class Empty(Exception): pass class ArrayQueue: DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10 def __init__(self): self._data = [None] * ArrayQueue.DEFAULT_CAPACITY self._size = 0 self._front = 0 def __len__(self): return self._size def is_empty(self): return self._size == 0 def first(self): if self.is_empty(): raise Empty("Queue is Empty!") return self._data[self._front] def dequeue(self): if self.is_empty(): raise Empty("Queue is Empty!") answer = self._data[self._front] self._data[self._front] = None self._front = (self._front + 1) % len(self._data) self._size -= 1 return answer def enqueue(self, e): if self._size == len(self._data): self._resize(2 * len(self._data)) avail = (self._front + self._size) % len(self._data) self._data[avail] = e self._size += 1 print("Element", e, "is enqueued successfully") def _resize(self, cap): old = self._data self._data = [None] * cap walk = self._front for k in range(self._size): self._data[k] = old[walk] walk = (walk + 1) % len(old) self._front = 0 def main(): q = ArrayQueue() while True: print("\n\tQUEUE OPERATIONS") print("1-Enqueue") print("2-Dequeue") print("3-First Element") print("4-Length of Queue") print("5-Is Empty") print("6-Display Queue") print("7-Exit") try: ch = int(input("Enter your choice: ")) if ch == 1: e = int(input("Enter an element: ")) q.enqueue(e) elif ch == 2: print("The front element:", q.dequeue(), "is dequeued successfully") elif ch == 3: print("First element in the queue is", q.first()) elif ch == 4: print("Queue length =", len(q)) elif ch == 5: if q.is_empty(): print("Queue is empty!") else: print("Queue is not empty!") elif ch == 6: if q.is_empty(): print("Queue is empty!") else: print("Queue elements (front to rear):") index = q._front print("|", end=" ") for _ in range(len(q)): print(q._data[index], "|", end=" ") index = (index + 1) % len(q._data) print() elif ch == 7: print("Program exited") break else: print("Invalid choice") except Empty as e: print(e) except ValueError: print("Please enter a valid number") if __name__ == "__main__": main()