An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism is a fundamental publication by George Green in 1828, where he extends previous work of Siméon Denis Poisson on electricity and magnetism. The work in mathematical analysis, notably including what is now universally known as Green's theorem, is of the greatest importance in all branches of mathematical physics. It contains the first exposition of the theory of potential. In physics, Green's theorem is mostly used to solve two-dimensional flow integrals, stating that the sum of fluid outflows at any point inside a volume is equal to the total outflow summed about an enclosing area. In plane geometry, and in particular, area surveying, Green's theorem can be used to determine the area and centroid of plane figures solely by integrating over the perimeter.
It is in this essay that the term 'potential function' first occurs. Herein also his remarkable theorem in pure mathematics, since universally known as Green's theorem, and probably the most important instrument of investigation in the whole range of mathematical physics, made its appearance. We are all now able to understand, in a general way at least, the importance of Green's work, and the progress made since the publication of his essay in 1828. But to fully appreciate his work and subsequent progress one needs to know the outlook for the mathematico-physical sciences as it appeared to Green at this time and to realize his refined sensitiveness in promulgating his discoveries.<PIC> Poisson's electrical and magnetical investigations were generalized and extended in 1828 by George Green. Green's treatment is based on the properties of the function already used by Lagrange, Laplace, and Poisson, which represents the sum of all the electric or magnetic charges in the field, divided by their respective distances from some given point: to this function Green gave the name potential, by which it has always since been known.
In 1828, Green published the paper which is the essay he is most famous for today. When Green published his Essay, it was sold on a subscription basis to 51 people, most of whom were friends and probably could not understand it. The wealthy landowner and mathematician Edward Bromhead bought a copy and encouraged Green to do further work in mathematics. Not believing the offer was sincere, Green did not contact Bromhead for two years.
Upon publishing the work, he first introduced the term 'potential' to denote the result obtained by adding the masses of all the particles of a system, each divided by its distance from a given point; and the properties of this function are first considered and applied to the theories of magnetism and electricity. This was followed by two papers communicated by Sir Bromhead to the Cambridge Philosophical Society: (1)' On the Laws of the Equilibrium of Fluids analogous to the Electric Fluid ' (12 Nov. 1832); (2)' On the Determination of the Attractions of Ellipsoids of Variable Densities ' (6 May 1833). Both papers display great analytical power, but are rather curious than practically interesting. Green's 1828 essay was neglected by mathematicians till 1846, and before that time most of its important theorems had been rediscovered by Gauss, Chasles, Sturm, and Thomson J. It did influence the work of Lord Kelvin and James Clerk Maxwell.
The self-taught mathematician's essay was one of the greatest advances that were made in the mathematical theory of electricity up to his time. "His researches," as Sir William Thomson has observed, "have led to the elementary proposition which must constitute the legitimate foundation of every perfect mathematical structure that is to be made from the materials furnished in the experimental laws of Coulomb. Not only do they afford a natural and complete explanation of the beautiful quantitative experiments which has been so interesting at all times to practical electricians, but they suggest to the mathematician the simplest and most powerful methods of dealing with problems which, if attacked by the mere force of the old analysis, must have remained forever unsolved."
Near the beginning of the memoir is established the celebrated formula connecting surface and volume integrals, which is now generally called Green's Theorem, and of which Poisson's result on the equivalent surface – and volume – distributions of magnetization is a particular application. By using this theorem to investigate the properties of the potential, Green arrived at many results of remarkable beauty and interest. We need only mention, as an example of the power of his method, the following: — Suppose that there is a hollow conducting shell, bounded by two closed surfaces, and that a number of electrified bodies are placed, some within and some without it; and let the inner surface and interior bodies be called the interior system, and the outer surface and exterior bodies be called the exterior system. Then all the electrical phenomena of the interior system, relative to attractions, repulsions, and densities, will be the same as if there were no exterior system, and the inner surface were a perfect conductor, put in communication with the earth; and all those of the exterior system will be the same as if the interior system did not exist, and the outer surface were a perfect conductor, containing a quantity of electricity equal to the whole of that originally contained in the shell itself and in all the interior bodies. It will be evident that electrostatics had by this time attained a state of development in which further progress could be hoped for only in the mathematical superstructure, unless experiment should unexpectedly bring to light phenomena of an entirely new character.
One of the simplest applications of these theorems was to perfect the theory of the Leyden phial, a result which (if we except the peculiar action of the insulating solid medium, since discovered by Faraday) we owe to his genius. He has also shown how an infinite number of forms of conductors may be invented, so that the distribution of electricity in equilibrium on each may be expressible in finite algebraic terms – an immense stride in the science, when we consider that the distribution of electricity on a single spherical conductor, an uninfluenced ellipsoidal conductor, and two spheres mutually influencing one another, were the only cases solved by Poisson, and indeed the only cases conceived to be solvable by mathematical writers. Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism, Nottingham, 1828.


The Masque of Blackness was an early Jacobean era masque, first performed at the Stuart Court in the Banqueting Hall of Whitehall Palace on Twelfth Night, 6 January 1605. It was written by Ben Jonson at the request of Anne of Denmark, the queen consort of King James I, who wished the masquers to be disguised as Africans. Anne was one of the performers in the masque along with her court ladies, all of whom appeared in blackface makeup.
The plot of the masque follows the ladies arriving at the royal court to be "cleansed" of their blackness by King James; a stage direction that was impossible to fulfill on stage.  As a result, The Masque of Beauty was written as a sequel to The Masque of Blackness.
The Masque of Beauty, originally intended for the following holiday season, was displaced by Hymenaei, the masque for the wedding of the Earl of Essex and Frances Howard. Beauty was finally performed in 1608. The sets, costumes, and stage effects were designed by Inigo Jones; Blackness was the first of many masques for the Stuart Court on which Jonson and Jones would collaborate. The music for Blackness was composed by Alfonso Ferrabosco.
Jones designed a raised and mobile stage for the masque, forty feet square and four feet off the floor; this was employed for many subsequent masques. The stage contained inner space for the machines that produced stage effects and the technicians who operated them. The King was often stilling on a stool, resembling the sun. Blackness introduced effects that Jones would repeat with variation throughout his career as a stage designer: it opened with a tempestuous seascape, simulated by flowing and billowing cloths.
The opening stormy sea was populated with six blue-haired merman-like tritons. The gods Oceanus ("blue") and Niger (black) entered, mounted upon giant seahorses. The twelve daughters of Niger, played by the Queen and her ladies in waiting, entered in the company of a dozen nymphs of Oceanus as torchbearers; the ladies of the Court were dressed in tones of silver and azure to contrast with the blackness of the makeup, with pearls and feathers in their hair, while the torchbearers, in green doublets with gold puffed sleeves, had their faces, hands, and hair dyed blue. The ladies rode in a great hollow seashell, which seemed to float upon and move with the waves, and was accompanied by six large sea monsters carrying more torchbearers. (With Blackness as with many subsequent masques designed by Jones, one of the aspects of the show most commented upon by witnesses was the dazzling intensity of light involved...which inevitably says something about the normal conditions of life in the Jacobean era.)<PIC> The text begins with Niger talking to his father Oceanus. Oceanus asks him why he has left his usual eastward course and flowed westward, into the Atlantic. Niger tells him that he has come to request help. Niger's daughters are upset because they thought themselves to be the most beautiful goddesses in the world, only to discover that paleness is thought more attractive  - and so no longer feel beautiful. The moon goddess, Aethiopia, tells the daughters that, if they can find a country whose name ends in "tannia", they will be beautiful once more.
The daughters try desperately to find the country whose name ends in "tannia", travelling as far as Mauritania (North Africa), Lusitania (Portugal), and Aquitania (France) in their quest. Despondent at their lack of success they pray once more to Aethiopia, who tells them that the country is Britannia and that they should seek out its sun-like king, who has the power to bleach their black complexions white. Aethiopia further advises the daughters that once a month for the next year, they should bathe in sea-dew and, thus prepared, at the same time next year, they should appear before the king again, whereupon his light will make them beautiful and white. The principal cast of the masque:
Queen Anne................Euphoris
Countess of Bedford........Aglaia
Lady Herbert...............Diaphane
Countess of Derby.....Eucampse
Lady Rich........................Ocyte
Countess of Suffolk.......Kathare
Lady Bevill.........................Notis
Lady Effingham...........Psychrote
Lady Elizabeth Howard....Glycyte
Lady Susan Vere.............Malacia
Lady Mary Wroth...............Baryte
Lady Walsingham.........Periphere

A newsletter from court described the cast of the "Queen's mask" in December 1604, noting that three women were excused because of illness, the Countess of Nottingham, the Countess of Richmond who had measles, and the Countess of Northumberland. Lady Hatton was not invited to perform and left court. The masque was controversial in its day, in part for the production's use of body paint instead of masks to simulate dark skin. One observer, Sir Dudley Carleton expressed his displeasure with the play as such:
Instead of Vizzards, their Faces, and Arms up to the Elbows, were painted black, which was a Disguise sufficient, for they were hard to be known; ... and you cannot imagine a more ugly Sight, than a Troop of lean-cheek'd Moors.
Carleton also made a topical joke, comparing the huge sea-monsters that flanked the shell that housed the nymphs with an unusual sighting of a seal in the Thames at Isleworth, "it came in company with the Sea-fish that drew in our Lady-Moors, and carried a Waiting Gentlewoman and some baggage!".
Another writer described the masque dancers' appearance and the expense; "the Queen and some dozen ladies all paynted like Blackamores, face and neck bare, and for the rest strangely attired in Barbaresque mantells to the halfe legge, having buskins all to be sett with jewells, ... it took the King betweene 4 or £5,000 to execute to Queen's fancy".
The representation of African people in court masques had precedents both in England and Scotland. Anne of Denmark had African servants. There was a masque involving blackface at the coronation of Christian IV of Denmark in 1596, witnessed by Anne of Denmark's brother, the Duke of Holstein and perhaps, by Inigo Jones. Kim F. Hall draws attention to The Masque of Blackness and the documented reactions of its audience, in the context of the "growth of actual contact with Africans, Native Americans, and other ethnically different foreigners" and a "collision of the dark lady tradition with the actual African difference encountered in the quest for empire". A "pride in the revival of ancient Britain is continually yoked to the glorification of whiteness". For Bernadette Andrea the masque reveals "complicity with an emerging institutional racism as England's increasing investment in the transatlantic slave trade underwrote its imperialist expansion in to the Americas".
The make-up used could not be quickly removed, so a metamorphosis from black to white was not staged. Anne of Denmark's apothecary John Wolfgang Rumler is known to have devised a more easily removeable blackface make-up for a masque in 1621, The Gypsies Metamorphosed.
The masque was expensive costing £3000. It caused consternation among some English observers due to the perceived impropriety of the performance. Controversy also stemmed from the predominant role of female actresses playing what were considered traditionally male roles.
The texts of The Masque of Blackness and The Masque of Beauty were published together in quarto form in 1608, by the bookseller Thomas Thorpe; they were reprinted in the first folio collection of Jonson's works in 1616.


Notus is a small rural city in Canyon County, Idaho. The population was 531 at the time of the 2010 census and is the smallest town out of the eight in Canyon County. It is part of the Boise metropolitan area. The present day location of the City of Notus is located along Highway 20/26.
in 1874, the Lower Boise Post Office was established on the homestead of C.L.F Peterson. The inclusion of the Lower Boise Post Office is considered to be the primary reason for the present location of Notus. According to an Idaho Press Tribune article from 1986, Notus got its name from the daughter of a local railroad official. The daughter reportedly thought "notus" was of Native American origin and meant "it's all right." The town of Notus was almost known as 'Lemp'.
In 1926, the Notus secondary school was founded. In 2017, the old building was demolished.<PIC> Notus is located at 43°43′34″N 116°48′7″W (43.726082, -116.801866).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.39 square miles (1.01 km²), of which, 0.38 square miles (0.98 km²) is land and 0.01 square miles (0.03 km²) is water. Notus has one secondary school and one elementary school. Notus also has a city park, a museum located along highway 20/26, a public library, and one restaurant.  As of the census of 2010, there were 531 people, 182 households, and 139 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,397.4 inhabitants per square mile (539.5/km²). There were 198 housing units at an average density of 521.1 per square mile (201.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 73.3% White, 0.2% African American, 2.4% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 18.5% from other races, and 5.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 29.8% of the population.
There were 182 households, of which 41.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.5% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 23.6% were non-families. 18.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.92 and the average family size was 3.34.
The median age in the city was 35.5 years. 31.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25% were from 25 to 44; 25.4% were from 45 to 64; and 11.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.1% male and 52.9% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 458 people, 147 households, and 113 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,160.7 people per square mile (453.4/km²). There were 156 housing units at an average density of 395.4 per square mile (154.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 86.90% White, 1.31% Native American, 0.66% Asian, 8.73% from other races, and 2.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 22.05% of the population.
There were 147 households, out of which 44.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.6% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.1% were non-families. 18.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.12 and the average family size was 3.58.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 33.4% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $32,813, and the median income for a family was $43,750. Males had a median income of $25,000 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,801. About 10.4% of families and 13.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.2% of those under age 18 and 28.3% of those age 65 or over. Chris Horn, former NFL wide receiver


Harry "Tony" Leith-Ross (27 January 1886  – 15 March 1973) was a British-American landscape painter and teacher. He taught at the art colonies in Woodstock, New York and Rockport, Maine, and later was part of the art colony in New Hope, Pennsylvania. A precise draftsman and a superb colorist, Leith-Ross is considered one of the Pennsylvania Impressionists. Harry Leith-Ross was born in Saint Pierre, Mauritius – an island in the South Indian Ocean – the son of banker Frederick William Arbuthnot Leith-Ross and Sina van Houten. His mother was the daughter of Dutch politician Samuel van Houten, and his younger brother was Scottish economist Sir Frederick Leith-Ross.
Leith-Ross was educated in England and Scotland, and studied engineering at the University of Birmingham for a year. He emigrated to the United States at age 17 in 1903, and worked for his uncle's coal company. He subsequently took up advertising work in Denver, Colorado. He travelled to Paris in 1909, and studied art at the Académie Delécluse and the Académie Julian. He studied in New York City at the National Academy of Design School under Charles Yardley Turner, beginning in 1910.
The Art Students League of New York operated a summer painting school in Woodstock, New York, which Leith-Ross first attended in 1913. His instructors included Birge Harrison and John F. Carlson. It was there that he met fellow student John Fulton Folinsbee, who would become his life-long friend. Folinsbee had contracted polio as a child, and was confined to a wheelchair. The two men shared a cabin, and Leith-Ross would carry Folinsbee around the countryside on his back. Each served as best man for the other's wedding. Folinsbee married in 1914, and he and his wife settled in New Hope, Pennsylvania in 1916, where Leith-Ross was a frequent houseguest. Both men painted en plein air, directly from nature. They were famous for spending afternoons sketching on the bridge at New Hope (and for tossing anything that displeased them into the Delaware River).
Leith-Ross served as a second lieutenant in the United States Army during World War I.
After the war, Leith-Ross taught at the University of Buffalo, and co-founded an art school in Rockport, Maine, where he taught during the summers. He met student Emily Slaymaker in Summer 1925, and they were married later that year. They lived in Woodstock, New York for a decade, then settled outside New Hope, Pennsylvania in 1935. They had one daughter, Elizabeth Leith-Ross Mow.
He wrote a well-regarded book on landscape painting: Leith-Ross, Harry (1956). The Landscape Painter's Manual. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. OCLC 1325646.
Leith-Ross died in 1973 in Pineville, Pennsylvania.<PIC> Leith-Ross and Folinsbee had a joint exhibition at the Toledo Museum of Art in November 1915. Leith-Ross exhibited oil and watercolor paintings at the National Academy of Design in the 1910s, and at the Art Institute of Chicago in the 1920s. He exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts most years from 1916 to 1952, and won prizes from the Salmagundi Club and the American Watercolor Society.
Leith-Ross was elected an Associate of the National Academy of Design in 1928, and Folinsbee painted his diploma portrait. Leith-Ross appeared in at least three other paintings by Folinsbee. Leith-Ross expressed his philosophy about painting in The Landscape Painter's Manual (1956), Watson Guptill Publications.
His works are in the permanent collections of the James A. Michener Art Museum, the Woodmere Art Museum, the Smithsonian American Art Museum, and many private collections.
Leith-Ross's papers are at the University of Pennsylvania.
The Michener Museum hosted a posthumous exhibition of his works, Poetry in Design: The Art of Harry Leith-Ross (October 2006 - March 2007).
Leith-Ross's Connecticut Valley in Fall was appraised on Antiques Roadshow in 2017. Sunlight on Snow (1927), Thomas Colville Fine Art, Guilford, Connecticut
Lone Skater (c.1943), Woodmere Art Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Flag Station (1945), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
The Sleigh (c.1945), private collection
Soldier's Grave (1948), private collection
Demolition (1954), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.
The Fair (1958), Woodmere Art Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Red Barn (undated), James A. Michener Art Museum, Doylestown, Pennsylvania
Canal Dwellers (undated), Woodmere Art Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania


A prakaram (प्राकारः in Sanskrit), also spelled pragaram or pragaaram) in Indian architecture is an outer part around the Hindu temple sanctum.  They may be enclosed or open and are typically enclosed for the innermost prakaram. As per Hindu religious practices, devotees start to come around the outer prakarams to the inner most before entering the sanctum.
Most of the historic South Indian cities like Madurai, Srirangam, Sirkali, Thiruvarur and Chidambaram were built around large temples in the center of the city. The streets of the city act as extension of the prakarams of the temple. Ramanathaswamy Temple has outer set of corridors is reputed to be the longest prakaram in the world.<PIC> In the Hindu temple, the prakaram is the temple compound around the sanctum.  Typically a Hindu temple prayer hall is generally built in front of the temple's sanctum sanctorum (garbhagriha). Usually large Hindu temples have one or more prakarams. The Prakaram acts as circumambulatory passage to the devotees to come around the sanctum. Based on the size of the temple, there can be more than one Prakaram with the smaller one enclosed within the larger. As per Hindu religious practices, devotees start to come around the outer prakarams to the inner most before entering the sanctum. This is indicative of the belief that the devotees have to lose the outermost bondage to the inner most one before attaining divinity. The method is also indicative of reduction of noises in the outer space to the inner most to increase communiion with god. Ramanathaswamy Temple has outer set of corridors is reputed to be the longest in the world, measuring about 6.9 m in height, 400 feet each in the east and west and about 640 feet in the north and the south. The inner corridors are about 224 feet each in the east and the west and about 352 feet each in the north and the south. The Hindu temple structure resembles the human body with all its subtleties. The five walls encircling one another are the koshas (sheaths) of human existence. The outermost is the Annamaya kosha, symbolizing the material body. The second is Pranamaya kosha, symbolizing the sheath of vital force or prana (breath). The third is Manomaya kosha, symbolizing the sheath of the thoughts, the mana. The fourth is the Vijnanamaya kosha, symbolizing, the sheath of the intellect. The fifth and innermost is the Anandamaya kosha, symbolizing the sheath of bliss. Most of the historic South Indian cities like Madurai, Srirangam, Sirkali, Thiruvarur and Chidambaram were built around large temples in the center of the city. The streets of the city act as extension of the prakarams of the temple. These squares retain their traditional names of Aadi, Chittirai, Avani-moola and Masi streets, corresponding to the Tamil month names and also to the festivals associated. The temple prakarams and streets accommodate an elaborate festival calendar in which dramatic processions circumambulate the shrines at varying distances from the centre. The temple chariots used in processions are progressively larger in size based on the size of the concentric streets. Ancient Tamil classics record the temple as the centre of the city and the surrounding streets. The city's axes were aligned with the four-quarters of the compass, and the four gateways of the temple provided access to it. The wealthy and higher echelons of the society were placed in streets close to the temple, while the poorest were placed in the fringe streets.


Patchy particles are micron- or nanoscale colloidal particles that are anisotropically patterned, either by modification of the particle surface chemistry ("enthalpic patches"), through particle shape ("entropic patches"), or both. The particles have a repulsive core and highly interactive surfaces that allow for this assembly. The placement of these patches on the surface of a particle promotes bonding with patches on other particles. Patchy particles are used as a shorthand for modelling anisotropic colloids, proteins  and water and for designing approaches to nanoparticle synthesis. Patchy particles range in valency from two (Janus particles) or higher. Patchy particles of valency three or more experience liquid-liquid phase separation. Some phase diagrams of patchy particles do not follow the law of rectilinear diameters.<PIC>  The interaction between patchy particles can be described by a combination of two discontinuous potentials. A hard sphere potential accounting for the repulsion between the cores of the particles and an attractive square potential for the attraction between the patches.  With the interaction potential in hand one can use different methods to compute thermodynamic properties. Using a continuous representation of the discontinuous potential described above enables the simulation of patchy particles using molecular dynamics. One simulation done involves a Monte Carlo method, where the best “move” ensures equilibrium in the particle. One type of move is rototranslation. This is carried out by choosing a random particle, random angular and radial displacements, and a random axis of rotation. Rotational degrees of freedom need to be determined prior to the simulation. The particle is then rotated/moved according to these values. Also, the integration time step needs to be controlled because it will affect the resulting shape/size of the particle.
Another simulation done is the grand-canonical ensemble. In the grand-canonical ensemble, the system is in equilibrium with a thermal bath and reservoir of particles. Volume, temperature, and chemical potential are fixed. Because of these constants, a number of particles (n) changes. This is typically used to monitor phase behaviour. With these additional moves, the particle is added at a random orientation and random position.
Other simulations involve biased Monte Carlo moves. One type is aggregation volume-bias moves. It consists of 2 moves; the first tries to form bond between two previously unbonded particles, the second tries to break an existing bond by separation. Aggregation volume-bias moves reflects the following procedure: two particles are chosen, I and J, which are not neighboring particles, particle J is moved inside the bonding volume of particle I. This process is carried out uniformly. Another aggregation volume-bias move follows a method of randomly choosing a particle J that is bonded to I. Particle J is then moved outside the bonding volume of particle I, resulting in the two particles no longer being bonded. A third type of aggregation volume-bias move takes a particle I bonded to particle J and inserts it into a third particle.
Grand canonical ensemble is improved by aggregation volume-bias moves. When aggregation volume-bias moves are applied, the rate of monomer formation and depletion in enhanced and the grand-canonical ensemble moves increase.
A second biased Monte Carlo simulation is virtual move Monte Carlo. This is a cluster move algorithm. It was made to improve relaxation times in strongly interacting, low density systems and to better approximate diffusive dynamics in the system. This simulation is good for self-assembling and polymeric systems that can find natural moves that relax the system. Self-assembly is also a method to create patchy particles. This method allows formation of complex structures like chains, sheets, rings, icosahedra, square pyramids, tetrahedra, and twisted staircase structures. By coating the surface of particles with highly anisotropic, highly directional, weakly interacting patches, the arrangement of the attractive patches can organize disordered particles into structures. The coating and the arrangement of the attractive patches is what contributes to the size, shape, and structure of the resulting particle. Developing entropic patches that will self-assemble into simple cubic, body-centered cubic (bcc), diamond, and dodecagonal quasicrystal structures. The local coordination shell partially dictates the structure that is assembled. Spheres are simulated with cubic, octahedral, and tetrahedral faceting. This allows for entropic patches to self-assemble.
Tetrahedral faceted spheres are targeted by beginning with simple spheres. In coordination with the faces of a tetrahedron, the sphere is sliced at four equal facets. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to determine different forms of α, the faceting amount. The particular faceting amount determines the lattice that assembles. Simple cubic lattices are achieved in a similar way by slicing cubic facets into spheres. This allows for the assembly of simple cubic lattices. A bcc crystal is achieved by faceting a sphere octahedrally.
The faceting amount, α, is used in the emergent valence self-assembly to determine what crystal structure will form. A perfect sphere is set as α=0. The shape that is faceted to the sphere is defined at α=1. By fluctuating the faceting amount between α=0 and α=1, the lattice can change. Changes include effects on self-assembly, packing structure, amount of coordination of the faceting patch to the sphere, shape of the faceting patch, type of crystal lattice formed, and the strength of the entropic patch. Amar B. Pawar and Ilona Kretzschmar "Fabrication, Assembly, and Application of Patchy Particles", Macromolecular Rapid Communications 31 pp. 150-168 (2010)
Willem K. Kegel and Henk N. W. Lekkerkerker "Colloidal gels: Clay goes patchy", Nature Materials 10 pp. 5-6 (2011)
Zhenping He and Ilona Kretzschmar "Template-Assisted Fabrication of Patchy Particles with Uniform Patches", Langmuir 28 pp. 9915-9919 (2011)
SKlogWiki page on Patchy Particles


Thomas Penfield Jackson (January 10, 1937 – June 15, 2013) was an American jurist who served as a United States District federal judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia.<PIC> Born in Washington, D.C., Jackson graduated from Dartmouth College with an Artium Baccalaureus degree in the class of 1958, and from Harvard Law School with a Bachelor of Laws in 1964. He served in the United States Navy from 1958 to 1961. He was in private practice in Washington, D.C. from 1964 to 1982. He served as President of the District of Columbia Bar Association. Jackson was nominated by President Ronald Reagan on May 24, 1982, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Columbia vacated by Judge Oliver Gasch. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 24, 1982, and received commission on June 25, 1982. He assumed senior status on January 31, 2002. His service terminated on August 31, 2004, due to retirement. Jackson is perhaps best known to the public as the presiding judge in the United States v. Microsoft case. Jackson was the first in a series of judges worldwide to determine that Microsoft abused its market position and monopoly power in ways that were highly detrimental to innovation in the industry and consumers of the products. The summary paragraph in his findings of fact is quoted below.
Most harmful of all is the message that Microsoft's actions have conveyed to every enterprise with the potential to innovate in the computer industry. Through its conduct toward Netscape, IBM, Compaq, Intel, and others, Microsoft has demonstrated that it will use its prodigious market power and immense profits to harm any firm that insists on pursuing initiatives that could intensify competition against one of Microsoft's core products. Microsoft's past success in hurting such companies and stifling innovation deters investment in technologies and businesses that exhibit the potential to threaten Microsoft. The ultimate result is that some innovations that would truly benefit consumers never occur for the sole reason that they do not coincide with Microsoft's self-interest.
Microsoft attempted to show that the judge's conduct during the case demonstrated that he unfairly favored the prosecution, but they failed to do so in court proceedings. He did speak to a reporter off the record after the evidence in the case had been heard but prior to issuing his "Conclusions of law" and this was contrary to judicial rules. Speaking with that reporter he expressed unfavorable opinions and statements about Microsoft Corporation and its employees which he had developed as a result of hearing the evidence and witnesses in the trial.  Speaking about Microsoft executives, he compared them to "stubborn mules who should be walloped with  a two-by-four" and "gangland killers", referring to a murder case he presided over four years earlier:
On the day of the sentencing, the gang members maintained that they had done nothing wrong, saying that the whole case was a conspiracy by the white power structure to destroy them. I am now under no illusions that miscreants will realize that other parts of society view them that way."
The judge also characterized Microsoft leader and co-founder Bill Gates as a Napoleon, "unethical", as well as  comparing him to a "drug trafficker" repeatedly caught as a result of telephone wiretaps.  However, it was  private meetings with journalists released after the verdict but during the appeal that granted the appeal.
Judge Jackson's order that Microsoft be divided into two companies, one owning the Windows operating system and the other owning Microsoft's various application software products, including the Internet Explorer web browser, was also reversed on appeal.  Eight of his factual findings about Microsoft's monopolistic practices against the Sherman Antitrust Act, however, were upheld, though cut down based on the June 2001  appeal. During the appellate hearing, Harry Edwards, chief judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, stated that judges have no right to "go run off our mouths" about cases they're hearing.  "The system would be a sham if all judges went around doing this."
Judge Jackson, in spite of the findings of the appellate court, continued to deny that any such bias existed and insisted that any perception of bias  in the minds of observers was created by  Microsoft. His statements were a response to several  evasive tactics Microsoft used at the trial, including falsifying video evidence, non-responsiveness on the stand, and denying allegations contained in evidence.
When an unrelated case involving Microsoft and charges of discrimination was assigned to him in 2001, Jackson recused himself from the  case.  The recusal has been called into question by some  commentators, as other cases have warranted a "slap on the wrist" of the judiciary, such as the Marion Barry trial in 1990 where Jackson said, "that he had never seen a stronger government case and was upset  that some jurors would not vote to convict."  The appeals court upheld the trial, but commented that "It is worth noting that the district court judge could have recused himself in this case.... The recusal option was a compelling one." Until his death, Jackson was a partner at the law firm of Jackson and Campbell, P.C..
For many years after his retirement from the court, Jackson served on the Board of Trustees for St. Mary's College of Maryland. He was very active on the board and also played key roles in the establishment of the Center for the Study of Democracy at the college, where he also served on the advisory board. Jackson was often on the campus, working with professors and delivering class and seminar lectures free of charge and also mentoring students.
In 2014, St. Mary's College of Maryland established the Thomas Penfield Jackson Award for Civic Responsibility and Democratic Citizenship in his honor. The award will be given yearly to students demonstrating exceptional citizenship and scholarship.
Jackson died of cancer at his home in Compton, Maryland on June 15, 2013.


John Simpson Gray (October 5, 1841 – July 6, 1906) was a candymaker, business man, and banker from Detroit.  He was also an original investor in (and the first president of) the Ford Motor Company.<PIC> John S. Gray was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on October 5, 1841, the son of Philip C. and Amelia Gray.  In 1849, the family emigrated to the United States and settled on a farm in Wisconsin.  However, Gray's father decided farming was not a suitable profession, and in 1857 the family moved to Detroit.
Gray attended high school in Detroit in 1857 and 1858, then took a job as a school teacher in Algonac, Michigan, over the winter of 1858-59.  While Gray was engaged teaching school, his father bought a toy store in Detroit.  John entered his father's business when he returned in 1859. In 1861, the father and son sold the store and entered into a partnership with C. Pelgrim to manufacture candy, styling the firm name Pelgrim, Gray & Company.  The company grew steadily, despite suffering a disastrous fire in 1862.
Gray married Anna E. Hayward of Beloit, Wisconsin on October 31, 1864.  The couple had four children:  Philip H. Gray, Paul R. Gray, David Gray, and Alice Gray.
Soon both Pelgrim and the elder Gray retired from Pelgrim, Gray & Co., and the firm took on a new partner, Joseph Toynton.  In 1865 the name was changed to Gray & Toynton.  The business grew rapidly, forcing moves to ever-larger quarters.  In 1870, J. B. Fox joined as a partner, with the requisite name change to Gray, Toynton & Fox, and the firm continued growing until both Toynton and Fox died in 1881. With the passing of his partners, Gray incorporated the firm (but kept the name), and by 1891 Gray, Toynton & Fox was ensconced in a five-story building, employing 150 people (and up to 200 people during the peak season) and producing $400,000 of candy per year with nationwide distribution.
With this wealth, Gray widened his business interests. He went into the lumber business with Orin W. Grover, incorporating as "Grover and Gray," doing business in Cheboygan, Michigan, and Detroit. He was also a director of the Detroit Trust Company, the Detroit Photographic Company, and the Norris Kollar & Kuff Company, and was the president of the Detroit Library Commission.  In 1894, Gray became president of the German American Bank.
Gray eventually sold Gray, Toynton & Fox to the National Candy Company in 1903. He became a vice-president of the larger company. In February 1903, John S. Gray was approached by his nephew Alexander Y. Malcomson, a frequent financing customer at Gray's German-American Savings Bank.  Malcomson was a coal dealer, but had set up a separate partnership, Ford and Malcomson, with Henry Ford to manufacture an automobile.  However, Ford and Malcomson had absorbed more money than expected, and the manufacturing firm of John and Horace Dodge, who had made parts for Ford and Malcomson, was demanding payment.  Malcomson proposed incorporating the company to bring in new investors, and wanted Gray to join the company, thinking that Gray's name would attract others to invest.
Gray was at first disinclined to accommodate Malcomson, but Malcomson promised he could withdraw his share at any time, so Gray reluctantly agreed to invest $10,500 in return for a 10.5% stake in the company.  On the strength of Gray's name, Malcomson attracted enough other investors to bankroll the new company, even convincing the Dodges to accept stock in lieu of payment. On June 16, 1903, the Ford Motor Company was incorporated, with 12 investors owning a total of 1,000 shares valued at $100,000.  At the first meeting of stockholders, Gray was elected president, Henry Ford vice-president, and James Couzens secretary.
Despite Gray's misgivings, Ford Motor Company was immediately profitable, with profits by October 1, 1903 of almost $37,000.  The company paid a dividend of 10% that October, an additional dividend of 20% at the beginning of 1904, and another dividend of 68% in June 1904.  Two dividends of 100% each in June and July 1905 brought the total investor profits to nearly 300% of the initial investment in just over two years; 1905 total profits were almost $300,000.
However, despite the booming business, there were internal frictions in the company of which Gray nominally was in charge.  Most of the investors, Malcomson and Gray included, had their own businesses to attend to; only Ford and Couzens worked full-time at the company, and Ford chafed at the status quo.  The issue came to a head when the principal stockholders, Ford and Malcomson, quarreled over the future direction of the company.  Gray sided with Ford, and by early 1906 Malcomson was effectively frozen out of the Ford Motor Company (and, indeed, had started his own competing auto company, AeroCar).  In May, Malcomson sold his shares to Henry Ford, leaving the Ford Motor Company vice-president as majority stockholder. Gray was still president of Ford Motor Company when Malcomson sold his shares.  However, on July 6, 1906, John S. Gray died unexpectedly of heart trouble.  Gray's position as Ford president was taken over by Henry Ford himself soon afterward. Gray's estate, however, retained control of his shares in the company, until Henry Ford bought them in 1919.  For the 16 years that Gray and his heirs owned their stake in the company, they received total dividends of $10,355,075.  When the estate finally sold his shares to Henry Ford, the price was $26,250,000, making a total return of $36,605,075 on Gray's $10,500 initial investment.


Àlex Ollé ([ˈaləks uˈʎe]; born 1960) is one of the six artistic directors of La Fura dels Baus. Prominent works from its early period include Accions (1984), Suz/O/Suz (1985), Tier Mon (1988), Noun (1990) and MTM (1994), which established La Fura dels Baus as a top company among both critics and the public.<PIC> The first operas that Àlex Ollé directed were joint projects with Carlus Padrissa and the artist Jaume Plensa: L’Atlàntida (1996) by Manuel de Falla and Le martyre de Saint Sébastien (1997) by Claude Debussy. These were followed by La damnation de Faust by Héctor Berlioz, which debuted in 1999 at the Salzburg Festival; DQ. Don Quijote en Barcelona (2000), with music by José Luis Turina and libretto by Justo Navarro, which premiered at the Gran Teatre del Liceu de Barcelona;  Die Zauberflöte  [The magic flute] (2003) by  W. A. Mozart, as part of the Ruhr Biennale, a co-production of the Opéra National in Paris and the Teatro Real in Madrid; Bluebeard’s castle by Béla Bartók and Diary of one who disappeared (2007) by Leoš Janáček, presented under a single programme, premiered in Opera Garnier, a co-production of the Opéra National in Paris and the Gran Teatre del Liceu. With the collaboration of Valentina Carrasco, he directed the mise-en-scène of Le grand macabre (2009) by György Ligeti, premiered in the Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie in Brussels. A coproduction between the Gran Teatre del Liceu, the Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie, the English National Opera and the Opera di Roma. In 2010, this stage work was selected to open the 50th Adelaide Festival of Arts in Australia.
Together with Carlus Padrissa he directed Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny [Rise and fall of the city of Mahagonny] (2010) by Kurt Weill and Bertolt Brecht, which debuted at the Teatro Real in Madrid and was rebroadcast live to 127 movie theatres in Europe and Mexico.
In 2011, he directed Quartet by Luca Francesconi, based on the play of the same name by Heiner Müller. The opera debuted at the Teatro alla Scala in Milan and was co-produced with the Wiener Festwochen. This production received the prestigious Abbiati Award for "La migliore Novità assoluta". This year he is also presenting Tristan und Isolde by Richard Wagner at the Opéra in Lyon. French critics have chosen this production as one of the top three winners of the year by the newspaper Le Temps.  In 2011, in collaboration with Valentina Carrasco, he also directed Oedipe by George Enescu, co-produced by the Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie in Brussels and the Théâtre National de l’Opéra in Paris.
His first Verdi Un ballo in maschera, opened in Sydney Opera House in January 2013, won the Helpmann Award for the opera stage direction in the season 2012–2013. This is a production between Opera Sidney, Teatro Colón de Buenos Aires, Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie in Brussels and the Norwegian National Opera & Ballet of Oslo.
During the 2013 he also directed  Il Priggioniero Dallapiccola / Erwartung Schoenberg, opened  in Justice & Injustice festival in the Opéra de Lyon and  Aida, together with Carlus Padrissa, to open the Centenario de l’Arena di Verona. In 2014 he premiered Giacomo Puccini's Madama Butterfly at the Handa Opera; Faust by Charles Gounod, a coproduction of the Teatro Real and the Nederlandse Opera, and Der Fliegende Holländer by Richard Wagner, produced by the Opéra de Lyon, the Opéra de Lille, Opera Australia (Melbourne Opera) and the Bergen Nasjonale Opera.
He directed Pelleas et Melisande, by Claude Debussy, at the Semperoper Dresden in 2015, and later Il Trovatore, by Giuseppe Verdi, a staging inspired by World War I, co-produced by De Nederlandse Opera in Amsterdam and the Opéra National de Paris. In February 2016, this production was rebroadcast live to 180 European cinemas during its representations in Opéra de la Bastille in Paris. In September he opened the season at The Royal Opera House in London with Vincenzo Bellini‘s Norma, a show that was broadcast live in more than100 European cinemas. In October he has premiered La Bohème by Giacomo Puccini in the Teatro Regio Torino, to celebrate the 120th anniversary of its release, a co-production with the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma.
During 2017 he premiered the Christoph Willibald Gluck's Alceste at Opéra Lyon, and the Jeanne d'Arc au Bûcher Arthur Honegger and La damoiselle élue Claude Debussy diptych, co-produced between Oper Frankfurt and Teatro Real de Madrid.
In 2018, he adds to his constant review of the Faust's myth, the Mefistofele by Arrigo Boito, co-produced by the Opéra de Lyon and the Staatsoper Stuttgart.
In 2019, he premiered the newly created contemporary opera Frankenstein at the theater of La Monnaie de Munt, Brussels, with music by Marc Gray and libretto by Júlia Canosa, based on an original idea of Àlex Ollé inspired by the Mary Shelley's novel. In July, he premieres Turandot one of Giacomo Puccini's great operas, at the Tokyo Bunka Kaikan theater within the programming of the Cultural Olympiad Tokyo 2020, that tours in Japan to three other opera theaters. In October 2019, he premieres the opera Manon Lescaut of Giacomo Puccini at the Frankfurt Opera.
In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, all planned productions were postponed to the following seasons.
In March 2021, he directed the opera Arianne et Barbe-Bleue by Paul Dukas at the Opera de Lyon, in co-production with the Teatro Real in Madrid. Presented without public due to COVID-19 restrictions, it was streamed both in Medici TV and the theater's own website. Shortly after, it was broadcast in Mezzo and Arte channels. Later In July and  within the framework of the Olympic Games that were delayed a year by the pandemic, he premiered the opera Carmen, by Georges Bizet, at the New National Theater in Tokyo.
Throughout fall and winter 2021, there will be the premiere of Idomenée by André Campra at the Opéra de Lille, in co-production with the Staatsoper Unter den Linden, and Rusalka by Antonin Dvorák, at the Bergen National Opera. Idoménée by Campra will Premiere at the Opéra de Lille in September and then will be revived in Berlin at the Staatsoper Unter den Linden. In collaboration with Carlus Padrissa, Ollé created and directed Mediterrani, mar olímpic, the epicentre of the opening ceremony of the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games, an event that fascinated and left a mark on millions of viewers around the world.
He has also participated in many large-scale shows, either alone or in collaboration with Carlus Padrissa, such as La navaja en el ojo, for the opening of the 2001 Valencia Biennial; Naumaquia, created for the Universal Forum of Cultures in Barcelona in 2004; the opening of the Track Cycling World Championships in Palma de Mallorca in 2007; Window of the city, the thematic show for Expo 2010 in Shanghai, China and Istambul, Istambul in 2012, in celebration of the 40th anniversary of the Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts (IKSV). In 2014 he created, with the architect Benedetta Tagliabue BCN.RESET, a route of ephemeral architecture through the streets of Barcelona. The plays that Àlex Ollé has directed include F@ust 3.0 (1998), based on the novel Faust by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe; XXX (2001), based on La philosophie dans le boudoir [Philosophy in the bedroom] by the Marquis de Sade, both in collaboration with Carlus Padrissa; Metamorphosis (2005), together with Javier Daulte, based on Franz Kafka’s text and Boris Godunov (2008), with David Plana, a play based on the attack on the Dubrovka Theatre in Moscow and on the work of Alexander Pushkin. In 2010 he co-directed Samuel Beckett’s First love with Miquel Gorriz, a co-production of the Chekov International Theatre Festival in Moscow and the Grec Theatre Festival in Barcelona. In 2018, he premieres L'Histoire du Soldat, by Igor Stravinski, at the Radiant-Bellevue Theater, co-produced by Lyon's National Opera, Lausanne's Opera and Montpellier's National Opera, to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the premiere. His sole foray into the world of film is Fausto 5.0, a movie he co-directed with Carlus Padrissa and Isidro Ortiz, a screenplay by Fernando León de Aranoa. Debuting in 2001 at the Sitges International Fantastic Film Festival, it received the Méliès d’Or Award in 2003 (among others) for the best European fantasy film.


St Andrew's Church is in the town of Bebington, Wirral, Merseyside, England.  It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building.  The architectural historian Raymond Richards considers it to be the finest old parish church in Wirral.  It is an active Anglican parish church in the diocese of Chester, the archdeaconry of Chester and the deanery of Wirral North.<PIC> A church built from local Storeton sandstone was present before the Norman Conquest.  Some of the stones from this church are still present in the south wall of the present church.  A priest in Bebington was recorded in the Domesday Book.  The Saxon church was later replaced by a Norman church.  Building of the tower started in 1300 and was completed around 50 years later.  The church was remodelled in the 14th century, the south aisle was widened and a three-bay chancel was built.  In the 16th century rebuilding started at the east end in Perpendicular style.  The chancel and chapels were built but the scheme was interrupted by the Reformation.  In 1847 the church was reordered and the north arcade was built in Norman style.  More recently the church has been modernised by re-siting the rood screen, removing the choirstalls, installing a kitchen and toilets and creating a crèche and meeting room in the tower.  The church is built in sandstone.  Its plan consists of a four bay nave which widens to the east, aisles to the north and south, a three bay chancel with north and south chapels, and a tower protruding from the southwest corner.  There is a contrast of styles between the chancel and the chapels, which are Perpendicular in style, and the nave, which is mainly Early Decorated.  Part of the south arcade survives from the Norman church and the north arcade is a copy of this.  The tower has deep buttresses, the western two of which are diagonal.  On the northern side is a rectangular stair turret. On the west face is a window of two lights and at the second stage is a lancet window.  The two-light bell openings are louvred. At the summit is a splay spire with lucarnes. From masons' marks, the lower parts of the tower date from the very early 14th century while the "ringing loft" dates from the middle of that century. The door to the outside of the tower was blocked in the 18th century, when a new door was cut within the church, but was re-opened in 1847. The tower had been rebuilt in 1805 after being struck by lightning. The last work of any significance was carried out in 1905. The altar is prominent; it dates from 1911, was designed by C. E. Deacon, and was carved by Harry Hems.  They also created the screens of 1898 and 1908.  The reredos dates from 1951, and is by Bernard A. Miller.  The stalls include three seats with misericords depicting a dolphin, a bearded face and a pelican.  Four stalls end with poppy-heads.  The font is circular and is of uncertain date.  The stained glass in the east window was designed by T. F. Wilford in 1953.  That in the north transept is signed by William Warrington and is dated 1859.  On the south side of the church are two windows designed by Henry Holiday for Powell's, one of which is dated 1881 and the other 1886.  The parish chest dates from the early 16th century.  The parish registers begin in 1558 and the churchwardens' accounts in 1774.  There is a ring of eight bells, all of which were cast at the Whitechapel Bell Foundry. Five bells dated 1845 were by Charles and George Mears and the other three, dated 1907, were by Mears and Stainbank.  The two-manual organ is by Henry Willis & Sons, which replaced an earlier organ of 1885 by E. Franklin Lloyd. In the churchyard is a sandstone sundial dated possibly 1764.  It consists of a chamfered shaft with octagonal cap, on top of which is a brass plate and gnomon.  It is listed at Grade II.  The churchyard also contains the war graves of nineteen service personnel, four of World War I and fifteen of World War II. The church holds traditional Anglican services on Sundays, arranges various events during the week, and supports a number of groups.


Cody Coughlin (born December 11, 1995) is an American professional stock car racing driver who competes part-time in the ARCA Menards Series, driving the No. 72 Ford Fusion, and part-time in the ARCA/CRA Super Series and CARS Pro Late Model Tour, driving the No. 1 Toyota/Chevrolet, both for his family team, Coughlin Brothers Racing. He has also competed in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series in the past. Coughlin started his career in drag racing, competing in the National Hot Rod Association's Jr. Drag Racing League, but eventually switched to oval track racing. He began in USAC quarter midgets, winning five races in 2009. The following year, he switched to Late models, and joined the JEGS/CRA All-Stars in 2011. In eleven races, Coughlin finished in the top ten in all but one, while also recording four top-five finishes with a best finish of second at Rockford Speedway. He was later named the series' Rookie of the Year. In 2013, he won the series championship.
On March 5, 2014, Coughlin was signed to Joe Gibbs Racing's driver development program.
In March 2014, Coughlin joined Venturini Motorsports for an ARCA Racing Series test at Motor Mile Speedway, followed by another test at Mobile International Speedway, and he made his series debut at the latter on March 22. After qualifying eighth, he finished 13th. He made ten more starts in the season, with a best finish of fourth at Kansas Speedway and Kentucky Speedway. In 2015, he won his first career ARCA pole at Talladega Superspeedway, the first pole at the track for Venturini since 2013, with a lap speed of 187.883 miles per hour (302.368 km/h). On the green–white–checker finish, he finished second after a three-wide battle to the finish.
On July 9, 2015, Coughlin made his Camping World Truck Series debut at Kentucky, driving the No. 25 Toyota Tundra for Venturini Motorsports. Due to rain canceling practice and qualifying, he never turned a lap around the track until the race, where he finished 20th. He later debuted for Kyle Busch Motorsports at Michigan International Speedway, driving the No. 54 Tundra, where he finished 20th after being involved in a late wreck with Ben Kennedy.
In 2016, Coughlin drove for KBM in the No. 18 Tundra for one race at Daytona International Speedway, while also running ten races in the No. 51, splitting the truck with Daniel Suárez. At the Texas Motor Speedway race, Coughlin took over for John Wes Townley in the No. 05 Chevrolet Silverado of Athenian Motorsports while Townley was nursing an ankle injury.
On January 30, 2017, Coughlin joined ThorSport Racing full-time, driving the No. 13 Toyota bringing and JEGS over to sponsor him.
For 2018, Coughlin joined GMS Racing to drive their No. 2 truck full-time. However, on September 24, he was released due to sponsorship issues.
After being unable to find a ride in NASCAR after being released from GMS, Coughlin returned to regional pro late model racing.
On August 2, 2022, it was revealed that Coughlin would return to ARCA to drive in the race at Michigan. He will compete in the race with a team owned by his family. It is his first start in the series since 2015 and first start in NASCAR since 2018.<PIC> In his family, Coughlin is a third-generation racer. Coughlin's grandfather Jeg Coughlin, Sr. founded Jegs High Performance, with Jeg and relatives like Cody's father John competing in drag racing; uncle Jeg Jr. is also a drag racer.
Coughlin began to work in real estate development after he was unable to find another full-time ride in NASCAR after being released from GMS Racing. He helped plan the building of an apartment complex near New Albany, Ohio in 2022. Coughlin makes a cameo appearance in the 2018 film God Bless the Broken Road. For that year's Truck race at Michigan International Speedway, he ran a paint scheme promoting the movie.  (key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)  (key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
* Season still in progress


The Pātē is a Samoan percussion instrument of Tahitian origin, named after the Samoan word for "beat" or "clap" "pulse". It is one of many Samoan log drum variants and is of the slit drum family, and therefore is also of the idiophone percussion family. It is made from a hollowed-out log, usually of Miro wood and produces a distinctive and loud sound. Different sizes of log drums offer different pitches and volumes, as well as striking the log drum in the middle or near the ends.
Talipalau drums are a Samoan variant a little larger than a pate drum and somewhat smaller than the Lali log drum variant. The dimensions of some Talipalau are large as 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) high and 3 metres (9.8 ft) in length; these Talipalau are a distant cousin to the Fijian Lali drum which were larger in size. The smaller pate was said to be introduced to Samoa by inter-married Tahitians whom visited and settled in Samoa some 500 years ago. However, in recent times the pate is used together with the other lesser known traditional log drum variants as well as the Samoan fala as percussive musical instruments. Because of the widespread distribution of Samoan music through the great Polynesian expansion, the use of the Pātē has gained much popularity among other neighbouring Polynesian Islands such as Uvea and Futuna, Tokelau, Tuvalu and Niue.
There are five main Samoan wooden slit drum variants:
The logo, often carved straight from the carcass of giant felled trees, is the largest of the Samoan drum variants. Some of these drums were said to need upward of 70 men to carry them to the sea—such was the enormity of the drums that they could only be transported by flotation. When carved into a drum, the logo can only be played by being struck from the side, for instance by sliding the beater or very large log like playing stick across the top of the drum to hit the slit lip on the other side. The logo was used to announce the King of Samoa, High Chiefs and other monarchy in the past. The logo was also used to announce attacks and signals during war (see: Samoan Civil War, the Fijian Wars and also the Tongan Wars). Samoa also has recorded historical records of lesser known battles with the neighboring islands of Manono, Pukapuka, Tokelau, Tuamotu and Rarotonga, although these battles may be classed as independent isolated inter-island skirmishes between large familial clan groups.
Lali are large drums that are always played in pairs by two drummers. One of them beats the larger of the two, called the Tatasi. The other drummer plays the smaller Lali in the rhythmic pattern called the Talua. Both slit drums are played with sticks called Auta. The Lali were said to be introduced 700 years ago via Fiji.
The talipalau is a medium-sized Lali drum in between the normal-sized lali and the pate. The talipalau slit drum was introduced to Samoa via Tuamotu and Tahiti. It is now part of the island group now part of the French Polynesian Island chain. The archipelago of Samoa, Tahiti and Tuamotu developed inter-island familial bonded clans over the span of 800 years.
The pate was introduced via Tahiti 500 years ago. It is the most well-known of the drum variants simply because of its portability and easy-to-use size, as well as because of its various different tones and pitches.
The fa'aali'i-nafa is a smaller indigenous Samoan pate drum also made from Milo wood.
Tahitian warriors introduced intricate wooden log pate drumming to the Samoan Islands and the Cook Islands. In Rarotonga its origins have grown into deep spiritual roots that are still found in Cook Islands drumming today.
In Samoa log drums have traditionally been used in communicating over large distances in times of war and for signaling times of Sa, Chief and Village Meetings. Drums are also used in traditional song and dance.
In Tahiti the people have taken a more contemporary approach where drumming and dancing is used more for entertainment and tourism than traditional functions. For example, French Polynesia celebrates the annual Heiva i Tahiti festival where different tribes and island clan groups are able to compete against each other in a dance and drumming competition.<PIC> First a segment of a hardwood tree trunk or thick branch is taken and stripped of its bark. Holes are then bored into the log in a straight line, from one end to the other, optionally leaving some space at each end. What remains in between the holes is then chiseled out, forming the characteristic slit. After this, the log continues to be hollowed out through the slit. Both the shape of the slit and the extent that the log is gutted will affect the tone and pitch of the pate.


The Castilian Left (Spanish: Izquierda Castellana, IzCa) is a leftist nationalist political movement active in the Spanish autonomous communities of Castile-La Mancha, Castile and Leon and Community of Madrid. It strives to advocate for the national recognition of Castile, and in some cases, its independence. Other current political parties include Tierra Comunera, Castilian Party, and Ahora Castilla. Castilian Left and the other parties are categorized as part of a major political movement known as Castilian nationalism. It defends the traditions and values from the rebels of the Castilian War of the Communities, so they call themselves "comuneros". As a group of Castilian nationalists, they also seek to unify the other Spanish Autonomous Communities of Cantabria, Castile y Leon, Castile-La Mancha, La Rioja, and Madrid. Izquierda Castellana constituted a definitive movement in Madrid by the year 2002, as a section of Izquierda Comunera, which also included the organizations Unidad Popular Castellana, YESCA (formerly known as Juventudes Castellanas Revolucionarias), Mujeres Castellanas and the Círculo Castellano de Toledo. The Communist Party of the Castilian People (a section of the Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain in the autonomous region of Castilla y León) joined on as part of Izquierda Castellana, but later left the organization. Izquierda Castellana also supports various nationalist movements around the world, such as those in the Basque Country, Palestine or Ireland, emphasizing a democratic perspective and the sovereignty of the working class. The goal of Izquierda Castellana is the attainment of what they call a united Castile, overcoming the current division of the Castilian "nation" between five autonomous regions (Cantabria, Castile and León, Madrid, La Rioja and Castile-La Mancha) and a comarca (Requena-Utiel in the Valencian Community). It emphasizes socialism, sovereignty and republicanism, principles it reaffirms each year on April 23, in a special ceremony in the municipality of Villalar de los Comuneros. This day is celebrated by Castilian nationalist organizations such as Izquierda Castellana and Tierra Comunera as the National Day of Castile, but officially it is the festivity of the autonomous region of Castile and León. A Castilian nationalist political party that seeks the defense of the rights and freedoms of the Castilian people, the constant exercise of their decision-making capacity, the progressive transformation of their society in order to achieve freedom and the preservation of their historical heritage, as the most valuable legacy to pass on to future generations. It currently does not assume a social, economic, and cultural role that defines Castile. It holds great value towards many aspects of the human nature, which includes cultural and environmental ideals, its production of raw materials of high quality, and most importantly, the existence of a political power at the service of its citizens, should allow the Castilian people build a society more prosperous and developed, that satisfaction appropriate to the needs of the people. As an organization that is fully committed to unify the Castilians amongst themselves and the rest of Spain, Tierra Comunera is responsible for multiple organized experiences that are developed by the people giving them continuity and gathering the best thing of all of them to plan a way that incorporates the illusion of all the persons and sectors that believe for a possible and united Castile. A Castilian youth organization that specialized in combat action that creates struggles by the Revolutionary Youth of their land: Castilla. Yesca arose from the militant representation that during the decade of the 90s and the early years of the new millennium that was carried out by the Revolutionary Youth Castilian. It was not simply a change of name but the natural evolution of the project after years of struggles and experiences of another step in the construction of a real Spanish organization qualified to give answers to the problems that they suffer as young. Yesca is committed to bring together people that want to real changes in society, fighting from the framework of the construction of Castile between everyone. It is something that traditionally ignite the spark; the symbolic name presents to us as what we aspire to be and a catalytic tool of ideas and actions that will lead us to kindle the flame of the social revolution, gender and national they need. For the last three decades, tens of thousands of Castilian attend "Villarlar of the Comuneros" on April 23 to celebrate the day of Castile. The Battle of Villalar was a battle in the Revolt of the Comuneros fought near the town of Villalar in Valladolid province, Spain. The royalist supporters of King Charles I won a crushing victory over the comuneros rebels. Three of the most important rebel leaders were captured, Juan de Padilla, Juan Bravo, and Francisco Maldonado. They were executed the next day, effectively ending armed resistance to Charles I. The Battle of Villalar represents an important historical event in Castile because it marked the end of autocratic Spanish monarchy.<PIC>


John Croumbie Brown (16 May 1808 Haddington, Scotland - 17 September 1895 Haddington) was a prolific author, minister of religion, forestry pioneer in South Africa as well as soil conservationist and hydrologist. He was the grandson of John Brown (1722-1787), the renowned Scottish theologian and author.
John Croumbie Brown received his education in Aberdeen, was later trained as a missionary, and in 1833 was sent to St. Petersburg by the London Missionary Society to mission to the British and American Church, spending four years there. From 1844 to 1848 he was in Cape Town where he took charge of the Congregational Church. Having an easy familiarity with the natural sciences, he presented a series of public lectures on scientific topics. His first lecture in November 1844 was under the aegis of the Cape Town Mental Improvement Society and was "On the discoveries of modern astronomy". This was followed by lectures on chemistry sponsored by the Institute for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. In 1847 he delivered lectures "On the physiology and structure of the human frame" - these lectures were subsequently published in book form in Cape Town.
Returning to Scotland, Brown served as pastor in Aberdeen in 1849, continuing with his scientific lectures, which were well received. He furthered his botanical studies, and in April 1853 took up the post of lecturer in botany at the Joint Medical School (King's College, Aberdeen), also being awarded the degree Doctor of Laws there in 1858.
In April 1863, following the death of Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Pappe, Brown took up the post of Colonial Botanist at the Cape, his duties including that of professor of botany at the South African College. He toured the Cape Colony during 1863, giving lectures in an effort to popularise botany. He opposed deforestation and veld-burning, because of the loss of soil moisture. He was consulted by the government on forestry matters, and wrote several memoirs on forestry, appending a list of South African trees, shrubs, and arborescent herbs, to his annual report for 1866. His reports also touched on agricultural issues, such as diseases in fruit trees, rust, manuring, the cultivation of various crops, experimental farms, irrigation, and Cape wines. His 1863 report included the first official record of "krimpsiekte" or Cotyledonosis in small stock, particularly goats, caused by three genera of the Crassulaceae (Cotyledon, Tylecodon and Kalanchoe). He investigated potential dam sites, and the hydrology of the country. In 1866 the post of Colonial Botanist was abolished due to shortage of funds and Brown returned to Scotland in January 1867.
Some South African botanists were critical of Brown's contributions to botanical knowledge, but the noted Irish botanist William Henry Harvey singled out Brown for praise in the preface to Volume 3 of the Flora Capensis "for his unremitting kind attention to the interests of this work, and for the zeal which he has shown, since his appointment, in endeavouring to promote the study of botany in all parts of the Colony, and among the neighbouring extra-colonial missionaries". The Cape authorities also valued his suggestions, some of which were implemented. Hence he was not regarded as an outstanding botanist, but did successfully promote interest in botany and sound methods in agriculture, forestry, and veld management.
Brown maintained his interest in the forestry and hydrology of the Cape Colony, publishing a number of valuable works. In April 1877 he addressed the Town Council of Edinburgh and the board of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, advocating the establishment of a forestry school and arboretum in Edinburgh. Various unpublished manuscripts on South African agriculture, forestry and botany were lodged with the Faculty of Forestry at the University of Stellenbosch by his grandson, Dr. Eric A. Nobbs.<PIC> Hydrology of South Africa. London. 1875.
Water Supply of South Africa: And Facilities for the Storage of it. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd. 1877.
Forests in South Africa (Transactions of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society. 1881.
Management of Crown Forests at the Cape of Good Hope Under the Old Regime and Under the New. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. 1887. p. 1.


Guglielmo Ferrero ([ɡuʎˈʎɛlmo ferˈrɛːro]; July 21, 1871 — August 3, 1942) was an Italian historian, journalist and novelist, author of the Greatness and Decline of Rome (5 volumes, published after English translation 1907–1909). Ferrero devoted his writings to classical liberalism and he opposed any kind of dictatorship and unlimited government. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature twenty times in six years.<PIC> Born in Portici, near Naples, Ferrero studied law in Pisa, Bologna and Turin. Soon afterward he married Gina Lombroso, a daughter of Cesare Lombroso, the criminologist and psychiatrist with whom he wrote The Female Offender, The Prostitute and The Normal Woman. In 1891-1894 Ferrero traveled extensively in Europe and in 1897 wrote The Young Europe, a book which had a strong influence over James Joyce.
After studying the history of Rome Ferrero turned to political essays and novels (Between Two Worlds in 1913, Speeches to the Deaf in 1925 and The Two Truths in 1933-1939). When the fascist reign of Black Shirts forced liberal intellectuals to leave Italy in 1925, Ferrero refused and was placed under house arrest. In 1929 Ferrero accepted a professorship at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva. His last works (Adventure, Bonaparte in Italy, The Reconstruction of Europe, The Principles of Power and The Two French Revolutions) were dedicated to the French Revolution and Napoleon. In 1935 his daughter Nina Ferrero married the Yugoslavian diplomat Bogdan Raditsa.
Ferrero was invited to the White House in 1908 by Theodore Roosevelt, who had read The Greatness and Decline of Rome. He gave lectures in the northeast of the USA which were collected and published in 1909 as Characters and Events of Roman History.
He died in 1942 at the Mont Pèlerin, Switzerland.  Roma Antica, 3 vols., Firenze: Le Monnier, 1921–22, with Corrado Barbagallo Militarism a contribution to the Peace Crusade (1903).
The Greatness and Decline of Rome translated in five volumes by Sir Alfred Zimmern (Volumes 1 and 2) and the Reverend H J Chaytor (Volumes 3 to 5)
Volume 1: The Empire-Builders (1907).
Volume 2: Julius Caesar (1907).
Volume 3: The Fall of an Aristocracy (1907).
Volume 4: Rome and Egypt (1908).
Volume 5: The Republic of Augustus (1909).
Characters and Events of Roman History from Caesar to Nero (1909).
The Women of the Caesars (1911).
Between the Old World and the New, a novel (1914).
Ancient Rome and Modern America, a comparative study of morals and manners (1914).
A Short History of Rome (with Corrado Barbagallo) translated in two volumes by George Chrystal (1918).
Volume 1: 754 BC to 44 BC
Volume 2: 44 BC to 476 AD
Europe's Fateful Hour (1918).
Problems of Peace, from the Holy Alliance to the League of Nations, a message from a European writer to Americans (1919).
The Ruin of the Ancient Civilization and the Triumph of Christianity, with some consideration of conditions in the Europe of today (1921).
Peace and War (1933).
The Reconstruction of Europe: Talleyrand and the Congress of Vienna 1814-1845 (1941).
Selected articles
"Puritanism," The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. CVI, 1910.
"American Characteristics," The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. CVI, 1910.
"The Dangers of War in Europe," The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. CXI, 1913. Les lois psychologiques du symbolisme, Paris, Félix Alcan, 1895. Published under the name of "Guillaume Ferrero".


Leeroy Jenkins is a player character created by Ben Schulz in Blizzard Entertainment's MMORPG World of Warcraft. The character became popular in 2005 from his role in a viral video of game footage where, having been absent during his group's discussion of a meticulous plan, Leeroy returns and ruins it by charging straight into combat while shouting his own name as a battle cry. The video capturing the character's behavior became an Internet meme. As a result of positive reception to the meme, Blizzard subsequently added Leeroy Jenkins into World of Warcraft as an official non-player character and as a minion card and later as a hero in the online card game Hearthstone.<PIC> The original video was released by the World of Warcraft player guild "Pals for Life" to video-sharing site Warcraftmovies on May 11, 2005. The video features a group of players discussing a detailed battle plan for their next encounter while Leeroy is away from his computer, preparing a plate of chicken. This plan is intended to help Leeroy obtain a piece of armor from the boss monsters, but is ruined when Leeroy himself returns and, ignorant of the strategy, immediately rushes headlong into battle shouting his own name in a stylized battle cry. His companions rush to help, but Leeroy's actions ruin the detailed plan and all the members of the group are killed.
The Internet meme started with the release of the video clip called A Rough Go to the World of Warcraft game forum in a thread titled "UBRS (vid) Rookery Overpowered! blue plz.", which presented the video in a serious context.  The thread requested that other players provide help with strategy and that Blizzard reduce the difficulty of the encounter. The video spread as an Internet meme, and Leeroy's response to the other players' chastisements, "at least I have chicken", was also much mimicked. When in April 2008 he was asked about his actions in the video by National Public Radio, Ben Schulz said the players "were drinking 40s and just yelling at each other." As time went on, some began suggesting that the video may have been staged. Schulz had refused to confirm or deny whether the video was staged. Later, in December 2017, Schulz, along with Ben "Anfrony" Vinson, the cameraman of the video, released what he described as a first take/dry run of the video. Regarding the video, Vinson stated, "We didn’t think anyone would believe it was real, we thought it was so obviously satire." The character was included as a card within the World of Warcraft Trading Card Game released on October 25, 2006, with art by Mike Krahulik of Penny Arcade fame. A "Leeroy Jenkins" Legendary card was later released in Blizzard's online card game Hearthstone, as part of the game's base ("Classic") set, using the same art as that of the WoW Trading Card Game.
Upper Deck Entertainment released a World of Warcraft Miniatures game in fall 2008, which included a Leeroy Jenkins figurine. The May 2005 issue of PC Gamer UK featured an article on the video, titled "The Ballad of Leeroy Jenkins". The article took the position that the video was designed as a negative commentary on the kind of "nerd-guilds" whose members fastidiously plan raids with all the seriousness of actual military tacticians. They added that they felt Leeroy is the hero acting against the geekiness of his guild.
Blizzard eventually paid tribute to Leeroy within World of Warcraft itself creating the achievement "Leeeeeeeeeeeeeroy!", which awards the title of "Jenkins" to players who kill 50 of the rookery whelps from the video within 15 seconds. Also, in the new expansion Warlords of Draenor, Leeroy returns as a non-player character and will join the player's garrison if they help him find the Devout Shoulders he was seeking in the video. Blizzard also added a "Leeroy Jenkins" card to their popular online card game Hearthstone. When entering the battlefield, Leeroy gives his famous battle cry. While attacking, he says "Time's up, let's do this!" And when he dies, he says, "At least I have chicken." In addition, the adventure mode "Blackrock Mountain" added a new game board themed on the mountain. In the bottom right section, there is a pink tabard with a white heart lying on the ground, a reference to the guild Leeroy was in, <PALS FOR LIFE>. In March 2022, Leeroy Jenkins debuted as a playable mercenary character in Hearthstone's Mercenaries game mode.
Leeroy Jenkins was mentioned as part of a clue on the November 16, 2005, episode of the game show Jeopardy! as part of their college week tournament, though no contestant rang in. The meme spread further in 2009 when the Armed Forces Journal published an article titled "Let's Do This!: Leeroy Jenkins and the American Way of Advising". The article, by Capt. Robert M Chamberlain links Jenkins to the American approach to advising the indigenous armed forces in Iraq. Although Leeroy Jenkins is not an official character created by Blizzard, IGN acknowledged the character's iconic status and ranked him 10th place on their list of best Blizzard characters in 2017, and noted that he represents the crossing of a line which typically separates a game’s content and its community. In the episode "Little Bad Voodoo Brother" of My Name Is Earl in 2008, Randy charges out to "fight thirty people at once" while shouting "Leeroy Jenkins!"
In the episode "Murtaugh" of How I Met Your Mother in 2009, Barney uses the quote using his name instead of Leeroy Jenkins.
The home media release of the 2009 film Year One includes a bonus feature titled Leeroy Jenkins: The Gates of Sodom, featuring the cast recreating the video.
In the episode "Last Night Gus" of Psych in 2011, protagonist Shawn affirms one Leeroy Jenkins to be their new prime suspect by yelling the name.
The United States Air Force Pararescue (PJs) use this sound bite to notify them of an upcoming medevac mission on the show Inside Combat Rescue in 2013.
In several episodes of Heroes Reborn (2015-2016), Miko and Ren shout out "Leeroy Jenkins!" as going into battle.
In the episode "Chapter 5: Do Your Job" of the TV show Barry (2018), an ex-Marine named Taylor jumps into a firefight while yelling "Leeroy Jenkins".
In the episode "Veteran Guy" of Family Guy, several characters find themselves in a gunfight with terrorists, when Cleveland suggests "what's referred to as a Leeroy Jenkins" and runs in shooting while shouting "Leeroy Jenkins".
In the fifth season episode "Back From the Future—Part Two" of Supergirl, the character Brainy utters the Leeroy Jenkins battle-cry to distract the Lexosuits.
In the season two episode "Rupture" of The Flash, the superhero Cisco shouts "Leeroy!" while helping Barry Allen apprehend two enemies.
The video game Guild Wars features a character named "Kilroy Stonekin" who charges headlong into battle while shouting his own name.
In the season one, episode six of The Terminal List, a trap is set by James Reece. When the trap is triggered can be heard "Ok let's do this. Leeroy Jenkins!".
In season four of "Phineas and Ferb" in the 25th episode named "The Klimpaloon Ultimatum" the kids make a plan to enter a building, Buford starts rushing in while screaming his name and Phineas say the same "stick to the plan" as in the video. After being caught Buford said "I used gamer strategy"


Larissa Ribeiro Ramos Tramontin (born February 4, 1989) is a Brazilian beauty pageant titleholder who won Miss Terra Brasil 2009 and Miss Earth 2009, becoming the second Brazilian to win the title. Representing the State of Amazonas, Ramos won the title of Miss Terra Brasil 2009. She was crowned by Tatiane Alves, Miss Terra Brasil 2008 and Miss Earth Fire 2008, on November 28, 2008 in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Miss Terra Brasil 2009 national pageant was contested by 27 pageant winners from Brazil's 26 states and the Federal District. Ramos was 19 years old at the time she was crowned Miss Terra Brasil 2009. Standing 1.78 m., she represented her country in the 9th edition of Miss Earth pageant.
Ramos court as Miss Terra Brasil 2009 included Miss Brazil Earth Air (first runner up) Naiane Alves from the state of Pará; Miss Brazil Earth Water (second runner up) Luana Athar who represented the state of Rondônia; and Miss Brazil Earth Fire (third runner up) Debora Lyra from the state of Espírito Santo.  On November 7, 2009, Ramos was chosen as one of the Top 15 finalists in the Evening Gown Competition of Miss Earth 2009 at the Subic Bay Yacht Club, Subic, Pampanga. On November 8, 2009, she was again selected as one of the Top 15 finalists in the Swimsuit Competition which was held at The Lakeshore in the town of Mexico, Pampanga province. In the final competition of the Miss Earth beauty pageant, Ramos was announced as one of sixteen semi-finalists who moved forward to compete for the title on November 22, 2009. She achieved one of the eight highest scores in the swimsuit and evening gown competitions for her stage chops, which advanced her as one of the top eight finalists to participate in the final round of the event.
Ramos, 20 years old at the time of the event, was crowned the Miss Earth 2009 during the coronation night at the Boracay Ecovillage Resort and Convention Center in Boracay Island. She succeeded Miss Earth 2008 winner Karla Henry from the Philippines. Miss Earth 2009 winner's court included Philippines' Sandra Seifert, 25, who was named Miss Air (1st Runner-up), Venezuela's Jessica Barboza, 22, was hailed Miss Water (2nd Runner-up), and Alejandra Echevarria, 20, of Spain got the title Miss Fire (3rd Runner-up). With Ramos winning the Miss Earth 2009 title, Brazil becomes the first country that won twice in the Miss Earth international competition since its inception in 2001, first in 2004 with Priscilla Meirelles.<PIC> On November 23, 2009, Ramos and her court were presented to the international press at the Boracay Beach in Aklan province, central Philippines, which was declared by the British publication TV Quick as the world's number one tropical beach. Ramos appeared on different television shows and various events after her win together with Miss Earth Air Sandra Seifert of the Philippines, Miss Earth Water Jessica Barboza of Venezuela, and Miss Earth Fire Alejandra Echevarria of Spain. She made a courtesy call immediately after her Miss Earth feat at the Embassy of Federative Republic of Brazil in the Philippines in Makati and she was received and congratulated by Brazil Ambassador Alcides G. R. Prates. On December 13, 2009, Ramos arrived and had a public greeting at the Eduardo Gomes International Airport in Amazonas, Brazil followed by a motorcade which headed to the Amazonas Palace. She was received with due honors by the Brazilian government led by state secretary of culture, Robério Braga. After winning the Miss Earth crown in November 2009, Ramos participated in various events and travels during her three-month stay in Brazil. She traveled to Ouro Preto, a World Heritage Site designated by UNESCO, in the state of Minas Gerais. In early March 2010, she was invited to São Paulo for the Formula Indy car race and participated in the world-famous Rio Carnival.
Ramos returned to the Philippines on April 10, 2010 and served as one of the judges in the final competition of Miss Philippines Earth 2010 and Mr. Philippines Earth 2010, from which she traveled to Vietnam together with Carousel Productions team, to attend the official contract signing ceremony of Vietnam hosting of the Miss Earth 2010 pageant.
On April 18, 2010, Ramos and 1st Runner-up of Miss Earth 2009, Sandra Seifert together with Miss Earth Foundation participated in the 12th Tour of the Fireflies. The event aims to promote clean air and cycling as an alternate means of transportation. Ramos and Seifert were the special guests in the Discovery Dash event at SM Mall of Asia, Bay City, Pasay, Philippines on April 30, 2010. The event was organized by Discovery Channel. She then left the Philippines to attend the Miss Minas Gerais 2010 won by Deborah Lyra and broadcast by Band Minas where she was the special guest on May 3, 2010.
In the Rotary Club of Northern Guam, she was the key note environmental speaker and talked about her experience as Miss Earth and promoted environmental awareness on June 7, 2010 . Ramos was accompanied by Karla Henry Miss Earth 2008, Lorraine Schuck, EVP Miss Earth Organization, and Maria Luisa Santos, Miss Earth Guam 2009. On June 11, 2010, Ramos attended the Miss Earth Guam pageant as a special guest. She crowned Naiomie Santos, the winner of the pageant.
In July 2010, Ramos traveled in various countries in Europe along with Miss Earth Air 2009, Sandra Seifert. The following month, she served as honorary judge in the ten-member jury panel in the Miss Vietnam World 2010 pageant in Vinpearl Land in the central coastal city of Nha Trang, Vietnam on August 21, 2010. She awarded to 1st Runner-up Nguyễn Ngọc Kiều Khanh. The event was won by Luu Thi Diem Huong. She traveled back to Vietnam on August 25, 2010 along with Miss Earth Air 2009 Sandra Seifert, Miss Philippines Earth 2010 Kris Psyche Resus, and Carousel Productions officials to attend the press conference for the launching of the 10th Miss Earth pageant held at the White Palace in Ho Chi Minh City.
Ramos was in Jakarta, Indonesia on October 26, 2010 as part of her campaign about the environment. She talked about biodiversity, saving water, electricity, plant trees, and how lifestyle can help the environmental damage and create a better future. She also visited the Kompas Gramedia Group, the largest media conglomerate in Indonesia. Her visit also marked by the release of turtle hatchlings and children planting trees around the beach Pantai Mertasari, Sanur, and Bali.
As Miss Earth 2009, Ramos has traveled not only in Brazil but to various countries included Germany, Portugal, Italy, China, Hong Kong, England, Guam, Indonesia, Singapore,  and multiple visits in Vietnam and the Philippines to promote environmental awareness.
On July 27, 2013, Ramos married Alexandre Malvezzi Tramontin, a Brazilian Executive and Entrepreneur. The ceremony took place in Manaus, Ramos hometown.
In March 2015 Mrs. Tramontin received her bachelor's degree in Microbiology from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), one of the top institutions in the country. Later that same year, Mr. And Mrs. Tramontin moved to Denmark.


Tando Yuji Velaphi (born 17 April 1987) is an Australian professional football player who plays as a goalkeeper for Kochi United.  Velaphi trained at the AIS in Canberra on a football scholarship. Velaphi began his senior career at Perth SC and while there, had loan stints at Newcastle Jets and Queensland Roar. Velaphi made his A-League debut with Queensland Roar on 12 January 2007 in a 2–1 win over Melbourne Victory at Docklands Stadium, his performance in the match earning praise from then-Queensland coach Frank Farina. Velaphi was re-signed for Perth Glory as their youth marquee player, keeping him at the club until the end of the 2010–11 season. The 2009–10 season was Velaphi's best, solidifying his spot between the posts and keeping 9 clean sheets over the course of the campaign. On 8 February 2011, Melbourne Victory announced that they had signed Velaphi on a two-year deal from Perth Glory on a free transfer. He made his début for the Victory in the 2011 AFC Champions League on 5 April, in a 1–1 draw against Tianjin Teda. He managed to play 4 out of the Victory's 6 Asian Champions League games. Unfortunately for Tando, he suffered an injury in the pre-season, just after the AFC Champions League, causing him to sit out for the vast majority of the season. He made his official A-League debut for the Victory in Round 26, the penultimate round of the season against the Wellington Phoenix at AAMI Park, a match in which the Victory won 3–0. He appeared in the following round against Perth Glory at Nib Stadium, but the Victory slumped to a 4–2 defeat.
Velaphi made his first appearance of the 2012–13 A-League season in the Victory's Round 3 match against Adelaide United, a match which the Victory won 2–1. He was then replaced in the starting lineup by Nathan Coe, and failed to make another appearance in the season.
Velaphi, along with teammates Diogo Ferreira, Spase Dilevski and Sam Gallagher, was released by Melbourne Victory in April 2013, shortly after the end of the 2012–13 A-League season. In his three years at the club, Velaphi made just 3 out of a possible 56 appearances for the club.<PIC> Following his release from the Victory, he joined cross town rivals Melbourne Heart on a one-year deal. He managed to play the last three matches of the 2013/14 season. Velaphi has also signed on for another 1-year deal with the Melbourne Heart after much discussion.
After a successful 2014/15 season where he became Melbourne City's first-choice goalkeeper, Velaphi signed a new contract keeping him at City until the end of the 2016/17 A-League season.
He was released during the January transfer window of the 2015–16 A-League season to pursue opportunity overseas. After limited appearances at Shonan Bellmare, Velaphi returned to the A-League, signing a deal with Wellington Phoenix until the end of the 2017-2018 season. On his debut he saved a penalty from Diego Castro. In July 2018, Velaphi re-joined Perth Glory on a one-year contract, expected to create competition with Liam Reddy and Nick Feely for the number one goalkeeper position. Velaphi was released from the Glory at the end of the 2019–20 A-League.
Two months later he returned to Perth having signed a 1 year contract on 10 November 2020, the same day the side released Daniel Margush to move to the Western Sydney Wanderers FC. Velaphi played for the Young Socceroos, playing in the 2006 AFC Youth Championship and is currently a member of the Olyroos. Due to the withdrawal of first-choice Olyroos goalkeeper Danny Vukovic through suspension, Velaphi was competing with Reading back-up keeper, Adam Federici to become the Olyroos' starting goalkeeper at the Beijing Olympics, but made no appearances for the Olyroos
Tando revealed in January 2010 that his long-term ambition was to leave Australia and play regular football in Europe, in the hopes of securing a place on Australia's 2014 World Cup roster. Velaphi was born in Perth, Western Australia. His mother is Japanese and his father is Zimbabwean. Velaphi currently studies a Bachelor of Business (Sport Management)	at Deakin University. ¹ - AFC Champions League statistics are included in season ending during group stages (i.e. ACL 2011 and A-League season 2010–11 etc.) Perth Glory
A-League: Premiers 2018–19