being two James's born on exactly the same date exactly one year apart appear very remote and the naming of the first child seems to validate the conclusion that James Armour was born in 1731 and not 1730.Life and backgroundAt Mauchline on 7 December 1761 he married Mary Smith, the daughter of stonemason Adam Smith. James died on 30 September 1798 and was buried in the family lair in Mauchline churchyard. His wife died in 1805 and was buried with her husband.FamilyJames' eleven offspring with Mary, were, in birth order, John, Jean, James, Robert, Adam, Helen, Mary, Robert (2nd), Mary (2nd), Janet and Robert (3rd). Three siblings died in childhood. Dr John Armour was the eldest son who was born in Mauchline on 14 November 1762 and died in 1834. He had his practice in Kincardine-on-Forth where he died and was buried. He had two children, Janet and John, and married Janet Coventry on 10 March 1787. James and Mary's son James was born in Mauchline on 26 April 1767, married Betthaia Walker in 1794, Martha in 1818 and Janet in 1822. Their offspring were James and Betthaia. Adam Armour was named after Adam Smith, James Armour's father-in-law.The Armours' single-storey house stood in Cowgate, separated from John Dove's Whitefoord Arms by a narrow lane. Jean's bedroom window looked on to a window of the inn, thereby allowing Burns to converse with her from the public house itself. The Whitefoord Inn was often frequented by Burns and was also the meeting place of the so-called Court of Equity and linked to a significant incident in the life of Jean's brother Adam regarding the mistreatment of Agnes Wilson.Occupation and social standingJames was a master mason and contractor rather than an architect, regardless of Burns' attempts to describe him as one. He is known to have carried out contract work at Dumfries House near Cumnock and tradition links him to the building of Howford Bridge on the River Ayr, Greenan Bridge on the River Doon; Skeldon House, Dalrymple; and several other bridges in Ayrshire. Both the Armours and his wife's family had been stone-masons for several generations. William Burnes, Robert Burns' cousin, was apprenticed to James Armour.James was an adherent of the 'Auld Licht' style of religion and rented at 10/8 per year one of the most expensive pews in Mauchline church. James was rigid and austere, apparently living an exemplary life. Robert Burns-Begg, Burns' great-nephew, states that in contrast to her husband, Mary Armour was "Partaken somewhat of the gay and frivolous.".William 'Willie' Patrick, a source of many anecdotes about Robert and his family, stated about James that "he was only a bit mason body, wha used to snuff a guid deal and gae afen tak a bit dram!" He went on to say regarding James' attitude to Robert Burns that "The thing was, he hated him, and would raither hae seen the Deil himsel comin to the hoose to coort his dochter than him! He cu'dna bear the sicht o'm, and that was the way he did it!".Association with Robert BurnsJames had disapproved of Burns's courtship of Jean, being aware of his affair with Elizabeth Paton, his 'New Licht' leanings and his poor financial situation. When informed in March 1786 by his distraught wife that Jean was pregnant he fainted and upon recovering consciousness and being given a strong cordial drink he enquired who the father was, fainting again when he was told that it was Robert Burns. The couple persuaded Jean to travel to Paisley and lodge with their relative Andrew Purdie, husband of her aunt Elizabeth Smith. Robert Wilson lived in Paisley, a possible suitor who had shown a romantic interest in Jean previously, appears to have been only part of the reason for this action, for on 8 April Mary Armour had vehemently denied to James Lamie, a member of the Kirk Session, that Jean was pregnant.Robert Burns produced a paper, probably a record of their " Marriage by Declaration" possibly witnessed by James Smith. This document, no longer extant, was defaced under James Armour's direction, probably by the lawyer Robert Aitken, with the names of both Robert and Jean being cut out. This act did not in fact effect its legality.  Robert wrote that James Armour's actions had "...cut my very veins", a feeling enhanced by Jean having handed over "the unlucky paper" and had agreed to go to Paisley.James Armour in the meantime forced his daughter to sign a complaint and a warrant "in meditatione fugae" against Robert was issued to prevent his abandoning her. Burns fled to Old Rome Forest near Gatehead in South Ayrshire, where Jean Brown, Agnes Broun's half-sister and therefore an aunt of Burns, lived with her husband, James Allan.Twins were born to Jean and Robert on 3 September 1786, named after their parents as was the kirk's protocol for children born out of wedlock. Robert, notified of the birth by Adam Armour, that Sunday went to the Armour's house with a gift of tea, sugar and a Guinea that proved most acceptable.  Robert only returned from Edinburgh in the summer of 1787 to find that he was, thanks to his newly found fame as a published poet, actively welcomed into the family.Jean however fell pregnant out of official wedlock once more, with the result that she felt forced to leave the Armour's home due to her father's anger. She was taken in by Willie Muir and his wife at Tarbolton Mill. It had previously been agreed that baby Jean would stay with her mother and baby Robert would join Bess at Mossgiel. The second set of twins did not live long and are buried, unnamed, in the Armour lair in Mauchline churchyard. Robert was in Edinburgh and did not arrive back until 23 February 1788; he then arranged accommodation for Jean.Whilst at the Brow Well Robert Burns wrote two of his last letters to his father-in-law asking that Mary Armour, who was away visiting relatives in Fife, be sent to Dumfries to help care for Jean who was heavily pregnant. On 10 July 1796 his last letter was signed " Your most affectionate son. R. Burns."Upon the death of Robert Burnes his nephew Robert arranged for his cousin William to become a mason or building worker, working with James Armour, Burns' father-in-law.The Inveraray marble Punch BowlOf the many surviving Robert Burns artefacts few have such distinguished provenance as the punch bowl that was a nuptial gift in 1788 from James Armour to his daughter Jean and her new husband Robert Burns. As a stone-mason James had carved it himself (22cm x 14cm ) from dark green Inveraray marble and after residing at their various homes, Jean in 1801 presented it to her husband's great friend and Burns family benefactor Alexander Cunningham whilst she was on a visit to Edinburgh and staying with George Thomson. He had it mounted with a silver base and a rim, engraved upon which are the words “Ye whom social pleasure charms .. Come to my Bowl! Come to my arms, My FRIENDS,


Passage 1:TjuyuThuya (sometimes transliterated as Touiyou, Thuiu, Tuya, Tjuyu or Thuyu) was an Egyptian noblewoman and the mother of queen Tiye, and the wife of Yuya. She is the grandmother of Akhenaten, and great grandmother of Tutankhamun.BiographyThuya is believed to be a descendant of Queen Ahmose-Nefertari, and she held many official roles in the interwoven religion and government of ancient Egypt. She was involved in many religious cults; her titles included 'Singer of Hathor' and 'Chief of the Entertainers' of both Amun and Min. She also held the influential offices of Superintendent of the Harem of the god Min of Akhmin and of Amun of Thebes.  She married Yuya, a powerful ancient Egyptian courtier of the Eighteenth Dynasty.  She is believed to have died in around 1375 BC in her early to mid 50s.ChildrenYuya and Thuya had a daughter named Tiye, who became the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Amenhotep III. The great royal wife was the highest Egyptian religious position, serving alongside of the pharaoh in official ceremonies and rituals.Yuya and Thuya also had a son named Anen, who carried the titles Chancellor of Lower Egypt, Second Prophet of Amun, sm-priest of Heliopolis and Divine Father.They also may have been the parents of Ay, an Egyptian courtier active during the reign of pharaoh Akhenaten who became pharaoh after the death of Tutankhamun. However, there is no conclusive evidence regarding the kinship of Yuya and Ay, although certainly, both men came from Akhmim.TombThuya was interred in tomb KV46 in the Valley of the Kings, together with her husband Yuya, where their largely intact burial was found in 1905. It was the best-preserved tomb discovered in the Valley before that of Tutankhamun, Thuya's great-grandson. The tomb was discovered by a team of workmen led by archaeologist James Quibell on behalf of the American millionaire Theodore M. Davis. Though the tomb had been robbed in antiquity, much of its contents were still present, including beds, boxes, chests, a chariot, and the sarcophagi, coffins, and mummies of the two occupants.Thuya's large gilded and black-painted wooden sarcophagus was placed against the south wall of the tomb. It is rectangular, with a lid shaped like the sloping roof of the per-wer shrine of Upper Egypt, and sits on ornamental sledge runners, their non-functionality underscored by the three battens attached below them. Ancient robbers had partially dismantled it to access her coffins and mummy, placing its lid and one long side on a bed on the other side of the tomb; the other long side had been leaned against the south wall. Her outer gilded anthropoid coffin had been removed, its lid placed atop the beds, and the trough put into the far corner of the tomb; the lid of her second (innermost) coffin, also gilded, had been removed and placed to one side although the trough and her mummy remained inside the sarcophagus. Quibell suggests this is due to the robbers having some difficulty in removing the lid of this coffin.MummyThuya's mummified body was found covered with a large sheet of linen, knotted at the back and secured by four bandages. These bands were covered with resin and opposite each band were her gilded titles cut from gold foil. The resin coating on the lower layers of bandages preserved the impression of a large broad collar. The mummy bands that had once covered her wrapped mummy were recovered above the storage jars on the far side of the room.The first examination of her body was conducted by Australian anatomist Grafton Elliot Smith. He found her to be an elderly woman of small stature, 1.495 metres (4.90 ft) in height, with white hair. Both of her earlobes had two piercings. Her arms are straight at her sides with her hands against the outside of her thighs. Her embalming incision is stitched with thread, to which a carnelian barrel bead is attached at the lower end; her body cavity is stuffed with resin-soaked linen. When Dr. Douglas Derry, (who later conducted the first examination of Tutankhamun's mummy) assisting Smith in his examination, exposed Thuya's feet to get an accurate measurement of her height, he found her to be wearing gold foil sandals. Smith estimated her age at more than 50 years based on her outward appearance alone. Recent CT scanning has estimated her age at death to be 50–60 years old. Her brain was removed, though no embalming material was inserted, and both nostrils were stuffed with linen. Embalming packs had been placed into her eye sockets, and subcutaneous filling had been placed into her mid and lower face to restore a lifelike appearance; embalming material had also been placed into her mouth and throat. Her teeth were in poor condition at the time of her death, with missing molars. Heavy wear and abscesses had been noted in earlier x-rays. The scan revealed that she had severe scoliosis with a Cobb angle of 25 degrees. No cause of death could be determined. Her mummy has the inventory number CG 51191.Archaeological items pertaining to ThuyaPassage 2:Kaoru HatoyamaKaoru Hatoyama ( , Hatoyama Kaoru, 21 November 1888 – 15 August 1982) was an educator and an administrator, the schoolmaster of Kyoritsu Women's University, which was founded by her mother-in-law, Haruko Hatoyama. She is well known as the wife of Ichirō Hatoyama, who was the 52nd–54th Prime Minister of Japan, serving terms from December 10, 1954 through December 23, 1956. She was the mother of Iichirō Hatoyama, who was Japan's Foreign Minister from 1976 through 1977.After the elections of 2009, she became more widely known as the grandmother of Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama and his politician brother Kunio Hatoyama.See alsoHatoyama Hall (Hatoyama Kaikan)NotesPassage 3:Anne DenmanAnne Denman (1587–1661) was born in Olde Hall, Retford, Nottinghamshire. Through a second marriage with Thomas Aylesbury, she became the grandmother of Lady Anne Hyde, Duchess of York and great-grandmother of Queen Mary II and Queen Anne.Early lifeAnne was born in Olde Hall, West Retford in around 1587. She was the younger daughter of Francis Denman of Retford and Anne (Blount) Denman. Francis (born c. 1531, died 1599) was the rector of West Retford, Notts from 1578. He was the second son of Anne Hercy by her first husband, Nicholas Denman esq of East Retford, Notts. Francis had several sons who pre-deceased him and left two daughters as his heirs: Barbara (born c. 1583) who married Edward Darell (born c. 1582); and Anne.Anne's nephew, Dr John Darrell, was the youngest child of Barbara Denman and Edward Darell, and inherited substantial properties from both the Denman and Darell families. In 1665 just before his death he made a will dividing his estate between three charities. He donated the childhood home of Anne and Barbara, Olde Hall, to create a hospital for elderly men (an alms house), which became the site for Trinity Hospital, Retford (a Grade II listed building).MarriagesAnne was married at 20 and left a widow at 23 after the death of her first husband William, the younger son of Sir Thomas Darell. William was the half-brother of her sister Barbara's husband Edward.Anne left Retford due to some unknown trouble, or loss of fortune, in 1610 and proceeded to London by waggon-coach. Wilmshurst (1908) records that there had been a lawsuit between the two sisters in 1605.After reaching London, Anne is said to have halted at a hostel called the 'Goat and Compasses', where she rested before looking out for an occupation suitable for a country lady of good birth and family. The owner (not the landlord) of the hostel was Mr Thomas Aylesbury, a rich brewer of the Parish of St Andrew's, Holborn who happened to be making an inspection of his 'Houses' and required a housekeeper for his household, engaging Anne to this position. Thomas was a widower of 34, and a year later made Anne an offer of marriage.The marriage of Anne and Thomas was recorded in the Bishop of London's Registry, dated 3 October 1611, giving the couple's address as St Andrew's, Holborn. The registry notes that the marriage has 'the consent of his father, William Aylesbury, Esquire'. She is described in the register as 'Anne Darell, of the City of London, widow, whose husband died a year before'. Edwin Wilmshurst (1908) notes that Anne's first husband, William Darrel is described as 'of London', and apparently died there. He says this suggests Anne 'may have become acquainted with Mr Thomas Aylesbury before she became so young a widow and he a widower'. He also comments that on 17 April 1611, there was a partition of Estate between Edward Darrel and Barbara his wife, and her sister Anne, by an Indenture. This took place while she was working for Thomas Aylesbury but before she married him.Marrying Thomas was fortunate for Anne, as in 1627, he was created a Baronet, Master of the Mint, and Master of the Requests, by Charles I. After the King's death, the family moved to Antwerp with other Royalists. During this time in exile, Barbara, Anne's daughter died. Lady Anne Hyde, Duchess of York, and granddaughter of Anne Denman, later noted in her pocket book that her aunt Barbara died in Antwerp in 1652 and unmarried. 'My dear Aunt Bab was, when she died, 24 years of age.' Barbara, when in exile in Holland, was attached to the then Princess of Orange, as a lady in waiting at the Hague.ChildrenThe issue of Anne Denman's marriage with Thomas Aylesbury were:William baptised in 1612 at St Margaret's Lothbury in London, died in Jamaica in 1656Thomas (probably died young)Frances born 1617 died 1667, married Edward Hyde in 1634, had issueLady Anne (1637–1671), married King James II/VIIHon. Henry, later 2nd Earl of Clarendon (1638–1709)Hon. Laurence, later 1st Earl of Rochester (1641–1711)Hon. Edward, (born c 1645, died 1665) buried 13 January 1665 having died at age 19 while a student at OxfordHon. James drowned in HMS Gloucester in 1682 in the suite of the Duke of YorkLady Frances, married Thomas Keightley, Irish revenue commissioner and privy councillor in 1675.Anne, baptised at St Margaret's and married there in 1637 to John BrighamJane (probably died young)Barbara baptised at St Margaret's, Westminster, 9 May 1627 died 1652 in Antwerp, no issue.Through her daughter Frances, Anne Denman is the maternal grandmother of Anne Hyde, the first wife of James II, and is the maternal great-grandmother of Mary II of England and Queen Anne.Sir Thomas' death and willIn 1657, Sir Thomas died in exile in Breda, aged 81. Anne returned to London. Sir Thomas's will was in favour of Anne and her daughter Frances, but was disputed. Fortunately, Anne had the help of the eminent lawyer Edward Hyde (b. 18 February 1608/9 d. 1674) who was married to her daughter Frances. The deaths of Frances' brothers and sisters meant that by the time of her father's death she was the heiress for her father's estate.Edward HydeEdward Hyde was Anne's son-in-law. The Registers of Westminster Abbey show that he married Frances, daughter of Sir Thomas Aylesbury and his wife Anne, at the Church of St Margaret's, Westminster (in which Parish Sir Thomas and Anne were resident), on 10 July 1634, under a Licence from the Dean and Chapter of Westminster, issued the same day. He was said to be 26 years of age having been born in the ninth year of King Charles' reign (1609), and was already a widower. He married


Passage 1:Ben PalmerBen Palmer (born 1976) is a British film and television director.His television credits include the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!(2002–2006), the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners (2009–2010) and the Sky Atlantic comedy-drama Breeders (2020). Palmer has alsodirected films such as the Inbetweeners spin-off, The Inbetweeners Movie (2011) and the romantic comedy Man Up (2015).BiographyPalmer was born and raisedin Penny Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness. He attended Chetwynde School.His first directing job was the Channel 4 sketch show Bo' Selecta!, which he co-developedwith its main star, Leigh Francis. Palmer directed the second and third series of the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners in 2009 and 2010, respectively.FilmographyBo'Selecta! (2002–06)Comedy Lab (2004–2010)Bo! in the USA (2006)The Inbetweeners (2009–2010)The Inbetweeners Movie (2011)Comedy Showcase(2012)Milton Jones's House of Rooms (2012)Them from That Thing (2012)Bad Sugar (2012)Chickens (2013)London Irish (2013)Man Up (2015)SunTrap(2015)BBC Comedy Feeds (2016)Nigel Farage Gets His Life Back (2016)Back (2017)Comedy Playhouse (2017)Urban Myths (2017–19)Click & Collect(2018)Semi-Detached (2019)Breeders (2020)Passage 2:Mel WellesMel Welles (February 17, 1924 – August 19, 2005) was an American film actor and director.His best-remembered role may be that of hapless flower shop owner Gravis Mushnick in the 1960 low-budget Roger Corman dark comedy, The Little Shop ofHorrors.Life and careerWelles was born Ira W. Meltcher in the Bronx, New York City, son of Max and Sally Grichewsky Meltcher. He was raised in Mount Carmel,Pennsylvania and graduated from Mt. Carmel High School, in 1940. He went on to receive a Bachelor of Arts degree from Penn State University, a Master of Artsdegree from West Virginia University, and a Ph.D. in psychology from Columbia University.Welles held a number of jobs during his lifetime; at one time or anotherhe worked as a clinical psychologist, radio DJ, television actor, writer and film director. He did some stage work before traveling to Hollywood, where in 1953 heappeared in his first film, Appointment in Honduras. His favorite role (The Little Shop of Horrors) was also his last in the U.S. for many years.In the early 1960s,he left the United States initially to make a film in Germany. After the producer was arrested he travelled to Rome to act, produce and direct mostly uncreditedprimarily in Europe several film productions including the cult horror films Maneater of Hydra (1967) and Lady Frankenstein (1971). His fluency in five languagesproved to be most helpful where he started a dubbing company that by his own estimate dubbed over 800 European made films. He also served as a filmconsultant. Later, he returned to the U.S., appearing in a number of films, doing voice work, and teaching voice acting.Probably his most widely seen work in thelate 1970s was his English adaptation of the Japanese television show, Spectreman which was seen on UHF and cable across the United States. While he shareswriting credit with two other people, it's clear that most of the English voice work, and the offbeat humor, is his. Reportedly, Welles also wrote gag material forLord Buckley at some point in his career.In 1998, Welles took to the stage in a community theater production of Little Shop of Horrors as Mushnik, the role hecreated in the original Roger Corman film. Welles had never performed in the musical and was happy to be asked to do the role, which he described as a"mitzvah" for Scotts Valley Performing Arts. Jonathan Haze, who played Seymour in the original film, attended the opening, and Welles also received a visit fromMartin P. Robinson, the designer of the Audrey II plant puppets used in the off-Broadway production (Robinson is also famous for his puppetry on SesameStreet).Arguably his most remembered piece is the beat poem he wrote for the classic film High School Confidential (1958).  Famously delivered by PhillipaFallon, Dragsville, has become a classic piece of literary and cinema history.Welles was working on a horror screenplay, tentatively titled House of a HundredHorrors, at the time of his death.FilmographyNotesExternal linksMel Welles at IMDbPassage 3:Edward LudwigEdward Irving Ludwig (October 7, 1899 – August 20,1982) was a Russian-born American film director and writer. He directed nearly 100 films between 1921 and 1963 (some under the names Edward I. Luddy andCharles Fuhr).Ludwig was born in Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire, entered the United States from Canada on March 6, 1911, became a naturalizedcitizen December 23, 1932, and died in Santa Monica, California.Partial filmographyPassage 4:The Fighting SeabeesThe Fighting Seabees is a 1944 war film,directed by Edward Ludwig and starring John Wayne and Susan Hayward. The supporting cast includes Dennis O'Keefe, William Frawley, Leonid Kinsky, AddisonRichards and Grant Withers. The Fighting Seabees portrays a heavily fictionalized account of the dilemma that led to the creation of the U.S. Navy's "Seabees" inWorld War II. At the 17th Academy Awards, the film received a nomination for Best Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture for Walter Scharf and Roy Webb butthe award went to Max Steiner for Since You Went Away.Plot"Wedge" Donovan is a tough construction boss, building airstrips in the Pacific for the US Navy duringWorld War II. He clashes with his liaison officer, Lieutenant Commander Robert Yarrow, over the fact that his men are not allowed to arm themselves against theJapanese.When the enemy lands in force on the island, Donovan's men want to help fight. Donovan initially tries to dissuade them, but after a Japanese fighterkills or wounds several workers, he changes his mind and leads his men into the fray. This prevents Yarrow from springing a carefully devised trap that wouldhave wiped out the invaders in a murderous machine gun crossfire, with minimal American losses. Instead, many of Donovan's men are killed unnecessarily.As aresult of this tragedy, Yarrow finally convinces the Navy to form Construction Battalions (CBs, or the more familiar "Seabees") with Donovan's assistance, despitetheir mutual romantic interest in war correspondent Constance Chesley. Donovan and many of his men enlist and receive formal military training.The two menare teamed together on another island. The Japanese launch a major attack, which the Seabees barely manage to hold off, sometimes using heavy constructionmachinery such as bulldozers and a clamshell bucket.When word reaches Donovan of another approaching enemy column, there are no sailors left to counter thisnew threat. In desperation, he rigs a bulldozer with explosives on its blade, intending to ram it into a petroleum storage tank. The plan works, sending a cascadeof burning liquid into the path of the Japanese, who retreat in panic, right into the sights of waiting machine guns.  However, Donovan is shot in the process anddies in the explosion.CastProductionThe Fighting Seabees had the biggest budget in Republic's history, $1.5 million. The film was completed in collaboration withthe US Navy and the US Marine Corps, and took place on several bases in California (Camp Hueneme and Camp Pendleton), Virginia (Camp Peary) and RhodeIsland (Camp Endicott). Principal photography took place from September 20  to early December 1943.The bulk of the outdoor locations for The Fighting Seabeeswas filmed on the Iverson Movie Ranch in Chatsworth, Calif., widely considered to be the most heavily filmed outdoor filming location in the history of film andtelevision. The production took over virtually the entire 500-acre location ranch for a period of time in 1943, constructing extensive sets on both the UpperIverson and the Lower Iverson. Palm trees were brought in to transform Iverson's rocky Western landscape into a version of the Pacific islands where the film'saction was set.A massive landing strip was constructed on the Upper Iverson to simulate the takeoffs and landings of combat aircraft, as well as enemy bombingraids on the U.S.-built installation. On other parts of the ranch, Quonset huts, observation towers, large fuel tanks and other props were built, with theconstruction process in many cases filmed and featured as part of the film. Graphic scenes depicting tank battles, sniper attacks and hand-to-hand combat werefilmed in the Iverson Gorge, Garden of the Gods and other sections of the movie ranch, in one of the largest productions in the ranch's history.The aircraft in TheFighting Seabees were:Brewster F2A-3 BuffaloDouglas TBD DevastatorDouglas SBD DauntlessMitsubishi Ki-21Grumman F4F-3 WildcatPropagandaDuring WorldWar Two, the enemy in Europe was Nazism, while the enemy in the Pacific was the entire race of Japanese people, according to Dower. Japanese atrocitiesincluding the Rape of Nanking, the Bataan Death March, and the kamikaze pilots were partly to blame for these attitudes, but other aspects such as the Attack onPearl Harbor were also at work. As a result of these attitudes, anti-Japanese attitudes were common, including in films of the time. In 'The Fighting Seabees',Dennis O'Keefe informs John Wayne "We're not fighting men anymore, we're fighting animals."  The films climactic scene shows Wayne as he punctures andignites a large fuel tank, flooding the advancing enemy with burning oil. '"That'll scorch those Nips back six generations," he exults.'ReceptionFilm historianLeonard Maltin in Leonard Maltin's 2013 Movie Guide (2012) considered The Fighting Seabees, "action-packed" and "spirited". Film historian Alun Edwards inBrassey's Guide to War Films (2000) was more effusive in his evaluation: "With oodles of eulogies and even a Seabees song to sing, you can't fail to leave theRoxy dewey-eyed and with Stars and Stripes fluttering."A positive review in the Rushville Republican included as highlights expertly scened battle sequences,tense dramatic interludes, moments of comedy contrasting with moments of suspense; concluding that this film is 'among the most spectacular ever filmed inHollywood.' This review also drew attention to the fact that the 'Seabees' are less known to the public than most other branches of service, despite providinginvaluable service: 'They are, quite literally, the "men in front of the man behind the gun." They land in combat zones ahead of the troops, and prepare docks,landing fields, barracks, everything that the invading troops require.'See alsoJohn Wayne filmographyList of American films of 1944Passage 5:EdwardYatesEdward J. Yates (September 16, 1918 – June 2, 2006) was an American television director who was the director of the ABC television program AmericanBandstand from 1952 until 1969.BiographyYates became a still photographer after graduating from high school in 1936. After serving in World War II, he becameemployed by Philadelphia's WFIL-TV as a boom microphone operator. He was later promoted to cameraman (important as most programming was done live andlocal during the early years of television) and earned a bachelor's degree in communications in 1950 from the University of Pennsylvania.In October 1952, Yatesvolunteered to direct Bandstand, a new concept featuring local teens dancing to the latest hits patterned after the "950 Club" on WPEN-AM. The show debuted


Passage 1:Gerald Rudolff FordGerald Rudolff Ford (December 9, 1890 – January 26, 1962) was an American businessman and Republican politician who was thestepfather of U.S. President Gerald Ford and for whom Ford legally changed his name.Early lifeFord was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, where he raised thefuture President. His parents were George R. and Frances (Pixley) Ford.The senior Ford's father George Ford died in a train accident in 1903 forcing him to dropout of school to support the family.  He was working as a paint salesman at the Grand Rapids Wood Finishing Company when he met the future president'smother Dorothy Ayer Gardner King. Dorothy had fled to Michigan from Omaha, Nebraska, in 1913, 16 days after the President's birth, after her husband (and herson's birth father), Leslie Lynch King Sr., had physically abused her. She came to Grand Rapids to be near her parents, Levi Addison Gardner and Adele AugustaAyer Gardner, who lived in the town.FamilyThe couple married on February 1, 1917, following Dorothy's divorce from King when the future president was threeand began calling Dorothy's first son "Gerald."Gerald Rudolff Ford and Dorothy Ford had three children – sons Thomas Gardner Ford (July 15, 1918 – August 28,1995); Richard Addison Ford (June 3, 1924 – March 20, 2015); and James Francis Ford (August 11, 1927 – January 23, 2001).The president was to write laterthat in the household there were three rules for him and his half brothers: "tell the truth, work hard and come to dinner on time."The elder Ford founded the FordPaint and Varnish Company in 1929 just before the Great Depression. After the Depression hit, Ford asked his employees to work for $5/week and likewise paidhimself the same salary until all could be paid more.The future president was enrolled in the Grand Rapids school system under the name of hisstepfather.   When the president's birth father Leslie Lynch King reappeared in 1929 (or 1930 depending on accounts), he stopped at schools searching for a"Leslie King" before finding him at Grand Rapids South High School after asking for a "Junior Ford."The future president turned down an offer from his biologicalfather to move with him to Wyoming.Leslie's father Charles King had been paying child support for Ford until 1929 when the stock market crash wiped out hisfortune. After Leslie's father died, Dorothy sought an order to get money from the $50,000 Leslie had inherited. However, since Leslie had moved to Wyoming hewas out of the jurisdiction of the Nebraska court.The elder Ford never legally adopted the president. The president changed his name in 1935 after the deaths ofhis paternal King family grandparents to an Anglicized version of his stepfather's name: Gerald Rudolph Ford.Early careerThe elder Ford was active on variousfunctions including the formation of the Youth Commonwealth to help disadvantaged youth. He was director of the Grand Rapids Chamber of Commerce andchairman of the Kent County, Michigan Republican Committee from 1944 until 1948 when he stepped down after the future President began his first run forCongress.The elder Ford was active with his four sons in the Boy Scouts of America. The future President would be the first Eagle Scout to become Vice Presidentor President. The President was to say later that the award was one of his proudest accomplishments.The President was to write later:He was the father that Igrew up to believe was my father, the father I loved and learned from and respected. He was my dad... Dad was one of the truly outstanding people I ever knewin my life.DeathThe elder Ford died on January 26, 1962, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He and his wife are buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in Grand Rapids.Passage2:Caroline KennedyCaroline Bouvier Kennedy (born November 27, 1957) is an American author, attorney, and diplomat serving as the United States Ambassadorto Australia since 2022. She previously served in the Obama administration as the United States Ambassador to Japan from 2013 to 2017. A prominent memberof the Kennedy family, she is the only surviving child of former U.S. president John F. Kennedy (JFK) and former first lady Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy.JFK wonthe 1960 presidential election when Caroline was two years old. Spending her early childhood years in the White House during the Kennedy Administration, shewas almost six when he was assassinated on November 22, 1963. The following year, she and her brother John F. Kennedy Jr. moved with their motherJacqueline to the Upper East Side of Manhattan, where Caroline attended grade school.Kennedy graduated from Harvard University and worked at Manhattan'sMetropolitan Museum of Art, where she met her future husband, exhibit designer Edwin Schlossberg. She later earned a J.D. degree from Columbia Law School.Most of Kennedy's professional life has been in law, politics, education reform, and charitable work. She has also acted as a spokesperson for her family's legacy,especially that of her father, and co-authored two books with Ellen Alderman on civil liberties.Early in the primary race for the 2008 presidential election, Kennedyand her uncle, Ted Kennedy, endorsed Democratic candidate Barack Obama. She later stumped for him in Florida, Indiana, and Ohio, served as co-chair of hisVice Presidential Search Committee, and addressed the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver.After Obama selected United States senator HillaryClinton to serve as secretary of state, Kennedy expressed interest in being appointed to Clinton's vacant Senate seat from New York, but later withdrew fromconsideration for personal reasons. In 2013, President Obama appointed Kennedy as the United States ambassador to Japan. Eight years later, Joe Bidenappointed Kennedy as United States ambassador to Australia and she took office following her confirmation on June 10, 2022.Early lifeWhite House yearsCarolineBouvier Kennedy was born by caesarean section on November 27, 1957, at New York Hospital in Manhattan's Upper East Side to John Fitzgerald Kennedy (then aU.S. senator from Massachusetts) and Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy.  A year before Caroline's birth, her parents had a stillborn daughter. Caroline had ayounger brother, John Jr., who was born just before her third birthday in 1960. Another brother, Patrick, died two days after his premature birth in 1963. Carolinelived with her parents in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. during the first three years of her life. When Caroline was three years old, the family moved to the WhiteHouse after her father was sworn in as the president of the United States.Caroline frequently attended kindergarten in classes that were organized by her mother,and she was often photographed riding her pony "Macaroni" around the White House grounds. One such photo in a news article inspired singer-songwriter NeilDiamond to write his Top Ten hit song, "Sweet Caroline", which he revealed when he performed it for Caroline's 50th birthday. As a small child, Caroline receivednumerous gifts from dignitaries, including a puppy from Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and a Yucatán pony from Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson.  Ashort-lived comic strip was created about her.Historians described Caroline's childhood personality as "a trifle remote and a bit shy at times" yet "remarkablyunspoiled." "She's too young to realize all these luxuries", her paternal grandmother, Rose Kennedy, said of her. "She probably thinks it's natural for children togo off in their own airplanes. But she is with her cousins, and some of them dance and swim better than she. They do not allow her to take special precedence.Little children accept things".On the day of JFK's assassination on November 22, 1963, nanny Maud Shaw took Caroline and John Jr. away from the White Houseto the home of their maternal grandmother, Janet Bouvier Auchincloss, who insisted that Shaw would be the one to tell Caroline that her father was assassinated.That evening, Caroline and John Jr. returned to the White House, and while Caroline was sleeping in her bed, Shaw broke the news to her. Shaw soon found outthat Jacqueline had wanted to be the one to tell the two children; this caused a rift between Shaw and Jacqueline. On December 6, two weeks after theassassination, Jacqueline, Caroline, and John Jr. moved out of the White House and returned to Georgetown. However, their new home soon became a populartourist attraction. The family left Georgetown the following year and later moved to a penthouse apartment at 1040 Fifth Avenue on the Upper East Side.Laterchildhood yearsIn 1967, Caroline christened the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier USS John F. Kennedy in a widely publicized ceremony in Newport News, Virginia. Overthat summer, Jacqueline took the children on a six-week "sentimental journey" to Ireland, where they met President Éamon de Valera and visited the Kennedyancestral home at Dunganstown. In the midst of the trip, Caroline and John were surrounded by a large number of press photographers while playing in a pond.The incident caused their mother to telephone Ireland's Department of External Affairs and request the issuing of a statement that she and the children wanted tobe left in peace. As a result of the request, further attempts by press photographers to photograph the threesome ended with arrests by local police and thephotographers being jailed.Robert F. Kennedy became a major presence in the lives of Caroline and John Jr. following their father's assassination, and Carolinesaw her uncle as a surrogate father. However, when Bobby Kennedy was assassinated in 1968, Jacqueline sought a means of protecting her children, stating: "Ihate this country.  I despise America and I don't want my children to live here anymore.  If they're killing Kennedys, my kids are the number one targets.  I havethe two main targets.  I want to get out of this country". Jacqueline Kennedy married Greek shipping tycoon Aristotle Onassis several months later and she andthe children moved to Skorpios, his Greek island. The next year, 11-year-old Caroline attended the funeral of her grandfather, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. Her cousin,David, asked her about her feelings towards her mother's new husband and she replied, "I don't like him".In 1970, Jacqueline wrote her brother-in-law TedKennedy a letter stating that Caroline had been without a godfather since Robert Kennedy's death and would like Ted to assume the role. Ted began makingregular trips from Washington to New York to see Caroline, where she was in school. In 1971, Caroline returned to the White House for the first time since herfather's assassination when she was invited by President Richard Nixon to view the official portrait of her father.Onassis died in March 1975, and Caroline returnedto Skorpios for his funeral. A few days later she and her mother and brother attended the presentation by French president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing of the Legionof Honor award to her aunt, Eunice Kennedy Shriver. Later that year, Caroline was visiting London to complete a year-long art course at the Sotheby's auctionhouse, when an IRA car bomb placed under the car of her hosts, Conservative MP Sir Hugh Fraser and his wife, Antonia, exploded shortly before she and theFrasers were due to leave for their daily drive to Sotheby's. Caroline had not yet left the house, but a neighbor, oncologist Professor Gordon Hamilton Fairley, was


Passage 1:Spy KidsSpy Kids is an American family action-adventure spy comedy franchise created by Robert Rodriguez. The plot follows adventures of Carmenand Juni Cortez, two children who become involved in their parents' espionage organization. The films include Latino themes, as Rodriguez is of Mexicandescent.BackgroundInfluencesSpy Kids was influenced by James Bond films. The first film was "a fusion of Willy Wonka and James Bond" and the second was the"Mysterious Island and James Bond mix".The spy organization in the films is called the OSS. These initials are from the Office of Strategic Services, a former U.S.intelligence organization during World War II which later evolved into the CIA. The character Donnagon Giggles was named after William Joseph Donovan, thedirector of the original OSS. The initials in the Spy Kids universe are never specified on screen, but, in one of the books, they stand for the Organization of SuperSpies.ThemesOne of the main themes of Spy Kids is the unity of family. The children have adult responsibilities, and a lesson is that keeping secrets from familymembers can have a negative effect on relationships. The first film also deals extensively with sibling rivalry and the responsibility of older children. There is alsoa strong sense of Latino heritage.Technical innovationsThe other films were shot with High Definition digital video, parts of the third film using an anaglyphicprocess to create the 3-D effect. Audiences were given red/blue 3D glasses with their tickets in movie theatres. Four sets of these glasses were also included inthe DVD release. The third film was used as a test for a special Texas Instruments digital projector which can project polarized 3D, which does not require thered-blue lenses, later reused for The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D (2005).FilmsSpy Kids (2001)After retiring from espionage for ten years,Gregorio and Ingrid (Antonio Banderas and Carla Gugino) are pulled back into duty for their important assignment despite the fact they were out of practice, andwere captured. Their two children, Carmen and Juni (Alexa Vega and Daryl Sabara), stay with their uncle Felix Gumm (Cheech Marin) and discover the truth oftheir parents' past, which they had neglected to tell them because they were afraid that if they knew, they would picture danger at every corner; and decide torescue them. On their first mission, Carmen and Juni manage to bring around their estranged uncle, Isador "Machete" Cortez (Danny Trejo), a genius gadgetinventor and Juni helps to redeem a TV show host named Fegan Floop (Alan Cumming). Together, Carmen and Juni thwart the plan of Floop's notorious secondin-command Alexander Minion (Tony Shalhoub) to develop an army of androids resembling young children (including Carmen and Juni themselves) for amastermind named Mr. Lisp (Robert Patrick) and his partner Ms. Gradenko (Teri Hatcher). The robots based on Carmen and Juni became part of Floop's show.SpyKids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams (2002)As agents of the OSS, Carmen and Juni try to save the daughter (Taylor Momsen) of The President Of The United States(Christopher McDonald) while facing a particularly hard competition with Gary and Gerti Giggles (Matt O'Leary and Emily Osment), the two children of adouble-dealing agent Donnagon Giggles (Mike Judge), whom Carmen and Juni helped to rescue them from the first film. Juni gets fired from the OSS afterfighting with Gary over a smaller version of the transmooker, a device that can shut off all electronic devices even though it was Gary who started the fight. Juniloses his spot for the best spy kid of the year award, while Donnagon plans to steal the transmooker to take over the world. On their second mission, Carmen andJuni follow the trail to the mysterious island of Leeke Leeke which is home to Romero (Steve Buscemi), an eccentric scientist who attempted to create geneticallyminiaturised animals, but instead ended up with his island inhabited by mutant monsters. Eventually, Donnagon is fired and Gary is suspended, and thetransmooker is destroyed. Juni is offered his job back, but in order to take a break from the OSS, he retires to start his own private eye agency.Spy Kids 3-D:Game Over (2003)After retiring from the OSS, Juni is thrust back into service when an evil mastermind named Sebastian "The Toymaker" (Sylvester Stallone)creates a fictional video game called Game Over, which hypnotizes its users. Carmen was sent on a mission to disable the game, but disappeared on Level 4. Withthe help of his maternal grandfather, Valentin Avellan (Ricardo Montalban), who uses a wheelchair, Juni is sent after Carmen and helps her to disable the game inorder to save the world. It is revealed that Sebastian was the one who disabled Valentin in the first place. Instead of avenging his former partner, Valentinforgives Sebastian who is redeemed.Spy Kids: All the Time in the World (2011)The OSS has become the world's top spy agency, while the Spy Kids departmenthas become defunct. A retired spy Marissa (Jessica Alba) is thrown back into the action along with her two stepchildren, Rebecca and Cecil (Rowan Blanchard andMason Cook), when a maniacal Timekeeper (Jeremy Piven) attempts to take over the world. In order to save the world, Rebecca and Cecil must team up withMarissa.Spy Kids: Armageddon (2023)The fifth installment, Spy Kids: Armageddon, serving as a reboot of the franchise, is in development, with a film involving aplot that centers around a multicultural family. Robert Rodriguez again serves as writer/director, while the project is a joint-venture production between SkydanceMedia and Spyglass Media Group. The film is scheduled for distribution on Netflix, making it the second Spy Kids project produced for the platform. GinaRodriguez, Zachary Levi, Everly Carganilla and Connor Esterson were set to star, along with Billy Magnussen and D. J. Cotrona. The plotline for the film is asfollows: "When the children of the world's greatest secret agents unwittingly help a powerful Game Developer unleash a computer virus that gives him control ofall technology, they must become spies themselves to save their parents and the world". Production of the film wrapped in late August 2022, and is set to bereleased on Netflix in Q3-Q4 2023.TelevisionSpy Kids: Mission Critical (2018)An animated series based on the films, Spy Kids: Mission Critical, was released onNetflix in 2018. The first and second seasons both consist of 10 episodes and is produced by Mainframe Studios. Robert Rodriguez served as one of the executiveproducers on the show.Main cast and charactersAdditional crew and production detailsReceptionBox office performanceCritical and public responseThough thefirst and second film received positive reviews, the series experienced a steadily declining critical reception with each film.Home mediaSeptember 18, 2001 (SpyKids) on DVD by Buena Vista Home EntertainmentFebruary 18, 2003 (Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams) on DVD by Buena Vista HomeEntertainmentFebruary 24, 2004 (Spy Kids 3D: Game Over) on DVD by Buena Vista Home EntertainmentAugust 2, 2011 (Spy Kids, Spy Kids 2: The Island of LostDreams, and Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over) on DVD and Blu-ray Disc by Lionsgate (However, all 3 DVDs are still the original Buena Vista Home Entertainmentcopies.)November 15, 2011 (Spy Kids, Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams, and Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over Triple Feature) on Blu-ray Disc byLionsgateNovember 22, 2011 (Spy Kids: All the Time in the World) on DVD and Blu-ray by Anchor Bay EntertainmentDecember 4, 2012 (Spy Kids 3-D: GameOver, The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D 3D Double Feature) on Blu-ray 3D Disc by LionsgateSeptember 22, 2020 (Spy Kids, Spy Kids 2: The Islandof Lost Dreams, and Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over Triple Feature) on DVD and Blu-ray Disc reissue by ParamountOther mediaVideo gamesSpy Kids Challenger (GameBoy Advance)Spy Kids Mega Mission Zone (PC/Mac)Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over (Game Boy Advance and PC/Mac)Spy Kids: Learning Adventures series(PC/Mac)Spy Kids: All the Time in the World (Nintendo DS)See alsoRelated film seriesIsador "Machete" Cortez, who appeared in all four Spy Kids film series as asupporting character, additionally had a series of two stand-alone films: Machete and Machete Kills, also written and directed by Robert Rodriguez. However, theMachete films share little in common with the Spy Kids films thematically and are not considered direct spin-offs, the first film instead being an adult-orientedaction exploitation film, with the second film introducing science fiction elements; both films additionally share several cast members and characters with the SpyKids films. The idea for a Machete film came from a fake trailer promoting the Grindhouse double-feature by Rodriguez and Quentin Tarantino. Trejo andRodriguez have made two conflicting statements regarding its canonicity to the Spy Kids films; Trejo claimed that the films depict "what Uncle Machete does whenhe's not taking care of the kids", while Rodriguez said in a Reddit AMA that they are alternate universes. Regardless, Rodriguez claimed that he was prompted byan incident on the set of the first Machete film to start envisioning a fourth film in the main Spy Kids film series, casting Jessica Alba as Machete's sister Marissa, adifferent character to the one she portrayed in Machete, with Trejo additionally reprising his role alongside her.NotesPassage 2:Legion of Lost FlyersLegion of LostFlyers (aka Legion of Lost Fliers) is a 1939 American B movie drama film directed by Christy Cabanne. It stars Richard Arlen, Andy Devine, and Anne Nagel.Legion of Lost Flyers was released by Universal Pictures on November 3, 1939.PlotA group of pilots, because of unsavory or unearned reputations, establish anoutpost of their own, running charter-flights and hauling supplies in the frozen wastelands of Alaska. Gene "Loop" Gillian (Richard Arlen), Gillian came to Alaskabecause he has been blamed for a crash where four men where killed. Bill Desert (Theodore Von Eltz), the head of the commercial airlines, refuses to hire him asa pilot, but at the request of aircraft mechanic "Beef" Brumley (Andy Devine), Desert hires Loop as a "grease jockey".Brumley knows Gillian and does not believethe story about the deaths. Regarded as a coward by the other pilots, Ralph Perry (William Lundigan), Jake Halley (Guinn "Big Boy" Williams) and Smythe  (LeonAmes), Gillian claims he is innocent of causing the deaths because it was really Perry who had taken the flight that night. Rumours continue to swirl about theincident.Perry decides he has had enough and takes off in an stolen aircraft loaded with gold from a local mine. He ends up crashing in the wilderness in a remotecanyon, with Gillian, the only one willing to fly to his rescue. After loading Perry on board, the take off ends in the aircraft suffering heavy damage.On the returnflight, the aircraft is falling to pieces. Perry panics and as Gillian nears the airfield, he forces Perry to confess on the radio about his involvement in the men'sdeath. Gillian is reinstated as a pilot and falls in love with Paula (Anne Nagel) who had been the boss's sweetheart.CastProductionProduction dates for principalphotography for Legion of Lost Flyers began on July 26, 1939.The aircraft used in Legion of Lost Flyers was: Stearman C3BFleet 1 c/n 374, NC792VFokker


Passage 1:Buffalo Bill, Hero of the Far WestBuffalo Bill, Hero of the Far West  (Buffalo Bill, l'eroe del far west) is a 1964 Italian Spaghetti Western directed byMario Costa.StoryBuffalo Bill is sent west by President Ulysses S. Grant to settle an Indian uprising started by Yellow Hand and supported by gunsmugglers.CastGordon Scott as Colonel William "Buffalo Bill" CodyMario Brega as DonaldsonJan Hendriks as MonroeCatherine Ribeiro asRayon-de-Lune/MoonbeamPiero Lulli as RedMirko Ellis as Yellow HandHans von Borsody as Captain HunterRoldano Lupi as Colonel PetersonIngeborg Schöner asMary PetersonFeodor Chaliapin, Jr.  as Chief White FoxUgo Sasso as SnackLuigi Tosi as barmanFranco Fantasia as George, a poker playerAndrea Scotti as pokerplayerPassage 2:Battling with Buffalo BillBattling with Buffalo Bill is a 1931 American pre-Code Western serial film directed by Ray Taylor and starring Tom Tyler,Lucile Browne, William Desmond, Rex Bell, and Francis Ford.Based on the book The Great West That Was by William F. "Buffalo Bill" Cody, the film is about acowboy named Buffalo Bill who goes up against a shady gambler who is attempting to scare off the townspeople so he can gain possession of a gold strike. Whena nearby Indian tribe is provoked into attacking the town, the cavalry rides in to the rescue. Cody's book was also used as the inspiration for the studio's highlysuccessful 1930 serial The Indians Are Coming.Battling with Buffalo Bill was Universal Pictures's 78th serial, the 10th with sound and 4th with full sound, of thestudio's total of 137 serials.PlotThe plot is a variation on the standard B-Western "Land Grab" plot: Gold has been discovered in the area and gambler Jim Rodneyintends to make sole claim to it by pushing the rightful owners off the land and taking it for himself. To do so he has his henchmen kill an Indian woman,provoking attacks from her tribe. This brings Buffalo Bill and the United States Cavalry into the town. Buffalo Bill proceeds to defeat Rodney and hisschemes.CastTom Tyler as William "Buffalo Bill" CodyLucile Browne as Jane Mills, Buffalo Bill's love interestWilliam Desmond as John MillsRex Bell as Dave Archer,Buffalo Bill's sidekick.Francis Ford as Jim Rodney, villainous gambler trying to illicitly claim a local gold strikeGeorge Regas as 'Breed' JohnsYakima Canutt asScout Jack BradyBud Osborne as Joe Tampas, one of Rodney's henchmenJoe Bonomo as Joe BradyJim Thorpe as Swift ArrowProductionAlong with the moresuccessful The Indians Are Coming (1930) this serial was based on the book "The Great West That Was" by Buffalo Bill Cody.StuntsJoe BonomoYakima CanuttCliffLyonsChapter titlesCaptured by RedskinsCircling DeathBetween Hostile TribesThe Savage HordeThe Fatal PlungeTrappedThe Unseen KillerSentenced to DeathTheDeath TrapA Shot from AmbushThe Flaming DeathCheyenne VengeanceSource:See alsoList of American films of 1931List of film serials by yearList of film serialsby studioPassage 3:Buffalo BillWilliam Frederick Cody (February 26, 1846 – January 10, 1917), known as Buffalo Bill, was an American soldier, bison hunter, andshowman. He was born in Le Claire, Iowa Territory (now the U.S. state of Iowa), but he lived for several years in his father's hometown in modern-dayMississauga, Ontario, Canada, before the family returned to the Midwest and settled in the Kansas Territory.Buffalo Bill started working at the age of 11, after hisfather's death, and became a rider for the Pony Express at age 15. During the American Civil War, he served the Union from 1863 to the end of the war in 1865.Later he served as a civilian scout for the U.S. Army during the Indian Wars, receiving the Medal of Honor in 1872.One of the most famous and well-known figuresof the American Old West, Buffalo Bill's legend began to spread when he was only 23. Shortly thereafter he started performing in shows that displayed cowboythemes and episodes from the frontier and Indian Wars. He founded Buffalo Bill's Wild West in 1883, taking his large company on tours in the United States and,beginning in 1887, in Great Britain and continental Europe.Early life and educationCody was born on February 26, 1846, on a farm just outside Le Claire, Iowa.His father, Isaac Cody, was born on September 5, 1811, in Toronto Township, Upper Canada, now part of Mississauga, Ontario, directly west of Toronto. MaryAnn Bonsell Laycock, Bill's mother, was born about 1817 in Trenton, New Jersey. She moved to Cincinnati to teach school, and there she met and married Isaac.She was a descendant of Josiah Bunting, a Quaker who had settled in Pennsylvania. There is no evidence to indicate Buffalo Bill was raised as a Quaker. In 1847the couple moved to Ontario, having their son baptized in 1847, as William Cody, at the Dixie Union Chapel in Peel County (present-day Peel Region, of whichMississauga is a part), not far from the farm of his father's family. The chapel was built with Cody money, and the land was donated by Philip Cody of TorontoTownship. They lived in Ontario for several years.In 1853, Isaac Cody sold his land in rural Scott County, Iowa, for $2000 (around $68,000 in today's money) andthe family moved to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas Territory. In the years before the Civil War, Kansas was overtaken by political and physical conflict over theslavery question. Isaac Cody was against slavery. He was invited to speak at Rively's store, a local trading post where pro-slavery men often held meetings. Hisantislavery speech so angered the crowd that they threatened to kill him if he did not step down. A man jumped up and stabbed him twice with a Bowie knife.Rively, the store's owner, rushed Cody to get treatment, but he never fully recovered from his injuries.In Kansas, the family was frequently persecuted bypro-slavery supporters. Cody's father spent time away from home for his safety. His enemies learned of a planned visit to his family and plotted to kill him on theway. Bill, despite his youth and being ill at the time, rode thirty miles (48 km) to warn his father. Isaac Cody went to Cleveland, Ohio, to organize a group ofthirty families to bring back to Kansas, to add to the antislavery population. During his return trip, he caught a respiratory infection which, compounded by thelingering effects of his stabbing and complications from kidney disease, led to his death in April 1857.After his death, the family suffered financially. At age 11, Billtook a job with a freight carrier as a "boy extra". On horseback he would ride up and down the length of a wagon train and deliver messages between the driversand workmen. Next, he joined Johnston's Army as an unofficial member of the scouts assigned to guide the United States Army to Utah, to put down a rumoredrebellion by the Mormon population of Salt Lake City.According to Cody's account in Buffalo Bill's Own Story, the Utah War was where he began his career as an"Indian fighter":Presently the moon rose, dead ahead of me; and painted boldly across its face was the figure of an Indian. He wore this war-bonnet of the Sioux,at his shoulder was a rifle pointed at someone in the river-bottom 30 feet [9 meters] below; in another second he would drop one of my friends. I raised my oldmuzzle-loader and fired. The figure collapsed, tumbled down the bank and landed with a splash in the water. "What is it?" called McCarthy, as he hurried back."It's over there in the water." "Hi!" he cried. "Little Billy's killed an Indian all by himself!" So began my career as an Indian fighter.At the age of 14, in 1860, Codywas caught up in the "gold fever", with news of gold at Fort Colville and the Holcomb Valley Gold Rush in California. On his way to the goldfields, however, he metan agent for the Pony Express. He signed with them, and after building several stations and corrals, Cody was given a job as a rider. He worked at this until hewas called home to his sick mother's bedside.Cody claimed to have had many jobs, including trapper, bullwhacker, "Fifty-Niner" in Colorado, Pony Express rider in1860, wagonmaster, stagecoach driver, and a hotel manager, but historians have had difficulty documenting them. He may have fabricated some for publicity.Namely, it is argued that in contrast to Cody's claims, he never rode for the Pony Express, but as a boy, he did work for its parent company, the transport firm ofRussell, Majors, and Waddell. In contrast to the adventurous rides, hundreds of miles long, that he recounted in the press, his real job was to carry messages onhorseback from the firm's office in Leavenworth to the telegraph station three miles away.Military servicesAfter his mother recovered, Cody wanted to enlist as asoldier in the Union Army during the American Civil War but was refused because of his young age. He began working with a freight caravan that deliveredsupplies to Fort Laramie in present-day Wyoming. In 1863, at age 17, he enlisted as a teamster with the rank of private in Company H, 7th Kansas Cavalry, andserved until discharged in 1865.The next year, Cody married Louisa Frederici. They had four children. Two died young, while the family was living in Rochester,New York. They and a third child are buried in Mount Hope Cemetery, in Rochester.In 1866, he reunited with his old friend Wild Bill Hickok in Junction City,Kansas, then serving as a scout. Cody enlisted as a scout himself at Fort Ellsworth and scouted between there and Fort Fletcher (later renamed and moved to FortHays). He was attached as a scout, variously, to Captain George Augustus Armes (Battle of the Saline River) and Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer(guide and impromptu horse race to Fort Larned). It was during this service at Fort Ellsworth that he met William Rose, with whom he would found the short-livedsettlement of Rome.In 1867, with the construction of the Kansas Pacific Railway completing through Hays City and Rome, Cody was granted a leave of absence tohunt buffalo to supply railroad construction workers with meat. This endeavor continued into 1868, which saw his hunting contest with William Comstock.Codyreturned to Army service in 1868. From his post in Fort Larned, he performed an exceptional feat of riding as a lone dispatch courier from Fort Larned to FortZarah (escaping brief capture), Fort Zarah to Fort Hays, Fort Hays to Fort Dodge, Fort Dodge to Fort Larned, and, finally, Fort Larned to Fort Hays, a total of 350miles in 58 hours through hostile territory, covering the last 35 miles on foot. In response, General Philip Sheridan assigned him Chief of Scouts for the 5thCavalry Regiment.He was also Chief of Scouts for the Third Cavalry in later campaigns of the Plains Wars.In January 1872, Cody was a scout for the highlypublicized hunting expedition of the Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia.Medal of HonorCody was awarded the Medal of Honor in 1872 for documentedgallantry above and beyond the call of duty as an Army scout in the Indian Wars. It was revoked in 1917, along with medals of 910 other recipients dating back tothe Revolutionary War, when Congress decided to create a hierarchy of medals, designating the "Medal of Honor" as the highest military honor it could bestow.Subsequent regulations authorized the War Department to revoke prior Medal of Honor awards it considered not meeting requirements since the introduction ofstrict regulations promulgated under the 1917 law. Those regulations required the medal to be awarded for acts of bravery above and beyond the call of duty by


Passage 1:Henry II, Count of Reuss-GeraHenry II of Reuss (younger line) (10 June 1572 in Gera – 23 December [O.S. 13 December] 1635 in Gera), nicknamedthe Posthumous because his father died two months before he was born,  was Lord of Gera, Lord of Lobenstein and Lord of Oberkranichfeld.LifeHenry II was bornposthumously, as the only son of Henry XVI of Reuss-Gera (1530-1572), the founder of the Younger Line, and his wife, Countess Dorothea of Solms-Sonnewalde(1547-1595), daughter of Frederick Magnus I, Count of Solms-Laubach.Henry successfully promoted education and the economy of his country.  In 1608, hefounded the Rutheneum Gymnasium in Gera (now the Goethe-Gymnasium/Rutheneum).  Against the advice of his theological councillor, he granted asylum toCalvinist refugees from Flanders and housed them in his capital city Gera.  This led to an upsurge in wool production and an economic boom.  During his reign,Gera also developed into the cultural centre of the Reuss areas.  He had a particular fondness for "ring riding", and was a frequent guest at the courts in Viennaand Dresden.Henry II died on 23 December 1635 and was buried in the Salvator Church in Gera.  The composer Heinrich Schütz wrote his Musikalische Exequienfor this occasion.  His elaborately decorated copper outer coffin, with biblical proverbs and evangelical chorals, was transferred from the Salvator Church to theSt. John church in 1995.  In 2011, it was displayed in an exhibition about funeral practices in the early modern age in the city museum of Gera.  It has also beenon display in the Museum for Sepulchral Culture in Kassel.Marriages and issueIn Weikersheim on 7 February 1594, Henry II married firstly Magdalena (28December 1572 – 2 April 1596), daughter of Wolfgang, Count of Hohenlohe-Weikersheim-Langenburg. They had one daughter:Dorothea Magdalena (25 February1595 – 29 October 1647), married in 1620 to Burgrave George of Kirchberg.In Rudolstadt on 22 May 1597, Henry II married secondly Magdalena (12 Apr 1580 –22 Apr 1652), daughter of Count Albert VII of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. They had seventeen children:Juliane Marie (1 February 1598 – 4 January 1650), marriedin 1614 to Count David of Mansfeld-Schraplau.Henry I (21 February 1599 – 27 July 1599)Agnes (17 April 1600 – 1 February 1642), married in 1627 to CountErnest Louis of Mansfeld-Heldrungen.Elisabeth Magdalene (8 May 1601 – 4 April 1641).Henry II (14 August 1602 – 28 May 1670), Lord of Gera andSaalburg.Henry III (31 Oct 1603 – 12 July 1640), Lord of Schleiz.Henry IV (21 December 1604 – 3 November 1628).Henry V (3 November 1606 – 3/7 November1606), twin with Henry VI.Henry VI (3 November 1606 – 3/7 November 1606), twin with Henry V.Sophie Hedwig (24 February 1608 – 22 January1653).Dorothea Sibylle (7 October 1609 – 25 November 1631), married in 1627 to Baron Christian Schenk of Tautenburg.Henry VII (15 October 1610 – 24 July1611).Henry VIII (19 June 1613 – 24 September 1613).Anna Katharina (24 March 1615 – 16 February 1682).Henry IX (22 May 1616 – 9 January 1666), Lord ofSchleiz.Ernestine (19 March 1618 – 23 February 1650), married in 1639 to Otto Albert of Schönburg-Hartenstein.Henry X (9 September 1621 – 25 January1671), Lord of Lobenstein and Ebersdorf.HonorsSince 2008, the motor car of one of the trams in Gera bears his name.Passage 2:Enguerrand V deCoucyEnguerrand V, Lord of Coucy (-after 1321) inherited the title of Lord of Coucy and castle from his maternal uncle, Enguerrand IV in 1311.  He was also lordof Oisy and Montmirail.BiographyEnguerrand was the second son of Arnould III, Count of Guînes and Alix de Coucy, daughter of Enguerrand III, Lord of Coucy.His father, Arnould, sold the county of Guines to King Louis IX of France, forcing Enguerrand to find his fortune abroad. After arriving in Scotland, he marriedChristiana Lindsay in Scotland. Christiana was the daughter of William Lindsay and Ada Balliol, sister of John Balliol. Their wedding was arranged by their mutualcousin, King Alexander III of Scotland. Enguerrand was present at the recognition of Margaret as Alexander III's heir and the Treaty of Birgham in 1290.On 28May 1283, Enguerrand pledged his service to King Edward I of England.When Enguerrand's maternal uncle, Enguerrand IV, died without leaving any heirs, thetitles and lands of Coucy were passed to Enguerrand.IssueEnguerrand and Christiana had four sons:Guillaume de Coucy, Lord of Coucy,  Marle, La Fère, Oisy andMontmirel, married Isabeau de Châtillon-Saint-Pol, had issue.Enguerrand de Coucy, Viscount of Meaux, Lord of La Ferté-Ancoul, Tresmes and Belonnes, marriedfirstly Marie de Vianden, Dame de Rumpt and secondly Allemande Flotte de Revel, had issue.Baudouin de CoucyRobert de Coucy, Lord of LaFerté-Gaucher.Passage 3:Charles II Henri van de Werve, Lord of SchildeBaron Charles-Henri van de Werve (1672-1721), Lord of Schilde, Lord ofGiessen-Oudkerk, Lord of Wavre-Notre-Dame and Lord of Wavrans, formed part of a very old, important and noble family of Antwerp, House van deWerve.FamilyHe was the son of Charles I Bruno van de Werve, Lord of Schilde; and of Cornélie van de Werve, daughter of the Lord of Westkercke. Through hisgrandmother side he is one of the descendants of Erasmus II Schetz. He married Eléonore de Varick in 1696. Eléonore was the daughter of Charles-Hyacinthe deVarick, Lord of Court St-Etienne and of Witterzée; and of Eléonore-Louise de Haynin, Lady of Wavrans.They had 4 children's:Eléonore-Marie van de Werve(1698–1726).X1(1716): She married Charles-François Boot, Lord of Veltem, Oppem, Sombeke and La Motte.X2(1724): She married Ferdinand-Joseph, marquessde la Puente y Reiffenberg, baron of Limal, Lord of Bierges.Gertrude-Madeleine van de Werve (1700–1746): She married in 1725 her cousin Philippe-Adrien deVarick, viscount of Brussels, baron of Woluwe-Saint-Lambert and of Libersart, Lord of Boendaal, Ixelles, Huizingen and Eizingen.Baron Charles-Philippe van deWerve (1702–1744), Lord of Schilde, Giessen-Oudkerk and Wavre-Notre-Dame.Charles III Philippe van de Werve, 1st Count of Vorsselaer (1706–1776): baron ofLichtaert and of Rielen, Lord of Giessen-Oudkerk. He married Marie-Anne de Pret, Lady of Vorsselaer, Lichtaert and Rielen.AncestryExternallinkshttps://web.archive.org/web/20070312045421/http://vandewerve.skyblog.com/Passage 4:Eric Longlegs, Lord of LangelandErik Eriksøn, also known as EricLonglegs (Danish: Erik Langben), (1272–1310), Lord of Langeland, was the second son of Eric I, Duke of Schleswig and younger brother of Valdemar IV, Duke ofSchleswig.LifeEric was born in 1272 as the second son of Eric I, Duke of Schleswig, by his wife Margaret of Rugia. He held the island of Langeland in fief andinherited the properties of the ducal family in southern Funen, just as his uncle, Abel, Lord of Langeland, had before him. He is mentioned for the first time asresponsible for the killing of the seneschal Skjalm Stigsen on 23 August 1292. The murder was probably a result of the enmity caused when King Eric VI ofDenmark, after coming of age, confiscated the fief of Langeland and the properties of the ducal family in southern Funen.Together with his brother, DukeValdemar, he joined the king's enemies. In 1293, there was a clash between the two parties at Sommersted Heath near Haderslev which resulted in acompromise where Eric received Langeland as a fief.Subsequently, he married Sophia of Querfurt, a daughter of Jutta of Saxony, widow of King Eric IV ofDenmark in her second marriage to Burchard VIII, Count of Querfurt-Rosenburg. Sophia was thus a half-sister of King Eric IV's daughters, among which were thedeceased Queen Ingeborg of Norway, mother of King Eric II of Norway. The marriage thus connected Eric to the king of Norway, who knighted him, and also ledto a new conflict with King Eric VI, who retained his wife's inheritance from her half-sisters.On 3 February 1296 a compromise was entered in Vordingborg, inwhich the king promised to hand over Sophia's inheritance, but where the ducal family's properties in southern Funen, which had formerly belonged to Abel, Lordof Langeland, were kept by the king as lawfully acquired from Abel's daughter. Only the city of Rudkøbing was transferred to become part of the fief of Langeland,and Eric confirmed the city's rights on the same day.Eric died in 1310. In 1315, Sophia, in the presence of the king and several noblemen, donated theinheritance of her sisters to Saint Agnes' Priory in Roskilde, keeping only the city of Skælskør for herself.Marriage and issueEric married Sophia of Querfurt, adaughter of Burchard VIII, Count of Querfurt-Rosenburg, Burgrave of Magdeburg and Jutta of Saxony, widow of Eric IV of Denmark. The marriage waschildless.AncestryPassage 5:Abel, Lord of LangelandAbel Abelsøn (1252 – 2 April 1279), Lord of Langeland, was the third son of King Abel of Denmark, Duke ofSchleswig, and younger brother of Valdemar III, Duke of Schleswig and Eric I, Duke of Schleswig. As a member of the ducal family, he held several fiefs inSouthern Denmark.LifeAbel was born in 1252 as the third and posthumous son of King Abel of Denmark, Duke of Schleswig, by his wife, Mechtild of Holstein. Inthe settlement with his brother Eric after the death of their elder brother Duke Valdemar III, Abel received the cities of Svendborg, Rudkøbing, and possibly alsoFaaborg on the island of Funen, and as a fief the island of Langeland. Abel died on Easter Day 1279 in Svendborg and was buried in Greyfriars’ Abbey.At hisdeath, he left only a daughter Margaret, who entered the convent of Zarrentin in Mecklenburg and donated her father's properties to her relatives, the counts ofHolstein. They later sold it to King Eric VI of Denmark.Marriage and issueAbel appears to have married a daughter of Gunzelin III, Count of Schwerin:Margaret,abbess of Zarrentin. As abbess, she instituted a requiem mass for her father in 1317.AncestryPassage 6:John I, Lord of PolanenJohn I, Lord of Polanen (c. 1285 –26 September 1342) was Lord of Polanen, Lord of De Lek and Lord of Breda.LifeJohn was a son of Philips III van Duivenvoorde (?-c. 1308) and Elisabeth vanVianen.Lord of PolanenUpon the death of his father, John I became Lord of Polanen Castle. In his early years, John got help from his uncle Diederik van derWale.Lord of HeemskerkIn 1327 John bought Oud Haerlem  Castle and the lordships (ambachtsheerlijkheden) of Heemskerk and Castricum. The price was only100 pounds.In 1328 John took part in the Battle of Cassel, and in 1329 he was knighted. In 1339 he became bailiff of KennemerlandLord of BredaIn 1322 Johnmarried Catharina van Van Brederode (died 1372). He was the father of John II, Lord of Polanen.Passage 7:John I, Lord of EgmondJohn I, Lord of Egmond (before1310 – 28 December 1369) was Lord of Egmond, Lord of IJsselstein, bailiff of Kennemerland (1353-1354) and stadtholder of Holland.LifeHe was a son of WalterII and his wife, Beatrix of Doortogne.  He is first mentioned in 1328, when he fights in the Battle of Cassel and accompanies Count William III of Holland toFlanders, to assist the Count of Flanders suppressing a rebellion in Bruges and the surrounding area.In 1343, he is a member of a group of bailiffs who administer