Grand Theft Auto V is an action-adventure video game developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games. Upon its release for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in 2013, the game generated controversies related to its violence and depiction of women. A mission that requires players to use torture equipment in a hostage interrogation polarised reviewers, who noted its political commentary but felt that the torture sequence was in poor taste; the mission also received criticism from politicians and anti-torture charity groups. The game became subject to widespread online debate over its portrayal of women, particularly in the wake of backlash against GameSpot journalist Carolyn Petit after she claimed the game was misogynistic in her review. After her webpage received over 20,000 largely negative comments, many journalists defended her right to an opinion and lamented the gaming community's hostility towards criticism. Television personality Karen Gravano and actress Lindsay Lohan both filed lawsuits against Rockstar in allegation that characters in the game were based on their likenesses. Target Australia pulled the game from sale after a Change.org petition claimed that the game "encourages players to commit sexual violence and kill women", despite the petition being criticised as misleading and portrayals of sexual violence in games already being illegal in Australia. The mission "By the Book" generated controversy from reviewers and commentators for its depiction of torture. In the mission, protagonist Trevor Philips interrogates Ferdinand "Mr. K" Kerimov to extract information about an Azerbaijani individual believed to have links with terrorists and poses a threat to the FIB (the Federal Investigation Bureau, the game's version of the FBI). Trevor uses torture methods such as electrocution, removing teeth using pliers, hitting Mr. K with a monkey wrench, and waterboarding on the restrained man. Once Mr. K provides the FIB with the information, Trevor is asked to kill him, but instead drives him to the airport, providing him an opportunity to escape. On the drive the airport, Trevor monologues about the ineffectiveness of torture, pointing out Mr. K's readiness to supply the FIB with the information without being tortured, and expressing that torture is used as a power play "to assert ourselves".
Reviewers echoed that while the mission served as political commentary on the use of torture by the United States government, its use in the game was in poor taste. IGN's Keza MacDonald felt the sequence "pushed the boundaries of taste", and Polygon's Chris Plante said, "the script plays it for laughs. I felt nauseated." Carolyn Petit of GameSpot felt that placing the torture scene in context with the monologue created a hypocrisy in the mission's function as a commentary device. In an editorial, Tom Bramwell of Eurogamer discussed whether the political commentary was overshadowed by the violent content, and compared the mission to the controversy surrounding Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2's "No Russian" mission. He said that the close-up camera and quick time events accentuated the sequence's impact beyond the violence depicted in previous Grand Theft Auto games. Summarising its function as "flawed", he considered the sequence lacking enough context to justify its violence.
Keith Best of Freedom from Torture said that developer Rockstar North "crossed a line" by forcing players into the role of torturer. British Labour Party MP Keith Vaz said he was "astonished" by the mission's violence, and Alison Sherratt of the Association of Teachers and Lecturers said that parents should be aware of children being exposed to the game because of its realistic graphics and violence. Independent journalist Tom Chick defended the torture sequence, and wrote that unlike the "No Russian" mission or the 2012 film Zero Dark Thirty, the underlying political commentary on torture in "By the Book" necessitated the violent content. When asked about performing the torture sequence, Trevor's actor Steven Ogg said he treated it like "just another day at the office", and was focused more on not making mistakes during filming than the scene's ethics. The torture sequence is censored in Japanese versions of the game.<PIC> Some reviewers claim that the game's portrayal of women is misogynistic. Chris Plante of Polygon felt that the supporting female characters were constructed on stereotypes, and wrote that the game's "treatment of women is a relic from the current generation". Todd Martens of the Los Angeles Times considered the satirical portrayals of women uncreative, and added that violent and sexist themes hurt the game experience. Edge noted that while "every female in the game exists solely to be sneered, leered or laughed at", it treated its all-male lead characters in a similar vein through their stereotyped tendencies towards violence. Dave Cook of VG247 reinforced the sentiment that the female characters were constructed on stereotypes in an editorial: "They're either there to be rescued, shouted at, fucked, to be seen fucking, put up with, killed, heard prattling away like dullards on their mobile phones or shopping".
Rockstar Games co-founder Sam Houser felt that the development team sometimes overlooked their portrayal of women in Grand Theft Auto games, but that the weight towards male characters "fit with the story we wanted to tell". His brother, Dan Houser, Rockstar head writer and vice president for creative, also referred to the criticism in an interview a year earlier: "But is their argument that in a game about gangsters and thugs and street life, there are prostitutes and strippers—that that is inappropriate? I don't think we revel in the mistreatment of women at all. I just think in the world we're representing, in Grand Theft Auto, that it's appropriate."
In her review, Petit of GameSpot felt there were misogynistic aspects to the treatment of women as "strippers, prostitutes, long-suffering wives, humourless girlfriends and goofy, new-age feminists", and disputed its satirical intention that many had accepted. Her review was met with backlash as users responded with 20,000 largely negative comments on the webpage and a Change.org petition for her firing. Petit's comments and the backlash against them prompted a wider discussion about the role of women in Grand Theft Auto V and the gaming community's hostility towards criticism. Helen Lewis of The Guardian noted that Petit's observations were valid, but were stigmatised by gamers who have become "hyper-sensitive to criticism". Tom Hoggins of The Telegraph wrote that the misogynistic backlash against Petit was predicated on an audience that has become accustomed to women being "shallow and sidelined" in the game. Public school teacher and journalist Cassie Rodenberg of The Guardian wrote that having sex with prostitutes, beating them up, and killing them afterwards to take back the money is allowed in the game itself and encouraged within the Grand Theft Auto V community, including chat rooms and YouTube videos.
Rob Fahey of GamesIndustry.biz wrote that debate about video games' thematic concerns would become stigmatised if unpleasant gamers opposed criticism, writing, "This isn't just about women—it's robbing every single one of us of the opportunity to have intelligent, interesting discussions about how our medium deals with [...] complex topics [...] It's frustrating, it's stupid, and it's downright boring—and it risks making our games stupid and boring too". Journalist Tom Bissell noted Petit's "defensible position", and wrote that gamers respond to game criticism more aggressively than fans of other entertainment mediums. Over a year after her review's publication, Petit stated in her personal blog that the "average straight male player" would likely oppose sociopolitical criticism of video games because Grand Theft Auto V's "so-called satire" would reinforce his own worldview. She stated that the prominence of "straight white men" in online forums marginalises women, different ethnic groups and the LGBT community, and that those who attack the former, along with "social justice warriors" and the notion of similar criticism cannot "put themselves in the shoes of people different from themselves".
In December 2014, Target Australia removed the game from sale after customers complained about "depictions of violence against women" and a Change.org petition amassed over 40,000 signatures. In a public statement, Target corporate affairs manager Jim Cooper said that the decision was reached after "extensive community and customer concern about the game". The same week, Kmart Australia also pulled the game from shelves. Take-Two Interactive CEO Strauss Zelnick publicly expressed the company's disappointment that the game had been pulled from the retailers, and affirmed that he "stand[s] behind our products, the people who create them, and the consumers who play them". IGN's Luke Reilly called the Change.org petition "misinformed", stating that its complaints about incentives for committing sexual violence in the game are untrue. Sexual violence in games is forbidden by the Australian Classification Board, meaning the game would have been refused classification. Kotaku's Mark Serrels said that the depiction of women is inherently problematic, and that Target were within their rights to refuse to stock the game and were obligated to respond to the petition's wide support. David Keogh of ABC News's The Drum felt that Rockstar depended on controversy and were "burned by the fire they voluntarily decided to play with" since the gaming industry is no longer on the margins of popular culture. In October 2013, rapper Daz Dillinger issued a cease and desist letter to Rockstar Games and Take Two Interactive for allegedly using two of his songs without authorisation. In February 2014, television personality Karen Gravano of the reality television programme Mob Wives filed suit against Rockstar Games in allegation that a character in the game is based on her likeness and story and was depicted without her consent. Rockstar filed to dismiss Gravano's lawsuit in April, and stated that the allegations are foreclosed by the First Amendment. In July, actress Lindsay Lohan also filed a lawsuit, claiming elements in the game, including the Lacey Jonas character, were influenced by her image, voice and clothing line without permission. Rockstar responded in court papers that sought a dismissal of the case, saying that the case was frivolous and filed for publicity purposes. In 2016, both lawsuits were dismissed.


Dylan R. Berry (born October 30, 1974) Is an Aria Award nominated, Hollywood Music in Media Award and Mark Award-winning Music Producer, Creative Director, serial Entrepreneur and entertainment industry investor. Berry has managed, published and produced media music for television shows including the Academy Awards, American Idol, So You Think You Can Dance, Scream Queens and the MTV Music Awards. He has created branded music for over major networks including Starz, Time Warner Sportsnet, Time Warner News Network, Root Sports Network, ESPN Sports Center and all 10 of the Encore Network stations, for which Berry won a Hollywood Music in Media Award. Berry is a 28 time Platinum record producer and has also composed and coordinated music for the Oscars, Spike Awards, Victoria's Secret Fashion Shows, among others.<PIC>  From 2001 to 2009, Berry was President and Owner of Hollowstone Music, where he composed music for television channels such as History and National Geographic. Under Hollowstone Music, Dylan wrote over 100 hours of music alongside his business partner, Noah Lifschey. The company was later sold in 2009. Following Hollowstone Music, Dylan launched Levels Music Group, a partnership with Levels Audio, where he composed music for television and award shows including The Academy Awards, American Idol, So You Think You Can Dance, The Sing-Off, Surviving the Cut, Downfall, the Comedy Central Roast Series, The MTV Music Awards and many others. Dylan Berry is listed in the top 1% "most prolific" composers in media music on IMDb and has composed music for 30+ TV Networks including Time Warner Sportsnet, Time Warner News, Encore, Starz, ESPN Sportscenter and more.
Berry currently owns and operates Smash Haus Music Group, a company which deploys proprietary technologies throughout the media industry providing original music at scale for media production companies for use in media, television and branded content.
He is credited with providing music for television shows and specials including Academy Awards, American Idol, So You Think You Can Dance Here Comes Honey Boo Boo America's Got Talent, Amish Mafia, Kevin Hart's Laugh at My Pain, The Sing Off and America's Best Dance Crew, among others. Berry is an Aria Nominated, Mark Award and Hollywood Music in Media Award-winning record producer and a 28 time Platinum record Producer.
Currently a member of the trip hop, dub revival group Frivolous Drivel with Greco Rossetti.
Former partner and founder of the production team, The Filthy Fidgets with business partner and co-producer Stefan Litrownik. Together the team is credited with producing for notable acts such as Imagine Dragons, One Direction, Andy Grammer, The Living End, Verdine White of Earth, Wind & Fire, Emblem3 and Billy Ray Cyrus. Bompop Media is a media production company in Hollywood, California that produces high-impact, celebrity and industry-based, behind-the scenes-media for TV, web and radio. Bompop Media syndicates this content globally through a network of strategic partners in the social and content creator space.
Berry is the host and founder of Bompop Media, which broadcasts BompopTV & Bompopradio a weekly influencer and industry-related talk show that features celebrity talent, supports emerging talent while exploring the roots to realities of working in Hollywood and the Entertainment industry. Bompopradio is a partnership with collaborator, TV personality and notable influencer DJ Skee, who was voted by Forbes and Rolling Stone Magazine as one of the most influential tastemakers in music and media.
In early 2016, Bompopradio transitioned to BompopTV, an audiovisual web series which explores the depths and realities of leading creators, personalities and tastemakers in music and entertainment. Later that year, Berry was awarded 3 YouTube Silver play buttons.
Dylan hosted 2016 and 2017 Hollywood Music in Media Awards of which he had one two years earlier for his work on Encore Network Theme Packages. In March 2020, BompopTV was acquired by SoundCloud. Following the acquisition, Dylan was made the program director for Dash Radio's 'SoundCloud Radio', a 24/7 music station catering to 240mm music makers worldwide. He is currently the host of the 'Emerging Artist Hour' which airs every Friday at 12PM PST / 3PM EST on SoundCloud Radio.


Beatriz Becerra Basterrechea (born 14 November 1966) is a Spanish writer and politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 2014 until 2019.
In parliament, Becerra served as vice-chair of the European Parliament Subcommittee on Human Rights and is a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe group (ALDE).
From 2009 to 2014 Becerra was on the Board of Directors of Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) as its Communication Manager. She was elected a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) in 2014 after joining the UPyD list.<PIC> Beatriz Becerra graduated in Industrial Psychology from the Complutense University of Madrid in 1989. She has also completed a Master's in Business Administration and Management.
From 1989 to 2005 she worked in the audiovisual sector at multinationals such as CBS (where she got her first job) and Buena Vista International Spain (owned by The Walt Disney Company). From 1998 to 2005 she worked at Sony Pictures Entertainment, where she became Director of Marketing and Sales for Spain and Portugal. She also worked for the NGO Action Against Hunger and as a consultant for Discovery Networks.
In addition, she developed a teaching career in postgraduate studies between 1998 and 2014 at the Villanueva University Center and Comillas Pontifical University. As a writer, she has published three novels: Las criadas de Caifás, La reina del Plata, and La estirpe de los niños infelices.
Without prior political affiliation, in 2008 Becerra joined Union, Progress and Democracy, a Spanish political party founded in 2007 and whose leader was then Rosa Díez. At the UPyD Congress held in 2009 she was elected to the main executive body, the Board of Directors, to be part of the candidacy headed by Díez. For the next four and a half years she was responsible for the party's communications.
Becerra stood for the European Parliament elections of 25 May 2014 on the UPyD list. She was elected when her party received 6.5% of the votes and four seats. UPyD joined the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe group, chaired by Belgian Guy Verhofstadt.
During the months following the elections, UPyD suffered a series of internal and electoral crises that ended with the withdrawal of Rosa Díez and her party from the Congress of Deputies and leaving it with hardly any relevant public offices. On 1 April 2016, Becerra announced, along with other UPyD members and officeholders, that she was leaving the party because "it had ceased to be useful to society." She continues as an independent MEP within ALDE. After becoming a Member of the European Parliament, Beatriz Becerra joined the Committees on Employment and Social Affairs, Women's Rights and Gender Equality, and Petitions. In November 2014 she left the first of these and joined the Development Committee and the Human Rights subcommittee, of which she is vice-chair. In addition, she is part of the delegations of the European Parliament in the Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly and the EU-Mexico Joint Parliamentary Committee. She is also a substitute in the Delegation for Relations with Japan.
Her parliamentary activity has focused, among other issues, on the defense of human rights, gender equality, economic and social development, access to medicines, and support for entrepreneurs and startups. In 2016, she presented the candidacy of Yazidi activist Nadia Murad Basee to ALDE for the Sakharov Prize for freedom of conscience. ALDE supported this candidacy, and on 27 October of the same year it was announced that the European Parliament awarded the Sakharov Prize to Murad and Lamiya Aji Bashar, also a Yazidi activist.
In September 2016, Becerra presented the Alliance of Women Against Radicalization and Extremism (AWARE) platform, a network oriented to the study and prevention of radicalization from a gender perspective, and which defends the creation of a common European policy on respect. The platform has the support of women such as Nadia Murad and Miriam González Durántez.
She has been a speaker in the European Parliament's report on mental health and gender equality, which raised the need to incorporate a gender perspective in research and treatment of diseases.
In international politics, she has stood out for her support to the Venezuelan opposition in its confrontation with the government of Nicolás Maduro, leading ALDE's negotiation on a resolution of the European Parliament that demanded, among other measures, the release of political prisoners.
In 2017, after several months of protests in Venezuela, Becerra promoted the candidacy of the Venezuelan political opposition for the Sakharov Prize. Becerra has been singled out and intimidated by members of the Venezuelan government for her persistent defense of the freedom of Venezuelans. In June 2018, she vsisted Cúcuta, a border city between Colombia and Venezuela, as part of a parliamentary mission to observe the situation of Venezuelan refugees arriving there.
She joined the task force of MEPs on Brexit, with a special focus on guaranteeing the rights of Europeans residing in the United Kingdom, and of British residents of the EU after the referendum that approved the abandonment of the European institutions.
On 7 July 2017, in response to a letter from the MEP, European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker confirmed that, if the secession of Catalonia were to take place, the new state would automatically be excluded from the European Union. In September, the President of the European Parliament, Antonio Tajani, also replied to Becerra stating that, "any action against the Constitution of a Member State is an action against the legal framework of the European Union."
In July 2018, Becerra announced the publication of her book Eres liberal y no lo sabes (You are Liberal and You Don't Know It), scheduled for September of that year, which she described as "a manifesto for an inclusive liberalism, free of dogmatism and modernity."


This article outlines the legislative chronology concerning the use of official languages in Belgium. A factor in the Belgian Revolution of the 1830s was the rising dominance of the Dutch language in the southern provinces of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. A conflict arose between the citizenry of the Flemish provinces who wished to engage with the authorities in Dutch, and the largely francophone aristocracy of the southern provinces which became modern-day Belgium.
While the Belgian Constitution guaranteed "freedom of language", in practice the authorities, including government institutions such as the courts, were dominated by the French-speaking upper classes, and operated in French. This bias disadvantaged the largely Flemish North and, to a lesser degree, the Walloons of the South and the mainly German- or Luxembourgish-speaking environs of Arlon. As universal education developed in Belgium, the French language was initially the sole medium of instruction, alienating the northern half of the country. There was a similar sense of alienation in other areas such as justice, as the trial and conviction of two Flemish labourers, Jan Coucke and Pieter Goethals, in 1860 demonstrated. The pair were sentenced to death for the murder of a widow without having understood one single word of their trial, and were then found to be innocent after they were executed.
The Flemish Movement started to advocate language legislation that would recognise Dutch as an official language. The first law on the use of languages was voted on in 1873, perhaps influenced by growing public dissent occasioned by cases such as the 1872 case of Jozef Schoep. He refused to pay a fine of 50 francs for not wanting to declare the birth of his son to the municipal administration of Molenbeek in French, only to be convicted after an appeal in Cassation. This and other cases provoked the discussions about the use of languages, and the first law on the use of languages, supported by Edward Coremans, regulated the use of languages in the courts in Flanders.
Dutch became the major language in Flanders, but oral testimony and penal action were still permitted in French. The second law on the use of languages in 1878 regulated the use of language in the administrations of Flanders and Brussels. Announcements to the public by government officials had to be made either in Dutch or in both languages. Correspondence with municipalities or persons would be in Dutch unless a person expressed a wish to be engaged in French, but in reality the law was hardly applied in daily life: Flemish citizens were still obliged to  communicate with the administration in French, because most civil servants were monoglots who either spoke only French or refused to use the Dutch language. Until 1883, education in secondary schools had been entirely in French. The third law on the use of languages was voted on in order to introduce bilingual education. In 1898, the Law on Equality was introduced. Dutch and French were now to be regarded as co-equal official languages but native French speakers in parliament, unwilling to learn or use Dutch, were either unable or unwilling to read the Dutch texts they were supposed to vote on. The reverse was not the case: Dutch speakers were obliged to learn French.)
Nevertheless, under pressure from the general population, the law was passed, largely due to the extension of suffrage to every male citizen aged 25 and above which increased the number of Flemish voters, and the introduction of plural voting in 1893 which allowed some eligible voters to cast more than one vote. Disagreement over the country's language policy continued. Some segments of French-speaking Wallonia were concerned that current practices could result in Belgium becoming a bilingual country, with French and Dutch being recognised as official languages everywhere.
This led to a proposal to split the administration in Belgium to preserve the French-speaking nature of Wallonia and to avoid the possibility that French-speaking civil servants there might have to pass a Dutch language examination.
This implied a choice: should Belgium become a bilingual country or a country with two language regions? This was expressed in two alternatives:
Personality principle: All citizens have the freedom to address the authorities in whichever Belgian language they choose, regardless of their region of residence.
Territoriality principle: The official language in a particular region follows restricted language boundaries, which means that all official dealings with the authorities will take place in the language of the region.
In 1921, the principle of territoriality was chosen; it was confirmed by further legislation, with landmark laws passed in 1932 and 1962.
The language areas were outlined according to the principle of the language of the majority of the population, and a provision in the 1932 law determined that a language census should be conducted every ten years: a municipality could change its linguistic status only according to the findings of the census.
This more flexible approach opened the possibility of minorities representing a minimum 30% of the local population being able to obtain services in their native, or chosen, language. A 1962 law determined which municipality belonged to what language area. Each Belgian municipality is restricted to one language area, of which there are four: Dutch, French, German, and the bilingual area Brussels-Capital that includes the Belgian capital city and eighteen surrounding municipalities.
From then on, modifications of the linguistic regime would be possible only after changing the law, which required a majority of each language community. In that same year, the municipality of Voeren (Fourons) went to the Dutch-speaking province of Limburg, and Comines (Komen) and Mouscron (Moeskroen) to the French-speaking province of Hainaut. These and several other municipalities obtained facilities for the minority language group.
In a municipality with a minority speaking another official language, facilities were provided for registered residents speaking that language. For example, education in an alternative official language was made available as long as sixteen or more parents requested its provision. (However a resident of a municipality has no such rights in any neighbouring municipality.)
To benefit from these facilities, they must be asked for by the person concerned. This raised the issue of whether the facilities had to be requested on each and every occasion or whether a single request conferred a blanket benefit. In 1997 the Peeters directive required that inhabitants of such municipalities must request such facilities in their chosen language on each and every occasion they want to enjoy that right. This led to a crisis in Voeren surrounding the mayor, José Happart.
Protests raised by French-speakers before the European Court of Human Rights ECtHR were mostly unsuccessful (e.g. Belgian Linguistics Case), a number of institutions such as the Catholic University of Leuven obtained authorisation to become bilingual. In 1970, on the completion of the first state reform, four language areas were established by Article 4 of the Constitution. Since then the language affiliation of municipalities can be changed only by special law.
At the same time language communities were established, with the Flemish and French Communities being responsible for the regulation of the use of languages in their language area in the areas of administration, education, and for interactions between employers and their workforce. Currently the language used by the Belgian authorities, administration, education, businesses, and the army is determined by the courts. The constitutional right of freedom of language remains intact and absolute only in the home, leading to ongoing tensions in Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde. The National Railway Company of Belgium's policy is to provide information on the train in the language of the region. For example, on a train travelling from Antwerp to Charleroi, announcements are made first in Dutch (in the Flemish Region), then in French and Dutch (in the Brussels-Capital Region), again in Dutch and finally in French in Wallonia. Station announcements at Eupen and Hergenrath, the two stations in the German-speaking community, are made in German and French (in that order). This requires rail travellers to be conversant with the name of their destination in both languages (though on-board ticket inspectors are bound to respond in either language).
In and around international stations, such as Brussels Airport, Dutch and French announcements are supplemented by announcements in German and English.<PIC> As mentioned above, road signs are required to give destinations only in the local language, requiring travellers to recognise their ultimate and intermediate destinations in multiple languages. For example, on the Belgian portion of the E40 motorway, westbound travellers to Liège are directed to Lüttich and eastbound travellers are directed to Luik, but signs near the city itself refer only to Liège.


Kellen Dunham (born June 18, 1993) is an American professional basketball player for the Indiana All-Americans of The Basketball League (TBL). He played college basketball for the Butler Bulldogs. At Pendleton Heights High School in Pendleton, Indiana, Dunham led the state of Indiana in scoring as a senior with 29.5 points per game and was named Herald Bulletin Player of the Year. Dunham committed to Butler on July 7, 2010 and was highly regarded by recruiting services. As a freshman, he was a 2012–13 Atlantic 10 All-Rookie Team selection. He scored 16.4 points per game as a sophomore and was named to the 2013–14 All-Big East Second-team. He was a 2014–15 All-Big East First-team selection as a junior.<PIC> Dunham was born on June 18, 1993, the son of Christy and Jim Dunham. He has three younger brothers: Kenton, Cole, and Jamison. Both his parents are basketball fans and raised their sons in a Christian household. Young Kellen learned to shoot on a "Little Tikes" hoop in the Dunham living room. He improved his game through constant practice in elementary school and middle school, to the consternation of some of his friends. When he was in eight grade, he worked on his jump shot with shooting coach Mark Baker, where Dunham learned how to shoot over his head.
Dunham attended Pendleton Heights High School, where he measured 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m) as a freshman. Pendleton Heights head coach Brian Hahn described him as "gangly, skinny, and slow." In practices, he would shoot for 45 minutes after his teammates were finished. He shot up to 6 feet 4 inches (1.93 m) as a sophomore and averaged 17.0 points per game. He improved those numbers to 23.5 points per game as a junior, leading Pendleton Heights to a 20–6 record. As a junior, he scored 41 points against Fort Wayne Northrop High School.
In his senior season, Dunham averaged 29.5 points per game and shot 92.1% from the free throw line, leading the state of Indiana in both categories. He scored 45 points against Alexandria High School. Dunham was named Madison County Player of the Year as a senior after leading Pendleton Heights to a 23–3 record. His season came to an end after a 46–43 overtime loss against Terre Haute North High School in the Indiana High School Athletic Association Class 4A Regional at Hinkle Fieldhouse. Dunham was twice named All-State. Dunham finished third in Indiana Mr. Basketball voting, behind Gary Harris and Yogi Ferrell. He was named Herald Bulletin Player of the Year as a senior. He holds the record for the all-time leading scorer at Pendleton Heights with 1,899 points and led the Arabians to back-to-back sectional titles.
He signed a letter of intent with Butler on July 7, 2010. Rivals.com ranked him the 21st best shooting guard and 93rd best overall player. ESPN included Butler's 2012 recruiting class among its top recruiting classes from teams in non-BCS conferences, noting Dunham was listed as an ESPN Top 100 recruit and is "a sniper to run off screens and create movement in the halfcourt sets for the next four years." In ESPN's scouting report, Dunham was listed as the 78th best overall player, due in large part to the fact that what he "does really well is shoot the basketball.  How he goes about his business is akin to a master craftsman applying his trade. Dunham is in constant motion, working to get himself in position to score and he's typically shot-ready." Rivals listed him as the best shooter among all recruits of non-BCS teams. Butler head coach Brad Stevens said, "the thing he brings is an incredible ability to put the ball through the net."  Coming into his freshman year on the 2012–13 team, Dunham was named to the Preseason All-Atlantic 10 Rookie Team. Dunham began practicing basketball drills late at night thanks to senior Rotnei Clarke, and the two became fast friends.  In his first college basketball game, a win against Elon, Dunham came off the bench to score 18 points. He was named Atlantic 10 Rookie of the Week on November 12, 2012. During the 2012 Maui Invitational Tournament in 2012, Dunham had one of his best games as a freshman as Butler routed the then #9 team in the country, North Carolina, shooting 56% (5 of 9) from 3-point range and scoring 17 points. Dunham earned Atlantic 10 Rookie of the Week honors on December 10. On December 31, he again was named Atlantic 10 Rookie of the Week. In a game against #8 Gonzaga on January 19, 2013 that was featured on ESPN's College GameDay, he was the second leading scorer, shooting 4 of 8 from three-point range, behind 20 points and a buzzer-beating floater from Roosevelt Jones. Dunham earned his fourth Atlantic 10 Rookie of the Week honors on January 28. Butler went 27–9 on the season and reached the NCAA Tournament as a six seed. He finished the season averaging 9.5 points per game, fifth best on the team. Following the season, Dunham was named to the Atlantic 10 All-Rookie Team. "Most guys are relaxed, but I look up and I see Kellen, and he's ... going 110 miles an hour," said 2013–14 Butler Bulldogs first year head coach Brandon Miller during an August overseas basketball tour. "Sprinting up and down the court. Shooting pull-ups. Going as hard and as fast as he possible can. He goes at a pace, whether its shootaround in Australia, 17 minutes into practice or two hours into practice, that never changes."
Dunham scored a career-high 32 points against Washington State in the Old Spice Classic, a tournament record. As a result, Dunham was named to the Old Spice Classic All-Tournament Team. Through the first nine games, Dunham averaged 18.7 points per game and shot 46 percent from 3-point range. He was named Big East Player of the Week on December 16 after contributing 25 points to lead Butler past the Purdue Boilermakers, 76–70 in the Crossroads Classic. Dunham had 30 points in a 99–94 double overtime loss to DePaul on January 9 and tied his career-best with six three-pointers, all of which came in the second half.
At the conclusion of the 2013–14 Big East season, Dunham was named to the All-Big East Second Team. Despite his improvements, Butler had a lackluster season, finishing with a 14–17 overall record and bowing out to Seton Hall in the Big East Tournament. Dunham finished the season seventh in the Big East in scoring with a 16.4 points per game average to go along with 4 rebounds per game. Dunham shot 39 percent from the field and 35.5 from 3-point range. He hit a 3-pointer in 29 of the team's 31 games. After the season, he teamed up with several college players to participate in Athletes in Action's summer trip to the Philippines. Athletes in Action is a Christian group that helps athletes use sports for spiritual growth. Coming into his junior year on the 2014–15 team, Dunham was named to the Preseason All-Big East First Team. Dunham stopped drinking Mountain Dew prior to the season to improve his conditioning. Coach Brandon Miller took a medical leave of absence before the season and did not return; he was replaced by Chris Holtmann. Dunham was on the Battle 4 Atlantis All-tournament Team. Dunham scored a season-high 28 points on January 3, 2015 in a 73–69 win over St. John's. Dunham received Big East Player of the Week honors for the week of February 9, after scoring 21 points and pulling down seven rebounds in an 85–62 victory versus St. John's and recording 24 points in an 83–73 win over DePaul.
Dunham averaged 16.5 points per game, third best in the Big East, to go along with 2.6 rebounds per game. He led Butler to a 23–11 record and six seed in the NCAA Tournament. In the Round of 64 of the NCAA Tournament, Dunham scored 20 points, including an important 3-pointer with 1:18 remaining, to propel Butler to a 56–48 victory over the Texas Longhorns. The Bulldogs fell to Notre Dame in the Round of 32, 67–64. At the conclusion of the season, Dunham was selected to the All-Big East First Team. Dunham was a 2014–15 Men's All-District V Team selection by the U.S. Basketball Writers Association. He was named to the Second Team All-District V by the National Association of Basketball Coaches. Coming into his senior year on the 2015–16 team at Butler, Dunham was named to the Preseason First Team All-Big East. He was listed on the Oscar Robertson Award preseason watchlist. Dunham earned Big East player of the week honors for the week of December 7, 2015 after contributing 24 points in a 78–76 road victory over Cincinnati and 19 points in an 85–71 win over  Indiana State. He suffered a shooting slump in December, shooting 2-for-32 on three-point shots and missing 21 three-pointers in a row. His two point shooting fell from 58.7 percent in the first eight games of the season to 26.2 percent in the next five.
At the conclusion of the regular season, he was an Honorable Mention All-Big East selection. Dunham averaged 16.2 points per game as a senior. After going undrafted in the 2016 NBA draft, Dunham joined the Memphis Grizzlies for the 2016 NBA Summer League. He signed with the Grizzlies on October 20, 2016, but was waived the following day. Eight days later, he was acquired by the Iowa Energy of the NBA Development League as an affiliate player of the Grizzlies. On July 28, 2017 Dunham signed with Okapi Aalstar of the Belgian Basketball League. In his first season he averaged 8.2 points and 4.7 rebounds per game. On October 21, 2018, Dunham was named to the training camp roster of the Capital City Go-Go of the NBA G League. Playing for the Go-Go, Dunham developed into one of the best three-point shooters in the G League, with the majority of his shots coming from behind the arc. On February 13, 2019, Dunham tallied 19 points, four rebounds, one assist and one steal in a win over the Westchester Knicks. During the 2018–19 season, Dunham averaged 7.7 points and 2.3 rebounds per game. In September 2019, Dunham signed an Exhibit 10 deal with the Washington Wizards, essentially to keep him on the Go-Go. He missed a game against the Fort Wayne Mad Ants on January 14, 2020 with an illness. During the summer of 2017, Dunham played in The Basketball Tournament on ESPN for the Broad Street Brawlers.  He competed for the $2 million prize, and helped the Brawlers move on to the second round.  The Brawlers lost to Team Colorado 111–95. Dunham joined Big X, a team composed primarily of former Big Ten players in The Basketball Tournament 2020. Dunham signed up to play for the Pendleton Legends, part of the Hoosier Hardwood Basketball Association, a league headed by former Indiana University great Kent Benson for the 2021 season. Dunham signed up to play for the Indiana All-Americans, part of The Basketball League for the 2022 season. The team is ownership includes former Indiana University great Kent Benson


John Catron (January 7, 1786 – May 30, 1865) was an American jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1837 to 1865, during the Taney Court.<PIC> Little is known of Catron's early life, other than that all of his grandparents emigrated from Germany to Virginia, as part of the extensive emigration of Swiss and Germans from Hesse and the Palatinate due to wars, and economic and religious insecurity in the area. His father, Peter (Catron) Kettering, had immigrated as a child with his parents from Mittelbrun in the German Palatinate and settled in Montgomery County (later Wythe County). His mother was Maria Elizabetha Houck, whose parents had settled in Virginia after emigrating from the Palatinate by way of Pennsylvania. His only sibling, Mary, later married Thomas Swift and moved to Missouri and, ultimately, Oregon.  John Catron was a second cousin to Thomas Benton Catron, who later became one of the first senators to represent the state of New Mexico.  Catron's father had served in Captain William Doack's militia company from Montgomery County during the Revolutionary War.
The family relocated to Kentucky in the first years of the 19th century.  Catron served in the War of 1812 under Andrew Jackson.  He read law and was admitted to the Tennessee bar in 1815. He married Matilda Childress, sister of George C. Childress who was one of the political leaders of the Texas Republic and chaired the committee that drafted the Constitution of the Republic of Texas.  John and Mathilda Catron had no children.
A slaveholder all his adult life, Catron had a relationship with Sally, a Tennessee slave in her 30s who had a laundry in Nashville and was held by the Thomas family. Catron fathered her third mixed-race son, whom she named James P. Thomas. In his lifetime, Catron gave Thomas 25 cents. James was born into slavery but when he was six, his mother effectively bought his freedom. She was unable to gain full manumission for him then, but he gained an education and successfully built a business as a barber in Nashville. Because of his achievements, in 1851 he gained manumission as well as permission from the Tennessee legislature to stay in the state. Later he owned property in St. Louis, Missouri valued at $250,000.  Thomas was Catron's only known child. Catron was in private legal practice in Sparta in the Cumberland Mountains of Tennessee from 1815 to 1818, while simultaneously serving as a prosecuting attorney of that city. He established a land law practice in Nashville in 1818, in which he continued until 1824. From 1824 to 1834, Catron served on the Tennessee Supreme Court of Errors and Appeals, being elevated to Chief Justice of that court in 1831.  In 1834, the Tennessee state legislature abolished the chief justice position, and Catron retired and returned to private practice in Nashville. During the election of 1836, Catron directed Martin Van Buren's presidential campaign in Tennessee against native son Hugh Lawson White. The number of seats on the Supreme Court was expanded from seven to nine in 1837, as a result of the Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act. This allowed President Andrew Jackson the opportunity to appoint two new justices, which he did on March 3, 1837, his last full day in office. The newly seated Senate of the 25th Congress confirmed Catron's nomination five days later by a vote of 28–15. The nominee for the other seat, William Smith, was also confirmed, but he subsequently declined to serve. Catron took the judicial oath on May 1, 1837, and served for 28 years, until his death in May 1865.
Catron supported slavery and sided with the majority in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case (exchanging letters with president-elect James Buchanan in February 1857).  However, he opposed secession and urged Tennessee to remain with the Union. For a brief time after Tennessee seceded from the Union but prior to Nashville being occupied by Federal troops, Catron left his residence in Nashville and temporarily lived in Louisville, Kentucky.
While he wrote few opinions, it is still possible to decipher his stance on certain political issues and determine his importance to the court. John Catron's political views primarily coincided with the views of his fellow Tennessean Andrew Jackson. Just as Jackson opposed the idea of the national bank, Catron also became an outspoken critic of the national bank. This view coincides with his political view on corporations. While Catron ultimately believed that corporate power could threaten the livelihoods of American citizens, his views were not always this way. During his early years on the Court, particularly in the case of Bank of Augusta v. Earle (1839), Catron actually concurred with the majority and agreed with the idea that corporations had the ability to conduct business nationwide. The Justices ruled in Bank of Augusta that a state could exclude a foreign corporation from doing business within that state, but, that the state would have to do so explicitly.
Catron's overpowering anti-corporate views were more evident in Piqua Branch of the State Bank of Ohio v. Knoop, 57 U.S. 369 (1854). This case raised the issue of whether or not a corporate charter constituted a contract between the state and the bank and therefore could not be repealed due to the Contract Clause in Article 1, Section 10 of the Constitution. The Piqua Branch of the State Bank of Ohio's original charter granted an exemption from state taxation. However, a new legislature was attempting to repeal this exemption and impose a tax on the bank. The majority of the Court ruled in favor of the charter, citing the Contract clause. John Catron, along with Justices Campbell and Daniel, however, dissented. In his dissent, Catron argued, "The sovereign political power is not the subject of contract so as to be vested in an irrepealable charter of incorporation, and taken away from, and placed beyond the reach of, future legislatures." With this statement, Catron argued against the power of corporations and for the power of the federal government. Catron made the stance that political power was not only sovereign but that it also was not to be overruled by a contract, especially a corporate charter. Essentially Catron argued that in this case, corporate power exceeded federal power. Because John Catron was a Jacksonian, he felt the American Union should always be the most powerful entity within the United States and therefore dissented in this case which he saw as granting more power to corporations than to the federal government. Catron argued that because of this ruling, corporations could overrule the government as long as a contract was present. Another case that exemplified Catron's anti-corporation views was the case of Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Co. v. DeBolt, 57 U.S. 416 (1853). This case primarily dealt with the power to tax corporations, but took on bigger-picture questions such as the role of corporations in American society and whether they had begun to possess more power than the states had originally granted them. Catron again dissented from the majority and re-stated his Jacksonian beliefs when he voiced his concern about "the vast amount of property, power, and exclusive benefits, prejudicial to other classes of society that are vested in and held by these numerous bodies of associated wealth." Catron also stated "that a different doctrine would tend to sap and eventually might destroy the state constitutions and governments" in his dissent when referring to the power that corporate charters and contracts could have over the United States government.
Despite Catron's opinion in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case and his pro-slavery stance, Catron resented the secession of his home state of Tennessee because he felt the American Union should be preserved at all costs, a reflection of his Jacksonian views. Following President Abraham Lincoln's inauguration, Catron left to "ride circuit" in the states of Missouri, Tennessee, and Kentucky. However, when Catron attempted to return to Nashville to perform his circuit duties, he was told that his very life could be in danger due to his views. Catron was forced to flee the state of Tennessee and reside permanently in Louisville, Kentucky, away from his wife and friends, who sympathized with the Confederacy. Catron's stance on the southern rebels was to "punish treason and will." This belief was present in his ruling in United States v. Republican Banner Officers (C.C.D. Tenn. 1863). This case raised the issue of whether non-personal property could be confiscated due to the federal Confiscation Act of 1861. The Republican Banner was a newspaper that at the time, was spreading very anti-Union and pro-Confederacy propaganda throughout the South. The employees of the Banner argued that because the newspaper was not a personal property, it could not be confiscated.  In this case, Catron ruled that the Act authorized the confiscation. Catron argued that when, "there being then a formidable rebellion in progress, the intention of Congress in enacting this law must have been to deter persons from so using and employing their property as to aid and promote the insurrection.". Even to the end of his legal and judicial career, Catron held fast to his protection of the rights of states and his stance on preserving the Union whatever the cost. Catron died on May 30, 1865, at the age of 79. He is interred at Nashville's Mount Olivet Cemetery.
After Catron's death, Congress eliminated his seat from the Court under the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 as a way to prevent President Andrew Johnson from appointing any justices. John Catron was an outspoken critic of the national bank, an advocate for federal power over corporate power, and a pro-Union, pro-slavery supporter. Many of his beliefs stemmed from the beliefs of his friend and battlefield leader, Andrew Jackson. Catron fought against corporations of accumulated wealth and privilege and for the rights of citizens. He remained true to his pro-slavery stance in the most important case the Supreme Court had ever seen until that point, Dred Scott v. Sandford. Despite his pro-slavery stance, Catron was a strong advocate for the Union and remained steadfast to this view, even leaving his wife and friends to help in the preservation of the United States. Ultimately, John Catron's most important contribution to the Supreme Court of the United States was his loyalty to the Constitution and his undying support of the Federal Union, despite the political costs.
During World War II the Liberty ship SS John Catron was built in Brunswick, Georgia, and named in his honor.


The Abbot Pass hut was an alpine hut located at an altitude of 2,925 metres (9,596 ft) in Abbot Pass in the Rocky Mountains in Alberta, Canada. It was nestled between Mount Victoria and Mount Lefroy, straddling the continental divide, which, in this region, defines the boundary between Banff National Park in Alberta and Yoho National Park in British Columbia. While close to the border, the hut lay entirely in Banff National Park, and was the second-highest permanently habitable structure in Canada (after the Neil Colgan Hut). The hut was maintained by the Alpine Club of Canada.
It was closed in the summer of 2018 pending a geotechnical evaluation of the slope which underlies the structure, after a hiker noticed erosion on its eastern side, due to melting glacier ice. The hut never reopened after the COVID-19 pandemic delayed repair work, and despite having been declared a National Heritage site in 1992, was deemed irreparable and in June 2022, demolished.<PIC> The pass and the hut are named after Philip Stanley Abbot (1867 - 1896), who became the first mountaineering fatality in North America after he fell in an attempt to make the first ascent of Mount Lefroy in 1896. The hut was built in 1922 by Swiss guides working for the Canadian Alpine Association to shelter clients attempting to climb Victoria and Lefroy. Much of the construction material was carried from Lake Louise on horseback across the Victoria Glacier and winched or carried on guides' backs up the pass on a route known as The Deathtrap because of its exposure to avalanches and crevasses.
The CAC operated the hut for 40 years, and in the 1960s turned the operation over to Parks Canada, which renovated it with the help of volunteers. In 1985, the park service turned the hut over to the Alpine Club of Canada, which renovated it several times. The hut was designated Abbot Pass Refuge Cabin National Historic Site of Canada in 1992, and, in 1997, a federal plaque was placed outside its front door.
Because many guests of the Chateau Lake Louise were trying mountaineering for the first time, Edward Feuz, a Swiss guide, suggested that the CPR build a rest stop between Lake Louise and the hut. In 1924 the Plain of Six Glaciers Tea House was built to accommodate overnight guests. Abbot Pass (and the hut) may be approached from either the Lake O'Hara area on the British Columbia side (hiking past Lake Oesa), or the more technically demanding route from Lake Louise on the Alberta side.  The hut was rarely used in winter due to avalanche hazard. The approach via Lake O'Hara was by far the most popular route to the hut. It was safer and less technical than going in via the Deathtrap or the Fuhrmann Ledges. It involved about 900 metres (3,000 feet) of elevation gain and 3 to 5+ hours from Lake O'Hara to the hut depending on conditions and the strength of the party. Some groups were caught out overnight on the trail or stranded at the hut in bad weather conditions.
The first hurdle on this approach was getting on the bus to Lake O'Hara. The bus is operated by Parks Canada and is used to control the number of people going to Lake O'Hara. Reservations are difficult to obtain; however an automatic reservation on the bus could be obtained by booking a reservation at the Abbot Pass hut with the Alpine Club of Canada.  The alternative was to walk 10 km up the access road carrying all equipment.
From Lake O'Hara, people going to the hut could follow the signed hiking trails to Lake Oesa to a sign marking the end of the Parks Canada trail, at which point it became largely scrambling. A trail was built to the hut by the Alpine Club, but parts of it were sometimes erased by rockslides, so route finding skills are helpful. It is steep and covered with scree. A helmet is a good safety precaution in case of rockfall, and an ice axe in case of ice or snow on the trail. One avalanche fatality occurred on the route, so it should not be undertaken when avalanches are possible. The route from Lake Louise involves significant objective hazards. A broad path leads from the Chateau Lake Louise along the lake shore past the teahouse and on to the Plain of Six Glaciers. It then continues into the deep gorge between Mount Victoria and Mount Lefroy - known as The Deathtrap. Persons going through this should move rapidly in case of serac fall or avalanches from the glaciers above. It involves crossing a number of crevasses in the glacier and may be impassible due to wall-to-wall bergschrund at the upper end. This is not an attractive route and should only be attempted by strong alpinists when there is deep snow cover on the glacier. The hut was often used as a base for alpine climbing on Mount Victoria and Mount Lefroy (both over 3400 metres / 11,000 feet), and as a destination in itself for ambitious hikers. One of the reasons for the popularity of the hut was that climbers can ascend both Victoria and Lefroy in a weekend.
The normal route up Mount Lefroy (3423 m / 11,230 ft) is via the west face, going straight up the slopes from the hut toward the summit. There are routes up three separate gullies from the hut. The choice of the best one depends on snow conditions.
The most popular route up Mount Victoria (3464 m / 11,365 ft) is from the hut via the southeast ridge to the south summit. Another popular route is a traverse of Mount Victoria, which can be done in either direction, either to or from the hut.
In a rarely observed feat of ursine mountaineering, a grizzly bear was once seen doing the traverse of Mount Victoria via Abbot Pass. They are only occasional visitors to the hut; however, a grizzly known as "Bear 125" used the pass on a regular basis until he was shot dead in 2014 in British Columbia's annual grizzly bear hunt. The hut slept 24 on its upper floor, and had both a wood stove for heating and drying, and a propane system for cooking and lighting.  Wood and propane were flown in annually by helicopter, by the Alpine Club of Canada. There was a drum-type outhouse a short distance from the hut and human waste was flown out by helicopter. Mount Victoria
Mount Lefroy
Lake Louise
Lake O'Hara
Elizabeth Parker hut "Topographic map of Abbot Pass hut". opentopomap.org. Retrieved 2021-11-21.
Lake O'Hara (Map). 1:20,000. The Adventure Map. Chrismar Mapping Services. ISBN 0-929140-39-7. This map shows trails and area highlights in detail
Lake O'Hara (Map). 1:20,000. Guides for Hiking and Recreation in the Canadian Rockies. Gem Trek Publishing. ISBN 978-1-895526-38-7. Archived from the original on 2007-10-17. This map shows trails and area highlights in detail
Lake Louise and Yoho (Map). 1:50,000. Guides for Hiking and Recreation in the Canadian Rockies. Gem Trek Publishing. ISBN 1-895526-64-7. Archived from the original on 2009-02-02.
82N/8 (Lake Louise) (Map). 1:50,000. National Topographic System (NTS). Canadian Government. Archived from the original on 2007-12-24.


Imran Shah (born 23 November 1933), also known as Nawab Imran Shah is an Indian Assamese language writer, poet, novelist, and scholar. He also writes under the pen names Ishan Dutta, Anamika Baruah, Kumbhakarna, and Animesh Baruah. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the Padma Shri, in 2021, for his contributions to literature and education.<PIC> Imran Shah was born on 23 November 1933 in Sivasagar, Assam. He was the youngest child of Muhammad Shah and Mariam Nessa.
Shah attended '2 Nong Dhai Ali Prathamik Vidyalaya' (No. 2 Dhai Ali Primary School), followed by attendance at the Government High School, Sivasagar. In 1952, he enrolled in the ISC course at Cotton College, Guwahati, and in 1958, he was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree from Sivasagar College. He earned his M.A  in Assamese language from Gauhati University.  Shah started his professional career as a temporary teacher at Konwarpur High School, Sivasagar and later joined the staff at Sivasagar High Madrassa School, after completing his ISC. Upon gaining his M.A. degree from Gauhati University he joined Gargaon College as a lecturer in Assamese in 1962. From there he moved a year later to become a lecturer in Assamese at Sivasagar College, from which he retired as Head of the Department in 1993. During his retirement, he established Arunudoi College, a junior college near his home and served as its principal. Shah began writing while still in school. His first book of poems Banvashi was published when he was in the ninth standard. The following year, when he was in the tenth standard, his first novel, Sangeetor Hkhipare was published. He wrote poetry in Ramdhenu under the pen name Ishan Dutta. His first short story, "Aparicheeta" was published in 1958, in Natun Asomiya and edited by Kirtinath Hazarika.
He edited Bosoror Galpa, an anthology of selected Assamese short stories, from 1982 to 1984, as well as editing, with Arun Goswami, Kalantarar Kathakata – another anthology of Assamese short stories, from 1961 to 1975.
Two of his written works were made translated into other mediums. His novel Jabanbandi was broadcast as a radio-recitation by Akaashvani, Dibrugarh. In addition, the Assamese film Rasmirekha, is based on his novel, Rajanigandha, and was released in 1973, produced by Prafulla Baruah.
He was elected as the president of Asam Sahitya Sabha, the state's literary body located in Barpeta Road for the 2013-2015 session. Banavashi (Book of Poems)
Sangeetor Hkhipaare (Novel)
Aparicheeta
Kranti Rekha (Novel)
Bondho Duwar (Novel)
Kreetodasor hahi (Translated novel)
Jabanbandi (Novel)
Mur Phulanir Phool (Prose collection)
Asomiya Sangskritiloi Musalmanor Avadaan (Lecture)
Dhou Bhangi Dhou
Nisanga Dhusar (Book of Poems)
'Kukuhaa (2012)' (latest short story collection)
Ishan Duttar Nirbachito Kavita (Book of Poems)
Shikhar Minoti
Sagarikaa Novel)
Barnali (Novel)
Kavi Pulish (Novel)
Banjyotshna (Novel)
Tansen (Novel)
Tathapi Sagar (Novel)
Inkilaab (Translated Novel)
Junakor Chobi (Translated Novel)
Bosoror Galpa (1962, 1963, 1964) (Editor)
Kalantoror Kothokotha (Editor)
Vishwa Bandhu (Biography)
Bandi Bihonggome Kaande
Patheek
Ityaadi
Piyamukh Chanda
Poora Maatir Malita
Sparsharekha
Imran Shahor Nirbachito Galpa
Xoru Xoru Kotha (2013) *collection of articles* Assam Valley Literary Award, 2010
Ajan Peer Bota by Government of Assam
President of Asam Sahitya Sabha (2013)
Padma Shri, 2021


Lyubov Isaakovna Axelrod (born Esther Axelrod; Russian: Любо́вь (Эстер) Исаа́ковна Аксельро́д, penname Orthodox Russian: Ортодо́кс; 1868 – 5 February 1946) was a Russian revolutionary, Marxist philosopher and an art theoretician.<PIC> Axelrod was born in the family of a rabbi in Vilenkovichi, a village in the Vilna gubernia of the Russian Empire, now in Pastavy Raion, Belarus. She became involved with the narodnik organization at age 16. She emigrated to Switzerland in 1887, with the assistance of Leo Jogiches (lover of Rosa Luxemburg) when the Vitebsk organisation collapsed in the wake of an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Alexander III of Russia organised by Aleksandr Ulyanov, older brother of Vladimir Lenin. In 1892 she became a Marxist and joined the Geneva-based Emancipation of Labor group, becoming a close associate of its leader Georgi Plekhanov. In 1900, she received her Ph.D. in philosophy from Bern University .In 1902, she worked with Georgi Plekhanov and Lenin on the newspaper Iskra, as a contributor and an organiser. When the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks at its Second Congress in 1903, she joined the Bolsheviks, but split with them soon afterwards, at the same time as Plekhanov.
In 1906 Axelrod returned to Russia during an amnesty and became a leading Russian authority on Marxist philosophy, second only to Plekhanov, as well as working with the Mensheviks' illegal organisation. Her Philosophical Essays, published in 1906, were acknowledged by both the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks as the definitive rebuttal of the 'neo-Kantians' Nikolai Berdyaev and Pyotr Struve, former Marxists who had broken with the revolutionaries. She was critical of both Alexander Bogdanov and Vladimir Lenin during their debate over Empiriocriticism in 1908–1909, branding their ideas anti-Marxist. In 1910, in St Petersburg, she joined the Central Trade Union Bureau, which was also illegal. After the outbreak of war in 1914, like Plekhanov, she argued that Germany was the aggressor and Russia had a right to defend itself. She teamed up with two other prominent Marxist 'defencists', Pyotr Maslov and Aleksandr Potresov to produce the fortnightly journal Delo ('Fact'). After the February Revolution of 1917, she joined the central committee of the Menshevik party, and following the October Revolution, she was reunited with Plekhanov in the little anti-Bolshevik group Yedinstvo. She abstained from party politics after the death of Plekhanov, and made it her life's work to defend his philosophy. In the 1920s she first worked at the Institute of Red Professors and later at the Soviet Institute of Philosophy. Her appointment to lecture in philosophy at Sverdlov University, in 1921, was originally blocked by the Orgburo, but when Lenin was consulted he said that it should be allowed, on condition that she was kept under observation in case she started promoting Menshevism. In the 1930s her version of Marxism was officially denounced as a Mechanistic revision of Marxism and she faded into obscurity.
She died on 5 February 1946 in Moscow. Against Idealism (1922)
Marx as a Philopsopher (1925)
Critique of the Foundations of Bourgeois Sociology and Historical Materialism (1925)
The Idealist Dialectic of Hegel and the Materialist Dialectic of Marx (1934)


The Holyoke Mall at Ingleside (a.k.a. Holyoke Mall) is a shopping center located in Holyoke, Massachusetts, in the city's Ingleside neighborhood. It is owned by The Pyramid Companies. The mall features 135 stores, a large food court, and several restaurants and is 1.6 million square feet, the second-largest in New England by retail space.
The mall currently features Macy's, JCPenney, Target, Best Buy, Burlington, Hobby Lobby, and Christmas Tree Shops, as well as a post office.
The mall underwent cosmetic upgrades in 2015, which included new floors, lighting, and benches throughout the mall. Located near the interchange of I-90 and I-91, the Holyoke Mall is one of the primary shopping destinations in Western Massachusetts and attracts many out-of-state visitors.<PIC> The mall opened in 1979 with G. Fox, JCPenney, Sears, and Steiger's as the original anchors. Plans for the mall were approved in 1973, with $1.2 million granted for construction. Before construction on the mall began, the main access road, Whiting Farms Road, was extended and referred to as the "road to nowhere" by critics before opening. The mall had also opened with 125 retail stores and an eight-screen theater located in the basement alongside the food court. The mall was expanded and renovated in 1995, adding an entirely new wing to the mall with a relocated G. Fox being constructed at the end, as well as some of the first in-mall locations for Toys "R" Us and Christmas Tree Shops. At the time it was expanded, it was billed as the largest mall in New England. Around this time Lord & Taylor announced a store to be completed by November 1993. Pyramid in 1998 proposed a 1,400,000-square-foot (130,000 m²) expansion that would have added a 20-screen cinema complex, but this attempt was blocked by the city. Lord & Taylor repositioned and shuttered their space entirely in 2005. In September 2006, Filene's became Macy's.  In December 2019, it was reported a Cinemark 10 screen theater complex was in the early stages of development. In 2005, The Pyramid Corporation sparked local controversy over its "must be 18 policy",  especially from the local Latino population. The policy (implemented on September 9, 2005) requires all patrons under the age of eighteen to be accompanied by a parent or guardian on Friday and Saturday nights after 4:00 PM. Anyone who appears to be under 18 can be asked to show identification such as a school ID card or a driver's license. This policy is not enforced in the majority of the approximately twenty complexes managed by the Pyramid Corporation, largely located in suburban areas. Because of this, the mall has been accused of racism by the local community. Northampton City Councilor William H. Dwight, who serves on the Northampton Youth Commission, commented that because teenagers do not have as many places as adults to gather, they are frequently treated like pariahs. "It seems to me the mall is relatively safe. It's a shame that's gone," said Dwight. Pyramid has defended its decision by saying that it will increase sales because the environment will be more pleasing to adult shoppers and the incidence of shoplifting will be reduced.


Benjamin Wilson (April 30, 1825 – April 26, 1901) was an American lawyer and Democratic politician who served as a  United States Representative from West Virginia) (1875–1883) and as an assistant attorney general during the administration of President Grover Cleveland (1885 to 1893).<PIC> Born in Wilsonburg in Harrison County, Virginia (now West Virginia) to Mary Martin (1804-1831) and her husband, Josiah D. Wilson (1796–1868), Benjamin was named for his paternal grandfather, the patriot Col. Benjamin Wilson Sr. (1747-1827), a lieutenant in Lord Dunmore's Army. After fighting Native Americans, in 1774 Col. Wilson moved across the Allegheny Mountains, settled in the Tygart valley and founded "Wilson's Fort" (which he defended during the American Revolutionary War) and later represented what was then Monongelia County in the Virginia General Assembly and became first clerk of the Harrison County court. This Benjamin Wilson's maternal grandfather, William Martin (1763–1851), had been a patriot as well, serving as commissary for New Jersey troops before settling in Harrison County.
Although Benjamin Wilson did not own slaves, his father Josiah Wilson owned seven or eight slaves in 1850, and ten slaves in 1860.
This Benjamin Wilson attended the Northwestern Virginia Academy in Clarksburg, Virginia (now West Virginia). He then traveled to Staunton, Virginia to attend the law school which Judge Briscoe Baldwin had begun in 1831.
Wilson married Susan Marsh in 1848, and they had a son, Stonewall Jackson Wilson (1862–1887), who survived to adulthood, as did three daughters: Buena Wilson  Brown (1849–1930), Mary Drusilla Feeny (1851–1876), and Virginia Lee Wozencraft (1865–1893). Admitted to the Virginia bar in 1848, Wilson began his legal practice in Clarksburg. He was elected as commonwealth attorney for Harrison County following adoption of a new Virginia state constitution in 1851, and served from 1852 to 1860. Voters elected Wilson along with Unionist John S. Carlile as their delegates to the Virginia Secession Convention of 1861. Unlike Carlile, who voted against secession during both votes, Wilson abstained from the second vote, though he did sign the ordinance of secession. Later, he and Judge Gideon D. Camden (who owned slaves in both censuses) moved southward into Virginia after Union forces captured much of Harrison County. Wilson was a member of West Virginia's State constitutional convention in 1871.
After the adoption of West Virginia's second Constitution in 1872 (which re-enfranchised Confederates, among other changes) voters elected Wilson from West Virginia's 1st District. Re-elected three times, Wilson served in the 44th United States Congress and the next three Congresses (March 4, 1875 – March 3, 1883). Wilson was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1872, the same year that he lost a campaign for election to the 43rd United States Congress. Two years later, Wilson won election as a Democrat to the Forty-fourth and was re-elected to the three succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1875 – March 3, 1883). During the Cleveland administration, Wilson was Assistant Attorney General of the United States (from 1885 to 1893). Congressman Wilson died on April 26, 1901 in Clarksburg and was buried in the Odd Fellows Cemetery there.


Jesse Duncan Elliott (14 July 1782 – 10 December 1845) was a United States naval officer and commander of American naval forces in Lake Erie during the War of 1812, especially noted for his controversial actions during the Battle of Lake Erie.<PIC> Elliott was born in Hagerstown, Maryland. His childhood home, the Elliot-Bester House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. He enlisted in the US Navy as a midshipman in April 1804 and saw action in the Mediterranean Sea during the Barbary Wars between 1805 and 1807, serving on board the USS Essex under Commodore James Barron. In June 1807, Elliott was on board USS Chesapeake when Commodore Barron was forced to allow a search of the ship by HMS Leopard. Elliott won promotion to lieutenant in April 1810 and was assigned to Lake Erie to oversee construction of the US naval squadron on Lake Erie upon the outbreak of the War of 1812. On 8 October 1812, he and Army Captain Nathan Towson captured the British brigs HMS Caledonia and HMS Detroit, formerly the United States brig Adams, anchored near the British Fort Erie in the upper reaches of the Niagara River. Caledonia escaped to an American port with a load of furs and became the USS Caledonia. Detroit was swept down the Niagara River into range of the British guns. Elliott battled the shore emplacement until his ammunition ran out and then beached the ship on Squaw Island (today known as Unity Island) and fled to the American side of the river. British and American guns destroyed the beached ship. Elliott and Towson were later commended for this action by Congress. In February 1813, however, Elliott was replaced as commander of the Lake Erie squadron by Master Commandant Oliver H. Perry.
Transferred to Lake Ontario, Elliott served under Commodore Isaac Chauncey as captain on board the flagship the USS Madison, and took part in the Battle of York on 27 April 1813 and the Battle of Fort George on 27 May. He was promoted to master commandant in July and reassigned to the Lake Erie squadron, to serve as Commodore Perry's second-in-command. He felt Perry had insufficient combat experience, and was particularly critical of Perry's choice of Presque Isle for his shipyard. During the Battle of Lake Erie against a British squadron under Captain Robert Barclay on 10 September, Elliott commanded the brig USS Niagara. Perry commanded the Niagara's sister-ship, USS Lawrence. In the center of the American line of battle, the Niagara was astern of the Caledonia which in turn was astern of the Lawrence. During the early stages of the battle, the Lawrence fought alone against several of the heaviest British ships while the Niagara was scarcely engaged. After the Lawrence was battered into a wreck, Perry took command of the Niagara while Elliott was dispatched by boat to urge the smaller American gunboats at the rear of the line of battle into closer action. The battle ended with the surrender of the entire British squadron.
Elliott won distinction for his actions and official praise from Perry, and was given command of the Lake Erie squadron the next month. There was nevertheless controversy over his actions during the battle. Some (including Perry) suspected that he had deliberately held Niagara out of the battle in the beginning, and they would feud over this point to the end of their lives. On January 6, 1814, both Elliott and Perry were each honored with a Congressional Gold Medal, and the Thanks of Congress.  (See 3 Stat. 141.) This was in recognition of the first time in history when an entire British naval squadron had surrendered.  (Compare Congressional Gold Medal Honoring Jesse D. Elliott and Congressional Gold Medal Honoring Oliver Hazard Perry.)  In addition to the medals, Elliott and Perry each received an equal share of the prize money ($7,140.00 apiece) for the capture of the British squadron at Lake Erie.  In recognition of Perry's position as commodore of the squadron, Congress voted Perry an additional payment of $5,000.00, which became a source of consternation for Elliott.  In 1818 Elliott was elected as an honorary member of the Maryland Society of the Cincinnati. Even before the medals were presented, Elliott and Perry became embroiled in a thirty-year-long controversy over their respective conduct and fault in the battle, extending even beyond Perry's death in 1819. Perry claimed that Elliott had failed to offer timely support; Elliott decried lack of communication and signals on Perry's part.  In August 1818 Perry drew up a list of charges against Elliott but was, apparently, dissuaded by the Secretary of the Navy against formally filing them.
Perry left his list of charges and specifications with his friend Commodore Stephen Decatur when he left on his diplomatic mission to Venezuela in 1819, during which he died.  Elliott served as the second to Captain James Barron in the duel in which Barron killed Decatur in 1820.  Decatur's widow published the charges made by Perry years later as she held Elliott to be at least partially responsible for her husband's death. Elliott commanded the sloop USS Ontario during the Second Barbary War, and was promoted to Captain in 1818, serving on a naval commission selecting sites for navy yards, lighthouses, and other coastal fortifications, until 1822. In 1820, Elliott was second to Commodore James Barron when the latter fatally shot Stephen Decatur in a duel. He was transferred to the Brazil Squadron in 1825, served as captain of the USS Cyane for two years, and later commanded the West Indies Squadron from 1829 to 1832.
Elliott was appointed commander of the Boston Navy Yard in 1833 and of the frigate USS Constitution and the Mediterranean Squadron from 3 March 1835 to 18 August 1838. During the Mediterranean assignment, he was charged with minor offenses by several of his junior officers, including using his official position for personal gain and transporting animals he had purchased aboard Constitution.
Elliott was recalled to the United States in 1838. He was politically unpopular at the time (possibly stemming back to his performance during the Battle of Lake Erie and subsequent feud with Perry), and was convicted of these charges and suspended from duty for four years until the remaining charges were dismissed by President John Tyler in October 1843. Appointed commander of the Philadelphia Navy Yard in December 1844, Elliott remained there until his death on 10 December 1845. He is buried in Mount Moriah Cemetery in Philadelphia. After being overgrown for many years, his grave was re-identified in 2012. Midshipman - 2 April 1804
Lieutenant - 23 April 1810
Master Commandant - 24 July 1813
Captain - 27 March 1818


Prospect High School (PHS) is a public high school in Saratoga, California, United States. It is part of the Campbell Union High School District.<PIC> Prospect offers a mix of advanced and on-level classes. Its curricula are continually evaluated and modified to reflect the needs of students and to assure that all students are challenged and supported in their academic growth. For the college bound student, Prospect offers numerous honors and Advanced Placement classes and meets California State University and University of California requirements soundly. Vocational and technical coursework is offered through the elective program on campus and the Central County Occupational Center. In addition, the Special Education and English Language Development programs foster the spirit of full inclusion through mainstreaming and Specially Designed Academic Instruction in English (SDAIE) classes—other student support services include AVID, The after school homework center, Math and English Workshops, Reading Intervention, and Title I. Recently, Prospect switched to an Integrated Math system compliant to Common Core standards. 45.5% percent of Prospect's graduating class of 2020 report that they will enroll in a two or four-year college or university.
In 2011, Prospect became the first school in the Campbell Union High School District to adopt Naviance, bolstering the campus College and Career Center with this guidance software. In addition to this, Prospect offers a varied curriculum, offering nine Advanced Placement and eighteen total Honors-level courses. Unique to Prospect is the Astronomy class, made possible by the easily recognized dome telescope; the Mandarin class, new for the 2012–13 school year and only offered at Prospect within CUHSD, the Accounting class in the Applied Arts department; and the Advancement Via Individual Determination (AVID) program. Connections to West Valley College via the Middle College and College Advantage programs give college-bound high school students a jump on college admissions and credits. In addition to academic excellence, Prospect places a large emphasis on its many athletic programs. A member of the Blossom Valley Athletic League, Prospect's teams and individual athletes frequently advance to the Central Coast Section championships.
1979 Varsity Softball defeated Hillsdale High School 5-1 for Prospect's first CCS title.
1982 Varsity Baseball team won first CCS men's title in school history by defeating Westmont (8-7).
1983-1986 100m breaststroker Jennifer Hau won the CCS championship four times consecutively with times of 1:07.43, 1:03.30, 1:02.66, and 1:03.89.
1985 100m backstroke swimmer Dave Meck won the CCS Individual Championship with a time of 52.72.
1988 Varsity Football team won WVAL division title by being undefeated (9-0). They lost in the quarterfinals of the CCS Div 1-3A playoffs to Wilcox High (25-6).
1988 Varsity swimmer Joyce Murphy won the CCS 100m freestyle championship with a time of 52.12.
1990 Varsity Badminton player Janelle Yamasaki won the Girls Singles CCS Championship.
1992 Men's Varsity Soccer team was declared CCS co-champion with Monta Vista after a scoreless game lasting 110 minutes.
1997 Varsity Football team won BVAL division title by being undefeated (9-0-1)).
2003 Track and Field individual athlete Ferman Smith won first place in the CCS high jump finals, leaping six feet, six and a half inches to advance to the CIF state championships.
2009 Men's Varsity Soccer team won CCS title in OT (3-2) by scoring three unanswered goals to overcome 2-0 halftime deficit against Terra Nova.
2009 Varsity wrestler Shohei Takagi wins the 135-lb CCS title.
2010 Men's Tennis team tied for the Santa Teresa division of the BVAL.
2011 The Field Hockey team were league champions in the West Valley Division of BVAL.
2011 Varsity Football team won Homecoming in double OT against San Jose High Academy (42-41) after erasing eight-point deficit in final minute of regulation.
2012 Track and Field individual athlete Kamara Biawogi won first place in the 110m hurdles CCS Finals with a time of 14.42, advancing to the CIF state championships.
2012 Varsity Softball team was co-league champions in the Santa Teresa division of BVAL.
2012 Men's Swimming 300m Freestyle CCS Individual Championship, John Lee, with a time of 7:59.39
2012 Men's Volleyball went undefeated in its league, winning the BVAL's Santa Teresa Division and advancing to the CCS Championships as the 10th overall seed.
2014 Men's Tennis team was co-league champions of the Santa Teresa division of the BVAL.
2014 Men's Swimming 100m Freestyle CCS Individual Championship, Arm Albakay, with a time of 2:43.32
2014 and 2015 Women's Track and Field named BVAL champs.
2015 Men's 4x4 team wins BVAL, goes to CCS and makes CCS top 8 as the youngest team at the meet
2015 Cross Country women's varsity team and individual male athlete Danny Rubino advance to CIF state championships.
2016 Varsity Badminton player Leonard Thang won the Boys Singles CCS Championship.
2016 Women's Track and Field athlete Olga Baryshnikova: BVAL High Jump champion, 3rd place at CCS with 3-way tie at 5'7" and advanced to CIF state meet.
2016 Men's Varsity Soccer won CCS co-championship
2019 Cross Country individual male athlete Elliot Daniels places 2nd in CCS Division 3 and advances to CIF state meet
2019 Men's Varsity Soccer won CCS championship, advanced to CIF state semifinal
2021 Varsity Football team wins the BVAL West Valley league championship after defeating Del Mar and finishing an undefeated 5-0 season Prospect has a relatively small campus at the base of the Santa Cruz Mountains. Spanning twenty-nine acres and 14 buildings, Prospect serves 1,550 students with an average class size of 32 students. The original construction began in what was originally a cherry orchard in 1966, the campus opening in September 1968 for the 1968–1969 school year.  Since 2005, district bonds from Measure C and state funds have renovated most of the campus, most notably:
In 2005, the $4.3 million science wing was completed. Designed with energy efficiency and advanced laboratories in mind, the building has automated radiant heating, an artistic sundial in the courtyard, and a robotically controlled fiberglass dome telescope.
In 2006, the A-wing (English), B-wing (Administrative Facilities), and C-wing (Math and Social Sciences) were renovated.
In 2007, the L-wing and the library were renovated. The library, while small, features a technology center, student art showcases, extensive collections and databases, and plenty of study space and natural light.
In 2008, the main gymnasium was renovated. The baseball and softball fields were updated, and the two remaining fields were replaced with low-maintenance, beautiful synthetic turf fields.
In 2010, the locker rooms and gymnasium lobby were renovated. Also, in 2010, the Panther mascot painted on the front of the school was updated to look more like a panther and less like a "beaver", as it was affectionately called.
In 2011, the new Performing Arts center was completed. The main quad was landscaped.
In 2012, both parking lots were redone. Solar panels were added to provide shade and renewable energy for students and faculty.
In 2015, Johnson Field House and cooking facilities were finished with a separate building for bathrooms and general maintenance.
In the 2016–2017 school year, the F-wing was renovated for a large video production classroom, complete with a studio and control room. The studio was finally completed in September 2018.
In 2018, the Campbell Union High School District implemented fences surrounding all of its high school campuses, including Prospect.
The cafeteria and remaining wings (art, music, and CTE) are scheduled for renovation as well. In the 2016–2017 school year, it was announced that Prospect would add a new two-story STEM building to its campus. The tennis courts were removed in spring of 2018 and were replaced by August 2018 in the back field. Construction began on the STEM building in the fall of 2018. The STEM building is set to open in August 2022 in time for the 2022–23 school year. Associative Student Body (ASB) - The school's official student government.
Astronomy Club – Prospect High School is the only high school in the Bay Area with a working observatory
Mock Trial – The school Mock Trial team won its first Santa Clara County Championship in 2006, when it defeated Palo Alto High School. In 2011, the Mock Trial team defeated Saratoga High School to again win the County championship.  In 2012, the team went undefeated in the county tournament, to repeat as county champions. The team was County Champion both in 2015 and 2019; and earned the school's 6th County Championship in 2022.
In 2014, the Prospect Debate Team was ranked 27th in the nation for Parliamentary debate. In 2017, it rose to 9th in the nation.
Prospect eSports Nation (PeSN) Grant Geissman, (Class of 1971), American jazz guitarist
John Meehan, criminal who was the subject of the 'Dirty John' Los Angeles Times series, a podcast, and a TV show, mid 70s
Wayne Koestenbaum, (Class of 1976), American poet and cultural critic
Steve Harwell (Class of 1985), lead singer of Smash Mouth
Jon Nakamatsu (class of 1986), concert pianist
Gordy Carbone (Class of 1993), singer and radio host


The Middlesex Plat Historic District is located in Des Moines, Iowa, United States.  It was an upper-middle-class neighborhood of two-story square houses and bungalows that were built from 1910 to 1923.   The district has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2000.  It is part of The Bungalow and Square House--Des Moines Residential Growth and Development MPS.<PIC> The Middlesex Plat is an infill area to the east of the western developments that had been built in the late 19th and early 20th century.  The reason this plat had not been developed earlier was a lack of infrastructure.  The Ingersoll Run sewer line was completed into northwest Des Moines in 1907.  The closest streetcar line was along University Avenue, which was a distance to the north, and other the lines in the Drake and Sherman Hill neighborhoods ended to the east of this area.  They were extended at the time of the sewer lines.  Another factor was that the property was owned by J. Callanan who kept the property off the real estate market in the late 19th century.  Most of the houses in the district were built from 1910 to 1923.  Those who promoted the development of the area were able to control it in order to maintain their promises to those who bought lots and the builders.  Realtor Winner and Kauffman and house builders Henry Tillia and Charles Barnes were influential in the development of the area. The Middlesex Plat Historic District is largely composed of square houses and bungalows with a mixture of a variety of subtypes.  Of the 293 properties in the district 187 are houses, of which only nine are not contributing because they were built more recently or substantially altered. There are also 106 detached garages in the district, of which 62 are contributing properties.  The square houses outnumber the bungalows, and there are also 18 other houses that were built in another architectural style.
Most of the square house plans have a front gabled roofs with a full-width front porch.  Six of them were built before 1906 with most of them built between 1910-1911 and then 1914–1916.  Three more houses were built in this style between 1917 and 1918, with the last being built in 1923.  The second largest subtype has a side-gabled roof.  The peak year for construction of this type was 1910 when seven were built.  Otherwise, two to three houses were started each year between 1906 and 1919.  The last four houses in this subtype were built between 1919 and 1925.  There were only nine American foursquare houses with a hip roof built in the district.  All but two were built before 1911.  The other two were built in 1916.
Most of the bungalows feature a gable front with an offset front wing with a roof that is partly a continuation of the main roof.  Of the 23 in this style, three were built before 1914 and 15 were built after 1918.  Seven of the bungalows have a gabled front porch with a gabled side porch.  Four more bungalows have a gabled front with a parallel gable front porch.  One was built in 1911 and the rest were built in 1918.  There are three "areoplane bungalows" that feature a gable front single story design that has a second story room or rooms that appear to be pushed up through the roof.  Three bungalows feature a front gable with recessed full-width front porch (1918, 1921, 1923).  Only one bungalow has a hipped roof (1908) and there is also one example of a "plain bungalow."  The remaining bungalows feature a side gable.  Of these, 14 have a single roof pitch with a full-width front porch.  They were built beginning in 1910 with the last being built in 1921.  There are 16 more bungalows that feature a less than full-width front porch.  They can be further divided into two subgroups because of their influences from either the American Craftsman or the Colonial styles.  The Colonials, for the most part, were built later in the time period.
The remaining 18 houses follow the Tudor Revival, Colonial Revival or the Prairie Style.  Except for the house that had a basement level garage, there are few examples of early garages.  Because they post-date the period being studying they do not contribute to the historic nature of the district.  There are also no alleys in the district and the narrow lots also limited garage construction.  Seven of the garages are attached to the houses and 29 are basement garages.


IDA Indoor Climate and Energy (IDA ICE) is a Building performance simulation (BPS) software. IDA ICE is a simulation application for the multi-zonal and dynamic study of indoor climate phenomena as well as energy use. The implemented models are state of the art, many studies show that simulation results and measured data compare well.<PIC> The user interface of IDA ICE makes it easy to create simple cases but also offers the flexibility to go into detail of advanced studies. Many inputs are adaptable to local requirements such as climate data, material data, system components or result reports. IDA ICE provides a 3D environment for geometry modeling, the table-based input of boundary conditions provide good visual feedback and enables efficient quality check. A simple procedure for calculating and reporting cooling, heating, air demand, and energy, together with a built-in version handling system, makes it efficient to compare different systems and results.
Advanced daylight calculation are achieved by interfacing the Radiance lighting simulation tool with result visualization in the 3D environment. A module for Appendix G of ASHRAE 90.1-2010 is available, this is used for example in LEED and BREEAM. The integrated radiosity method with single reflection and one measuring point can be used for whole-year daylight analysis and allows modeling daylight-based control strategies (e.g. shading devices, artificial lightening).
There is also the "Early Stage Building Optimization" (ESBO) user interface which makes it possible for users to experiment with variations in both buildings and systems at an early stage with a minimum of user input. A full range of component models for renewable energy studies is available, with boreholes, stratified tanks, heat pumps, solar collectors, CHP, PV, wind turbines, etc.
An interface with OpenFOAM for detailed CFD studies is in development. IDA ICE can be used for complete energy and design studies, involving the envelope, systems, plant and control strategies. The equation-based approach enables solving more complex mathematical problems than software using imperative programming languages. The IDA ICE model library features viewable code; the model equations can be viewed and adapted, every variable in the whole system can be logged. The flexible architecture of the software makes it easy to develop the software continuously to adapt it to local requirements and languages, and to expand it with new capabilities. Additional features like parametric simulation runs and visual scripting support decision making in a parametric design process. The coupling with optimization engines like GenOpt is available directly in the program.
The big advantage compared to other BPS software is the coupled simulation of building envelope, systems and controls. IDA ICE library components are either written in the Neutral Model Format (NMF) or Modelica. The software is fully scriptable with Common LISP. The IDA general purpose solver comes with a variable timestep, which guarantees that no event in the system will be missed. IDA ICE supports IFC BIM models generated by tools such as ArchiCAD, Revit, MagiCAD, and others. Geometry an shading on site can also be imported from SketchUp, Rhino or other geometry tools. Solar influx is evaluated through windows (also internal) with full 3D accounting for the local shading situation. Additionally it has an integrated geometry editor where building and zone geometry can be modeled with 2D architectural drawings or pictures serving as template.
Climate files like EnergyPlus weather files (EPW) or ASHRAE climate files, can be downloaded and installed. The table-based input structure allows full interoperability with MS Excel and comparable software. Modern features like copy and paste and Drag&drop combined with visual input data check make input data management easier. IDA ICE output include tables, charts, reports and plots. 3D visualizations (both stills and animations) show geometry, solar shadings, color coded input data as well as results. Arrow animations in 3D visualize ventilation air flows, window energy balance, and wind driven flows. There are special reports for LEED submittal forms included. The diagram plots deliver vector graphics which allows detailed result analysis in custom reports. Results can be exported to Microsoft Word or Excel. A single zone IDA ICE model with default systems comprises a total of approximately 2 000 time dependent variables, any of which may be plotted.
Predefined output files and reports cover
Zone heat and energy balances: solar radiation, occupants, equipment, lights, mechanical ventilation, heating and cooling devices, air leakage, heat bridge losses and surface transmission
Control signals: window opening and shading, signals for secondary and primary systems
Building occupancy: for each zone or the whole building
Heat and mass transfer: detailed heat fluxes of surfaces and air streams
Indoor air quality: CO₂-content of indoor air and moisture levels, air change rate
Comfort indices: operative temperature, surface temperatures, PPD and PMV, unmet load hours, EN15251 comfort results and daylight availability
Energy demand: total energy separated by application, including energy costs based on time-dependent prices, primary energy results and CO₂ emission