Gonocytes are the precursors of spermatogonia that differentiate in the testis from primordial germ cells around week 7 of embryonic development and exist up until the postnatal period, when they become spermatogonia. Despite some uses of the term to refer to the precursors of oogonia, it was generally restricted to male germ cells. Germ cells operate as vehicles of inheritance by transferring genetic and epigenetic information from one generation to the next. Male fertility is centered around continual spermatogonia which is dependent upon a high stem cell population. Thus, the function and quality of a differentiated sperm cell is dependent upon the capacity of its originating spermatogonial stem cell (SSC).
Gonocytes represent the germ cells undergoing the successive, short-term and migratory stages of development. This occurs between the time they inhabit the forming gonads on the genital ridge to the time they migrate to the basement membrane of the seminiferous cords. Gonocyte development consists of several phases of cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis. The abnormal development of gonocytes leads to fertility-related diseases.
They are also identified as prespermatogonia, prospermatogonia and primitive germ cells, although gonocyte is most common. Gonocytes are described as large and spherical, with a prominent nucleus and two nucleoli. The term, gonocyte, was created in 1957 by Canadian scientists Yves Clermont and Bernard Perey. They considered it essential to study the origin of spermatogonia and carried out a study on rats to investigate this. In 1987, Clermont referred to gonocytes as the cells that differentiate into type A spermatogonia, which differentiate into type B spermatogonia and spermatocytes.
Very few studies used gonocytes to also refer to the female germ cells in the ovarium primordium. The specification of gonocytes to be confined to male germ cells occurred after foundational differences between the mechanisms of male and female fetal germ cells were uncovered. Some scientists prefer the terms “prospermatogonia” and “prespermatogonia” for their functional clarity.
Later studies found that the process from primordial germ cell to spermatogonial development is gradual, without clear gene expression markers to distinguish the precursor cells. A 2006 study found that some gonocytes differentiate straight into committed spermatogonia (type B) rather than spermatogonial stem cells (type A). Gonocytes are long-lived precursor germ cells responsible for the production of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Gonocytes relate to both fetal and neonatal germ cells from the point at which they enter the testis primordial until they reach the base membrane at the seminiferous cords and differentiate. At the time of gastrulation, certain cells are set aside for later gamete development. These cells are called post migratory germ cells (PGCs). The gonocyte population develops from the post migratory germ cells (PGCs) around embryonic day (ED) 15. At this point of development, PGCs become dormant and remain inactiveted until birth. Shortly after birth, the cell cycle continues and the production of postnatal spermatogonia commences. Gonocytes migrate to the basement membrane to proliferate. Gonocytes that do not migrate undergo apoptosis and are cleared from the seminiferous epithelium. Spermatogonia are formed in infancy and differentiate throughout adult life. There are currently two proposed models for the formation of the spermatogonial lineage during neonatal development. Both models theorize that the gonocyte population develops from a subset of post migratory germ cells (PGCs) but, differ in the proposed subsets of derived gonocytes. One of the models proposes that the PGCs give rise to a single subset of pluripotent gonocytes that either become SSCs from which progenitors then arise or differentiate into type A spermatogonia directly. The other model proposes that the PGCs give rise to multiple predetermined subsets of gonocytes that produce the foundational SSC pool, initial progenitor spermatogonial population, and initial differentiating type A spermatogonia. The development of germ cells can be divided into two phases. The first phases involves the fetal and neonatal phases of germ cell development that lead to the formation of the SSCs. The second phase is spermatogenesis, which is a cycle of regulated mitosis, meiosis and differentiation (via spermiogenesis) leading to the production of mature spermatozoa, also known as sperm cells.
Gonocytes are functionally present during the first phase of germ cell maturation and development. This period consists of the primordial germ cells (PGC), the initial cells that commence germ cell development in the embryo, and the gonocytes, which after being differentiated from PGCs, undergo regulated proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis to produce the SSCs. Gonocytes therefore correspond to the developmental stages between the PGCs and SSCs. Gonocytes are formed from the differentiation of PGCs. Embryonic cells initiate germ cell development in the proximal epiblast located near the extra-embryonic ectoderm by the release of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and BMP8b. These proteins specify embryonic cells into PGCs expressing the genes PRDM1 and PRDM14 at embryonic day (E) 6.25. The PGCs which are positively stained by alkaline phosphatase and expressing Stella at E7.25 are also specified. In between E7.5 and E12.5, these PGCs migrate towards the genital ridge, where they form the testicular cords, via the cytokine interactions of the CXCR4 and c-Kit membrane receptors and their ligands SDF1 and SCF respectively. During this migratory period, PGCs undergo epigenetic reprogramming through genome-wide DNA demethylation. Once resident in the genital ridge, these germ cells and surrounding supporting cells undergo sex determination driven by the expression of the SRY gene. It is only after these developmental steps that the germ cells present in the developed testicular cords are identified as gonocytes. In order to provide the long-term production of sperm, gonocytes undergo proliferation to produce a populate pool of SSCs. Once enclosed by Sertoli cells to form the testicular cords, gonocytes undergo a succession of differing fetal and neonatal periods of mitosis, with a phase of quiescence in between. The mitotic activity that occurs in the neonatal period is necessary for the migration of gonocytes to the basement membrane of the seminiferous cords in order to differentiate into the SSCs. As many populations of gonocytes are in different stages of development, mitotic and quiescent gonocytes coexist in neonatal developing testes.
Proliferation in fetal and neonatal gonocytes is differently regulated. Retinoic acid (RA), the bioactive metabolite of retinal, is a morphogen shown to modulate fetal gonocyte proliferation. Investigation of fetal gonocyte activity in organ cultures recorded RA to slightly stimulate proliferation. Moreover, RA inhibited differentiation by stopping the fetal gonocytes from entering mitotic arrest while simultaneously triggering apoptosis. RA, by decreasing the overall fetal gonocyte population via apoptosis, is speculated to allow the elimination of mutated and dysfunctional germ cells. The activation of protein kinase C by phorbol ester PMA also decreased fetal gonocyte mitotic activity.
There are a number of factors that influence neonatal gonocyte proliferation, including 17β‐estradiol (E2), Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB, and RA. The production of PDGF-BB and E2 by surrounding Sertoli cells activate their respective receptors on neonatal gonocytes, triggering proliferation via an interactive, crosstalk mechanism. The regulation of LIF is speculated to allow gonocytes to become sensitive to Sertoli cell factors that trigger proliferation, such as PDGF-BB and E2. Compared to fetal gonocytes, RA exerts a similar functional role in neonatal gonocytes; It simultaneously stimulates proliferation and apoptosis for regulation of gonocyte and future SSCs population. The migration of gonocytes to the basement membrane of the seminiferous cords is necessary for their differentiation into SSCs. This process is regulated by different factors.
Various studies provide comprehensive comparison of the expression of c-Kit on the membrane of cells and migratory-related behavior, for example PGCs. Although c-Kit expression is evident in a small fraction of neonatal gonocytes, they also express of PDGF receptor beta (PDGFRβ) on their membrane to aid in their migration. Inhibition of PDGF receptors and c-Kit by in vivo treatment of imatinib, an inhibitory drug, interrupted migration, leading to a number of gonocytes centrally located in the seminiferous cords.
The ADAM-Integrin-Tetraspanin complexes, which is a family of proteins, also mediate gonocyte migration. These complexes consist of various proteins that bind to integrins found on the basement membrane of the seminiferous cords and at locations where spermatogonia normally reside, allowing the gonocyte to migrate and bind to the basement membrane. The differentiation of gonocytes to SSC only occur once the cells have established close contact with the basement membrane in the seminiferous cords. RA is the best characterised activator of gonocyte differentiation. De novo synthesis of RA involves retinol, the precursor to RA, being transported to the membrane receptor STRA6 by the retinol-binding protein released by Sertoli cells. Binding of retinol to STRA6 endocytoses retinol into the cell, whereby it undergoes oxidation reactions to form RA. RA is also directly transported from the surrounding Sertoli cells or the vasculature. RA internalization triggers a variety of pathways that modulate the differentiation, such as PDGF receptor pathways and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) signaling pathway.
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), a glycoprotein gonadal hormone produced by Sertoli cells in early development, is the only hormone to significantly increase the number of successfully differentiated gonocytes.
The timing of differentiation is regulated by NOTCH signaling. The functional components of the NOTCH signaling pathway are expressed and released by both developing and adult Sertoli cells. Activation of the signaling pathway is crucial for gonocyte development as it triggers gonocytes to depart from quiescence and enter into differentiation. Over activation of the pathway allows effective inhibition of quiescence and gonocyte differentiation.<PIC> Gonocytes are large cells with a spherical euchromatic nucleus, two nucleoli and a surrounding, ring-like cytosol. Throughout the majority of their developmental period, gonocytes are structurally supported by the cytoplasmic extensions of surrounding Sertoli cells and are suspended by Sertoli cell nuclei from the basement membrane. Gonocytes are attached to Sertoli cells by gap junctions, desmosome junctions and a number of different cell adhesion molecules such as connexin 43, PB-cadherin and NCAM for regulation of cell-to-cell communication. Gonocytes dissociate from these junctions and migrate so that the basal side of the cell is in close proximity with the basement membrane, where they undergo phenotypic changes and take the appearance of spermatogonia. Dysfunctional development in germ cells plays a significant role in fertility-related diseases. The development of PGCs to gonocytes, and gonocyte differentiation to SSCs is critical for adult fertility and the defective growth often leads to infertility. Testicular germ cell tumors, that occur primarily in young adults, are the consequent of preinvasive cells called carcinoma in situ (CIS). The development of CIS is due to fetal germ cells, such as gonocytes, arrested in quiescence and unable to properly differentiate. This leads to malignant transformation of the germ cells until it becomes an overt germ cell cancer after puberty. Cryptorchidism, also known as undescended testis, is a common birth defect affecting male genital formation. Individuals diagnosed with cryptorchidism are often at risk of testicular cancer and infertility due to dysfunction in the development of the neonatal germ cells, in particular, the disruption of the differentiation of gonocytes into adult dark-spermatogonia. It is proposed that this dysfunction is a product of heat stress caused by the undescended testes remaining in the abdomen and unable to regulate its temperature which is often accomplished by the scrotum.


Abel Ruiz Ortega ([aˈβel ˈrwiθ]; born 28 January 2000) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Primeira Liga club Braga and the Spain national team.
Formed at Barcelona, where he made one first-team appearance, he moved to Braga in January 2020, where he won the Taça de Portugal in 2021.
Ruiz set the record for caps and goals for Spain's under-17 team, winning the European Championship in 2017 and finishing runners-up in 2016 and at the 2017 World Cup. He made his senior international debut in 2021.  Born in Almussafes, Valencian Community, Ruiz joined Barcelona's youth setup in 2012, from Valencia. On 21 November 2016, he renewed his contract with the club.
On 9 April 2017, while still a junior, Ruiz made his senior debut with the reserves, coming on as a late substitute for Jesús Alfaro in a 2–0 Segunda División B away win against Badalona; he also became the first player born in the 2000s to make an appearance for the club's senior ranks.
After Barcelona B's promotion, Ruiz made his professional team debut on 28 August 2017, replacing David Concha in an 0–3 home loss against Tenerife in the Segunda División championship. Four days later he scored his first professional goal in a 2–2 draw against Granada.
Ruiz had his first-team debut in the Supercopa de Catalunya on 7 March 2018, scoring the winning penalty in a shootout against Espanyol. His La Liga debut came on 12 May 2019 in a 2–0 win against Getafe, as a substitute for Philippe Coutinho for the final 21 minutes at the Camp Nou. On 31 January 2020, Ruiz joined Portugal's Braga on loan for the rest of the season, with a mandatory purchase for €8 million and a buy-back clause. He made his debut on 20 February in the round of 32 first leg of the UEFA Europa League away to Rangers, starting the game and scoring in a 2–3 loss. Totalling eight appearances over the season, he scored his first Primeira Liga goal on 4 July soon after entering in a 4–0 home win over Aves.
Ruiz was the top scorer in the Taça de Portugal as Braga won it in 2020–21, contributing 7 goals in as many games. This included two in a 3–2 win away to Porto in the semi-finals.
In 2021–22, Ruiz scored in each leg of a 3–1 aggregate win over Monaco in the Europa League last 16. He netted the only goal of the game in the next fixture against Rangers, though the Scots won 3–2 over the two games after extra time. Ruiz made his debut for the Spain under-17 team on 25 October 2015, starting and scoring the first in a 2–0 2016 UEFA European Under-17 Championship qualification win against Andorra. He was also named in the list for the finals in Azerbaijan, despite being one year younger than his teammates.
Ruiz finished the competition with four goals, being awarded the Silver Boot; he was also included in the tournament's best eleven. During the 2017 edition in Croatia, he captained the side as Spain achieved their ninth title.
On 22 September 2017, Ruiz was included in Santiago Denia's squad ahead of the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup, and scored two braces in the tournament, scoring two goals in a 4–0 win against Niger on 10 October, and two more in a 3–1 semi-finals win against Mali on 25 October.
Due to the isolation of some national team players following the positive COVID-19 test of Sergio Busquets, Spain's under-21 squad were called up for the international friendly against Lithuania on 8 June 2021. Ruiz made his senior debut in the 4–0 win in Leganés, missing a penalty in the match.<PIC>  As of match played 15 May 2022
Appearances in UEFA Europa League
Appearance in Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira As of match played 5 September 2021  Barcelona Youth
UEFA Youth League: 2017–18
Barcelona
La Liga: 2018–19
Braga
Taça de Portugal: 2020–21 Spain U17
UEFA European Under-17 Championship: 2017; runner-up: 2016
FIFA Under-17 World Cup runner-up: 2017
Spain U18
Mediterranean Games: 2018
Spain U19
UEFA European Under-19 Championship: 2019 UEFA European Under-17 Championship Silver Boot: 2016
UEFA European Under-17 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2017
FIFA Under-17 World Cup Bronze Boot: 2017 (6 goals)
Mediterranean Games top scorer: 2018 (7 goals)
Taça de Portugal top scorer: 2020-21 (7 goals) Top goalscorer in the history of UEFA European Under-17 Championship finals: 8 goals (shared with Amine Gouiri and Odsonne Édouard)
Top goalscorer in the history of UEFA European Under-17 Championship: 16 goals (shared with José Gomes)
Top goalscorer in the history of the Spain under-17 team: 27 goals.
Most-capped player in the history of the Spain under-17 team: 37 appearances.


Dinesh Kumar Prabhakar (Born on June 03, 1950) is a violinist, composer, conductor and vocalist in Indian Classical Music. He has been behind many pieces of Indian music in the classical, national and religious genres. He has also composed and directed pop music.<PIC> He started his training in music at the age of 8 years from his father, Late Pt. Husan Lal – a distinguished violinist, vocalist and music director. After his father’s death, he continued his training under the Government Of India’s Scholarship Scheme from  Guru Pt. Dilip Chandra Vedi (who trained Pt. Husan Lal).
As a violinist Prabhakar has been the recipient of several national and international awards. One of the first highlights of his career was when he received the prestigious All India Radio Award for the Best Violinist in India, at the age of 18. He has composed and directed music for more than 300 documentaries, news magazines and animation films. He also has directed documentaries and films such as Ustad Bismillah Khan, a film on the renowned Shehnai Exponent and Bharat Ratna Awardee, and Moments with Maestros, that showcased films made on great maestros of music and his interactions with them. The film was subsequently screened during the inaugural ceremony of Dancing Feet, held at IFFI 2010, Goa.
Prabhakar gives performances of Indian classical music and devotional music. He also composes for music albums, documentaries and provides music for jingles, and advertisements. He works with recording studios and also with personal and private music labels. Over the years, Mr. Dinesh Kumar Prabhakar’s performance expanded in repertoire to include musical compositions. He is credited with musical performances in India and abroad. His performances in Japan, Singapore, Bangkok, Nepal, back home at Vishnu Digambar Jayanti (Delhi), Hariballabh Sangeet Sammelan (Jalandhar, Punjab), Holi Festival (Amritsar), Basant Festival (Hoshiarpur) and Tansen Sangeet Samaroh (Delhi) created memorable events.
As his fame as an artist grew, Mr. Prabhakar gradually got recognized in the world of music, as once his father was. Recently he has given Violin performances at Satguru Jagjit Singh Memorial Concert and Indian Consulate in New York city. Over the years, Mr. Prabhakar dreamed of imparting the training of classical music at international level.
The Musician’s Guild released his Violin Audio CD containing Raag Yaman and Miyaan Ki Malhar
He has also had the honor of composing an orchestral composition, “Tribhava”, played at the inauguration of National Channel for All India Radio (A.I.R.) in India.
He was invited by the (then) USSR Embassy, Department of Culture, to compose and conduct orchestral compositions for a music concert held to mark the visit of the Indian Prime Minister, Late Shri Rajiv Gandhi to the USSR.
The song, “WE ARE NATIONS OF COMMONWEALTH” composed by Mr. Prabhakar and sung by Shri A. Hariharan was adjudged second in the Asian Region by the Commonwealth Foundation of U.K. in 1993.
In his 40+ Years of experience as a musician, Mr. Prabhakar rendered his services for 20 years to All India Radio in New Delhi. He composed songs, Orchestral compositions, Musical features and received Akashvani Annual Awards for five consecutive years as the Best Music Director for composing musical features.
During his tenure as “Director of Music” in the Films Division, Bombay (now Mumbai), for almost 20 years, he directed and composed music for more than 300 Documentaries, News Magazines, Featurettes and Animation films. Several of his films received National and International Awards.
He composed the music for the film “The Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi” that won The National Award.  He represented the Films Division to receive the award.
He has composed songs with great playback singers such as Vani Jayaram, Yasudas, Asha Bhonsle, Anuradha Paudwal, Alka Yagnik, Udit Narayan, Kavita Krishnamurthy, Bhupinder Singh, Sadhna Sargam, Sudesh Bhosle, Sonu Nigam, Anup Jalota and A. Hariharan to name a few, for several documentaries for the Films Division of India. He also composed music for T-Series, Sadhu Vaswani Noori Pukar. Mr. Dinesh Kumar Prabhakar is currently rendering his services in NY, promoting Indian music and culture while guiding young and ambitious students along a path of spiritual fulfillment. His song ‘We Are Nations of Commonwealth’, sung by Shri A. Hariharan, was selected as the India nominee. It was adjudged Second in the Asian Region by the Commonwealth Foundation, UK in 1993
He has composed Vadya Vrinda (Orchestra)
Provided music for a very popular serial Doosra-Kewal cast by world famous hindi actor – Shahrukh Khan
The version recording of Shehansha and Lata Volume 8 was also performed by him under the banner of Super Cassettes (now T-Series)
Composed music for Noorie Pukar, an album of Sindhi Bhajans, written by Dada T. L. Vaswani
Composed music for an Oriya Ballet Pranay Ballari, that was highly acclaimed by both audiences and the media elite
Sung Sanskrit verses (Shloka) of the TV serial Meghdootam.
Composes music for personal and private albums and for recording studios A During his services with the Films Division, Mr. Prabhakar has also Directed several films such as
“Shat-Shat Pranaam” – a film on the Independence Movement of India
Composed and Directed 9 films on ‘Communal Harmony and National Integration’, in different Indian languages
The “Eye of Friendship” (showing the glimpses of MIFF between the years 1990-2008). The film was screened at 11th edition of the Mumbai International Festival for Documentary, Short & Animation Films
Directed the film “Moments with Maestros”, which showcased films that recognized great maestros of music and interactions with them. The film was subsequently screened during the inaugural ceremony of Dancing Feet, held at IFFI 2010, Goa.
“Naushad – A Musical Journey”, a film that he directed, was screened at the Homage Section of IFFI 2006, Goa and MIFF 2010, Mumbai
Directed film “Ustad Bismillah Khan”, a film on the renowned Shehnai Exponent and Bharat Ratna Awardee
Mr. Prabhakar had also given his contribution to MIFF (Mumbai India International Festival – Goa) as a member secretary for several years.


Gyula Kabos (19 March 1887, Budapest – 6 October 1941, New York) was a Hungarian actor and comedian, widely known for his comedic movie roles in the late 1930s.<PIC>  Kabos was born on 19 March 1887, in Budapest as Gyula Kann. After completing Elek Solymosi's acting school, he started acting in Szabadka (Subotica), where he worked until 1910 with a short interruption in 1906–07 when he lived in Zombor (Sombor). Szabadka granted him his first successes, his first successful forays into the world of theatre, and this is the town where he met his first great comedic partner, Gyula Gózon. Following his advice, he moved to Nagyvárad (Oradea) and lived there from 1910 to 1913. Later on, he remembered these years quite fondly. He was a well-known actor in town and had various comic adventures with his partner (which were released weekly in the town newspaper). He later moved to Budapest to play in different theatres, including the Király Színház, the Vígszínház, Pesti Kabaré, while trying, but ultimately failing to start an American-styled variety theatre in Nagyvárad (1919). In 1919 he marries Mária Puhalag, and adopts her daughter, Gabriella Surányi. They moved to Budapest, where his son István György Kabos was born. As directors discover his comedic talent, he gets more and more small roles, including one in the Vígszínház. While his appearances are met with high critical acclaim, the financial crisis of the country drew a shadow to the theatrical world, also reducing his appearances. However, this situation proved as an opportunity, as the renowned Fővárosi Művész Színház (the future Operettszínház) closed its doors, and a new search began for a director. Along with László Békeffi, his name was trusted enough that they got the job. But life as a manager proved to be hard as Kabos disapproved the high salaries of leading actors, resulting in numerous conflicts. Again, the new plays are met with high critical acclaim, but not with monetary success, so the theatre needs to pull out formerly played acts. Continuing work conflicts, the appearance of the first loud movies, and disinterest of the public eventually result in bankruptcy. While he already tried himself in numerous small, often experimental silent films during the 1910s, he disliked them, as he blamed them for the downfall of theatrical world.
After numerous attempts, he played the role of "Mátyás Schneider" in the sound film, Hyppolit, a lakáj (Hyppolit, the Butler) in 1931. The movie became one of the first movie success in Hungary, and along with its soundtrack, becoming one of the most-known cinematic work of the era. The success results in several other foreign-language movie roles. After a small detour in Vienna, trying to impress the Austrian public, he works again in Budapest from 1932. As the global financial crisis, and the more and more popular movies further decimate the Budapest theatre scene, his career is struggling again is small, low-paying roles, overshadowed by few remaining stars. As the Magyar Színház theatre offers him a few dramatic roles, he accepts them, and thereby returns in the front of larger audiences. After a few dramatic roles, he returns to his old light-hearted comedic character, to great success, also touring in Germany. Beginning with Márciusi Mese (A March tale) he begins to like doing movies. After the 1934 premier of Meseautó (Dream Car), his other massive success, he is confronted with standing ovation. The sudden fame surprises Kabos, as he does not understand why a movie star should be famous (until then he had only watched a few scenes from his own work). In his numerous later film characters he plays the tragicomical small man in the hard years of the 30s, motivated by fear to carry out foolish acts. While the public believed he became a rich movie star, Kabos's financial situation remained dire, as he needed to pay the debts of his theatrical failure, and had to support his poor family, who did not believe that he was much like them. Even while being the most known comedy star, because of the creditors, he only got 10 Pengő from his original 60 Pengő/day payment (as comparison actress Sári Fedák got 540 Pengő/day). To get his livelihood, he needed to make movie after movie, while also playing numerous theatres. His role in the Vígszínház act Lovagias Ügy is another great success, winning back his theatrical audience. By 1935, he becomes one of the most sought-after movie actor, as he could greatly adapt to the then-special process of shooting only one scene at a time. Notable movies of this era are Halló Budapest and Köszönöm, hogy elgázolt. In 1936 he completes the movie version of the Lovagias Ügy, which was the first to spark the opposition of the radical right-wing groups, that were starting a few years before. Protests, shouting "Down with Jewish movies" were held in Budapest, Pécs, Baja, and many premieres were disrupted. As historians believe, the growing number of such revolts were orchestrated from Germany. Kabos slowly becomes the center point of attacks, a condition that fills him with fear and despair, not only for himself, but for his family. He buries himself in work, whenever possible. The third big success, A Noszty fiú esete Tóth Marival is followed by a massive right-wing press campaign against director István Székely, after which he left the country. Losing one of his main partner in movie-making, Kabos fears he could be next. With budgets decreasing, Kabos, became more and more like a cornerstone of Hungarian filmmaking of the time, deciding the financial success or failure of the venture. In 1937 he leaves Vígszínház theatre, to act in the Andrássy and Magyar theatre. These are the months of his last bigger achievements, as air-raid sirens, the first signs of the coming WWII were disrupting the work more and more often.  In spring 1938 he starts to plan his escape. With the help of his old friend Alexander Korda, he sends his son István to England to university. After playing in three light comedies, his 33-year theatrical career in Budapest comes to a close. While he still continues to make movies, including his first real leading role in Papucshős, the first anti-Jew laws make his work slowly impossible. In 1939 newspapers began to spread rumors that Kabos is travelling to America. With his wife at his side, and in deep depression, he leaves the country in the compartment of a train leaving from the Keleti train station. Through Ostend and Dover they travel to London, where they meet their son István. On 1. February 1939, aboard the vessel Paris, they sail out towards America, to a future Kabos was uncertain about. The pair moves into the Woodrow Hotel in New York, where they receive numerous contract offers from fellow countrymen living in the city. Kabos accepts the manager position of a small Hungarian troupe, but in letters he complained that his colleagues are without talent. They go for a 2-week long tour including Philadelphia, Trenton, Passaic. As he described, movie theatre owners tried to ruin their shows, and seats were half empty, even while admission prices were less than half the price of movie tickets. In April 1939 the group continued to tour in Chicago and Detroit, with Kabos making extra appearances, often 4 times a day. But even as such, earnings remained miserable. Their situation got worse when his wife was moved to a hospital with bile failure, needing an immediate operation, using up most of their spare money. Sándor Incze, a renowned theatrical figure also in exile, offers Kabos a role in New York, but after travelling there, he declines, partly after discovering that he doesn't speak the theatrical English language. While in Hungary, the attacks again him become more powerful, even questioning his nationality. By the summer of 1939, they start to run out of money. Kabos arranges a second tour with offhand groups, to mild success. He starts to build a small theatre room out of a restaurant run by his friend, but fails after one month. Playing in small acts once-twice a week, the couple gets enough money for basic food, otherwise they make walks in the Central Park. Kabos wrote a small book of his life, directed an amateur movie sketch to tour with, and a 3-hour revue, all failing. With the help of a friend, he gets a small role in one of the Broadway theatres, but had a heart attack on stage. His doctor orders him to stop going to rehearsals, but he refused. Barely surviving two other seizures, he is moved to a hospital, where, after lying in oxygen tent unconsciously for two weeks, dies on 6 October 1941. The funeral was managed by Ferenc Göndör, an immigrant friend. The actor was buried in Cedar Park Cemetery in Emerson, New Jersey under the name 'Kobas'. His adopted daughter Gabriella received a scrambled telegram from his mother with the news of the death, but the country only knew of it after the official statement from the MTI on 9 October. By this time in Hungary, Kabos's movies were banned, most of his colleagues denied of work, and the country was in war for 3 months. Newspapers only wrote the fact of death, as war news were the most important.
After the war, the first copies of Kabos movies reappear for a short time, although most of them were lost during the battles. But the slowly established communist government thought them to be works of the aristocratic society of the past, and as such, not permitted for the working society – the copies were returned to their archival boxes, only to open up in the fifties and seventies, to short lived successes. The softening political situation of the 1980s allowed the reappearance of his cinematic work in movies and the National Television, and later cable stations, recapturing his former fame. He was reburied in the Farkasréti Cemetery in Budapest, in the presence of large crowds.


Retromer is a complex of proteins that has been shown to be important in recycling transmembrane receptors from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN).<PIC> Retromer is a heteropentameric complex, which in humans is composed of a less defined membrane-associated sorting nexin dimer (SNX1, SNX2, SNX5, SNX6), and a vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) trimer containing Vps26, Vps29, Vps35. Although the SNX dimer is required for the recruitment of retromer to the endosomal membrane, the cargo binding function of this complex is contributed by the core trimer through the binding of Vps35 subunit to various cargo molecules  including M6PR wntless and sortilin. Early study on sorting of acid hydrolases such as carboxypeptidase Y (CPY) in S. cerevisiae mutants has led to the identification of retromer in mediating the retrograde trafficking of the pro-CPY receptor (Vps10) from the endosomes to the TGN. The retromer complex is highly conserved: homologs have been found in C. elegans, mouse and human.  The retromer complex consists of 5 proteins in yeast: Vps35p, Vps26p, Vps29p, Vps17p, Vps5p.  The mammalian retromer consists of  Vps26, Vps29, Vps35, SNX1 and SNX2, and possibly SNX5 and SNX6.  It is proposed to act in two subcomplexes: (1) Cargo recognition complex that consist of Vps35, Vps29 and Vps26 (Vps trimer), and (2) SNX-BAR dimers which consist of SNX1 or SNX2 and SNX5 or SNX6 that facilitates endosomal membrane remodulation and curvature resulting in the formation of tubules/vesicles which transports cargo molecules to the trans-golgi network (TGN). The retromer complex has been shown to mediate retrieval of various transmembrane receptors, such as the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor, the functional mammalian counterpart of Vps10, and the Wnt receptor Wntless.  Retromer is required for the recycling of Kex2p and DPAP-A which also cycle between the trans-Golgi network and a pre-vacuolar (yeast endosome equivalent) compartment in yeast.  It is also required for the recycling of the cell surface receptor CED-1, which is necessary for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells.
Retromer plays a central role in the retrieval of several different cargo proteins from the endosome to the trans-Golgi network.  However, it is clear that there are other complexes and proteins that act in this retrieval process.  So far it is not clear whether other components that have been identified in the retrieval pathway act with retromer in the same pathway or are involved in alternative pathways. Recent studies have implicated retromer sorting defects in Alzheimer's disease and late-onset Parkinson disease
Retromer also seems to play a role in Hepatitis C Virus replication. The association of the Vps35-Vps29-Vps26 complex to the cytosolic domains of cargo molecules endosomal membranes initiates the activation of retrograde trafficking and cargo capture. The nucleation complex was formed through the interaction of VPS complex with GTP-activated Rab7 with clathrin, clathrin-adaptors and various binding proteins.
The SNX-BAR dimer enters the nucleation complex via direct binding or lateral movement on endosomal surface. The increased level of Retromer SNX-BARs causes a conformational switch to a curvature-inducing mode which initiates membrane tubule formation. Once the cargo carriers are matured, the carrier scission is then catalyzed by dynamin-II or EHD1, together with the mechanical forces generated by actin polymerization and motor activity.
The cargo carrier is transported to the TGN by motor proteins such as dynein. Tethering of the cargo carrier to the recipient compartment will lead to the uncoating of the carrier which is driven by ATP-hydrolysis and Rab7-GTP hydrolysis. Once released from the carrier, the Vps35-Vps29-Vps26 complex and the SNX-BAR dimers get recycled back onto the endosomal membranes.


Bagrat Arshaki Ulubabyan (Armenian: Բագրատ Արշակի Ուլուբաբյան; Russian: Баграт Аршакович Улубабян; December 9, 1925 – November 19, 2001) was an Armenian writer and historian, known most prominently for his work on the histories of Nagorno-Karabakh and Artsakh.<PIC>  Ulubabyan was born in the village of Mushkapat in the Martuni region of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO), Azerbaijan SSR, on December 9, 1925. In 1944, he graduated from Shusha's Pedagogical Institute. Two years later, he received his degrees in Armenian language and Armenian literature from Baku's Pedagogical Institute. From 1949 until 1967, he returned to Nagorno-Karabakh and was the head of the province's Writers Union. During those years, he was also a writer for the Armenian language newspaper Sovetakan Gharabagh (Soviet Karabakh) and a deputy to the head of NKAO's executive committee. In 1968, Ulubabyan moved from the NKAO to Yerevan, the capital of the Armenian SSR, and in the following year, became a senior researcher in the history department at the Armenian Academy of Sciences. Ulubabyan's first works were in the field of poetry. In 1952 and 1956, he completed two works, "Songs about Work and Peace" and "This Morning". He, however, shifted his focus and began writing short stories as well as epics: "Aygestan" (1960), "Tartar" (1963), "The Grain Never Dies" (1967), and "Lamp" (1976). He also wrote two novels, Armenian Land in 1959 and The Man in 1963. One of his most prominent works was the historical novel Sardarapat.
Many of Ulubabyan's work concern the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh. In 1975, he published The Principality of Khachen, From the 10th to 16th centuries, a political and cultural history of the medieval principality of Khachen. In 1979, he published A Gold Chain, a collection of historical essays from the stories of Movses Kaghankatvatsi until the era of the principalities of Karabakh, depicting the role of Nagorno-Karabakh in the history of Armenia. Several years later, in 1981, he published Studies in the History of the Eastern Provinces of Armenia and Gandzasar. More recently, he authored A History of Artsakh: From the Beginning Until Our Days (1994). Another work on the region, The Survival Struggle of Artsakh, was published in the same year and was a study focusing on the Nagorno-Karabakh during the Soviet era (from 1918 until the 1960s). As an expert in Classical Armenian literature, he translated two works of the 5th-century Armenian chronicler Ghazar Parpetsi, A History of Armenia and A Letter to Vahan Mamikonian, into Armenian in 1982. In the late 1980s, with the beginning of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Ulubabyan took part in the demonstrations in Yerevan which called on Soviet authorities to turn Karabakh over to the control of Armenia. During the 1960s, Ulubabyan had also been the author and one of thirteen signatories of a letter sent to Moscow, asking that the Soviet Union to consider Karabakh's incorporation into Armenia.
On May 7, 2001, in honor of his work in regards to Armenian history, he was decorated with the Order of Saint Gregory the Illuminator by the Nagorno Karabakh Republic's then-president, Arkady Ghukasyan. After suffering from a long bout of lung disease, Ulubabyan died on November 19, 2001. In modern academic world Bagrat Ulubabyan is acknowledged as a respected scholar in the field of Caucasiology. Western scholars, such as Robert Hewsen or Patrick Donabedian, have extensively used Ulubabyan's research on eastern lands of Armenia, directly or indirectly endorsing his statements and views. In an essay on the kingdom of Artsakh, Hewsen also referred to Ulubabyan's Principality of Khachen as an "important work" and suggested it as a supplemental source to readers who are interested in learning more about the region and its medieval history.
However, Russian historian Victor Schnirelmann considers Ulubabyan as one of several scholars who tried to create an Armenian "myth" of the history of Nagorno-Karabakh. Schnirelmann criticized Ulubabyans contention that in the early Middle Ages the Caucasian Albanians populated only the lands to the north of the Kura River, and that despite the traditional point of view according to which the Udi people represent the descendants of medieval Albanian tribe of Utis, Ulubabyan claimed that the latter were not only Armenicized very early, but were almost originally Armenian.


Dave Bainbridge is an English guitarist and keyboard player who has played with The Strawbs since 2015. With Dave Fitzgerald, Dave co-founded the Christian progressive and Celtic folk themed band Iona.<PIC> Born in Darlington, England from a musical family. Dave had piano lessons from the age of eight and learnt guitar from thirteen. He joined his first band 'Exodus' at fourteen.
Dave went to Leeds College of Music, gaining the "BBC Radio 2 Best Jazz Soloist Award" whilst there. Whilst at college Dave, met singer and songwriter Adrian Snell. The result was a working partnership spanning eight years and through which he would first meet Joanne Hogg and David Fitzgerald. This partnership went on to be the founding force behind the group Iona.
Dave toured the world with Iona between 1989 and 2015, releasing 13 critically acclaimed albums. Dave’s multi-faceted career as a solo artist, keyboardist, guitarist,  bouzouki player, composer, improviser, producer, arranger, teacher and sound mixer has led him into many musical genres and work with numerous artists including: Strawbs (current keyboardist), Jack Bruce, Buddy Guy, Troy Donockley (Nightwish), Nick Beggs, Gloria Gaynor, Moya Brennan, Robert Fripp, Mae McKenna, Phil Keaggy, Paul Jones, Damian Wilson, Nick Fletcher, ‘Snake’ Davis, Adrian Snell, PP Arnold, Mollie Marriott, Lifesigns (with John Young), Norman Beaker, Fred T Baker, Dave Brons, Paul Bielatowicz and many others.
Winner of the BBC Radio 2 Best Jazz soloist award (piano) and the Sam Hood Rosebowl for Outstanding Performance during his time at Leeds Music College (where he graduated with first class honours and a distinction in arranging), Dave has composed soundtracks for numerous short films, TV and multimedia productions and has co-written a guitar concerto with Classic FM favourite Nick Fletcher, released on the album ‘Cathedral of Dreams’ (2009).
Dave has released four solo studio albums, ‘Veil of Gossamer’ (2004), ‘Celestial Fire’ (2014), his first solo piano album ‘The Remembering’ (2016), and ‘To the Far Away’ (2021). The ‘Celestial Fire’ album led to the formation of the band of the same name in 2015 and the Celestial Fire band ’Live in the UK’ DVD/2 cd album was released in April 2017.
Dave has also released two collaborative albums with Troy Donockley and two with Iona's David Fitzgerald.
Current live projects include his new band Celestial Fire, Strawbs, the Dave Bainbridge & Sally Minnear duo, Lifesigns, and occasional solo concerts. Dave was arranger & musical director for Adrian Snell’s sell out live performances in The Netherlands of his works ‘The Passion’, ‘Light of the World’ and 'Alpha and Omega', all of which feature a full band of top Dutch session musicians, vocal soloists and a 60 piece choir.
"Dave Bainbridge is a genius of immeasurable proportions….working with artists as varied as Buddy Guy, Jack Bruce and IONA. If you are unfamiliar with him it's time to make amends. Trust me."
Nick Beggs (Kajagoogoo / Steve Wilson / Steve Hackett etc., etc.)
"I've been listening to 'Celestial Fire' and I love it!  Wow… That's some amazing stuff man! Really one of the best albums I've heard in a while."
Neal Morse (Spock's Beard / Transatlantic / Flying Colors)
“Dave is both a solo artist and a major driving force behind the band Iona. His fluid, emotional guitar playing, epic keyboard work and expansive compositions combine into one of this generation’s most powerful and original musical voices.”
John Kellogg (producer for Britney Spears, Chicago, Foreigner, Black Crows, Deep Purple, ELP)
“Bainbridge's guitar playing is superb; his electric solos conjure Eric Johnson and Allan Holdsworth, while his acoustic technique dazzles, thanks to a remarkable dexterity and the use of unusual tunings.…”
www.progressiveworld.net
“Celestial Fire is absolute sonic brilliance!”
Chris  MacIntosh 88.1fm WCWP New York
“Soaring guitar passages, stunning keyboard work, and inspirational waves of orchestral prog.” Bert Saraco A multi-instrumentalist and songwriter, Bainbridge's solo material continues in the style established in Iona, fusing progressive rock, Celtic folk, classical and improvisational elements in a unique way.
A number of members of Iona have recorded solo albums, or co-operated on each others. Iona's and Dave's solo & collaboration are albums available from www.iona.uk.com/store. Veil of Gossamer (2004)
Celestial Fire (2014)
The Remembering (2016)
Live in the Studio (DVD) (2018) Dave Bainbridge & Sally Minnear
To the Far Away (2021)  see Iona for a list of their recordings Eye of the Eagle (1998)
Eye of the Eagle (DVD) (2005)
Life Journey (Dave Bainbridge) (2009) When Worlds Collide (2005)
From Silence (2005)
From Silence (DVD) (2005) The Ferryman's Curse (2017)
Settlement (2021) Cardington (2017)
Altitude (2021) Songs for Luca (2003) (with other Iona members and various other artists)
Songs for Luca 2 (2007) (with other Iona members and various other artists)
Breaking of the Dawn  (2007) (with Nick Fletcher, featuring Yvonne Lyon)
Cathedral of Dreams  (2009) (with Nick Fletcher)
Chronofonia (2020) (with an international ensemble)
Halcyon Hymns (2021) (with Downes-Braide Association)


Terukuni Maru (照国丸) was a Japanese  ocean liner owned by Nippon Yusen Kaisha (NYK).  The ship was launched in 1929 by Mitsubishi Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. at Nagasaki, on the southern island of Kyūshū, Japan, entering service in 1930. She sank off the English coast in 1939 after striking a mine. Her sinking has been described as Japan's only World War II casualty outside East Asia before the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor.<PIC> The ship was named for the Terukuni jinja, a Shinto shrine located in Kagoshima. The Terukuni Maru and her sister ship Yasukuni Maru were built for NYK’s fortnightly scheduled high-speed European service, coming into operation from the autumn of 1930. Both ships were specially designed for tropical conditions, with state-of-the-art air conditioning and fresh air circulation systems, as their routing was south from Japan, through the Indian Ocean, Suez Canal and Mediterranean Sea. Both ships were initially designed for use with geared turbine engines for projected cruising speed of 18 knots. However, under increasing pressure from the Japanese government to use only equipment and technologies available domestically, the design was changed to use standard Mitsubishi-Sulzer marine diesel engines, which reduced cruising speed to 15 knots.
The 11,931-ton steel-hulled vessel had a length of 505 feet (154 m), and a beam of 64 feet (20 m), with a single funnel, two masts, and double screws. Terukuni Maru provided accommodation for 121 first-class passengers and 68 second class passengers. There was also room for up to 60 third-class passengers.  The ship and passengers were served by a crew of 177. On September 24, 1939, at 5 PM, Terukuni Maru departed Yokohama on her 25th voyage to Europe. En route, she made her usual scheduled ports of call: Nagoya, Osaka, Kobe, Moji, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore, Penang, and Colombo. After transiting the Suez Canal, she called at Beirut, Naples and Marseilles (where she stayed for four days), followed by Casablanca. At 9 AM on November 19, she transited the Dover Straits, turning north to the mouth of the River Thames and her final destination of London. She took aboard a pilot off the South Downs, and underwent contraband inspection while Royal Navy minesweepers checked her route into London for mines. After receiving clearance to proceed, at 35 minutes after midnight on the morning of November 21, an explosion occurred between her second and third holds, after she struck a German magnetic mine at 51°50′N 01°30′E off Harwich on the Essex coast. She sank in less than 45 minutes,  but there were no fatalities as all 28 passengers and 177 crew members were able to escape in lifeboats.
As Japan was officially neutral at the time, the sinking of the Terukuni Maru led to a diplomatic incident between Japan and both the United Kingdom and Germany. Both countries officially denied responsibility for the mine. However, it is almost certain to have been a German mine because the type of mine used is one that had been developed by the Germans and because the United Kingdom would not have placed mines in its own shipping lanes. Although Japan was increasingly allied towards Germany, the Japanese government protested the loss with the Nazi German government, but the ship owner was not compensated for the loss.
The wrecked ship lay partly submerged on its side at 8 fathoms (48 ft; 15 m) depth, visible to wartime shipping. The wreckage was examined for salvage potential, but salvage work was not undertaken. In 1946 the ship was demolished with explosives as part of a British effort to remove war debris from coastal waters. The remains of the Terukuni Maru have been recorded.
A model of the ship is displayed in the library of the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow.


Itō Noe (伊藤 野枝, January 21, 1895 – September 16, 1923) was a Japanese anarchist, social critic, author and feminist.  She was the editor-in-chief of the feminist magazine Seitō. Her progressive anarcha-feminist ideology challenged the norms of the Meiji and Taishō periods in which she lived. She drew praise from critics by being able to weave her personal and political ideas into her writings. The Japanese government, however, condemned her for challenging the constructs of the time.  She became a martyr of the ideology in which she believed during the Amakasu Incident.<PIC> Itō was born on the island of Kyushu near Fukuoka, Japan on January 21, 1895. She was born into an aristocratic family and convinced an uncle to pay for her education at Ueno Girls High School in Tokyo, from which she graduated. It was at this school where she developed an affinity for literature. She was particularly fond of the progressive ideas of the time from Western and Japanese writers.
It was during her second summer vacation, in 1910, at Ueno Girls School when her family pressured her to marry Suematsu Fukutaro, a man who had recently returned to Kyushu from the United States. Marrying Suematsu would be a stipulation that she had to agree to in order to continue her education. Itō wanted her own complete freedom, so she immediately started to plot a way to escape the relationship and make her home in Tokyo. She made a major move in her life to Tokyo, marrying an ex-teacher, Tsuji Jun, she had met at Ueno Girls High School. After graduation, Itō's relationship with Tsuji became romantic and they had two sons, Makoto (born on January 20, 1914) and Ryūji (born on August 10, 1915). They were officially married in 1915. Their relationship lasted about four years before she was captivated by the anarchist author Sakae Ōsugi. Itō joined the Bluestocking Society (青鞜社 Seitō-sha), as producer of the feminist arts-and-culture magazine Seitō (青鞜) in 1915, contributing until 1916. In her last year as Editor-in-Chief, she practiced an inclusive attitude towards content; she "opened the pages to extended discussions of abortion, prostitution, free love and motherhood". Seitō founder, Hiratsku Raichō, would describe her as a writer with intense and natural emotion.
Under Itō's editorship, Seitō became a more radical journal that led the government to ban five issues as threatening the kokutai. The February 1914 edition was banned by the censors because of a short story Itō had published in the journal titled Shuppon ("Flight") about a young woman who escapes from an arranged marriage and is then betrayed by her lover who promised to escape with her from Japan. The June 1915 edition was banned for an article calling for abortion to be legalized in Japan.
Three other editions of Seitō were banned because of an erotic short story where a woman happily remembers having sex the previous night; another edition for a short story dealing with the break-up of an arranged marriage, and another edition for an article titled "To The Women of the World" calling for women to marry for love. The narratives in Itō's stories held common themes: they were all influenced by her own thoughts on her political and personal beliefs, painting a vivid literary picture of the issues afflicting her at the time.
Her personal writings published into Seitō dealt with the many problems that she had dealt with in her own life such as arranged marriages, denial of the free love she much longed for, and the sexual nature that all human felt but had been repressed.  Her short story "Mayoi" in 1914 told the story of a student who moves in with her ex-school teacher, only to find out he had been intimate with her former classmate.  This story directly parallels her own life with Tsuji Jun. "Tenki" another one of her stories published by Seitō, dealt with more of her own issues, as the main protagonists is drawn to social activism while her marriage proves to be an obstacle.  Itō's writing was a way for her to express her personal beliefs, and she often used her own real life events to draw upon in order to create her stories.
Under Itō Seitō became more concerned with social issues than it had been before, and in 1914–16, she engaged in a debate on the pages of the magazine with another feminist, Yamakawa Kikue, about whether prostitution should be legalized or not. Itō argued for the legalization of prostitution for the same reasons that she favored the legalization of abortion, namely that she believed that women's bodies belonged only to them, and that the state had no business telling a woman what she may or may not do with her body.
Furthermore, Itō argued that the social system did not offer many economic opportunities to women and that most Japanese prostitutes were destitute women who turned to selling sex in order to survive, which led her to the conclusion that they should not be punished for merely seeking a means to live. Itō wrote social criticism and novels, and translated socialist and anarchist writings from English to Japanese, from the authors such as American Emma Goldman (The Tragedy of Woman's Emancipation, etc.). In February 1916, Seitō published its last edition due to a lack of funds, as the government had prevented distributors from carrying the magazine. Sakae Ōsugi, who was already married, engaged in simultaneous relationships with Itō and another feminist, Ichiko Kamichika, taking the viewpoint that he loved all three women equally and should not have to choose which one he loved the most. The three women he was involved with did not feel the same way, and each wanted him only for herself, which caused considerable problems.
Itō's passion for Ōsugi became evident in February 1916, when she went walking with him in a Tokyo park, holding his hand and kissed him in public; at the time, kissing in public and couples holding hands in Japan were considered to be deeply immoral acts that no decent person should ever engage in, and many people in the park chided the couple for their behavior. Later that same day, when Ōsugi met Ichiko, he told her that he had kissed a woman in public for the first time in his entire life, which, as the woman in question was not Ichiko, caused a very heated scene.
Itō, who was hoping to see Ōsugi again, had followed him to Ichiko's apartment, was listening in, and chose to knock on the door to involve herself in this conversation. This in turn caused an angry scene between the two women over who loved Ōsugi the best, while Ōsugi insisted he loved both equally. Ōsugi continued to live with his wife while seeing both Ichiko and Itō until November 1916, when in a moment of jealousy Ichiko followed Ōsugi and Itō to a countryside inn; upon seeing that they had spent the night together, she attacked Ōsugi with a knife as he emerged from his room in the morning, stabbing him several times in the throat.
Ōsugi was hospitalized as a result of his wounds and his wife left him during his stay in hospital. Itō and Ōsugi would have four children together, and would stay together for the rest of their lives despite never actually being legally married.  Her relationship with him would remain political as well, as she worked with him as a publishing partner. They would work together to further their ideas on anarchism through their writings and publishings, and would both become targets of the state and critics through their unabashed loyalty to their cause. In 1921, Itō wrote articles published in Rōdō Undō (Labor Movement), a journal which she published with Ōsugi.
Beginning in 1916, Ito lived and worked with Ōsugi, and continued to rise in the feminist group while showing growing leadership potential. As an anarchist, Itō was highly critical of the existing political system in Japan, which led her to call for an anarchism to exist in "everyday practice," namely that people should in various small ways seek routinely to undermine the "kokutai". Itō was especially critical of the way that most Japanese people automatically deferred to the state and accepted the claim that the emperor was a god who had to be obeyed unconditionally, leading her to complain that it was very difficult to get most people to think critically. As someone who had challenged the kokutai, Itō was constantly harassed by the police to the point that she complained of feeling that her home was a prison, as she could not go out without a policeman stopping her. In the chaos immediately following the Great Kantō earthquake on September 16, 1923, according to writer and activist Harumi Setouchi, Itō, Ōsugi, and his 6-year-old nephew Munekazu (born in Portland, Oregon) were arrested, strangled to death, and thrown into an abandoned well by a squad of military police (known as the Kenpeitai) led by Lieutenant Masahiko Amakasu. Once the bodies were retrieved from the well, both Ōsugi and Itō's bodies were inspected and found to be covered with bruises indicating that they had been severely beaten. According to literary scholar Patricia Morley, Itō and Ōsugi were strangled in their cells. Noe Itō was 28 years old.
The killing of such high-profile anarchists, together with a young child, became known as the Amakasu Incident and sparked shock and anger throughout Japan. Amakasu was arrested and sentenced to ten years in prison for the murders, but he was released after serving only three years.
Itō and Ōsugi are both buried in the Kutsunoya cemetery in Aoi-ku, Shizuoka. Director Kijū Yoshida made Eros + Massacre in 1969, about Sakae Ōsugi; Itō features prominently in the film.


Mira Rai (born 31 December 1988) is a Nepalese trail runner and sky runner. She has participated in many international competitions and has won numerous awards. She was the winner of 2017 National Geographic Adventurer of the Year.<PIC> She has participated in some of the world’s most challenging trail races. Mira Rai hails from a remote village in Bhojpur, in the east of the country. Growing up, her family struggled to meet everyday necessities through farming. She left school at age 12 to help her parents in daily household chores, and because her family could not afford her education. She regularly walked up and down the mountainous terrain to collect water and go to market.
At the age of 14 she left home in the middle of the night, without telling her parents, to join the Maoist insurgency when they came recruiting through her village. As she was a minor, when the civil war came to an end she was ineligible for integration into the Nepal Army and was subsequently discharged. After returning home she dreamed of doing something more with her life to support her family, and traveled to Kathmandu to pursue karate and running. She was a good runner, but didn’t know what ultra-running was when she participated in her first ultra-marathon, the 50 km Himalayan Outdoor Festival trail race. One morning when she was running in the hills surrounding Kathmandu, she met a group who were training on the same trails. After running together for some time, they asked her to meet them the following week for another run. When she arrived for that run, she found it was the start point of the 50 km race. Despite being unprepared, without carrying proper food or water, or wearing technical running clothes, she won the race, and caught the attention of race organizers with her positive attitude and dedication to the sport.
After more intensive training for trail running, with her mentor Richard Bull of Trail Running Nepal, she began to travel overseas to participate in international ultra-trail running competitions, where she quickly became a well known name, winning one race after another and breaking several records. In early 2016 she suffered a knee injury during competition in the United Kingdom and had to take some time off from international competition to recover. During that time, she turned her attention to promoting trail running across Nepal, and helping to train other promising young female athletes from rural Nepal to complete on the international stage. She has organized many trail races in Kathmandu, and also her native Bojpur, to promote the sport among Nepali youth. She has been featured in both national and international media, which have covered her life from a remote and rural village to a national hero. In a patriarchal society, she has become an inspiration to many girls across the country.
In 2017 Mira re-joined the competitive ultra-trail running world, with her first competition in September 2017 at the 120 km Ben Nevis Ultra Trail Race in Scotland, UK, where she won the race and set a new course record in a time of 14 hours and 24 minutes. She is a professional trail runner, and part of the Salomon Running team. These are her main results.


Stefan William Merriman (born 24 March 1973 in Tauranga, New Zealand) is a former professional motorcycle trials and enduro rider. He won the World Enduro Championship in 2000 (250cc), 2001 (400cc), 2003 (250cc), and 2004 (Enduro 1).<PIC> Merriman began riding trials at an early age. In 1985 when he was 12 years old and competing against adult riders, he won the clubman class at the New Zealand Trials Championship riding a Fantic 80. Two years later when he was 14, he won the New Zealand Experts Championship.  In August 1989 he won a two-day international youth trial at Scarborough. and while he was in England, he also finished second in the YMSA youth six days trial in Derbyshire.  When he returned to New Zealand he won the expert class at the 1989 New Zealand Trials Championship. In 1990 he moved to Yorkshire to live and in May was 10th in the Scottish Six Days Trial (SSDT) and received the award for best newcomer.  The following year he finished 15th in the SSDT and in 1992 he finished 4th. In the 1991 and 1992 SSDTs he won best performance of the day awards.
While living in England he rode in the British and World trials championships and received support from the UK Aprilia importers, Gerald Richardson and Malcolm Rathmell.  He rode in 21 rounds of the World Championship from 1990 to 1992, with a best result of 16th at the Finnish round in 1991. He was also 6th in the British Championship that year.  Merriman returned to New Zealand in 1992 then moved to Brisbane in 1993. Later that year he won the Australian and the New Zealand Trials Championships.  In 1994 he finished second to Graham Jarvis in the Australian Trials Championship, and he won it again in 1995.  Around this time he also competed in road racing and won the Australian Supersport 600 championship in 1995.
From 1996 he began competing in enduro events, riding on an Australian motorcycle competition licence when he competed in international events.   He won the World Enduro Championship in the  250cc class in 2000, the 400cc in 2001, 250cc in 2003 and Enduro One in 2004. In 2003, Merriman also came close to beating Juha Salminen for the overall World title, finishing second in the overall championship only three points (266 vs. 269) behind Salminen. He led the championship before the final heat where he fell and finished second as Salminen took the win and the championship. In 2004, Merriman moved to Yamaha, winning his fourth world title and placing third overall, behind Salminen and Samuli Aro and ahead of David Knight. The following year, he won eleven of the 18 rounds in the Enduro 2 class, but with four retirements could not challenge KTM's Samuli Aro for the title. In 2006, he took three wins and placed third in the championship.
Merriman signed with Aprilia to race their V-Twin machine in the 2007 World Enduro Championship, and placed fifth in the E2 championship, with one second place as his best event result. In the 2008 season, he competed in the E3 class, winning three of the last four events and again placed fifth in the standings.


Mount Dennis is an intermodal transit terminal under construction in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Located east of the intersection of Eglinton Avenue and Weston Road in the Mount Dennis neighbourhood in the district of York, the station will be the western terminus of the future Line 5 Eglinton as well as an intermediate station on the GO Transit Kitchener line and Union Pearson Express. The station has been designated as one of many "mobility hubs" in Greater Toronto. It is scheduled to open in 2022.
The station is being built on the lands formerly known as Kodak Heights, which was a camera manufacturing facility operated by the Eastman Kodak Company from 1918 to 2006. The station will use Kodak Building 9, a heritage building and local landmark, as a station entrance. Adjacent to the station, the Eglinton Maintenance and Storage Facility is also located on the lands.<PIC> A draft prepared on April 10, 2013, established four designs for the station. In all the designs, the underground LRT platform was 150 metres (490 ft) long—long enough for four vehicle trainsets. Two designs placed the bus platform on the north side of Eglinton, accessed through a 230-metre (750 ft) pedestrian tunnel. In the other two designs, the bus platforms were on the south side of Eglinton, accessed through a 260-metre (850 ft) pedestrian tunnel.
By 2016, the finalized design placed the bus loop on the north side of the station, accessed by a relocated Photography Drive bridge that crosses Eglinton further to the east than the old bridge. This roadway would pass east of the renovated Kodak building, which would form the station's third entrance.
On the weekend of February 19 to 21, 2016, the Photography Drive bridge over Eglinton Avenue was demolished to make way for construction on the Mount Dennis station site.
In August 2016, the former Kodak building was temporarily moved 60 metres (200 ft) to facilitate construction. On November 13, 2017, the building was moved back to sit on a newly built foundation. The community wanted this landmark preserved; thus, it will become an integral part of Mount Dennis station.
By August 2018, some track had already been laid within the Line 5 portion of the station. By August 2019, track had been extended from the station platform eastwards past the junction with the Eglinton Maintenance and Storage Facility, but overhead wire for pantographs had not yet been hung; escalators and wall tiles were being installed; graffiti had been removed from the Kodak building and restoration work to its interior was in progress.
By the fourth quarter of 2020, light rail vehicles were making test runs between Mount Dennis and Keelesdale stations. In addition to being a landmark and a Heritage Interest Building, the former Kodak building will be a focal point for riders using the mobility hub, as many of the mobility hub's features are linked to this building. It will have a waiting area and public washrooms, and retail spaces on the main and basement levels. The upper floors of the building will be used for rented offices, to provide a space for community use, and will include an auditorium.
The station will have three entrances:
The main entrance and a station plaza will be located between Weston Road and the GO Transit Kitchener rail corridor. There will be an underground passage from the main entrance to the former Kodak building.
The secondary entrance will be located at street level on the north side of Eglinton Avenue West on the east side of the rail bridges for the Kitchener rail corridor.
The third entrance and another station plaza will be at the former Kodak building.
The hub will encompass the following services:
Line 5 Eglinton will terminate at Mount Dennis, and there will be special track work for reversing LRT trains. The LRT platform will have a glass wall allowing natural light into the space.
GO Transit and UP Express station will have platforms constructed along the Kitchener rail corridor and be accessible from the underground connection between the main entrance and the waiting room in the former Kodak building.
The off-street TTC bus terminal will have 15 bays and will be connected to the former Kodak building. The bus terminal will have its own space for retail.
The passenger pick-up and drop-off area will be available to riders of any of the hub's transit services. There will also be four taxi stands nearby.
Bicycle storage will include 40 outdoor and 80 indoor spaces. Indoor storage will be provided at the main entrance.
East of the station, the LRT line would travel on an elevated guideway above Black Creek Drive and Black Creek itself, before descending into the western portal of the line's bored tunnel, towards Keelesdale Station.
As part of a program to install artworks at major interchange stations along Line 5 Eglinton, Mount Dennis Station will feature two artworks:
Up to This Moment, by Hadley + Maxwell, will be a video display of an image documenting changes to the Kodak Heights site. The image displayed will change daily. The artwork will be located on the east wall of the upper concourse; it will be visible from Eglinton Avenue through the south-side, glass wall of the station.
An untitled work by Sara Cwynar will feature a brightly coloured, wall-sized mural consisting of a collage of photographic images, digitally printed on layered glass panels. The artwork will be located along a pedestrian corridor within the station. As of February 2022, the following are the proposed connecting routes that would serve this station when Line 5 Eglinton opens:


Khin Myo Chit (Burmese: ခင်မျိုးချစ်, [kʰɪ̀ɰ̃ mjó tɕʰɪʔ]; 1 May 1915 – 2 January 1999) was a Burmese author and journalist, whose career spanned over four decades. She began her career writing short stories in Burmese for Dagon Magazine in 1934. She worked on the editorial staff of The Burma Journal during anti-colonial movements. After the war, Khin Myo Chit wrote for The Oway, a Burmese newspaper.<PIC> Her birth name was Khin Mya. She started her work in Burmese culture, literature and politics in the 1300 Movement. She acted as deputy head of the Women's Front of the 1300 Movement which demanded self-rule at the Shwedagon Pagoda in Rangoon (now Yangon) on 29 January 1939. Starting from that moment, she adopted the name, Khin Myo Chit. After the 1300 Movement, Khin Myo Chit started writing in many patriotic Burmese papers, including the Deedoke Journal.
She graduated from the University of Rangoon in 1952, and served as an editor for The Guardian Daily, when she began writing short stories and articles in English. Her story, "The 13-carat Diamond", which appeared first in The Guardian Daily, was featured in Fifty Great Oriental Stories, published by Bantam Classics. Other stories, including "Her Infinite Variety" and "The Four Puppets", won acclaim in Asia. During her career, Khin Myo Chit wrote many English publications, including a historical novel on King Anawrahta.
Khin Myo Chit also served as an editor in the Working People's Daily, voicing her political opinions and also her nationalistic spirit. She also wrote many books on Burmese culture – such as the Wonderland of Burmese Legends, where she documented famous myths, legends and folktales of Myanmar, and the Colourful Burma series. Khin Myo Chit died on 2 January 1999 at her home in Yangon. Her son, Khin Maung Win and daughter-in-law Tekkatho Shwe Yi Win are Burmese writers. 1932 – "Patriotism" (a poem that earned her pen name)
1936 – College Girl (a novelette for serialization in The Sun a daily paper.)
1945 – Three years under the Japs.
1955 – "13 Carat Diamond" (short story published in The Guardian magazine, later included in 50 Great Oriental Stories in Bantam Classics.)
1963 to 1968 – Heroes of Old Burma and Quest for Peace (an autobiography) (Both serialized in The Working People's Daily.)
1969 – 13 Carat Diamond and Other Stories
1970 – "Her Infinite Variety" (a prize-winning short in the Horizon magazine short story competition.). "The Four Puppets" (included in Folk Tales of Asia by UNESCO). Anawrahta of Burma(Myanmar) (Publication of Heroes of Old Burma (Myanmar), which was later re-printed under the titles 'Anawrahta' and 'King Among Men'.)
1976 – Colourful Burma (a practical and poetic guide for the visitor who wants something better than a tourist view of Myanmar, later reprinted under the title 'Colourful Myanmar'.
1977 – Burmese Scenes and Sketches
1980 – Flowers and Festivals Round the Burmese Year: Kyaikhtiyo (a short history of Kyaikhtiyo Pagoda, published in the Asia Magazine.)
1981 – "A Pagoda Where Fairy Tale Characters Come to Life" (a tale-like description of Melamu Pagoda in the outskirts of Yangon, published in the Asia Magazine.)
1984 – A Wonderland of Burmese Legends (published by the Tamarind Press in Bangkok later reprinted in Myanmar under the title A Wonderland of Pagoda Legends
1995 – Gift of Laughter (on the picturesque speech of the people of Hladaw, a village in Central Myanmar, selections of which have been published in the Pyinsa Rupa magazine.)
2005 – Stories and Sketches of Myanmar


Eoin Murphy (born 6 August 1990) is an Irish hurler who plays for Kilkenny Intermediate Championship club Glenmore and at inter-county level with the Kilkenny senior hurling team. He usually lines out as a goalkeeper.<PIC>  Murphy first came to prominence as a Gaelic footballer at New Ross Vocational College. It was during his time here that he was selected for the Wexford vocational schools' team. Murphy won back-to-back All-Ireland B Championship medals in 2008 and 2009. Murphy studied at the Waterford Institute of Technology and joined the senior hurling team in his second year at the institute. On 1 March 2014, he captained the team from centre-back when Waterford IT defeated the Cork Institute of Technology by 0-17 to 0-12 to win the Fitzgibbon Cup. Murphy joined the Glenmore club at a young age and played in all grades at juvenile and underage levels as a dual player before eventually joining the club's top adult teams in both hurling and Gaelic football.
On 10 October 2009, Murphy lined out at left wing-back when Glenmore faced Muckalee in the Kilkenny Football Championship final. He ended the game with a winners' medal following the 2-7 to 0-10 victory.
On 25 October 2015, Murphy won a Kilkenny Junior Championship medal as part of the Glenmore hurling team that defeated Kilmacow by 1-12 to 2-06 in the final. He was one of the club's top scorers throughout the championship after amassing 6-28. On 16 January 2016, Murphy lined out at right wing-forward when Glenmore faced Lusmagh in the Leinster final. He top scored with 0-08, including four frees, and ended the game with a winners' medal following the 0-23 to 0-13 defeat of Lusmagh. Murphy was switched to centre-forward for the All-Ireland final against Eoghan Rua on 7 February 2016. He scored a point from play and collected an All-Ireland medal following the 2-08 to 0-12 victory.  Murphy first played for Kilkenny as a member of the minor team during the 2008 Leinster Championship. He made his first appearance for the team on 6 April 2008 when he lined out in goal in Kilkenny's 3-12 to 0-15 defeat of Wexford. On 6 July 2008, Murphy was again in goal when he collected a Leinster Championship medal following a 1-19 to 0-12 defeat of Wexford in the final. On 7 September 2008, Kilkenny faced Galway in the All-Ireland final. Although held scoreless for much of the second half, Murphy collected a winners' medal following the 3-06 to 0-13 victory.
Murphy was drafted onto the Kilkenny under-21 team as sub-goalkeeper in advance of the Leinster Championship. He won a Leinster Under-21 Hurling Championship medal as an unused substitute on 15 July 2009 following Kilkenny's 2-20 to 1-09 defeat of Dublin in the final. Murphy was again an unused substitute on 13 September 2009 when Kilkenny suffered a 0-15 to 0-14 defeat by Clare in the All-Ireland final.
On 9 June 2010, Murphy made his first appearance for the Kilkenny under-21 team. He scored three points from right corner-forward following Kilkenny's 2-31 to 0-08 defeat of Offaly.
Murphy was eligible for the under-21 grade for a third and final season in 2011. He made his final appearance in the grade on 7 June 2011 and top scored with 0-05 in the 1-16 to 2-12 defeat by Wexford. Murphy was added to the Kilkenny intermediate hurling team in advance of the 2010 Leinster Championship. He won a Leinster Championship medal as an unused substitute on 7 July 2010 following a 1-21 to 0-11 defeat of Dublin in the final. On 28 August 2010, Murphy was again an unused substitute when Kilkenny defeated Cork by 2-17 to 1-13 in the All-Ireland final.
On 6 July 2011, Murphy made his Kilkenny intermediate team debut. He won a second successive Leinster Championship medal on that occasion after top scoring with 1-07 in a 2-15 to 2-13 defeat of Wexford in the final. Murphy was added to the Kilkenny senior team as third-choice goalkeeper for the 2011 season. On 3 July 2011, he won a Leinster Championship medal as a member of the extended panel following Kilkenny's 4-17 to 1-15 defeat of Dublin in the final. Murphy again failed to make the match-day panel but was on the extended panel when Kilkenny faced Tipperary in the All-Ireland final on 4 September 2011. He ended the game with an All-Ireland medal following the 2-17 to 1-16 victory.
Murphy was promoted to second-choice goalkeeper behind David Herity during the 2012 National League. He made his first appearance on 11 March 2012 when he lined out in goal in a 2-21 to 1-15 defeat of Waterford. On 6 May 2012, Murphy won a National League medal as an unused substitute following Kilkenny's 3-21 to 0-16 defeat of Cork in the final. He was retained as second-choice goalkeeper for the Leinster Championship and was an unused substitute on 8 July 2012 when Kilkenny suffered a 2-21 to 2-11 defeat by Galway in the final. On 9 September 2012, Murphy was amongst the substitutes when Kilkenny drew 2-13 to 0-19 with Galway in the All-Ireland final. On 30 September 2012, he won his second All-Ireland medal as an unused substitute following Kilkenny's 3-22 to 3-11 defeat of Galway in the All-Ireland final replay.
On 5 May 2013, Murphy lined out in goal when Kilkenny faced Tipperary in the National League final. He ended the game with a second successive winners' medal - his first on the field of play - following the 2-17 to 0-20 victory. Murphy made his Leinster Championship debut on 9 June 2013 when he lined out in goal in Kilkenny's 0-26 to 4-09 defeat of Offaly.
On 4 May 2014, Murphy was selected in goal when Kilkenny faced Tipperary in a second successive National League final. He ended the game with a third successive winners' medal following the 2-25 to 1-27 victory. Murphy lined out in Kilkenny's opening three games in the subsequent Leinster Championship but returned to the substitutes' bench for the Leinster final against Dublin on 6 July 2014. He ended the game with a second winners' medal as an unused substitute following the 0-24 to 1-09 victory. On 7 September 2014, Murphy was restored to the goalkeeping position when Kilkenny drew 3-22 to 1-28 with Tipperary in the All-Ireland final. He was again in goal for the replay on 27 September 2014 and ended the game with a third All-Ireland medal - his first on the field of play - following the 2-17 to 2-14 victory. Murphy ended the season by receiving an All-Star nomination.
Murphy won his third Leinster Championship medal - his first on the field of play - on 5 July 2015 following Kilkenny's 1-25 to 2-15 defeat of Galway in the Leinster final. On 6 September 2015, he was again in goal for the All-Ireland final against Galway. Murphy ended the game with a fourth All-Ireland medal following the 1-22 to 1-18 victory. He ended the season by being nominated for a second All-Star award.
Murphy won a fourth Leinster Championship medal on 3 July 2016 following a 1-26 to 0-22 defeat of Galway in the final. He was again in goal for the All-Ireland final against Tipperary on 4 September 2016. Murphy ended the game on the losing side following a 2-29 to 2-20 defeat. He ended the season by being named in the goalkeeping position on the All-Star team.
On 8 April 2018, Murphy was in goal when Kilkenny faced Tipperary in the National League final. He scored a point from a free and collected a fourth winners' medal following the 2-23 to 2-17 victory. Murphy was again selected in goal when Kilkenny faced Galway in the Leinster final on 1 July 2018. He scored a point from a free in the 0-18 apiece draw. He retained his position for the replay a week later, however, Kilkenny suffered a 1-28 to 3-15 defeat. Murphy was later named in the goalkeeping position on the All-Star team.
Murphy missed the opening rounds of the Leinster Championship in 2019 but was back in goal for the final on 30 June 2019. He scored a point from a long-range free in the 1-23 to 0-23 defeat by Wexford. Murphy again lined out in goal when Kilkenny suffered a 3-25 to 0-20 defeat by Tipperary in the 2019 All-Ireland final. He ended the season by being nominated for an All-Star award.
On 14 November 2020, Murphy won his fifth Leinster Championship medal after keeping a clean sheet in goal in the 2-20 to 0-24 defeat of Galway in the final. Murphy was added to the Leinster inter-provincial team during the 2016 Inter-provincial Championship. He made his only appearance for the team on 15 December 2016 when he came on as a half-time substitute for Gerry Keegan in a 2-20 to 2-16 defeat by Munster in the final.   Wexford
All-Ireland Senior B Vocational Schools Football Championship: 2008, 2009
Waterford Institute of Technology
Fitzgibbon Cup: 2014 (c)
Glenmore
Kilkenny Senior Football Championship: 2009
All-Ireland Junior Club Hurling Championship: 2016
Leinster Junior Club Hurling Championship: 2016
Kilkenny Junior Hurling Championship: 2015
Kilkenny
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship: 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015
Leinster Senior Hurling Championship: 2011, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2020, 2021, 2022
National Hurling League: 2012, 2013, 2014, 2018, 2021
Walsh Cup: 2012, 2014, 2017
All-Ireland Intermediate Hurling Championship: 2010
Leinster Intermediate Hurling Championship: 2010, 2011
Leinster Under-21 Hurling Championship: 2009
All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship: 2008
Leinster Minor Hurling Championship: 2008 All-Stars: 2016, 2018, 2021


Erich Bruckmann was a boat builder and founder of Bruckmann Manufacturing, one of four companies that in 1969 formed C&C Yachts, a Canadian yacht builder that dominated North American sailing in the 1970s and early 1980s.
Erich Bruckmann built the revolutionary racing yacht Red Jacket which featured a first in sailboat construction - an extremely light weight balsa core - which allowed the vessel to compete and win. Red Jacket won 11 of 13 races in her first season, including the Charles Freeman Cup and the Lake Ontario International. In the 1967 Southern Ocean Racing Conference (SORC) race from St. Petersburg to Venice in Florida, Red Jacket finished first. It was the first Canadian boat to win against a fleet of about 85 others, many being the best U.S. racers. Erich Bruckmann was born in Düsseldorf, Germany in 1930. The only child of Klara and Ludwig, he suffered from tuberculosis, an ailment that relapsed late in his life. Bruckmann at times spoke about his difficult youth in war-torn Germany. After the Second World War ended and his health returned, he became an active youth, playing soccer and cycling. He met his future wife, Lisa (briefly) on a bicycle tour around Germany and, despite the brevity of the meeting, sent her a postcard from every subsequent destination.
Bruckmann left Germany as a young man in 1956 to start a new life in Canada. Bruckmann was trained as a cabinetmaker and master carpenter in his native Germany. Bruckmann arrived in Oakville, Ontario from Germany in 1956, speaking no English and with little other than his carpentry tools, hoping to bring his wife and first-born son to Canada as soon as possible. His first years in Ontario after arriving were difficult. He showed up for his first job in the boat-building trade with no references and little English but with a toolbox of his own construction – the meticulously organized and crafted box served as his best reference. Bruckmann was hired by Metro Marine in Bronte, Ontario, working for Harry D. Greb, building and repairing wooden boats, working with Jan Gudgeon and Vic Carpenter. Metro Marine had evolved into a first-class yacht yard under the direction of John “Johnnie” Walker and, after a short time, Erik Bruckmann was made Shop Superintendent. While at Metro Marine Bruckman oversaw the construction of several Cuthbertson & Cassian designs, including the 38-foot La Mouette, a wooden design built for Gord Fisher of the Royal Canadian Yacht Club, which led to a semi-production series.
In 1962 Bruckmann left Metro Marine in Bronte to found his own cabinetmaking business, ostensibly to build kitchen cabinets and counters, but he had undertaken several yacht jobs, including completion of a Canadian Northern CN35 from a Cuthbertson & Cassian design. His skills had become known and appreciated. Erich Bruckmann began Bruckmann Manufacturing on Maple Avenue in Burlington, Ontario. He later set up shop on Wallace Road in the Speers Road and Third Line area of Oakville, Ontario, still as Bruckmann Mfg. Canadian yachtsman Perry Connolly asked George Cuthbertson of Cuthbertson & Cassian to design a custom 40 ft (12 m) racing sloop for him. The design directive called for flat-out speed. Connolly said he wanted "the meanest, hungriest 40-footer afloat".
As a result of a connection through his earlier relationship with Metro Marine, Bruckmann was asked to build this new boat, named  Red Jacket, from the design by Cuthbertson. Starting in 1963 and through 1964 Red Jacket, was built by Erich Bruckmann at Bruckmann Manufacturing in fiberglass with a balsa core, the resulting structure was strong, stiff and significantly lighter than the wood or solid fiberglass yachts then sailing. Red Jacket is considered to be the first sailboat engineered with a cored hull (other earlier boats had balsa-cored decks and powerboat builders were then using it in transoms and superstructures). No doubt the weight savings and panel stiffness of her cored hull contributed significantly to her racing success. She was launched in May 1966 and took 11 of 13 starts that summer. That winter, Red Jacket headed south and won the famed SORC (Southern Ocean Racing Conference), also called "the circuit," which was a series of six races with the major two being from St. Petersburg to Fort Lauderdale and from Miami to Nassau, competing against over 85 of the best racers of the day. Red Jacket was the first Canadian boat to win the SORC. She is still actively raced by her owners, members the Royal Canadian Yacht Club. That victory was quickly followed by a successful defence of the Canada’s Cup with Manitou in 1969. This racing success resulted in the formation of C&C Yachts in the same year with the amalgamation of the design firm and the three builders producing Cuthbertson & Cassian designs.
In September 1969 the design firm of Cuthbertson & Cassian Ltd. joined with Belleville Marine Yard, Hinterhoeller Ltd. and Bruckmann Manufacturing to form C&C Yachts. In that first year C&C achieved sales of $3.9 million. As a result of this merger, Bruckmann’s Oakville plant became part of C&C Yachts, operating as the C&C Custom Yachts Division with Erich Bruckmann assuming responsibility for custom manufacturing and mold development.  During that time, C&C Custom Yachts built some 200 custom and semi-custom boats, including many renowned racing and cruising yachts.
Under Bruckmann the Custom Shop built such Cuthbertson & Cassian designs as the Redline 41, C&C 43-1, C&C 50, and the successful C&C 61. The Redline 41 Condor would follow Red Jacket's lead and win SORC overall in 1971. In the year of the merger Erich Bruckmann's custom shop was doing well financially. In 1966-67, meticulous craftsmanship had seen only three yachts completed; an ongoing expansion increased its output of semi-custom yachts alone to 62 annually.
The high water mark of the Custom Division career was the 1971 SORC where Cuthbertson & Cassian designed boats not only won overall, but also won three of the five divisions. A truly remarkable feat, which has never been achieved by another designer. The ground breaking yacht Evergreen, Canada's Cup winner and Fastnet survivor, was perhaps Bruckmann's most recognized achievement.
The Canada's Cup winner in 1978 was a C&C design, the Two Ton class Evergreen, owned by Don Green with Hans Fogh at the helm. The design was a radical, dinghy-like, 41-foot boat, designed with the aim of winning the trophy as the C&C design team had exploited loopholes in the regatta rules. As one example, the galley was required to have sink but, in order to save weight, it had no drain, which the rule makers had not thought to specify. The deck hatches opened inward, which could be a safety hazard if they gave way during a capsize or broach, and the Evergreen crew faced protests over this defect in both the SORC and in the Canada's Cup. Upon reflection over the 1979 Fastnet race in which he participated but prudently DNF'ed, Skipper Green later said that Evergreen "never should have gone to England" for the Admiral's Cup, which is the destination of most Canada's Cup winners. Canadian Yachting magazine stated fifteen years later that "few yachts have created more controversy than" Evergreen, and that "its extreme design and controversial features ruffled feathers around the world." After the competition that year, the rule books were rewritten to preclude safety problems like those raised by the design of Evergreen, and as a result, C&C never received another commission for a Canada's Cup yacht. The C&C Custom 67 is a Canadian sailboat, that was designed by Robert W. Ball of C&C Yachts and was launched and named Archangel in September 1980.
The boat was built by Bruckmann and his crew at the C&C Yachts Custom Division in Oakville. She remains the largest pleasureboat commission ever received by C&C, and was an enormous project: six months in design and 14 months in construction. Only one example was completed.<PIC> After his retirement in 1984 Bruckmann did some consulting work for C&C Yachts in Niagara-on-the-Lake. He was a hands-on man, a hiker of the Alps and daily frequenter of the YMCA who could not bear to be inactive. He once re-shingled a backyard shed the day after a major operation. He would go from watching European soccer matches to listening to Beethoven and Strauss. His subscription to The Economist and wide (always non-fiction) reading bolstered his strong opinions on politics and history. But he could be a careful listener, too. Erich made much of the teak modernist furniture in the home he shared with Lisa, his beloved wife of 58 years and the mother of his five children.
In 1986 Bruckmann's son Mark decided to reinvent Bruckmann Manufacturing. Mark Bruckmann reopened the company in the former Metro Marine building - the same place where his father started so many years before, and Erich Bruckmann helped Mark to re-establish in 1986. Erich Bruckmann died 28 October 2011 at Joseph Brant Memorial Hospital in Burlington, Ontario, of tuberculosis, surrounded by his family. He was 81. Erich Bruckmann was awarded the Canadian Yachting Magazine, Ontario Sailing, 2011 Legends of Ontario Sailing Award as one of the “Builders of C&C Yachts”


James Armstrong Mackay (June 25, 1919 – July 2, 2004) was a U.S. Representative and lawyer from Georgia. MacKay was elected as a Democrat to the Eighty-ninth Congress. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Ninetieth Congress in 1966. He died on July 2, 2004, in Chattanooga, Tennessee.<PIC> Mackay was born in Fairfield, Jefferson County, Alabama on June 25, 1919.
He graduated with an A.B. degree from Emory University, Atlanta, Ga., in 1940, where he was a member of the Kappa Alpha Order. Mackay attended Duke University from 1940 to 1941. After active duty, he then returned to Emory where he was president of the student body and received an LL.B. in 1947. During World War II, he served as a Coast Guard Reserve officer on the USS Menges, a destroyer escort in the Mediterranean, in 1944, and earned a Bronze Star Medal for rescuing men when his ship was torpedoed. During his tenure, he supported passage of the Medicare Program, and obtained federal funding for the Fernbank Science Center and Planetarium. He was also one of only two congressmen from Georgia (the other being Charles Weltner of the 5th district) to support the passing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 into law.
MacKay was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Ninetieth Congress in 1966. MacKay practiced law in Decatur, Georgia with his daughter Kathy and remained active in the Georgia Conservancy. He was a lifelong Methodist and served as an Emory trustee
MacKay was one of 32 state House members who opposed the Georgia flag change in 1956. "There was only one reason for putting the flag on there. Like the gun rack in the back of a pickup truck, it telegraphs a message," he said decades later. On Feb. 13, 1956, the day Governor Griffin approved the new flag with its Confederate emblem, the state Senate gave final legislative approval to a resolution declaring null and void the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Brown vs. Board of Education.
Emory University conferred an Honorary Doctorate Degree on MacKay at its Sesquicentennial Convocation December 10, 1986. The honors included the Georgia Conservancy’s "Distinguished Conservationist Award," the DeKalb Historical Society’s "History Maker Award," the 1979 Rock Howard Award, and the 1984 "Mr. DeKalb" Award. Georgia Conservancy president John Sibley remarked after MacKay's passing, "He was a larger-than-life person and an environmentalist who raised the level of the environmental movement in Georgia all by himself." MacKay recognized that public concern for the environment, stemming from the 1962 publication of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, needed to take root in Georgia. In January 1967, he assembled some of his colleagues to discuss forming the group that today is known as one of the leading environmental organizations in the nation.
Under MacKay’s leadership, the Conservancy understood that seeing what was happening in Georgia is the best way to learn about places and issues, that being active rather than reactive leads to success, and that Georgia’s economy and ecology are inseparable. The Georgia Conservancy honored Jamie with its Distinguished Conservationist award in 2001. Sweetwater Creek, Panola Mountain, the Okefenokee Swamp, Chattooga River, Cumberland Island, and Fernbank are only a few of his legacies. MacKay died on July 2, 2004 at the age of 85, at Lookout Mountain, Tennessee where he maintained a boat cleat on his deck a thousand feet above the floor of Lookout Valley and invited others to join his Society of Noah – keeping the long view clearly in mind.
His first wife, Mary Caroline Lee MacKay, and his son, James Edward MacKay, predeceased him. He was survived by his wife Sara Lee MacKay, and his daughter Kathleen MacKay, of Rising Fawn, Georgia, a former member of the DeKalb Bar Association. MacKay's remains were cremated.