Gayndah State School is a heritage-listed state school at 33 Meson Street, Gayndah, North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1861 to 1862. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.<PIC> Construction of the National School at Gayndah was commenced in 1861 after members of the Gayndah community submitted designs for a primary school to the Board of General Education in 1860 which were approved and £700 was granted towards the cost of construction. The building was completed in 1862 and the first schoolmaster, Hercules Smith, took up duties in September 1863. The school opened in November 1873.
Gazetted in 1849, the town of Gayndah initially developed as the centre for a number of large sheep stations taken up in the Burnett region during the 1840s. Gayndah's early growth as a pastoral "capital" is largely attributed to the determination of the squatters and the town developed as the administrative centre for the area, as the school was established in 1861, and post office and court house were erected. A branch of the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney was opened in 1864, and a local government authority, Borough of Gayndah, was established in 1867. By the late nineteenth century, cattle had replaced sheep as the dominant pastoral activity. Citrus orchards also flourished, and together with cattle and dairy farming, provided the basis for the development of Gayndah from the turn of the century.
National Schools were established by the Governor of New South Wales, Charles Augustus FitzRoy, in 1848 at which time he appointed a Board of National Education to undertake the task of creating a system of government schools similar to the National School system in Ireland. When Queensland separated in 1859, it inherited two national schools in Warwick (1850) and Drayton (1851). Following separation, the Queensland Government passed The Education Act of 1860 to establish a Board of General Education to oversee the administration of National Schools throughout the new Colony of Queensland.
Two new National Schools were constructed in 1860 (two in Brisbane, Brisbane Boys and Brisbane Girls); seven new National Schools were opened in 1861, four more in 1862 and three in 1863. The regulations which required local communities to raise one-third of the costs were relaxed and fifteen new schools opened in 1864. However, the 1866 fiscal crisis temporarily retarded the construction of additional schools. The Gayndah National School was established at a time of heightened growth in the establishment of schools throughout the Colony. National Schools remained the dominant form of government primary schools until 1875 when major reforms in education were put in place throughout Queensland.
Construction of National Schools was regulated by government standard and local communities could apply to the Board of Education for an approved school plan or, as in the case of Gayndah, they could supply their own design for approval in accordance with the following recommendations. School rooms had to be at least 16 feet (4.9 m) wide and where attendance would exceed 20 students, the width was to be 18 to 20 feet (5.5 to 6.1 m). The recommendations also provided for teachers residences which were to contain four rooms and a kitchen.
The original school building at Gayndah consisted of a brick schoolroom, 40 by 20 feet (12.2 by 6.1 m), with an adjoining infants' classroom 12 by 20 feet (3.7 by 6.1 m), under the same roof with a dividing wall towards the southern end. A verandah extended along the eastern side of the building, and there were three dormer windows in the roof above the level of the verandah roof. On the north elevation underneath the gable (facing the street) the date 1861 was inscribed. Attached to the schoolroom on the western side was a residence for the teacher which included four rooms, (two bedrooms, a sitting room and dining room) and a kitchen, as prescribed by the regulations at the time.
The school building has been greatly modified, although it still displays significant aspects of its original design. The original school room is still in place with evidence of the removal of the dividing wall that sectioned off the infants' classroom. The decorative fascia boards on the northern elevation and two of the three original dormer windows on the eastern elevation are still intact. The dormer window towards the northern end has been enclosed to accommodate extensions on the eastern elevation, where the original verandah has also been altered. The teacher's residence has been demolished apart from a single room, originally a bedroom, which adjoins the school room at the northern end and is used as a store room. The building's external walls, originally face brickwork, have been painted white.
The original brick building was gradually developed around as the school grew over the ensuing century. The other buildings on site are mostly of timber construction, more typical of Queensland school development than the original brick construction which was always more unusual in Queensland. The original school building is still in use as a music room, resource centre and classroom and forms a working part of the Gayndah school complex. The Gayndah State School is situated on the southern side of Messon Street, the main street in Gayndah. The school is a complex of six buildings from varying periods and is characterised by its well established grounds with mature plantings. Entrance to the school is gained from Messon Street via a decorative wrought iron gate commemorating the centenary of the school reading "Centenary: 1863 - 1963".
The original masonry school building is located at the western end of the school site and forms only a small part of the total school complex. This building is superficially joined to an adjacent timber building its eastern side by a covered walkway. The building is single-storeyed and comprises a central-gabled core running north/south with three attached wings, one extending to the west from front (northern) elevation (the original teachers bedroom), one extending east from the front elevation (a later addition) and one extending east from the corner of the rear elevation (also a later addition). The eastern elevation of the building creates a U-shaped courtyard incorporating part of the original verandah. The building is constructed basically of brick with some weatherboard included on the eastern additions and has a corrugated iron roof.
The northern elevation is characterised by the facade of the gabled- core which displays a decorative scalloped valance along the facia board, an inscription in relief which reads "Erected AD 1861" and a large multi-paned window with a corrugated iron hood. The same fenestration is repeated on the southern elevation of the central core.
The eastern elevation is characterised by the two original dormer windows in the roof which remain visible and the chamfered timber verandah posts which support the awning of the remaining portion of the original verandah. From the verandah two original double timber doors with glass panels gain entrance into the school room. Both are surmounted by two four-paned fanlights.
The interior of the central core was the original school room and is an open-plan rectangular space with a high coved timber ceiling featuring large supporting timber cross-beams. There is evidence of an internal wall having been removed at some stage. Two large multi-paned windows feature at either end of the room and internally the third dormer window can be seen towards the northern end of the room, however it is built over externally. The floor is carpeted and the masonry wall are rendered and painted internally. There are two doors which open to the southern side of the building, one to the front porch on the northern side and one to the rear.
The rest of the school complex extends to the east of the original school building with the main part of the school being formed by two separate elongated timber structures running parallel creating a central recreational garden area. There is a tuck-shop building and a classroom wing to the rear of the original building and a library wing at the most easterly end of the site. Gayndah State School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
The original masonry school building at the Gayndah State School is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland's history as it was one of the earliest National Schools to be established in the new Colony of Queensland in 1861. The National Schools reflect the instigation and development of secular education throughout Queensland, a system which was adopted from Ireland by the New South Wales government in 1848 and carried over by the Queensland Government after separation in 1859. The implementation of secular education throughout Queensland was a significant advancement in social thinking at the time, rapidly progressing the facility for schooling in Queensland and laying the ground for the subsequent system of state education in place today.
Subsequent buildings in the school grounds are also historically significant as they illustrate the evolution of school design demonstrating architectural styles from the Federation, Post-war and late 20th - century periods. The continuation of development at Gayndah State School also reflects the continued viability of the school since 1861. The school also demonstrates the establishment of Gayndah as an administrative centre for the surrounding pastoral region during the 1860s.
The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.
The Gayndah State School is significant as a rare example of one of the earliest government schools in Queensland. The 1861 building at Gayndah State School is one of only a few government school buildings surviving from the 1860s and is the oldest government school building still in continuous use in Queensland. It is also a rare example of a masonry school building from this period.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.
The 1861 building is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a National School from the 1860s as it reflects the recommendations for construction which the Board of General Education in Queensland had put in place in order to regulate the standard of school buildings being erected throughout the Colony. The school as a complex also demonstrates typical characteristics of a Queensland State School which has developed over a lengthy time period such as standard timber buildings and tree plantings.
The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.
The Gayndah State School is aesthetically significant as a well established school site that contributes to the streetscape of Messon Street, the main street in Gayndah, with mature trees and plantings in substantial grounds, buildings of varying styles which complement each other and a decorative commemorative entrance gate presenting a strong external visual presence. The original 1861 building is highly aesthetically significant as a picturesque masonry building displaying quality materials and workmanship in the Victorian Rustic Gothic style. In particular the scalloped valance on the front gable, the dormer windows, the steeply pitched roof and the compact nature of this building all contribute highly to its aesthetic significance.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The Gayndah State School has a strong association with past, present and futures members of the school community and the local community of Gayndah as a place of education and as a community focal point since 1861.


Dobcross is a village in the civil parish of the Saddleworth in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, in Greater Manchester, England. It is in a valley in the South Pennines, along the course of the River Tame and the Huddersfield Narrow Canal, 4.2 miles (6.8 km) east-northeast of Oldham and 13 miles (21 km) west-southwest of Huddersfield.
Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Dobcross was anciently a chapelry in the Quickmere division of Saddleworth. For centuries, Dobcross was a hamlet, sustained by domestic flannel and woollen cloth production. Many of the original 17th and 18th century barns and weavers' cottages survive today as listed buildings.
Together with neighbouring Delph, Dobcross is, geographically, "considered as the centre of Saddleworth", although is not its largest village centre by some margin. Industrial tycoon Henry Platt was born in Dobcross in 1770. John Schlesinger's 1979 film Yanks was filmed on location in Dobcross, and an annual Yanks festival, coupled with a brass band contest on Whit Friday, each contribute to the village's cultural calendar.<PIC> Dobcross is located at an ancient crossing point of the River Tame which was formerly used by trans-Pennine packhorses as they travelled east from Lancashire into Yorkshire. The name means the place where horses cross.
At the crossing point of the River Tame lies the site of Walk Mill, which derives its name from the way the wool was 'walked' or trodden to 'full' the cloth before the introduction of mechanical stocks by which the cloth was beaten with fulling hammers to felt and thicken it. Probably the earliest fulling mill in Saddleworth, Walk Mill would have been a common meeting place for the local clothiers.
Beginning with Richard, the Lawton family ran the mill from at least the late 16th century, if not earlier, and their later wealth in buildings, land and money probably came from the monopoly held by the fulling mill in finishing locally made cloth. The size of the business can be estimated in that, by 1792, Saddleworth saw the production of 36,637 cloth pieces, each priced at £7, giving a total revenue of £256,459 (equivalent to £31,930,000 in 2020). A total of 1,480,000 pounds (740 short tons) of wool had been used in their manufacture. From wool to the innkeeping business, the Lawton family continued to be a prominent family in Dobcross through to the early 19th century.
On the morning of Whit Friday, the traditional Whit Walks, a church procession followed by a service, take place in Saddleworth parish. Saddleworth and District Whit Friday Brass Band contests take place every year on the afternoon and evening of Whit Friday.
The playwright Henry Livings (1929–1998) lived in the village and a Henry Livings Memorial Prize is open to bands who have played on any of the morning's walks.
A public house in the village, The Nudger, was once owned by the Olympic swimming champion Henry Taylor of Oldham. The pub eventually went bust. Lying within the ancient county boundaries of Yorkshire since a very early time, during the Middle Ages, Dobcross lay within the Saddleworth chapelry of the ancient parish of Rochdale. Like the other Yorkshire areas of the ancient parish, it was in the wapentake of Agbrigg, with the Lancashire areas of the ancient parish being in Salfordshire.
Dobcross was created an ecclesiastical parish in 1797. It is currently in Saddleworth Deanery, part of the Archdeaconry of Rochdale, in the Anglican Diocese of Manchester.
From 1894 to 1900, Dobcross lay within the Saddleworth Rural District, a local government district in the administrative County of York, West Riding. In 1900, Dobcross was merged into Saddleworth Urban District, where it stayed until 1974. Under the Local Government Act 1972, the Saddleworth Urban District was abolished, and Dobcross has, since 1 April 1974, formed part of the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, within Greater Manchester.
Since 1997, Dobcross has formed part of the parliamentary constituency of Oldham East and Saddleworth, and is represented in the House of Commons by Debbie Abrahams, a member of the Labour Party. Between 1983 and 1997 it was in the Littleborough and Saddleworth constituency. The villages of Dobcross and Uppermill were treated as a single entity by the Office for National Statistics in the 2001 United Kingdom Census. As such, there are no demographic statistics for the village on its own. The statistics given here are for the combined population of Dobcross and Uppermill, which are about half a mile apart.
At the 2001 census, the area had a population of 7,475. Its population density was 10,324 inhabitants per square mile (3,986/km²), with a female-to-male ratio of 100 to 92.6. Of those over 16 years old, 22.5% were single (never married), 49.6% married, and 7.8% divorced. The 3,225 households in the area included 27.7% one-person, 43.2% married couples living together, 8.1% were co-habiting couples, and 6.9% single parents with their children. Of those aged 16–74, 21.1% had no academic qualifications, significantly below the averages of Oldham (37.7%) and England (28.9%).
At the 2001 UK census, 79.6% of residents in the area reported themselves as being Christian, 0.3% Muslim, 0.3% Hindu, 0.2% Buddhist, and 0.2% Jewish. The census recorded 13.3% as having no religion, 0.2% had an alternative religion and 6.0% did not state their religion. Dobcross railway station closed in 1955 when the Delph Donkey passenger train service from Oldham to Delph via Greenfield was withdrawn. The line remained in use for goods traffic until 1963.
The main bus route through the village of Dobcross is the 184, operated by First Greater Manchester. This runs twice an hour to Diggle and Huddersfield, and in the opposite direction to Oldham and Manchester. On the hourly service to and from Huddersfield, it avoids the village by taking a quicker route along Wool Road, lying just to the east of the village. The other services through Dobcross Square are the 353 and 354 which run from Denshaw and Carrcote to Ashton-under-Lyne. These each run every two hours Monday to Saturday, and are run by First. There are no evening or Sunday services through Dobcross Square.
Besides the services through the village proper, First services 82 (Uppermill - Manchester, peak hours only), 350 (Ashton - Oldham, every 30 minutes) and X84 (Carrcote - Manchester, peak hours only) serve Dobcross New Road.


Seagraves is a city in Gaines County, Texas, United States. The population was 2,417 at the 2010 census.<PIC> A post office at the home of S.J. Blythe occupied the area known as Blythe, Texas. In 1917 the Santa Fe railroad moved into the vicinity, but the rail company ran into a problem. Santa Fe already had one town by the name located in Blythe, California. The company decided to change the name of this new location to honor Charles L. Seagraves, an employee who worked as a traveling agent and was favored by local residents. The Spearman Land Company building was the first building to be erected, and the Higginbotham Bartlett Lumber Company followed shortly thereafter. Seagraves grew rapidly as a town, and in 1928 suffered a fire that burned a major portion of the business section. The only building left standing on the west side of Main Street was the Seagraves Motor Company, which led to the rebuilding of modern brick buildings, many of which remain today. Seagraves is located at 32°57′N 102°34′W.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.5 square miles (3.9 km²), all of it land.  As of the 2020 United States census, there were 2,153 people, 730 households, and 528 families residing in the city. As of the census of 2000, 2,334 people, 812 households, and 616 families resided in the city. The population density was 1,609.8 people per square mile (621.5/km²). The 977 housing units had an average density of 673.9/sq mi (260.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 66.80% White, 6.08% African American, 0.73% Native American, 0.04% Asian, 23.31% from other races, and 3.04% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 55.91% of the population.
Of 812 households, 39.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.7% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.1% were not families. About 22.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.87 and the average family size was 3.40.
In the city, the population was distributed as 32.8% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 12.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $26,929, and for a family was $30,707. Males had a median income of $27,944 versus $16,181 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,253. About 22.3% of families and 25.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.8% of those under age 18 and 22.0% of those age 65 or over. The City of Seagraves is served by the Seagraves Independent School District and home to the Seagraves High School Eagles.


Liberation is the collective name of four TrueType font families: Liberation Sans, Liberation Sans Narrow, Liberation Serif, and Liberation Mono. These fonts are metrically compatible with the most popular fonts on the Microsoft Windows operating system and the Microsoft Office software package (Monotype Corporation’s Arial, Arial Narrow, Times New Roman and Courier New, respectively), for which Liberation is intended as a free substitute. The fonts are default in LibreOffice. Liberation Sans, Liberation Sans Narrow, and Liberation Serif closely match the metrics of Monotype Corporation fonts Arial, Arial Narrow, and Times New Roman, respectively. This means that the letters and symbols width and height between the Liberation fonts and the corresponding Monotype fonts are identical, and the Monotype fonts can be substituted by the corresponding Liberation font without changing the document layout.
Liberation Mono is styled closer to Liberation Sans than Monotype’s Courier New, though its metrics match with Courier New.
The Liberation fonts are intended as free, open-source replacements of the aforementioned proprietary fonts.<PIC> All three fonts supported IBM/Microsoft code pages 437, 737, 775, 850, 852, 855, 857, 858, 860, 861, 863, 865, 866, 869, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1257, the Macintosh Character Set (US Roman), and the Windows OEM character set, that is, the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic alphabets, leaving out many writing systems. Extension to other writing systems was prevented by its unique licensing terms.  Since the old fonts were replaced by the Croscore equivalents, expanded Unicode coverage has become possible. The fonts were developed by Steve Matteson of Ascender Corporation as Ascender Sans and Ascender Serif.  A variant of this font family, with the addition of a monospaced font and open-source license, was licensed by Red Hat Inc. as the Liberation font family. Liberation Sans and Liberation Serif derive from Ascender Sans and Ascender Serif respectively; Liberation Mono uses base designs from Ascender Sans and Ascender Uni Duo.
The fonts were developed in two stages. The first release of May 2007 was a set of fully usable fonts, but they lacked the full hinting capability. The second release, made available in the beginning of 2008, provides full hinting of the fonts.
In April 2010, Oracle Corporation contributed the Liberation Sans Narrow typefaces to the project. They are metrically compatible with the popular Arial Narrow font family. With Liberation Fonts 1.06 the new typefaces were officially released.  As of December 2018, Liberation Fonts 2.00.0 and above are a fork of the Chrome OS Fonts released under the SIL Open Font License, and all fonts are developed at GitHub. Red Hat licensed these fonts from Ascender Corp under the GNU General Public License with a font embedding exception, which states that documents embedding these fonts do not automatically fall under the GNU GPL. As a further exception, any distribution of the object code of the Software in a physical product must provide the right to access and modify the source code for the Software and to reinstall that modified version of the Software in object code form on the same physical product on which it was received. Thus, these fonts permit free and open-source software (FOSS) systems to have high-quality fonts that are metric-compatible with Microsoft software.
The Fedora Project, as of version 9, was the first major Linux distribution to include these fonts by default and features a slightly revised versions of the Liberation fonts contributed by Ascender. These include a dotted zero and various changes made for the benefit of internationalization.
Some other Linux distributions (such as Ubuntu, OpenSUSE and Mandriva Linux) included Liberation fonts in their default installations. The open source software LibreOffice, OpenOffice.org and Collabora Online included Liberation fonts in their installation packages for all supported operating systems.
Due to licensing concerns with fonts released under a GPL license, some projects looked for alternatives to the Liberation fonts.  Starting with Apache OpenOffice 3.4, Liberation Fonts were replaced with the Chrome OS Fonts – also known as Croscore fonts: Arimo (sans), Cousine (monospace), and Tinos (serif) – which are made available by Ascender Corporation under the Apache License 2.0. Unlike modern versions of Times New Roman, Arial, and Courier New, Liberation fonts do not support OpenType advanced typography features like ligatures, old style numerals, or fractions.


Trinervitermes trinervoides is a species of termite belonging to family Termitidae. It is native to and widespread in southern Africa where it inhabits mesic to semi-arid grasslands. Due to the snout on the head of soldiers, and their grass collecting habits, they are known as snouted harvester termites.<PIC> It is found in South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Mozambique, and is widely distributed and common south of the Limpopo River. The species lives in savannah or grassland areas, and avoids barren land. Related species are found in the east of the subcontinent. The snouted harvester termite is a mostly nocturnal species. The species stores grass within its mounds, just beneath the surface. Evidence shows that the species is probably not polycalic and thus each mound will house only a single colony. Since the soldier termites of this species can shoot aversive chemical compounds through their fontanelle squirt gun located on their heads, African insectivores such as the bat-eared fox are not capable to feed on its colonies in a systematic way. It forages with groups of 3-5 individual wide columns, moving from the foraging holes some distance from the main mound and radiating out towards grasses. The species forages during the night and avoids foraging during the winter months of June–August. The foraging itself can last anywhere from 2 hours to 6.5 hours. It feeds in a manner typical of harvester termites. Trinervitermes trinervoides forages on the surface completely exposed, unlike most similar species of termite. This species is able to manage this by secreting a chemical containing a mixture of diterpenes and monoterpenes. This chemical defense can cause significant internal damage to predators and works to deter the large majority of predators. One of their main predators is aardwolves, which are able to eat up to 300,000 termites a night while seeming unperturbed by this toxin. The mound building causes disturbances that build nutritional value as well as improving drainage and fertility. All of these improve vegetation and thus herbivore concentration in an area. Oftentimes these disturbances can be strong enough to switch the ecosystem from a grassy vegetated area to a tree, shrub, and pioneer species landscape.
Studies have shown that the composition and abundance of plant life on and around a T. trinervoides mound vary depending on the mound age. Active mounds support the growth of both a climax and a pioneer grass in the immediate area, while an eroded mound supports subclimax grass and shrubs. It is shown that soils that contain eroded mounds have higher nutrient contents than soils as close as 0.5 meters away.
The species has developed a method of foraging and storing the grass it collects near the surface of the mounds. Because they rely on open cover foraging, which in winter might be unavailable, and unlike most species of termite they store their food to avoid leaving the mound when the cold makes this difficult. Soldiers are also used to defend the foragers while the food is collected, having them patrol between their holes and the foraging area continuously.


Margaret Charlton (10 December 1858 – 1 May 1931) was a pioneering Canadian medical librarian who was instrumental in founding the Association of Medical Librarians, which became the Medical Library Association in 1907. She was the association's first secretary.<PIC> She was born on December 10, 1858, in La Prairie, Quebec, a small town on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River near Montreal. She was christened Margaret Anne but later changed her second name to Ridley, to honour her descent from the family of the martyred Bishop Nicholas Ridley, who was burnt at the stake in Oxford in 1555.
In addition to being a librarian, she was also a literary journalist and wrote several historical sketches, book reviews and wrote two books with her friend Caroline Augusta Fraser. The McGill University Medical Library was founded on August 27, 1823. It was part of the university's Faculty of Medicine and, as was common practice in the 19th and early 20th centuries, a faculty member held the title of "Librarian".  Charlton, who had recently completed a summer course at Amherst College in the newly developed field of librarianship, and is thought to have studied under Melvil Dewey, came to this library in 1895. She was appointed to be the library's first Assistant Librarian in 1896. She remained at the McGill Medical Library in this position until 1914, when she resigned under less than happy circumstances, and moved to Toronto as Librarian of the Academy of Medicine.
Charlton was probably the first person with any formal library training to work at McGill University. Her interest in wider library issues was demonstrated shortly after she arrived, as she was reimbursed $55 for the expense of attending a meeting of the American Library Association in Chicago in 1896. The following year, the British and Canadian medical associations held a joint meeting in Montreal, and it was probably here that Charlton first met prominent Canadian physician William Osler. Osler had graduated from McGill in 1872, and after postgraduate studies in Europe he had returned as a faculty member. He left McGill in 1884 to go to the University of Pennsylvania and by 1897 was at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. Osler was always interested in, and supportive of, libraries and had served on the Faculty's Library Committee while at McGill. He was almost certainly eager to meet the newly appointed assistant librarian of his alma mater.
It was most likely due to this 1897 meeting that William Osler and Margaret Charlton became involved in the formation of the Association of Medical Librarians, founded on May 2, 1898, by four librarians and four physicians who met in the office of the Philadelphia Medical Journal, at the invitation of its editor, George M. Gould, M.D. The object of the Association was the fostering of medical libraries and the maintenance of an exchange of medical literature among its members.  Membership was limited to librarians representing medical libraries of at least 500 volumes, with regular library hours and attendance.  Miss Charlton served as the Association's first Secretary from 1898 to 1903 and again from 1909 to 1911, after it had become (in 1907) the Medical Library Association. One of the other founding members, Marcia Crocker Noyes (who was to become the first woman and first non-physician President of the Association in 1933), writes of Margaret Charlton as follows:
"Miss Charlton was the one person who indirectly brought the Association into being from speaking with Dr. Osler. She had belonged to the American Library Association. Their problems were not our problems, and she felt lost and that time was wasted, yet she had striven for contact with those doing just the sort of work she was doing. And so she suggested to Dr. Osler that it would be a fine thing if the Medical Libraries could do the same thing the American Library Association was doing."  (Bulletin of the Medical Library Association, 23 (1934): page 33.) In 1922 she left the Academy of Medicine, also under less than happy circumstances, and  returned to Montreal to live with her sisters. She died there on May 1, 1931, and is buried, with her mother and two of her three sisters, in Mount Royal Cemetery. Margaret Ridley Charlton Award for Outstanding Achievement
At the winter 2004 meeting of the Canadian Health Libraries Association /Association des bibliothèques de la santé du Canada Board of Directors, it was decided to rename the Award for Outstanding Achievement in honour of Margaret Ridley Charlton In November 2000, Charlton was proposed to the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada as a "person of national historic significance". This board, created in 1919, is responsible for making such recommendations to the Canadian government, and in late 2002 it supported the proposal. In September 2003 the Minister of Canadian Heritage, Sheila Copps, approved the Board's recommendation, and Charlton has been added to the list of approximately 600 other "persons of national historic significance".  In 2006 a Government of Canada plaque honouring her accomplishments was unveiled at the McGill University Life Sciences (formerly Medical) Library and this was erected outside the McIntyre Medical Sciences Building in November 2012 where it is in close proximity to similar plaques to her contemporaries William Osler and Maude Abbott. Additional images at


The Heinz 57 Center is an office building in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania at the corner of Sixth and Smithfield Avenues. The building has approximately 790,000 square feet (73,000 m²), standing 13 stories (190 feet (58 m)) tall.
It was built in 1914 for the Kaufmann & Baer Co. department store. From 1925 to 1986 the building housed a Gimbels department store. Sitting largely vacant for 15 years, the building was remodeled into office space, serving as H.J. Heinz Co. North American Headquarters from 2002 to 2013.
The building was designated as historical landmark by the Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation in 1982.<PIC> Kaufmanns Department Store was run by the four Kaufmann brothers: Jacob, Isaac, Morris and Henry. In 1913, Morris Kaufmann and his son Edgar bought their other family members' interests and incorporated Kaufmann's. Isaac, Ludwig and Nathan Kaufmann partnered with Morris and Julius Baer to start a new department store, Kaufmann & Baer Co.. They built the 13 story, 700,000 square foot building at the corner of Sixth and Smithfield in downtown Pittsburgh. The store opened on March 18, 1914, advertising that there was "no connection with any other store". On December 2, 1925 Gimbel Brothers purchased Kaufmann & Baer Co., with the store name updated to Gimbels on January 3, 1928.
Included in the purchase was WCAE, the in store radio station, one of the five original Pittsburgh stations, first broadcasting on May 4, 1922. WCAE was Gimbels third radio station, after WIP in Philadelphia and WGBS in New York City.
Saks Fifth Avenue opened its seventh branch location in September 1949 within the Gimbels Pittsburgh Store. Saks occupied 20,000 square feet (1,900 m²) on the sixth floor for 30 years until moving one block down Smithfield street to its own four-story building formerly occupied by W.T. Grant on August 22, 1977.
Gimbels closed on September 13, 1986, after doing business on Smithfield Street for 61 years.
Richard Penzer purchased the building in 1992 for $2.75 million, although it had an assessed value of $14 million at the time. Penzer was able to lease the first two  levels of the old store to retailers Burlington Coat Factory, Barnes & Noble Booksellers and Eckerd Drug, but the top 9 floors, 450,000 sq ft (41,806 m²) remained vacant.
Penzer had purchased 12 Pittsburgh buildings in the early 1990s, and during that time gained two orthodox rabbinical business partners, Israel Chait and Walter Friedman. By 1997, Penzer was in negotiations to sell the building to the Glimcher Realty Trust for $17 million. The sale of the building to Glimcher fell apart when Penzer alleged Mr. Chait, his former religious adviser, brainwashed him into sharing his property ownership with Mr. Chait and RZMF, draining millions from his real estate fortune.
McKnight Realty Partners purchased the building for $15 million in 1999. At this time the building had been largely vacant for nearly 15 years. The entire building underwent a $25 million remodel, converting into class-A office space. The revisions included adding an 8-story atrium to bring light to dark interior floors, each over an acre in size.
In 2001 H.J. Heinz Co. leased floors 7 though 14, totaling 310,000 sq ft (28,800 m²) of the newly remodeled building, in order to relocate their North American headquarters. As part of the lease agreement, the building was renamed the Heinz 57 Center.
In 2013, H.J. Heinz Co. announced it would lay off 600 employees across its operations in the U.S. and Canada, including 350 in Pittsburgh, departing its office space in the Heinz 57 Center. Heinz had several office locations in Pittsburgh at the time, choosing to consolidate their remaining office workers into a single building at PPG Place In 2014, UPMC agreed to sublease the majority of the space vacated by Heinz. UPMC moved 550 employees from One Chatham Center into the Heinz 57 Center. UPMC's departure from One Chatham Center left the space nearly vacant, driving the property into foreclosure.


Soema Montenegro (born 7 December 1978 in LaFerrere, Buenos Aires) is an Argentine singer-songwriter. In 2001 she integrated Piel del Sur, a group directed by Susy Shock. In 2002, along to Maisa, Pereira and Hari M., she founds the trio of improvisation vocal Adivina. This group became the base of experimentation and research work and the space where it formed like singer and improviser during five years in parallel to its formal studies of composition in the Conservatory Alberto Ginastera. In 2008, and as a soloist, she released her first album Uno Una Uno (Noseso Records).
French filmmaker Vincent Moon published a documentary portrait about Soema filmed in February 2010, this is his Take Away Show #100 with which the director closed a series of filming started four years ago that led him to film among others at R.E.M., Arcade Fire and Lhasa de Sela. According to Moon: "Soema is my favorite singer in the whole world". The same year she made her first international shows performing at the Instituto Cervantes de Casablanca in Morocco, Petit Bain in Paris and Cave Citadelle in Zurich.
In April 2011 she participated in the International Festival of Folklore Buenos Aires (FIFBA) and later, in June, shortly after the US edition of her album Passionaria (Western Vinyl), she was selected to participate in the MICA showcases Of Cultural Industries of Argentina). In 2011 she released her second CD, Passionaria, produced jointly by multi-instrumentalist Jorge Sottile, who was in charge of the musical articulation of an album full of nuances where the variety and uniqueness of timbres abound and producer Juan Ignacio Serrano known as Juanito El Cantor.
During 2012 she participated of the Argentine section Late Night Argentina in Brisbane Festival, Australia, next to 34 Puñaladas and Franco Luciani. Then in November she made her first performances in Chile where she shared concerts with Pascuala Ilabaca. During 2013 she participated in the La Casita Out Door Festival in Lincoln Center New York, USA. She made her second European tour, invited by Festival Voix de Femmes, Belgium, recorded a folk record with the Mosaik musical research group in Warsaw, Poland. It was presented in Bilbao and Morocco.
During 2014 she recorded her third album Ave del Cielo, which is presented in September–October in Buenos Aires. With her new group called El Conjuro she gave concerts and seminars in different cities of the country. This album was also produced by Juan Ignacio Serrano and Jorge Sottile. During 2015 she continues to present her third album  Ave del Cielo, in quintet format. In July of this year she made her third European tour, playing in important music festivals around the world, such as Pirineos Sur, Spain and Festival Músicas do Mundo, Portugal. It is part of the collective Se Trata de Nosotras initiative of the Nation's Culture and the Committee against Trafficking in Persons, sharing stage with important singers and composers of the current scene as Liliana Herrero, Roxana Carabajal, Luciana Jury, Miss Bolivia, among other. She was summoned to participate in the Cycle and movement Playing for Change Argentina. During 2016 Soema participates in the Michelberger Music Festival in Berlin, a unique festival of its kind, where 80 artists from different parts of the world meet to perform unpublished works in joint collaboration.<PIC> Uno Una Uno (2008)
Passionaria (2011)
Ave del Cielo (2014)
Camino a la Templanza (2019) Gustavo Cordera - En la Caravana Mágica (2010)
Lulacruza - Circular Tejido (2010)
Páramo - Lejanía (2011)
Teto Ocampo - Mucho Indio (2012)
Gustavo Cordera - En la Caravana Mágica Vol.2 (2012)
Sándalo Orquesta - Sándalo Orquesta (2012)
Me darás mil hijos - Santo Remedio (2013)
Juanito El Cantor - El Canto de las Ballenas (2014)
Se Trata de Nosotras (2014)
Susy Shock - Buena vida y poca verguenza (2014)
El camino de Leda (2017)


Ruth Harriett Woods (June 2, 1927 – February 8, 2007) was an American politician and activist, two-time Democratic nominee for the United States Senate from Missouri, and the 42nd lieutenant governor of Missouri. She was the first woman elected to statewide office when she was elected Missouri's first, and so far only, woman lieutenant governor.<PIC> Born Ruth Harriett Friedman in Cleveland, Ohio, she received her Bachelor of Arts in philosophy from the University of Michigan, where she was the first woman to serve as Senior Editor of the Michigan Daily during peacetime.
She married Jim Woods on January 2, 1953, and had three sons. Beginning in the early 1960s, Woods began working as a writer, moderator, producer, and talk show host on local television stations. Her programs covered serious topics such as child abuse, women's issues, civil rights, and the Vietnam War. Her political career began as a member of the University City Council in 1967, where she served for seven years, before being appointed to the Missouri Highway Commission in 1974 by then-Governor Kit Bond.
Woods was first elected to the Missouri State Senate in 1976, becoming the second woman ever elected, and reelected in 1980. In 1982, she made a strong bid for the U.S. Senate against incumbent Republican John Danforth, a colleague of Woods's cousin, Howard Metzenbaum. Aided by a strong grassroots base that rallied under the slogan "Give them hell, Harriett!" (a play on a similar slogan used by supporters of another Missourian, Harry S. Truman), Woods built a political presence in the state. Danforth defeated Woods by 26,000 votes, a margin of less than two percent, the closest election of 1982. Some have argued that the decisive issue in the campaign was Woods's strong support for abortion rights in a state where many rural voters, and the large Catholic population in the St. Louis area, generally opposed abortion.
In the 1982 election, Woods carried Missouri's rural areas, including every county in the southeast. She also carried the state's "Little Dixie" area, a part of mid-Missouri traditionally linked to southern, more conservative, political views, along with the heavily Democratic Kansas City area. But she had problems in some traditionally Democratic areas, losing St. Louis County to Danforth despite living and working as a television producer and newspaper reporter in University City, a suburb of St. Louis. Danforth was also from the St. Louis area. Using her skills as a journalist and former television producer and personality, Woods was able to communicate her message effectively on TV. After trailing Danforth in some polls by more than 50 points after the primary, by mid-October she was running dead even in the polls with him. Her narrow loss, by 26,000 votes, was the closest of 1982.
Another important reason for Woods's narrow loss was that she was outspent ($1,849,025 for Danforth to $1,193,966 for Woods), with almost half of her spending in the last few weeks of the campaign, too late to allow for the purchase of substantial media. As a result, she ran out of money during the latter stages of the campaign, forcing her to pull her very effective TV ads for a week. Nationwide, publicity over the narrow loss of a candidate who with a little more money might have been the first woman ever elected a U.S. Senator from Missouri led to the 1985 creation of the political action committee EMILY's List ("Early Money is Like Yeast").
In 1984, Woods ran for lieutenant governor and won, even as voters elected Republican John Ashcroft governor and Ronald Reagan carried Missouri and 48 other states. Woods thus became the first woman elected to statewide office in Missouri.
In 1986, she once again was chosen as the Democratic nominee for the Senate, this time running against former Governor Kit Bond for the seat being vacated by retiring Senator Tom Eagleton. In another tight race, Woods lost by three points. She remained lieutenant governor until 1989.
After her retirement, Woods remained prominent, especially as an activist for women in politics. From 1991 to 1995, she was president of the National Women's Political Caucus. In 1999, she was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame. She also taught classes on gender and politics at the University of Missouri–St. Louis, Pace University, and Hunter College. In January 2001, Woods joined other Missouri Democrats in opposing John Ashcroft's nomination for U.S. Attorney General.


Tamshiyacu Tahuayo Regional Conservation Area (ACRCTT; Spanish: Área de Conservación Regional Comunal Tamshiyacu Tahuayo) is a protected area located south east of Iquitos, extending over the Peruvian department of Loreto, provinces of Maynas (district of Fernando Lores), Ramón Castilla (district of Yavarí) and Requena (district of Sapuena and district of Yaquerana). It was established by the Peruvian Ministry of Environment (MINAM; Spanish: Ministerio del Ambiente) on May 15, 2009. The reserve is managed and funded by the Regional Government of Loreto.
Tamshiyacu Tahuayo Regional Conservation Area spans an area of 4,200.8 km² (420,080.25 ha; 1'038,040.9 acre; 1,621.94 sq miles) comprising floodable and upland forest of the Peruvian Amazon. It is known for its abundant wildlife.
It has high levels of biodiversity. Hundreds of species of mammals, primates, birds, fish and reptiles have been documented, including several that are endemic as well as either endangered or threatened.
The reserve was established to conserve ecosystems of upland and floodable rainforests, as well as ecological and evolutionary processes of the area, guaranteeing the sustainable use of the wildlife by the local population.
Tamshiyacu Tahuayo has several research and tourist activities focused on wildlife-spotting, including camping, hiking, boating, bird watching and fishing.<PIC> Much research had been conducted in this area since the mid-1970s. Between 1980 and 1990 the importance of conserving the area was highlighted due its unique and vast biodiversity, especially the high diversity of primates as the threatened red bald uakari (Cacajao calvus ucayalii), endemic to Peru, as well as other species recently recorded as the Ranitomeya uakarii.
During the 1980s, the Peruvian government noted the unusual number of primates produced by this region and so in the early 1980s biologist Pekka Soini (who later became renowned for his conservation work with Amazon turtles in the Pacaya Samiria) and his assistant Rogelio Castro, conducted the first primate population survey under the auspices of IVITA (the Peruvian Instituto Veterinario de Investigaciones Tropicales y de Altura). In 1984 University of Illinois primatologist Paul Garber and his student Richard Bodmer came from the United States to further study the mammalian ecology. Evidence of the regions ecological importance continued to grow. Additionally, local villages of the Tahuayo River and the Blanco River had long grown tired of the exploitation and degradation of natural resources in the area which had started in the 1970s. In the late 1980s conservationist Greg Neise and Richard Bodmer worked with the communities of the Tahuayo River to develop a plan to have the region recognized as a community reserve. A few years later the passage of Propuesta Tecnia by the province of Maynas become a reality. On June 19, 1991 with the enactment of Executive Resolution #080-91-CR-GRA-P. The reserve was declared a community reserve and named Reserva Comunal Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo (RCTT) after two of its major boundary rivers. Initial conservation efforts in the RCTT were funded by the Rainforest Conservation Fund (RCF), based in Chicago and headed by Neise.
Unfortunately, during the first ten years of its creation the legal protection of the RCTT failed as commercial loggers and fisheries exploited many resources. The situation was made worse due to the anti-conservationist sentiments heading the regional government of Loreto. The governor at the time, Robinson, was opposed to expanding or even honoring any existing conservation measures. The reserve was on the brink of collapse.
However, in 2006 the election of pro-conservation candidate Yvan Vasquez as regional president of Loreto renewed support for Tahuayo conservation. Soon after Vasquez election the reserve was expanded in size to over a million acres (over 440,000 hectares) and given added legal protection. On May 21, 2007, the Regional Government of Loreto signed the Ordenanza Regional 011-2007-GRL-CR that approved the technical proposal for the establishment of the protected area. The proposal was signed at a ceremony held at Amazonia Expeditions Amazon Research Center. A few years later on May 15, 2009 the proposal was ratified by the national government of Peru in Lima, the  Ministry of Environment signed the Decreto Supremo 010-2009-MINAM, law that officially created the Area de Conservation Regional Communal Tamshiyacu Tahuayo (ACRCTT). ACRCTT is located within the Department of Loreto, in the north of Peru. It is 420,080.25 ha (4,200.8 km²; 1’038,040.9 acres) in area.
The reserve comprises rivers, lakes, canals, oxbow lakes, swamps, several types of upland and lowland forests including varzea, igapo, and terra firme. The conservation area includes part of the Iquitos várzea ecoregion.
ACRCTT has many world records on diversity of plants, primates and mammals species. ACRCTT has habitat that supports a known 1650 species of plants, however it is estimated that there are 2500-3500 species of plants in ACRCTT. It is possible to find trees such cedar (Cedrela odorata), mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), and others. In 2003 the Chicago Field Museum’s Rapid Biological Inventory, found in the ACRCTT 240 species of fish, 77 species of amphibians, 45 species of reptiles, 400 species of birds, and 39 species of terrestrial mammals, including 14 species of primates. Subsequent research has increased the totals to over 110 species of terrestrial mammals (Michael Valqui, doctoral thesis, University of Florida), over 600 species of birds (Dr. Carol Foss, Noam Shaney, Alfredo Begazo, Josias Tello, Andy Bicerra) and at least 16 species of primates, including a new species of saki monkey being described by Dr. Janice Chism (Winthrop University).
Some of the wildlife that inhabits the ACRCTT area are monkeys the huapo Colorado or red bald uakari (Cacajao calvus ucayalii), the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus), the red howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus); the pink dolphin (Inia geoffrensis), the grey dolphin (Sotalia fluviatilis), the brown-throated sloth (Bradypus variegatus), the capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), the spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus), the black caiman (Melanosuchus niger), the South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris), the giant river otter (Pteronura brasiliensis), the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus), jaguar (Panthera onca), the Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis), the wattled curassow (Crax globulosa), the hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin), the harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja), among others. ACRCTT is located on the Amazon rainforest, near the Amazon River. This protected area is located on the lowland jungle (Spanish: selva baja) also known as Omagua region or Amazon basin. It has annual temperatures ranging from 25 °C (77 °F) to 33 °C (91 °F) and an annual rainfall of 3,000 millimetres (120 in) It is possible to visit the ACRCTT year-round, however, the busiest season for visitors is from June to August, this is also the high tourist season throughout Peru.
As of 2018, there are several tourism facilities operating in areas near the ACRCTT with the ability to offer excursions into the reserve. Most tourism facilities are a 3-4 hour speed boat ride from Iquitos. Many of these lodges offer private bungalows with private bathrooms and most lodges have electricity, some, via solar power. Tahuayo Lodge, Grand Amazon Lodge, Muyuna Lodge, Curassow Lodge, Aqua Expeditions Lodge are all built within the border areas of the reserve as no new construction is permitted within the reserves formal boundaries. The only tourism facility located entirely within the reserve is Amazonia Expeditions secondary lodge, the Amazon Research Center Lodge, this is the only man made structure that exists within the over 1 million acre conservation area as it was grandfathered in after the creation of the reserve.
Visitors partake in boating on rivers, lagoons and oxbow, hiking and camping, these activities are focused on wildlife observation. Also travelers may fish and navigate the Amazon River.
ACRCTT has great biodiversity and spans over an important flyway of migratory birds hence it is popular for bird watching and bird photography also.


The Luiseño language is a Uto-Aztecan language of California spoken by the Luiseño, a Native American people who at the time of first contact with the Spanish in the 16th century inhabited the coastal area of southern California, ranging 50 miles (80 km) from the southern part of Los Angeles County, California, to the northern part of San Diego County, California, and inland 30 miles (48 km). The people are called "Luiseño", owing to their proximity to the Mission San Luis Rey de Francia.
The language is highly endangered, but an active language revitalization project is underway, assisted by linguists from the University of California, Riverside. The Pechanga Band of Luiseño Indians offers classes for children, and in 2013, "the tribe ... began funding a graduate-level Cal State San Bernardino Luiseño class, one of the few for-credit university indigenous-language courses in the country." In 2012, a Luiseño video game for the Nintendo DS was being used to teach the language to young people.
Juaneño, the Luiseño dialect spoken by the Acjachemen, is extinct.<PIC> Luiseño is an agglutinative language, where words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morphemes strung together.  Luiseño has ten vowel phonemes, five long and five short.
Diphthongs include ey [eʲ], ow [oʷ] and oow [oːʷ].
Luiseño vowels have three lengths.
Short: The basic vowel length. In writing, this is the standard value of a given vowel, e.g. ⟨a⟩.
Long: The vowel is held twice as long but with no change in quality. In writing, a long vowel is often indicated by doubling it, e.g. ⟨aa⟩.
Overlong: The vowel is held three times as long but with no change in quality. In writing, an overlong vowel is indicated by tripling it, e.g. ⟨aaa⟩.
Overlong vowels are rare in Luiseño, typically reserved for absolutes, such as interjections, e.g.  aaashisha, roughly "haha!" (more accurately an exclamation of praise, joy or laughter). For some native speakers recorded in The Sparkman Grammar of Luiseño, the allophones [ə] and [ɨ] are free variants of [e] and [i] respectively. However, other speakers do not use these variants. Sparkman records fewer than 25 Luiseño words with either [ə] or [ɨ]. For one of these words (ixíla "a cough") the pronunciations [əxɨla] and [ɨxɨla] are both recorded.
Unstressed [u] freely varies with [o]. Likewise, unstressed [i] and [e] are free variants. Vowels are often syncopated when attaching certain affixes, notably the possessive prefixes no- "my", cham- "our", etc. Hence polóv "good", but o-plovi "your goodness"; kichum "houses" (nominative case), but kichmi "houses" (accusative case). A stress accent most commonly falls on the first syllable of a word.
A single consonant between a stressed and unstressed vowel is doubled. Most are geminate, such as w [wː] and xw [xːʷ]. However, some take a glottal stop instead: ch [ʔt͜ʃ], kw [ʔkʷ], qw [ʔqʷ], ng [ŋʔ], th [ðʔ], v [vʔ], x [xʔ] (Elliot 1999: 14–16.)
As a rule, the possessive prefixes are unstressed. The accent remains on the first syllable of the root word, e.g. nokaamay "my son" and never *nokaamay. One rare exception is the word  pó-ha "alone" (< po- "his/her/its" + ha "self"), whose invariable prefix and fixed accent suggests that it is now considered a single lexical item (compare noha "myself", poha "him/herself", etc.). Luiseño has a fairly rich consonant inventory.
/b/, /d/, /f/, /ɡ/ are found only in borrowed words, principally from Spanish and English.
Both [ʃ] and [tʃ]  are found in word initial position. However, only [tʃ] occurs intervocalically, and only [ʃ] is found preconsonantally and at word final position. Examples of these allophones in complementary distribution abound, such as yaꞌásh ('man NOM') and yaꞌáchi ('man ACC').
/r/ is trilled at the beginning of a word and a tap between vowels.
The two sibilants have also been described as dental and retroflex [ʂ] (Elliot 1999: 14). Along with an extensive oral tradition, Luiseño has a written tradition that stretches back to the Spanish settlement of San Diego. Pablo Tac (1822–1841), a native Luiseño speaker and Mission Indian, was the first to develop an orthography for his native language while studying in Rome to be a Catholic priest. His orthography leaned heavily on Spanish, which he learned in his youth. Although Luiseño has no standardized spelling, a commonly accepted orthography is implemented in reservation classrooms and college campuses in San Diego where the language is taught.
The alphabet taught in schools is:
ꞌ ꞌa ch ꞌe h ꞌi k kw l m n ng ꞌo p q qw r s s̸ sh th t ꞌu v w x xw y
Current orthography marks stress with an acute accent on the stressed syllable's vowel, e.g. chilúy "speak Spanish", koyóowut "whale". Formerly, stress might be marked on both letters of a long vowel, e.g. koyóówut, or by underlining, e.g. koyoowut "whale"; stress was not marked when it fell on the first syllable, e.g. hiicha "what" (currently híicha). The marking of word-initial stress, like the marking of predictable glottal stop, is a response to language revitalization efforts.
The various orthographies that have been used for writing the language show influences from Spanish, English and Americanist phonetic notation. The Lord's Prayer (or the Our Father) in Luiseño, as recorded in The Sparkman Grammar of Luiseño.
Cham-naꞌ tuupanga aaukat cham-cha oi ohóꞌvanma.
Toshngo om chaami.
Lovíꞌi om hish mimchapun iváꞌ ooxng tuupanga axáninuk.
Ovi om chaamik cham-naachaxoni choun teméti.
Maaxaxan-up om chaamik hish aláxwichi chaam-loꞌxai ivianáninuk chaam-cha maaxaxma pomóomi chaami hish pom-loꞌxai aláxwichi.
Tuusho kamíiꞌi chaami chaam-loꞌxai hish hichakati.
Kwavcho om chaami.
Our-father / sky-in / being / we / you / believe / always.
Command / you / us.
Do / you / anything / whatever / here / earth-on / sky-in / as.
Give / you / us-to / our-food / every / day.
Pardon / you / us-to / anything / bad / our-doing / this as /we / pardon / them / us / anything / their-doing / bad.
Not / allow / us / our-doing / anything / wicked.
Care / you / us. Linguist John Peabody Harrington made a series of recordings of speakers of Luiseño in the 1930s. Those recordings, made on aluminum disks, were deposited in the United States National Archives. They have since been digitized and made available over the internet by the Smithsonian Institution.


HFIM, acronym for high-frequency-impulse-measurement, is a type of measurement technique in acoustics, where structure-borne sound signals are detected and processed with certain emphasis on short-lived signals as they are indicative for crack formation in a solid body, mostly steel. The basic idea is to use mathematical signal processing methods such as Fourier analysis in combination with suitable computer hardware to allow for real-time measurements of acoustic signal amplitudes as well as their distribution in frequency space. The main benefit of this technique is the enhanced signal-to-noise ratio when it comes to the separation of acoustic emission from a certain source and other, unwanted contamination by any kinds of noise. The technique is therefore mostly applied in industrial production processes, e.g. cold forming or machining, where a 100 percent quality control is required or in condition monitoring for e.g. quantifying tool wear.<PIC> High-frequency-impulse measurement is an algorithm for obtaining frequency information of any structure- or air-borne sound source on the basis of discrete signal transformations. This is mostly done using [Fourier series] to quantify the distribution of the energy content of a sound signal in frequency space. On the software side, the tool used for this is the fast Fourier transform (FFT) implementation of this mathematical transformation. This allows, in combination with specific hardware, to directly obtain frequency information so that this is accessible in-line, e.g. during a production process. Contrary to classical, off-line frequency analysis methods, the signal is not unfolded before transformation but is directly fed into the FFT computation. Single events, such as cracks, are hence depicted as extremely short-lived signals covering the entire frequency range (the Fourier transform of a single impulse is a signal covering the entire observed frequency space). Therefore, such single events are easily separable from other noises, even if they are much more energetic. Because of its in-line capabilities, HFIM is mostly applied in industrial production processes when it comes to high quality standards e.g. for auto parts that are relevant for crash behavior of a car:
Cold forming: In cold forming applications, HFIM is mostly used to detect cracks during the forming process. Since such cracks are vastly due to stress in the manufactured part, the spontaneous formation of a crack is accompanied by a very sharp, impulse-like signal in the HFIM process landscape which can easily be separated from other noise. Therefore, HFIM is the standard technology for crack detection in the automotive sector all over the world.
Machining: In many machining applications, HFIM is used to either monitor the status of tool wear and hence enable pedicitive maintenance or to prevent chatter.
Plastic injection molding: Here, HFIM is used to monitor the status of the molds which are usually very complex. In particular, breaking off of small pins or other parts of the mold can be detected in-line.
Welding: In contrast to most classical monitoring systems for the welding process which usually measure currents or voltages on the welding device, HFIM measures the energy acting directly on the welded workpiece. That allows for detection of various weld imperfections such as burn-through.
There are also several applications of HFIM devices in materials science laboratories where the exact timing of crack formation is relevant, for instance when determining the plasticity of a new kind of steel. Website of QASS, a German company and manufacturer of HFIM measurement devices. (incl. photos, videos and further links)
Talk by Dr. Peter-Christian Zinn concerning different applications of HFIM in the context of Smart Factories.


Meherzia Labidi Maïza (Arabic: محرزية العبيدي معيزة;17 December 1963 – 22 January 2021) was a Tunisian politician and professional translator and interpreter. She became the first deputy speaker of the Constituent Assembly of Tunisia.
Maïza was the most senior elected woman in the Middle East. She was proud of helping to include a clause to protect women's rights into Tunisia's post Arab Spring constitution.<PIC> Meherzia Labidi was born on 17 December 1963 in El Meziraâ in the town of Hammamet in Nabeul Governorate in North East Tunisia. She graduated from a mixed high school in the town of Grombalia in 1982 and then moved south to study at the Ecole Normale Superieure in the city of Sousse.
Labidi-Maïza married in 1986 and went to France with her husband, who is a telecommunications engineer, to study in the École supérieure d'interprètes et de traducteurs at the University of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle. She earned a master's degree in economics and translation and a post-graduate degree in English literature and theatre studies in 1992. She taught translation at the European Institute of Human Sciences in St. Denis. In 2004 Labidi-Maïza co-authored Abraham, réveille-toi, ils sont devenus fous! (Abraham, Wake Up. They Are Going Crazy) with Laurent Klein. She gave lectures on education in multicultural societies, women, religion and society. From 2006, she was chair of the Global Women of Faith Network.
In 2009, Labidi-Maïza was a member of the European Council of religious leaders. She came to international notice when she supported a more moderate position over wearing the niqab. This was during the French debates that aimed to restrict it being worn in France. In 2015, she served as the honorary president of Religions for Peace, a New York-based NGO recognized at the UN. On 23 October 2011, Labidi-Maïza was elected to the Tunisian Constituent Assembly as a representative of the Ennahda Movement for Tunisians living abroad. She noted that she benefited from a clause that required every other candidate to be a woman. On 22 November she became the First Deputy Speaker of the assembly after receiving 142 out of the 214 votes. In 2012 Labidi-Maïza was described as the "most senior elected woman in the Middle East".
Labidi-Maïza organised the debates that gave birth to Tunisia's new constitution. She was proud of ensuring that women's rights were included in Article 45 of the constitution. She was identified by the Huffington Post as one of eight women who "made the world a better place" in 2014. The post Arab Spring constitution contained clauses that her own supporters did not like but she said, "It's like giving birth: painful, but in the end everyone is happy when the child arrives".
Labidi-Maïza was a French and a Tunisian citizen, daughter of a father of eight children who told them that they must all graduate before they could consider marriage. Her dual nationality was the subject of controversy to her critics. She was married and mother of two girls and a boy.
Labidi-Maïza was elected to the assembly of the representatives of the people in the Tunisian parliamentary election in October 2014, this time in the second level district of Nabeul in north-east Tunisia. In 2015 she was still a member of the Tunisian government and led its committee for women, family, children and the elderly. Labidi-Maïza was reported to have contracted COVID-19 in late 2020 and in mid-November moved to France to receive treatment.  Her health deteriorated from early December and she died in early hours of 22 January 2021.  The Tunisian Minister of Women's Affairs, Sihem Badi claimed that she had not been suffering from COVID-19. Labidi-Maïza's body was repatriated to Tunisia on 23 January and was buried at Grombalia cemetery, Nabeul on 24 January.


Pleurotus eryngii (also known as king trumpet mushroom, French horn mushroom, eryngi, king oyster mushroom, king brown mushroom, boletus of the steppes, trumpet royale, aliʻi oyster) is an edible mushroom native to Mediterranean regions of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, but also grown in many parts of Asia.<PIC> Pleurotus eryngii is the largest species in the oyster mushroom genus, Pleurotus, which also contains the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. It has a thick, meaty white stem and a small tan cap (in young specimens). Its natural range extends from the Atlantic Ocean through the Mediterranean Basin and Central Europe into Western Asia and India. Unlike other species of Pleurotus, which are primarily wood-decay fungi, the P. eryngii complex are also weak parasites on the roots of herbaceous plants, although they may also be cultured on organic wastes. Its species name is derived from the fact that it grows in association with the roots of Eryngium campestre or other Eryngium plants (English names: 'sea holly' or 'eryngo'). P. eryngii is a species complex, and a number of varieties have been described, with differing plant associates in the carrot family (Apiaceae).
Pleurotus eryngii var. eryngii (DC.) Quél 1872 – associated with Eryngium ssp.
Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae (Lanzi) Sacc. 1887 – associated with Ferula communis
Pleurotus eryngii var. tingitanus Lewinsohn 2002 – associated with Ferula tingitana
Pleurotus eryngii var. elaeoselini Venturella, Zervakis & La Rocca 2000 – associated with Elaeoselinum asclepium
Pleurotus eryngii var. thapsiae Venturella, Zervakis & Saitta 2002 – associated with Thapsia garganica
Other specimens of P. eryngii have been reported in association with plants in the genera Ferulago, Cachrys, Laserpitium, and Diplotaenia, all in Apiaceae.
Molecular studies have shown Pleurotus nebrodensis to be closely related to, but distinct from, P. eryngii. Pleurotus fossulatus may be another closely related species. The mushroom has a good shelf life and is cultivated widely. It has little flavor or aroma when raw. When cooked, it develops rich umami flavor and a meaty texture. When cultivating Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) can be used in the mushroom industry for the classification and maintenance of high-quality mushroom spawns. P. eryngii, are commercially produced, edible mushrooms, with P. eryngii making up 30% of the Korean edible mushroom market since its introduction in 1995. It is commonly used as a meat substitute in many vegan recipes.
Pleurotus eryngii may contain chemicals that stimulate the immune system. Dietary intake of Pleurotus eryngii may function as cholesterol-lowering dietary agent.
Like some other Pleurotus species, P. eryngii attacks nematodes and may provide a control method for these parasites when they infect cats and dogs.
It's very frequently used in Apulian cuisine. An example of this is when it is put on top of Orecchiette. Sequence analysis of the ITS1–5.8S rDNA–ITS2 of P. eryngii and the control strains P. ostreatus and P. ferulae, demonstrated that the DNA regions share almost 99 % of sequence identity, indicating closely related mushroom strains. ITS1–5.8S rDNA–ITS2 sequence analysis is DNA sequencing used to confirm the mushroom species at hand, although it does distinguish variants in the mushroom species. RAPD are superior to DNA sequence-based methods with distinguishing strains in species. To verify the mushroom strains RAPD was used, and DNA fragments were amplified from the total cellular DNA. Verification of Pleurotus eryngii strains was assessed using ITS sequence analysis and RAPD fingerprinting. Analysis of the DNA fragment pattern showed that the 22 P. eryngii strains were clearly distinguished from the control strains P. ostreatus and P. ferulae, and could be categorized into five subgroups:
Group 1- commonly showed widely spaced gills under the convex cap. They tended to form small fruiting bodies. Eastern Europe. 24-25C optimum growth
Group 2- funnel-shaped cap phenotype with a stout stem. Members in this group grew faster than other mushrooms. They required 15–16 d from the fructification for harvest whereas the others required 18–21 d.
Group 3- shared similar morphological characteristics; they formed thin fruiting bodies with a small convex cap. Strains KNR2514 and KNR 2522
Group 4- resembled group I mushrooms morphologically but grew at around 27 °C.
Group 5- was collected from Iran; they grew as mycelia but hardly formed fruiting bodies. In this group, we only succeeded in generating fruiting bodies for KNR2517, which had a wide, white, convex cap. Their optimal growth temperature was the lowest among the strains tested (19–21 °C), which may reflect their geographical origin. Pleurotus populations growing on umbellifers seem to have recently diverged through a sympatric speciation process, that is based on both intrinsic reproductive barriers and extrinsic ecogeographical factors.
Pleurotus eryngii is a saprotrophic fungus. Saprotrophic fungi use the process of chemoheterotrophic extracellular digestion involved in the processing of decayed organic matter. They are also an NTF, nematode-trapping fungi, that survives by trapping and digesting nematodes working as a natural pesticide. These fungi produce trapping devices to capture, kill, and digest nematodes as food sources. Traps are not only the weapons that NTF use to capture and infect nematodes but also an important indicator of their switch from a saprophytic to a predacious lifestyle. Pleurotus eryngii can live both saprophytically on organic matter and as predators by capturing tiny animals. The development of traps shows their evolutionary importance of them. They provide a crucial role in obtaining nutrients and may confer competitive advantages over non-predatory fungi. This fungal carnivorism diverged from saprophytism about 419 million years ago (Mya), after the origin of nematodes about 550–600 Mya. This following evolution of the fungi after the nematode suggests the co-evolution of the species. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that NTF have a common ancestor and the ability to capture nematodes has been an important trait for speciation and diversification within the clade.
P. eryngii extract reduced the number of Panagrellus sp. larvae after 24 h by 90%.  P. eryngii fungus has predatory activity against Panagrellus sp. larvae due to toxins production and negatively affects Meloidogyne javanica eggs and juveniles development.


René Vidal (born 1974) is a Chilean electrical engineer and computer scientist who is known for his research in machine learning, computer vision, medical image computing, robotics, and control theory. He is the Herschel L. Seder Professor of the Johns Hopkins Department of Biomedical Engineering, and the founding director of the Mathematical Institute for Data Science (MINDS).<PIC> Vidal did his undergraduate studies at the Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile where he received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1995 and his Master of Engineering degree in 1996. After one year at DICTUC he enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley, where he was awarded an M.Sc. and a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in 2000 and 2003, respectively. Before joining Johns Hopkins University in 2004, he was a Research Scientist at the Australian National University and NICTA. Vidal is currently a Professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering of Johns Hopkins University with secondary appointments in Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Computer Science, Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering. He is also a faculty member in the Center for Imaging Science, the Institute for Computational Medicine and the Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics. In 2017, Vidal became the founding director of the Mathematical Institute for Data Science (MINDS). In 2004, Vidal was recognized with the National Science Foundation CAREER Awards.
In 2009, Vidal was recognized by the Office of Naval Research with an award from the Young Investigator Program.
In 2009, Vidal was recognized with a Sloan Research Fellowship in computer science by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.
In 2012, Vidal was recognized by the International Association for Pattern Recognition by winning the J.K. Aggarwal Prize for outstanding contributions to generalized principal component analysis (GPCA) and subspace clustering in computer vision and pattern recognition.
In 2014, Vidal was elected IEEE Fellow for contributions to subspace clustering and motion segmentation in computer vision.
In 2016, Vidal was elected IAPR fellow for contributions to computer vision and pattern recognition.
In 2020, Vidal was inducted into AIMBE College of Fellows for outstanding contributions to medical image analysis and medical robotics. Vidal has been a prominent scientist in the fields of machine learning, computer vision, medical image computing, robotics and control theory since the 2000s. In machine learning, Vidal has made many contributions to subspace clustering, including his work on Generalized Principal Component Analysis (GPCA), Sparse Subspace Clustering (SSC) and Low Rank Subspace Clustering (LRSC). Much of his work in machine learning is summarized in his book Generalized Principal Component Analysis. Currently, he is working on understanding the mathematical foundations of deep learning, specifically conditions for global optimality. In computer vision, Vidal has made many contributions to rigid motion segmentation, activity recognition and dynamic textures. In medical image computing, Vidal developed algorithms for recognition of surgical gestures. In robotics, Vidal developed algorithms for distributed control of unmanned vehicles. In control theory, Vidal studied algebraic conditions for observability of hybrid systems  as well as algebraic geometric approaches for the identification of hybrid systems.


Brigadier General Carmelita Vigil-Schimmenti (born December 16, 1936) is a retired officer of the United States Air Force, who in 1985 became the first Hispanic female to attain the rank of Brigadier General. Vigil-Schimmenti was the Chief of the United States Air Force Nurse Corps, Office of the Surgeon General; Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.<PIC> Vigil-Schimmenti was born on December 16, 1936 in Albuquerque, New Mexico.  She grew up on her family's ranch between Edgewood and Moriarty. She graduated from St. Mary's High School in 1954. In 1957, she earned her nursing diploma from the Regina School of Nursing of Albuquerque. Vigil-Schimmenti joined the U.S. Air Force in 1958 and was assigned to the Air Force Nurse Corps. From August 1958 until September 1960, she served as an operating room nurse and general duty nurse at the USAF Medical Center Wright-Patterson, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio. During the time she served at the USAF Medical Center Wright-Patterson, she was able to complete the flight nurse course at Gunter Air Force Base in Alabama. In 1960, Vigil-Schimmenti was assigned as a general duty nurse at USAF Dispensary, Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, where she served until May 1962, when she was transferred to the 9th Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron, Tachikawa Air Base, Japan, where she was a flight nurse until August 1964.
In August 1964, Vigil-Schimmenti left to attend the University of Pittsburgh and earned a Bachelor of Science degree in 1966. In July 1966, she was assigned to the USAF School of Health Care Sciences, Sheppard Air Force Base, Texas, as an instructor in the Medical Service Specialist Course. Vigil-Schimmenti served in the Pacific during the Vietnam War. In June 1968, Vigil-Schimmenti, was named the charge nurse in the school health program and primary care screening nurse at USAF Dispensary, Kadena Air Base, Okinawa, Japan. In January 1971, she returned to the United States and was assigned to David Grant USAF Medical Center, Travis Air Force Base, California, as charge nurse emergency services and primary care clinic, charge nurse oncology clinic and home care service.
Vigil-Schimmenti attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from August 1973 until August 1974 and earned a Master of Public Health degree. Following graduate studies, she was transferred to Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, where she served as charge nurse, clinical coordinator and facility design coordinator.
Vigil-Schimmenti served in various positions until March 1983, when she was selected as command nurse, Headquarters Strategic Air Command, Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska. In October 1985, Vigil-Schimmenti became the first Hispanic female to attain the rank of Brigadier General. She assumed the duties of Chief of the U. S. Air Force Nurse Corps, Office of the Surgeon General; Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
During her service years, Vigil-Schimmenti attended the Air War College and the Inter-Agency Institute. She retired from the Air Force on October 1, 1988. Among Brigadier General Carmelita Vigil-Schimmenti's decorations and medals were the following:
  Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
  Legion of Merit
  Meritorious Service Medal with oak leaf cluster,
  Air Force Commendation Medal
  National Defense Service Medal
  Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal
  Air Force Longevity Service Award Ribbon with five oak leaf clusters.
Badges:
  Flight Nurse Badge
  Air Force Medical Badge After retiring from the service in 1988, Vigil-Schimmenti returned to Albuquerque with her husband, retired Marine Lieutenant Colonel Joseph A. Schimmenti.  Vigil-Schimmenti is a member of the American Nurses Association, Texas Nurses Association, Association of Military Surgeons of the United States, National League for Nursing, Air Force Association and the Aerospace Medical Association.


Heasta, Heast, or the anglicised form Heaste, pron. /heɪst/, is a small settlement on the island of Skye, Scotland. It is located on the west coast of the island five miles (eight kilometres) south of Broadford extending down to the north shore of Loch Eiseort, facing out to the Atlantic to the south west and is in the Scottish council area of Highland.<PIC> The etymology of the name Heaste is unclear. It is likely that the name is old Norse as are a great many local placenames, not Scottish Gaelic. The anglicised "Heaste" spelling may have been influenced by the English word ‘haste’. Suggested etymologies have included: one been based on a suggestion relating to the tidal island of Eilean Heast which lies just off-shore in the sea-loch Loch Eiseort. This has been compared to Icelandic hestur (nom.sg.) hest (acc.sg.) ‘’horse’’ ( - perhaps an island where horses were confined.
Another suggestion is based on ON há- ‘high’ or else heiðr ‘heather’ + staðr ‘stead(ing)’ which therefore would equate to either ‘high stead(ing)’ or ‘heath stead(ing)’ and which describes well the location of the old village which also extended onto higher heather moorland, above the present day extent of the modern houses.
Many Norse-based placenames of the Hebrides, the Highlands, Orkney and Shetland terminate in the element "-sta" sometime clipped to -st (in either spelling only or in spelling and in pronunciation to some degree). Examples are Carbost in Skye (clipped in anglicised spelling) and Garrabost in Lewis, but many retain the final schwa and may or may not retain the unclipped -{sta} spelling. This suggests an analysis as two words is warranted in contrast to the first of the above suggested etymologies. Heaste lies on the northern shore of the Atlantic sea-loch Loch Eiseort On the west coast of Skye.
The tidal island of Eilean Heast which lies just off-shore in Loch Eiseort, Eilean Heast can be reached at low tide with great difficulty as the access is extremely muddy. The island shelters the Heaste shore from the worst of the waves from the southwest inti the sea loch.
To the west of Heasta Beinn nan Càrn dominates the view and blocks the view of the Skye Cuillin mountains. The nearest inhabited settlements as the crow flies are Druim Fheàrna to the east, which is at the head of Loch Eishort and An t-Òrd. On the other side, the south side of Loch Eishort. Neither is directly accessible by road and a very long journey is required back up to the main road near Broadford and then round to the east and south.
The northern, highest part of the township, at approximately 130 m altitude is one of the highest inhabited places in Skye and has views of the sea both to the east between Skye and the mainland and of the Atlantic to the west. To the east the Linne Shléibhteach and the mainland mountains of Knoydart including Beinn Sgritheall and Ladhar Bheinn can be seen. To the southwest, the Atlantic can be seen where the sea loch Loch Eishort opens out towards th Small Isles including the mountainous Island of Rùm. From just above the village, with difficulty the very top of the Sgurr of Eilean Eige can just be seen peeping above the hills of the
Sléibhte peninsula of Skye. Local industry includes:tourist accommodation; fishing out of Loch Eishort where there is a ’pontoon', a floating pier supported by buoyancy tanks; and crofting, keeping sheep and cattle. The Broadford Mackinnon Memorial Hospital and Sabhal Mór Ostaig are amongst the local providers of employment. There was a fish farm in Loch Eiseort which was worked from Heaste until the end of the 1990s when it was closed. This too provided local employment. Above the village, deer, golden eagles and buzzards and other birds of prey are to be seen. Occasionally otters and mink have been seen right in the village itself. Every year, in late spring and early summer, several cuckoos can be heard calling back and forth at the north end of the village. Other wildlife includes: slow worms, adders, rabbits, foxes, dragonflies, woodcocks, wrens, voles, mice, rats toads and frogs.
In some parts of the village, orchids blanket the ground, with bluebells visible in late spring. There are also patches of marsh marigolds (or ‘king-cups’).
Cattle and sheep roam loose on the township common grazing. There is also a fank on the northern edge of Heasta too, just to the north of the northern edge of the village. There there is a cattle grid which marks the northern boundary of the village and which prevents livestock from entering the village down the road. There is also another cattle grid near the southern end of the Heasta road which similarly prevents entry by livestock. At the fank, sheep are sheared, livestock are rounded up and confined for medicinal treatment and in readiness for transport to market. Some residents keep hens or ducks, and one person has donkeys.
As well as working sheepdogs, the usual domestic pets are kept, including cats and pet dogs. As elsewhere, domestic cats threaten the bird life and eat rabbits and rodents; foxes and mink attack hens and ducks from time to time, and dogs are a concern regarding sheep. Within the village though there are trees in the deep clefts by the streams. There are many waterfalls. The road from Heaste to the north towards Broadford rises high over the hills reaching its highest point at the Fireach nan Clach. Here deer can sometimes be seen.
From the viewpoint of the Fireach nan Clach looking northward, the mountains of Blà-Bheinn and Beinn na Caillich dominate the view to the west. To the north can be seen Broadford Bay and the Inner Sound between Skye and the mainland; the islands of Scalpaigh and Pabaigh in Broadford Bay and to the north east there are the Applecross Mountains (over which runs the highest road in Britain) and the Skye Bridge. To the east, hills block the view of the narrow but extremely navigable channel that separates Skye from the mainland.
From Heaste itself the Skye Cuillin mountains cannot be seen because Beinn nan Càrn blocks the westward view. An ascent of Beinn nan Càrn provides spectacular 360-degree views of the mainland mountains, the Cuillin on Skye and the Atlantic sea surrounding the small isles Eilean Rùm and Eilean Eige. Across Loch Eishort, to the south east on its southern (north-facing) shore the ruins of an abandoned village, Mòrsaig, can be seen with binoculars. Mòrsaig was abandoned because according to some local informants the environment was too harsh - ‘it was cold’; certainly it may get less sun than Heaste because it is slightly shadowed by hills to the south when the sun is low.
To the west a difficult path westwards up and down towards the shore leads to the abandoned village of Boraraig with all its stone houses still standing. There is also another abandoned village further still to the west along the coast, Sùisinis. The inhabitants of these settlements were forced out of their homes during the Highland Clearances at the end of the 19th century. Some inhabitants of these other neighbouring settlements moved to Heaste, thus swelling the population greatly by the early 20th century. Many houses in Heaste have been abandoned, some are those furthest away from the present day road on its west side;  some ruins can be seen high up on the moor on the slope of Beinn nan Càrn.
In the 20th century many modern houses were built replacing the older stone ones, but at least one 19th century stone house remains; this was originally thatched and single-storey. The old village schoolhouse which was in use until the mid 20th century still stands, near the shore, in its own small stonewall enclosed garden. The schoolhouse is now used as holiday accommodation.
Heaste now contains only domestic residences and has no shops, offices, pub, post office or any such facilities, nor any current operating business premises as of 2019 aside from agricultural sheds. Many of the residents grew up in the village and some of the oldest attended the Heaste school before it closed. There are a number of incomers from outside the local area; from elsewhere in Scotland, many from England and elsewhere. Heaste is typical of the wider local area around Broadford where number of residents have come from other parts of Scotland, from England and outside the UK. Typically for the area, English is the everyday language of the village for many, at least outside the home. A minority of the inhabitants of Heaste are native speakers of Scottish Gaelic but English is used even by the fluent Gaelic speakers frequently and almost always when outside the home. All Gaelic speakers are fluent in English. Some Gaelic speakers are very willing to speak the language even with learners they know. All Gaelic speakers speak the local dialect; currently there are no Gaelic speakers from other areas.  The language can frequently be heard in certain situations in Broadford however, but not when strangers are present.


The Monti Aurunci (or Aurunci Mountains) is a mountain range of southern Lazio, in central Italy. It is part of the Antiappennini, a group running from the Apennines chain to the Tyrrhenian Sea, where it forms the promontory of Gaeta. It is bounded to the north-west by the Ausoni Mountains, to the north by the Liri river, to the east by the Ausente, to the south-east by the Garigliano and to the south by the Tyrrhenian sea. The line between the Aurunci and the Ausoni has not been clearly established but the Aurunci are considered by convention to be east of a line through Fondi, Lenola, Pico, S. Giovanni and Incarico. Altitudes vary from hills to the 1,533 m of Monte Petrella. Main peaks include the Redentore (1,252 m) and Monte Sant'Angelo (1,402 m). They include a regional park, the Parco Naturale dei Monti Aurunci, created in 1997.
The mountains take the name from the ancient tribe of the Aurunci, an offshoot of the Ausoni. Both tribes were derived from the Italic people who were called by the Romans the Volsci; hence, the Monti Lepini, the Monti Ausoni and the Monti Aurunci are also called the Volsci or Volscian Chain. Coincidentally they are all of the same karst topography and have the same orogeny, which is not quite the same as the Apennines proper.<PIC> The Monti Aurunci mainly consist of friable limestone, which becomes harder toward Gaeta. The degree of faulting and cracking is so high that the mountains retain no rainfall; it sinks in to emerge as springs (and used as wells) on the lower flanks. The stream beds are dry except for vernal pools.
Most generally, the western-central coastal region of Italy is the front of a subduction zone where the African plate moving locally from southwest to northeast is carried under the European plate. There is some counterclockwise rotation of Italy; hence the faults in the Tyrrhenian Sea slip both parallel to the shoreline and perpendicular to it.
The surface rock in the Anti-Apennines was deposited on the floor of Tethys Sea during the Jurassic and Cretaceous of the Mesozoic. This lighter calcareous rock rides over the front of the subduction zone, uplifted by compressional and isostatic forces. Just behind it is a zone of crustal thinning caused by extensional forces; i.e., the subduction and the rotation cause a wave of compression with a peak under the Anti-Apennines and a valley in the Tyrrhenian Sea. The result is a karst-graben or half-graben landform with the Volscian Mountains as karst and the coastal chain of Pontine marshes, South Pontine marsh, Terracina Basin, Gaeta Basin and Volturno Basin as graben.
This landform began to appear in the Messinian stage of the Miocene, about 7.2 to 5.3 million years ago. It went on to mature in the Pliocene. Also in this time volcanic activity associated with the faults and the weakening of the crust over the subduction created the volcanic zones of Latium and Campania, which intruded into the karst-graben, mainly on the karst side. In the Pleistocene the basins slowly filled with sediment from the weak run-off of the mountains, accelerating with the deforestation of modern times.  Of the Amphibians, Urodela are found at around 557 m (1,827 ft) and Anura at around 314 m (1,030 ft) in vernal pools, springs and wells. The salamanders are Salamandrina perspicillata, Triturus carnifex, Lissotriton italicus and Lissotriton vulgaris; the frogs are Bufo bufo, Bufo viridis, Hyla intermedia and Rana italica. The Garigliano Nuclear Power Plant was constructed from 1959 to 1963 by General Electric on the Garigliano River, the water of which they used for cooling, on the border of the Monti Aurunci. It was intended to provide electrical power to the region. After several accidental releases of radioactive gas and water the plant ceased operation in 1978 but continued to be used as a storage facility for radioactive waste, which was stored under the plant. Subsequent flooding carried the waste downstream into the Gulf of Gaeta. The effect on the ecology was toxic. One study reports:
In fact the genetic damage observed in studies performed with the micronucleus test applied on wild rodents from the Piana del Garigliano resulted among the highest recorded in Italy.
Additional studies were unable to tie anomalies of the skull and teeth in the area's rodents to contamination from the power plant; maybe they are attributable to a naturally high radiational level caused by the volcanic intrusions in the rock. The lower Garigliano remains sparsely populated.