Curraghabweehan (from Irish: Currach an Bhuíochain, meaning 'Moor of the Muddy Yellow Place') is a townland in the civil parish of Templeport, County Cavan, Ireland. It lies in the Roman Catholic parish of Corlough and barony of Tullyhaw.<PIC> Curraghabweehan is bounded on the west by Corraclassy townland, on the south by Garvary (Corlough) townland, on the north by Drumbeagh townland and on the east by Derryvahan townland. Its chief geographical features are the Owensallagh river (A source of the River Blackwater, County Cavan) and dug wells. Curraghabweehan is traversed by minor public roads and rural lanes. The townland covers 55 statute acres. In the Plantation of Ulster by grant dated 27 February 1610, along with other lands, King James VI and I granted one poll of Drombeagh and Corroboan to William O'Shereden, gentleman, Cheefe of his Name. William Sheridan was the chief of the Sheridan Clan in County Cavan. He was the son of the previous chief, Hugh Duff O'Sheridan of Togher townland, Kilmore parish, County Cavan. William was the ancestor of the famous Sheridan theatrical family. William died sometime before 1638 leaving two sons, Owen (of Mullaghmore, Tullyhunco) and Patrick (of Raleagh townland, Kildallan parish). Owen Sheridan succeeded to his father's lands. Owen's son Denis was born in 1612 and became a Catholic priest in charge of Kildrumferton parish, County Cavan. He later converted to Protestantism and on 10 June 1634 William Bedell, the Protestant Bishop of Kilmore, ordained him as a Minister of the Church of Ireland and two days later Denis was collated to the Vicarage of Killasser in the Diocese of Kilmore. Denis had several children, including William Sheridan (Bishop of Kilmore and Ardagh) 1682-1691 (his son Donald kept up the Templeport connection by marrying Mrs Enery of Bawnboy); Patrick Sheridan, Cloyne, Protestant Bishop of Cloyne (1679-1682) and Sir Thomas Sheridan (politician) Chief Secretary of State for Ireland (1687-1688).
The Sheridan lands in Curraghabweehan were confiscated in the Cromwellian Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 and were distributed as follows:
The 1652 Commonwealth Survey lists the townland as Curraghabeghan and the proprietor as Lieutenant-Colonel Tristram Beresford. A further confirming grant dated 3 November 1666 was made by King Charles II of England to the aforementioned Sir Tristram Beresford, 1st Baronet included, inter alia, 76 acres and 3 roods in Curraghboghan and Drumbeagh. By grant dated 11 September 1670 from King Charles II of England to said Sir Tristram Beresford, the lands of Curraghbegan and Drumbeagh were included in the creation of a new Manor of Beresford.
The 1790 Cavan Carvaghs list spells the name as Curraghbuhan.
An 1813 map depicts the townland as Curraghboghan and Curraghoghan.
The Tithe Applotment Books for 1827 list seven tithepayers in the townland.
The 1836 Ordnance Survey Namebooks describe the townland as- The soil is of a clayey nature...The townland is bounded on the north side by a large stream.
The Curraghabweehan Valuation Office Field books are available for September 1839.
In 1841 the population of the townland was 32, being 15 males and 17 females. There were seven houses in the townland, all of which were inhabited.
In 1851 the population of the townland was 26, being 12 males and 14 females, the reduction being due to the Great Famine (Ireland). There were six houses in the townland, all were inhabited.
Griffith's Valuation of 1857 lists five landholders in the townland.
In 1861 the population of the townland was 25, being 11 males and 14 females. There were five houses in the townland and all were inhabited.
In the 1901 census of Ireland, there are three families listed in the townland,
 and in the 1911 census of Ireland, there are three families listed in the townland. Stepping Stones across the river


Paul Pierson (born 1959) is an American professor of political science specializing in comparative politics and holder of the John Gross Endowed Chair of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley. From 2007-2010 he served at UC Berkeley as Chair of the Department of Political Science. He is noted for his research on comparative public policy and political economy, the welfare state, and American political development. His works on the welfare state and historical institutionalism have been characterized as influential.<PIC> Pierson is a native of Eugene, Oregon, where both of his parents taught at the University of Oregon. He graduated with a B.A. in government from Oberlin College in 1981 and then attended graduate school at Yale University, completing an M.A. and MPhil in 1986 and a PhD degree in political science in 1989.
Pierson taught at Harvard University from 1989 to 2004, when he moved to the University of California, Berkeley. He was a visiting professor at the European University Institute in 1999.
Pierson's first book, Dismantling the Welfare State?, was a revision of his doctoral dissertation and won the American Political Science Association's Kammerer Prize for the best work on American national politics published in 1994. Jacob Hacker described the book as "pathbreaking" and as the start of a substantial scholarly literature on welfare state retrenchment. The book finds that social policy programs in the United States are resilient to fundamental change. The book argues that drastic changes are hard to implement because cuts to social programs entail concentrated costs but diffuse gains, which makes it easier for constituencies that benefit from the social programs to mobilize and impose costs on politicians that seek fundamental changes to social policy programs. He argues that once social policy programs are created, it is hard to repeal them, because powerful constituencies form that depend the social policy programs.
His journal article “Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics” won the Heinz Eulau Award for the best article published in the American Political Science Review in 2000. His 2010 book with Jacob Hacker, Winner-Take-All Politics, was a New York Times bestseller. They authored American Amnesia in 2016, which argues for the restoration and reinvigoration of the United States' mixed economy. Their most recent book is Let Them Eat Tweets: How the Right Rules in an Age of Extreme Inequality, published in 2020, argues that Donald Trump and the Republican Party embody a distinct form of populism: plutocratic populism.
Pierson was president of the Politics and History Section of the American Political Science Association for 2003-04.
Pierson is married to Tracey Goldberg, a landscape architect. They live in Berkeley, CA with their two children. Let Them Eat Tweets: How the Right Rules in an Age of Extreme Inequality, with Jacob Hacker, New York, NY : Liveright Publishing Corporation, 2020. ISBN 9781631496844
American Amnesia: How the War on Government Led Us to Forget What Made America Prosper. with Jacob Hacker. Simon & Schuster. 2016. ISBN 978-1-4516-6782-0.
Winner-Take-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer--and Turned Its Back on the Middle Class. with Jacob Hacker. Simon & Schuster. 2010. ISBN 978-1-4165-8869-6.
The Transformation of American Politics: Activist Government and the Rise of Conservatism. 2007. Princeton University Press. (edited with Theda Skocpol).
Off Center: The Republican Revolution and the Erosion of American Democracy. 2005. Yale University Press. (with Jacob Hacker).
Politics in Time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis. 2004. Princeton University Press.
"Imposing Losses in Pension Policy." 1993. In Do Institutions Matter? Government Capabilities in the United States and Abroad. Brookings Institution Press. eds. R. Kent Weaver, and Bert A. Rockman. (written with R. Kent Weaver).
"Historical Institutionalism in Contemporary Political Science." In Political Science: The State of the Discipline, eds. I. Katznelson and H. Milner. W.W. Norton. (written with Theda Skocpol).
The New Politics of the Welfare State. 2001. Oxford University Press. (editor).
"Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics." 2000. American Political Science Review 94(2): 251-267.
"Not Just What, but When: Timing and Sequence in Political Processes." 2000. Studies in American Political Development 14(1): 73-93.
European Social Policy: Between Fragmentation and Integration. 1995. Brookings Institution Press. (edited with Stephan Leibfried).
Dismantling the Welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher and the Politics of Retrenchment. 1994. Cambridge University Press.


Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard FRS (8 April 1817 – 2 April 1894) was a Mauritian physiologist and neurologist who, in 1850, became the first to describe what is now called Brown-Séquard syndrome.<PIC> Brown-Séquard was born at Port Louis, Mauritius, to an American father and a French mother.  He attended the Royal College in Mauritius, and graduated in medicine at Paris in 1846. He then returned to Mauritius with the intention of practising there, but in 1852 he went to the United States. There he was appointed to the faculty of the Medical College of Virginia where he conducted experiments in the basement of the Egyptian Building.
He was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1854. He returned to Paris, and in 1859 he migrated to London, becoming physician to the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic. There he stayed for about five years, expounding his views on the pathology of the nervous system in numerous lectures which attracted considerable attention. In 1864 he again crossed the Atlantic, and was appointed professor of physiology and neuropathology at Harvard. He relinquished this position in 1867, and in 1869 became professor at the École de Médecine in Paris, but in 1873 he again returned to America and began to practice in New York City. While in New York, his daughter, Charlotte Maria was born.
Finally, he went back to Paris to succeed Claude Bernard in 1878 as professor of experimental medicine in the Collège de France, and he remained there until his death, which occurred in 1894 at Sceaux, France.  He was buried in Paris at the Cimetière du Montparnasse.
Brown-Séquard was quite a controversial and eccentric figure, and is also known for self-reporting, at age 72, "rejuvenated sexual prowess after subcutaneous injection of extracts of monkey testis". Thousands of men tried the therapy. The endocrinologist Robert B. Greenblatt wrote that this therapy could not have possibly worked because, unlike the thyroid gland, the testes do not store the hormones they produce and, therefore, obtaining a therapeutic dose of testosterone directly from animal glands "would require about one-quarter ton of bull's testes." The positive response by many men is now thought to have been a placebo effect, but apparently this was "sufficient to set the field of endocrinology off and running."
In 1886 Brown-Séquard was elected to the Board of the Sugar Club.  He also was a member of the Royal Society of London. Brown-Séquard was a keen observer and experimentalist. He contributed largely to our knowledge of the blood and animal heat, as well as many facts of the highest importance on the nervous system. He was the first scientist to work out the physiology of the spinal cord, demonstrating that the decussation of the fibres carrying pain and temperature sensation occurs in the cord itself. His name was immortalised in the history of medicine with the description of a syndrome which bears his name (Brown-Séquard syndrome) due to the hemisection of the spinal cord, which he described after observing accidental injury of the spinal cord in farmers cutting sugar cane in Mauritius.
Far more important is that he was one of the first to postulate the existence of substances, now known as hormones, secreted into the bloodstream to affect distant organs. In particular, he demonstrated (in 1856) that removal of the adrenal glands resulted in death, due to lack of essential hormones. At age 72, at a meeting of the Societé de Biologie in Paris, Brown-Séquard reported that hypodermic injection of a fluid prepared from the testicles of guinea pigs and dogs leads to rejuvenation and prolonged human life. It was known, among scientists, derisively, as the Brown-Séquard Elixir. A Vienna medical publication quipped dismissively: "The lecture must be seen as further proof of the necessity of retiring professors who have attained their threescore and ten years."
Brown-Séquard's research, published in about 500 essays and papers, especially in the Archives de Physiologie, which he helped to found in 1868 along with Jean-Martin Charcot and Alfred Vulpian, cover a very wide range of physiological and pathological subjects.
In the late 19th century Brown-Séquard gave rise to much controversy in the case of supposed modification-inheritance by his experiments on guinea pigs. In a series of experiments extending over many years (1869 to 1891), he showed that a partial section of the spinal cord, or a section of the sciatic nerve, was followed after a few weeks by a peculiar morbid state resembling epilepsy. The offspring of the animals operated on were frequently decrepit, and a certain number showed a tendency to the so-called epilepsy. Although some scientists considered the experiments as evidence for Lamarckian inheritance, the experiments were not Lamarckian as Lamarck had rejected that this sort of acquired characteristic was inherited as such experiments did not involve the use and disuse of characters in response to the environment. One explanation for the results was that they show a transmitted disease and not evidence for the inheritance of an acquired character. His experiments are now considered anomalous and alternative explanations have been suggested.


Makkovik (Inuit: Maggovik) is a town in Labrador in eastern Canada. It had 365 residents in 2021. The main industry is snow crabbing and there is a fishing cooperative.
Makkovik is only accessible by air or sea.<PIC> The Makkovik area has been inhabited by the Inuit since 1400 or earlier.
Some early European settlers included Antoine Perrault and Jean-Baptiste Jacques, French Canadian fur traders who set up trading posts at nearby Kaipokok Bay. Another earlier settler to the area was Charles McNeil, a Scottish fisherman who married a woman from Clarke's Beach and established a fishing post at Island Harbour. A Scottish fur trader named George Lyall settled near Island Harbour in the 1850s while a Welsh settler named Thomas Evans settled at Ben's Cove. Several Inuit families also continued to live in the region. Near the 1880s, some families of mixed European and Inuit origin from Cartwright and other areas of southern Labrador also established fishing posts near Makkovik. The later establishment of the Moravian mission in Makkovik eventually pushed many families to move from outlying posts (such as Island Harbour, Ben's Cove, Adlavik, Ailik and Tishialuk) to Makkovik itself or to Postville.
Torsten Kverna Andersen and his wife Mary Ann Thomas set up a trading post at Makkovik in 1860. Andersen was originally from Norway and had previously worked in Rigolet while his wife was from Labrador.
Colonization was assured in 1896 when the Moravian Church established a mission station and residential school there. Both the mission and school were destroyed by a fire in 1948 but the economy was instilled in the 1950s by two notable events. First was the forceful resettlement to Makkovik of 150 Inuit residents of the northern communities of Nutak and Hebron. Second was the establishment nearby of a radar warning station by the United States government.
In January 2012, Makkovik received notable media attention after 14-year old Burton Winters froze to death after his snowmobile broke down on the ice just outside of the community.
The population is mainly composed of residents of mixed European and Inuit heritage. Ninety five people in Makkovik claimed to have Norwegian ancestry in the 2016 census. For three years in the late 1950s, the United States Air Force operated a remote radar base approximately 15 km (9.3 mi) north of the settlement. Called Cape Makkovik, it was constructed between 1955 and 1957 and operated until 1961, and dismantled later in the decade. It was a "gap-filler" in the Pinetree Line set up to monitor the skies for aircraft approaching from the north. The community lies at the end of a peninsula in northern Labrador about 215 km (134 mi) northeast of Happy Valley-Goose Bay. Travel is by air year round (served by Makkovik Airport) and by boat in summer. Winter travel is by snowmobile. The community is situated on a sheltered bay in a saddle between two hills. In the lee of the northernmost hill is a large copse of tall spruce trees,  which is remarkable given the paucity of tree cover for miles around. Now known as the Moravian Wood, there is a small cemetery in the centre. In the 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada, Makkovik had a population of 365 living in 142 of its 154 total private dwellings, a change of -3.2% from its 2016 population of 377. With a land area of 2.95 km² (1.14 sq mi), it had a population density of 123.7/km² in 2021. The community is located in the Makkovik Province,  a Paleoproterozoic accretionary belt which is the smallest defined tectonic component of the Canadian Shield. The Makkovik Province is separated from the Nain Province to the north by the Kanairiktok Shear Zone and from the Grenville Province to the south by the Grenville Front, which marks the northern limit of the widespread Grenvillian deformation. Prior to the opening of the Labrador Sea the Makkovik Province lay adjacent to the Ketilidian mobile belt which currently forms part of Southwest Greenland. Like most of Labrador, Makkovik has a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc) with short, mild summers and very cold winters. Typically for its region but unusually for subarctic regions generally, precipitation is high with a minimum from March to May. This high precipitation and cool summers is due to the powerful influence of the Icelandic Low and the Labrador Current on its western side, and gives very heavy snowfall of 411.6 cm (162.0 in) per year with an average maximum cover of 69 cm (27 in) during March and April. The greatest snow depth was 152 cm (60 in) on April 17, 1997. Unlike most places with a pronounced subarctic climate, Makkovik has a pronounced seasonal lag with August being much warmer than July and September averaging slightly warmer than June. Makkovik is governed by an AngajukKâk (currently Barry Andersen) and a five-member Inuit Community Government. The ICG consists of four members elected by the Inuit population (currently Bernie Andersen, Tony Andersen, Elizabeth Evans-Mitchell and Caroline Rideout) and one member elected by the non-Inuit population (currently Dion Rideout).
In the provincial House of Assembly, Makkovik is represented as part of the riding of Torngat Mountains which is currently represented by Lela Evans. Three of the four most recent MHAs for Torngat Mountains have been from Makkovik.
In the House of Commons, Makkovik is represented as part of Labrador which is currently represented by Yvonne Jones.
In the Nunatsiavut Assembly, Makkovik is represented as its own single-member electoral district. The current representative is John Andersen while past representatives have been:


The megalithic yard is a hypothetical ancient unit of length equal to about 2.72 feet (0.83 m). Some researchers believe it was used in the construction of megalithic structures. The proposal was made by Alexander Thom as a result of his surveys of 600 megalithic sites in England, Scotland, Wales and Brittany. Thom also proposed the megalithic rod of 2.5 megalithic yards, or on average across sites 6.77625 feet. As subunits of these, he further proposed the megalithic inch of 2.073 centimetres (0.816 in), one hundred of which are included in a megalithic rod, and forty of which composed a megalithic yard. Thom applied the statistical lumped variance test of J.R. Broadbent on this quantum and found the results significant, while others have challenged his statistical analysis and suggested that Thom's evidence can be explained in other ways, for instance that the supposed megalithic yard is in fact the average length of a pace. Thom suggested that "There must have been a headquarters from which standard rods were sent out but whether this was in these islands or on the Continent the present investigation cannot determine."
Margaret Ponting has suggested that artefacts such as a marked bone found during excavations at Dail Mòr near Callanish, the Patrickholme bone bead from Lanarkshire and Dalgety bone bead from Fife in Scotland have shown some evidence of being measuring rods based on the megalithic yard in Britain. An oak rod from the Iron Age fortified settlement at Borre Fen measured 53.15 inches (135.0 cm) with marks dividing it up into eight parts of 6.64 inches (16.9 cm). Euan Mackie referred to five-eighths of this rod 33.2 inches (84 cm) as "very close to a megalithic yard". A hazel measuring rod recovered from a Bronze Age burial mound in Borum Eshøj, East Jutland by P. V. Glob in 1875 measured 30.9 inches (78 cm). Keith Critchlow suggested this may have shrunk 0.63 inches (1.6 cm) from its original length of one megalithic yard over a period of 3000 years.
Thom made a comparison of his megalithic yard with the Spanish vara, the pre-metric measurement of Iberia, whose length was 2.7425 feet (0.8359 m). Archaeologist Euan Mackie noticed similarities between the megalithic yard and a unit of measurement extrapolated from a long, marked shell from Mohenjo Daro and ancient measuring rods used in mining in the Austrian Tyrol. He suggested similarities with other measurements such as the ancient Indian gaz and the Sumerian šu-du3-a. Along with John Michell, Mackie also noted that it is the diagonal of a rectangle measuring 2 by 1 Egyptian remens. Jay Kappraff has noted similarity between the megalithic yard and the ancient Indus short yard of 33 inches (0.84 m). Anne Macaulay reported that the megalithic rod is equal in length to the Greek fathom of (2.072 metres (6.80 ft)) from studies by Eric Fernie of the Metrological Relief in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Thom's proposals were initially ignored or regarded as unbelievable by mainstream archaeologists.
Clive Ruggles, citing astronomer Douglas C. Heggie, has said that both classical and Bayesian statistical reassessments of Thom's data "reached the conclusion that the evidence in favour of the megalithic yard was at best marginal, and that even if it does exist the uncertainty in our knowledge of its value is of the order of centimetres, far greater than the 1mm precision claimed by Thom. In other words, the evidence presented by Thom could be
adequately explained by, say, monuments being set out by pacing, with the 'unit' reflecting an average length of pace." David George Kendall makes the same argument, and says that pacing would have created a greater difference in measurements between sites, and that a statistical analysis of sites would reveal whether they were measured by pacing or not. In an investigation for the Royal Academy Kendall concluded that there was evidence of a uniform unit in Scottish circles but not in English circles, and that further research was needed. Statistician P. R. Freeman reached similar conclusions and found that two other units fit the data as well as the yard.
Douglas Heggie casts doubt on Thom's suggestion as well, stating that his careful analysis uncovered "little evidence for a highly accurate unit" and "little justification for the claim that a highly accurate unit was in use".
In his book Rings of Stone: The Prehistoric Stone Circles of Britain and Ireland. Aubrey Burl calls the megalithic yard "a chimera, a grotesque statistical misconception."
Most researchers have concluded that there is marginal evidence for a standardized measuring unit, but that it was not as uniform as Thom believed. Some commentators upon Thom's megalithic yard (John Ivimy and then Euan Mackie) have noted how such a measure could relate to geometrical ideas found historically in two Egyptian metrological units; the remen of about 1.2 feet and royal cubit of about 1.72 feet. The remen and royal cubit were used to define land areas in Egypt: "On documentary and other evidence Griffith came to the conclusion that the square on the royal cubit was intended to be twice that on the remen; and Petri identified the remen as a length of 20 digits".
A square with side length equal to the diagonal of a square with side length equal to one remen has an area of one square royal cubit, ten thousand (a myriad) of which defined an Egyptian land measure, the setat. John Ivimy noted that "The ratio MY : Rc is SQRT(5) : SQRT(2) to the nearest millimeter, which makes the MY equal to SQRT(5) remens, or the length of a 2 × 1 remen rectangle." see figure at right.
The main weakness in this argument is probably that, in order to derive their yard, the builders of the megalithic monuments would have needed the remen and royal cubit, upon which this geometrical relationship relies.  However, since the megalithic constructs of the British Isles and northern France predate the pyramids by millennia, this supposed counter-argument is anachronistic.
Recent work by John Michell (Ancient Metrology, The Lost Science of Measuring the Earth), John Near (All Done with Mirrors),  Richard and Robin Heath (various works on British megalithic circles and on Carnac), and others, make a compelling case for the connection of the megalithic yard with a systemic relation of geodetics and the lunation cycle.<PIC>


Gavin Glinton (born 1 March 1979 in Grand Turk) is a Turks and Caicos Islands football coach and former professional soccer player. He played for the LA Galaxy, Dallas Burn, and San Jose Earthquakes in the MLS. He also played for the Charleston Battery and Carolina Railhawks in the USL. He is currently the Technical Director at Sacramento United Soccer Club, having previously serving as an Assistant Coach for New Mexico United, and the U13 and U14 Academy Coach at Sacramento Republic FC.<PIC>  Glinton grew up in Livermore, California, attended Livermore High School, played club soccer with Tri-Valley Soccer Club. He also played PDL with the Silicon Valley Ambassadors, and played four years of college soccer at Bradley University, where he was a four-time All-American. He scored 53 career goals at Bradley, including 15 in 1998 and 2000, was named to the All-Missouri Valley Conference First-team all four seasons (becoming first player in league history to earn first team honours four times), and was named his team's offensive MVP all four years. During his college years he also played with the Chicago Fire Reserves in the Premier Development League. He was inducted into the Bradley University Hall of Fame in 2012 and the Missouri Valley Conference Hall of Fame in 2014. Glinton was drafted by Major League Soccer's Los Angeles Galaxy in 2002 before transferring to the Dallas Burn in 2003. His two-year totals include 44 games played with two goals and six assists. In 2004, he took a break from professional football to become assistant coach at his alma mater, Bradley University.
In 2006, he joined USL First Division team Charleston Battery for the 2006 season. After a successful season with the Battery where he led the team with 13 goals and was elected "Offensive MVP" by the fans, Glinton was called up by the Galaxy. He proved to be a great clutch player after the 2007 season. In the 2007 season, he was mostly used as a substitute by Galaxy coach Frank Yallop, where he scored 4 goals. Gavin followed Yallop to the San Jose Earthquakes when the coach selected him in the 2007 MLS Expansion Draft. The Earthquakes released him following the 2008 season. In February 2009, he had an unsuccessful two week trial with St Patrick's Athletic of the League of Ireland, whom he played for in a friendly game against Premier League club Chelsea, drawing 2–2. Later that month, he signed with the Carolina RailHawks in the USL First Division. He joined Nam Định F.C. of the V-League of Vietnam in March 2010. Gavin Glinton plays for the Turks and Caicos Islands national team, and is their highest ever goalscorer with four goals. He scored one of the goals in the country's first ever win in a FIFA international over the Cayman Islands in a Caribbean Cup game in Cuba. He has earned eight caps in total, three of them in World Cup qualification games. Gavin's younger brother, Duane Glinton, formerly of the Ogden Outlaws in the Premier Development League, also played for the national team and was the all-time national team appearances record holder before being surpassed by Philip Shearer. Los Angeles Galaxy
MLS Cup (1): 2002
Major League Soccer Supporter's Shield (1): 2002


The 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry (15th Reserves / 44th Volunteers) was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army as part of the Pennsylvania Reserves infantry division during the American Civil War. The 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry (Companies A through G) was organized at Camp Curtin in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania as the "44th Volunteers" and mustered in for state service in July and August 1861 under the command of Colonel George Dashiell Bayard.
Companies H, I, and K were organized at Camp Wilkins in Pittsburgh, August 1861. Company L was organized as an independent company on July 30, 1861 and served duty at Baltimore until January 7, 1862 when it joined the regiment. Company M was organized as an independent company August 5, 1861. At Baltimore until October 3, 1861, then on the eastern shore of Maryland under Lockwood picketing and scouting until January 7, 1862 when it joined the regiment.
The regiment was attached to McCall's Division, Army of the Potomac, to March 1862. Cavalry, McDowell's I Corps, Army of the Potomac, to April 1862. Bayard's Cavalry Brigade, Department of the Rappahannock, to June 1862. Bayard's Cavalry Brigade, III Corps, Army of Virginia, to September 1862. Bayard's Brigade, Cavalry Division, Army of the Potomac, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June 1865.
The 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry ceased to exist on June 17, 1865, when it was consolidated with the 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry and 17th Pennsylvania Cavalry to form the 2nd Regiment Pennsylvania Provisional Cavalry. Moved to Camp Jones, near Washington, D.C., August.
Reconnaissance to Leesburg, Virginia, October 20, 1861. Reconnaissance to Hunter's Mills October 20 (detachment).
Expedition to Dranesville November 26–27. Action at Dranesville November 27. Expedition to Gunnell's Farm December 6.
Battle of Dranesville December 20 (Companies C, D, E, H, and I).
At Camp Pierpont until March 1862. Advance on Manassas, Va., March 10–15. McDowell's advance to Falmouth April 9–17.
Reconnaissance to Falmouth April 17–19. Falmouth April 19. Rappahannock River May 13 (Companies F, G, H, L, and M).
Strasburg and Staunton Road June 1–2. Mount Jackson June 3. New Market June 5. Harrisonburg June 6. Battle of Cross Keys June 8. Harrisonburg June 9. Scouting on the Rappahannock June–July. Reconnaissance to James City July 22–24.
Skirmish at Madison Court House July 23. Slaughter House August 8. Battle of Cedar Mountain August 9. Pope's Campaign in northern Virginia August 16-September 2. Stevensburg, Raccoon Ford, and Brandy Station August 20.
Fords of the Rappahannock August 21–23. Special duty at General Pope's Headquarters August 22–30. Thoroughfare Gap August 28 (Companies I and M). Gainesville August 28.
Second Battle of Bull Run August 29–30. Germantown August 31. Centreville and Chantilly August 31. Chantilly September 1. Fairfax Court House September 2.
Battle of Antietam September 16–17.
Scout to Warrenton September 29. Aldie and Mountsville October 31.
Salem, New Baltimore, and Thoroughfare Gap November 4. Warrenton November 6. Rappahannock Station November 7, 8 and 9.
Battle of Fredericksburg December 12–15.
Picket near King George Court House until January 1863. "Mud March" January 20–24. (Company H at Headquarters of VI Corps February 22 to August 15.)
Picket duty from Falmouth to Port Conway until April 26.
Chancellorsville Campaign April 26-May 8. Oak Grove April 26.
Rapidan Station May 1. (Company H at Chancellorsville May 1–5.)
Stoneman's Raid May 27-April 8.
Brandy Station or Fleetwood and Beverly Ford June 9.
Aldie June 17. Special duty at Corps Headquarters June 28.
Battle of Gettysburg July 1–3.
Emmettsburg, Md., July 4.
Guarding Reserve Artillery July 5–10.
Companies A and B advanced for VI Corps from Gettysburg to Hagerstown, Md., July 5–10. Old Antietam Forge, near Leitersburg, July 10.
Near Harpers Ferry, W. Va., July 14. Shepherdstown July 15–16.
Picket near Warrenton July–August. Rixeyville and Muddy Run August 5. Wilford's Ford August 9 (detachment).
Carter's Run September 6.
Scout to Middleburg September 10–11.
Advance from the Rappahannock to the Rapidan September 13–17.
Culpeper Court House September 13. Near Auburn October 1 (detachment). Bristoe Campaign October 9–22.
Warrenton or White Sulphur Springs October 12–13.
Auburn and Bristoe October 14. Brentsville October 14.
Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7–8.
Rappahannock Bridge November 7–8. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2.
New Hope Church November 27. Expedition to Turkey Run Station January 1–4, 1864.
Scout to Piedmont February 17–18. Campaign from the Rapidan to the James May 4-June 12.
Todd's Tavern May 5, 6, 7, and 8. Corbin's Bridge May 8. Sheridan's Raid May 9–24.
New Castle and Davenport May 9. North Anna River May 9–10. Ashland May 11. Ground Squirrel Church and Yellow Tavern May 11. Brook's Church, Richmond Fortifications, May 12.
Milford Station May 21.
On line of the Pamunkey May 26–28.
Haw's Shop May 28. Totopotomoy May 28–31.
Cold Harbor May 28–31.
Sumner's Upper Bridge June 2. Sheridan's Trevilian Raid June 7–24.
Trevilian Station June 11–12.
Newark or Mallory's Cross Roads June 12.
White House or St. Peter's Church June 21.
Black Creek or Tunstall's Station June 21. St. Mary's Church June 24.
Hope Church June 24.
Bellefield July.
Warwick Swamp July 12.
Demonstration north of the James July 27–29.
Malvern Hill and Gaines Hill July 28.
Lee's Mills July 30. Demonstration north of James River August 13–20.
Gravel Hill August 14.
Malvern Hill August 16.
Strawberry Plains August 16–18.
Dinwiddie Road, near Ream's Station, August 23.
Ream's Station August 25.
Old members mustered out September 9.
Consolidated to a battalion of five companies September 9.
Belcher's Mills September 17.
Poplar Springs Church September 29-October 2.
Arthur's Swamp September 30-October 1.
Charles City Cross Roads October 1.
Hatcher's Run October 27–28.
Reconnaissance toward Stony Creek November 7.
Stony Creek Station December 1.
Hicksford Raid December 7–12.
Bellefield December 9–10.
Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5–7, 1865.
Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9.
Dinwiddie Court House March 30–31.
Five Forks April 1.
Amelia Springs April 5.
Sailor's Creek April 6.
Farmville April 7.
Appomattox Court House April 9.
Surrender of Lee and his army.
Expedition to Danville April 23–29. Moved to Washington, D.C.. Grand Review of the Armies May 23. The regiment lost a total of 201 men during service; 9 officers and 87 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 104 enlisted men died of disease. Colonel George Dashiell Bayard - promoted to brigadier general May 5, 1862 and killed in action at the Battle of Fredericksburg
Colonel Owen Jones - resigned January 30, 1863
Colonel John P. Taylor
Lieutenant Colonel David Gardner - commanded during the Bristoe and Mine Run campaigns
Lieutenant Colonel Jacob C. Higgins - commanded at the Battle of Dranesville
Major Hampton Sidney Thomas - commanded during the Appomattox Campaign Sergeant John A. Davidsizer, Company A - Medal of Honor recipient for action at the Battle of Amelia Springs
Sergeant Alexander Elliott, Company A - Medal of Honor recipient for action at the Battle of Amelia Springs
Private Charles Higby, Company F - Medal of Honor recipient for action during the Appomattox Campaign
Bugler James Parker Landis - Medal of Honor recipient for action at the Battle of Amelia Springs
Major Hampton Sidney Thomas - Medal of Honor recipient for action at the Battle of Amelia Springs
Sergeant Andrew J. Young, Company F - Medal of Honor recipient for action at the Battle of Amelia Springs Among the tributes paid to the regiment, during and after the Civil War, were the Congressional Medal of Honor awards conferred upon members of the regiment for valor and the placement of the 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry monument on the battlefield at the Gettysburg National Park.<PIC>


Raymond Ladais Sandover, DSO, ED (28 March 1910 – 12 August 1995) was a brigadier in the Australian Army. During the Second World War, he commanded the 2/11th Battalion from 1941 to 1943 and the 6th Australian Infantry Brigade between 1943 and 1945.
Promoted to brigadier in May 1943, at the time he was the youngest officer in the Australian Army to hold that rank.<PIC> Born on 28 March 1910 at Richmond, London, Sandover was educated at Rugby School and the University of Bonn. In 1929, he joined a Territorial battalion of the East Surrey Regiment. He qualified as a chartered accountant and went on to work for the family business in Perth, Western Australia. At the outbreak of the Second World War, Sandover volunteered to serve with the Second Australian Imperial Force. Joining the 2/11th Infantry Battalion, he subsequently led them through the Battle of Crete. Commanding the 2/11th Battalion, Sandover took up defensive positions in the hills around the airstrip of Rethymno, Crete, along with the 2/1st Battalion, supported by elements of 2/3rd Field Regiment, 2/1st Machine Gun Battalion and members of the Cretan Police. Lieutenant Colonel Ian Campbell, commander of the 2/1st Battalion, was appointed overall commander of the Rethymno Force.
On 20 May 1941 German paratroopers landed on Crete. The fighting was severe at times as the Australian and Greek units fought to contain the German landings.
Campbell's forces were doing well in comparison with allied efforts on other parts of the island.  The 2/11th Battalion along with the Cretan Police were able to force back the German paratroopers to Perivolia in which the 2/11th Battalion, in a series of counter attacks, attempted to drive the German forces from the village.
On 28 May the British main force was in full retreat. Messages to Lieutenant Colonel Campbell informing him of the retreat and evacuation never reached Rethymno. By 29 May the Rethymno force was trapped but had still denied German forces the airfield.
On 29 May Lieutenant Colonel Campbell surrendered but Sandover gave his men the option of either surrendering or, after destroying their weapons, taking to the mountains and escaping from Crete in any way possible. Many of Sandover's men took the latter option and evaded capture, living in the mountains with assistance from the local civilian population. The landing at Jacquinot Bay was an Allied amphibious operation during the New Britain Campaign that was conducted as part of a change of garrison with the Australians taking over from US Infantry Divisions.
On 4 November 1944, Sandover's 6th Brigade landed largely unopposed with the initial landing by 14th/32nd Battalion with support from naval forces and aircraft. Sandover was promoted four times from 1941 to 1946. Sandover commanded the 2/11th Infantry Battalion, the 6th Australian Infantry Brigade and the Lae Base Sub-area.  He retired from military service on 19 January 1946. Sandover was Mentioned in Despatches on three occasions and awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for leadership during the advance to the Wide and Open Bay areas during the New Britain Campaign.
23 June 1942 – Mentioned in Despatches
19 July 1945 – Mentioned in Despatches for distinguished services in the South-West Pacific Area.
14 February 1946 – The Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for leadership during the advance to the Wide and Open Bay areas in 1945.
6 March 1947 – Mentioned in Despatches for exceptional service in the field in the South-West Pacific Area. After the war he returned to England, where he was a director of the family business. He died 12 August 1995 at Surrey, England.


Joseph M. Otting (born 1957) is an American businessman and government official. He served as the 31st Comptroller of the Currency from November 27, 2017 to May 29, 2020.<PIC> Otting grew up in Maquoketa, Iowa, the son of Grace and James Otting.
He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in management from the University of Northern Iowa, which he received in 1981. He is also a graduate of the School of Credit and Financial Management, a multi-year program that includes four-weeks of classroom instruction offered by the National Association of Credit Management, which was held at Dartmouth College at the time he attended in 1992.  Otting started his career at Bank of America, where he held positions in branch management, preferred banking, and commercial lending. From 1986 to 2001, Otting was with Union Bank, where he held roles including deputy regional vice president, senior vice president, executive vice president, and group head of commercial banking. Between 2001 and 2010, Otting worked for U.S. Bank, a subsidiary of U.S. Bancorp. Otting served as Market President of U.S. Bank in Oregon from December 2001 to June 2003 and as Executive Vice President and Manager of East Region Commercial Banking Group from June 2003 to April 2005. Until his departure in 2010, he served as one of eight Vice Chairman, as the head of the Commercial Banking Group. In addition, during his tenure, he led U.S. Bank's efforts in California as the senior executive responsible for expansion in the region. Otting was president, CEO, and a board member of OneWest Bank, N.A., from October 2010 until August 2015, when the bank merged with CIT Group, which purchased OneWest Bank for $3.4 billion, following regulatory approval. He served as President of CIT Bank and co-president of CIT Group from August 2015 to December 2015.
At OneWest, he worked closely with the bank's founder, Steven Mnuchin, who later became the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. Mnuchin led a group that purchased the California-based residential lender, IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, on March 19, 2009, from the FDIC to create OneWest, FSB. The FDIC established IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, in 2008 when IndyMac Bank, F.S.B., failed. OneWest Bank, FSB, converted to a national bank and was renamed OneWest Bank, N.A., in February 2014, as the bank transitioned from a residential lender to a full-service bank.
In 2011, Otting signed a consent order, in conjunction with 14 other large bank mortgage servicers, with the U.S. Office of Thrift Supervision regarding the bank's mortgage servicing and foreclosure practices. The OCC terminated that order on July 21, 2015, after determining that the bank “satisfied the terms of the 2011 foreclosure-related consent order” and completed the independent foreclosure review in accordance with the requirements included in the original 2011 order. OneWest did not enter into a payment agreement with the OCC, and in April 2014, the OCC published a report showing that an independent consultant found a relatively low error rate in the bank's mortgage and foreclosure activity covered by the regulator's order. When Otting left CIT in December 2015, the Wall Street Journal calculated that he earned $24.9 million in compensation for 2015, including a $12 million severance payment.
During the merger of OneWest and CIT, consumer advocates who protested against approval of the merger clashed with bank supporters, based on the community redevelopment and reinvestment activities of the bank.
In May 2017, the U.S. Department of Justice reached an $89 million settlement with CIT involving a portfolio of reverse mortgage products acquired from the failed IndyMac Federal Bank and compliance with HUD foreclosure requirements, which requires banks to complete resolution and foreclosure activities within an aggressive timeline. On June 5, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Otting to become the Comptroller of the Currency, responsible for overseeing federally-chartered banks, savings associations, and federal branches of foreign banks operating in the United States. The U.S. Senate confirmed him on November 16, 2017, and he was sworn in on November 27, 2017.
The Comptroller of the Currency is the administrator of the federal banking system and chief officer of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC). The OCC supervises nearly 1,400 national banks, federal savings associations, and federal branches and agencies of foreign banks operating in the United States. The mission of the OCC is to ensure that national banks and federal savings associations operate in a safe and sound manner, provide fair access to financial services, treat customers fairly, and comply with applicable laws and regulations.
The Comptroller also serves as a director of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and member of the Financial Stability Oversight Council and the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council.
During his July 27, 2017, confirmation hearing before the United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, Otting voiced support for simplifying regulatory capital requirements and for bank's ability to provide short-term, small-dollar loans, which in his view had been pushed out of the federal banking system by previous regulatory action.
During his swearing-in ceremony, Otting stressed that his priorities include job creation and economic discrimination, reducing regulations, enhancing the value of the federal charter, and ensuring the OCC operates as effectively and efficiently as possible.
In his first testimony as Comptroller, Otting discussed his main priorities, which included modernizing the Community Reinvestment Act; encouraging banks to meet the short-term, small-dollar needs of their customers; making Bank Secrecy Act compliance work more efficiently; simplifying regulatory capital and Volcker Rule; and helping the OCC operate as efficiently and effectively as possible.
On May 23, 2018, the OCC published a bulletin promoting short-term, small-dollar installment loans to encourage national banks and federal savings association to help meet the credit needs of their customers.
On July 31, 2018, Otting his decision to begin accepting applications for national bank charters from non-depository financial technology (fintech) companies engaged in the business of banking. "The decision to consider applications for special purpose national bank charters from innovative companies helps provide more choices to consumers and businesses, and creates greater opportunity for companies that want to provide banking services in America," said Comptroller Otting. "Companies that provide banking services in innovative ways deserve the opportunity to pursue that business on a national scale as a federally chartered, regulated bank." Federal preemption applies to state law regarding federally chartered banks.
On August 28, 2018, Otting announced that the OCC released an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to solicit input on the best ways to modernize the regulations implementing the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA). On December 12, 2019, the FDIC and the OCC announced a proposed rule to strengthen and modernize CRA regulations, which may require large banks "to lend more in poor areas under the new rules."
On May 20, 2020, the OCC finalized the updates to the 1977 Community Reinvestment Act. On that same day, the OCC and other federal financial regulators published principles for offering small-dollar loans in a responsible manner to meet financial institutions customers’ short-term credit needs. Although community and industry groups agree that the CRA, which has gone without major updates since 1995, is in need of updates, groups from both camps were critical of Otting's proposed changes. Community groups such as the National Community Reinvestment Coalition expressed concerns that the changes would lead to reduced lending in low- and middle-income communities. Industry groups like the American Bankers Association and Independent Community Bankers of America worried about the complexity of the updates and the lack of agreement between the OCC and the FDIC and Federal Reserve, all of which share responsibility for enforcing the CRA, on the rule changes. Otting's proposed changes would go into effect on January 1, 2023, and would expand the criteria under which banking activities qualify as serving low-income communities. For example, a $500,000 mortgage in an area where the average mortgage size is $1 million could qualify as low- or moderate-income lending. Otting was the CEO of OneWest when the bank sought approval to merge with CIT, a process that was complicated by the bank's history of noncompliance with the CRA. Regulators approved the merger only after both banks pledged to increase their lending in low-income communities. Congresswoman Maxine Waters commented that Otting's efforts to weaken the CRA were likely informed by the challenges the law presented to the merger he presided over at OneWest.
In May 2020, it was reported that Otting would resign as Comptroller of the Currency, upon the finalization of the updates to the 1977 Community Reinvestment Act. He formally announced his resignation on May 21, 2020. On December 21, 2018, President Donald J. Trump designated Otting to be the acting director of the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) upon completion of current Director Mel Watt's term. Otting has played significant roles in charitable and community development organizations. He has served as a board member for the California Chamber of Commerce, the Killebrew-Thompson Memorial foundation, the Associated Oregon Industries, the Oregon Business Council, the Portland Business Alliance, the Minnesota Chamber of Commerce, and Blue Cross Blue Shield of Oregon. He was also a member of the Financial Services Roundtable, the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce, and the Board and executive committee of the Los Angeles Economic Development Corporation.
Otting and his wife, Bonnie, currently reside in Southern Highlands, Las Vegas, Nevada. His interests include golf, tennis, cross-training and reading. In addition, the Ottings are co-owners of Southern Highlands Golf Club, Tennis Facility, and Spa.


Admiral Sir Thomas Hastings, KCB DL (25 Jan 1786 – 3 January 1870) was a British artist, innovator, instructor, and distinguished officer of the Royal Navy.  He was renowned as an expert gunner, and some believe him to be the first officer to take a truly scientific approach to gunnery.<PIC> Hastings was born on 25 Jan 1786, the third son (and fifth child) of Rev. James Hastings (later Rector of Martley, Worcestershire) and Elizabeth (née Paget). He was brother to Sir Charles Hastings (founder of the British Medical Association). Another brother, Francis Decimus Hastings (1796–1869), also served in the Royal Navy from the age of twelve, reaching the rank of Rear-Admiral in 1859 having been obliged to relinquish active service because of his wounds, hardships and length of service.
While a lieutenant in 1812, he painted Storm at Sea. On 29 April 1812, Hastings participated in an attack led by Captain Thomas Ussher on French privateers of Málaga, in which he performed admirably, commanding twenty men in the attack.
In 1814, as a first lieutenant of the Undaunted, he escorted Napoleon into his exile on Elba, and was one of three officers responsible for the arrangements for the arrival of Napoleon. From 14 November 1828 until 22 July 1830, he commanded Ferret in the Mediterranean with the rank of commander. He was then promoted captain.
On 13 April 1832, Captain Hastings took command of the sixth-rate training ship Excellent. As far back as 1817 General Sir Howard Douglas had submitted plans to remedy the obvious deficiencies of British naval gunnery. Nothing was done until 1830 when Commander George Smith was appointed to "superintend the practice of Sea Gunnery" on board that ship at Portsmouth. The gunnery school was put on a permanent basis by Captain Thomas Hastings (known at the time as "Old Sting").
He became noted for his training methods, although some in the admiralty disapproved of his emphasis on science, and found his reports on gunnery confusing, as they had little knowledge of science themselves. From a life of Sir John Barrow, the Secretary to the Admiralty through most of the first half of the 19th century, an interesting account appears; two years after Hastings' appointment to Excellent, Sir John Briggs, Reader to the Board, happened to show the examination paper to an Admiral on the Board.
"Do you know, it is very strange, but I do not understand all this. Pray, Sir, what is the meaning of 'impact'?" "I rather think that it means the force of the blow", replied Briggs. The Admiral turned to another Naval Lord, Sir John Beresford, and asked him: "What in the name of good fortune is meant by 'initial velocity'?" "I'll be hanged if I know", answered Sir John, "but I suppose it is some of Tom Hastings' scientific bosh; I'll tell you what I think we had better do - we'll go at once to Lord de Grey (First Lord) and get that Excellent paid off."
However, the First Lord replied: "I am afraid, my dear Beresford, I cannot sanction it, for you have no idea how damned scientific that House of Commons has become."
He was knighted in 1839. The first diving training in the Royal Navy occurred in 1844 under Hastings' watch.
He left command of Excellent on 28 August 1845, after his appointment as Storekeeper of the Ordnance on 25 July 1845. He held that post until it was abolished with the dissolution of the Board of Ordnance in 1855. On 27 September 1855 he was promoted rear admiral, and on 4 October 1862 vice admiral. On 2 April 1866, he retired from the navy with the rank of admiral.  He died on 3 January 1870 at his home in London.


Neal Skupski (born 1 December 1989) is a British professional tennis player who specialises in doubles.
He is a two-time Grand Slam champion in mixed doubles, having won the 2021 and 2022 Wimbledon Championships alongside Desirae Krawczyk. Skupski also reached the men's doubles semifinals at the 2019 US Open with Jamie Murray, and has reached the quarterfinals or better at all four major tournaments. He achieved his career-high doubles ranking of world No. 5 in July 2022, and is the current British No. 2. Skupski has won 11 titles on the ATP Tour, including the 2022 Madrid Open with partner Wesley Koolhof, and has finished runner-up at four further Masters 1000 events.
He is the younger brother of former tennis player Ken Skupski, and the pair regularly competed together until 2021, most notably winning the 2021 Mexican Open. Skupski has represented Great Britain in the Davis Cup since 2019, and competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics.<PIC> Skupski was born in Liverpool and went to King David High School. His father, Ken Sr. of Polish descent, is a retired police officer, his mother Mary is a golfer. Neal is the younger brother of Ken Skupski Jr., with whom he has regularly partnered since 2013. He competed in a handful of matches in 2010 and 2011, before taking a year out to finish his degree at Louisiana State University, where he studied sports administration as well as playing college tennis, before turning professional in 2013. He began competing as a professional in 2013, initially playing on the Futures and Challenger Tours. After playing with a number of partners, he started competing more frequently with his brother Ken from March 2013 onwards. The pair reached the final of the Nottingham Trophy on the Challenger Tour, before winning five Challenger titles in 2013, as of 23 September. These wins saw Neal move into the world top 200 in July 2013.
At the 2013 Kremlin Cup the Skupski brothers entered their first ATP World Tour tournament, progressing to the final, where they lost on a tie-break. Following the final, Neal moved into the top 100 for the first time, having been unranked at the start of the season. He ended 2013 ranked 86th in the world. At the 2017 Wimbledon Championships he reached the quarterfinals as a wildcard for the first time in his career partnering with his brother Ken where they were defeated by 4th seeded pair Łukasz Kubot and Marcelo Melo.
Skupski won his first ATP Tour title at the Open Sud de France, partnering again with his brother Ken, their first ATP title together. He won his second and biggest title of his career thus far at the ATP 500 2018 Vienna Open partnering with fellow Brit Joe Salisbury. Skupski and Spanish partner María José Martínez Sánchez were defeated in their mixed doubles semifinal at the 2019 Australian Open by third seeded pair and eventual champions Barbora Krejčíková and Rajeev Ram.
Following the 2019 French Open, Skupski formed a partnership with fellow Briton Jamie Murray. With Murray he reached his first Grand Slam semifinal at the 2019 US Open (tennis) where they lost to the top-seeded Colombian pair and eventual champions Juan Sebastián Cabal and Robert Farah.
He made his first Masters 1000 final at the 2020 Western & Southern Open defeating top seeded pair Cabal/Farah in the first round en-route before losing to Pablo Carreno Busta and Alex de Minaur in the final, and won his fourth ATP doubles title at the 2020 Sofia Open by a walkover from Jürgen Melzer and Édouard Roger-Vasselin.
The pair Skupski/Murray also reached the quarterfinals at the French Open, which was Neal’s first showing at this level at this Major and third overall and again the quarterfinals at the US Open. In March, Skupski won his fifth ATP title with his brother Ken at the Mexican Open.
Two weeks later, he reached his second Masters-1000 final with compatriot Dan Evans at the Miami Open and entered the top 20 in the doubles rankings for the first time. Again two weeks later and partnering with Dan Evans, he reached his third Masters 1000 final at the Monte-Carlo Masters and climbed to a career-high ranking in doubles of world No. 16 on 19 April 2021. On 11 July 2021, partnering with Desirae Krawczyk, he won the Wimbledon mixed-doubles final. He reached the top 15 in doubles on 12 July 2021.
At the 2021 San Diego Open Skupski won his sixth title and second of the season partnering Joe Salisbury. Partnering with Wesley Koolhof he won two ATP 250 titles during the Australian Summer swing, before the 2022 Australian Open. The pair reached the quarterfinals at the first Grand Slam of the year for the first time at this Major. They won their third title at the 2022 Qatar ExxonMobil Open dropping only one set en route to the final where they defeated Rohan Bopanna and Denis Shapovalov in straight sets. He reached the final of the 2022 Miami Open with Koolhof where they lost to John Isner and Hubert Hurkacz.
Seeded seventh, they reached their second Masters 1000 final at the 2022 Mutua Madrid Open after defeating John Isner and Hubert Hurkacz. In the final they defeated fifth seeds Robert Farah and Juan Sebastián Cabal to win their first Masters 1000 title in their career and as a pair.
At the 2022 French Open he reached the quarterfinals with Koolhof for the second time at this Major, defeating unseeded pair of Americans Tommy Paul and Mackenzie McDonald. As a result Skupski entered the top 10 of the ATP rankings in doubles for the first time on 6 June 2022.
At the 2022 Wimbledon Championships he successfully defended and won his second Major title in mixed doubles again partnering Desirae Krawczyk. They defeated Matthew Ebden and Samantha Stosur in straight sets. He reached the top 5 in the doubles rankings on 18 July 2022.
At the 2022 National Bank Open he reached with Koolhof the semifinals of a Masters 1000 for the third time in the season defeating Glasspool/Heliovaara. Next the pair advanced to the eight final of the season defeating Krawietz/Mies. Skupski has played five seasons with World TeamTennis starting in 2015 when he made his league debut with the California Dream. He has since played four seasons (2016-2019) for the New York Empire. Skupski was a part of the New York Empire, who claimed the King Trophy during 2020 WTT season  at The Greenbrier.          (W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (P#) preliminary round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (Z#) Davis/Fed Cup Zonal Group (with number indication) or (PO) play-off; (G) gold, (S) silver or (B) bronze Olympic/Paralympic medal; (NMS) not a Masters tournament; (P) postponed; (NH) not held; (SR) strike rate (events won / competed); (W–L) win–loss record.

To avoid confusion and double counting, these charts are updated at the conclusion of a tournament or when the player's participation has ended.
Current through the 2022 Wimbledon Championships.


Task Force 44 was an Allied naval task force during the Pacific Campaign of World War II. The task force consisted of warships from the United States Navy and the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). It was generally assigned as a striking force to defend northeast Australia and the surrounding area from any attacks by Axis forces, particularly from the Empire of Japan.  The task force was created on 22 April 1942 from the ANZAC Squadron as part of United States Army General Douglas MacArthur's South West Pacific Area (command). The unit's first commander was Rear Admiral John Gregory Crace (Royal Australian Navy). From 13 June 1942 the task force was commanded by Victor Crutchley, an Australian Rear Admiral of the Royal Navy (UK).
The force saw action during the Battle of the Coral Sea, in which it helped turn back a Japanese attempt to invade Port Moresby, New Guinea.
At the start of May, the Americans learned of an imminent Japanese invasion of Port Moresby, and HMAS Hobart was sent with HMAS Australia to rendezvous with United States forces in the Coral Sea. At 07:00 on 7 May, Rear Admiral Crace, embarked aboard Australia as commander of Task Force 44, was ordered to take his ships (Australia, Hobart, US cruiser Chicago, and US destroyers Perkins, Walke, and Farragut) to the Jomard Passage, and engage any Japanese ships found en route to Port Moresby, while several US carrier groups engaged a Japanese force headed for the Solomon Islands. The ships reached their patrol area around 14:00, fired on a group of eleven unidentified aircraft at maximum range with no damage dealt at 14:27, and were attacked themselves by twelve Japanese twin-engine torpedo bombers at 15:06; no ships were damaged for the loss of five aircraft. At 15:16, nineteen Japanese heavy bombers dropped their payload on the Allied ships; no ships were hit directly, the only casualties (aboard Chicago) were from shrapnel. A few minutes later, the ships were attacked by another three heavy bombers, flying at a higher altitude to the first group; the bombing was much less accurate. It was later learned that the three aircraft belonged to the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). Although USN Vice Admiral Herbert F. Leary made plans to train aircrews in naval vessel recognition in response, USAAF General George Brett refused to implement them or acknowledge that the friendly fire incident had happened. With no new orders, Crace decided to relocate his ships during the night to a point 220 nautical miles (410 km; 250 mi) from Port Moresby, to better intercept a Japanese invasion force if it came through either the Jomard Passage or the China Strait. Instructions from the American commander of the operation were still not forthcoming, and Crace was forced to rely on intercepted radio messages to track the progress of the main battle. The task force remained in their assigned area until 01:00 on 10 May, when Crace ordered them to withdraw south to Cid Harbour on Whitsunday Island; the lack of reports and intelligence concerning either the Americans or Japanese led him to conclude that both forces had withdrawn, and there was no immediate threat to Port Moresby.
The Task Force was temporarily redesignated Task Group 17.3 (of the U.S. aircraft carrier task force Task Force 17) during the battle.
The task force later, under Crutchley, assisted with the initial stages of the Guadalcanal Campaign along with escorting Allied convoys around the northeast Australia, New Guinea, and Coral Sea areas. In August 1942, the force participated in the Battle of Savo Island. The next month, the unit served with the U.S. Navy's Task Force 18, centered on the aircraft carrier USS Wasp.<PIC> When the Operation Pamphlet convoy sailed from Fremantle on 20 February 1943 it was escorted by the Australian light cruiser HMAS Adelaide, as well as the Dutch cruiser Jacob van Heemskerck and destroyer Tjerk Hiddes. It met the ships of Task Group 44.3, a component of Task Force 44, on 24 February in the Great Australian Bight. This force comprised Australia and American destroyers Bagley, Helm and Henley, and had been dispatched from Sydney on 17 February to escort the troopships. Adelaide and the Dutch warships left the convoy shortly afterwards to escort Nieuw Amsterdam into Melbourne; the liner docked there on the afternoon of 25 February. Task Group 44.3 escorted the remaining ships to Sydney, passing south of Tasmania. The escort was strengthened by Jacob van Heemskerck and the French destroyer Le Triomphant en route. The three liners arrived at Sydney on 27 February 1943, completing Operation Pamphlet without loss. Despite the official secrecy concerning the convoy, large crowds assembled on vantage points around Sydney Harbour to watch the ships arrive. Queen Mary anchored off Bradleys Head and the other two liners berthed at Woolloomooloo. Curtin officially announced that the 9th Division had returned to Australia in a speech to the House of Representatives on 23 March.
On 15 March 1943 the organization was redesignated as Task Force 74 under the United States Seventh Fleet. In mid-1944, Commodore John Augustine Collins was made commander of the Australian-U.S. Navy Task Force 74, and commander of the Australian Naval Squadron, with the heavy cruiser HMAS Australia as his flagship. He became the first graduate of the RAN College to command a naval squadron in action, during the bombardment of Noemfoor, on 2 July 1944.
Commodore Collins was badly wounded in an attack which may have been the first kamikaze strike, which hit Australia on 21 October 1944, in the lead up to the Battle of Leyte Gulf. He did not resume his command until July 1945. When the war ended Collins was the RAN's representative at the surrender ceremony in Tokyo Bay. Heavy cruisers: USS Chicago, HMAS Australia, HMAS Canberra
Light cruiser: HMAS Hobart
Destroyers: USS Perkins, USS Whipple, USS Farragut (from 7 May 1942), USS Walke (from 7 May), USS Henley from 14 May, USS Helm (from 19 May), USS Selfridge (from 21 May), USS Patterson (from ???)


Thomas Chillenden (died 15 August 1411) was Prior of Christ Church Priory, Canterbury from 1391 to 1410. Under him, from 1391 to 1400, the Cathedral-Priory church's nave was rebuilt in the Perpendicular style of English Gothic architecture.<PIC>  His family (and hence its surname) probably originated in the Kentish village of Chillenden, though his parents are unknown.  After becoming a monk at Christ Church Priory, he studied for a bachelorship in canon law at Canterbury College, Oxford, from 1365 to 1378, before going to Rome to study the same subject at the papal curia.  There he became Doctor of Canon Law, in 1383 or earlier, put together an index to the fourth book of the Decretals of Gregory IX (Repertorium quarti libri decretalium), wrote a commentary to the Regulae juris (Longleat, MS 35, fols. 187–206), and lectured on the fourth book of the Clementines (‘Reportata on the Clementines’).  In 1383 the University of Oxford was involved in a dispute with St Frideswide's Priory, and Chillenden served as the former's proctor. Chillenden's election as prior came after some time as one of the Priory's treasurers.  As prior, Chillenden also tried to hold onto partial control of the monasteries's finances, subsuming his role of treasurer into his office of prior.  All the monastery's income from, for example, its oblations and manors thus passed through his office, with him allocating a sufficient allowance to meet the expenditure of each obedientary (e.g. cellarer, sacrist).  In addition, with the monastery - in the wake of the Black Death - veering between leasing out and directly managing its East Kent manors and leasing them out, he ceased direct management (then true of many, but not all, its manors) and reformed the leasing system, with rents being paid in fixed quantities of stock and grain rather than in money.  However, he did not bring so sudden an end to the priory's estates being directly managed as RAL Smith maintains.  Whilst Chillenden was prior, twenty-four books on canon law and another eleven on civil law were added to the monastery library.  One of these was probably the Repertorium sexti libri decretalium - it was previously attributed to Chillenden himself, but was actually written by a monk called John.
With this financial control, within a year of election Chillenden had restarted the rebuilding of the nave (paused since Simon Sudbury's murder in 1381).  Chillenden also initiated a policy of investment and new construction by the priory.  This occurred both in urban areas like Southwark, London (where it bought houses and shops previously belonging to a Robert Little, and built new ones) and Canterbury (creating new buildings in Burgate and Stourstreet, along with a huge new inn called The Chequers, and purchasing a new inn called The Crown), in the priory's rural manors (with new granaries, stables, fulling mills, watermills and barns being built, often with roof tiles, rare at this period), and in the priory itself (with the chapter house restored, a new 903 lb silver-gilt table-altar purchased, and the prior's chapel and residence - among other buildings - extensively improved).  A century after Chillenden's death, he was called by John Leland "the greatest builder’ among the priors".
As the last prior of Canterbury to attend parliament, Chillenden was summoned to Richard II's 1399 council at Oxford to advise the king on the papal schism, and at another time appointed by Richard as a commissioner in the inquiry on goods belonging to merchants from Gueldres then resident in England.  He represented both Christ Church Priory and the English crown at the 1409 Council of Pisa, though five years earlier [1405] he had refused to accept the role of bishop of Rochester, to which he had been elected.


Palestinians in Chile (Arabic: فلسطينيو تشيلي) are believed to be the largest Palestinian community outside of the Arab world. Estimates of the number of Palestinian descendants in Chile range from 450,000 to 500,000.  The effects of their migration are widely visible. The earliest Palestinian migrants came in the 1850s during the Crimean War, fleeing due to Russia's intent to capture and control the Holy Land. They worked mainly as businessmen and also in agriculture. Other migrants arrived before and during World War I and later the 1948 Palestine war. By origin they primarily came from the cities of Beit Jala, Bethlehem, and Beit Sahour. Most of these early migrants were Christians. They typically landed at Argentine ports, and crossed the Andes by mule into Chile. Chilean Palestinians are often erroneously but also intentionally called turcos (Spanish for Turks) after the Ottoman nationality that early immigrants had on their passports. Contrary to the immigration of Germans and other European nationalities, the immigration of Palestinians was not considered beneficial by Chilean intellectuals, and was even, alongside Chinese and Japanese immigration, questioned. The arrival of the Palestinian immigrants to Chile in the early 20th century happened at the same time the Chilean state stopped sponsoring immigration to Chile and the country suffered a severe social and economic crisis coupled with a wave of nationalism with xenophobic and racist undertones. Immigrants were also at times treated in highly denigrating terms by the Chilean press; for example, El Mercurio wrote in 1911:
Whether they are Mohammedans or Buddhists, what one can see and smell from far, is that they are more dirty than the dogs of Constantinople...
— El Mercurio, April 13, 1911.
Many of the immigrants were very poor and illiterate and had to take loans to pay their travel costs. Once in Chile, Palestinians settled largely in the marginal areas of cities and worked as small merchants. In the 1950s by the time of the second government of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo many Palestinian-Chileans had acquired substantial economic as well as political power in Chile, some working as deputies, ministers or ambassadors.
Aside from these migrants of previous decades, Chile has also taken in some Palestinian refugees in later years, as in April 2008 when it received 117 from the Al-Waleed refugee camp on the Syria–Iraq border near the Al-Tanf crossing. All of those refugees were Sunni Muslims.
People who hold a Diplomatic or Official Palestinian Passport can visit Chile as tourists for up to 90 days, without a Visa. The vast majority of the Palestinian community in Chile follow Christianity. The largest denomination is Orthodox Christian followed by Roman Catholic, and in fact, the number of Palestinian Christians in the diaspora in Chile alone exceeds the number of those who have remained in their homeland. One early Palestinian church in Santiago, the Iglesia Ortodoxa San Jorge, was founded in 1917. Some Palestinians in Chile are Sunni Muslims. The Club Palestino is one of the most prestigious social clubs in Santiago; it offers swimming, tennis, and dining facilities to its members. There is also a soccer team, C.D. Palestino, whose uniform is in the traditional Palestinian colours red, green, and white. The team has been champion of the Chilean Primera División twice. Also, some Chilean-Palestinian footballers like Roberto Bishara and Alexis Norambuena have played for the Palestine national football team. Other Chileans of Palestinian origin, such as Luis Antonio Jiménez, played international football for Chile and several foreign clubs.
A number of Palestinians in Chile have shown significant concern with the situation of Palestine, for example, the president of the Cámara de Comercio (chamber of commerce) of the Barrio Patronato, himself a Palestinian, in 2006 organised a protest regarding the 2006 Lebanon War; Lebanese and Palestinian flags were widely seen in the neighbourhood's streets at that time. On another occasion, outside the Club Palestino and again in front of the Colegio Árabe, someone wrote on the sidewalk "Árabe=terrorismo" ("Arabs=terrorism") and "Palestina no existe" ("Palestine does not exist").<PIC> A number of Chilean novels have featured Palestinian characters and discussed the experience of Palestinian immigrants in the country, such as El viajero de la alfombra mágica by Walter Garib, Los turcos by Roberto Sarah, and Peregrino de ojos brillantes, by Jaime Hales. Edgardo Abdala, footballer
Carlos Abumohor, businessman and investor
Roberto Bishara Adawi, footballer
Diamela Eltit, writer
Fernando Chomalí, Roman Catholic Archbishop, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Concepción
Daud Gazale, footballer
Ricardo Marzuca, professor at Universidad de Chile
Annemarie Jacir, movie director and photographer
Emily Jacir, artist
Luis Antonio Jiménez, footballer
Roberto Kettlun Beshe, footballer
Miguel Littin, movie director and screenwriter
Luis Musrri, footballer
Miguel Nasur Allel, businessman and football club owner
José Said, businessman
Álvaro Saieh, businessman
Arturo Salah, former football player
Fernando Solabarrieta Chelech, journalist, TV presenter
Rafael Tarud Siwady, politician
José Zalaquett Daher, lawyer
Leonardo Harum Amaro, footballer
Marko Zaror, martial artist, actor
Christopher Penroz, footballer
Matías Jadue, footballer
Daniel Jadue, politician.


Costumi is a frazione—a small hamlet—located in the commune of Torricella Sicura in the Italian Province of Teramo. The origins of the name date back to feudal times and refer to the usual and customary contributions ('costumi') that the denizens were expected to forward to the baronial landowners. The Costumarii were the local townsmen entrusted with this act.
In modern times Costumi is principally known for four diffused clusters of residences, each surrounded by woodlots and farmers' grain fields. These groups of houses are named San Pietro ad Azzano, Case Mancine, Villa Sciarra, and Colle Sansonesco.
Data collected during the 12th census on 25 October 1981 provide the following population figures for Costumi:
38 families
63 men
68 women
131 inhabitants
The local parish church of Costumi is Saint Peters (San Pietro), located in nearby Azzano. This area formerly hosted a monastery, which later became a parish church. In medieval times a large feudal estate named University (Università) was located here, an ancient term given to the various communes comprising a large domain.  The historian Bernardino Delfico posits that the word Azzano derives from the ancient gens Attia. Many people with the last name Attia (and its derivatives such as Attio, Attiano and Attia) live or have lived in this locality.
The monastery (later a parish church) that was located in this area was administered by the Abbey of Farfa. It enjoyed the privileges and riches that accompanied this designation at least until the 19th century. This cluster of homes is located between San Pietro ad Azzano and Ioanella. This small cluster of houses is located between Colle Sansonesco and Ioanella. From this location one has a panoramic view of the Gran Sasso and the surrounding mountain chain. In historical documents related Colle Sansonesco the area is sometimes referred to by various names include Collesansonesco, Collo Sansonesco, and Colle Santonesco.  The famous historian Niccola Palma attributes the name of this area to a family called Sansone who were the likely owners.
Luigi Ercole in the beginning of the 1800s wrote about Colle Sansonesco in this way:
This is a small village located about three miles southeast of Teramo.  It has 32 residents.  The land is steep and mountainous.  The main local product is acorns although grain and vineyards are also to be found...."   In the Regio Cedolario del 1787 (Royal Taxation Decree of 1787) the area is designated a feudo nobile, (noble feudal holding) i.e., a large aristocratic feud with certain delineated rights and responsibilities.
Past census data provide an interesting perspective into the area's history. Residents were grouped into fuochi (fireplaces) with the implication that each fireplace served as a gathering place for one family unit.  Thus a village having twenty "fuochi" had approximately this many families residing there at the time.  Colle Sansonesco was originally considered to be an outlying villa associated with the town, and belonging to baron, of Teramo.  Only later was it designated a Università (University), that is, a commune making up part of a domain, and not forming part of the baronial holdings.  This nomenclature was used in the Kingdom of Naples and certain of other states which later came together to form what is now known as modern Italy.
According to the 1754 census (Catasto Onciario) data:
Nuclear families: 7 (for a total of 48 people)
Absent families: 1
Non-clergy associated with the church: 2
Churches and related properties:  Madonna delle Grazie; San Pietro di Azzano; San Giacomo; Parish of Collesansonesco;
Non-citizen overseers: 2 A small church, San Donato, is located in Colle Sansonesco. Nearby there is also an even smaller chapel dedicated to the Madonna delle Grazie. These holdings lie within the parochial boundaries of San Pietro ad Azzano.<PIC> In the 1920s Colle Sansonesco was chosen as the location on which was to be built a sanatorium for the city of Teramo for the treatment of tuberculosis.  The treatment of this disease is enhanced by means of air that is cool and fresh and Colle Sansonesco seemed at the time the ideal location. A resident, Alfonso Di Vestea, was selected as the local point of contact for the project development. The worked was to be completed in conjunction with Roman authorities including a Doctor Amendolagine and a ministerial inspector by the name of Sirleo.  An engineering firm, Valente, presented the initial design proposals in August 1923. Funds were to come from a state agency which had been commissioned after World War I to improve the country's public health and welfare. The Province of Teramo also underwrote the operation and issued bonds for its completion. The final plans were prepared by a Roman engineer, Gaetano Galli, in November 1924. Modifications were proposed, incorporated into the final design specifications, and approved by the local Prefecture in June 1926. Ground was broken shortly thereafter. This work was soon interrupted, after it was discovered that the soil below the construction site was friable and would never safely support a building of this magnitude.  With the support of The Confraternity of Charity of Teramo (Congrega di Carità di Teramo) it was then decided to build the sanatorium in Villa Mosca. This area, about 1 mile from the city center, is located on a gentle slope at a slightly higher elevation than Teramo and is easily reachable by foot or by public transport. The development of this new project was awarded to a local engineer, Alfonso De Albentiis. The first contracts were approved in November 1927. Work was completed in 1934 when the facility was first opened to the public. In order to further freshen the air, a great number of pine trees were planted in the vicinity of the sanatorium. The structure today functions as a geriatriccenter and, thanks to the pine saplings that were planted 70 years ago, sits amidst a stand of majestic pines trees.


Polski Słownik Biograficzny (PSB; Polish Biographical Dictionary) is a Polish-language biographical dictionary, comprising an alphabetically arranged compilation of authoritative biographies of some 25,000 notable Poles and of foreigners who have been active in Poland – famous as well as less-well-known persons – from Popiel, Piast Kołodziej, and Mieszko I, at the dawn of Polish history, to persons who died in the year 2000.
The Dictionary, published incrementally since 1935, is a work in progress. It currently covers entries from A to S and its completion is expected about 2030.
The PSB is, by its own assessment, "at present... one of the world's leading biographical publications." Outside Poland, it is available at the British Library, the Library of Congress, the Vatican Library, the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, the University of California at Berkeley, Stanford University, the Getty Museum, and many other national and major research libraries.<PIC> As of February 2021, 52 complete volumes have been produced, with entries to "T". The latest installment is fascicle 217, the second of volume 53.
The Dictionary's current 52 volumes (well into "T") range in length from 480 to 830 pages, for a total of over 33,000, and contain over 27,000 biographies. Some 8,000 individuals have contributed to the Dictionary. Most of its contents are available only in paper form.
Though not a comprehensive source on all notable Poles, the Dictionary is substantial and well-respected. Brock et al. write that the "Polish Biographical Dictionary is one of the major achievements of the humanities in 20th-century Poland. The entries reflect the multicultural and multiethnic composition of the pre-partition Polish state [...]. Therefore the dictionary is not 'a biographical dictionary of Poles,' but rather 'a Polish biographical dictionary,' including entries on prominent foreigners who lived in the country as well as representatives of national minorities."
While prewar Polish governments had little influence on Dictionary's editorial policies, the postwar communist government of the People's Republic of Poland interfered substantially regarding who should be included. Since Poland's 1989 break with the Soviet bloc, this bias has been partly corrected in several supplements.
Polski słownik biograficzny constitutes a unique mosaic that depicts the full sweep of Polish history through biographies of many of the country's most notable sons and daughters. This reference work has been published in Kraków since 1935, although publication was suspended during Poland's World War II occupation by Nazi Germany and during the Stalinist period. The Dictionary is a joint publication of the Polish Academy of Sciences (Polska Akademia Nauk) and the Polish Academy of Learning (Polska Akademia Umiejętności). The project is based at the Tadeusz Manteuffel Historical Institute (Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla) and is sponsored by the Foundation for Polish Learning (Fundacja na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej) and the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage (Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego).
Work at the Dictionary was initiated by Władysław Konopczyński. The first volume appeared in 1935, and four more (with coverage to "Dąbrowski, Ignacy") before World War II. After the war, by 1949, when Konopczyński was forced by the communist government to resign his editorship, two more volumes had been published (covering bios to "Firlej, Henryk"). The project was then frozen until 1958, when it was revived under Kazimierz Lepszy. In 1964, after the Dictionary had grown by an additional three volumes (covering bios to "Jarosiński, Paweł"), Lepszy died and was replaced by Emanuel Rostworowski.
During Rostworowski's tenure as editor, the quality of the biographies increased, while  government interference and censorship decreased. Twenty-two further volumes had been published (covering bios to "Różycki, Ignacy") when Rostworowski in 1989 passed the baton to Henryk Markiewicz. Under Markiewicz, nine further volumes were published (covering bios to Stanisław August Poniatowski), as well as a special volume Uzupełnienia i sprostowania do tomów I-XL (Supplements and corrections for volumes 1–40) rectifying  communist-era bias and censorship. Since 2003, the Dictionary's editor has been Andrzej Romanowski. The PSB estimates their work will be complete around 2030, with expected 62 volumes.
In 2003, the PSB has launched its official Internet homepage. In 2010, the project has been unanimously endorsed by the Polish parliament (Sejm), and given its honorary patronage.


The Canadian Mathematical Society (CMS) (French: Société mathématique du Canada) is an association of professional mathematicians dedicated to the interests of mathematical research, outreach, scholarship and education in Canada. It serves the national community through the publication of academic journals, community bulletins, and the administration of mathematical competitions.
It was originally conceived in June 1945 as the Canadian Mathematical Congress. A name change was debated for many years; ultimately, a new name was adopted in 1979, upon its incorporation as a non-profit charitable organization.
The society is also affiliated with various national and international mathematical societies, including the Canadian Applied and Industrial Mathematics Society and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. The society is also a member of the International Mathematical Union and the International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.<PIC> The Canadian Mathematical Society (CMS) was originally conceived in June 1945 as the Canadian Mathematical Congress. The founding members hoped that "this congress [would] be the beginning of important mathematical development in Canada". Seeking to end confusion with the quadrennial mathematical congresses, a name change was considered for many years. Finally, upon its incorporation as a non-profit, charitable organization in 1978, a new name was adopted – the Canadian Mathematical Society.
Since then the society has expanded its activities to serve K-12 and post secondary students as well as professors and established researchers. Graham P. Wright served as executive director of the CMS from 1979 to 2009, and helped to build up the society's executive office in Ottawa and to develop its web-based electronic services.
The Canadian Mathematical Society was to celebrate its 75th anniversary during its 2020 Summer Meeting in Ottawa, Ontario. However, due to COVID-19 pandemic, the meeting was postponed to 2021 Summer Meeting. The flagship publications of the CMS are the prominent, peer-reviewed research journals Canadian Journal of Mathematics, which is intended for full research papers, and the Canadian Mathematical Bulletin, which publishes shorter papers.  All past issues except the last five volumes are free to download. Access to the most recent research requires a subscription.
In cooperation with Springer Publications, the CMS publishes many text books aimed at a university and academic researcher level. The series is called CMS Books in Mathematics.
The CMS publishes ten issues per year of Crux Mathematicorum, which contains problem-solving challenges and techniques suitable for training in secondary school problem solving competitions such as the Canadian Mathematical Olympiad or the International Mathematical Olympiad. All past issues except the last five volumes are free to download and use. The CMS also publishes A Taste of Mathematics (ATOM), a series of small booklets on a variety of topics suitable for high school enrichment.
The CMS Notes is the Society's official newsletter, published six times per year and available to members or the public online. It includes news relevant to the Canadian mathematical community, including notice on conferences, columns on research and education, book reviews, award announcements, and employment advertisements for mathematicians.  The Canadian Mathematical Society's Student Committee (Studc) was formed in 1999. Studc aims to bring together French and English Canadian graduate and undergraduate mathematics students through research and networking events and publication opportunities. Studc manages and publishes Notes from the Margin, a magazine-style publication devoted to publishing accessible research-based content in addition to opinion pieces, news articles, open problems that are of interest to the mathematical community, and brainteaser puzzles.  CMS organizes two bilingual Meetings each year: the CMS Winter Meeting is normally held during the first weekend of December and the CMS Summer Meeting during the first weekend of June. Each Meeting takes place over the course of 3 days, with 2 days of pre-meeting activities. This includes the executive meeting, board of directors meeting, group development luncheon and mini-courses.
CMS Meetings are among the biggest mathematical events in Canada, bringing together over 800 of the most respected researchers, educators, post-doctorates and students in mathematics and related fields from around the world. The includes many scientific sessions and plenary, prize and public lectures. Through its Student Committee, the CMS is the main sponsor for the bilingual Canadian Undergraduate Mathematics Conference, an annual research and networking conference held each summer and targeted at Canadian undergraduates interested in any area of pure or applied mathematics. It is entirely student-run and driven by Studc. Delegates may opt to present a poster or paper, as well as a short talk on a topic of their choosing. The location of the conference is alternated between central Canada (defined as Ontario and Quebec) and Western or Eastern Canada every other year, with host applications being submitted by hopefuls a year in advance. The Women in Mathematics committee of the CMS also runs Connecting Women in Mathematics Across Canada (CWiMAC), a workshop and conference aimed at upcoming Canadian female mathematicians. In particular, they target current PhD students and new postdoctoral fellows seeking guidance in their field. The conference strives to strengthen the community between young female mathematicians and their senior counterparts through the building of mentorship, relationships, and networking.  The CMS administers the Canadian Open Mathematics Challenge, a problem solving competition targeted at Canadian high school students, which is modelled after the analogous William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition for undergraduates. High-scoring students may be invited to compete in the Canadian Mathematical Olympiad, a problem-solving and mathematics competition run by the CMS which is also used as a screening process for the selection of the Canadian team for the International Mathematical Olympiad.    CMS runs several annual summer math camps across Canada to foster interest and excitement in elementary-school and secondary-school aged students. Some CMS math camps, are based on invitation and are targeted at high-potential students from all backgrounds, and others are open to all students with interest in mathematics. The CMS also runs several smaller specialty camps targeted at visible minorities and under-represented groups in the mathematical community.
Many member organizations also run outreach events to attract local talent to mathematics, such as Math Challenge programs held at the local university, Math Enrichment Centres, and educational events throughout the academic year. The CMS annually awards the following prizes:
Jeffery–Williams Prize to recognize mathematicians who have made outstanding contributions to mathematical research.
Adrien Pouliot Award for contributions to mathematical education in Canada.
David Borwein Distinguished Career Award to recognize individuals who have made exceptional, broad, and continued contributions to Canadian mathematics.
Graham Wright Award for Distinguished Service recognizes individuals who have made sustained and significant contributions to the Canadian mathematical community and, in particular, to the Canadian Mathematical Society.
Excellence in Teaching Award recognizes sustained and distinguished contributions in teaching at the post-secondary undergraduate level.
G. de B. Robinson Award to recognize the publication of excellent papers in Canadian Journal of Mathematics and the Canadian Mathematical Bulletin
CMS Blair Spearman Doctoral Prize to recognize outstanding performance by a doctoral student.
Krieger–Nelson Prize is presented in recognition of an outstanding female in mathematics.
Coxeter–James Prize to recognize young mathematicians who have made outstanding contributions to mathematical research.
Cathleen Synge Morawetz Prize to recognize an outstanding research publication or series of closely related publications. Samuel Beatty (1945–1949)
Adrien Pouliot (1949–1953)
Gilbert de Beauregard Robinson (1953–1957)
Ralph Lent Jeffery (1957–1961)
Ralph James (1961–1963)
Max Wyman (1963–1965)
H. S. M. Coxeter (1965–1967)
Maurice L'Abbé (1967–1969)
Nathan Mendelsohn (1969–1971)
George F. D. Duff (1971–1973)
Albert John Coleman (1973–1975)
William O. J. Moser (1975–1977)
Rémi Vaillancourt (1977–1979)
Peter Lancaster (1979–1981)
Paul G. Rooney (1981–1983)
Renzo Piccinini (1983–1985)
David Borwein (1985–1987)
Carl Herz (1987–1989)
Frederick V. Atkinson (1989–1991)
Sherman D. Riemenschneider (1991–1992)
Michel Delfour (1992–1994)
Peter Fillmore (1994–1996)
Katherine Heinrich (1996–1998)
Richard Kane (1998–2000)
Jonathan Borwein (2000–2002)
Christiane Rousseau (2002–2004)
H. E. A. Campbell (2004–2006)
Tom Salisbury (2006–2008)
Anthony Lau (2008–2010)
Jacques Hurtubise (2010–2012)
Keith Taylor (2012–2014)
Lia Bronsard (2014–2016)
Michael Bennett (2016–2018)
Mark Lewis (2018–2020)
Javad Mashreghi (2020–2022)