Privett station was an intermediate station  on the Meon Valley line which ran from Alton to Fareham during the first half of the 20th century. Named after the hamlet of Privett, the station was in fact over half a mile (1 kilometre) from its namesake and was built in largely uninhabited countryside.  Opened on 1 June 1903 north of the village a few yards east of the Alton road, its only minor claim to fame was that it caused Privett Halt in Gosport to be renamed to avoid confusion. This followed an earlier dispute over the exact name of the station. It was originally to be named 'West Tisted', following the convention that stations were named after the parish they were in. The family that owned Basing Park, the country estate on the edge of which the station was sited, insisted on the station being named Privett after the hamlet that formed part of their estate. This matter, coupled to the station being sited far from any local settlements but close to the Basing Park house, led many to conclude that the station was built specifically for the owners of the Park. The fact that a new Carriage Drive was built leading from the house to the station only led credence to this rumour. Like all the stations on the line Privett station accommodated double railway track and long platforms capable of serving 11-coach express trains. The large station buildings, designed by T. P. Figgis, were situated on the 'Down' platform and built in a highly regarded Tudor Revival style. They incorporated quite lavish passenger facilities including a large booking office with a tiled floor and a timber framed roof, separate gentlemen's and ladies' waiting rooms (as well as a large passenger shelter on the 'Up' platform) and a refreshments room. The station building also contained the station master's accommodation and other more functional rooms such as a goods office and lamp room. A signal box on the 'Up' platform controlled trains passing through the station as well as the extensive goods yard built to the south of the station site. The Meon Valley Railway was a particularly difficult line to construct (It cost the equivalent of 27 million GBP, and took 6 years to build the 22-miles of line. Its most dramatic feature was the 1,000 yards (910 m) Privett tunnel, the northern entrance of which was close to the station. The station was also the summit of the line, at 519 feet (158 m) above sea level. Given the station's remote location passenger numbers never matched the extensive facilities. In 1921, following the Meon Valley line's downgrading from a through route to a local line (see the line's main article for more information) the 'Up' platform was closed, as was the signal box, which remained in use purely to control the goods yard. All trains now called alongside the main station buildings on the former 'Down' platform. The station remained at 'half capacity' for the next 34 years. On 7 February 1955 the station was closed (along with West Meon and Tisted stations) and all services were withdrawn. The last special train to call at the station was on 6 February 1955 when an enthusiast's special called 'The Hampshireman' briefly stopped at the station (which officially closed the next day). The station became a private house. The platform canopy was removed during conversion. Until the 1970s a fish pond occupied the former track space between the platforms but this has since been filled in.<PIC> Following the opening of the railway a public house and hotel was built across the Alton-Gosport road from the station. This was initially named 'The Privett Bush' (a pun on the common plant named Privet). The hotel is still in business, now named 'The Angel'.


HM Prison Winchester is a Category B men's prison, located in Winchester, Hampshire, England. The prison is operated by Her Majesty's Prison Service.<PIC> There has probably been a prison in Winchester, mainly known as Winchester gaol, since the thirteenth century.
A substantial part of the former County Gaol, rebuilt 1788 and 1803 of three storeys in Classical style, the predecessor of the present Winchester Prison and now converted to commercial use, survives in Jewry Street.
Winchester Prison was built between 1846 and 1850 to a Victorian radial design, with five 'spokes' radiating from a central hub carrying a turret prominent on the Winchester skyline.  Four of these wings are now used for prisoner accommodation and one for administration. The prison occupies an elevated site in Romsey Road screened by a massive brick wall and bank.  The central gatehouse was originally open to the street, but has been enclosed by the wall.  The site contains the shell of the Victorian treadwheel house - a rare survivor.
Between 1900 and 1963, 16 male executions took place at the prison. The last was that of Dennis Whitty, convicted of capital murder at Cornwall Assizes, and hanged on 17 December 1963. The prison featured (as Wintoncester Prison) in Thomas Hardy's novel "Tess of the D'Urbervilles" as the site of Tess's execution although, in fact, no female has been executed at the present prison.
In 1995 serial killer Rosemary West, wife of Fred West, was held in Winchester on remand for the duration of her trial in Winchester Crown Court.  Each day she was driven from her specially built unit within the male segregation block half a mile down the road to the court.
In December 2001, a convicted murderer escaped from Winchester Prison by scaling the wall. The prisoner went on the run after using a home-made handsaw to saw through the bars of his ground floor cell window. He then used a rope and grappling hook to scale the 30-feet wall of the prison. The prisoner was recaptured days later.
In August 2003, a Prison Reform Trust report stated that overcrowding at Winchester Prison was an ongoing problem. 54.7% of prisoners were sharing cells which were designed for one person. There had also been three suicides at the jail in the previous year.
In April 2005, an inspection report from Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Prisons stated that Winchester Prison was overcrowded and prisoners did not have enough work to do. The report also said that vulnerable inmates were not well protected and relations between staff and prisoners were not good. However, the report praised prisoner resettlement and improvements in healthcare at the jail.
The Inspectorate was still dissatisfied with Winchester at their inspection in 2010, stating that staff were unnecessarily rude and that prisoners spent too long in their cells with nothing to do. The team was especially critical of the discrimination that occurred between the West Hill annexe and the main prison in terms of employment and purposeful activity. Winchester is a Category B prison for adult males which also houses young offenders aged over 18. The prison is currently undergoing major refurbishment with a build programme lasting 5 years. Work already completed includes changes to the health care, first night and detoxification centres, as well as a new electrical system, renewal of the fire and general alarms, a new visits complex and pedestrian access at the main gate. The rebuilding of C wing, that was suffering from age decay, was completed in 2008 and the first prisoners were moved into the new cells in October 2008.
The Prison has 4 wings. The first being "A" Wing that was supposed to house induction inmates for their 1st night but has since turned into a permanent wing. "B" Wing is the biggest wing which is mainly there for remanded prisoners. "C" wing is the drug detox wing and houses prisoners that are there with drug issues mainly. "D" is the vulnerable prisoner wing and houses prisoners that are a threat to themselves or in fear of attack from other prisoners. E wing is used for offices. There is a category C offshoot called "Westhill" which has 3 wings. "Alfred", "Temple" and "Wykeham". There is also a D Cat offshoot called "The Herne" which has 40 cells all single.
By December 2010, the Prison offered a limited selection of Freeview channels to all cells.
The Regime at HMP Winchester claims to deliver an average of 22 hours of Purposeful Activity per prisoner per week. However, this is regularly disputed by inspection reports and prisoners themselves.
Education at the prison is provided through Milton Keynes College, and is available irrespective of academic ability, but only limited courses are available to prisoners segregated under Prison Rule 45.  Other facilities include a prison gym.
There have been many deaths in Winchester Prison. Daryl Hargrave aged 22 hanged himself in Winchester Prison on 19 July 2015, a day after another prisoner at the jail took his life. The inquest into Hargrave's death found adequate mental health care had not been provided, despite repeated warnings Hargrave was risk of self harm.  Hargrave had repeatedly self-harmed and attempted suicide and suffered mental health problems from a young age. In the days before his death Hargrave was clearly psychotic and told staff he planned to harm himself according to lawyers. The day before his suicide, Hargrave cut himself and told a nurse he was 'ground down by voices telling him to kill himself.' The nurse asked for him to be moved to an observation cell and put on constant watch.  The prison’s two observation cells were in use and Hargrave was instead put in a corner cell which one nurse described as the "worst place to put someone who was suicidal, as it was out of sight, out of mind".  Consultant forensic psychiatrist, Dr Dinesh Maganty, said Hargrave showed clear evidence of psychosis and a GP or psychiatrist should have seen him urgently. Maganty said Hargrave should have received medication to help with anxiety and agitation due to his psychosis and criticised failure to provide it. The governor told the jury in 2015, just 41% of staff were sufficiently trained in suicide and self-harm prevention. This has now risen to 61% but progress was slow as because of 'resourcing issues' and the governor accepted this is not good enough.  A coroner found neglect contributed to Daryl Hargrave's death.  A prison inspection found the prison was, "insufficiently safe" and anti-bullying measures were ineffective.
Many prisoners spend just 45 minutes a day out of their cells.  There is weak support for prisoners at risk of self harm and there have been five suicides since the last inspection in 2014.  New prisoners are reasonably well treated, initiatives to prevent violence are good and the prison is making progress in many areas.  However limits to time out of cells reduces the good the prison can do. After a prisoner took his own life in September 2016 there were complaints over lack of suicide prevention training among the staff. All but one of the Richmond Sixteen, First World War "absolutist" conscientious objectors
Dennis Whitty
Basil Bunting
Keith Mann
Rosemary West
Stephen Nicholson: Currently convicted for the murder of Lucy McHugh and 3 counts of child rape and serving life with the possibility of 33 years
Bob Higgins: Former football coach with Southampton F.C. Implicated in the 2016 United Kingdom football sexual abuse scandal - held on remand at HMP Winchester until sentencing. Currently imprisoned at HMP Wakefield in Yorkshire. The prison featured (as Wintoncester Prison) in Thomas Hardy's novel Tess of the D'Urbervilles.
The prison appeared in the 1971 Stanley Kubrick film A Clockwork Orange, as it was used for location shooting, as well as an aerial shot.
The prison appeared in the 2019 Channel 4 programme 'Crime and Punishment' with the first episode broadcast on 16 September, and subsequent episodes being broadcast at 9pm each Monday.


Aref Arefkia (Persian: عارف عارف‌کیا) (Azerbaijani: Arif Arifkiya), known as Aref (Persian: عارف; also Romanized as Āref, born August 10, 1940) is an Iranian pop music singer and former actor. He is known as "The king of hearts" and "The legend of pop" in Iran.
He graduated from Tehran Industrial School of Art in 1958. Before starting his career as a singer, Aref worked as a teacher in Qazvin industrial school of art for two years, but the truth is that he has been singing since he was 12 years old.
In the 1960s, Aref introduced a new wave of romantic styles to the large spectrum of romantic Persian music. After the Islamic revolution Aref left Iran and went to London and Los Angeles. He has one son and four daughters.
His first hit was "Daryacheye Noor" which is still popular among all the Iranians. Aref and his family left Iran in 1979, following the Islamic revolution. He first lived in London, England, for three years, then moved to Los Angeles, United States.
Number of songs : I present you (August 2018), that's enough (June 2018), Peshmerga (February 2017), who better than you (November 2016), Love (July 2016), Bagh-e Darya (February 2016), Mondgar (December 2015), Don't Cry (January 1, 2015), Song of Nostalgia (June 2014), Love (May 19, 2014), Storm (October 1, 2013), Aramesh (2012), If you're not (with Reza Naderi- 2011), Stars, Fire (2007), Persian Gulf.
Song Style: In the past,  Aref's work was known among music pursuers as "Aref style.". The process of shaping this style was as follows:
In the mid-1940s, songs were performed as ballads that had Arabic themes and were mostly needles and gloomy. The course was attended by singers Qasim Jebeli, Manouchehr Shafiee, Alfred Lazarian and Houshang Shokati. Some poets and translators translated the lyrics of the European song "Wow to Wow". Hamid Ghanbari and Jamshid Sheibani were among the first to perform the translated lyrics with the same original song. This style was pop, but it was not Iranian. In the early 1950s, love songs were performed with Western orchestration and Persian theology. This style of songs was presented to the public by Mohammad Noori, Vigen and Manouchehr Sakhaei.
When Aref started his career, Viguen was referred to as the "founder of pop music". He was able to create a "Aref style" by adding Iranian melodies and musical instruments to the previous style.
The concept of songs :
Love Songs Aref had suffered many hardships in his life, so there was a "disdain" in his voice. His loneliness also made the songs he sang more palpable to the listener, and the sense of the song conveyed well. This was lost by performing the song "Lake of Light (= Daryache ye Noor)",  and he had to use his thoughts to create it in his songs to create sense. (Aref never used smoke or alcohol) Shahbal Shab-pareh wrote in  "The Pop Fader song" about Aref: "The Sultan(=King) of Hearts was Aref, reading it was for the heart of love. Everything he read smelled of love , promising , friendship and compromise"
Political and Patriotic Songs :
With the outbreak of the revolution, Aref tried to distance himself from singing love songs and sing about the pains of the people of his community. During his time in the country, he performed the songs of "brother (=baradar)" and "I will give you my hands (= dast hayam raa be to midaham)" .
Abroad, songs such as "My Pulse for Iran (=nabze man baraye Iran mizane)" , "People Always people (=mardom hamishe mardom)" , "Little Soldier (=sarbaz kochoolo)" , "Blackout (=khaamooshi)" , "Strange Days of Nazanin(= roozegare ajibist nazanin)" , "Beman Madar" , "khakeh man Irane man Koo", "Anthem of Iran (Polyphony)", "Persian Gulf(=khalije fars)" , "Beat the Fire(= bezan atash)" released.
New Persian Songs : In the early 1970s, great songwriters such as Shahyar Ghanbari, Ardalan Sarfaraz and Iraj Jannati-Ataei began to change the course of songs and used heavy Persian literature. These types of poets were like unknown 2-3 equations that led the listener astray. Aref sought to perform simple poets that would be tangible to the listener. Like the song "I Don't Believe (=delam bavar nadareh)" with a poem by Shahyar Ghanbari that was performed in the mid-1960s : [ I know, like everyone else, you'll be fed up with me, and you'll be saddened by my grief / These two white hands in my hand, I know, will eventually put my hand back / I know, but I don't believe it's enough that it's simple, it brings me bad back ]
Polyphony Songs :
1. Duet with female singers :In addition to Narmela and Pouran and Delkash, Ramesh, Googoosh, Ahdieh, Beheshteh, Shahin, Hayedeh, Pouran Zandi (wife of Jamshid Zandi ), Aref also performed duets that were mostly made for feature films.
In the 1960s and 1970s, most of the selway choruses of Aref songs were performed by a woman named Hermineh. In 2002, Aref appeared as a guest singer at the Kodak Theatre and performed the song "Sultan of Hearts (=sultane qalbha)" along with Leila Forouhar.
Duet  male singers :
The songs that Aref performed with male singers are:  Advice (with Amir Rasaei), Roses (with Sattar), Iran Iraneh (with Shahram Kashani) and If you're not (with Reza Naderi). In late 1991, at an art festival, baron baron, kalaghha, and Hala kheili direh, they were co-performed by Viguen, Manouchehr Sakhaei and Aref .
Four-voiced songs (related to the film Money of the World(= donyaye pool) :Several songs were recorded for this film, composer and arranger Anoushirvan Rouhani, whose words were written by Karim Fakoor. In the film, two songs, "Del-e Qafel" and "Dastet Ra dar dasteh man deh", were recorded and performed in the voices of Aref, Vigen, Pouran and Beheshteh .
The four-voiced song "Parastooha" (related to the movie The Lovely Girl(=Dookhtareh eshvehgar) : The song was recorded and released along with Ahadieh, Alice and Bella .
Triphony song "Hamoumi": The folk song was set in 1974 by Shamaezadeh, played by Aref, Ebi and Solly. The song was also performed and released by Shama-ei-zadeh, Martik and Bahram.
Six-voiced songs related to Nowruz 1978: In one of the television specials, two songs , "Samanoo" and "Ey Ensan" were performed by Aref, Solly, Betty, Nelly, Nasrin and Faramarz Parsi.
Six-voiced song "Iran" (Vatan janeh man_jaanam Irane man): The song was produced and released in 1988 with a poem by Homayoun Hoshyarnejad and a song by Shamaei-zadeh in a shortcoming called "Peace(=Solh)" by Pars Video, whose singers were Aref, Vigen, Shamaei-zadeh, Hooshmand Aghili and Shifteh.
"Nobahar" nine-voiced song: Performed by Aref, Vigen, Sattar, Leila Forouhar, Morteza, Andy, Koros and Delaram and Fataneh.
Eight-voiced song "Haji-Firouz": Performed by Aref, Vigen, Shama'izadeh, Fataneh, Hassan Shojaei, Nahid, Andy and Koros.
The 12-voiced song "khake-man Irane-man koo": Performed by Aref, Sattar, Habib, Hooshmand Aghili, Shahrokh Shaheed, Morteza Barjaste, Ali Nazari, Ahmad Azad, Nazi Afshar, Sadegh Nojooki, Delaram and Shahla Sarshar.
Song "Music": The song was recorded in collaboration with 24 Iranian artists produced by Tapesh-TV in 2006. The songwriter was Paksima Zakipour and her composer and arranger by Ramon. Featured Songs : 1. Burning and Instrument (=sooro-saze): The song is the result of Arif's collaboration with Parviz Maqsadi, which marked a turning point in his fame. Aref says: "Early on, I sang every song I was offered, but later I decided not to play a song that didn't sit in my heart. That's why I tried my best to sing my favorite songs, and the beginning of these songs was "Burning and Instrument", which was welcomed by everyone. Elusive shadow (=Saaye-gorizan): The song was released in 1967 and topped the best-selling songs for weeks. The elusive shadow is based on a song by "I saw her standing there" , whose rhythm has been transformed from two-fourth to six-eighth, and is played in the style of the "Beatles" with three guitars. The song's composer was Parviz Khatibi, who helped Aref and Zaven Ohanian (the arranger of the work) to transform the rhythm. "Lake of Light (=Daryache-Noor)": The song was performed and released in 1968 with a beautiful melody by Parviz Maqsadi. "Daryache-Noor" was ranked second in the best song of 1968 by the singers of "Majale-Javanan" ( famous Iranian journal ), which made Aref more popular. Aref's sense of satisfaction was so much that he forgot about his sadly-voice. Aref says: "When the song "Daryache-Noor" was very muddy, Vigen also went to a destination to compose a song at this level, and he wrote "Gole-sorkh", which was highly regarded.<PIC> Aref recalls to have sung up to 850 songs to this date. After the Islamic Revolution of 1979, In Los Angeles and Dubai he produced many albums:
Various Singers: Gol-e Sorkh 1993
Various Singers: Khaaneh Sorkh
Baazgasht 1983
Sarbaz Kouchouloo 2002
Roozegar-e Gharibist Nazanin 1989
Ayeneh dar Ayeneh 1995
Khoda Kone Biyaee 1996
Khaaneh Sorkh
Various Singers: Solh
Piri (Aref's old hits that were all re-mastered)
Mard-e Ghabileh 1991
Mah o Palang 1996
Nazak 1985
Soltan-e Ghalbha (Aref's old hits that were all re-mastered) 1999
Amineh 2000
Gharib Anaam(Azari)
VasiyatNameh 1998
Aziz-e Ghesseh(not yet released)
Alma(Azari) 2011
50 Years Greatest Hits (5 CDs):
This package has 60 of Aref's hits:
Tranquilzer Songs-1
Breezy Songs-1
Breezy Songs-2
Tranquilzer Songs-2
Breezy Songs-3 Aref received many awards, including the Highest Cultural Imperial Medallion from the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, for singing at the Asian Games of 1974 in Iran. In this concert with Tehran's Philharmonic Orchestra, Aref sang in front of 100,000 Iranians and in the presence of many international state officials and dignitaries.
Aref performed his first concert outside of Iran in New York City in Madison Square to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the American Independence.
His success continued well into the mid-1970s. In a survey conducted by Javanan Magazine, Aref and Googoosh were both chosen as "Most Famous Pop Icon" of the year, nine years in a row.
Zan-e Rooz magazine chose Aref as Man of the Year from a large group of politicians, singers and actors. Aref was also a popular singer for movie soundtracks (about 60 movies). His songs were heard on numerous Iranian films of the 1960s and early 1970s among which Gholam Jandarm, Soltan-e Ghalbha, Ghesseh-e Shab, Yaghout-e 3 Chashm, Dalahoo and Gharibeh are the most famous. He also appeared in six different musical films:
1. Ezdevaj e Irani (1966)
2. EshghAfarin (1967)
3. Saaghi (1968)
4. Ayene e Zaman (1968)
5. Ghorboon e Harchi Khoshgele (1971)
6. Bezan Berim (1974)


Smithfield is a city in Cache County, Utah, United States. The population was 9,495 at the 2010 United States Census, with an estimated population of 12,025 in 2019. It is included in the Logan, Utah-Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area, and is the second largest city in the area after Logan, the county seat. Smithfield is home to one public high school and three public elementary schools.<PIC> According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.0 square miles (12.9 km²), all land. Originally known as "Summit Creek" (due to its location on that creek), Smithfield was founded in 1857 by brothers Robert and John Thornley and their cousin Seth Langton, who were sent north from Salt Lake City by LDS Church President Brigham Young to found a settlement on Summit Creek. After a preliminary scouting, Robert returned with his new wife Annie Brighton. The first winter was spent in a wagon box. By the next summer, with more settlers arriving, a small fort was built on the edge of the creek, one cabin of which remains. As the settlement grew, a bishop was named to lead the church congregation, and the town took his name. By 1917 the town had planted trees on both sides of its Main Street and had acquired a Carnegie library and a Rotary club. Dependent for many years on dairying, a Del Monte canning factory, and the sugar beet industry, the town is now essentially a bedroom community for Logan and its Utah State University. At the 2000 United States Census there were 7,261 people in 2,066 households, including 1,782 families, in the city. The population density was 1,686.6 people per square mile (650.5/km²). There were 2,159 housing units at an average density of 501.5 per square mile (193.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 95.23% White, 0.12% African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.48% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 2.82% from other races, and 1.06% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.04%.
Of the 2,066 households 53.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 78.5% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 13.7% were non-families. 12.2% of households were one person and 6.8% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.51 and the average family size was 3.85.
The age distribution was 37.8% under the age of 18, 12.1% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 16.2% from 45 to 64, and 8.0% 65 or older. The median age was 25 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.6 males.
The median household income was $47,745 and the median family income  was $49,828. Males had a median income of $35,708 versus $21,076 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,933. About 4.5% of families and 6.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.6% of those under age 18 and 8.0% of those age 65 or over.  Birch Creek Elementary
Summit Elementary
Sunrise Elementary Sky View High Birch Creek Golf Course (owned by Smithfield City)
Smithfield Cemetery (owned by Smithfield City)
Smithfield Public Library (owned by Smithfield City)


Vladica Dimitrov (Serbian Cyrillic: Владица Димитров; born 1974) is a politician in Serbia from the country's Bulgarian community. He was a member of the National Assembly of Serbia from 2014 to 2016 and is currently serving his fourth term as mayor of Dimitrovgrad. Dimitrov has been a member of the Serbian Progressive Party since 2013.<PIC> Dimitrov was born in Dimitrovgrad, in what was then the Socialist Republic of Serbia in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He is a graduate of the University of Niš Faculty of Medicine and works as a radiology specialist in private life. Dimitrov entered political life as a member of the Democratic Party of Serbia (Demokratska stranka Srbije, DSS) and was elected to Dimitrovgrad municipal assembly under its banner in the 2004 Serbian local elections. He served as president (i.e., speaker) of the assembly from 2004 to 2007. In the buildup to the 2008 local elections, he left the DSS to join the rival Democratic Party (Demokratska stranka, DS). The DS emerged from these elections as the dominant party in a local coalition government, and Dimitrov was appointed to the municipal council (i.e., the executive branch of the municipal government) with responsibility for health and social policy. He was first chosen as mayor in December 2011, after the resignation of Veselin Velichkov.
After the 2012 local elections, the Democratic Party formed an administration with the Socialist Party of Serbia and other parties, and Dimitrov was selected for a second term as mayor. He was acting leader of the local DS board during this period. In 2013, a split in the party and a realignment of local political forces led to Dimitrov being replaced as mayor by Nebojša Ivanov. Dimitrov left the DS at this time and joined the Serbian Progressive Party.
Dimitrov received the 143rd position on the Progressive Party's Aleksandar Vučić — Future We Believe In electoral list for the national assembly in the 2014 Serbian parliamentary election and was elected when the list won a landslide victory with 158 mandates. For the next two years, he served in parliament as a supporter of the Vučić's ministry. He received the 140th position successor Aleksandar Vučić – Serbia Is Winning list in the 2016 parliamentary election and missed election when the list won 131 mandates. He was however re-elected to the Dimitrovgrad municipal assembly in the concurrent 2016 local elections and was again selected as mayor after the Progressives won a local victory. He had the opportunity to return to the national assembly in 2017 as the replacement for another member, but he chose not to.
Dimitrov led the Progressives to another victory in the 2020 Serbian local elections and was chosen for a fourth term as mayor at the first meeting of the new municipal assembly.
As mayor, he has taken part in a number of delegations to neighbouring Bulgaria. Dimitrov appeared at the head of his own "Future We Believe In" list for Serbia's Bulgarian National Council in 2014 and was elected when the list won four mandates out of nineteen mandates. He appeared in the second place on a list led by Bosilegrad mayor Vladimir Zahariev in 2018 and was re-elected when the list won a majority victory with seventeen mandates.


Margrave Ernest I of Baden-Durlach (7 October 1482, Pforzheim – 6 February 1553, Sulzburg) was the founder of the so-called "Ernestine" line of the House of Baden, the line from which the later Grand Dukes descended.  He was the ruling Margrave of Baden-Pforzheim from 1533 and resided in Pforzheim from 1537.  In 1565, his son Charles II moved the capital to Durlach and thereby changed the name of his country to Baden-Durlach.  He had to deal with the upcoming Reformation and the frequent Ottoman wars in Europe.  In this turbulent time, he tried to maintain a neutral position between the Protestants and Catholics.  He did not participate in the Schmalkaldic War.<PIC> Ernest was the seventh son of the Margrave Christopher I of Baden and Ottilie of Katzenelnbogen.
Ernest was at first – like most of his brothers – destined for the clergy and was ordained in 1496 in Graben-Neudorf by the Vicar General of Diocese of Speyer.  But he was not willing to renounce his inheritance and changed from a spiritual career to a military one.  In 1509 he participated in the campaign of the Emperor Maximilian I against the Republic of Venice.
His father, Margrave Christopher I, proposed to make his fifth son, Philip I his sole successor, since Philip was most qualified to govern the country and Christopher wanted to avoid a division of his territory.  On 18 June 1511, Christopher demanded that the Estates of Rötteln, Sausenberg and Badenweiler salute Philip, but they refused.  On subsequent meetings of the Estates in Rötteln and in 1512 in Kandern, they refused to pay homage to Philip, because they would not be drawn into the internal struggles of the house of Baden.  Ernest had threatened the Estates that he would respond with violence if they were to pay homage to his brother.
Ernest administered parts of Baden on behalf of his father from 1515 onwards, as did his brothers Philip I and Bernhard III.  After Philip's death, Bernard III and Ernest divided the country into the Margraviates of Baden-Baden ("Bernhardine line") and Baden-Durlach ("Ernestine line").  The two parts were reunited in 1771 under Margrave and later Grand Duke Charles Frederick, a descendant of the Ernestine line, after the extinction of the other lines.  The Margrave first married on 29 September 1510 with Elisabeth of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach (born: 25 March 1494; died: 31 May 1518), the daughter of Margrave Frederick I of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach.  They had the following children:
Albert (born:  July 1511; died: 12 December 1542), participated in the Austrian war against the Turks in 1541 in Hungary and died on the way back in Wasserburg am Inn
Anna (born: April 1512; died after 1579)
married on 11 February 1537 to Count Charles I of Hohenzollern (born: 1516; died: 8 March 1576)
Amalie (born: February 1513; died 1594)
married in 1561 Count Frederick II of Löwenstein (born: 22 August 1528; died: 5 June 1569)
Marie Jacqueline (born: October 1514; died: 1592)
married in February 1577 to Count Wolfgang II of Barby (born: 11 December 1531; died: 23 March 1615)
Marie Cleopha (born: September 1515; died: 28 April 1580)
married in 1548 Count William of Schultz (died circa 1566)
Elizabeth (born: 20 May 1516; died: 9 May 1568)
married firstly in 1533 Count Gabriel von Salamanca-Ortenburg (died: December 1539)
married secondly on 30 July 1543 Count Conrad II of Castell (born: 10 July 1519; died: 8 July 1577)
Bernhard (born: February 1517; died: 20 January 1553), ruling Margrave The Margrave's second marriage was in 1518 with Ursula of Rosenfeld (died: 26 February 1538), the daughter of George of Rosenfeld. This was a morganatic marriage. During Ernests's lifetime, it was controversial whether his son Charles could inherit the Margraviate.  In the end, Charles could only inherit the margravite from his half-brother because the guardians of his cousins in the Bernhardine line did not object.  In 1594, this morganatic marriage was cited in the imperial court as an argument when Margrave Ernest Frederick — a grandson of Ernest – contested the right to inherit of the children of Margrave Edward Fortunatus and Marie of Eicken.
They had three children:
Margaret (1519–1571)
married on 12 November 1538 to Count Wolfgang II of Oettingen (1511–1572)
Salome (d. 1559)
married in 1540 Count Ladislas of Hag (born: 1495, died: 31 August 1566)
Charles II (born: 24 July 1529; died: 23 March 1577), ruling Margrave The Margrave married his third wife on 1 March 1544.  She was Anna Bombast of Hohenheim (died: 6 June 1574).  This marriage produced no children.  Arthur Kleinschmidt (1877), "Ernst (Markgraf von Baden-Durlach)", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB) (in German), vol. 6, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 243–244
Friedrich Wielandt (1959), "Ernst, Markgraf von Baden-Durlach", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 4, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 605–606
"Entry". Zedlers Universallexikon. Vol. 8. p. 888.
Johann Christian Sachs: Einleitung in die Geschichte der Marggravschaft und des marggrävlichen altfürstlichen Hauses Baden, Karlsruhe, 1770, part 4 at Google Books
Pütter: Ueber Mißheirathen Teutscher Fürsten und Grafen, Göttingen, 1796, pp. 83–91
Christoph Meiners, Ludwig Timotheus Spittler (eds.): Mark-Graf Ernst von Baden und Ursula von Rosenfeld, die Stamm-Eltern des noch blühenden Badischen Hauses, in: Göttingisches Historisches Magazin, vol. 4, Hanover, 1789, pp. 737–772 online
Casimir Bumiller: Ursula von Rosenfeld und die Tragödie des Hauses Baden, Gernsbach, 2010, ISBN 978-3-938047-51-4
Karl Seith: Das Markgräflerland und die Markgräfler im Bauernkrieg des Jahres 1525, Karlsruhe, 1926
Johann David Köhler: Die sehr seltene Fürstl. Badenische Brüderliche Eintrachts-Medaille von A. 1533, in: Im Jahr 1729 wöchentlich herausgegegeber Historischer Münz-Belustigung, part 1, Nuremberg, 1729, pp. 361–368


The Candelária massacre (Portuguese: chacina da Candelária [ʃɐˈsĩnɐ ðɐ kɐ̃deˈlaɾjɐ]) was a mass killing in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on July 23, 1993. During the night, eight homeless people, including six minors, were killed by a group of men beside the Candelária Church. Several of the men were members of the police and were tried for the killings, but only two were convicted.<PIC> The Candelária Church is a famous historic Roman Catholic church in central Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The church itself and the buildings around it in Pius X Square became known as a popular location for possibly hundreds of Rio de Janeiro's street children to form a makeshift home at night. The church's personnel provides food, shelter, education and religious advice to as many of these children as possible. Many of the homeless children are involved with the illegal drug trade and prostitution, and because many of these children also live around the church during the day, police keep a constant watch on the church's surroundings. In the early 1990s, the area around the Candelária Church developed a high crime rate as street children increasingly began to commit criminal activities such as pickpocketing and robbery. According to survivors, on the morning of July 22, 1993, the day before the massacre, a group of children threw stones at police cars. As the children from the Candelária Church area were usually only given warnings by policemen, the young perpetrators left without worrying too much about the threat. At midnight, several Chevrolet Chevette cars with covered license plates came to a halt in front of the Candelária Church, and the occupants began shooting at the group of roughly seventy street children sleeping in the vicinity of the church. Paulo Roberto de Oliveira, 11 years old
Anderson de Oliveira Pereira, 13 years old
Marcelo Cândido de Jesus, 14 years old
Valdevino Miguel de Almeida, 14 years old
"Gambazinho", 17 years old
Leandro Santos da Conceição, 17 years old
Paulo José da Silva, 18 years old
Marcos Antônio Alves da Silva, 20 years old Six children and two adults were killed and numerous others were wounded outside the Candelária Church. Subsequently, during the investigations the shots were found to be fired by policemen, and fifty officers were accused of the massacre. One of them, Mauricio da Conceição, died during a shootout as he was about to be arrested in 1994. Two others, Marcos Emmanuel and Nelson Cunha, were handed sentences equivalent to life sentences.
One of the children that survived that attack was supposedly shot several times before he could testify against policemen that were to go to trial, and ended up fleeing from Brazil in order to save his life.
The international community severely condemned the attack, and many in Brazil asked for the prosecution of those who shot the Candelária Church children.
The event was addressed by the Brazilian death metal band Lacerated and Carbonized in the song "The Candelária Massacre" from their 2013 album The Core of Disruption. A social worker who later tracked the fate of these homeless survivors of the Candelária massacre found out that eventually 39 of them were either killed by police or by elements of street life, and discusses this in the documentary Bus 174 about the Nascimento incident.


On 14 October 2011, a Cessna 208 Caravan turboprop passenger aircraft operated by Moremi Air on a domestic flight from Xakanaka camp to Maun, Botswana, crashed and caught fire shortly after take-off, killing eight of the twelve people on board.
The following investigation concluded that the aircraft suffered a catastrophic engine failure on take-off, compounded by environmental hazards at  Xakanaka, which led to the plane hitting trees and crashing to the ground. The aircraft had departed from Maun Airport on the morning of 14 October for a series of flight sectors in the Okavango Delta that took it first to Kasane Airport. After refuelling there, at 11:50 eleven passengers boarded the aircraft. The next sector would have taken the Cessna to Pom Pom Camp, but it was decided to stop at Xakanaxa first to  drop two passengers. No flight plan was filed for the diversion to Xakanaxa, nor was the airline's base informed.
At Xakanaxa, the pilot was informed that he was required to pick up another two passengers bound for Maun. After some hesitation, the pilot agreed to take the passengers, departing from Xakanaxa with eleven passengers, despite company procedures restricting the maximum number of passengers for operations from that airfield to ten.
The Grand Caravan took off from Xakanaka airstrip at 13:55. Almost immediately after take-off, the engine lost power and the aircraft collided with trees. It then crashed nose first approximately 600 metres from the airfield, with an intense fire quickly engulfing the wreckage, burning beyond recognition the bodies of six passengers and the pilot. A rescue team was flown in and found the wreckage still ablaze. An eighth occupant was taken to hospital but later died. Identification of the victims was only possible through DNA testing. The airplane involved was a Cessna 208B Grand Caravan, a single-engine turboprop utility aircraft capable of carrying thirteen passengers plus crew. It was fitted with a Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-114A turboprop engine. It held Botswanan registration A2-AKD, and had been manufactured in 1996.<PIC> The Grand Caravan was crewed by a single pilot and was carrying eleven passengers. The passengers were mainly French and Swiss tourists heading for a safari lodge, but included also two Botswanan officials from the country's Department of Road Transport, who both survived. Some of the Swiss passengers were initially misidentified as Swedish. The pilot was Moremi Air’s general manager, and was described as the company's "most seasoned pilot" with over 12,000 flight hours. The investigation into the crash was carried out by the Directorate of Accident Investigation (DAI) of the Botswanan Ministry of Transport and Communications. Its results were published in June 2013.
The main cause of the accident was found to be "engine failure resulting from the failure of the Compressor Turbine Blades." Turbine blades were found to be affected by "sulphidation corrosion", although it could not be established whether that was the root cause of the failure, leaving open the possibility that material failure or inappropriate engine operation may have played a role.
The report was also very critical of Moremi Air's management style and training practices, concluding that the company's safety culture "had eroded to the extent that safety was being compromised." Other contributing factors cited were the presence of tall trees in the vicinity of the runway at Xakanaxa, the decision to embark more passengers than the maximum allowed for operations at that airfield, poor supervision of operators and airfields by the Civil Aviation Authority of Botswana (CAAB), and the engine manufacturer's failure to disseminate "critical maintenance information" among operators.
The DAI made several safety recommendations to the CAAB calling for stricter supervision of airline and airfield operators, and to Cessna, the aircraft manufacturer, to ensure that the aircraft data acquisition system (ADAS) is made to resist to fire damage.


HMS Gorgon and her sister ship Glatton were two monitors originally built as coastal defence ships for the Royal Norwegian Navy, as HNoMS Nidaros and Bjørgvin respectively, by Armstrong Whitworth at Elswick. She was purchased from Norway at the beginning of the First World War, but was not completed until 1918 although she had been launched over three years earlier. She engaged targets in Occupied Flanders for the last several months of the war and fired the last shots of the war against such targets on 15 October 1918. She was used as a target ship after several attempts to sell her had fallen through before being sold for scrap in 1928.<PIC> Nidaros was ordered by Norway in 1913 to supplement the older  Eidsvold and  Tordenskjold classes of coastal defense ships. She would have been known in Norway as P/S Nidaros; P/S stands for Panserskip ("armoured ship"), while Nidaros was the old name for the Norwegian city of Trondheim. However, when the First World War broke out, the Royal Navy requisitioned most warships under construction in Britain for foreign powers and refunded the two-thirds of the Bjørgvin's £370,000 purchase price already paid by the Norwegians. Nidaros was laid down by Armstrong Whitworth at Elswick on 11 June 1913 and launched on 9 June 1914. She was renamed as Gorgon, after an earlier breastwork monitor of 1871. Her completion was greatly delayed by the modifications made by the British, which included modifying the boilers to use both oil and coal and conversion of 12 double-bottom tanks to carry oil. This work began on 9 January 1915, but was suspended the following May, when it was estimated that only another 10–12 months of work remained, to allow for faster progress to be made on the large light cruisers Furious and Courageous that were building in Armstrong's Naval Yard downriver. In September 1917, work was resumed on a new design that added a large anti-torpedo bulge along about 75% of the hull's length, suppression of the torpedo tubes and the 100-millimetre (3.9 in) guns planned by the Norwegians, and a large tripod mast was fitted behind the single funnel to carry the directors for both the 6-inch (152 mm) and 9.2-inch (230 mm) guns. Both of these guns had to be relined to use standard British ammunition and the mount for the 9.2-inch gun was modified to give a maximum elevation of 40° which gave the gun a maximum range of 39,000 yards (36,000 m). Addition of the bulges cost 2 knots (3.7 km/h; 2.3 mph) in speed, but prevented the extra weight resulting from all of these changes from deepening her draft. She was finally completed on 4 June 1918.
Gorgon displaced 5,700 long tons (5,800 t) at deep load as built, with a length of 310 feet (94.5 m), a beam of 73 feet 7 inches (22.4 m) at maximum, although her main hull only had a beam of 55 feet (16.8 m) and a draught of 16 feet 4 inches (5.0 m). She was powered by two vertical triple expansion steam engines, which developed a total of 4,000 indicated horsepower (3,000 kW) from four Yarrow watertube boilers and gave a maximum speed of 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph).
She was armed with two 9.2-inch guns arranged in two single-gun turrets, one turret each fore and aft. Her secondary armament consisted of four six-inch guns, also in single gun turrets, two of which superfired over the 9.2-inch turrets and the others were positioned on each side of the superstructure. One 3 in (76 mm) anti-aircraft gun was mounted on each center-line six-inch turret. She also carried four 3-pounder and four 2-pounder guns on high-angle mounts. Gorgon arrived at Dover on 6 June 1918 where she spent the next five weeks working up. Her first engagement was on 26 July when she fired eight rounds at a range of 33,000 yards (30,000 m) at a German howitzer battery to calibrate her guns and fire control system, which provoked a response from the German 380-millimetre (15 in) gun of Batterie Pommern south of Ostend. Three days later, she accompanied Marshal Soult on a bombardment of Batterie "Tirpitz". She spent the next month and a half either out on patrol in the English Channel or preparing for the bombardment scheduled for the end of September in support of a major offensive along the coast.
At daybreak on 28 September 1918, Gorgon, in company with General Wolfe, anchored about 7 mi (6.1 nmi; 11 km) off De Panne, Belgium and opened fire about 7:15 on a bridge at Snaeskerke, Belgium at a range of 36,000 yd (33,000 m). Conditions were not good as both wind and tide were against her. Gorgon's stern anchor cable parted and she swung around on her bow anchor so that only her rear turret could bear on the target. No aircraft were made available to spot for her so there was little chance of a hit and she only fired eleven rounds. She, and the other monitors, were attacked several times during the day by German aircraft with little effect and several coast defense batteries attempted to engage them through the smokescreen put up by the motor launches supporting the operation. She fired thirteen shells the next day in another attempt to destroy the bridge and claimed one hit although this was not confirmed by subsequent observations.
On 14 October, she repeated the experience, except that her target was now the Middelkerke batteries. She fired 41 rounds during the morning at a range of 26,000 yards (24,000 m), but she accompanied Vice-Admiral Keyes in the destroyer Termagant in a reconnaissance mission to see if the Germans were still holding the coast in strength. The fire of the Tirpitz and Raversyde Batteries soon disabused them of any notions to the contrary and Gorgon was forced to turn away at maximum speed (14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph)), which was faster than she'd made on trials, when they straddled her and hit her with splinters from the near-misses. The following day she returned to her original target and fired 30 rounds in 20 minutes. These were the last shots of the war fired against German batteries on the Belgian coast.
She was sent to Portsmouth after the end of the war where she was made available to investigate the cause of her sister ship Glatton's magazine explosion. She was moved to Devonport as a temporary tender to the stone frigate Vivid in April 1919. She was paid off on 31 August and joined the Reserve Fleet in September. She was offered back to the Norwegians, but they rejected her as unsuitable to their requirements, especially since she was now too broad for their dock at Horten. Several attempts were made to sell her, but she was disarmed in 1922 and used as a target ship to evaluate the effects of bombs bursting underwater near a ship and the effects of six-inch gunfire. She was finally sold for scrap on 26 August 1928 and broken up at the former naval dockyard at Pembroke.


Marc McAusland (born 13 September 1988) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a defender for Icelandic club Njarðvík. McAusland has had two spells with his local side St Mirren, and has also played for Queen of the South, Dunfermline Athletic, Keflavík, Grindavík, as well as briefly being on loan with Stranraer.  McAusland, nicknamed 'Cheesy' started his career with St Mirren as a youth player. On 20 October 2006 he left on a one-month loan to Stranraer and made his senior debut against Greenock Morton the next day. McAusland made his "Saints" senior debut coming on as a substitute during a 2–0 win against Gretna on 29 March 2008. However, by the end of the 2008–09 season, he had only played a handful of games for the club.<PIC> In the summer of 2009, McAusland moved to Dumfries club Queen of the South, in the Scottish First Division. Shortly after making his competitive debut for Queens he was named in the squad for the Scotland under 21 training camp scheduled for 9–11 August 2009. On 16 July 2010, McAusland returned to St Mirren, signing a three-year contract. On 13 March 2013, He extended his contract by a further two years, taking him up to the end of season 2014–15. McAusland was part of St Mirren's League Cup winning side in 2013. With his contract due to expire at the end of season 2014–15, he agreed to leave the club by mutual consent on 15 April 2015. He made 187 appearances for the club in total, over two spells. In September 2015 McAusland signed a one-year contract with Scottish League One side Dunfermline Athletic to bolster their squad, after injuries to defenders Callum Fordyce and Ryan Williamson left just four outright defenders fit. His first match for Dunfermline came in a one-all draw with Airdrieonians at the end of September. In total he made 15 appearances for the East End Park side before it was announced at the end of January 2016 that would be leaving the club, taking up an option in his contract which allowed him to be released early. His final match for the Pars was a league match against Cowdenbeath on 2 January 2016, in which he suffered a first-half injury and had to be replaced by Shaun Byrne. In March 2016, McAusland signed a two-year deal with Icelandic side Keflavík. His first start for the side came a few days after signing, in an Icelandic League Cup match against Valur, with his first league start coming in a 1–1 draw with HK. During the 2016 season, McAusland played in all but one of his club's 22 league matches, helping Keflavík finish the league in third position. At their end of season closing reception, McAusland was voted Keflavík player of the year for the 2016 season, and in July 2017, his contract with the club was extended until the end of the 2019 season. After gaining promotion to the top tier, McAusland was included in the Inkasso-deildin team of the year, receiving 20 out of a possible 22 votes. Following their relegation back to 1. deild, McAusland left Keflavík and signed for top-tier side Grindavík on a two-year deal. He left Grindavík after only one season. As of 26 September 2017 St Mirren
Scottish League Cup (1): 2012–13
Renfrewshire Cup : 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014
Dunfermline Athletic
Scottish League One: 2015-16


Carma Technology Corporation is a real-time transportation technology company headquartered in Cork, Ireland. Its flagship product, Carma Carpooling, matches users with nearby commuters and enables them to share the cost of driving. Carma also has offices in San Francisco, California and Austin, Texas. Formerly known as Avego, the company was founded in 2007 by Sean O'Sullivan as a research and development division of the company Mapflow. In April 2009, Avego became a separate entity associated with University College Cork. Its real-time carpooling service first served the University community in the form of an iPhone application, with seats priced by mileage.
In January 2011, Avego and the Washington State Department of Transportation launched a pilot carpool program, called "go520," serving the Washington State Route 520 corridor outside Seattle. Financial subsidies of $30 monthly were available to both drivers and riders for the duration of the pilot.
In October 2011, Avego began a carpooling pilot in the Arlington Potomac Yard area.
In mid-2012, Avego implemented the largest carpooling project to date in Santa Barbara, Sonoma County, Contra Costa County, and Marin County, California. It was administered by Caltrans and the MTC.
In August 2013, the company changed its name to Carma, unveiling a new corporate identity in the process.
In February 2014, Carma introduced an automated tolling discount program for carpoolers in Austin, Texas, in conjunction with the Central Texas Regional Mobility Authority (CTRMA). After unprecedented success, the tolling initiative then expanded to Austin's Manor Expressway in May 2014.
In June 2014, Carma opened up its API to third-party developers and unveiled the Carma Prize Fund – a $2.5m stimulus program aimed at boosting ridesharing activity around the world.  Carma produces real-time information and management systems that use GPS, GSM, Geographic Information Systems, Internet and iPhone technologies to facilitate a shift from single-occupancy vehicles to sustainable transport. Carma's flagship product is a carpooling app that matches drivers and riders, enabling people to make car transportation more efficient and affordable. The company states on its website that Carma's mission is "to enable people around the world to break free from the tyranny of the modern commute".<PIC> According to the Carma Terms of service, proceeds of the rider(s) payment (consisting of fixed charge per trip and a variable per mile fee) is split between the driver (85%) and the company (15%). The company introduced its "Shared Transport" app at the DEMOfall 2008 conference in September 2008. It enables on-demand carpooling. It works by automatically matching a driver's spare seat capacity with a passenger's desire to travel the same route at the same time. Drivers are provided with a price incentive in the form of electronic micropayments from riders at the end of each journey. In December 2008, the iPhone app was released as a free download at Apple's App Store and was featured prominently in the New York Times and other major media outlets.
In April 2010, the app was awarded the ITS America Smart Solutions Spotlight Award by the Intelligent Transportation Society of America.


Nassaria is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Tomliniinae of the family Nassariidae. This genus was treated within family Buccinidae. It was moved to family Nassariidae in 2016. The issue regarding type species of the genus Nassaria Link, 1807 is confusing. Cernohorsky (1981) and Fraussen (2006) assume “Nassaria lyrata Link, 1807”. Considering other instances in Link (1807), this latter name is expected to represent a new combination for Buccinum lyratum Gmelin, 1791, not as a separately available new taxon. Link’s (1807) original reference reads “N. lyrata. L. G. p. 3494. M.C. 4, t. 122, f. 1122, 1123“ [”L.G.” stands for Linnaeus, Gmelin edition and M.C. For Martini & Chemnitz’s “Conchylien Cabinet”].
Nevertheless, as pointed out by Mörch (1862), MacNeil (1961), and others, the two cited references are inconsistent. Gmelin’s Buccinum lyratum is introduced on pp. 3494–3495, and currently considered as a synonym of Boreotrophon clathratus (Linnaeus, 1767) whereas the reference to Martini & Chemnitz (1780), vol. 4, t. 122, f. 1122, 1123 matches Buccinum album Gmelin, 1791, described on page 3495 with reference to the same figures. The vernacular name “Fischreuseschnecken” (a German translation of Nassa snails) used by Link matches “Fischreuse” used by Martini & Chemnitz for f. 1122, 1123, indicating that the latter was the species really intended. This is the rationale for the current interpretation, where Nassaria lyrata Link, 1807 is considered an available name based on Martini & Chemnitz f. 1122, 1123 and objective junior synonym of Buccinum album Gmelin, 1791.<PIC> Species within the genus Nassaria include:
Nassaria acuminata (Reeve, 1881)
Nassaria acutispirata (G.B. Sowerby III, 1913)
Nassaria amboynensis Watson, 1881
Nassaria bitubercularis(A. Adams, 1851)
Nassaria bombax Cernohorsky, 1981
Nassaria callomoni Poppe, Tagaro & Fraussen, 2008
Nassaria corollaria Fraussen, 2006
Nassaria coromandelica E.A.Smith, 1894
† Nassaria dijki (K. Martin, 1884)
Nassaria exquisita Fraussen & Poppe, 2007
Nassaria fibula Fraussen & Stahlschmidt, 2008
Nassaria gracilis G.B. Sowerby III, 1902
Nassaria gyroscopoides Fraussen & Poppe, 2007
† Nassaria incerta (L. C. King, 1933)
Nassaria incisa Fraussen, 2006
Nassaria intacta Fraussen, 2006
Nassaria laevior E.A. Smith, 1899
Nassaria magnifica Lischke, 1871
Nassaria miriamae (Dell, 1967)
Nassaria moosai Fraussen, 2006
 Nassaria nassoides (Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834)
Nassaria nebulonis Fraussen, Dharma & Stahlschmidt, 2009
Nassaria okinavia (Mac Neil, 1960)
Nassaria perlata Poppe & Fraussen, 2004
Nassaria problematica (Iredale, 1936)
Nassaria pusilla (Röding, 1798)
Nassaria recurva G.B. Sowerby II, 1859
Nassaria rickardi (Ladd, 1977)
Nassaria sinensis G.B. Sowerby II, 1859
Nassaria solida Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1961
Nassaria spinigera (Hayashi & Habe, 1965)
Nassaria tarta Fraussen, 2006
Nassaria teres Martens, 1902
Nassaria termesoides Fraussen, 2006
Nassaria thalassomeli Fraussen & Poppe, 2007
Nassaria thesaura Fraussen & Poppe, 2007
Nassaria turbinata (Kuroda, 1961)
Nassaria varicosa S.-Q. Zhang & S.-P. Zhang, 2014
Nassaria vermeiji Fraussen & Stahlschmidt, 2015
Nassaria visayensis Fraussen & Poppe, 2007
Nassaria wallacei Fraussen, 2006
† Nassaria wanneri (Tesch in Wanner, 1915)
Species brought into synonymy
Nassaria auritula Link, 1807: synonym of Gemophos auritulus (Link, 1807)
Nassaria bushii Dall, 1889Small text : synonym  of Nassarina bushiae (Dall, 1889)
Nassaria cirsiumoides Fraussen, 2004: synonym of Phaenomenella cirsiumoides (Fraussen, 2004)
Nassaria columbellata Dall, 1889: synonym of Metulella columbellata (Dall, 1889)
Nassaria kampyla Watson, 1885: synonym  of Sassia kampyla (Watson, 1885)
Nassaria laevier [sic]: synonym of Nassaria laevior E. A. Smith, 1899
Nassaria lyrata Link, 1807: synonym of Nassaria pusilla (Röding, 1798)
Nassaria mordica Hedley, 1909 : synonym  of Orania fischeriana (Tapparone-Canefri, 1882)
Nassaria multiplicata G. B. Sowerby II, 1859: synonym of Nassaria pusilla (Röding, 1798)


Shlomo Margel (Hebrew: שלמה מרגל; born 9 October 1945) is a Professor of Chemistry at Bar Ilan University specializing in polymers, biopolymers, functional thin films, encapsulation, surface chemistry, nanotechnology, nanobiotechnology and agro-nanotechnology.<PIC> Shlomo Margel was born in 1945 in Israel during the Mandate era into a seven-generation Jerusalemite family.
The Margel family descended from the Loewy (Hebrew: לעווי), Menachem Mendel (Hebrew: מנחם מנדל משקלוב) and Rivlin families. Their family trees merged several generations ago and they were all students of the Vilna Gaon (HaGra). He obtained his Ph.D. from the Department of Materials Science at the Weizmann Institute of Science in 1976, followed by three years as a postdoctoral fellow at the Department of Inorganic Chemistry, California Institute of Technology (Caltech). In 1988 he joined the Bar-Ilan Department of Chemistry and has risen through the ranks to Full Professor in 1994. Prof. Margel was a visiting scientist in DuPont Central Research, Wilmington, Delaware, in the University of Ulm, Germany, in Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan and in Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Institute for Soldiers' Nanotechnologies. Prof. Margel chaired the Bar-Ilan Chemistry Department (1999-2001), served as the Dean of the Bar-Ilan Faculty of Exact Sciences (2002-2003) and was the Bar-Ilan Dean of Students (2011-2014). He was the Head of the National Committee for Chemistry in High School Education (2000-2003) and the President of the Israel Chemical Society (2006-2009). The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities designated him to be the Israeli Chairman of the National Committee of Chemistry towards IUPAC during 2010-2013. In addition, during 2014-2017 he served as the President and Head of the Washington College for Education, Yavne. In 2016, Prof. Margel was chosen to lead the establishment of a new agro-nanotechnology center in the Volcani Institute for Agriculture, Beit Dagan. Margel earlier interests included electrochemistry of vinylic monomer and polymers, polyaldehyde microspheres and self-assembly monolayers.
His current research focuses on functional polymeric nano/micro-particles for medical and industrial applications, surface modification, and functional thin coatings (self-cleaning, anti-biofouling, UV absorbers, anti-fogging and superhydrophobic coatings).
Prof. Margel is a world pioneer and gained international reputation in the area of nanotechnology, particularly in the design of functional nano- and micrometer-sized particles of very narrow size distribution for medical and industrial applications.
During his career, Prof. Margel supervised over 100 students. He has over 300 peer-reviewed articles in print, which were cited nearly 8,100 times. Margel has published many book chapters on various aspects of nanoparticles and functional thin coatings, won about 75 national and international research grants and has about 40 patents and patent applications.
Among his previous awards were the Dr. Chaim Weizmann Postdoctoral Fellowship for Scientific Research, established by the Myron A. Bantrell Trust (1976-1978); Shmuel Yaroslavsky Memorial Prize for Study on the Development of Microspheres for Medical Applications, awarded by the Scientific Committee of the Weizmann Institute of Science (1984); M. Landau Grant Foundation for Achievement in the Area of Polymers, awarded by Mifal HaPayis (1989); Taubenblat Prize for studies on Bioactive Wound Dressing & Particles (2003); The Elias, Genevieve and Georgianna Atol Charitable Trust Fellow in Nanomedicine (2003)  and the Israel Vacuum Society (IVS) Excellency Award for Research (2014). Shlomo Margel is married to Hannah Margel, a Ph.D. in Science Teaching from the Weizmann Institute of Science. They live in Rehovot and have four children and seven grandchildren.


The Zoller Bros-Independent Malting Co. building is located on the edge of an industrial area in the west end of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983.<PIC> The beer brewing industry in Davenport got its start after large numbers of German immigrants arrived in Davenport in the 1850s. The larger breweries developed after the end of the American Civil War. Five breweries were functioning in the city: Mathias Frahm and Son, Koehler and Lange (also known as Arsenal Brewery), Littig Brothers (later Mengel and Klindt and Eagle Brewery), Julius Lehrkind's Brewery and Zoller Brothers. They all distributed their beer mainly in Davenport, Rock Island, Illinois and Moline, Illinois.
Brothers Ernest, Herman and Charles Zoeller established the Zoeller Brothers Malt House in the mid-1880s in the Black Hawk area of Davenport's west end. In 1890 they reopened the Black Hawk brewery there father, Ernst Zoeller, Sr., had operated prior. In 1894 all the breweries consolidated into a single corporate structure called The Davenport Malting Company. They built this building in an industrial section of the west end that contained some of the first refrigeration equipment used in the city. As they built new additions on to the plant they closed the older structures. Production reached a high of 75,000 barrels of beer by 1916, and it became the second largest brewery in Iowa.
Independent Malting Company was formed in 1896 in the Zoller Brothers building after they had consolidated their operations two years prior with the other companies.  Davenport Malting Company was divided into two firms in 1904, Davenport Brewing Co. and Hawkeye Realty Co.  Both The Davenport Malting Company and Independent Malting Company closed with national Prohibition in 1916. Over 150 people from both companies lost their jobs. A black market for alcohol took hold in the city until Prohibition was lifted in 1933. Zoller Brewery reopened in 1935 and by 1941 they grew to become the largest brewery in Iowa. They employed 250-300 people and their annual output was 150,000 barrels of beer that was distributed in nine states and in 2,000 cities. The company changed its name to the Blackhawk Brewery in 1945. It ended production in 1952 with the rise of national brands.
The Uchtorff Brewing Company operated out of the facility for several years before they folded. The building has been used by United Van Lines as a warehouse in subsequent years.
Plans to turn the building back into a brewery with a museum started in 2019. Andrew Arnold says that the location will have a museum in the front of the building, a pub on the main floor, a brewery in the back, and a place for local brewers to grow their craft on the second floor.
Development of the brewery was put on hold indefinitely in April 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The former brewery is an example of a combined office and industrial building from the 19th century. It is a two-story, brick structure that features a tripartite front, nine window-bays on each side and segmental arches. It has a recessed entrance with engaged piers, entablature and shallow pediment.


John Wallace Carter (September 24, 1929 – March 31, 1991) was an American jazz clarinet, saxophone, and flute player. He is noted for the acclaimed Roots and Folklore series, a five-album concept album set inspired by African American life and experiences.<PIC> Born in Fort Worth, Texas, Carter attended I.M. Terrell High School, and played music with schoolmates Ornette Coleman and Charles Moffett in the 1940s.
Carter earned a Bachelor of Arts from Lincoln University in Jefferson, Missouri in 1949, and a Master of Arts from the University of Colorado in 1956.  He also studied at the North Texas State and University of California at Los Angeles.
From 1961, Carter was based mainly on the West Coast. There he met Bobby Bradford in 1965, with whom he subsequently worked on a number of projects, notably the New Jazz Art Ensemble. He also played with Hampton Hawes and Harold Land. In the 1970s Carter became well known on the basis of his solo concerts. At New Jazz Festival Moers in 1979, he and the German clarinet player Theo Jörgensmann performed on three days. Afterwards Carter received complimentary reviews and wide recognition from around the world. He and Jörgensmann met again in 1984. The program of the Berlin JazzFest was built around the clarinet. After Carter's solo performance, he and Jörgensmann also played together.
Between 1982 and 1990, Carter composed and recorded Roots and Folklore: Episodes in the Development of American Folk Music, five albums focused on African Americans and their history. The complete set was acclaimed by jazz critics as containing some of the best releases of the 1980s.
A clarinet quartet with Perry Robinson, Jörgensmann and Eckard Koltermann was planned for 1991, but Carter did not recover from a non-malignant tumor. Later that year he was inducted into the Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame.  1969: Seeking (Revelation/Hatology)
1969: Flight for Four (Flying Dutchman)
1970: Self Determination Music (Flying Dutchman)
1972: Secrets (Revelation)
1975: No U-Turn – Live in Pasadena, 1975 (Dark Tree)
1977: Echoes from Rudolph's (Ibedon)
1979: Variations on Selected Themes for Jazz Quintet (Moers)
1980: Suite of Early American Folk Pieces for Solo Clarinet (Moers)
1980: Night Fire (Black Saint)
1982: Tandem 1 (Emanem)
1989: Comin' On (hat Art) with Bobby Bradford
1996: Tandem 2 (Emanem)
1982: Dauwhe  (Black Saint)
1985: Castles of Ghana (Gramavision)
1987: Dance of the Love Ghosts (Gramavision)
1988: Fields (Gramavision)
1989: Shadows on a Wall (Gramavision) With Tim Berne
The Five Year Plan (Empire, 1979)
With Clarinet Summit
You Better Fly Away (MPS, 1979)
Clarinet Summit (India Navigation, 1983)
Clarinet Summit, Vol. 2 (India Navigation, 1983)
Southern Bells (Black Saint, 1987)
With Vinny Golia
Spirits in Fellowship (Nine Winds, 1977)
Live at the Century City Playhouse - Los Angeles, 1979 (Dark Tree, 2017)
Compositions for Large Ensemble (Nine Winds, 1982)
With Richard Grossman
In the Air (Nine Winds Records, 1991)
With John Lindberg
The East Side Suite (Sound Aspects Records, 1983)
With James Newton
The Mystery School (India Navigation, 1980)
Water Mystery (Gramavision, 1986)
With Horace Tapscott
The Dark Tree (Hat ART, 1991 [1989])


Schlingel (Usually written: SCHLINGEL) is an international film festival for children and young audiences. The festival began in 1996, and has taken place annually in Chemnitz ever since in the week before the Saxon Fall Break. The festival gives an overview of the newest international productions in the area of children and youth films. The festival is organized by the Saxon Children and Youth Films Association in Chemnitz. In addition, since 2006, the Saxon Institution for Private Broadcasting and New Media has also helped to organize this event. The patrons of SCHLINGEL are the Prime Minister of the Free State of Saxony, as well as the Mayor of Chemnitz. The festival is under the directorate of Michael Harbauer.<PIC> The foundation for the present day International Film Festival for Children and Young Audiences SCHLINGEL was laid in 1996 with the first Chemnitz Children's Film Exhibition SCHLINGEL. This first festival ran for one week in the Chemnitz Culture Centre "Kraftwerk" and showed films for children aged 5 – 14. In 1998 the venue was changed to the CineStar Luxor-Filmpalast, where it still occurs today. The first award ceremony emerged in 2000 with the prizes being awarded based on public opinion. That year the award went to  Tomás und der König der Falken ["Thomas and the King of the Falcons"] by Václav Vorlíček.
The first competition category, the International Children's Film Competition, was created in 2001. Today, the ever increasing number of applicants for this category confirms its importance among the SCHLINGEL awards. Also in 2001, the first monetary prize was given in this category from the city of Chemnitz – 10,000 DM to the best children's film. This prize went to the Italian film Iris by director Aurelio Grimaldi.
In 2003 came, for the first time, an appeal for a European Children's Jury. Within the International Children's Film Competition, children of different European nationalities (i.e. from Denmark, France, Greece, Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary) gave the "Europäischen Kinderfilmpreis" (European Children's Film Prize). The Saxon State Minister for Science and Art donated €5,000 to be awarded as the prize in this category.
In 2002 SCHLINGEL opened the International Youth Film Competition in conjunction with the Children's Film Competition, for those older than 14 years. This separation from the classic children's film category enabled the opportunity for particular consideration of the different points of view and interests between children and youth. This was the sole separation until 2007 when it was decided that, as past experience showed, this single differentiation did not do justice to the varied adolescent generation.
An increase in film production in the age range of 11 – 13, as well as a resultant increase in public attention, created a public worry that films for children were under threat and these films were difficult to place in the distribution world. In order to prevent this development from happening, in 2007 SCHLINGEL created the International Junior Film Competition, which aimed to appeal directly to 11 – 13 year olds. The categories of the festival are:
S – Children's Film Competition (up to 10 years old)
M – Junior Film Competition (11 to 13 years old)
L – Youth Film Competition (over 14 years old)
XS – Short and Animated Film Competition (up to 13 years old)
D – Focal Point - Germany
P – Panorama
Every year the range of competitions is accompanied by an extensive companion program. In conjunction with discourse with the film honorarium in attendance, there are seminars, discussion groups for visitors, as well as workshops for school groups and kindergarten classes. This type of continuous strong integration of east-European productions in the geo-political sense sharpens the profile of the competition.  Eleven juries give awards with a total value of approximately 64,000 euros.
European Children's Film Award by the Saxon Ministry of Culture
SLM Top Award
Award of the City of Chemnitz
MDR Special Award
DIAMANT - Award of the best Child Actor
Junior Film Award
Youth Film Award
DEFA Foundation Award
Youth and Children's Film Award of the Goethe Institute
Animated Feature Film Award
Short Film Award National
Short Film Award International
Animated Short Film Award National
Animated Short Film Award International
Cross-Competition Awards:
Award of the European Children's Film Association ECFA
Award of the FIPRESCI Jury
Award of the Ecumenical Jury
Lichtenauer Audience Award  2006: Director Václav Vorlíček
2007: Defa-Director Rolf Losansky
2008: Producer Uschi Reich
2009: Christa und Hans Strobel, Editor of KJK
2010: Zdeněk Miler, Animator and Illustrator of the Mole
2011: Director, screenwriter and actor Günter Meyer
2012: Gojko Mitić, Actor
2013: Thilo Graf Rothkirch, Director and producer, e.g. of The Little Polar Bear
2014: Arend Agthe, Director and producer, e.g. of Flussfahrt mit Huhn ("Hen in a Boat")
2015: Gert Kaspar Müntefering, Creator of Die Sendung mit der Maus


Ion Geolgău (born 20 February 1961) is a former Romanian football midfielder and manager. Ion Geolgău was born in Pielești, Dolj County. On 7 November 1976, being 15 years and 9 months old, Geolgău made his Divizia A debut under coach Constantin Teașcă, playing for Universitatea Craiova in a 3–1 victory against UTA Arad. After his debut, writer Adrian Păunescu wrote an article about him called Visul lui Geolgău (Geolgău's dream), in which he mistaken Geolgău's first name calling him Gheorghiță instead of Ion, thus Gheorghiță becoming Ion Geolgău's nickname. On 16 March 1977, he scored his first Divizia A goal at the age of 16 in a 5–0 victory against Progresul București. Geolgău went on to play 13 and a half seasons with Universitatea Craiova, being part of the "Craiova Maxima" generation, helping them win two consecutive league titles in 1980 and 1981, at the first he contributed with 24 appearances and 2 goals and at the second with 29 appearances and 3 goals. He also won the Cupa României four times, in the years 1977, 1978, 1981 and 1983. Geolgău played 38 games and scored 8 goals for "U" Craiova in European competitions, being part of the team that reached the 1982–83 UEFA Cup semi-finals in which he contributed with 2 goals scored in 9 matches in the campaign. In the middle of the 1989–90 season, Geolgău transferred to Argeș Pitești where he would stay only half of season, scoring one goal in 11 Divizia A appearances. After the 1989 Romanian Revolution, Geolgău went to play in the Cypriot First Division for Aris Limassol. After one season spent in Cyprus, he went to play for one year at Belgian side Avenir Lembeek, returning to Romania where he retired at Jiul Craiova. During his whole career, Ion Geolgău played 304 Divizia A matches in which he scored 34 goals and 21 games with one goal scored in the Cypriot First Division.<PIC> Ion Geolgău played for Romania in 23 matches, scoring three goals, making his debut on 10 September 1980 when coach Valentin Stănescu sent him on the field in the 60th minute to replace Tudorel Stoica in a friendly which ended with a 2–1 away victory against Bulgaria, which took place in Varna on the Yuri Gagarin Stadium. He played four games at the Euro 1984 qualifiers, scoring the decisive goal that mathematically qualified Romania at the final tournament in a 1–1 against Czechoslovakia, which took place on Tehelné pole from Bratislava, earning him the nickname "The hero from Bratislava". Geolgău also played three matches at the 1986 World Cup qualifiers, scoring one goal in a 3–2 loss against Northern Ireland. His last match for the national team was on 1 June 1988 in a 2–0 away loss in a friendly against Netherlands. Geolgău also played one game for Romania's Olympic team in a 0–0 against Italy at the 1984 Summer Olympics qualifiers.  Ion Geolgău started his coaching career in 1994 at Jiul Petroșani and from 1996 until 1997 he was an assistant coach at Universitatea Craiova.  In 1997 he went to coach in the Faroe Islands at HB Tórshavn where he spent five years, winning the title and the cup in 1998. In 2002 he moved to B36 Tórshavn where he stayed until 2003 when he won a cup. In 2004 Geolgău had his last coaching experience at Fram Reykjavík from Iceland. Geolgău said that he was born on 19 February 1961 but his birth date was declared by his father to the People's Council only on 20 February 1961.  Universitatea Craiova
Divizia A: 1979–80, 1980–81
Cupa României: 1976–77, 1977–78, 1980–81, 1982–83 HB Tórshavn
Faroe Islands League: 1998
Faroe Islands Cup: 1998
B36 Tórshavn
Faroe Islands Cup: 2003


Shawn Tompkins (March 16, 1974 – August 14, 2011) was a Canadian kickboxer and mixed martial artist, and later trainer. At the time of his death, he was an instructor at the Tapout Training Center. He formerly coached the Los Angeles Anacondas of the International Fight League.<PIC> Tompkins began studying Shotokan karate at the age of six, and went to be a two-time Canadian National Karate Champion and a third degree black belt in the discipline. He began kickboxing at sixteen years old and competed in 47 matches, holding Canadian, North American and South American titles.
At the age of eighteen, he opened his first training facility in Ontario, Canada. He later relocated to Las Vegas, Nevada in the United States in August 2007 and worked as the head striking coach at Xtreme Couture Mixed Martial Arts before joining the Tapout Training Center in October 2009. He was also the coach for the Los Angeles Anacondas of the International Fight League, officially taking the reins from Bas Rutten as the head coach on March 17, 2007, just before their matchup against the San Jose Razorclaws.
Tompkins taught such notable fighters as Vitor Belfort, Mark Hominick, Chris Horodecki, Wanderlei Silva and Sam Stout.
On November 30, 2011, at the Pearl at the Palms Casino Resort in Las Vegas during the 2011 World MMA Awards Results, Tompkins was posthumously awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award. Tompkins was married to Emilie Stout, the sister of fellow fighter, Sam Stout.  On Sunday, August 14, 2011, Tompkins died unexpectedly, of a sudden heart attack, in his sleep at the age of 37. The gym's predecessor Team Tompkins MMA System was founded in 2001 by MMA trainer Shawn Tompkins coach of the Los Angeles Anacondas of the International Fight League. During his time as head coach he trained the future of Adrenaline's talent as well as being involved with Xtreme Couture Mixed Martial Arts and the Tapout Training Center in Las Vegas, Nevada. The gym saw great success during this time with Team Tompkins holding two belts in TKO/UCC at Lightweight and Featherweight, with a combined total of 11 title defenses between Mark Hominick(7) and Sam Stout(4). During this period Chris Horodecki made it to the finals of the IFL World Grand Prix to challenge for the IFL Lightweight title. "The Coach" corned Mark Hominick in the gyms first UFC title challenge against Jose Aldo at UFC 129 on April 30, 2011, for the inaugural UFC Featherweight Championship. Tompkins tragically passed away on August 14, 2011. He remains as an influential figure and an inspiration to members of the gym. From December 6, 2011, onward members of the gym were consistently involved in a Toronto based Anti-bullying campaign. The gym in its current form emerged in 2012, founded by three of Tompkins star pupils Mark Hominick, Sam Stout and Chris Horodecki. Who went about training the next generation of mixed martial artist's out of the newly rebranded Adrenaline MMA Training & Fitness. During this period Adrenaline-talent Chad Laprise embarked on an 7 fight win-streak to earn himself a spot on the UFC's reality TV show The Ultimate Fighter. He would go on to win the season's Tournament and received bonus awards for Fight of the Season and Performance of the Season. In 2013 Jesse Ronson won the Aggression FC Lightweight Championship, Malcolm Gordon won the HFC Flyweight Championship in 2014, They also moved locations to a new training center. The facility expands over two floors and 11,000 square feet. In 2015 Chris Horodecki challenged Lance Palmer for the World Series of Fighting Featherweight Championship and the gym would begin offering female only jujitsu lessons which became popular. In 2016 Malcolm Gordon won the WXC Flyweight Championship and defended it once. 2017-2018 saw the gym hold 3 Championships in TKO Major League MMA with Jesse Ronson winning both the TKO Lightweight and Welterweight Championships, Malcolm Gordon won the TKO Flyweight Championship defending it twice. Both Ronson and Gordan were invited to join the UFC in 2020. Mark Hominick -Former UFC and WEC fighter
Sam Stout -Former UFC fighter
Chris Horodecki -Former WEC and Bellator fighter
Jesse Ronson -Current UFC fighter
Chris Clements -Former UFC fighter
Chad Laprise -Former UFC and Bellator fighter
Malcolm Gordon -Current UFC fighter
Jesse Gross -Former Bellator fighter


Chegg, Inc., is an American education technology company based in Santa Clara, California. It provides digital and physical textbook rentals, textbooks, online tutoring, and other student services.
The company was launched in 2005, and began trading publicly on the New York Stock Exchange in November 2013. As of March 2020, the company reported having 2.9 million subscribers to Chegg Services.<PIC> In October 2000, Iowa State University students Josh Carlson, Mike Seager, and Mark Fiddleke launched Chegg's forerunner, Cheggpost, a Craigslist-style message board for Iowa State students. Chegg is a combination of the words chicken and egg, and references the founders’ catch-22 feeling of being unable to obtain a job without experience, while being unable to acquire experience without a job.
Carlson then teamed with Iowa State MBA Osman Rashid, an avid user of the site who recognized its potential to disrupt the textbook market, which had "drastically outpaced the rate of inflation". The company was incorporated in 2005 by Carlson, Rashid, and Aayush Phumbhra. At that time, it offered scholarship searches, internship matching, and college application advice. Some initial start-up funding was provided by Rashid.
In February 2006, Carlson left the company. Phumbhra and Rashid rebranded,  launching Chegg, Inc. in December 2007, with Rashid as CEO. After ending services unrelated to renting and purchasing textbooks, the company adjusted its business model to reflect that of Netflix's rental-based model, concentrating on renting textbooks to students, and Chegg expanded to a national market. It later added goods and student services through corporate acquisitions.
In 2008, revenues were about $10 million; in 2009, revenues for the month of January were reported as $10 million.
Following a brief tenure by former Ask.com and Match.com CEO Jim Safka in 2009, former Guitar Hero CEO Dan Rosensweig was appointed CEO in 2010.
Chegg began trading shares publicly on the New York Stock Exchange in November 2013. Its IPO was reported to have raised $187.5 million, with an initial market capitalization of about $1.1 billion.
In 2014, Chegg entered a partnership with book distributor Ingram Content Group to distribute all of Chegg's physical textbook rentals.
In April 2017, Chegg and Pearson Education began a textbook rental partnership; In the pilot program, the publisher Pearson made 50 editions of high-volume textbooks (both digital and print) available only to rent. Chegg served as the exclusive rental outlet.
In September 2018, Chegg announced a data breach had occurred in April 2018 that may have involved 40 million active and inactive registered users. The breach may have included data such as user names, Chegg passwords, email addresses, and shipping addresses. The company reported that social security numbers and bank account information were not affected by the breach.
As of March 2020 the company reported having 2.9 million subscribers to Chegg Services.
In June 2021, Chegg unveiled Uversity, a new educational platform that will provide a space for professors and other educators to share content. In the same year, Chegg partnered with Varkey Foundation to launch Global Student Prize to recognise outstanding students that make an impact to local or international communities. In 2010, Chegg made its first acquisition, purchasing CourseRank, which was disabled in 2014. In the same year, Chegg also acquired Cramster, a provider of online homework help, and Notehall, an online marketplace for class notes.
In 2011, Chegg acquired Zinch, a scholarship search and networking service for high school students and college recruiters, and continues to offer the service, under the Chegg brand name. Chegg acquired software company 3D3R in late 2011 to develop its digital textbook product, kickstart its mobile product group, and open an engineering office in Rehovot, Israel. In June 2014 Chegg acquired online tutoring platform InstaEDU, for a reported $30 million, renaming the division Chegg Tutors, and in October 2014 it acquired Internships.com.
In 2017 Chegg acquired RefME, a free citation management tool available on web, iOS and Android. It was shut down on March 7, 2017,  and user accounts were transferred over to CiteThisForMe, Chegg's own citation service.
Chegg acquired Imagine Easy Solutions, a provider of online bibliography and research tools, for a reported $42 million, in 2016. In 2017, the company acquired Cogeon GmbH, a German math education provider, for $15 million cash;
In 2018, Chegg acquired WriteLab, which uses AI to analyze text and suggest improvements, and online flash card tool StudyBlue.
During late 2019, Chegg acquired online coding, design, and data science school Thinkful, for $80 million cash plus $20 million in cash or stock based on performance.
2022 saw Chegg acquire the language learning software service Busuu for 436 million USD. Busuu, a once private company, is now fully integrated into Chegg. As of 2021, Chegg's board of directors consists of:
Dan Rosensweig, co-chair, president and CEO at Chegg
Sarah Bond, Microsoft Corporation
Richard Sarnoff, co-chair at Chegg; chair at KKR & Co.
Renee Budig, EVP and CFO at CBS Interactive
Melanie Whelan, Summit Partners
Marne Levine, VP at Facebook
Ted Schlein, partner at Kleiner Perkins
Jed York, co-chair at San Francisco 49ers
Paul J. LaBlanc, president at Southern New Hampshire University Some services offered by Chegg have been repeatedly documented as being problematic. These services include homework help where Chegg experts solve homework questions for students. Academic file-sharing also occurs in the form of students posting homework question sheets soliciting answers. Academic file-sharing has been documented as being a form of violation of academic integrity at many schools.
In February 2019, Chegg formed a partnership with Purdue University's Online Writing Lab (OWL), to make online educational writing tools more accessible to its students. The affiliation was met by some faculty criticism, alluding to Chegg helping students cheat; OWL director Harry Denny reported that he did not expect Purdue's reputation to suffer as a result, citing that "My experience has been that the company is committed to partnering with faculty and administration to address their concerns."
A report published by Citron Research in July 2019 claims that "Chegg has created forums to circumvent Turnitin, proving that Chegg is helping users continue institutionalized cheating".
During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, controversy around Chegg and companies offering similar services escalated, as many students had to learn from home with uncensored internet access. For example, Georgia Tech alerted students in a physics class that certain students in the class had cheated on their online final exam by using answers posted on Chegg, certain students in a chemistry class at Boston University were found to have similarly cheated on an online exam, students from two chemistry classes at the University of British Columbia were accused of using Chegg for cheating on exams, including using two incorrect answers posted on Chegg, and solutions to a physics exam at Washington University in St. Louis were posted on Chegg during the exam period. Chegg cooperated with the investigations. A study published in 2020 has found that Chegg answers student questions even though the questions have clear cues to indicate that the student is trying to buy answers for a current assessed activity—the questions are neither identified nor flagged as violations of academic integrity anywhere in the process.
Some universities explicitly forbid students from using Chegg's homework help. By 2016, textbook rentals and student services were about even in company revenues; by 2018, Chegg Services reported 3.1 million subscribers, with services accounting for 79% of revenue. Students may search for both scholarships and internships on the website, and typically pay to access Chegg Services, such as Study, Advanced Writing, Tutors, and Math Solver, on a monthly basis. Chegg sponsors music instruction contests for colleges in a program named Music 101. These conclude with live classroom instruction by noted music artists, and a $10,000 grant from its David B. Goldberg Music Scholarship fund for the winning school music department. In 2019, the company launched its ninth annual Chegg Music 101 campaign featuring YUNGBLUD. Previous events have featured U2, Imagine Dragons, Taylor Swift, Ed Sheeran, Shawn Mendes, Steve Aoki, and Liam Payne.


Tang Jingsong (Chinese: 唐景崧; Wade–Giles: T'ang Ching-sung; 1841–1903) was a Chinese general and statesman. He commanded the Yunnan Army in the Sino-French War (August 1884–April 1885), and made an important contribution to Qing dynasty China's military effort in Tonkin (northern Vietnam) by persuading the Black Flag leader Liu Yongfu to serve under Chinese command. His intelligent, though ultimately unsuccessful, direction of the Siege of Tuyên Quang (November 1884–March 1885) was widely praised. He later became governor of the Chinese province of Taiwan. Following China's cession of Taiwan to Japan at the end of the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) he became president of the short-lived Republic of Formosa.<PIC> Tang Jingsong played an important role in the Sino-French War and during the period of undeclared hostilities that preceded it.  In 1882 he was sent by the Qing government to Vietnam to assess the ability of the Vietnamese government to resist French expansion in Tonkin.  During his stay he was able to persuade Liu Yongfu to take the field against the French with the Black Flag Army.  Liu's intervention resulted in the French defeat in the Battle of Paper Bridge on 19 May 1883, in which the French commandant supérieur Henri Rivière was killed.  In the wake of this disaster, Jules Ferry's government committed substantial military and naval forces to Tonkin.
Tang was the only senior Chinese commander to take part in the Sơn Tây Campaign (December 1883).  Although Liu Yongfu and his Vietnamese and Chinese allies failed to hold Sơn Tây against the French, Tang's loyalty to Liu on that occasion was never forgotten by the Black Flag leader.  In September 1884 Tang led the Yunnan Army down the Red River from Lào Cai to threaten the French post of Tuyên Quang, and Liu Yongfu took service with him as a subordinate general.
Although he ultimately failed to capture the French post, Tang's intelligent and methodical conduct of the Siege of Tuyên Quang was praised by many of his Chinese colleagues, including Zhang Zhidong, the Viceroy of Liangguang, and Cen Yuying (岑毓英), the Viceroy of Yun-Gui.
Captain Jean-François-Alphonse Lecomte, one of the more discerning officers of the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps, also paid tribute to the skill T'ang's army had shown in its siegecraft at Tuyên Quang:
The mandarins had directed the attack on Tuyen Quang in a very intelligent manner.  Owing to the Moslem insurrection in Yunnan, an insurrection that had nearly engulfed the entire province and was only put down by Marshal Ma after several sieges, they were now experts in the art of siegecraft.  Their troops were excellent, and although they were unable to capture the fortress, defended as it was by a handful of heroes and relieved in the very nick of time by Giovanninelli's brigade, this siege was nonetheless a glorious feat of arms for the Celestials and showed that when necessary they could rise to the occasion. Tang succeeded Shao Youlian (邵友濂) as governor of Taiwan in 1894.  Upon the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–95) he invited his old friend Liu Yongfu to assume command of Qing forces in southern Taiwan.
Following China's defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War, Taiwan was ceded to Japan in April 1895 under the Treaty of Shimonoseki.  A number of Chinese officials in Taiwan decided to resist the Japanese, and proclaimed Taiwan an independent Republic of Formosa.  Tang was inaugurated as the republic's president on May 25, 1895. The republic lasted no longer than the time it took the Japanese to invade and occupy Taiwan.  The Japanese invaded northern Taiwan on May 29, 1895 and defeated Chinese forces at Keelung on 3 June.
When the news of the defeat at Keelung reached Taipei on 4 June, the republican leaders promptly abandoned ship.  During the night of 4 June Tang Jingsong fled to Tamsui, and from there sailed for the mainland on the evening of 6 June aboard the steamship Arthur.  His departure was delayed for a day because of disorder in Tamsui.
After Tang's flight, the republican forces continued to resist the Japanese in Taiwan under the leadership of Liu Yongfu.  The republican forces were no match for the Japanese, however, and the republic eventually collapsed with the Japanese occupation of Tainan on 21 October 1895.  Like Tang, Liu Yongfu also abandoned his soldiers and fled to the mainland to escape capture. Tang died in 1903 at his home in Guilin, at the age of 63.