Janet Elizabeth Rice (born 18 November 1960) is an Australian politician, member of the Australian Greens, former councillor and mayor of Maribyrnong, environmentalist, facilitator and one of the founding members of the Victorian Greens.<PIC> Rice was born in the Melbourne suburb of Altona. She attended the University of Melbourne, where she studied Mathematics and Meteorology. It was at Melbourne University where she met her partner, Penny Whetton, another student in the Meteorology department. Rice began her environmental activism whilst at University, including participating in the Franklin Dam Campaign in 1983.
Rice completed a Bachelor of Science, graduating with Honours in Meteorology. Rice began her career in September 1983 as a Nature Conservation Project Officer for the Conservation Council of Victoria now known as Environment Victoria where she was involved in policy and advocacy work on nature conservation issues for 2 years. In 1985, Rice moved to the East Gippsland Coalition as a forest campaigner. She was a leader of the campaign that resulted in the declaration of the Errinundra National Park and protection of the old growth forests of the Rodger River catchment in the Snow River National Park in 1988. Rice continued her work with the East Gippsland Coalition until 1990.
In 1985–1986, Rice worked as a Water Policy Officer at the Department of Water Resources, where she authored reports on Gippsland Water Resource and South East Region water management strategy and Environmental Aspects of Water Management Strategy for South West Victoria.
Rice worked for Bicycle Victoria from 1993 to 1997, as the inaugural Ride to Work Co-ordinator. She developed the Ride to Work Day program, which started with 615 cyclists and has grown to an estimated 60,000 participants all over Australia. From Bicycle Victoria, Rice pursued her career as a Senior Consultant at Context Pty Ltd. Rice worked with clients including the Barwon Water, Melbourne Water, Parks Victoria and a range of local governments. After leaving Context, Rice began her own facilitation and consultancy practice, Janet Rice Facilitation and Community Involvement. Rice was employed by the Hume City Council as their Senior Strategic Transport Planner.
Rice was also a Member of the School Council for Footscray City Primary School becoming the President between 2002 and 2003.
Rice is a Member of the advisory board at the Centre of Governance and Management of Public Transport. Rice was a key element in establishing Australian Greens Victoria. She organised preliminary meetings, and helped form the green politics network just as the October 1992 Victorian state election approached. The Victorian Greens was officially launched on 7 November 1992.
In 2002 Rice was awarded Life Membership with the Australian Greens.
Rice started her political career when in 2003 she was elected the Greens Councillor for the city of Maribyrnong, where she represented the Saltwater ward. As a Councillor, Rice focused on Transport and Planning issues. She was Chair of the Metropolitan Transport Forum between 2004 and 2008. Rice's publications and presentations on transport include a chapter in the book "Transit Oriented Development: Making it Happen' (Curtis, Renne and Bertolini, 2009).
Rice was elected Mayor of Maribyrnong in 2006. During her mayoral term, she created the Maribyrnong Truck Action Group which succeeded in banning trucks from entering central Footscray. Rice was also a part of the Save Footscray Pool campaign, trying to preserve the aging facility and keep the site from developers. Rice remained in the council until 2008.
In 2008 and 2010 Rice worked with Greens Member for the Western Metropolitan Region, Colleen Hartland, managing community campaigns across Hartland's electorate.
Rice was the lead Senate candidate for the Australian Greens Victoria for the 2013 Australian federal election and was elected on a 10.85 percent primary vote.
Rice took her seat in the Senate on 1 July 2014, and was sworn in on 7 July 2014.
Rice was successfully re-elected in the 2016 Australian federal double-dissolution election, running second on the Australian Greens Victoria ticket.
Rice was again re-elected at the 2019 federal election, with a final Senate vote of 10.6%.
As of 2020, Rice serves as the Greens' Party Room Chair and Deputy Whip, and acts as the spokesperson for the following:
Foreign Affairs
Multiculturalism
Forests
LGBTIQ
Transport & Infrastructure
Science, Research & Innovation Rice lives in Footscray, Victoria with her two sons. Her wife was Penny Whetton, until her death on 11 September 2019.
Coinciding with her wife's gender transition, Rice came out as bisexual. She is currently one of eight members in the Parliament of Australia who are openly part of the LGBTI community.


Ciudad Acuña, also known simply as Acuña, (originally Garza Galán, later Villa Acuña) is a city located in the Mexican state of Coahuila, at
29°19′27″N 100°55′54″W and a mean height above sea level of 271 m (889 ft). It stands on the Rio Grande (locally known as the Río Bravo), which marks the U.S.-Mexico border, and offers two border crossings via Lake Amistad Dam International Crossing and Del Río-Ciudad Acuña International Bridge with the neighboring city of Del Rio in the U.S. state of Texas. It serves as the municipal seat of the surrounding municipality of Acuña. The 2017 estimated city population was 201,778,  whereas the municipality's population was 214,616. The city is the fourth-largest in the state of Coahuila and the fastest-growing city in Mexico. The area is served by the Ciudad Acuña International Airport.
The Del Rio-Ciudad Acuña Metropolitan Area (DR-CA) is the seventh-largest binational metropolitan area along the United States-Mexican border. The city of Del Rio is situated in the U.S. state of Texas on the north side of the Rio Grande and Ciudad Acuña is located in the Mexican state of Coahuila south of the river. This metropolitan area is also known as "Tierra de la Amistad".
The Del Rio micropolitan area's population was 55,000 people in 2015, and the Ciudad Acuña Metropolitan Area's population was 225,000 people in 2015.
The 2015 population of Greater Del Rio-Ciudad Acuña binational metropolitan area is 280,000.<PIC> The first recorded settlement of Acuña took place on 27 December 1877. It was founded by a group of colonists led by Domingo Urias, Irineo Casillas Arevalo, and his wife Maximina Espinoza. At the same time, the governor of the state was general Hipólito Charles, who posted a military garrison in the area led by Captain Manuel Leal. In 1880, the community received villa (town)  status under its first name of Garza Galán. In 1884, the locality was renamed Congregación las Vacas. Congregacion las Vacas was then renamed Villa Acuña in 1912 after Saltillan poet Manuel Acuña.  Villa Acuña was finally given the title of city on 16 September 1951 by Don Jesus, when it got its present name of Ciudad Acuña.
On 24 October 1960, US President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Mexican President Adolfo López Mateos met in Acuña to sign the initial agreements allowing construction of the dam. Construction plans were not finalized until December 1966, when Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and Gustavo Díaz Ordaz met on the international bridge. Presidents Richard M. Nixon and Gustavo Díaz Ordaz met for the dedication of Amistad Dam on 8 September 1969.
Originally created to serve airmen at Laughlin AFB just across the border, "Boys' Town" is an entertainment district located in an area south of Ciudad Acuña and contains a few after-hours bars and brothels, but is designated off-limits to U.S. military personnel.
On May 25, 2015, an F3 tornado struck the city, causing incredible damage and killing 14 people and injuring 200 more. Various foreign companies have opened factories, or maquiladoras in Acuña, given its status as being 100% union-free. These include Irvin Automotive Products (automotive seat components), Bendix (brake and hydraulic parts), Gentherm de Mexico (automotive seat heaters), Caterpillar (mining truck components), RESCO Electronics (wiring harness and cable assembly manufacturing), and Toter Incorporated (waste receptacles, curbside roll-out carts). Prior to 2009, many students living in this city used their relatives' addresses who lived in the U.S. to attend schools in the San Felipe Del Rio Consolidated Independent School District, on the U.S. side. Minors were being interrogated at the border without an adult present, which caused much controversy, since that is illegal, and not all students had only one home. Many of their parents worked in the Del Rio side of the border and legally paid taxes. More than 400 students never came back.  In the 1930s in Villa Acuña, now Ciudad Acuña, the border blaster XERF-AM made its home.  The radio station was built by John R. Brinkley from Kansas.  Brinkley claimed to be able to cure male virility deficiency with goat gland transplants. Brinkley wanted to promote his male enhancement operations and used the radio station for that purpose.  Because of the purpose of radio XER and what it promoted, the station was closed in 1939 by the Mexican government.
In 1947, the government of Mexico licensed XER, the 100 kW super-power border blaster run by Ramon D. Bosquez.  They used the old XERA facilities and sold its airtime to American evangelists broadcasting in English to the United States. In 1959, Ramon D. Bosquez and Arturo Gonzalez formed the Inter-American Radio Advertising, Inc. in Del Rio. They ran the broadcasting in Del Rio while the license rested in the hands of Mexican officials. They boosted the power to 250 kW. This super station was where disc jockey Wolfman Jack became famous between 1962 and 1964.  XERF-AM is currently under control of the Instituto Mexicano de la Radio and plays Spanish-language programs and music.  Acuña is mentioned in a song called "Mexican Blackbird" on the ZZ Top album Fandango!.
"Blame It on Mexico", a song performed by George Strait and written by songwriter Darrell Staedtler on the Strait Country album tells about a night in Acuña at Ma Crosby's (a historic restaurant in Acuña) in the beginning.
Acuña is the setting for the Robert Earl Keen song, "A Border Tale".
Steve Earle refers to "Boys' Town" in his song "The Week of Living Dangerously", recorded as Steve Earle and the Dukes, on their Exit 0 album.
"Acuña" is the title of a song recorded by Wade Bowen in October 2017. In the film, Rolling Thunder (1977), the villains are known as the Acuña Boys.
Outdoor scenes for the 1992 cult motion picture El Mariachi were shot in Acuña, as well as the bar scenes and street confrontation from the sequel, Desperado. Actor/producer Carlos Gallardo was born in Ciudad Acuña.
Also, Desperado and Single Action were filmed in Acuña at the Corona Club (cater-corner to Ma Crosby's) located on the main strip (La Hidalgo).
In Kill Bill: Volume 2 the protagonist goes to see Bill's friend Esteban, who runs Acuña through the strength of his Acuña boys, the fatherless sons of the women he pimps. In another Tarantino movie, Grindhouse, Acuña Boys Mexican Food is featured on a bumper ad, as well as a take-out drink container in the first scenes of Death Proof.
The film Like Water for Chocolate was filmed on Lake Amistad in Acuña.
The film Love and a .45 features a standoff between the film's primary protagonists and antagonist in Acuña after the three have crossed the U.S./Mexico border.
Portions of the film No Country For Old Men are set in Acuña.
Scenes in the Western novel Ride Harder (2017) take place in Acuña and the town is mentioned in the series's first book, The Hardest Ride (2013).


Pacific Meridian (Russian: Меридианы Тихого; abbreviated as IFFV) is an International Film Festival of the Asian-Pacific region, which has been held every September since 2003 in Vladivostok, Russia. Every year it brings together filmmakers from about 108 countries; with more than 1200 films submitted each year. International Film Festival  Pacific Meridian  is  a competition of length and short films, a panorama of world cinema, a program of Russian films, shorts, documentaries and animated films, retrospectives of masters of world cinema, workshops, master classes, etc. One of the distinguishing features of the Film Festival is a specialization of the IFF  Pacific Meridian  on the films of Asian-Pacific region.
International Film Festival of countries of Asian-Pacific region  Pacific Meridian  in Vladivostok was organized in 2003. The film festival is held annually in September by the Ministry of Culture of Russian Federation and Primorsky Region Territory Administration.<PIC> Each year the Yul Brynner Award is presented by  Rock Brynner  to the most promising young actor or actress. Yul Brynner was born in Vladivostok.
Film Festival  Pacific Meridian  is a cultural project  where the  exit  film screenings and artistic encounters of Russian actors and directors with the inhabitants of Primorsky Krai pass.
Since 2006, the festival runs the program,  Screentest, which is addressed to first-time filmmakers.
The sixth International Film Festival  Pacific Meridian  was a presentation of an international project  Cinema train - an international master class for young filmmakers, which took place during the train  Moscow-Vladivostok.  Within two weeks, 18 participants from different European countries traveled throughout Russia, with stops in various cities across the country. During the trip they took six short documentary films on the theme  Where is the border of Europe.  Films were edited in Vladivostok and shown in a program of the IFF. After the world premiere of the film in Vladivostok it has been selected for display at the Cannes Film Festival program.
Within the bounds of the sixth Pacific Meridian Film Festival from 14 to 17 September, an International Filmsammit  Eurasia  was held. The business program included round tables, seminars, business trainings and discussions on current topics in the field of cinema. It was a special event of the filmsammit  Eurasia, organized jointly with the  Vjugn Consult  company   Russian Co-production and Film Financing Forum, aimed at developing cooperation between Russian, European and Asian investors and financiers, producers, distributors, representatives of public funds financing the film industry.
Together with  Informkino  company from 14 to 17 of September 2008 was held program  Generation campus, which main objective in 2008 was to promote contribution of co-production debut project. The result was 3 short films shot by young filmmakers   actors of  Generation Campus, with Ingeborga Dapkunaite, Irina Bezrukova, Oksana Akinshina. Competition screening includes:
Features and shorts (up to 30 min)
Non-competition programs:
Panorama
Russian Cinema
Special and Info screenings
Retrospective screening of the World Cinema Masters
Seminars and workshops To judge competition films there will be an International Jury formed of 5 persons. The Festival covers a round-trip ticket and other expenses for staying in Vladivostok for each International Jury member; the International Jury cannot include anyone involved in production or distribution of any film in the competition; at least one member of the International Jury has to be a film producer. Film Festival takes place in Vladivostok, Russia on the basis of the cinema  Ocean,  Ussuri  network Illusion, a summer site of  Seven Feet  yacht club. According to regulations
Eligible are any films presented by film companies, film studios, independent producers, distributors or any other copyright owners of the films
DVDs are to be shipped to the Festival Office for preliminary selection
In the competitive program are accepted feature and short films on 35 мм, Betacam Digital, Betacam SP, HDCam, DCP with English subtitles, and finished by production no more than a year ago; it can include films that were screened before at other film festivals
The competition program attended at least 12 films.
All the professional media formats besides 16 mm are eligible for non-competition programs. The selection of films in order to participate in the IFF provides the selection committee. The final decision on the inclusion of film in one of the programs of the Festival takes the Directorate the IFF. Festival Management agrees to inform the participants of the festival about inclusion of the film in program of the Festival. Copies of the films in their original format, taken in the competitive and non-competitive programs must be received by the Directorate prior to the date indicated on the official festival website.


Dagmar (born March 24, 1955) is a Puerto Rican television host, actress and singer. Dagmar Rivera was born in Brooklyn, New York, and raised in Dorado, Puerto Rico. She started her career as a young singer in 1976. The only hit single of her first album was Soy la Mañana (I'm the Morning), by Puerto Rican composer Rafi Monclova. She was also a member of a vocal group called: Allegro alongside Tito Lara, Angel "Cuco" Peña & Lunna, among others, the gospel group: Spiritual, and the female vocal trio: The Masterpiece. During the 1970s, she started her career as a comedian with her child role Dagmarita in the comedy series Esto No Tiene Nombre (It does not have name which is an expression in Puerto Rico used when something cannot be explained or it is absurd), broadcast by WAPA-TV.
During the 1980s, she married Faustino García, with whom she had a son: Faustino J.R.
She was featured as a comedian in Nydia Caro's television show as Dagmarita, Los Kakucómicos, and from 1985 to 1991, she starred alongside Lou Briel in two television shows.  The musical comedy En Broma y en Serio (Joking and Seriously), and the children's television series Teatrimundo (Small Theater World), both broadcast by Telemundo.  Sandra Zaiter was also featured in the latter.  Years later, she was featured alongside Zaiter in Telecómicas. As the 1980s came about, Dagmar was the host of the variety show Estudio Alegre (Cheerful Studio), in substitution of Awilda Carbia, alongside Juan Manuel Lebrón and Otilio Warrington.  She was also one of the hosts of the game show Super Sabados (Super Saturdays), alongside Eddie Miró and Johanna Rosaly.
During the 1990s she hosted for several years the game show Dame un Break (Gimme a Break) broadcast originally by WAPA-TV, and later in Telemundo. Presently, Dagmar hosts the midday show Día a Día con Raymond y Dagmar, alongside Raymond Arrieta, broadcast by Telemundo.
Recently, she has fully embraced the Christian faith, in a practical & unique way. She recorded gospel songs as a soloist, in a CD called Aquí Estoy, although years before, she recorded various gospel albums as the lead singer of the Christian group: Spiritual, with whom she performed a concert in Performing Arts Center, in Santurce.
During the month of July 2007, Dagmar, alongside Otilio Warrington, Chucho Avellanet, José Nogueras and Nano Cabrera, starred in Cosa Nuestra (Our Thing), a retrospective of Puerto Rican music and culture during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, at the Caguas Performing Arts Center.
During the month of October 2007, Dagmar, alongside Lou Briel, Celinés, and José Juan Tañón, starred in the unplugged concert: San Juan Se Pinta de Rosa (San Juan's Painted in Pink), dedicated to breast cancer victims, staged at the historic Casa Ashford (Ashford Home), located in the Condado tourist district.
In December 2007, Dagmar underwent major liver surgery at a hospital in San Juan which would keep her away from her broadcast duties for over a month.
On November 10, 2008, her TV producer Antonio (Tony) Mojena and fellow entertainer Raymond Arrieta interrupted their programming to announce that Dagmar would remain away from the cameras for several months while she receives chemotherapy and radiotherapy for a cancerous tumor found at the base of her tongue which does not appear to have metastasized.  Competitors at other stations joined in wishing her a quick and full recovery. She returned fully recovered to the program on May 12, 2009 during a special broadcast attended by many of the nearly thirty entertainers who filled in for her, as well as Governor Luis Fortuño and First Lady Lucé Vela.<PIC>


St Columb Minor Church is a late 15th-century Church of England parish church Diocese of Truro in St Columb Minor, Cornwall, United Kingdom<PIC> The site is probably that of an ancient barrow where pagan rites were celebrated, and was originally circular. The position is in full view of the twin tumuli, the symbol of the fruitfulness of Mother Nature. It is sheltered from the strong winds of the Atlantic and looks down the Rialton valley and across at Castle-an-Dinas at the summit of Castle Downs. Here the Celtic missionaries, centuries before the Columba legend arose, drove away the evil spirits and replaced pagan magic by Christian worship, and erected the first wooden sanctuary. The Churchtown lay to the West and South while the shelving ground to the North and East prevented building for all time. Hence, as in the case of so many villages, the houses extended more and more from the parish church. Both St Columb Minor & St Columb Major churches were dedicated to Columba of Cornwall, but there is no written record of this. How the name arose or who St. Columba was is not known. The legend is very like that of St. Columba of Sens and some historians think she may be a French saint. the late Mr. Henderson suggested that St. Crantoc called his companions Columba (doves) and that these churches were named after his missionaries. The first church was probably replaced more than once, until about 1100 A.D. a Norman church was built. Its outline has been traced from the present chancel step to about a yard from the belfry door, with  North and South walls, exactly where the nave arches stand today. Part of the Norman foundations are to be seen around the pillars. It is possible to picture this old church with small windows, perhaps with transepts, and having a low arch leading to an apse.
About the middle of the twelfth century another church was erected in the place of the Norman one. This had aisles which terminated at the chancel. Nothing is known about the building of this church, The Church was first mentioned in 1283 as a chapelry to the collegiate church of Crantock. The collegiate church were appropriated the parishes of Crantock and St Columb Minor; That same year, Bishop Peter Quinel united the prebends to make a vicarage. During the reformation the Crown grantee was under the obligation of providing curates for Crantock and St. Columb Minor, but the stipend of the latter, having been fixed at £8, was soon rendered quite inadequate by the rise in prices.
In 1417 the Bishop of Exeter stated that the chancel was in a ruinous state and that the church must rebuild at once. The stones used, tell their own story, as does also the style of architecture.
About 1430 nave arcades were reconstructed: two of the original pillars of Beer stone were left but the other pillars are of Cornish granite. One baffling question concerns the blocked window near the tower which is Early English but does not accord with the rest of the building.
About 1470 the east walls of both transepts were taken down and the aisles extended to the length of the chancel, the side walls of the chancel being pierced with arcades.
The Tower was built in the fifteenth century. There were three altars, of which something can be learnt from the researches of Dr. W. J. Stephens. The high altar was dedicated to St. Columba and the Blessed Virgin Mary. The north altar was to the Holy Trinity. The south altar was to St. Michael, and stood in front of the screen. The piscenas of these altars were disclosed at the 1886 restoration and are of beer stone.
Woodwork. The screen was destroyed in 1795. A few fragments may be seen in the North aisle. The staircase and passages through the arcades remain. William Hals (1658) gives this description:- “The Rood loft (yet standing though without a rood on it) a most curious and costly piece of workmanship, carved and painted with gold, silver, vermilion and bice, is a masterpiece of art in these parts of that kind.” The church was seated with benches “built by the poor stock in 1595” and had carved ends. They were destroyed in 1795 but one is to be seen in the North aisle.
The Font of Penventon stone was made about 1450 and is a copy of a Norman original.
The Porch with stone benches dates about 1450. The date 1669 was carved over the door-way but was removed at the 1886 restoration.
The Tower, recorded as the second highest in Cornwall, is 115 feet in height. Until recent building on the Newquay  Road it could be seen from nearly every point of the very extensive parish, and far out to sea.
The Royal Arms are of Charles II and are unusually large and finely coloured.
Monuments. The most interesting of the slate slabs placed on the walls are to Elizabeth Pollamounter, the daughter of Richard Pollamounter, Gent: and to Roger Ellery who was registrar during the Commonwealth.
A visitor to the church in 1878 found the church damp with green mould on the pillars and walls, and dry rot everywhere. The churchyard was the most shamefully kept he had ever seen. There have been two “restorations.” In 1795 the screen was cut up for floor boards and the nave and aisles filled with deal box pews for the farmers and a gallery put up at the West end for the labourers. The names of subscribers are painted on a board in the belfry. In 1840 the Lay Rector destroyed the ancient East window and inserted the present “churchy” window. Samples of the Victorian glass from this window hang in the North aisle. The Holy Water Stoup was removed about this time and built into the boundary wall to the East of the chancel.
In 1884 the building was in a deplorable state and another restoration was effected. Unfortunately the restorers did not understand this type of church which having been under a monastic body was all on one level. To make a series of steps to the altar the whole floor of the nave was lowered and the floor of the chancel so raised as to bury the bases of the pillars. The church was seated in pitch pine and a new roof put in. The carved rafters of the aisles were taken from the nave roof, and to make the church perfectly straight the chancel walls which inclined to the South were forced out of shape. The organ was formerly in a private house. The church was reopened on 23 September 1886 with a morning sermon by the Bishop of Truro, George Wilkinson. The pulpit, a splendid piece of work, was given in 1935 by J. Knight, Esq, of Beachcroft in memory of his daughter. The original stone pulpit was given to Trencreek chapel. The chapel was demolished some time ago and the original pulpit has now been lost.
An oak altar table has been given by Mrs Stephens and Dr Stephens in memory of Mr Alexander Stephens who was Churchwarden for many years. Let into the mensa is the Portable Altar, which dates from 1415 and is in perfect condition: there are very few other examples of such an altar.
The clock was given in 1910 in memory of the Reverend A Langford. From the record of the installation of the church clock that it was dedicated by the Vicar on 4 November 1910, and started at exactly three o’clock, when we are told “The sweetness of the chimes was noted by all with delight”. On the face of the clock appear the arms of the Langford family. The appearance of the clock is described as being in accordance with the oldest known examples of such clocks, as seen at Hexham Abbey, and Kirkbampton and Castle Rushen in the Isle of Man.
There is a peal of eight bells.


The Londonderry Vase is a hard-paste porcelain vase, standing at 54 inches tall. It is decorated with polychrome enamels, gilding and gilt bronze mounts. It bears the Sèvres mark, two intersecting Ls with a letter in the center denoting its creation year (1813-1815) and a crown over the L's to mark it as hard-paste. The vase was commissioned by Napoleon around 1805 to be created by the Sèvres Manufactory. The vase is currently on display at the Art Institute of Chicago.<PIC>  The vase is created using hard-paste porcelain. Hard paste porcelain was not used at the Sèvres Manufactory until the mid-1700s when a large deposit of china clay, a vital ingredient, was found in Limoges, France. The vase is considered in the Etruscan form, due to the large scrolling handles, and was known as a vase étrusque á rouleaux in royal decrees and records surrounding the object. Once the vase was commissioned, various artists were brought in to decorate the lavish porcelain. The vase itself was designed by Napoleon's chief architect, Charles Percier (1764-1838). The decorations around the exterior of the vase were designed by Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart (d. 1813) and were executed by Gilbert Drouet (1785-1825) and Christophe-Ferdinand Caron (active 1792-1815). The Londonderry Vase was created in early 1814 by the Manufacture Nationale de Sèvres, located in Sèvres, just outside the southwest suburbs of Paris, France. The factory is one of the main porcelain manufacturers in Europe and has been creating porcelain since the early 18th century. It was created under the guidance of King Louis XV and Madame de Pompadour and was brought under the jurisdiction of the crown in 1759. It is still operating today and is now a public organization under the name "Sèvres: City of Ceramics". To this day, the ceramics are still created with the same mission as when the factory opened. The company strives to produce ceramics using artisanal techniques in the reproduction of modern and traditional designs. These products are displayed either in Sèvres or in a special gallery in the 1st district of Paris. The vase was held at the Sèvres factory until 1814, after the exile of Napoleon. On July 2, 1814, the vase was "released to the government for presents" for 22,000 francs, with an additional 168,60 francs for packing. A royal decree transferred the vase to Charles Maurice Talleyrand, the Prince of Bénévent and foreign minister to King Louis XVIII. It was in the negotiations following the reinstatement of the French monarchy that the vase moved from its location in France to its place in Londonderry, located in Northern Ireland. Following the crash of Napoleon's empire, the rest of Europe was anxious to start dividing up Napoleon's spoils of war. The Peace of Paris and the Congress of Vienna dissolved the empire and laid out the new terms for France. Two key figures in these negotiations were Talleyrand and the English Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Robert Viscount Castlereagh, who would become the second Marquis of Londonderry. Talleyrand saw the influence Castlereagh had over the four major European powers; England, Prussia, Russia and Austria. It was common during this period for the defeated parties to give gifts or bribes to aid in negotiations. Talleyrand used the giving of the vase to Castlereagh as insurance that the needs of France would be seen to during these two large political negotiations. The exchange of the vase from Talleyrand to Castlereagh is estimated to have happened around August 20, during two days of meetings leading up to the Congress of Vienna. Once given to Viscount Castlereagh, the vase was housed in the Londonderry Estate in the boudoir and ante-drawing room as recorded by the archivist of the Londonderry Estate in 1937. From its location in Londonderry, it was gifted by the Harry and Maribel Blum Fund and Harold L. Stuart Endowment to the Art Institute of Chicago in 1987. It is now housed in their European Decorative Arts Collection as a prime example of French Neoclassicism. It showcases the achievements of the Sèvres Manufactory and European porcelain as well as encapsulating an important turning point in French history.


The Rockingham Whigs (or Rockinghamites) in 18th century British politics were a faction of the Whigs led by Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, from about 1762 until his death in 1782. The Rockingham Whigs briefly held power from 1765 to 1766 and again in 1782, and otherwise were usually in opposition to the various ministries of the period.<PIC> The faction came into existence in 1762, following the dismissal of the Duke of Newcastle's government and the dismissal of many of Newcastle's supporters from their posts by his successor, Lord Bute, in the so-called "Massacre of the Pelhamite Innocents".
For many years Newcastle and his late brother Henry Pelham had dominated parliament and government through their mastery of patronage and the "old corruption", to the point where King George II had proved incapable of dispensing with their services even when he desired to. When the new king, George III, came to the throne in 1760, he was determined to reassert royal power and take the patronage mechanism away from Newcastle and his faction. After their fall from power Newcastle and his remaining loyalists came together to oppose Bute and assert what they believed to be Whig principles dating back to the political conflicts of the previous century. The faction was heavily dominated by wealthy aristocrats, and because of Newcastle's advanced age, effective leadership soon came into the hands of the very wealthy young aristocrat the Marquess of Rockingham, who soon gave his name to the group.
Although the Rockingham Whigs were briefly brought into power in 1765, following the fall of the ministry of George Grenville, this ministry was based on an always uneasy relationship with the crown and collapsed a year later.
In fact, the faction showed less interest in holding office than in preventing a reassertion of royal power. They were prepared to unite with reformers of all kinds to preserve the constitutional settlement of 1689. But their essentially aristocratic and oligarchic character prevented them from collaborating with "Country Party" reformers advocating radical or populistic measures. They also opposed the British position which led to the American Revolution and sought reconciliation after it.
The writer and philosopher Edmund Burke, who served as Rockingham's private secretary, was one of the faction's leading spokesmen in the House of Commons.
They did not favor Irish constitutional goals but when out of power they used Irish problems to embarrass the government. During Rockingham's government in 1765–66, his faction was generally hostile to the Irish Patriot Party, but during the administration of Lord North in 1770–82, it supported the Patriots' charges of mismanagement of Irish affairs. In power again in 1782, the Rockinghamites made concessions to the Patriots' demand for Irish legislative independence. They sought and failed to obtain a permanent solution that would have involved British control over external legislation and Irish control over internal affairs. They also failed to implement British party models in Ireland. Rockinghamites Charles James Fox and Burke were actively involved in Irish issues, says Powell, the former opportunistically and the latter with a genuine interest in reform.
In 1782 they joined forces with other members of the Opposition to bring down the North government which had overseen the American War since the beginning, and was blamed for the surrender of the British army at Yorktown. The new government was led by Rockingham and began to seek peace terms, laying the foundations for the Treaty of Paris agreed in 1783. Rockingham's unexpected death in July 1782 led to a split in the new government with some Rockingham Whigs remaining in office under the new government of Lord Shelburne, and others going into opposition led by Charles James Fox and Edmund Burke. After Rockingham's death, the Duke of Portland became the head of the Rockingham Whig party. Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham
Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle
Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton
Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond
William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire
William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland
George Keppel, 3rd Earl of Albemarle
William Ponsonby, 2nd Earl of Bessborough
Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke
Philip Yorke, 2nd Earl of Hardwicke
Lord John Cavendish
Henry Seymour Conway
William Dowdeswell
Edmund Burke
Augustus Keppel
Charles James Fox
Charles Yorke
Sir Charles Saunders


Cheri Merritt Barry is an American politician and former mayor of Meridian, Mississippi. She is the first woman to hold that position.<PIC> Cheri Merritt grew up in Meridian, where she was a graduate of Lamar High School in 1973.  She continued her education at the University of Mississippi, where she graduated in 1977.
Shortly after graduation, she married Rick Barry, who is a County Attorney.  They have three children, Jennifer Barry Fowler, Jay Barry and Merritt Barry.
Cheri Barry has spent a good part of her professional career in public service.  It began with the Lafayette County welfare system, where her focus was on children and geriatric abuse victims. She later worked with the Lauderdale County Welfare Department.
From 1998 to 2001, Barry taught in the Meridian Public Schools system. She then served as the Executive Director of the American Red Cross Key Chapter from 2001 until her election as mayor. The American Red Cross Key Chapter serves Clarke, Kemper, Lauderdale, Neshoba, Newton and Scott Counties in Mississippi.
Barry narrowly defeated Democratic challenger Percy Bland to become the first female mayor of Meridian, Mississippi. She won by a margin of only 293 votes.
On Tuesday, July 7, 2009, shortly after her first City Council meeting, Barry vowed to make good on a campaign promise to have the community more involved in the governing process. "What I want to do is involve this community and give ownership back to the residents of Meridian," she said. "I want their input. I want their ideas."
The mayor receives a salary of $80,000 per year, making her the fifth highest paid city employee in Meridian.
On June 4, 2013, Barry lost her bid for re-election to Percy Bland by a margin of 4,514 votes for Barry to 5,479 votes for Bland. Bland took office on July 1, 2013.  On November 16, 2010, Mayor Barry and the Meridian City Council approved an order that authorized the execution of amendment to agreement for professional services between Watkins Development, LLC and the City of Meridian.
On June 7, 2011, Mayor Barry and other local officials held a ground-breaking for the Meridian Law Enforcement Center.
In June 2012, after a delay in construction, Mayor Barry announced the official approval to move forward with the Meridian Law Enforcement Center, and detailed the proposed financial structure for the city project.
On March 19, 2014, Watkins Development was charged with securities fraud for transferring more than $500,000 in public funds to  the Meridian Law Enforcement Center project from the account of Retro Metro LLC, which was formed to renovate the Metrocenter Mall in Jackson, Mississippi.
On November 20, 2014, The Chancery Court of Hinds County, First Judicial District, ordered Watkins Development, LLC and David Watkins, Sr. to pay more than $650,000 in restitution, penalties, and interest for violations of the Mississippi Securities Act.
On June 28, 2016, the Mississippi Court of Appeals rendered a decision that reinstated the 2014 Secretary of State final order for the fraudulent transfer of funds to the Meridian Law Enforcement Center project.


Heavy Machinery was an American professional wrestling tag team in WWE, composed of Otis and Tucker.
They started to work together while they were trained in NXT, WWE's farm territory as Otis Dozovic and Tucker Knight. They stayed in NXT until 2019, when they were promoted to the main roster and shortly after, their ringnames were shortened to Otis and Tucker. They competed several times for the Smackdown Tag Team Championships, but they never won it. Despite this, Otis won the Money in the Bank briefcase in 2020. Months later, the team was split when Tucker was drafted to Raw and Otis stayed on SmackDown. At Hell in a Cell, Tucker betrayed Otis, signalling the end of the team.<PIC>  In July 2016, Bogojevic and Knight formed a tag team calling themselves Heavy Machinery. The duo participated in the 2016 Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic, losing in the first round to the team of Austin Aries and Roderick Strong. The duo returned and had their first televised victory on the March 29 episode of NXT, defeating the team of Mike Marshall and Jonathan Ortagun. Tucker Knight made his first televised main roster appearance at the Greatest Royal Rumble event in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, entering the Royal Rumble match at #24 and eliminating Drew Gulak before being eliminated by Big E. On the December 17 episode of Raw, Heavy Machinery were advertised as two of six NXT wrestlers to be moved to the main roster. With the shortened names of Otis and Tucker, they debuted on the January 14 episode of Raw interrupting an interview between Alexa Bliss and Paul Heyman. On the April 16 episode of SmackDown, the team was moved to the SmackDown brand during the 2019 WWE Superstar Shake-up. At WrestleMania 35, Otis and Tucker competed in the sixth annual André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, but failed to win. In May, they started a feud with SmackDown Tag Team Champions Daniel Bryan and Erick Rowan. The duo participated at the 51-Man Battle Royal at the 2019 Super ShowDown, but they were both eliminated during the match. After weeks of mind games from the champions, Heavy Machinery faced Bryan and Rowan at Stomping Grounds in a losing effort. On the July 2nd episode of SmackDown, Otis and Tucker defeated Dolph Ziggler and Kevin Owens to become the number one contenders to the SmackDown Tag Team Championship. At Extreme Rules, Heavy Machinery lost to Bryan and Rowan and The New Day.
On the September 30 episode of Raw, Heavy Machinery made an appearance via the wild card rule to challenge for the Raw Tag Team Championship, but lost to champions Dolph Ziggler and Robert Roode. At Crown Jewel on October 31, Heavy Machinery competed in a tag team turmoil match, but were eliminated by The New Day.
At Survivor Series, Heavy Machinery participated in an interbrand tag team battle royal which was won by Dolph Ziggler and Robert Roode. By the end of 2019, Otis had entered into a romantic storyline with Mandy Rose. On the February 14, 2020, episode of SmackDown, Otis had a date with Rose but saw Dolph Ziggler sitting at her table, causing Otis to walk away heartbroken. On the March 6 episode of SmackDown, Otis and Tucker tried apologized to Rose, but Rose dismissed his apology. On the March 20 episode of SmackDown, Ziggler distracted Otis and Tucker by showing pictures of him and Rose and caused them to get disqualified in a match against The Miz and John Morrison. On the April 3 episode of SmackDown, Tucker was attacked by Ziggler ahead of Ziggler's WrestleMania match with Otis. The following week on SmackDown, Tucker challenged Ziggler to a rematch but was unsuccessful. At WrestleMania 36, Otis defeated Ziggler with the help of Rose, who kissed him after the match. On May 10 at Money in the Bank, Otis won the briefcase after AJ Styles and King Corbin tussled over the briefcase and dropped it to Otis unintentionally.
As part of the 2020 Draft in October, Tucker was drafted to the Raw brand and Otis remained on the SmackDown brand, splitting the team. Despite being on different brands, Tucker and Otis teamed up one more time on the October 19 episode of RAW, where Otis appeared disguised under a mask and using the name El Gran Gordo. The team broke up at Hell in a Cell, where Tucker attacked Otis during a match against The Miz, costing Otis the Money In The Bank briefcase. Later backstage Otis and Tucker had another brawl, where Otis was shown to be dominating against Tucker.
On April 16, 2021, Tucker was released from his WWE contract. The duo made their video game debuts in WWE 2K19 and were also in WWE 2K20. Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Rookie of the Year (2017) – Otis
Ranked Otis No. 69 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2020
Ranked Tucker No. 185 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2019
WWE
Money in the Bank (Men's 2020) – Otis


Warao (also known as Guarauno, Guarao, Warrau) is the native language of the Warao people. A language isolate, it is spoken by about 33,000 people primarily in northern Venezuela, Guyana and Suriname. It is notable for its unusual object–subject–verb word order. The 2015 Venezuelan  film Gone with the River was spoken in Warao. Warao appears to be a language isolate, unrelated to any recorded language in the region or elsewhere. Terrence Kaufman (1994) included it in his hypothetical Macro-Paezan family, but the necessary supporting work was never done. Julian Granberry connected many of the grammatical forms, including nominal and verbal suffixes, of Warao to the Timucua language of North Florida, also a language isolate. However, he has also derived Timucua morphemes from Muskogean, Chibchan, Paezan, Arawakan, and other Amazonian languages, suggesting multi-language creolization as a possible explanation for these similarities. Granberry also finds "Waroid" vocabulary items in Guajiro (from toponymic evidence it seems that the Warao or a related people once occupied Goajiro country) and in Taino (nuçay or nozay [nosái] "gold" in Ciboney — cf. Warao naséi símo "gold" (lit. "yellow pebble") — and duho "ceremonial stool" in Classic Taino — cf. Warao duhu "sit, stool"). Granberry & Vescelius (2004) note that toponymic evidence suggests that the pre-Taino Macorix language of Hispaniola and the Guanahatabey language of Cuba may have been Waroid languages as well. Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Cariban, Arutani, Máku, and Sape language families due to contact within an earlier Guiana Highlands interaction sphere. The language had an estimated 28,100 speakers in Venezuela as of 2007. The Warao people live chiefly in the  Orinoco Delta region of northeastern Venezuela, with smaller communities in southwestern Trinidad (Trinidad and Tobago), western Guyana and Suriname. The language is considered endangered by UNESCO.<PIC> Loukotka (1968) lists these varieties:
Guanoco - spoken on the Laguna de Asfalto, state of Monagas (unattested)
Chaguan - spoken in the Orinoco Delta on the Manamo branch (unattested)
Mariusa - spoken in the same region on the Cocuina and Macareo branches
Mason (1950) lists:
Waikeri (Guaiqueri)
Chaguan
Mariusa The language's basic word order has been analyzed as object–subject–verb, a very rare word order among nominative–accusative languages such as Warao. The Warao consonant inventory is small, but not quite as small as many other South American inventories. It does not contain any notable exotica.
[b] and [d, ɺ] are allophones of /p/ and /ɾ/. There are five oral vowels /a, ɛ, i, ɔ, u/ and five nasal vowels /ã, ẽ, ĩ, õ, ũ/. /u/ after /k/ within the beginning of words has a sound as [ɨ]. Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Uarao (Warao) and Mariusa. Osborn Jr, Henry A. (1966b). "Warao II: Nouns, Relationals, and Demonstratives". International Journal of American Linguistics. 32 (3): 253–261. doi:10.1086/464910. S2CID 144134134.
Barral, Basilio de. 1979. Diccionario Warao-Castellano, Castellano-Warao. Caracas: UCAB
Figeroa, Andrés Romero. 1997. A Reference Grammar of Warao. München, Newcastle: Lincom
Ponce, Peter. 2004. Diccionario Español - Warao. Fundación Turismo de Pedernales.
Vaquero, Antonio. 1965. Idioma Warao. Morfología, sintaxis, literatura. Estudios Venezolanos Indígenas. Caracas.
Wilbert, Johannes. 1964. Warao Oral Litrerature. Instituto Caribe de Antropología y Sociología. Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales. Monograph no 9 Caracas: Editorial Sucre.
Wilbert, Johannes.  1969. Textos Folklóricos de los Indios Warao. Los Angeles: Latin American Center. University of California. Latin American Studies Vol. 12.


The Constitution of Apatzingán, formally Decreto Constitucional para la Libertad de la América Mexicana ("Constitutional Decree for the Liberty of Mexican America"), was promulgated on October 22, 1814 by the Congress of Anahuac gathered in the city of Apatzingán because of the persecution of the troops of Félix María Calleja. The constitution was valid for insurgent forces in the territories that it controlled during the Mexican War of Independence.<PIC> After the death of the Roman Catholic priest and revolutionary leader, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, on June 28, 1813, José María Morelos from Acapulco made a call to create a Congress in September in the city of Chilpancingo (now in the state of Guerrero), whose purpose was to create an independent government. Proclaimed as Supreme National Congress, was installed on September 14, 1813; that same day Morelos announced to the Assembly a program called Sentimientos de la Nación, in which was declared the independence of the Mexican America and establish a government of popular representation with division of powers, forbade slavery and the division of population into castes. On 6 November, same year, the Congress signed the first official document of independence, known as the Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America. Constitution of Apatzingán was composed of 2 titles and 242 articles, was based on the same principles that the Constitution of Cádiz but in a modified form, as opposed to the Spanish constitution, provided the establishment of the republican system of government. The most relevant articles were:
1. The Catholic, apostolic and Roman religion, is the only to be profess by the State
2. The power to make laws and establish the form of government that best serves the interests of society, is the sovereignty.
5. Therefore, the sovereignty resides originally in the people, and its exercise in the national representation composed of deputies elected by the citizens in the form prescribed by the constitution.
12. These three powers, legislative, executive and judicial, must not be exercised not by one person, or by a single corporation.
13. Are deemed citizens of this America all born here.
19. The law must be equal for all...
30. Every citizen is deemed innocent until declared guilty.
42. (The provinces of the Mexican America): Mexico, Puebla, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Oaxaca, Técpan, Michoacán, Queretaro, Guadalajara, Guanajuato, Potosí, Zacatecas, Durango, Sonora, Coahuila and Nuevo Reino de Leon.
The Supreme Government, (Executive), was composed of three persons, they would have equal authority and responsibility; same as the government would exercise as an alternative every four months. Their most direct authority, in addition to the executive and administrative nature, were to ensure the protection of the rights of citizens: liberty, property, equality and security. The Supreme Government would be exercised by José María Cos, José María Liceaga and José María Morelos.
The Constitution of Apatzingán never really entered into force. Almost a year after it was enacted, his inspiring, José María Morelos y Pavón was imprisoned and was shot on December 22, 1815. So temporary, the royalist troops returned to take control of most of the country, but ultimately could not prevent the Mexican America independence were to be consummated, first as the Mexican Empire that later became the United Mexican States.


Schwagstock is a music festival that takes place over the course of a weekend in an outdoor setting, and is intended to carry on the vibe of the Woodstock festival. Food, trinkets, glassware, carvings, beads, blankets, tie-dye clothing, and many other handmade and hippie-appeal items are available for sale by individual vendors.  Attendees are allowed to camp anywhere they wish on the campgrounds, and may choose to set up tents or to camp in their vehicles instead. Music is scheduled such that there are several overlapping live music acts between the main stage and the sideshow(s) from early afternoon until early morning.  Past Schwagstocks have been held at Lesterville, Leasburg and Bagnell Dam in Missouri, and in Iowa, but as of 2004 all Schwagstocks are held at Camp Zoe, south of Salem, Shannon County, MO.<PIC> Besides for the camping and concerts, attendees can swim, canoe, hike, float down the river, and explore caves. Camp Zoe has about 370 acres of land that can be explored. There are bluffs, caves, beaches, creeks, trees, ferns, hills, and natural wildlife. Zoe is surrounded by thousands of acres of national forest and private timber reserves. On November 8, 2010, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration filed court documents alleging that the Schwagstock festival is the site of widespread, rampant use and sales of illegal drugs. Investigations date all the way back to 2006 until November 1, 2010, when Camp Zoe was raided. The paperwork shows that the authorities hope to use a mechanism called asset forfeiture to take the property. Under a forfeiture, they do not need to convict the property's owners of a crime or even charge them with one.  Even though Jimmy Tebeau has not pleaded guilty to a crime, the government has to show a "preponderance of evidence" that the property was part of criminal activity. The agency seized the Camp Zoe property.
Since Zoe was shut down at the infamous Spookstock. The property seizure was made possible under 21 USC § 856, which allows for federal seizure and civil forfeiture of an property used primarily for drug activity. The law can only be used to seize individual property, and the move against Jimmy Tebeau marks the only time the federal "crackhouse law" was ever used against the owner of a music festival venue; as corporations are immune from such seizure, had Tebeau incorporated his ownership under an LLC, there could have been no seizure. Subsequent to the seizure, Camp Zoe was developed into a corporate retreat and state park, with $62 million in private contract development The Schwag was created in 1992 by Jimmy Tebeau and Tracy Lowe. In their own words, The Schwag is "a band out to preserve and perpetuate the vibe and music made popular by the Grateful Dead."  The band has played over 1500 shows since then, in at least 18 U.S. states. Recently it has just celebrated its 17th year of playing as a musical entity. Notable guest performers have included Mike Gordon, Butch Trucks, Chuck Berry, Vince Welnick, Melvin Seals, Michael Kang, Bill Nershi, Michael Travis, Jason Hann, Mike and Liz from Rusted Root, Merl Saunders, Keller Williams, Fred Tackett of Little Feat,  Johnnie Johnson, and Devon Allman.  The other members of the band arrive and depart as conditions dictate.  The lineup usually consists of Jimmy; a guitar player (such as Eric Eisen  from the Helping Phriendly band, Michael Kang of The String Cheese Incident, Shawn Guyot (deceased), (TIM MOODY) Darrell Lea, Brad Sarno, Tracy Lowe, Nick Romanoff(deceased)); a keyboard/organ player (such as Nate Carpenter(now in DOWNSTEREO) Jack Kirkner (now in Honeytribe); and a drummer (such as Tony Antonelli Dave Klein, Dino English, Cannon DeWeese (now in DOWNSTEREO).
In 2005, the Missouri House of Representatives passed a resolution applauding Jimmy Tebeau for his "entrepreneurial spirit and creative skills".   A plaque commemorating the resolution was presented to Jimmy at a 2005 Schwagstock. Jimmy and the new band manager have worked hard to make the band a noticeable presence and the acquisition of Camp Zoe in Salem, Missouri, which has attracted The String Cheese Incident's band members and management involvement, has made the band a popular player in the jamband circuit.  Schwagstocks have become increasingly popular at Camp Zoe and with SCI's management involvement.
JGB guitarist Stu Allen joined the band in 2008, which has increased the band's profile and sound. They are still traveling and playing shows for people all over the U.S.


The Bollingen Foundation was an educational foundation set up along the lines of a university press in 1945. It was named after Bollingen Tower, Carl Jung's country home in Bollingen, Switzerland. Funding was provided by Paul Mellon and his wife Mary Conover Mellon. The Foundation became inactive in 1968, and its publications were later re-issued by Princeton University Press.<PIC> Initially the foundation was dedicated to the dissemination of Jung's work, which was a particular interest of Mary Conover Mellon. The Bollingen Series of books that it sponsored now includes more than 250 related volumes. The Bollingen Foundation also awarded more than 300 fellowships.  These fellowships were an important, continuing source of funding for poets like Alexis Leger and Marianne Moore, scholars like Károly Kerényi and Mircea Eliade, artists like Isamu Noguchi, among many others. The Foundation also sponsored the A. W. Mellon lectures at the National Gallery of Art.
In 1948, the foundation donated $10,000 to the Library of Congress to be used toward a $1,000 Bollingen Prize for the best poetry each year.  The Library of Congress fellows, who in that year included T. S. Eliot, W. H. Auden and Conrad Aiken, gave the 1949 prize to Ezra Pound for his 1948 Pisan Cantos. Their choice was highly controversial, in particular because of Pound's fascist and anti-Semitic politics. Following the publication of two highly negative articles by Robert Hillyer in the Saturday Review of Literature, the United States Congress passed a resolution that effectively discontinued the involvement of the Library of Congress with the prize. The remaining funds were returned to the Foundation. In 1950, the Bollingen Prize was continued under the auspices of the Yale University Library, which awarded the 1950 prize to Wallace Stevens. In 1968, the Foundation became inactive. It was largely subsumed into the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, which continued funding of the Bollingen Prize. The Bollingen Series was given to Princeton University Press to carry on and complete. Over its lifetime, the Bollingen Foundation had expended about $20 million. Thomas Bender has written,
When Paul Mellon decided in 1963 to dissolve the Bollingen Foundation, he said that the founding generation was reaching the age of retirement, and it would be hard for others to maintain the original mission and standards. What he might have said was that the Bollingen Foundation was the work of a single generation. For two decades its concerns had been at the center of Western intellectual life, but the 1960s saw a shift in the cultural preoccupations and critical concerns of intellect in the United States and Europe. A great many texts that were issued in the original Pantheon Books version of the Bollingen Series and in early editions by Princeton University Press are now out of print.  The Princeton Press site does not provide a comprehensive list, and is missing some of the key texts in the series and some of the grandest in vision, e.g. The Egyptian Religious Texts series.  A list of the works in the series, complete to 1982, appears as an appendix to William McGuire's book, pp. 295–309. The list below is based on McGuire's list and information appearing in the individual volumes, with help from the Princeton site and from The Library Congress Online Catalog.  This is the only part of the Bollingen Series that continues to produce new volumes.


Joni Pitkänen (born 19 September 1983) is a Finnish former professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Philadelphia Flyers, Edmonton Oilers, and Carolina Hurricanes.<PIC> Pitkänen started his pro hockey career in the Kärpät organization in the Finnish SM-liiga. After three seasons there he crossed the Atlantic to play for the Philadelphia Flyers, who drafted him in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft with their first round draft pick (fourth overall). After a good opening season that saw Pitkänen cement his place on the team lineup, he played for the Philadelphia Phantoms during the 2004–05 NHL lockout when the team won the Calder Cup. When the NHL resumed in 2005, Pitkänen returned to the Flyers and became the team's top-scoring defenseman, recording 46 points in 58 games. However, he was hampered by injuries during the second half of the season.
When Joni Pitkänen came to the United States to play for the Philadelphia Flyers, he hardly spoke a word of English, so teammate and fellow Finn Sami Kapanen translated for him, and eventually taught him English.
On 14 July 2006, Pitkänen signed a one-year, $2 million contract with Philadelphia. A key member of the Flyers' powerplay unit, Pitkänen was tied for second in powerplay scoring in 2006–07 with 1+17=18 and led Philadelphia in powerplay assists. During his rookie season, Pitkänen was ranked second among NHL rookies in powerplay points (5+12=17) and powerplay assists. The 23-year-old defenseman led in ice time in each of the last two seasons with Philadelphia.
Pitkänen was ranked among the NHL’s top 25 defensemen in scoring in each of the first two seasons following the 2004–05 NHL lockout. His 43 points in 2006–07 ranked him 22nd, while his career-high 13+33=46 in 2005–06 placed him 19th. He was also among the 2006–07 NHL blueline leaders in assists (16th) and ice time (20th with 24:32 minutes per-game).
On 1 July 2007, Pitkänen was traded to the Edmonton Oilers along with Geoff Sanderson and a third round draft choice in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft in exchange for Jason Smith and Joffrey Lupul. On 20 July 2007, Pitkänen signed a one-year contract with the Oilers. With the Oilers, Pitkänen scored 8+18=26 in 63 games.
On 1 July 2008, Pitkänen was traded to the Carolina Hurricanes in exchange for Erik Cole. On 2 July 2008, Pitkänen signed a three-year, $12 million contract with the Carolina Hurricanes as a restricted free agent.
Pitkänen missed the entire 2013-14 season, his last under contract to the Hurricanes, with a broken heel.
In early December 2014 it was reported that Pitkänen had started light training with Oulun Kärpät of the Finnish Liiga, skating for the first time since his injury.
On February 5, 2016, it was announced that Pitkänen had signed a deal with Oulun Kärpät for the rest of the season. He played his first game in almost three years on February 6 against KalPa. On February 25, 2016, Pitkänen announced he would retire once more from ice-hockey after playing three games with Oulun Kärpät.    2003–04: All-Rookie Team (NHL)
2003–04: Played in the YoungStars Game (NHL)
2004–05: Calder Cup (Philadelphia Phantoms)
2005–06: Barry Ashbee Trophy (Philadelphia Flyers)
2005–06: Pelle Lindbergh Memorial (Philadelphia Flyers)


Hong Beom-do (Korean: 홍범도; Hanja: 洪範圖; Russian: Хон Бом До; August 27, 1868 – October 25, 1943), was a Korean independence activist and general. Hong was born in Chasong, North Pyongan. During his early life, he was a hunter who lived in Korea during the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910). In September 1907, Japan, as part of its colonial policies in Korea, passed a law that required hunters to turn in their hunting guns, with the intention of weakening the Korean resistance to the Japanese occupation. The law effectively crippled the ability of hunters to pursue their traditional livelihood, angering many hunters, including Hong.  In response to the outlawing of hunters' guns, Hong organized a resistance force named the 1907 Righteous Army of Jeongmi. The Righteous Army carried out a number of battles against Japanese garrisons around the Bukcheong area, using hit-and-run attacks.
When Japan annexed Korea in 1910, Hong moved to Manchuria, China to train anti-Japanese freedom fighters. After the March First Movement in 1919, Hong became a Commander-in-Chief of the Korean Independence Army. In August 1919, Hong crossed the Tumen River with 400 soldiers. Once across the river and in Korea, Hong successfully attacked the Japanese troops in Hyesanjin, Jaseong, and Kapsan. Hong and his soldiers would cross the Tumen River twice more, each time carrying out successful attacks against the occupying Japanese forces.
In August 1919, Hong launched an advance operation into Korea. He succeeded in integrating the northern army in Gando with other forces. On May 28, 1920, Hong Beom-do's Korean Independence Army (Korean: 대한독립군; Hanja: 大韓獨立軍), Ahn-Mu's National Army (Korean: 국민회군; Hanja: 國民會軍) and Choi Jin-dong's Military Affairs Command (Korean: 군무도독부; Hanja: 軍務都督府) were combined into the Korean Northern Army Command (Korean: 대한북로독군부; Hanja: 大韓北路督軍府). They assembled troops and were prepared for a significant military operation.
On June 4, 1920, troops of Korean Democratic Corps (Korean: 대한신민단; Hanja: 大韓新民團) attacked Japanese Army units in Hamgyeongbuk-do Gangyang-dong (Korean: 강양동; Hanja: 江陽洞). The next day, a Japanese unit pursued the Independence Army, and the Korean Northern Army Command trapped the Japanese in Samdunja (Korean: 삼둔자; Hanja: 三屯子), defeating hundreds of them. This encounter became known as the Battle of Samdunja (Korean: 삼둔자; Hanja: 三屯子). On June 6 and 7, as the conflict increased, the Japanese Army deployed a battalion from the 19th Division, stationing it at Nanam (Korean: 나남; Hanja: 羅南). The Japanese battalion launched an attack on Bongo-dong (Korean: 봉오동; Hanja: 鳳梧洞). The Independence Army combined forces were led by Hong Beom-do and hid in ambush in the mountains of Bongo-dong. As the Japanese forces advanced, the Korean militias ambushed the pursuing battalion from three sides, winning the battle. The Japanese battalion withdrew after suffering substantial casualties. An estimated 157 Japanese soldiers were killed and 300 wounded out of 500, and 13 Koreans were killed and 2 wounded out of 1,200~1,300.
The conflict became known as the Battle of Bongo-dong, or the Battle of Fengwudong. It was the first large-scale battle between the Korean Independence Army and the Japanese Army in Manchuria. The Korean soldiers and the leadership of the Korean Northern Army Command were inspired by the victory, as were Koreans in China and Korea. The Korean resistance forces served as momentum for further independence battles in the 1920s.
In October of the same year, working together with Kim Jwa-jin, Hong again carried out an attack against Japanese troops at what is known as the Battle of Cheongsanri (Korean: 青山里; Hanja: 청산리).
The Japanese Army, having lost the battle in Cheongsang-ri and other locations, retaliated by carrying out a campaign of brutal scorched earth warfare that included the killing of Koreans and burning of villages. In response, the Korean Independence Army launched a military counter offensive. In December 1920, Hong's forces were integrated with other independence forces to organize the Korean Independence Corps. In 1921, Hong and his forces sought refuge in the Soviet Union from the Japanese forces. In June, the Soviet military enacted a policy by Joseph Stalin to secure Russian borders near China and Korea. Concerned that the Japanese Army might enter the Soviet Union in pursuit of Hong and other Korean independence fighters, the Soviet Union disarmed Korean troops. The loss of weapons and safe areas for Hong and his forces resulted in the collapse of the Korean Independence Army. Hong, still hoping to oppose the Japanese in Korea, chose to join the Red Army.
In 1937, Stalin's deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union took place. Hong was among those 171,781 Koreans (almost the entire Soviet population of ethnic Koreans) forcibly relocated to Kazakhstan. Hong died in Kazakhstan in 1943.
On October 25, 1963, Hong was posthumously awarded the Republic of Korea Medal of Merit for National Foundation.
In August 2021, his remains were returned to Korea, ahead of an official state visit by Kazakh president Kassym-Jomart Tokayev to South Korea. In 1919, Hong Beom-do (1868 ~ 1943) created relations with Koreans residing in Yeonggae, Primorsky Krai, and Gando (Jiandao). In March 1920, he joined forces with the Korean National Association Army, led by An Mu, and they became an autonomous organization of Korean resistance fighters opposed to Japanese colonialism. During this time they lived and operated in the area of Nosuando. Starting with the attack on Hyesanjin (a city located on the Yalu River) in August 1919, the military forces led by Hong launched a military campaign against the Japanese forces in northern Korea. After March 1920, Hong led the coalition of the Korean independence forces in the northern area of Manchuria.
Hong Beom-do, who had also led the Korean Righteous Army, has won several victories since 1907 at Gaksan, Samsu, and Bukcheong. These successes eventually led to increased attacks by the Japanese Army and the Korean army's activities in Korea became difficult, resulting in a need to escape in 1910 to Primorsky and Kando. Once in a safer location inside Russia, Hong continued his campaign against the Japanese. In August 1918, when Japan invaded Primorsky in support of the White Army during the Russian civil war, Hong Beom-do formed a military force centered around the former independence army and Korean people living in Manchuria. When the March 1st Movement took place in 1919, Hong and his soldiers moved to Antuhyun.
Later, in August 1919, the Korean independence army crossed the Yalu River and wiped out a Japanese military unit. This was the first domestic military operation to take place in Korea following the March 1st Movement. In October, Hong's forces once again moved into Korea, occupied Ganggye and Manpojin, fighting a fierce battle with the Japanese army in Jaseong county, northern Korea. By March 1920, Hong was allied with the Dongdo-dong Military Service, led by Choi Jin-dong, who had been stationed in Hoeryong and Jongseong (Wongseong) along the Tuman coast of the Tuman River. The domestic resistance operation of the Korean independence forces provided a boost to the national spirit of Koreans everywhere and prompted further armed resistance struggles in Manchuria.
By March 1920, the Korean independence army had moved its base from Antuhyun to Wang Qinghyun, China and received financial support from the Korean People's Association for a larger domestic resistance operation. Hong also joined forces with the National Liberation Army, which was under the leadership of the Korean People's Association. The military's finances and administration were managed by the Korean Minjok Association and the Korean Independence Army was directed by Hong Beom-do.
On May 3, 1920, the Korea Military Association held a joint military operation with other Korean military and resistance forces in Wangchunhyeon Poomdong. Also located there were the Provisional Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Military Affairs, and the Korean Civil Corps. The northern Korean military group orchestrated many of the subsequent activities, specifically being in charge of administration, politics, and finances. Hong Beom-do became the head of the Korean Northern Army Command and was in charge of the military forces. The Korean rebels were assembled into four groups under the leadership of Yi Cheon-oh, Kang Sang-mo, Kang Si-beom, and Jo Kwon-dong.
On June 4, 1920, the Independence Army of Korea, which was led by Park Seung-gil, entered Jaseong County, Korea and ambushed Samdungja and attacked a Japanese army patrol. In retaliation, the Japanese army occupied Nanam-dong (now Cheongjin) in North Hamgyeong-do of the Japanese 19th Division headquarter base. By June 7, the Daehan Independence Army, National Association Army, Doron Ministry of Military, and the Shinmin Corps had defeated the battalion of 19th Division of the Japanese Army in Bong-o-dong and won the great victory. On July 8, Hong and his forces surprised and defeated the Japanese police who were searching for the independence forces in that area.<PIC>


Ibou Omar Touray (born 24 December 1994) is a professional footballer who plays as a left back for EFL League Two club Salford City. Born in England, he represents The Gambia at international level, qualifying through his father.  Born in Toxteth, Liverpool, England, Touray started his career at Everton, having joined the club in 2011. He was close of joining Liverpool before joining Everton instead. After progressing through the Everton's youth system, he signed his first professional contract at the club in July 2013. Although he was given a number 40 shirt in the 2013–14 season, he was released by the club in May 2014. After leaving Everton in the summer, Touray went on a trial at Tranmere Rovers. After the trial was unsuccessful, he joined Chester on 13 September 2014.
After appearing as an unused substitute against Woking, Touray made his Chester debut three days later joining the club, coming on as a first half substitute, in a 2–0 win over Southport. Since making his Chester debut, Touray quickly established himself in the starting eleven at the club, playing in the left-midfield position. His performance attracted attention from League One side Oldham Athletic, which he appeared on the substitute bench on two occasions. After returning, he appeared in every match until he was sent-off for a "wild challenge" on Nicky Clee, in a 4–1 loss to Altrincham on 31 December 2014. Although he served a three match suspension, Touray, however, lost his first team place for the rest of the season and was released by the club. After leaving Chester, Touray moved to Wales when he joined Rhyl.
Touray made his Rhyl debut in the opening game of the season, in a 1–1 draw against Bangor City on 21 August 2015, starting the whole game. Since making his Rhyl debut, he established himself in the starting eleven for the side despite missing out one game through suspension. It wasn't until on 9 April 2016 when Touray scored his first goals, in a 5–0 win over Port Talbot Town. Rhyl had not won in 16 matches and faced accusations of match fixing due to suspicious betting patterns. At the end of the season, Touray went on to make a total of 29 appearances and scoring two times in total.
After one season at Rhyl, Touray was released by Rhyl in May 2016. After being released by Rhyl, he signed for Nantwich Town. His move came after at a recommendation from the club's manager Dave Cooke.
Touray made his Nantwich Town debut in the opening game of the season, in a 1–1 draw against Ashton United. Throughout the season, Touray established himself in the starting eleven at Nantwich Town as a left-back. He'a also played a role when the club won 5–3 in the penalty shootout to the final of Cheshire Senior Cup against Warrington Town. However, the club went on to lose the final after losing to Crewe Alexandra 3–2.
After making 41 appearances in all competitions, Touray was awarded the club's Young Player of the Year. In May 2017, he signed for Salford City. Touray made his Salford City debut in the opening game of the season, in a 2–0 loss against Darlington. Following an impressive 2020–21 season, Touray was named in the 2020–21 EFL League Two Team of the Season at the league's annual awards ceremony.
On 22 June 2021, Touray signed a new two-year contract; Touray and manager Gary Bowyer both cited a connection with Salford's supporters as being key to the new deal.<PIC> He made his international debut for Gambia in 2015. Touray is eligible for Gambia through his father, who moved to England aged 16. In a 2021 interview, Touray said that his proudest moment in international football was when Gambia drew 1–1 with Algeria, who at the time were unbeaten in over two years.
He played in the 2021 Africa cup of Nations, his national team's first continental tournament, where they made a sensational quarter-final. Appearance(s) in the FA Trophy.
Two appearances in the FA Trophy and two appearances in the Play-Offs.
Appearance(s) in the EFL Trophy.
Includes appearance in the 2019–20 EFL Trophy final which was postponed until 13 March 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Salford City
National League North: 2017–18
National League play-offs: 2019
EFL Trophy: 2019–20
Individual
EFL League Two Team of the Season: 2020–21


Night Riots (sometimes stylized as NIGHT RIOTS or || NIGHT RIOTS ||) were an American alternative rock band from San Luis Obispo, California. Formed in 2010, the band consists of Travis Hawley (lead vocals), Nick Fotinakes (guitar), Matt DePauw (guitar), Mikel van Kranenburg (bass), and Rico Rodriguez (drums).<PIC> Travis Hawley, Nick Fotinakes, Matt DePauw, Kevin Menesez and Mikel van Kranenburg were raised in Templeton, California, and they all met in middle school. They learned how to play instruments together in high school and decided to form a band. After graduating from high school, the band split for a brief period. Rico Rodriguez replaced Kevin Menesez as the drummer in 2010. The name was inspired by the character PeeKay in Australian author Bryce Courtenay's novel The Power of One. Able to relate to his "[rise] from the bottom to overcome adversity", the band agreed that he was a "pretty awesome character" and were able to take away from him that they "could indeed take over the world if we just work hard and don't let anything get in our way!" They self-released their debut studio album Into the Roaring in 2010. The band traveled and performed at high schools and college campuses on weekdays, and music venues on weekends within the same city. MTV Buzzworthy included PK on its "The Most Criminally Overlooked Artists of 2012" list.
In order to eliminate any trademark concerns with PK in the future, the band decided to change its name. The band decided on Night Riots in order to better encapsulate their sound; yearning for a "latchkey feel", they cited the energy of shows that take place at night as determining their new name. They also explained that, while PK was a "great name", its meaning was difficult to interpret and failed to project any imagery. Night Riots sought to raise money through crowd funding website Indiegogo to release their upcoming extended play (EP), where they accumulated $12,000. The money was used to independently release Young Lore on July 30, 2013.
In 2014, Night Riots debuted their single "Contagious" on radio station KROQ and supported musician K.Flay on a US tour. On October 23, 2014 they premiered their music video for Contagious through MTV and announced their signing to Sumerian Records. On January 20, 2015 their EP Howl was released and the band was spotlit by Live 105 in San Francisco as one of "Aaron Axelsen’s Top 16 New Acts To Watch In 2015". In February 2015, Night Riots embarked on their first full US headlining tour. In March and April 2015, Night Riots were main support on The Mowgli's US and Canada tour. In May 2015, Night Riots performed for the Vans Warped Tour 2015. On September 16, 2015, Night Riots performed at the debut of the new, tenth-generation Honda Civic Sedan.
In the fall of 2015 following the Vans Warped Tour, Night Riots also went to the Let The Kids Riot tour as main support to Young Rising Sons, ending the tour and gaining vast new audiences.
In the Spring of 2016, Night Riots went on tour with Blaqk Audio, opening for The Material Tour, and revisited some of the same venues in the Midwest and East Coast from the LTKR tour. For the 2016 festival season Night Riots will attend BFD, Firefly Music Festival, Osheaga Festival, and Riot Fest in both Colorado and Chicago. In October 2016, Night Riots released their new album, Love Gloom, their first full-length album under a new label. Night Riots was featured on Alt Nation's 2016 Advanced Placement Tour with The Hunna and The Shelters, running November through December.
In the spring of 2017, Andrew McMahon in the Wilderness toured the U.S. featuring Night Riots and Atlas Genius. In Summer 2017, Night Riots played two dates on All Time Low's Young Renegade Tour, in replacement of SWMRS. Night Riots opened for The Maine on The Lovely Little Lonely Tour and The Modern Nostalgia tour, which ran until November 2017. The Lovely Little Lonely tour marked the band's first European tour. Also in November 2017, Night Riots played the first night of Chicago radio station 101 WKQX's The Nights We Stole Christmas Music Festival, playing before Papa Roach and Rise Against.
Night Riots opened for The Hunna in early January 2018 on their U.K tour. Shortly after returning from that tour, Night Riots announced their first ever international headliner tour and their third venture across the atlantic. It was later announced that they would be supported by Silent Rival. On February 20, Night Riots released a new single, "Colour Morning." Another single, “On the Line” was released May 24, days before they embarked on their month-long “Dark Violet” tour. The June 2018 tour was their first cross-country headlining tour and featured the support of Silent Rival and Courtship.
After the "Dark Violet" tour, the band stayed out of the public eye for nearly a year before releasing three new singles leading up to the release of their second full-length studio album, "New State of Mind" on July 26, 2019. Night Riots embarked on a US tour of the same name to promote the album.
In August 2020, the band announced via Instagram that they would be taking an extended hiatus. They coupled this announcement with the release of a number of remixes and demos from New State of Mind. Night Riots' foundations lie within punk rock; they cite bands AFI and Thursday as their biggest influences. They also draw influence from Billy Idol, Paul Simon, Peter Gabriel, Arctic Monkeys, Atmosphere, The Cure, U2, The Killers, Vampire Weekend, The Strokes, Bruce Springsteen, INXS and Dave Gahan. PK integrated pop rock and power pop into their sound, accompanied with "introspective and emotional" lyrics with music that "is always lively and upbeat". The band changed its name to Night Riots in order to represent "its darker side as it explores the deeper aspects of music with varying tempos and somber, haunting melodies juxtaposed against uplifting choruses." An alternative rock band, they incorporate new wave music, as well as a 1980s Gothic pop feel into their current sound. Hawley distinguished Night Riots' music from PK by describing it as indie pop rock with a "dark undertone", comparing the sound to U2, The Strokes, and The Killers. He also describes the band's sound as "gloom pop" because of the vein of darkness that runs throughout the alternative/pop sounding music. Guitarist Matt DePauw described the band's sound as "catchy rock 'n' roll with a bit of pop and a bit of darkness".
Night Riots' music has been compared to The Cure and The Killers; with Hawley's "emotive vocal style" compared to that of Robert Smith. His stage presence has also been compared to Davey Havok and Brandon Flowers. Travis Hawley – lead vocals
Nick Fotinakes – guitar
Matt DePauw – guitar
Mikel van Kranenburg – bass
Rico Rodriguez – drums
Kevin Menesez - drums through 2010 (Into the Roaring)


Explorer 49 (also called Radio Astronomy Explorer-2, RAE-B) was a NASA 328 kg (723 lb) satellite launched on 10 June 1973, for long wave radio astronomy research. It had four 230 m (750 ft) X-shaped antenna elements, which made it one of the largest spacecraft ever built. The Radio Astronomy Explorer B (RAE-B) mission was the second of a pair of RAE satellites. It was placed into lunar orbit to provide radio astronomical measurements of the planets, the Sun, and the galaxy over the frequency range of 25-kHz to 13.1-MHz. The experiment complement consisted of two Ryle-Vonberg radiometers (nine channels each), three swept-frequency burst receivers (32 channels each), and an impedance probe for calibration. The experiment antenna package, made of BeCu, consisted of very long travelling wave antennas forming an X configuration: a 229 m (751 ft) upper V-antenna pointed away from the Moon; a 229 m (751 ft) lower V-antenna pointed toward the Moon; and a 37 m (121 ft) dipole antenna parallel to the lunar surface. There was also a 129 m (423 ft) boron libration damper boom system used to damp out any spacecraft oscillations about the equilibrium position. The spacecraft body, constructed of aluminum and aluminum honeycomb, had a mass of 328 kg (723 lb) at launch and 200 kg (440 lb) in lunar orbit. It was a truncated cylinder 92 cm (36 in) in diameter and approximately 79 cm (31 in) high, with four fixed solar paddles. The solar arrays were n-p solar cells generating 25 watts and powering nickel-cadmium batteries. The maneuvering system consisted of a hydrazine velocity correction package, a cold gas attitude control system, and a solid fuel lunar insertion motor. Data were returned to the Earth via either a low power UHF/(400-MHz) transmitter, in real time, or stored in an onboard tape recorder and transmitted to Earth via a high power Ultra high frequency (UHF) transmitter (400-MHz). Two tape recorders provided backup storage. A Very high frequency (VHF) transmitter served primarily for range and range-rate measurements and as a backup. Commands were received on a VHF (148-MHz) receiver, which also was a part of the range and range-rate system. Spacecraft attitude was determined by: (1) a solar aspect system, (2) a horizon sensor system and (3) a panoramic attitude sensor system, and was accurate to 1°. The spacecraft was gravity gradient oriented (Z axis parallel to local vertical). Explorer 49 was launched after the termination of the Apollo program in 1972, and although it did not examine the Moon directly, it became the last American lunar orbital mission until the launch of Clementine spacecraft in 1994. It was launched on 10 June 1973, at 14:13:00 UTC from Cape Canaveral by the Delta 1913 from the launch site LC-17B. Explorer 49 was placed into lunar orbit so that radio waves from Earth would not be as big of an interference as Explorer 38 had discovered. After launch on a direct ascent trajectory to the Moon and one mid-course correction on 11 June 1973, was placed into lunar orbit on 15 June 1973, at 07:21 UTC, after a 20 seconds firing of the solid apogee kick motor, and began operations on 20 June 1973. Initially only the 37 m (121 ft) dipole antenna was deployed, during which the spacecraft was operated in a 4-rpm spin-stabilized mode with the spin axis in the ecliptic plane normal to the spacecraft-Sun line. After three weeks the dipole booms were retracted, the spacecraft reoriented, the long-V antennas and libration damper were extended, and the dipole was redeployed. The lower V-antenna was initially extended to 183 m (600 ft) during the first 16 months of flight and was extended to its full 229 m (751 ft) length in November 1974. The lunar orbit and position of the Earth as a radio source imposed periodicities on the observations of 29.5 days (the lunar synodic month) and 24.8 hours (the interval between consecutive sweeps of a given Earth geographic position past the Moon.<PIC> The principal investigator for all the experiments was Dr. Robert G. Stone. This experiment was an engineering experiment to check the upper v-antenna. It was used only for routine confirmation of antenna characteristics early in the flight. The burst receivers (BR) were 32-channel, stepped-frequency (25-kHz to 13.1-MHz) receivers, which obtained one sample at each frequency every 7.68-seconds. One receiver (BR-1) was connected to the upper V-antenna and one receiver (BR-2) was connected to the lower V-antenna. A third burst receiver was connected to the dipole antenna, but it failed 1 week into the flight and no significant data resulted. The RF voltage at the feed point of each half of the V-antenna was sampled by a wideband, high-impedance preamplifier, and the preamplifier outputs were combined in a balun transformer and fed to the burst receiver. Each burst receiver was composed of a pair of redundant IF amplifiers and detectors, which shared a common set of crystal-controlled local oscillators and mixers. Only one IF strip was powered on at a given time; the other was used as a backup system. Low-pass filters at the input of the burst receiver prevented strong signals at the 21.4-MHz intermediate frequency from entering the IF strip. Each receiver had a crystal-controlled IF bandwidth of 20-kHz and a post detection integration time constant of 6 ms. A thermistor located in each burst receiver provided a measurement of the ambient temperature of the receiver, and this information was included in the housekeeping data telemetered every 19.7 minutes. Also, the normal antenna signal measurement sequence was interrupted for 1.28 minutes every 19.7 minutes, and calibration noise source signals were injected into each burst receiver to provide a check of their long-term gain stability. The total dynamic range of the burst receivers was approximately 60 dB and was divided into two 30-dB ranges by logic circuitry in the detector electronics. The limit of the input signal level resolution that was due to telemetry quantization step size was about 0.3 dB. Saturation level signals at the preamplifier input often resulted in the generation of intermodulation products in the radio frequency amplifiers, which then appeared as wideband signals in the telemetered data. This problem was most acute when intense kilometer wavelength emissions from the terrestrial magnetosphere were observed at frequencies in the 200 to 300-kHz range. BR-1 was less susceptible to intermodulation problems than BR-2 by 6 to 10 dB. Because of a failure in the local oscillator circuitry in BR-1, channels 4 (55-kHz) and 12 (210-kHz) did not provide usable data. During periods when a portion of each orbit was in the lunar shadow, cyclic variations in thermal gradients across the V-antenna booms resulted in scissor-mode oscillations of the booms, which did not occur when the spacecraft was in 100% sunlight. This effect had a period of approximately 50 minutes (the scissor-mode period) and was most pronounced on the upper V-antenna during the first and fifth lunar shadow period and on the lower V-antenna during the second and third lunar shadow periods. The Ryle-Vonberg (RV) receivers were designed to provide measurements that were relatively insensitive to gain and bandwidth changes. There were two receivers—RV-1 connected to the upper V-antenna and RV-2 connected to the lower V-antenna. The radiometers had an effective bandwidth of 40-kHz and a postdetection time constant of 0.1-second. A coarse output channel was obtained from the integrated servo-loop error signal, and a fine output channel was obtained from the noise source output required to match the antenna signal. The time constant for the fine channel was 0.5-second. A thermistor located in the receiver measured the ambient temperature, which was telemetered every 19.7 minutes in the housekeeping data. The receivers operated at nine frequencies from 0.45 to 9.18-MHz. Each frequency was selected for 15.4-seconds before stepping to the next. During this time, eight coarse and two fine samples were taken. Of the eight coarse samples, the first was not reliable since not enough time had elapsed for the receiver to stabilize after the frequency switch was made. The contact was lost in August 1977, the orbiter presumably crashed some time after this.


The benzilic acid rearrangement is formally the 1,2-rearrangement of 1,2-diketones to form α-hydroxy–carboxylic acids using a base. This reaction receives its name from the reaction of benzil with potassium hydroxide to form benzilic acid. First performed by Justus von Liebig in 1838, it is the first reported example of a rearrangement reaction. It has become a classic reaction in organic synthesis and has been reviewed many times before. It can be viewed as an intramolecular redox reaction, as one carbon center is oxidized while the other is reduced.
The reaction has been shown to work in aromatic, semi-aromatic, aliphatic, and heterocyclic substrates. The reaction works best when the ketone functional groups have no adjacent enolizable protons, as this allows aldol condensation to compete. The reaction is formally a ring contraction when used on cyclic diketones. It has been found that aryl groups more readily migrate than alkyl groups, and that aryl groups with electron-withdrawing groups migrate the fastest.<PIC> The reaction is a representative of 1,2-rearrangements. The long-established reaction mechanism was first proposed in its entirety by Christopher Kelk Ingold, and has been updated with in silico data as outlined below. The reaction is second order overall in terms of rate, being first order in diketone and first order in base.
A hydroxide anion attacks one of the ketone groups in 1 in a nucleophilic addition to form the alkoxide 2. The next step requires a bond rotation to conformer 3 which places the migrating group R in position for attack on the second carbonyl group. In a concerted step, the migrating R group attacks the α-carbonyl group forming another alkoxide with concomitant formation of a keto-group at the other carbon. This migration step is rate-determining. This sequence resembles a nucleophilic acyl substitution. Calculations show that when R is methyl the charge build-up on this group in the transition state can be as high as 0.22 and that the methyl group is positioned between the central carbon carbon bond!
The carboxylic acid in intermediate 4 is less basic than the alkoxide and therefore reversible proton transfer takes place favoring intermediate 5 which is protonated on acidic workup to the final α-hydroxy–carboxylic acid 6. Calculations show that an accurate description of the reaction sequence is possible with the participation of 4 water molecules taking responsibility for the stabilization of charge buildup. They also provide a shuttle for the efficient transfer of one proton in the formation of intermediate 5.
The above mechanism is consistent with all available experimental evidence. The equilibrium between species 1 and 2 is supported by ¹⁸O Isotopic labeling experiments. In deuterated water, carbonyl oxygen exchange occurs much faster than the rearrangement, indicating that the first equilibrium is not the rate-determining step. Further experiments showed a larger relative rate in a deuterated solvent system compared to a non-deuterated solvent system of otherwise identical composition. This was explained as being due to the greater relative basicity of the deuterated hydroxide anion compared to the normal hydroxide anion, and was used to indicate that hydrogen migration did not occur in the rate determining step of the reaction. This ruled out a concerted mechanism for the reaction, as hydrogen transfer would occur in the rate determining step.  This reaction is identical to the normal benzilic acid rearrangement, except that an alkoxide or an amide anion is used in place of a hydroxide ion. The alkoxide used should not be easily oxidizable (such as potassium ethoxide) as this favors the Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reduction pathway as a side reaction. The reaction is second order overall in terms of rate, being first order in terms of alkoxide and first order in terms of diketone. The product of the reaction is an α-hydroxy–ester or an α-hydroxy-amide. The alpha-ketol rearrangement is an interconversion of a hydroxyl alpha to a carbonyl to the complementary carbonyl and hydroxyl groups, with migration of a substituent. It is mechanistically equivalent to the benzyllic acid rearrangement at the point after the nucleophile attacks the 1,2-dicarbonyl. This variation of the reaction has been known to occur in many substrates bearing the acyloin functional group. The picture below shows the ring expansion of a cyclopentane to a cyclohexane ring as an example reaction.