remote_work.csv

country_en,remote_allowed,permit_used,digital_nomad,digital_nomad_note,passive_income,passive_income_note,self_employed,self_employed_note,real_estate,real_estate_note,family,family_note,student,student_note,local_clients,registration_needed,employer_risk,penalty,notes,confidence,verified,sources,checked_at,conditional_class,conditional_class_note
Germany,conditional,"Aufenthaltserlaubnis zur freiberuflichen Tätigkeit (freelance visa, § 21 Abs. 5 AufenthG)",conditional,"There is no separate DN visa (per se-legal, not re-checked). The route is Aufenthaltserlaubnis § 21 Abs. 5 AufenthG (freelance): the profession must be freiberuflich under § 18 EStG (LEA Berlin), project financing, licences if needed, for those over 45 - pension provision (Make it in Germany; the sample adult is 40 - not applicable). Economic interest under Abs. 1 is not required for freelance (text of the law 'abweichend von Absatz 1'), but LEA Berlin still mentions 'positive Auswirkungen'. Main risk: whether data analysis falls under 'freie Berufe' (§ 18 EStG) or is considered a Gewerbe - this was not checked; if Gewerbe, § 21 Abs. 1 with economic interest is needed.",unknown,not checked on official pages,conditional,"§ 21 (1) for business: economic interest or regional need, financing (mth-partner); for freelancing § 21 (5) is simplified: expected positive effect and qualification.",n_a,No residence permit route via real estate.,n_a,"Family reunification requires a resident/citizen relative; the sample adult has none, there is no separate route for this situation.",unknown,Student residence permit: working days and remote work for a foreign employer not checked on official pages; not a path for the sample adult.,"The official pages (LEA Berlin, Make it in Germany, § 21 Abs. 5) do NOT require German clients and do not exclude foreign ones. LEA asks for Honorarverträge or >=2 Letters of intent 'with details of the cooperation' without specifying the client's country.","For a freelancer — registration with the tax office (Finanzamt) and insurance; details were not checked in open sources. Se-legal: tax residency, as a rule, after ~6 months of continuous residence → tax on worldwide income.","No official position of the BMF/tax authorities on PE of a foreign employer due to an employee's home office was found. Visaguard.berlin (blog): ""the place where the work is performed, not the employer's country, determines German jurisdiction"".",§ 98 Abs. 3 Nr. 1 AufenthG — Ordnungswidrigkeit (fine) for Erwerbstätigkeit without the required permit (per the dejure.org summary to § 95; the amount of the fine was not verified); § 95 Abs. 1 Nr. 2 AufenthG — stay without the required title when under an obligation to leave: imprisonment up to 1 year or a fine. Visaguard (blog): a Blue Card/residence permit without the right to self-employment + work for clients may 'jeopardize residence permit' — recommends a permit under § 21 (6).,"Did not open because of the proxy limit: make-it-in-germany.com (freelance), auswaertiges-amt.de (FAQ on self-employment), visaright.eu and gesetze-im-internet.de (text of § 21) — did not see the official text of § 21 AufenthG, only law firms' summaries and the LEA Berlin page. The blog visaguard.berlin claims that even remote work for foreign clients from Germany requires a permit (§ 21 Abs. 6) — confirmed only by the blog. Chancenkarte (up to 20 h/week of work). | Opened: service.berlin.de (official), dejure.org (text of § 2 and § 21; not an official site, but a legislation database), make-it-in-germany.com (federal portal — official). Did not open: gesetze-im-internet.de/aufenthg_2004/__21.html (robots.txt fetch: ConnectTimeout — not 403, did not bypass again). Not checked: § 98 Abs. 3 Nr. 1 / § 95 (penalties) against the primary source, § 19c, Chancenkarte, the procedure of applying from Turkey, tax/social insurance, classification of data analysis as Freiberuf.",partial,true,https://service.berlin.de/dienstleistung/328332/ [official]; https://dejure.org/gesetze/AufenthG/95.html [aggregator]; https://www.mth-partner.de/en/?p=13359 [law_firm]; https://se-legal.de/digital-nomads-in-germany-residence-permits-and-visas/?lang=en [law_firm]; https://www.visaguard.berlin/en/post/do-you-need-a-german-work-permit-for-freelance-remote-work [blog]; https://www.make-it-in-germany.com/en/visa-residence/types/self-employment [official],2026-10-07,ok_with_note,"A separate freelancer residence permit is needed (§ 21 Abs. 5 AufenthG); official pages do not require German clients, the question of recognising data analysis as a ""liberal profession"" is open."
Israel,unknown,None established: no digital nomad or remote-work residence permit found on official pages; the B/2 visitor visa (up to 3 months) is stated by consular pages to bar work in Israel,unknown,"No digital nomad or remote-work scheme appears on the Israeli consular visa pages opened (B/2 visitor, B/1 work, A/2 student; Israeli missions) or on the Tel Aviv municipality work-visa page, which lists the expert, short-term expert, Innovation Visa and BETA routes only. A complete official list of visa types could not be opened (the gov.il visa guide returned no content), so absence of a scheme is not established as n_a.",unknown,Not checked on official pages.,conditional,"Innovation Visa for a foreign technology entrepreneur: stay permit of up to two years to establish a venture within an approved supporting framework; the Innovation Authority recommends, the Population and Immigration Authority grants (Israel Innovation Authority). The Tel Aviv municipality page describes it as a pilot. Other self-employment routes were not found on official pages.",unknown,Not checked on official pages.,conditional,"Spouses and minor children may join a holder of the long-term expert work visa, with permits requested before arrival (Tel Aviv municipality page). Family routes for other permits were not checked on official pages.",unknown,"A/2 student visa: ""Recipients of this visa are not permitted to work in Israel"" (Israeli consular page). The pages do not say whether remote work for a foreign employer is covered by that bar.",Not clarified on the official pages: no page addresses remote work for clients inside Israel; any work in Israel needs a B/1 work visa approved by the Population and Immigration Authority (Israeli consular pages).,"Not clarified on the official pages opened: no statement on tax, National Insurance or business registration for a foreign remote worker. A law-firm article (not official) notes a rebuttable presumption of Israeli tax residency at 183 days or more in a calendar year.",Not clarified: the official pages do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in Israel.,"Not clarified on official pages. The Entry into Israel Law, 5712-1952 (unofficial consolidation on a UN refugee-agency database, omits later amendments) provides imprisonment for one year for entering or residing in contravention of the law (s.12(1)), makes infringement of a visa or permit condition an offence (s.12(3)) and allows a deportation order (s.13). Whether remote work on a visitor visa is a breach of such a condition is not stated on the pages opened.","Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Israeli consular visa pages (B/2 visitor visa, B/1 work visa, A/2 student visa; embassies and missions of Israel), the Tel Aviv municipality page on work visas for foreigners and the Israel Innovation Authority page on the Innovation Visa. Classification: unknown. The consular pages state that a B/2 holder ""is not allowed to work in the State of Israel"", and that the B/1 work visa is granted only with approval of the Population and Immigration Authority; none of the pages opened says whether remote work for a foreign employer or foreign clients falls under that bar, and no digital nomad scheme was found. A law-firm article describes this as a grey area with no published guidance by the authority (not an official source). Not found or not opened: the gov.il visa guide and the Population and Immigration Authority pages (returned no content), the official text of the current Entry into Israel Law and Regulations, Israel Tax Authority pages on residency. The row has not been through the separate verification pass (verified = false).",estimate,false,https://new.embassies.gov.il/australia/en/services/foreign-citizens/entry-visa-visiting-or-touring-israel [official]; https://embassies.gov.il/Brussels/Pages/Visa.aspx [official]; https://embassies.gov.il/washington/ConsularServices/Pages/Visa-Information.aspx [official]; https://new.embassies.gov.il/los-angeles/en/node/647 [official]; https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/en/WorkAndStudy/Pages/Work-Visas.aspx [official]; https://innovationisrael.org.il/en/programs/tech-innovation-visa/ [official]; https://www.refworld.org/legal/legislation/natlegbod/1952/en/91344 [aggregator]; https://israellaw.info/articles/digital-nomad-israel-visa-rules [law_firm]; https://help.easyaliyah.com/en/article/remote-work-1cl6oar [aggregator],2026-10-22,,
Spain,yes,"Visado y autorización de residencia para teletrabajo de carácter internacional (digital nomad visa, Ley 14/2013 art. 74 bis et seq., introduced by Ley 28/2022)",yes,"Direct target of the programme. Conditions: a third-country national, adult; a diploma from a prestigious university/professional training or ≥3 years of experience; employment/commercial relations with a foreign company ≥3 months at the time of application; the company actually operates ≥1 year; income ≥200% SMI + family; insurance, clean criminal record. Visa up to 1 year (via consulate), residence permit up to 3 years with extension by 2 years; can be applied from Spain at the UGE-CE.",unknown,"Did not open the official text on the ""non-lucrative"" / passive income route (conditions not checked on official pages). The right to work remotely under this residence permit is not confirmed (under general rules such a title does not imply work) — do not use as a route for work.",conditional,Cuenta propia (autónomo) and the startup visa exist (conditions not checked on official pages); for self-employed remote work for foreign clients the main route is the nomad visa. The official pages on cuenta propia were not opened.,n_a,The golden visa for real estate was closed on 03.04.2025 (not checked on official pages); former holders renew on the old terms.,n_a,"Family reunification requires a resident/citizen relative; the sample adult has none, there is no separate route for this situation.",unknown,Student residence permit: working hours not checked on official pages; the possibility of remote work for a foreign client was not separately verified. Not a route for the sample adult (goal — work).,"Officially (PRIE, FAQ UGE): for professional (self-employed) activity, working for Spanish companies is permitted if it is no more than 20% of all professional activity; an employee in Spain may work only for a company located outside Spain (FAQ, question 14: 'En España sólo puede trabajar para la empresa radicada fuera del territorio nacional').","UGE FAQ (Ministry of Labour/Inclusion): when working from Spain, alta in Social Security is mandatory; for the self-employed: 'El propio trabajador se deberá dar de alta en el régimen de trabajadores autónomos (RETA)'; for employees the employer must be registered in advance as a non-resident in Social Security. The alternative is 'importación del derecho desde el país de origen', only if there is an international social security agreement between Spain and the country of origin (the social security body issues a document on the basis of the agreement).","The official position of AEAT/the Ministry of Finance on the creation of a permanent establishment (PE) by a foreign employer because of a resident remote worker was not found. This is a separate question from immigration status; it is not discussed in the immigration documents (PRIE, UGE).","LO 4/2000 (Ley de Extranjería) art. 53.1.b: ""encontrarse trabajando en España sin haber obtenido autorización de trabajo"" — a serious violation; fine from 501 to 10,000 € (art. 55.1.b); expulsion instead of a fine is possible (art. 57). Text of the law per the mirror papelea.com (BOE did not open directly in the needed part).","The conditions «the company has existed >1 year, contract ≥3 months, degree or 3+ years» match the Spanish consulate in Santiago de Chile and PRIE. The income threshold on official pages is set as 200% of SMI (the specific euro amount is not given in the open official texts; SMI changes annually). The BOE pages of Ley 14/2013/Ley 28/2022 opened via WebFetch only partially (preamble); the exact text of art. 74 bis is confirmed by the papelea.com mirror and FAQ/PRIE. The tax regime (Beckham/non-resident) was not researched. Important for the sample adult: ≥3 months of employment/contractual relations with a company that has existed for ≥1 year — confirmation is needed from each client. | Verbatim verification of article 74 bis against the BOE failed: WebFetch truncates the text to art. 20 (BOE-A-2013-10074) and art. 29 (LO 4/2000, BOE-A-2000-544) — art. 53/55/57 LO 4/2000 (fines) remain confirmed only by the papelea.com mirror. The definition (remote work for companies outside Spain, 20% limit for professional activity, >=3 months of relations, visa 1 year / residence permit 3 years) is confirmed by the official PRIE page; 200% SMI, 1 year of company activity and 3 months — by the page of the Spanish consulate in Santiago de Chile («Requisitos visado TEL»). | Source check: the source 'Consulate in Santiago de Chile' (Requisitos visado TEL) does not mention the 20% limit — the limit is confirmed by PRIE and the UGE FAQ, not by this page.",verified,true,https://prie.comercio.gob.es/en-us/paginas/teletrabajadores-caracter-internacional.aspx [official]; https://bibliovirtual.inclusion.gob.es/documents/d/unidadgrandesempresas/nomadas-digitales-faqs-espanol [official]; https://exteriores.gob.es/Consulados/santiagodechile/es/ServiciosConsulares/Documents/Requisitos%20visado%20TEL.pdf [official]; https://papelea.com/es/leyes/ley-de-apoyo-a-los-emprendedores-y-su-internacionalizacion/titulo-v_capitulo-v-bis [aggregator]; https://papelea.com/es/leyes/ley-de-extranjeria/titulo-iii [aggregator]; https://www.exteriores.gob.es/Consulados/estambul/es/ServiciosConsulares/Paginas/Index.aspx [official],2026-10-04,,
Australia,conditional,"No dedicated remote-work visa found. Official Home Affairs policy (advice released under FOI, 2025) covers remote work for an overseas or metropolitan employer under the regional provisional visas (subclasses 491 and 494, condition 8579) if the holder lives in a designated regional area and the pay and income tax are in Australia; Visitor visa (subclass 600) is subject to a 'no work in Australia' condition (8101)",unknown,"No digital nomad visa found. The Home Affairs visa listing page did not show the list (page content not rendered) and the Visitor 600 page showed only its meta description ('For tourists, business visitors or to visit family for 3, 6 or 12 months'), so the absence of a nomad route is not confirmed on an official page. Law firm commentary (Hannan Tew; IBA article) discusses only the Visitor visa and Working Holiday visas for remote workers.",unknown,Not checked on official pages.,unknown,"The Home Affairs page for the Business Innovation and Investment (Provisional) visa, subclass 188, describes it in its meta description as a provisional visa for people with business skills who want to operate or invest in Australia; eligibility, conditions and work rights were not readable (Department of Home Affairs).",unknown,Not checked on official pages.,conditional,"Student visa (subclass 500): 'Secondary visa holders are subject to a visa condition that limits them to 48 hours work per fortnight at any time' (Department of Home Affairs, FOI release); the archived Home Affairs page says family members generally can work up to 40 hours per fortnight, with no limit if the primary holder studies a masters or doctoral degree. Family routes for other visas were not checked.",conditional,"Student visa (subclass 500): 'You can work up to 48 hours every two weeks while studying and unlimited hours during study breaks' (Study Australia, Austrade); no official page opened says whether work for an overseas employer counts towards the limit.","Not clarified for residence permits. For the Visitor visa Business Visitor stream, Home Affairs policy restricts visitors 'from working for or supplying services to an organisation or person in Australia' (Department of Home Affairs, GenGuideH policy released under FOI in 2018).","Tax: a foreign resident declares income earned in Australia; a temporary resident generally declares only income derived in Australia and capital gains on taxable Australian property, and overseas employment or services income may need declaring in certain circumstances (Australian Taxation Office). Business or social security registration of a remote worker was not checked.","Not clarified in general. For the regional visas 491 and 494, Home Affairs policy requires that for an overseas-based employer 'remuneration is paid to the visa holder in Australia and income tax is payable in Australia'.",Not clarified: the Home Affairs pages with the wording of condition 8101 and the consequences of breach (help-text pages) are closed to automated reading (robots.txt) and the legislation text could not be opened.,"Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Department of Home Affairs (FOI releases of the visitor visa policy GenGuideH, the 2025 advice on condition 8579 for subclasses 491 and 494, and the student visa work-limit document; archived page on student work conditions; Business Innovation and Investment 188 page, meta description only), Study Australia (Austrade) and the Australian Taxation Office. Classification: conditional, effectively no for a person who wants to relocate on a route built for remote work, because no such route was found: the Visitor visa carries a 'must not engage in work in Australia' condition (8101), the Business Visitor stream bars working for or supplying services to a person or organisation in Australia, and the one official statement found that explicitly allows remote work for an overseas employer concerns holders of regional skilled provisional visas (491/494), which need nomination or sponsorship and points; the document is described as a proposed clarification of policy. Law firm commentary (Hannan Tew, IBA) says Home Affairs policy treats limited online work incidental to a holiday, for an overseas employer, as generally not a breach of condition 8101; the body of the 'Online work' section of the policy could not be opened on an official page (the FOI copy shows the heading only), so this is not confirmed. Home Affairs visa pages (immi.homeaffairs.gov.au), the legislation register and AustLII could not be read. The row has not been through the separate verification pass (verified = false).",partial,false,https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/foi/files/2025/fa-250101348-document-released.PDF [official]; https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/foi/files/2018/fa180400125-documents-released.pdf [official]; https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/foi/files/2025/fa-250601036-document-released.PDF [official]; https://archive.homeaffairs.gov.au/trav/stud/more/work-conditions-for-student-visa-holders [official]; https://immi.homeaffairs.gov.au/visas/getting-a-visa/visa-listing/business-innovation-and-investment-188 [official]; https://www.studyaustralia.gov.au/en/work-in-australia [official]; https://www.ato.gov.au/individuals-and-families/coming-to-australia-or-going-overseas/your-tax-residency/foreign-and-temporary-residents [official]; https://www.hannantew.com.au/blogs/employer-sponsored/tss/the-hitchhikers-immigration-guide-to-remote-working-in-australia [law_firm]; https://www.ibanet.org/remote-working-in-australia [law_firm]; https://visaenvoy.com/remote-work-and-travel-now-clearer-for-491-494-and-489-regional-visa-holders/ [blog],2026-10-22,effectively_no,"Remote work for an overseas employer is explicitly addressed only for regional skilled provisional visas (491/494) that require nomination or sponsorship and points, while the Visitor visa carries a no-work condition and no digital nomad route was found."
Austria,unknown,"Settlement permit - excluding gainful employment (Niederlassungsbewilligung - ausgenommen Erwerbstaetigkeit, NAG section 44): the only title found for settling without working; no official page found that states whether remote work for a foreign employer is allowed under it",n_a,"The migration.gv.at overview of residence titles for third-country nationals (Red-White-Red Card and its sub-categories, Red-White-Red Card Plus, EU Blue Card, researcher, student, ICT, volunteers, other forms of settlement) mentions no permit for remote workers or digital nomads (migration.gv.at).",conditional,"Settlement permit - gainful employment excepted: for people who settle in Austria without gainful employment (e.g. pensioners, financially independent individuals); a quota place is required and regular monthly income must reach EUR 2,616.78 for a single person (as of 1 January 2026), EUR 4,128.24 for a married couple or partnership, plus EUR 403.76 per child (oesterreich.gv.at; migration.gv.at). The page title excludes gainful employment; whether remote work for a foreign employer counts as gainful employment is not stated.",conditional,Temporary residence permit 'Self-Employed Person': the applicant must prove a contractual obligation to carry out a specified self-employed activity and may not plan to stay longer than the duration of this obligation (Work in Austria immigration guide). Red-White-Red Card has a start-up founder category (migration.gv.at); conditions were not opened.,unknown,Not checked on official pages.,unknown,Red-White-Red Card Plus for family members exists (migration.gv.at); its work rights were not checked on an official page.,unknown,Not checked on official pages; the student permit appears in the migration.gv.at list of titles.,Not clarified on the official pages: none of the pages reviewed states whether a holder of the settlement permit excluding gainful employment may serve clients in Austria.,Not clarified on the official pages: tax and social security duties of a person working remotely for a foreign employer were not found on official pages.,Not clarified: the official pages reviewed do not address permanent-establishment risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in Austria.,Not clarified: the penalty provisions for unauthorised employment (Ausländerbeschäftigungsgesetz) could not be opened on an official page.,"Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: migration.gv.at (residence titles for third-country nationals; other forms of settlement), oesterreich.gv.at (settlement permit excluding gainful employment), Work in Austria immigration guide (temporary employment), RIS (NAG; only the table of contents and definitions in section 2 opened). Classification: unknown. No official page was found that states that remote work for a foreign employer is allowed or prohibited; the title for settling without working excludes gainful employment by name, and its income test accepts regular income such as pensions, income from enterprises abroad, assets, savings or company shares (migration.gv.at). Work titles found on official pages are tied to employment or a contract in Austria. No prohibition of remote work for a foreign employer was found, so the earlier 'no' is not carried over. Not established: the text of NAG section 44 and of the definition of gainful activity (the RIS page showed only the heading), the Ausländerbeschäftigungsgesetz penalty section, any official digital nomad scheme (none found on migration.gv.at), tax and social security treatment. The start-up founder page on migration.gv.at returned a server error. The row has not been through the separate verification pass (verified = false).",partial,false,https://www.migration.gv.at/en/types-of-immigration/permanent-immigration/ [official]; https://www.migration.gv.at/en/types-of-immigration/permanent-immigration/other-forms-of-settlement/ [official]; https://www.oesterreich.gv.at/de/themen/menschen_aus_anderen_staaten/aufenthalt/3/2/Seite.120302 [official]; https://immigration-guide.workinaustria.com/non-eu-eea/work/temporary-employment [official]; https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=20004242&Paragraf=44 [official],2026-10-22,,
Azerbaijan,unknown,"Temporary residence permit issued by the State Migration Service on enumerated grounds (e.g. real estate worth at least AZN 100,000, term deposit, family, study); no remote-work or digital nomad permit in force",n_a,"A digital nomad visa subtype is not among the grounds for temporary residence on the State Migration Service pages (State Migration Service). It is planned: according to news agency reports of 20 August 2026 (APA, Report.az), the State Program for the Development of Tourism 2026-2030 provides for a digital nomad visa subtype, with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to prepare Migration Code amendments in 2027-2028; eligibility, income, stay length and fees are not published and the text of the State Program was not opened.",unknown,"Closest routes on the State Migration Service page are a fixed-term bank deposit or state/investment securities of at least AZN 100,000; no pension or passive income ground is listed, and the right to work remotely on these grounds is not stated (State Migration Service).",conditional,"Temporary residence on the entrepreneurship ground requires an employing business in the country: labour contracts with at least 5 persons full-time (or 10 part-time), with at least 80 percent of workers citizens of Azerbaijan (State Migration Service). This is a route for a local business, not for a freelancer serving foreign clients.",unknown,"Temporary residence permit is available for owners of real estate worth at least 100,000 manats (State Migration Service, page 'Temporary residence'); the 2023 amendments raised the threshold for permanent residence to AZN 200,000 (State Migration Service news of 16 May 2023). The right to work remotely for a foreign employer on this permit is not stated; paid work in the country requires a work permit.",conditional,Family membership with a foreigner or stateless person residing in Azerbaijan is a ground for temporary residence (State Migration Service). Work requires a work permit; the exemption list includes spouses of Azerbaijani citizens registered at their residence (State Migration Service work guide).,unknown,"Full-time study at higher education institutions, technical schools or secondary schools is a ground for temporary residence (State Migration Service); remote work on a student permit is not addressed.",Not clarified on the official pages: the work guide covers employment through Azerbaijani employers and branches or representative offices of foreign companies and says nothing about a foreigner working remotely for a foreign employer or serving local clients.,"Not clarified for remote work. Foreigners must register their place of residence and re-register after moving (the Code of Administrative Offences fines failure to register, State Migration Service). Tax and social security duties of a remote worker are not addressed on the official pages.",Not clarified: the official pages opened do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in Azerbaijan.,"Foreigners and stateless persons are fined AZN 300-400, with or without expulsion, for violating stay and residence rules, including paid labour without a required work permit (State Migration Service, Code of Administrative Offences summary). Employers face fines for engaging a foreigner without a work permit; older State Migration Service news items give AZN 3,000-5,000 for officials and AZN 30,000-35,000 for legal entities, with article numbers and dates that differ between items, so the current amounts are not established.","Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: State Migration Service of Azerbaijan (temporary residence page, work-permit guide last updated 20.01.2023, general work-permit page, news of 16 May 2023 on migration law amendments, liability pages). Classification: unknown. No official page states that a foreigner living in Azerbaijan may or may not work remotely for a foreign employer; the work guide says 'Concluding labour contract with foreigners without obtaining a work permit is prohibited' and covers employment by entities in Azerbaijan, so the question for a remote worker with no local employer is not addressed. The old threshold discrepancy is resolved: the State Migration Service states AZN 100,000 for temporary residence by real estate (the earlier figure of USD 60,000 came from a third-party source). A digital nomad visa is reported as planned (media reports of 20 August 2026) but not open and not defined. Not established: the text of the State Program for Tourism Development 2026-2030, the full Migration Code (e-qanun) and the e-visa purposes list were not opened; the migration.gov.az page on temporary residence in full wording was read only in summary. The row has not been through the separate verification pass (verified = false).",partial,false,https://migration.gov.az/en/page/73 [official]; https://migration.gov.az/en/useful_detail/572 [official]; https://migration.gov.az/en/page/75 [official]; https://migration.gov.az/en/useful_detail/592 [official]; https://migration.gov.az/en/news_detail/15912 [official]; https://migration.gov.az/en/page_detail/594 [official]; https://migration.gov.az/en/press_detail/271 [official]; https://migration.gov.az/en/press_detail/336 [official]; https://en.apa.az/official-news/azerbaijan-to-establish-new-digital-nomad-visa-subtype-521042 [media]; https://report.az/en/tourism/azerbaijan-to-introduce-digital-nomad-visa [media]; https://freakingnomads.com/news/azerbaijan-plans-digital-nomad-visa-2026/ [blog],2026-10-22,,
Argentina,conditional,Residencia transitoria 'Nómada Digital' (Disposición DNM 758/2022; art. 24 inc. h of Law 25.871),yes,180 days with an extension for the same period; only remote work for foreign employers/clients; supporting documents needed (contract/income),unknown,not checked on official pages,n_a,freelancers confirm their activity under the DN status,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages,"No: the status gives only remote work for foreign organisations, not local employment.",,,,The official service page argentina.gob.ar was opened; Did not find the minimum income amount in it (not clarified). Did not open the text of Disposición 758/2022 in the Boletín Oficial. Tax benefits (per a law website's retelling) not checked.,partial,false,https://www.argentina.gob.ar/servicio/obtener-una-residencia-transitoria-como-nomada-digital [official]; https://abogados.com.ar/index.php/argentina-otorga-beneficios-y-visa-transitoria-por-180-dias-prorrogables-a-nomades-digitales/30553 [law_firm],2026-10-04,,

Armenia,yes,"A residence permit as a sole proprietor is needed only if one opens a sole proprietorship and obtains the status. The new rules from 01.11.2026 mainly affect residence permits, not the right of EAEU citizens.",n_a,"There is no special digital nomad visa in Armenia; remote workers for a foreign employer usually get a residence permit as a sole proprietor (armenian-lawyer.com, overview of rules from 01.11.2026).",unknown,not checked on official pages,yes,"armenian-lawyer.com (law firm): ""Your work doesn't need to be connected to Armenia. You can serve international clients while benefiting from Armenian business registration""; the residence permit requires a sole proprietor certificate and confirmation of tax payments. Tax regimes: micro-business 0% at turnover up to 24 million AMD (≈$62,000), turnover tax 5% and others. From 01.11.2026: 1 million AMD in an account in Armenia or turnover ≥1 million AMD in the 60 days before filing; if no tax is accrued within 180 days after obtaining the status, the residence permit may be annulled; quotas on statuses by type; notification if the 183 days are not spent.",unknown,"Rental/registration at the place of residence: right to reside until the passport expires (not checked on official pages); right to work for EAEU citizens — without a permit (art. 97 of the EAEU Treaty, per a law firm).",n_a,The sample adult has no Armenian relatives.,unknown,Student residence permit: not verified.,"Yes: a sole proprietor in Armenia can work with both local and foreign clients (armenian-lawyer.com). EAEU citizens work on the same terms as Armenian citizens, without a work permit.",Not clarified on the official pages.,Not clarified: Did not find Armenia's official position on the PE of a foreign client because of a sole-proprietor worker.,"For sole proprietors (IE): the residence permit can be revoked if no tax is paid for 180 days and if absent from Armenia for 183 days (new rules from 01.11.2026, armenian-lawyer.com). Penalties for working without a right are not relevant to EAEU citizens (no permit needed). Articles/amounts not found.","The discrepancy over the date of the law has been resolved by law firms: adopted 20.01.2026, enters into force 01.11.2026 (EY Armenia, armenian-lawyer, Schneider; applications filed before that date are processed under the old rules). Clarification on the author's doubt: Schneider Group — ""Foreign nationals entitled to work by virtue of Armenia's international treaties, including nationals of EAEU member states, remain exempt""; the categories that lost the exemption (founders/directors, and others) do not concern EAEU citizens. Thresholds: sole proprietor (IE) — AMD 1 million on the account or turnover of AMD 1 million over 60 days (armenian-lawyer, Schneider); EY: AMD 2 million of charter capital or 1 million for an IE. Temporary status — up to 1 year with no extension mechanism (Schneider); quotas by type; refusal when the quota is exhausted. The certificate of legal residence for EAEU citizens after 01.11.2026 is paid: armenian-lawyer — AMD 35,950; the author's note (AMD 30,000 from 2027, workpermit.am) — discrepancy, not verified. Official source (migration/arlis/e-gov, text of the law, EAEU Treaty) NOT found: only law firms remained accessible. WebSearch limit exhausted.",partial,true,https://www.ey.com/en_gl/technical/tax-alerts/armenia-introduces-significant-changes-to-its-immigration-framework [law_firm]; https://armenian-lawyer.com/immigration/armenia-immigration-law-overhaul-november-2026/ [law_firm]; https://armenian-lawyer.com/business-immigration/freelancing-from-armenia-legal-and-practical-guide/ [law_firm]; https://armenian-lawyer.com/business-immigration/understanding-work-authorization-for-eaeu-citizens-in-armenia/ [law_firm]; https://am.andersen.com/article/en/andersen-alert-2026-1-1/ [law_firm]; https://armlegal.am/en/armenia-residency-rules-2026/ [law_firm]; https://www.libertymundo.com/armenia-residence-permit-2026/ [aggregator]; https://eiglaw.com/armenia-to-digitize-residency-applications-from-november-2026/ [law_firm],2026-10-04,,

Belgium,conditional,"Professional card (self-employment, regional decision) + D visa → residence card",n_a,There is no separate digital nomad visa in Belgium (expat.com: two paths — single permit with a Belgian employer or professional card + D visa).,unknown,not checked on official pages,conditional,"Professional card (the region decides on the 'usefulness of the project'; Brussels: business plan <=20 pages, €140 + €90/year, term 2 years->up to 5 years; Ministry of Foreign Affairs: then D visa €180 + €242). Financial threshold: expat.com (blog) gives 110% of the subsistence minimum = €26,086.66 (03.2026) specifically for Flanders. Did not find an official threshold. For remote work for foreign clients there is no official definition.",unknown,not checked on official pages,n_a,"Family reunification requires a resident/citizen relative; the sample adult has none, there is no separate route for this situation.",unknown,Study (conditions not checked on official pages); right to remote work not verified separately.,The official pages do not say; the professional card is oriented towards business in Belgium and an assessment of benefit to the region (clients in Belgium are implied).,The professional card is obtained on site at the “company counter” (guichet d'entreprise) indicated in the application (dofi.ibz.be).,expat.com (blog): income from a foreign employer/clients is not automatically exempt from Belgian tax; the official position of the Belgian tax authority on PE not found.,Not clarified (sanctions are not listed on the open dofi/region pages).,"Regionality: the professional card is decided by three regions (Brussels, Flanders, Wallonia) — only Brussels was researched. The income threshold from expat.com (≈€26,087, 2026) is not confirmed on an official page — did not find the current official threshold. Official pages do not define remote work for foreign clients, so conditional is a grey area/estimate. Key risk: the regional commission assesses the benefit of the project for the region, which is weaker for a purely foreign clientele. | Only Brussels was researched (official page); the Flanders page (vlaio.be/en/professional-card — URL guessed) returned 404, Wallonia did not open. The expat.com blog is confirmed verbatim: 'Belgium has no digital nomad visa'; 'No short-stay category expressly authorizes ongoing remote work for a foreign employer or foreign clients'; 'no separate remote worker category'; tax on income from foreign clients is not removed automatically. Sanctions and A1/agreement were not checked. No new official sources specifically on remote work could be found.",partial,true,https://dofi.ibz.be/en/themes/ressortissants-dun-pays-tiers/travail/professional-card [official]; https://catalog.be.brussels/en/company/human-ressource/employment-contracts/employment-contract/professional-card-foreigners [official]; https://finland.diplomatie.belgium.be/sites/default/files/2026-01/Self-employed%20Visa_2.pdf [official]; https://www.expat.com/en/guide/europe/belgium/39099-belgium-digital-nomad-lifestyle-and-remote-work-rules.html [blog],2026-10-07,effectively_no,"The only path is the professional card: a regional commission assesses the project's benefit to the region, there is no separate visa for remote work."
Bulgaria,yes,"'Digital nomad' regime for non-EU citizens (a new long-term residence category, in effect since 2025 per a law firm's summary)",yes,"remote work for a foreign employer or clients; income > ~€27,550/year (50 minimum wages); term up to 12 months with extension; Bulgarian clients prohibited",unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,in Bulgaria buying property usually does not give a residence permit — not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages,No: the regime does not allow work for Bulgarian employers and services to Bulgarian clients.,"Tax: with residency (183+ days) a flat rate of 10% (per a law firm's retelling, not verified against the law).",,,"Only one source — the law firm LexSofia; Did not open the law (Foreigners Act / NK/NSI threshold) or the Ministry of Interior/Migration website. A search turned up a 03.02.2026 item 'Bulgaria launches digital nomad visa' — discrepancy in launch dates (2025 vs 2026), not resolved. Admission of family (children) not checked.",partial,false,https://lexsofia.com/2025/09/23/digital-nomads-in-bulgaria-visa-and-residence/ [law_firm]; https://globetrender.com/2026/02/03/bulgaria-digital-nomad-visa/ [blog],2026-10-04,,
Bosnia,conditional,"Temporary residence via real estate + a remote work certificate (Law on Foreigners, amendments)",n_a,there is no separate digital nomad visa; remote work is resolved by an amendment to the Aliens Act (up to 90 days in 180),unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,conditional,Residence permit by real estate exists; the right to work remotely for a foreign employer — via a permit certificate from the foreigners' service,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages,No: services to local employers are prohibited.,A certificate (work certificate) from the Foreigners Service is needed; remote work period up to 90 of 180 days per a retelling.,,,Not clarified: whether the 90/180 day limit applies to holders of a temporary residence permit (via real estate) or only to visa-free stay — the article does not distinguish. The article of the law and the Service website were not opened.,partial,false,https://ceelegalmatters.com/briefings/25426-remote-work-in-bosnia-and-herzegovina [law_firm],2026-10-04,,

Brazil,yes,VITEM XIV — digital nomad (Normative Resolution CNIg/MJSP 45/2021),yes,"income from abroad from USD 1,500/month or account balance from USD 18,000; 1 year with a 1-year extension; work for Brazilian sources is not permitted",unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,the text of the resolution as retold contains no provisions on family — not clarified,unknown,right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages,No: working for Brazilian employers is excluded (art. 1 §2 per the retelling).,,,,Income amount/term — per the text of the resolution on a law firm's website; the gov.br/MRE pages (consulates) are closed behind a captcha. Later changes to the threshold are possible — not checked.,partial,false,https://oliveiralawyers.com/services/immigration/digital-nomad-visa/vitem-xiv-regulation-cnig-mjsp-45-sep-9-2021/ [law_firm]; https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/embaixada-sofia/vitem-xiv-digital-nomad [official],2026-10-04,,
United Kingdom,conditional,"Standard Visitor (Appendix Visitor: Permitted Activities, PA 4(h)): activities relating to overseas employment may be done remotely from within the UK if this is not the primary purpose of the visit; stay up to 6 months. For longer residence the question depends on a work-rights permit (for example Global Talent, which permits self-employment)",n_a,"The GOV.UK list of work visas names no digital nomad or remote worker visa (GOV.UK, Work visas page). The only remote-work rule found is the Standard Visitor activity in PA 4(h).",n_a,"The GOV.UK list of work visas contains no retirement or passive income route; the Investor visa (Tier 1) is listed as closed to new applicants (GOV.UK, Work visas page).",conditional,"Global Talent permission allows work including self-employment, except as a professional sportsperson (Immigration Rules, Appendix Global Talent, GT 7.3(b)); the route needs an endorsement or prestigious prize and is limited to leaders or potential leaders in academia or research, arts and culture, or digital technology (GOV.UK, Global Talent). The Innovator Founder visa also exists (GOV.UK, Work visas page); its conditions were not checked.",n_a,"No route based on property ownership appears in the GOV.UK list of work visas (GOV.UK, Work visas page); the page covers work routes only, family and study routes were not listed there.",conditional,"Dependent partners and children of Global Talent holders may work, except as a professional sportsperson or sports coach (Appendix Global Talent, GT 24.3(b)). The GOV.UK partner/spouse page does not state work rights.",conditional,"Student visa: work depends on the course and term time; being self-employed is listed among the things a student cannot do (GOV.UK, Student visa: work). Work for an overseas employer is not addressed on that page.","Visitors may not do other paid or unpaid work in the UK without a work visa; work for a UK customer must be done outside the UK (Appendix Visitor: Permitted Activities, PA 4(g); GOV.UK, Visit on business). Global Talent permission places no client restriction in GT 7.3(b).","Not clarified for the visitor route. A person who is UK resident for tax normally pays UK tax on all income, including foreign income; residence turns on days spent in the UK and the Statutory Residence Test (GOV.UK, Tax on foreign income: residence).",Not clarified: the official pages reviewed do not address permanent-establishment or payroll risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in the UK.,"Working while disqualified by immigration status is a criminal offence for a person who knows or has reasonable cause to believe it: up to 51 weeks' imprisonment and/or a fine in England and Wales, up to 6 months and/or a fine in Scotland and Northern Ireland (Immigration Act 1971, s. 24B). Employer civil penalty amounts were not opened on an official page.","Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: GOV.UK (Appendix Visitor: Permitted Activities; Standard Visitor, Visit on business; Work visas; Global Talent; Appendix Global Talent; Student visa work; Tax on foreign income residence), legislation.gov.uk (Immigration Act 1971, s. 24B). Classification: conditional, effectively no for residence-based remote work. Remote work for an overseas employer is expressly allowed to a Standard Visitor only as a non-primary purpose of a visit of up to 6 months; the GOV.UK work-visa list has no digital nomad or remote-worker permit. A permit with general work rights (for example Global Talent) lets the holder work, including self-employed, but admission to it depends on endorsement. Not established: whether the Skilled Worker, Innovator Founder and family routes permit work for an overseas employer in addition to the sponsored role; the GOV.UK Visit on business page does not mention remote work; employer civil penalty page (GOV.UK) could not be opened. The row has not been through the separate verification pass (verified = false).",partial,false,https://www.gov.uk/guidance/immigration-rules/immigration-rules-appendix-visitor-permitted-activities [official]; https://www.gov.uk/standard-visitor/visit-on-business [official]; https://www.gov.uk/browse/visas-immigration/work-visas [official]; https://www.gov.uk/global-talent [official]; https://www.gov.uk/guidance/immigration-rules/immigration-rules-appendix-global-talent [official]; https://www.gov.uk/student-visa/work [official]; https://www.gov.uk/uk-family-visa/partner-spouse [official]; https://www.gov.uk/tax-foreign-income/residence [official]; https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/77/section/24B [official],2026-10-22,effectively_no,"Remote work for an overseas employer is formally allowed for Standard Visitors (up to 6 months, not the primary purpose of the visit), but no residence permit exists for remote work and the permits with general work rights need an employer sponsor, an endorsement or a start-up route."
Hungary,conditional,"White Card (Hungarian Digital Nomad Residence Permit, since 2022)",yes,"€3,000 net per month for at least 6 months before entry and throughout the whole term; 1 year + one extension for 1 year; the purpose of the residence permit cannot be changed during and after the White Card; work only for an employer or company outside Hungary, no business activity in Hungary; decision in 21 days (maximum 30) (oif.gov.hu).",unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,no,"Officially (oif.gov.hu): family members of a White Card holder are not issued a family reunification residence permit, the exception being children born during the validity of the card. For the sample adult's children the route is closed; critical.",unknown,right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages,No: work for a Hungarian legal entity is not allowed; one cannot hold a share in a profitable Hungarian legal entity.,,,,Primary source opened on 04.10.2026 (oif.gov.hu).,partial,false,https://helpers.hu/residence-permit/white-card-residency-for-digital-nomads-in-hungary/ [aggregator]; https://oif.gov.hu/factsheets/white-card-residency-for-digital-nomads [official],2026-10-04,,
Vietnam,unknown,"None identified for remote work for a foreign employer. The statute provides e-visa and tourist (DL) visas of up to 90 days, and work visas LD1 (work-permit exemption certificate) and LD2 (work permit) of up to 2 years for a foreigner who works in Vietnam.",unknown,"The visa symbols in Article 8 of the consolidated Law on Entry, Exit, Transit and Residence of Foreigners (No. 30/VBHN-VPQH, 2 August 2023, text as reproduced on dulieuphapluat.vn) include NG, LV, LS, DT, DN, NN, DH, HN, PV, LD, DL, TT, VR, SQ and EV, with no digital nomad or remote-work category; this was not confirmed on a government website, and the e-visa portal (evisa.gov.vn) blocked fetching.",unknown,Not checked on official pages.,unknown,Not checked on official pages. Decree 219/2025/ND-CP lists investor/owner and service-contract cases among the forms of working in Vietnam (Article 2) and exempts an owner or capital-contributing member of a limited liability company above a stated capital threshold from a work permit (Article 7); text as reproduced on english.luatvietnam.vn.,unknown,Not checked on official pages.,conditional,"TT visa: certain spouses and minor children of holders of listed visas, and parents, spouses or children of Vietnamese citizens; temporary residence card for TT up to 3 years (Law No. 30/VBHN-VPQH, Articles 8 and 38). Whether these relatives may work was not checked.",unknown,"DH visa for study or internship exists, with a temporary residence card of up to 5 years (Law No. 30/VBHN-VPQH, Articles 8 and 38); the right to work remotely for a foreign employer on it was not checked.",Not clarified on the official pages: the statute and decree reviewed do not address a foreigner serving clients in Vietnam outside a labour contract; Decree 219/2025/ND-CP treats performing contracts and providing services under contracts as forms of working in Vietnam (Article 2).,The Vietnam Immigration Department portal offers an online temporary residence declaration for foreigners (immigration.gov.vn). Tax registration and social security duties of a remote worker are not clarified on the official pages reviewed.,"Not clarified: the official pages reviewed do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in Vietnam. Decree 219/2025/ND-CP, Article 18(6)(c), refers to working for a foreign enterprise without a commercial presence in Vietnam for at least 24 months in a service-contract case; that provision is not a rule on remote work.","Decree 12/2022/ND-CP, Article 32(3)(a), as summarised by english.luatvietnam.vn: a fine of VND 15 million to 25 million for a foreigner working in Vietnam without a work permit or exemption certificate, plus forced exit or deportation. The Law Article 10(4)(c) states that a foreigner who comes to work in Vietnam shall have a work permit in accordance with the Labor Code. The official text of the decree was not opened.","Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Vietnam Immigration Department portal (immigration.gov.vn; lists services only, no rules). The e-visa portals evisa.gov.vn and thithucdientu.gov.vn blocked fetching (robots.txt) and the national legal database vbpl.vn returned an error. The legal texts were read as reproduced on private legal portals (dulieuphapluat.vn: consolidated Law No. 30/VBHN-VPQH of 2 August 2023; english.luatvietnam.vn: Decree 219/2025/ND-CP of 7 August 2025 and a summary of Decree 12/2022/ND-CP) and in a KPMG alert on Law No. 23/2023/QH15 (e-visa up to 90 days, multiple entry, from 15 August 2023). Classification: unknown. No official page reviewed states whether a foreigner may work remotely for a foreign employer or foreign clients while in Vietnam; the old value 'unknown' stands. The legal norm found is general: a foreigner who comes to work in Vietnam needs a work permit or an exemption certificate, and the decree text reviewed contains no provision on remote work. A law firm (Vietan Law) states that working remotely for a foreign company is not prohibited by Vietnamese law and that a work permit is not mandatory when the company has no commercial presence in Vietnam, but also advises against using a tourist visa for online work; this is not confirmed on an official page. No digital nomad visa was found in the statute's visa list; third-party articles mention a proposed golden visa and a talent visa, which were not verified on official pages. Not established: a residence route for a remote worker without a Vietnamese employer, tax terms (a law firm cites tax on worldwide income from 183 days), and exact text of the penalty norms. The row has not been through the separate verification pass (verified = false).",estimate,false,https://immigration.gov.vn/ [official]; https://dulieuphapluat.vn/van-ban/van-ban-moi/integrated-document-no-30-vbhn-vpqh-dated-august-02-2023-law-on-entry-exit-transit-and-residence-of-foreigners-in-vietnam-1196501.html [aggregator]; https://english.luatvietnam.vn/decree-no-219-2025-nd-cp-dated-august-07-2025-of-the-government-on-foreign-workers-in-vietnam-407607-doc1.html [aggregator]; https://luatvietnam.vn/latest-news/fines-for-using-foreign-workers-without-work-permits-4727-89759-article.html [aggregator]; https://kpmg.com/vn/en/home/insights/2023/07/amended-immigration-law-affecting-foreigners-entering-and-staying-in-vietnam.html [law_firm]; https://vietanlaw.com/do-foreigners-working-online-need-a-work-permit-in-vietnam/ [law_firm]; https://www.thedigitalnomad.asia/digital-nomad-visa/vietnam-digital-nomad-visa/ [blog],2026-10-22,,
Greece,yes,Digital Nomad Visa / Digital Nomad Residence Permit (Law 4825/2021),yes,"income from €3,500/month (+20% for a spouse, +15% for each child — for the sample household ~€4,550/month, calculated by the portal's formula); visa for up to 1 year, then a 2-year residence permit; work only for employers/clients outside Greece",unknown,FIP route: conditions not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,Golden visa: conditions not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages,No: working for Greek companies is prohibited (permanently or as a freelancer).,,,,"The Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs confirms the programme and refers to the portal workfromgreece.gr (the official programme portal) where the conditions are described; Did not open the page of the law itself. When the older child turns 18, the threshold calculation may change — not clarified. Family: the threshold increases, found no age limit for children on the portal.",verified,false,https://www.mfa.gr/en/services/working-in-greece-as-a-digital-nomad/ [official]; https://workfromgreece.gr/ [official],2026-10-04,,
Georgia,conditional,"A separate residence permit or work permit for services to foreign clients is not needed PROVIDED that all clients are non-residents and the services relate to their activity outside Georgia: art. 1(4) of the law on labour migration (version of 25.06.2026, matsne) takes such services outside the scope of the law. The exception is formulated by the nature of the activity, not by sole proprietor status; neither the law nor the explanations found (KPMG, AmCham, ibccs, Gegidze) say anything separately about a sole proprietor with Small Business Status, and Gegidze states directly that a foreign sole proprietor with Georgian clients remains under the law - hence conditional.",conditional,"Remotely from Georgia programme (visa/visa-free stay up to 12 months, income $2,000/month, no extension; armenian-lawyer.com — law firm). Separate IT-nomad residence permit: IT experience 2+ years and $25,000/year (pbservices) — a data analyst may not qualify. Since April 2026 these requirements are not mandatory for remote work for foreign clients (see self_employed).",unknown,not checked on official pages,conditional,"Parliament of Georgia, 15.04.2026: the law does not apply to someone who provides services to a non-resident if «such activities are related to operations carried out outside the territory of Georgia». Gegidze (law firm): «You can live in Tbilisi full-time and still be fully exempt, provided your clients are non-Georgian»; a foreign sole proprietor selling services to Georgian clients in Georgia still falls under the regime. Tax: Small Business Status — 1% of turnover (limit GEL 500,000), income received physically in Georgia is considered Georgian (Gegidze, armenian-lawyer — law firms). Check 04.10.2026: the exception of art. 1(4) — «services to a non-resident connected with activity outside Georgia» (parliament.ge) / «provided that such labor activities or services are directly connected to the non-resident employer carrying out its operations outside Georgia» (AmCham) — operates by the type of work and does not mention a sole proprietor or Small Business Status. Condition for the applicant: all clients are foreign legal entities/persons, the work is connected with their activity outside Georgia; with a mixed clientele Gegidze considers the Georgian part ""fact-specific"" (small and incidental — low risk, substantial — legal advice is needed). A Georgian client or the client's activity in Georgia takes one out of the exception: then the right to engage in labour activity is needed (fine GEL 2,000). Art. 13^9 of the law — short-term professional activity (up to 4 months per calendar year), does not apply to permanent remote work. KPMG Flash Alert 2026-117 describes the rules from 01.03.2026 up to the April amendment and does not mention the exception for non-residents; self-employed persons must obtain the right to labour activity through the portal.",conditional,"Residence permit via real estate (conditions not checked on official pages) — the right to work under this programme was not separately verified; for remote work, non-residents do not need a work permit (amendments 04.2026).",n_a,The sample adult has no relatives who are Georgian citizens.,unknown,Student residence permit: not verified.,"A work permit (self-employed) is needed via labourmigration.moh.gov.ge: per Gegidze, a foreign sole proprietor (IE) selling services to Georgian clients in Georgia remains under the regime. Data on turnover thresholds are contradictory (pbservices: GEL 50,000 turnover and income ≥5 subsistence minimums; expathub: GEL 50,000 per foreign worker) — currency not confirmed.","A sole proprietor is registered at the House of Justice and the Revenue Service (RS); with Small Business Status — 1% of turnover, monthly return. Tax residency — 183+ days.",Not clarified. Did not find an official position on the PE of a foreign client because of a sole-proprietor worker in Georgia.,"For illegal labour activity: a fine of GEL 2,000 on the employer and on the employee (for each), for a repeat offence — doubled (GEL 4,000), then GEL 12,000 (mkdlaw, Revera — law firms; Did not open the text of the law on matsne.gov.ge). Work in a 'remote without entry' mode is an exception; Revera: «Entering Georgia while working remotely may result in the work permit being revoked» (this concerns remote work for a local employer).","Officially confirmed (parliament.ge, 15.04.2026, 75 votes): the law does not apply to those who «provides services to a non-resident entity, where such activities are related to operations carried out outside the territory of Georgia», and to remote work for a local employer without entering the country. The exact text is quoted by AmCham Georgia: «...provided that such labor activities or services are directly connected to the non-resident employer carrying out its operations outside Georgia». The condition is critical: clients are non-residents with activity outside Georgia. The date of entry into force of the amendment is not stated on parliament.ge (Gegidze: effective immediately, 16.04.2026; not officially confirmed). Earlier (before April 2026) the official page of the Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (norway.mfa.gov.ge, rules from 01.03.2026) required the right to work for any paid work, including remote — this is outdated. EY Georgia: from 01.03.2026 D1/permit is not needed when working fully remotely without entering the country. The text on matsne.gov.ge and labourmigration.moh.gov.ge did not open. 404); 365 consecutive days»). Taxes: income from work physically performed in Georgia is Georgian-source (Gegidze, not re-verified).",verified,true,https://www.parliament.ge/en/print/news/sakanonmdeblo-organom-shromiti-migratsiis-shesakheb-kanonshi-tsvlileba-mesame-mosmenit-miigho [official]; https://www.gegidze.com/post/georgia-cancels-labour-permit-requirement-for-expats [law_firm]; https://ge.andersen.com/?p=8495 [law_firm]; https://georgia.revera.legal/en/info-centr/news-and-analytical-materials/378-novye-regulyacii-s-1-marta-2026-goda-v-zakon/ [law_firm]; https://mkdlaw.ge/media/254/Legal-Alert-on--Labour-Migration-Reform.pdf [law_firm]; https://www.ey.com/en_ge/technical/tax-alerts/2026/03/ey-georgia-tax-law-brief-for-january-march-2026 [law_firm]; https://www.gegidze.com/post/understanding-georgian-source-income-how-ies-working-for-foreign-clients-qualify-for-1-tax [law_firm]; https://pbservices.ge/blog/rules-for-foreign-nationals-working-in-georgia-2026 [blog]; https://armenian-lawyer.com/georgia-residence-permits-for-digital-nomads-business-owners/ [law_firm]; https://norway.mfa.gov.ge/en/news/929284-new-rules-for-the-employed-self-employed-aliens-with-no-permit-for-permanent-residence-in-georgia-sh [official]; https://www.matsne.gov.ge/en/document/view/2806732 [official]; https://www.amcham.ge/res/news/0000/bgi_2026-04-21.pdf [law_firm]; https://ibccs.tax/blog/legislative-changes-in-labour-migration-in-georgia-new-work-permit-rules-for-foreign-nationals/ [law_firm]; https://kpmg.com/xx/en/our-insights/gms-flash-alert/2026/flash-alert-2026-117.html [law_firm]; https://ifact.ge/en/?p=16052 [media],2026-10-07,ok,The law of 15.04.2026 removes from the work permit requirement services to non-residents if the client's activity is conducted outside Georgia.

Denmark,unknown,,unknown,"No digital nomad or remote-work residence scheme appears on the official pages that could be opened (the Work page of the Danish immigration portal nyidanmark.dk and the Start-up Denmark page list none); the full list of work schemes on nyidanmark.dk was not available, so absence is not established (nyidanmark.dk).",unknown,not checked on official pages,conditional,"Start-up Denmark permit: the business idea must be approved by an expert panel, the applicant must be a full or partial owner with an active role, and the page states the permit ""can only be granted to an active company from which business is conducted and in which there are real activities""; proof of funds for the first year is DKK 153,240 for an applicant alone, initial stay up to 2 years. ""You are only allowed to work in the business that you have been granted a permit to work in""; a sideline job needs a separate permit. The page does not mention customers abroad (nyidanmark.dk).",unknown,not checked on official pages,conditional,"Start-up Denmark: the permit can extend to a spouse, registered or cohabiting partner and children under 18 living at home, with higher proof of funds (DKK 306,480 with a spouse; DKK 356,904 with a spouse and children). Work rights of family members were not checked (nyidanmark.dk).",conditional,"Non-EU students on a state-approved programme may work up to 90 hours per month from September to May and full-time in June, July and August; the page states that working more hours than the permit allows is illegal work. Remote work for a foreign employer is not addressed (Study in Denmark, official agency portal).",Not clarified on the official pages: the Start-up Denmark page does not say whether customers must be in Denmark or may be abroad; it limits work to the business named in the permit.,"Not clarified on the official pages that could be opened: no page on tax, social security or business registration for a remote worker with a foreign employer was found (skat.dk page reached concerned only hydrocarbon tax and was not relevant).",Not clarified: the official pages reviewed do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in Denmark. Law-firm and audit-firm commentary on home-office permanent establishments exists but was not opened.,Not clarified: the penalty provisions of the Aliens Act were not opened; the Study in Denmark page states that working more hours than a student permit allows is considered illegal work and may affect the residence permit.,"Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Danish immigration portal nyidanmark.dk (Work page, Start-up Denmark page, news item of 16 November 2023 on the exemption from the work permit requirement for affiliated companies), Study in Denmark (student jobs). Classification: unknown. The nyidanmark.dk Work page states ""You want to work in Denmark and must apply for a residence and work permit"" and that a work permit is also needed for unpaid work and sideline employment, but no official page opened addresses whether a person resident in Denmark may work remotely for a foreign employer or foreign clients. The exemption of 16 November 2023 covers employees of a foreign company affiliated with a Danish company with at least 50 employees, for up to two periods of 15 working days within 180 days, and does not mention remote work. The Local (media) writes that a residence and work permit is needed if a person takes part in creating or changing a product or contributes to a company's output, and that short stays up to 3 months for meetings, negotiations and training do not need a permit; this was not confirmed on an official page. The nyidanmark.dk pages on self-employment, illegal work and the remote-work position could not be opened (robots.txt). The row has not been through the separate verification pass (verified = false).",estimate,false,https://www.nyidanmark.dk/en-GB/Applying/Work [official]; https://www.nyidanmark.dk/en-GB/Applying/Work/Start-up-Denmark [official]; https://nyidanmark.dk/en-GB/News-Front-Page/2023/11/New-rules-for-exemption-from-the-requirement-of-a-work-permit [official]; https://studyindenmark.dk/live-in-denmark/student-jobs [official]; https://www.thelocal.dk/20221108/digital-nomads-who-can-work-remotely-in-denmark [media]; https://www.thelocal.dk/20240129/can-you-work-on-a-danish-study-permit [media],2026-10-22,,

Dominican Republic,conditional,"Residence as a rentier under Law 171-07 (stable income from abroad of at least US$2,000 per month) or ordinary temporary residence RT-9 (proof of economic solvency); the law lets residents carry out remunerated activity, but no official page addresses remote work for a foreign employer",n_a,"The residence services page of the Dirección General de Migración (DGM) lists 15 residence services (RT-9, RT-3, RT-4, investor, rentier, pensioner and others) and none is a digital nomad or remote-work residence; the DGM resolutions page lists no resolution on digital nomads (DGM). An opinion piece in Dominican Today (June 2026) asks the president to create such a visa, which indicates none exists.",yes,"Rentier residence is for a beneficiary of a monthly or permanent income of at least US$2,000 from a company or agency of foreign origin; Law 171-07 art. 3 sets US$2,000 for rentiers and US$1,500 for pensioners, plus US$250 per dependent, and art. 6 requires stable income from abroad for not less than five years (DGM, Law 171-07). The DGM pensioner page states that income earned by wages does not apply.",unknown,"Not checked on official pages as a stand-alone route. The DGM lists an investor residence (""exclusively to make investments"") and a residence for management or technical staff of a foreign company; their requirements were not opened. Law 285-04 art. 99 allows temporary residents to carry out remunerated or lucrative activities during the authorised stay (DGM).",unknown,"Not checked on official pages as a residence route; the DGM lists investment residence, requirements not opened. Law 171-07 art. 13 gives tax reductions on first-property transfers to rentiers and pensioners (DGM), which is not a residence route.",conditional,"Law 171-07 art. 3 allows dependents to apply with the rentier or pensioner (US$250 per month extra income per dependent), and the pensioner page lists spouse and minor children, or children over 18 who depend on the holder because of study or disability (DGM). Right of dependents to work was not stated on the pages opened. The DGM also lists a dependent temporary residence (RT-7).",unknown,"DGM resolution DGM-02-2022 regulates a student subcategory of RT-9 (proof of funds by self, family or scholarship) and does not address whether holders may work (DGM).","Not clarified on the official pages: Law 285-04 art. 99 lets temporary residents carry out remunerated or lucrative activities during the authorised stay without distinguishing local or foreign clients, while art. 101 penalises engaging in an activity different from the one stated in the entry documents (DGM).","Residents must obtain, keep valid and carry the migration identity document (Law 285-04 art. 25) and notify the DGM of a change of address (art. 73). Law 171-07 art. 15 provides that rentiers and pensioners may take paid work and that the salary is subject to Dominican taxes (DGM); the declared qualifying income is exempt from income tax (art. 10). Tax registration steps with the tax authority were not opened: not clarified.",Not clarified: the official pages opened do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in the Dominican Republic.,"Law 285-04 art. 56: a person who carries out labour activity without the proper card ""será considerado como un extranjero ilegal, sujeto a deportación""; art. 101: foreigners staying illegally may not work, and that article also covers engaging in an activity different from that stated in the entry documents; art. 100: non-residents may not carry out remunerated or lucrative tasks of any nature. Employers: fines of three to ten minimum salaries per violation for temporary workers (art. 131) and five to thirty minimum salaries for employers of illegal foreigners (art. 132), as extracted from the DGM-hosted text; article numbering should be confirmed against the full law (DGM).","Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Dirección General de Migración (residence services page, rentier, pensioner, RT-9 and RT-3 service pages, resolutions page, Resolution DGM-02-2022), Law 285-04 (General Migration Law) and Law 171-07 (special incentives for pensioners and rentiers from foreign sources) as hosted by the DGM. Classification: conditional, works with a note. Law 285-04 art. 99 allows temporary residents to carry out remunerated or lucrative activities, art. 98 allows permanent residents any remunerated work, and Law 171-07 art. 15 states that pensioners and rentiers ""podrán ocuparse de labores remuneradas"" with the salary subject to Dominican taxes; art. 100 bars non-residents from remunerated tasks of any nature. No official page opened mentions remote work for a foreign employer or foreign clients, a nomad visa, or the tax treatment of foreign-source salary of a resident, so the application of these norms to remote work is not confirmed. The rentier permit requires stable income from abroad for five years (rents rather than salary), and the pensioner page excludes wages; RT-9 requires proof of solvency, and the RT-9 page lists a bank statement with a minimum balance of 300,000 pesos. The English-language DGM pages do not state a right to work for the rentier, pensioner or RT-9 permits. Not opened: tax authority (DGII) pages, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs visa pages, the investor residence page. The row has not been through the separate verification pass (verified = false).",partial,false,https://migracion.gob.do/en/servicios/residence/ [official]; https://migracion.gob.do/en/servicio/renter-residence/ [official]; https://migracion.gob.do/en/servicio/residence-for-investment-in-quality-of-retired-or-pensioned/ [official]; https://migracion.gob.do/en/servicio/temporaryresidence-rt-9/ [official]; https://migracion.gob.do/en/servicio/labor-temporary-residence-rt-3/ [official]; https://migracion.gob.do/transparencia/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Ley-171-07-especial-pensionado-y-rentistas.pdf [official]; https://migracion.gob.do/transparencia/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Ley-N°-285-sobre-Migración.pdf [official]; https://migracion.gob.do/transparencia/documentos/resoluciones/ [official]; https://migracion.gob.do/transparencia/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/RESOLUCION-NO.-DGM-02-2022-DEROGA-LA-RESOLUCION-DGM-06-2021-Y-REGULA-DIFERENTES-PROCESOS-DE-RESIDENCIA-TEMPORAL-RT-3-RT-9-Y-LA-SUBCATEGORIA-DE-ESTUDIANTES-TAMBIEN.pdf [official]; https://dominicantoday.com/dear-pres-abinader-the-market-is-waiting-for-the-dominican-renaissance-a-data-driven-case-for-a-digital-nomad-visa/ [media],2026-10-22,ok_with_note,"The law allows residents (including rentiers, with the salary taxed) to take remunerated work, but no official page addresses remote work for a foreign employer, and the rentier permit rests on passive income of at least US$2,000 per month from abroad rather than on a salary."

Egypt,conditional,"Investment residence permit via real estate purchase ($50,000 — 1 year, $100,000 — 3 years, $200,000 — 5 years)",unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,conditional,"according to a law firm's overview, holders of an investment/real estate residence permit receive the right to work; remote work for foreign clients is not expressly stated",unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages,Not determined.,,,,The official source (Ministry of Interior/Immigration Service of Egypt) did not open. Real estate thresholds and work rights — as retold by the law firm Andersen Egypt.,estimate,false,https://eg.andersen.com/residency-permits-for-foreigners-egypt/ [law_firm],2026-10-04,,

India,unknown,"No permit identified on official pages for remote work for a foreign employer. Law firms point to the Business visa (e-Business: 365 days, multiple entry, up to 180 days per visit); official pages describe it as a visa for conducting business with an Indian company or setting up a venture, and say it is not granted for full-time employment.",n_a,"The visa types listed on the Embassy of India in Warsaw page are Tourist, Entry (X), Business, Employment, Student, Transit, Journalist, Conference and Missionary; there is no digital nomad category. The eVisa portal lists e-Tourist, e-Business, e-Conference, e-Medical and e-Medical Attendant (Indian eVisa portal).",unknown,Not checked on official pages.,unknown,"Not checked as a route for a freelancer with foreign clients. The Business visa 'is not granted for petty business/trade or money lending or full time employment' (Embassy of India, The Hague); a person who wants to work for an Indian company must apply for an Employment visa.",unknown,Not checked on official pages.,conditional,"Entry (X) visa can be granted to dependents of Employment visa holders (Embassy of India, Warsaw). Whether dependents may work was not stated on the pages reviewed.",unknown,"A Student visa category exists (Embassy of India, Warsaw); the right to work remotely for a foreign employer on it was not checked on official pages.","Not clarified on the official pages: the Business visa is described as 'given for conducting business with an Indian company or agency' (Embassy of India, The Hague), but the pages do not address a remote worker serving Indian clients.","Registration with the FRRO/FRO is mandatory for a stay of more than 180 days on a Business visa (Embassy of India, The Hague); on the e-Business visa registration is due within two weeks after the 180 days expire (Embassy of India, Muscat). Tax, social security and business registration duties are not clarified on the official pages reviewed.",Not clarified: the official pages reviewed do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer. A law firm (L&E Global) states that a remote worker making key management decisions or serving Indian clients may create a permanent establishment for the foreign company; not confirmed on an official page.,"Not clarified: the text of the Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025 and of the Foreigners Act, 1946 could not be opened on an official page, so sanctions for working outside the terms of a visa are not established. Official visa pages state that the e-Visa 'is not allowed for employment' and that a tourist visa can only be granted to a foreigner who does not have a residence or occupation in India.","Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Indian eVisa portal (indianvisaonline.gov.in, eVisa categories and the portal homepage), Embassy of India in The Hague (Business visa), Embassy of India in Warsaw (visa types), Embassy of India in Muscat (electronic visa). Classification: unknown. No official page reviewed says whether remote work for a foreign employer or foreign clients is allowed or prohibited, and none offers a residence route for it. The old value 'no' is not supported by an official quotation that prohibits remote work. A law firm (L&E Global) states that a foreign national with a valid Business visa may work remotely for the foreign company from India, with stays capped at six months per visit, and that business activity is not allowed on a tourist visa; this is not confirmed on an official page. The official pages show that the Business visa is for business with an Indian company or setting up a venture and that the Employment visa is for skilled professionals engaged by an Indian organisation. Not established: the status of long-term residence for a remote worker, tax and social security terms, and sanctions. The row has not been through the separate verification pass (verified = false).",estimate,false,https://www.indianembassynetherlands.gov.in/page/business-visa [official]; https://indianembassywarsaw.gov.in/page/visa_type [official]; https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html [official]; https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/ [official]; https://www.indemb-oman.gov.in/page/electronic-visa-issued-by-government-of-india-through-e-visa-portal/ [official]; https://leglobal.law/countries/india/india-remote-work-faq/ [law_firm],2026-10-22,,

Indonesia,conditional,E33G Remote Worker Visa / KITAS (Digital Nomad),conditional,"per a law firm: an employment relationship with a company outside Indonesia and income from USD 60,000/year; for a freelancer with clients — not confirmed",unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,Second Home visa: conditions not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages,"Not clarified; contact with Indonesian clients raises the risk (PE, local tax).",If the employee is employed only by a foreign employer without an Indonesian presence — local payroll/BPJS usually does not arise (per a law firm's summary). Tax residency — 183+ days in 12 months.,PE depends on having a 'business presence' in Indonesia: permanent services and work with local clients increase the risk.,,"The official immigration website (imigrasi.go.id) returned 403; information from the law firm L&E Global. The USD 60,000 per year threshold — per the law firm, not confirmed by a primary source; for a self-employed person/freelancer the wording 'employment agreement with a foreign company' may not fit. Duration and family not checked.",partial,false,https://leglobal.law/countries/employment-law-firm-indonesia/cross-border-remote-work-faqs-indonesia/ [law_firm],2026-10-04,,
Ireland,no,"Stamp 0 permission to reside as a person of independent means (retirement permission; individual income of EUR 50,000 per year); alternatives with a right to work are an employment permit (employer-specific), the Start-up Entrepreneur Programme, or Stamp 4",n_a,"The Immigration Service Delivery (ISD) pages for living in Ireland list an investment route and a retirement route, and the pages for working in Ireland list employment permits, Atypical Permission, the Start-up Entrepreneur Programme and the Van Der Elst process; no digital nomad or remote-work permission is listed (ISD). The work FAQ gives no guidance on remote work for an overseas employer.",conditional,"Retirement permission (Stamp 0): individual income of EUR 50,000 per year from pension income or readily accessible funds, a lump sum for sudden major expenses, private medical insurance with full cover, finances certified by an Irish accountancy firm, no access to State benefits, D-Reside visa before entry if a visa is required (ISD). The stamp condition bars work, business, trade or profession unless a letter of permission says otherwise (ISD).",conditional,"Start-up Entrepreneur Programme (STEP): EUR 50,000 funding and an innovative business proposal; the holder must work on the business full time and ""is not permitted to be employed in any other capacity""; the guidelines grant permission to reside and work for two years, require the business to be headquartered and controlled in Ireland, exclude retail, personal services and catering, and contain no special tax provisions (ISD, STEP guidelines of September 2023). Eligibility depends on nationality: the ISD page states that applications from citizens of some countries are not accepted.",unknown,Not checked on official pages as a residence route. The ISD living page mentions an investment route (Immigrant Investor Programme); its current status and terms were not opened.,conditional,STEP: successful applicants and nominated family members are granted residence for two years (ISD STEP guidelines). Stamp 0 applicants must give details of all family members resident in the State (ISD). Right of family members to work was not established on the pages opened.,conditional,Stamp 2 (students on the ILEP): up to 20 hours of part-time work per week in term time; Stamp 2A holders may not engage in any business or profession (Citizens Information). Remote work for a foreign employer on a student permission was not addressed.,"Not clarified on the official pages: the Stamp 0 condition bars any work, business, trade or profession without a letter of permission. For STEP, the guidelines say the scheme is not intended for retail, personal services, catering or similar businesses and expect the business to bring a product or service to international markets (ISD).","Stamp 0: apply before arriving in Ireland; register the permission within 90 days of arrival, as ""Failure to register your permission promptly may result in future applications or renewals being refused"" (ISD). Tax, social security and business registration duties are not addressed by ISD; STEP guidelines state they contain no special provisions on taxation. Not clarified beyond that.","Not clarified on the official pages. Law firm L&E Global: non-EEA nationals need an employment permit or a relevant immigration permission before working in Ireland, whether remotely or not; a foreign company must register as a foreign employer with Revenue; permanent-establishment risk is assessed case by case under the OECD model and the relevant tax treaty; not confirmed on an official page.",Not clarified: the official pages opened do not state sanctions for working in breach of Stamp 0 conditions or without an employment permit (the Employment Permits Act text could not be opened). The ISD page notes that failure to register the permission may lead to refusal of future applications or renewals.,"Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Immigration Service Delivery (irishimmigration.ie: retirement page, immigration permission stamps page, work and living pages, work FAQ, STEP page and STEP guidelines of September 2023), Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment (employment permits page) and Citizens Information. Classification: no for the Stamp 0 route. The ISD stamps page states for Stamp 0 ""You must not work or engage in any business, trade or profession unless specified in a letter of permission"" and the enterprise.gov.ie page states that ""To work in Ireland, a non-EEA national, unless they are exempted, must hold a valid employment permit"". No official page opened addresses remote work for an overseas employer specifically, and no digital nomad permission is listed, so the verdict rests on the general work prohibition attached to the stamp, applied to work performed while resident in Ireland. The ISD retirement page itself does not describe the right to work. Routes with a right to work exist (employment permit tied to an Irish employer, STEP for an own Irish-based business, Stamp 4 categories), but none allows employment by a foreign employer without an employment permit on the pages opened. Not opened: the Employment Permits Act, the Revenue pages, the Immigrant Investor Programme page. The row has not been through the separate verification pass (verified = false).",partial,false,https://www.irishimmigration.ie/living-in-ireland/i-want-to-retire-to-ireland/ [official]; https://www.irishimmigration.ie/coming-to-live-in-ireland/i-want-to-retire-to-ireland/ [official]; https://www.irishimmigration.ie/registering-your-immigration-permission/information-on-registering/immigration-permission-stamps/ [official]; https://www.irishimmigration.ie/coming-to-live-in-ireland/ [official]; https://www.irishimmigration.ie/coming-to-work-in-ireland/ [official]; https://www.irishimmigration.ie/coming-to-work-in-ireland/frequently-asked-questions-for-working-in-ireland/ [official]; https://www.irishimmigration.ie/coming-to-work-in-ireland/what-are-my-options-for-working-in-ireland/coming-to-work-for-more-than-90-days/start-up-entrepreneur-programme-step/ [official]; https://www.irishimmigration.ie/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/STEP-Guidelines-Sep-2023.pdf [official]; https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/what-we-do/workplace-and-skills/employment-permits/ [official]; https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/moving-country/moving-to-ireland/rights-of-residence-in-ireland/types-residence-permission-non-eea-nationals/ [official]; https://www.lewissilkin.com/en/insights/2025/08/07/stamp-0irelands-visa-for-retirees-or-persons-of-independent-means [law_firm]; https://leglobal.law/countries/ireland/cross-border-remote-work-faqs-ireland/ [law_firm],2026-10-22,,
Italy,yes,"Visto per nomadi digitali / lavoratori da remoto altamente qualificati (D.Lgs. 286/1998 art. 27 c.1 lett. q-bis, c.6 and art. 27-quater; interministerial decree of 29.02.2024, GU 04.04.2024)",yes,"Direct purpose of the visa. Residence permit for up to 1 year, renewed annually if conditions are maintained; within 8 working days after entry — to the Questura. The client/employer may be either abroad or in Italy.",unknown,Elective residence (rentier): conditions and the right to work not checked on official pages; for work use the nomad visa.,conditional,"Lavoro autonomo (self-employment): conditions not checked on official pages; for self-employed remote work, the nomad visa is simpler.",n_a,There is no residence permit route through real estate,n_a,"Family reunification requires a resident/citizen relative; the sample adult has none, there is no separate route for this situation.",unknown,Study: working hours and conditions not checked on official pages. Remote work for a foreign client was not separately checked.,Yes: the employer or client may have a registered address either in Italy or abroad (Italian consulate in Benghazi; Andersen: not prohibited).,The Questura reports sending the permit to INPS and the tax service to check obligations (dottrinalavoro.it based on the text of the decree); regimes depend on bilateral agreements. Registration of P.IVA/sole proprietor (IE) for a 'digital nomad' (self-employed) and the specifics of contributions — not clarified.,The official position of the Agenzia delle Entrate on the PE of a foreign employer due to a remote worker was not found.,Not clarified (penalties for working without a permit under TUI 286/1998 not verified).,"The income threshold differs: Benghazi consulate (06.2026) «three times the minimum level required for exemption from healthcare contributions» (≈ €25,500); the embassy in Pristina (old version) €25,500 (3×€8,500). Take the official figure of the consulates, but verify before filing. ambzagabria.esteri.it and ambpristina.esteri.it confirm the regulatory basis and the 365-day term. The tax regime was not researched. | Income threshold: Benghazi (06.2026) — 'three times the minimum level required for exemption from healthcare contributions' (approximately €25,500); Pristina — 'three times the minimum amount (€ 8,500)' = 25,500 €; Istanbul and Chișinău (03.2026) word it only as 'triplo del livello minimo...', without an amount. Take the figure of the freshest consulates and verify before filing. The phrase 'datore di lavoro o committente... sede legale in Italia oppure all'estero' is confirmed on Benghazi and Pristina (Pristina — for a remote worker). The Chișinău document (18.03.2026) says nothing about the location of the employer's legal entity.",verified,true,https://consbengasi.esteri.it/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Digital-Nomads.pdf [official]; https://ambpristina.esteri.it/en/?p=5200 [official]; https://ambzagabria.esteri.it/it/?p=2334 [official]; https://it.andersen.com/en/italian-visa-for-digital-nomads-and-remote-workers/ [law_firm]; https://www.dottrinalavoro.it/notizie-c/min-interno-stranieri-altamente-qualificati-e-lavoro-da-remoto [blog]; https://consistanbul.esteri.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Nomade-Digitale-ITA.pdf [official]; https://ambchisinau.esteri.it/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Visto-per-nomadi-digitali-agg.-18.03.26.pdf [official],2026-10-04,,
Kazakhstan,yes,Neo Nomad Visa B12-1 (launched November 2024),yes,"B12-1: remote workers and digital entrepreneurs; income from $3,000/month from abroad; up to 1 year +1; work in Kazakhstan is not permitted. B9-1 — for IT specialists (Astana Hub petition), per a blog allows work for Kazakhstani companies",unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages,"B12-1: no, work in Kazakhstan is not permitted; B9-1: per a blog — allows work for Kazakhstani companies.",,,,"B9-1 is for IT specialists (requires a petition from Astana Hub), while B12-1 is intended for remote work for foreign employers. The gov.kz Ministry of Foreign Affairs page did not render (requires JS) — data from a mirror publication and a blog. Whether data analysis fits the IT sphere of B9-1 — not clarified.",partial,false,https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mfa-hague/press/news/details/934079?lang=en [official]; https://www.society.at/kazakhstan-introduces-new-visa-options-for-skilled-professionals-and-digital-nomads [aggregator]; https://about-kazakhstan.com/kazakhstan-digital-nomad-visa/ [blog],2026-10-04,,
Canada,conditional,Visitor status (visitor up to 6 months) — there is no separate DN visa,conditional,a visitor may work remotely for a foreign employer/as self-employed for up to 6 months; does not give a residence permit; hiring by a Canadian employer after entry requires a work permit,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages,No: working for a Canadian employer requires a work permit.,,,,"The source is a retelling of IRCC recommendations on CIC News; the official IRCC page could not be opened (404 on a guessed address). No long-term residence permit for a remote worker, hence 'conditional' (short-term only).",partial,false,https://www.cicnews.com/2024/01/ircc-clarifies-requirements-for-foreign-nationals-coming-to-canada-as-digital-nomads-0142666.html [aggregator],2026-10-04,,
Cyprus,yes,"Digital Nomad Visa / Digital Nomad Permit (temporary residence permit, Civil Registry and Migration Department of the Republic of Cyprus)",yes,"Residence permit for 1 year, renewable for 2 years (up to 3 years); net income ≥€3,500/month (+20% for a spouse, +15% per child); insurance, housing (lease/ownership), clean criminal record; fee €70; processing 5–7 weeks; the application is filed within 3 months after entry; the family cannot work in Cyprus. Tax residency — by the 183-day rule (or 60 days if conditions are met).",conditional,"Category F (permanent residence permit without the right to do business in Cyprus; income ≥€9,568 + €4,613 per family member): per the Mondaq article 'the applicant must not engage in business, trade or profession while in Cyprus', while the income source is named as 'salaries of employment abroad' — the article does not directly address compatibility with remote work (grey area).",unknown,Startup visa (innovative-business route): conditions not checked on official pages; not a path for remote work for foreign clients; not verified.,unknown,Permanent residence permit for buying real estate (conditions not checked on official pages). Ibccs.tax: holders of Category F / 6.2 can obtain a special permit only for holding shares/unpaid directorship — i.e. work in Cyprus is restricted; remote work for a foreign client is not officially addressed.,n_a,"Family reunification requires a resident/citizen relative; the sample adult has none, there is no separate route for this situation.",unknown,Student residence permit (conditions not checked on official pages); right to remote work not verified.,"The official page does not directly mention Cypriot clients; the ban on working for Cypriot employers/clients is per law firms (Zenolegal: 'you cannot take a job with a Cyprus employer or sell services to Cyprus-based clients on this permit'; lawyer.com.cy/Legal 500 — a declaration at filing). Confirmed from a secondary source, not the primary source.","Tax residency: 183 days or the 60-day rule (Zenolegal, Deloitte, Kyprianou).",The official position of the Cyprus tax authority (TFA) on the PE of a foreign employer due to an employee on the DNV was not found. Deloitte/KPMG describe tax benefits but not PE.,"Ibccs.tax (law firm) citing Aliens and Immigration Regulation 14: holders of a visitor permit are prohibited from any work and business; in case of violation the permit is cancelled, possible entry on the ""stop list"". For the DNV did not find a specific sanction in open sources.","The main question is the quota and its status: Cyprus Mail (08.2025): annual limit 500, exhausted in 2023 and «no new quota was issued» — intake is effectively stopped; Kyprianou: applications resumed on 24.03.2025 (quota not specified); Zenolegal (2026): the limit was raised to 1,000 (10.2025) and intake is under way. The sources diverge — before planning, check the current status with the migration department. The official site moi.gov.cy/crmd is closed to WebFetch (robots.txt) — did not open a single official source, all statements are from law firms and media. «Cyprus» = the Republic of Cyprus. | Source check: https://moi.gov.cy/moi/CRMD/crmd.nsf/All/BF9908B541BFF7D3C22587EA003CD306 (type: official — Civil Registry and Migration Department, Digital Nomad Visa page; opened; the author's earlier conclusion 'moi.gov.cy is closed to WebFetch' is correct only for part of the URLs — this address opened, while /moi/crmd/crmd.nsf/All/2B3F... is blocked by robots.txt). | Quota: the official Ministry of Interior page names a limit of 100, then 500 (no more recent data on the page). Cyprus Mail (21.08.2025): limit 500, exhausted in 2023, 'no new quota' — until an increase. remoteworkeurope.eu (27.05.2026) and Zenolegal (06.2026): the limit was raised from 500 to 1,000 from 30.10.2025, intake is under way ('open but capacity-constrained'). The discrepancy between sources is mostly chronological (August 2025 versus October 2025), but the quota increase is not officially confirmed — only law firms/media were found. Before planning, check with the migration department/Deputy Ministry of Migration.",verified,true,https://www.lawyer.com.cy/what-is-digital-nomad-visa/ [law_firm]; https://www.legal500.com/intelligence/cyprus/immigration/digital-nomads-in-cyprus [law_firm]; https://www.kyprianou.com/?p=18450 [law_firm]; https://www.deloitte.com/cy/en/services/tax/perspectives/introduction-of-the-digital-nomad-visa-in-the-republic-of-cyprus.html [law_firm]; https://www.kpmg.com/cy/en/insights/tax-alerts/cyprus-digital-nomad-visa-scheme.html [law_firm]; https://cyprus-mail.com/2025/08/21/digital-nomads-inject-e10m-annually-into-cyprus-economy [blog]; https://www.zenolegal.com/resources/cyprus-digital-nomad-visa-2026 [law_firm]; https://webiis10.mondaq.com/cyprus/general-immigration/1239480/permanent-residence-permit-category-f [law_firm]; https://ibccs.tax/blog/restriction-on-employment-for-third-country-nationals-in-cyprus/ [law_firm]; https://moi.gov.cy/moi/CRMD/crmd.nsf/All/BF9908B541BFF7D3C22587EA003CD306 [official],2026-10-04,,
China,unknown,"None identified for remote work for a foreign employer. Official pages describe a work permit plus a work-type residence permit (Z visa) tied to a Chinese employer, and, from 2025-10-01, a K visa for young foreign science and technology talent that does not require a Chinese employer or inviting organization.",unknown,"No digital nomad category appears among the visa categories shown on the Chinese visa application service center page (F, M, L, Z, X1, X2, S1, S2, Q1, Q2, R); not confirmed against a complete list on a National Immigration Administration or Ministry of Foreign Affairs page, which could not be opened. The K visa in force from 2025-10-01 is a talent visa for young science and technology professionals, not a remote-work scheme (Shanghai government, Wuxi government).",unknown,Not checked on official pages.,unknown,"Not checked on official pages. The visa application service center page describes the M visa as 'Issued to those who are invited to China for commercial and trade activities', which is tied to an invitation and is not a freelancer route.",unknown,Not checked on official pages.,conditional,S1 visa: relatives of foreigners working or studying in China for a long-term visit; Q1 visa: family members of Chinese citizens or of foreigners with Chinese permanent residence (visa application service center). The official pages reviewed do not say whether these relatives may work.,unknown,X1 visa exists for study of more than 180 days (visa application service center); whether a student may work remotely for a foreign employer was not checked on official pages.,Not clarified on the official pages: none of the pages reviewed addresses serving clients in China from a residence permit without a Chinese employer.,"Not clarified on the official pages for remote work. The general norm is that a foreigner who works in China obtains a work permit and a work-type residence permit (Exit and Entry Administration Law, Article 41, as quoted by the Shanghai government). Tax and social security registration duties were not found on the official pages reviewed.","Not clarified: the official pages reviewed do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in China. A law firm (L&E Global) states that the worker may be treated as a permanent establishment of the foreign company, depending on the period of service and whether the activity amounts to conducting business in China; not confirmed on an official page.","Exit and Entry Administration Law, Article 80 (text reproduced by China Daily): a foreigner working illegally is fined RMB 5,000 to 20,000 and, in serious cases, detained for 5 to 15 days; an individual or entity illegally employing a foreigner is fined RMB 10,000 per foreigner, capped at RMB 100,000, with illegal gains confiscated. Article 81: deportation is possible, with a re-entry ban of 10 years.","Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Shanghai municipal government (English FAQ on working in Shanghai, policy page of 2024-03-26, K visa news of 2025-08-15), Wuxi municipal government (K visa), Chinese visa application service center portal (visa categories) and the text of the Exit and Entry Administration Law as reproduced by China Daily and a university site (State Council text). Classification: unknown. The only official norm found is general: a foreigner who works in China needs a work permit and a work-type residence permit, and no entity may employ a foreigner without them (Article 41). None of the official pages reviewed says whether remote work for a foreign employer or foreign clients from China counts as work in China, and none offers a residence route for it; the old value 'no' rested on a law-firm statement and is not supported by an official quotation that prohibits remote work as such. A law firm (L&E Global) states that remote work for a foreign company with no local presence cannot be done legitimately; a blog describes the area as a gray area; neither is an official source. The National Immigration Administration site and the State Council English homepage did not provide visa rules (page not fetched / no relevant content). The row has not been through the separate verification pass (verified = false).",partial,false,https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-FAQS-WorkinShanghai/20231212/01e447daca624101804f5dc96c79d26b.html [official]; https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-Latest-WhatsNew/20250815/a90d80ad68914d3291f4d3f08095ab7b.html [official]; https://en.wuxi.gov.cn/2025-08/15/c_1117196.htm [official]; https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-Policies/20240326/58c8e6af7c3f401ca7deee801587da64.html [official]; https://www.visaforchina.cn/STH_EN/generalinformation/visaknowledge/263484.shtml [official]; https://regional.chinadaily.com.cn/tibet/2021-08/24/c_223579_15.htm [media]; https://www.oir.pku.edu.cn/gjxzzxfwpten/info/1091/1192.htm [aggregator]; https://www.china-briefing.com/news/chinas-entry-exit-k-visa-rules-2025/ [law_firm]; https://leglobal.law/countries/china/china-remote-work-faq [law_firm]; https://ikkyinchina.com/become-a-digital-nomad-in-china-in-2026-the-realistic-guide/ [blog],2026-10-22,,
Colombia,yes,Visa V (Visitante) — Nómada Digital (Resolución 5477/2022 Ministry of Foreign Affairs),yes,income from 3 SMLMV (minimum wages) per bank statements; up to 2 years; no right to work for persons residing in Colombia; beneficiaries are admitted,unknown,retiree route: conditions not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages,No: 'does not allow work or paid activity with a legal entity or individual residing in the country'.,,,,"One official source (Cancillería nomogram), the text of the DN article was opened; a second source was not sought. The 3 SMLMV amount in pesos was not derived (depends on the year).",partial,false,https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/sites/default/files/Normograma/docs/resolucion_minrelaciones_5477_2022.htm [official],2026-10-04,,
Costa Rica,yes,Visa de Nómada Digital (Ley 10008 'Ley para atraer trabajadores remotos y de servicios internacionales'),yes,"income from $3,000/month (with dependants $4,000), 12 months of bank statements; 12 months + 1 extension; tax on foreign income is not levied (per a law firm)",unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages,No: it does not give the right to local employment and providing services to clients in Costa Rica.,,,,"The official Migración site (migracion.go.cr) returned 403; data from the law firm AG Legal. The named law (Ley 10008) — by general reputation and by the headline of the material, the text of the law was not opened. Children — dependants up to 25 years, each needs insurance and a $100 contribution (per the law firm).",partial,false,https://aglegal.com/es/temas-generales/requisitos-para-aplicar-como-nomadas-digitales/ [law_firm],2026-10-04,,
Kyrgyzstan,yes,'Digital nomad' programme (portal dnomad.e-gov.kg; law on the status signed 30.04.2025),yes,"The platform dnomad.e-gov.kg was launched on 15.12.2025 (24.kg): a status for foreigners working remotely; first 60 days, then 1 year with annual extension up to 10 years; the income threshold and list of documents are not named in the article. The previous entry ""launch unclear"" is outdated.",unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages,,,,,"Not established: the conditions of dnomad.e-gov.kg (income, documents, taxes); the portal page itself was not read. The classification yes is based on the launch announcement and on EAEU membership.",partial,false,https://dnomad.e-gov.kg [official]; https://andysto.com/has-kyrgyzstan-launched-a-digital-nomad-visa-the-answer-is-unclear/ [blog]; https://24.kg/english/354673_Kyrgyzstan_launches_electronic_platform_for_obtaining_Digital_Nomad_status/amp/ [media],2026-10-04,,
Latvia,conditional,Long-stay visa for remote work (PMLP),conditional,"employer or business in an OECD country; income ≥ €4,213/month (2.5 times the average gross salary); 1 year; no right to work in Latvia",unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,the PMLP material does not specify provisions for family members,unknown,right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages,No: 'Remote work visa recipients do not have the right to employment in the Republic of Latvia'.,,The employer/self-employed activity must be registered in an OECD country; employment certificate from the tax authority of an OECD country.,,"One official source (PMLP), the second not searched. The income threshold is dynamic.",partial,false,https://pmlp.gov.lv/en/article/obtaining-long-stay-visa-remote-work [official],2026-10-04,,
Lithuania,unknown,None established on official pages for remote work for a foreign employer; no digital nomad visa found,unknown,"Not established: the European Migration Network contact point in Lithuania (item dated 14 September 2022) lists Lithuania among states that do not have a digital nomad visa and are considering one; no later official page announcing such a visa was found, and a 2026 secondary review also reports none (EMN Lithuania). The Migration Department site (migracija.lt) could not be read, so the current visa list is not confirmed.",unknown,Not checked on official pages.,conditional,"The Migration Department (news of 28 June 2024) lists among those who do not need a Lithuanian residence permit to work 'entrepreneurs who are company shareholders and managers', provided they arrive legally and meet the criteria; the criteria and the route for an individual sole trader were not established. An English translation of the Law on the Legal Status of Aliens (undated version, probably old) provides a residence permit for an owner or co-owner of at least 10% of a registered enterprise; not relied on because the version is not confirmed (e-Seimas).",unknown,Not checked on official pages.,unknown,Not checked on official pages.,unknown,"Not checked on official pages; a law-firm summary (Triniti, 2026) states that first- and second-year undergraduate students may work no more than 20 hours per week.",Not clarified on the official pages: no statement found on whether a permit holder working remotely for a foreign employer may also serve clients in Lithuania.,"Not clarified: no official page found on tax or social security registration for a remote worker employed abroad. Secondary source (Triniti, law firm): from 1 November 2026 a residence permit application may be submitted only by a foreign national who has a valid legal basis to stay.",Not clarified: the official pages reviewed do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in Lithuania.,"Working without a valid permit is illegal and employers who break the rules face administrative liability; an employer fined for illegal or undeclared work cannot hire new foreigners for one year (Migration Department, 28 June 2024). Fine amounts and the article of the Code of Administrative Offences were not found.","Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Migration Department under the Ministry of the Interior (news of 28 June 2024 and of 12 August 2024), European Migration Network contact point in Lithuania (item of 14 September 2022), Invest Lithuania FAQ, e-Seimas (English translation of the Law on the Legal Status of Aliens, version date not confirmed). Classification: unknown. None of these pages states whether a foreigner living in Lithuania on a residence permit or visa may work remotely for a foreign employer or foreign clients, and none mentions a remote-work or digital nomad residence route. The Migration Department rule since 1 July 2024 is that foreigners who work in Lithuania must hold a Lithuanian temporary residence permit unless an exception applies (employees sent by a company established in an EU or EFTA state; up to three months a year of contract, training or equipment installation work; shareholder-managers of companies; and others); whether remote work for a foreign employer counts as work in Lithuania under that rule is not addressed. A secondary review (Remote Work Europe, aggregator) claims remote work for a foreign employer is not permitted on Schengen short-stay status but cites no norm; that claim is not confirmed. Not opened: migracija.lt (content loads by script), migracija.lrv.lt pages on residence permit grounds, the current consolidated Law on the Legal Status of Aliens, the Ministry of the Interior startup page (client error). The row has not been through the separate verification pass (verified = false).",estimate,false,https://migracija.lrv.lt/en/news/foreigners-who-wish-to-work-in-lithuania-will-have-to-obtain-lithuanian-residence-permits-exceptions-will-only-apply-in-certain-cases [official]; https://migracija.lrv.lt/en/news/lithuania-ends-work-permit-exemption-for-foreigners-without-temporary-protection/ [official]; https://www.emn.lt/media/digital-nomad-visas-a-potential-tool-for-attracting-highly-skilled-talent/ [official]; https://investlithuania.com/faq/ [official]; https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/rs/legalact/TAD/TAIS.243642/ [official]; https://triniti.eu/insights/amendments-to-the-migration-law-effective-from-22-may-2026-what-employers-and-foreign-nationals-need-to-know/ [law_firm]; https://remoteworkeurope.eu/insights/lithuania-non-eu-remote-workers [aggregator],2026-10-22,,
Luxembourg,unknown,,unknown,"No digital nomad or remote-work residence authorisation is named on the Guichet.lu pages opened (self-employed, investor, private reasons, salaried, student, family member, less than 90 days); the complete list of residence authorisations was not available, so absence is not established (Guichet.lu).",conditional,"Residence for private reasons by self-sufficiency: the applicant lives off own resources, such as income ""from a professional activity carried out in another Member State of the European Union or the Schengen Area"" or a pension, assessed against the monthly social minimum wage for unskilled workers; the page states only that the permit's observation field includes ""information on eligibility for work"" and does not say whether remote work for a foreign employer is allowed (Guichet.lu).",conditional,"Self-employed residence permit: qualifications, sufficient resources, a business and financing plan and an outline consent from the Ministry of the Economy (business permit) are required; the activity must serve Luxembourg's interests and require the applicant's ""presence on Luxembourg territory""; temporary authorisation to stay 90 days, permit valid up to 3 years. The route is for a business operated in Luxembourg and the page does not mention foreign clients (Guichet.lu).",no,"Investor residence permit (valid up to 3 years) requires at least EUR 500,000 in a Luxembourg company or higher amounts in other structures; real estate does not qualify (Guichet.lu).",conditional,A third-country national holding a family member residence permit may work as an employee or self-employed without a prior work permit; the work note on the card no longer has effect from 1 September 2023 (Guichet.lu).,conditional,A student residence permit allows a salaried job limited to an average of 15 hours per week over a month outside study time (with exceptions for holidays and doctoral research); the employer must declare the hiring to the General Department of Immigration. Remote work for a foreign employer is not addressed (Guichet.lu).,"Not clarified on the official pages: the pages opened do not address remote work for foreign clients or employers, nor serving local clients from a remote-work status.","Not clarified on the official pages for remote work for a foreign employer. For employees hired in Luxembourg the employer must notify the start of employment to the immigration authorities within 3 working days (Guichet.lu, student page); the self-employed route requires affiliation with Luxembourg social security for renewal.","Not clarified: the official pages reviewed do not address permanent-establishment, payroll or social security risk for a foreign employer of a worker resident in Luxembourg.","Not clarified: Guichet.lu states only that employers who employ third-country workers without a valid authorisation ""may face administrative and criminal sanctions""; no amounts or articles are given on the page.","Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Guichet.lu (less than 90 days: work page and visit page; self-employed, investor, private reasons, salaried, student and family-member pages for stays over 3 months). Classification: unknown. Guichet.lu states that a third-country national who wants to work in Luxembourg for less than 3 months ""must have a work permit"" with listed exemptions (business trips for meetings, negotiations and trade fairs; service providers excluding subcontracting), and that a salaried third-country worker needs an employment contract compliant with Luxembourg law with an employer in Luxembourg; none of these pages mention remote work or work for a foreign employer from Luxembourg, so neither permission nor prohibition is established. The private-reasons permit (self-sufficiency) is the only residence basis found that references income from a professional activity abroad, but that page names income from another EU or Schengen state and does not state work rights; the Expatica guide (media) writes that Luxembourg offers no dedicated digital nomad visa, which was not confirmed on an official page. Not opened: the immigration section of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (immigration.public.lu) listing, the general overview page of residence authorisations on Guichet.lu (client error) and the Immigration Law text. The row has not been through the separate verification pass (verified = false).",estimate,false,https://guichet.public.lu/en/citoyens/immigration/moins-3-mois/ressortissant-tiers/sejour-travail.html [official]; https://guichet.public.lu/en/citoyens/immigration/visite/travail/pays-tiers/sejour.html [official]; https://guichet.public.lu/en/citoyens/immigration/plus-3-mois/ressortissant-tiers/raisons-privees/sejour-raisons-privees.html [official]; https://guichet.public.lu/en/citoyens/immigration/plus-3-mois/ressortissant-tiers/travailleur-independant/independant.html [official]; https://guichet.public.lu/en/citoyens/immigration/plus-3-mois/ressortissant-tiers/investisseur/investisseur-pays-tiers.html [official]; https://guichet.public.lu/en/citoyens/immigration/plus-3-mois/ressortissant-tiers/salarie/salarie-pays-tiers.html [official]; https://guichet.public.lu/en/citoyens/immigration/plus-3-mois/ressortissant-tiers/etudiant/etudiant-pays-tiers.html [official]; https://guichet.public.lu/en/citoyens/immigration/plus-3-mois/ressortissant-tiers/membre-famille/exercice-activite-salariee.html [official]; https://www.expatica.com/lu/working/employment-basics/remote-work-luxembourg-2174522/ [media],2026-10-22,,
Malaysia,yes,DE Rantau Nomad Pass (Digital Nomad Pass),yes,"income > USD 24,000/year; 3–12 months with extension for 12 (total up to 24 months); spouse and children under 18; for freelancers per the source local clients are permitted — not officially confirmed",unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,MM2H / Investor Pass: conditions not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages,"According to Deloitte: freelancers may have local clients, 'remote workers' only foreign employers; verify the wording with MDEC/Imigresen.",,,,The official Imigresen page did not open (404 at a guessed address); data from the Deloitte Malaysia PDF. Taxes and registration obligations were not verified.,partial,false,https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/my/Documents/tax/my-tax-immigration-updates-de-rantau-programme.pdf [law_firm],2026-10-04,,
Malta,conditional,"Nomad Residence Permit (Residency Malta Agency): one year, renewable up to three times (four years in total), for remote work as an employee of a foreign-registered employer, as a business owner of a foreign-registered company, or as a freelancer/consultant for clients with a permanent establishment abroad",conditional,"Nomad Residence Permit is open to third-country nationals who can work remotely using telecommunications; the applicant must fall under one of three categories (employed by a foreign-registered employer under a contract of work; owner/partner of a foreign-registered company; freelance or consulting services to clients whose permanent establishments are abroad). Minimum gross yearly income EUR 42,000 for applications from 1 April 2024 (EUR 32,400 for earlier applicants), guaranteed for at least five months from the application date; health insurance with an overall limit of at least EUR 30,000 per person covering one full year; a valid property rental or purchase agreement for the whole permit; police conduct certificate. EU, EEA and Swiss nationals are excluded and the FAQ states that applications from certain nationalities are currently not eligible (a list the Agency may revise). Application fee EUR 300 per person (non-refundable), card EUR 27.50. Renewal needs at least five months of residence in Malta in the previous twelve months and continued income eligibility, at the Agency's discretion (Residency Malta Agency: Nomad eligibility page and FAQ v.12).",unknown,Not checked on official pages in detail. The Identita expatriates portal lists an 'Economic Self-Sufficiency' application among the non-EU 'other purposes' routes; its terms and any right to work were not opened (Identita expatriates portal).,conditional,"Inside the Nomad Residence Permit, freelance or consulting services are allowed for clients whose permanent establishments are in a foreign country under contracts with those clients; the tax rules add that services must be for clients who do not reside in Malta and be provided remotely (Residency Malta Agency; Malta Tax and Customs Administration). Separately, the Identita expatriates portal lists self-employment under non-EU employment and self-employment applications, but its conditions were not opened (Identita).",unknown,"Not checked on official pages. The Nomad permit needs a property rental or purchase agreement, but no route to residence through real estate was opened on an official page (Residency Malta Agency).",conditional,"Nomad FAQ: eligible dependants are a spouse, minor children and certain adult children; dependants cannot be added after payment or approval, only at renewal (Residency Malta Agency FAQ v.12). The right of dependants to work was not stated on the pages opened. Family reunification is listed as a separate application on the Identita expatriates portal.",unknown,A Study application is listed on the Identita expatriates portal among non-EU 'other purposes' routes; whether a student permit allows remote work for a foreign employer is not stated on the pages opened (Identita expatriates portal).,"No: permit holders 'cannot offer their services or be engaged in any economic activity with employers/companies based/registered in Malta', and persons 'providing services to Malta based companies or individuals are ineligible' (Residency Malta Agency FAQ v.12); serving a foreign company's Maltese subsidiary is also not eligible (Nomad eligibility page).","Main applicants are automatically registered for tax with the Malta Tax and Customs Administration after receiving the Nomad Residence Card; income from authorised work is not taxable in the first 12 months from the later of the permit issue date or 1 January 2024, then taxed at 10%; other income is taxed at the ordinary rates; the permit does not grant tax residency; a foreign tax credit requires proof of at least 10% foreign tax by 31 March of the following year; the Agency must be notified of any change in employment status; address changes must be reported within 10 working days. The FAQ warns that tax obligations might arise under both foreign and Maltese law. Social security is not addressed on the official pages: not clarified.",Malta Tax and Customs Administration rules: the employer must not be resident in Malta and must not trade in Malta through a fixed place of business; 'Eligible applicants will not be subject to FSS payments' and the non-resident employer avoids the usual Maltese employment-related requirements provided it does not become resident for tax purposes in Malta. A move to a Malta-resident employer ends nomad status for tax purposes. Permanent-establishment risk beyond this is not clarified on the official pages.,The Agency 'reserves the right to revoke the Nomad Residence Permit should it become aware of such activity' (work for Maltese companies); failure to report an address change may also lead to revocation; the Agency's decision is final with no appeal (FAQ v.12). Fines or criminal sanctions for unauthorised work were not found on the official pages: not clarified.,"Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Residency Malta Agency (Nomad Residence Permit home page, Nomad eligibility page, Nomad FAQ v.12 PDF), Malta Tax and Customs Administration (Nomad guidelines PDF, file dated 12-03-2026) and the Identita expatriates portal. Classification: conditional, works in practice with a note. The permit exists specifically to let holders keep working for an employer or clients abroad while living in Malta, but only for third-country nationals (EU, EEA and Swiss nationals are excluded; certain nationalities are currently not eligible per the FAQ), with gross income of at least EUR 42,000 per year, and with no Maltese employer or Maltese-based clients. The Nomad FAQ v.12 is dated 2024 (upload path 2024/04); the eligibility page and the tax guidelines are more recent and were used for the current terms. Not established: terms of the Global Residence, retirement or real estate routes, the work rights of dependants and of student permit holders, and sanctions for unauthorised work outside the permit conditions. The Residency Malta main site and the Identita permit-type subpages could not be opened. The row has not been through the separate verification pass (verified = false).",partial,false,https://nomad.residencymalta.gov.mt/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Nomad-FAQs-v.12.pdf [official]; https://nomad.residencymalta.gov.mt/nomad-eligibility/ [official]; https://nomad.residencymalta.gov.mt/ [official]; https://mtca.gov.mt/docs/default-source/documents/personal-tax/legal-and-technical/guidelines/nomad-guidelines---12-03-2026.pdf [official]; https://expatriates.identita.gov.mt/ [official]; https://identita.gov.mt/expatriates-unit-main-page/noneu-nationals/ [official]; https://www.mondaq.com/corporate-tax/1758992/malta-nomad-residence-permit-tax-treatment-and-2026-guidance-update [law_firm],2026-10-22,ok_with_note,"The Nomad Residence Permit works for a remote employee, company owner or freelancer with a foreign employer or foreign clients, but needs gross income of at least EUR 42,000 per year, excludes Maltese employers and Maltese-based clients, and is closed to EU, EEA and Swiss nationals and to a list of nationalities currently not eligible."

Mexico,yes,Residente temporal (by proof of income or savings),conditional,"There is no separate nomad visa; the path is the same temporal residence permit; per the official consulate page, work paid from abroad is permitted (see passive_income).",yes,"Official consulate page: the residente temporal visa (term of more than 180 days, up to 4 years) «allows work» if the remuneration is paid abroad; to work in Mexico the employer must obtain INM permission; a resident card is needed within 30 days after entry. The page does not name income/savings thresholds (per blogs ≈ $4,400 per month or ≈ $74 thousand). The earlier 'grey zone' entry has been replaced by this text.",unknown,not checked (reduced depth),unknown,Real estate route: amount not checked on official pages; right to work not verified,unknown,not checked (reduced depth),no,"The student path does not give the ""work"" goal; not verified in detail",,"Not clarified. Tax: >183 days in a year = tax resident with worldwide income (per a blog, not per SAT law).",,,"Primary source partially opened 04.10.2026: the consulate page (SRE), not the text of the Ley de Migración and not INM. Remains unestablished: amounts under the law, tax residency >183 days.",partial,false,https://lorad.mx/?p=2171 [blog]; https://consulmex.sre.gob.mx/presidio/index.php/visas/30-visas/158-residente-temporal [official],2026-10-04,,

Moldova,yes,"Digital nomad visa/residence permit (launched 20.09.2025, up to 2 years with extension)",yes,"Working remotely for a company outside Moldova or owning a share in it; up to 2 years; local work prohibited; insurance, housing",unknown,not checked (reduced depth),unknown,not checked (reduced depth),unknown,not checked (reduced depth),conditional,"Dependants via sponsorship, higher income thresholds possible",unknown,not checked (reduced depth),No: local employment is not permitted under this visa.,Registration with the migration police after approval (per the source).,,,"One source (law firm). Income threshold not found. The ""company/share"" structure may require a foreign legal entity for a freelancer — not verified. The official BMA website did not open.",partial,false,https://eiglaw.com/moldova-launches-digital-nomad-visa-to-attract-global-talent/ [law_firm],2026-10-04,,

Netherlands,conditional,"Self-employed residence permit (zelfstandige / self-employed person; RVO points, KvK) — the only route without a Dutch employer; startup residence permit (1 year, facilitator) — only for an innovative startup",n_a,"There is no separate digital nomad visa (ibanet: ""a specific visa for remote work is not (yet) one of them""; iamexpat; Expatica).",unknown,not checked on official pages,conditional,"IND (verified): KvK; RVO points-based (≥30 in each of the three areas, or 45+45 for experience and business plan); residence permit up to 2 years. NOT in the record, but on the page: «If you are a freelancer, you must have one or more commissions in the Netherlands» and «Your product or service needs to be of essential interest for the Dutch economy. The product or services you offer must be new for the Netherlands.» For the sample adult (data analysis for foreign clients) the condition of «novelty for NL» and of commissions in NL is a serious barrier, realism LOW. IND does not state directly whether foreign clients can be taken in parallel; ibanet (law firm): «nothing would stop holders of these self-employment permits from being engaged by foreign clients as well».",n_a,No residence permit via real estate in the Netherlands.,n_a,The sample adult has no Dutch relatives; the kennismigrant's family receives a residence permit automatically — only with their own sponsored employment.,unknown,Student residence permit: working hours not checked on official pages; remote work for a foreign employer not verified.,"For a freelancer's residence permit the IND requires ""one or more commissions in the Netherlands"" (official). The page has no ban on foreign clients, but no permission either; ibanet — law firm only.",KvK registration is mandatory for the self-employed; taxes and social insurance in NL.,"L&E Global (law firms): if a remote worker works only for a foreign employer and has no contact with the local market, no PE arises. Did not find an official position of the Dutch tax authority.","Not clarified: penalties under the Wet arbeid vreemdelingen found only as court decisions (Raad van State) and a legal blog, not read in detail.","remote_allowed is left as conditional only because ibanet describes a scheme via a payrolling agent (a local sponsoring employer seconds the employee to a foreign client; the salary must match the required level) - this is only a law firm, the salary threshold and applicability to the sample adult are not verified. Without this route it is effectively ""no"". An official statement by the IND/Dutch government specifically about remote work for a foreign employer was NOT found: the page business.gov.nl/regulation/employing-foreign-employee-working-remotely/ is 404 (for a guessed URL), search is unavailable (WebSearch limit).",partial,true,https://ind.nl/en/residence-permits/work/residence-permit-self-employed-person [official]; https://ind.nl/en/residence-permits/work/start-up [official]; https://ind.nl/en/residence-permits/work/highly-skilled-migrant [official]; https://www.ibanet.org/remote-working-and-digital-nomads-dutch-perspective [law_firm]; https://leglobal.law/countries/netherlands/the-netherlands-remote-work-faq/ [law_firm]; https://www.iamexpat.nl/career/working-in-the-netherlands/remote-working [blog],2026-10-07,effectively_no,"The only route without a Dutch employer is the self-employed residence permit, and for it the IND requires commissions in the Netherlands (""one or more commissions in the Netherlands"")."
New Zealand,conditional,Visitor Visa (remote work for a foreign employer is officially permitted); residence permits for a remote worker not checked on official pages,n_a,There is no digital nomad visa; on a Visitor Visa the immigration service allows working for an employer/client outside NZ,unknown,not checked on official pages,conditional,Entrepreneur Work/Residence — requires running a business in NZ; unrealistic for a remote freelancer (not examined in detail),n_a,Real estate does not give a residence permit (not checked),unknown,not checked (reduced depth),no,"Student route: purpose is study, not work",No: working in NZ on a visitor visa is not allowed.,,,,"This is not a residence permit: the length of stay on a visitor visa and the limits on remote work (search for ""incidental"") were not verified in the primary wording.",partial,false,https://www.immigration.govt.nz/visas/visitor-visa/ [official],2026-10-04,,
Norway,conditional,"A residence permit that gives the right to work in Norway (the Norwegian Directorate of Immigration, UDI, states that remote work requires such a permit); no permit specific to remote work for a foreign employer or foreign clients is listed. Limited remote work for an employer abroad is allowed only during a visit or holiday.",unknown,"No digital nomad permit is named on the UDI remote-work page or on the UDI skilled-worker page; the full list of UDI work-immigration permit types could not be opened, so absence is not established (UDI).",unknown,not checked on official pages,conditional,"Residence permit as self-employed with a company in Norway: normally a sole proprietorship (""The business cannot be a limited company""), likely profit of at least NOK 310,070 per year before tax, residence in Norway and active part in running the business. The holder can work only in this business and may not take other work, including remote work. The page does not mention foreign clients (UDI). Separate permit for self-employed persons with a foreign company requires a contract for an assignment with a Norwegian business that has a registered business address in Norway (UDI).",unknown,not checked on official pages,conditional,UDI states that family members of a self-employed permit holder can apply for family immigration. Whether a family permit carries the right to work (and so to work remotely for a foreign employer) was not established on the pages opened (UDI).,conditional,"With the first student residence permit part-time work of up to 20 hours per week is allowed during studies and full-time work in ordinary holidays after completed exams; ""You may not be self-employed or run your own business."" Remote work for a foreign employer is not addressed (UDI).","Not clarified for a foreign-employer remote worker: UDI states that remote work for an employer or client in Norway, or as part of running a business in Norway, is not allowed for visitors; a residence permit with the right to work is required for work in Norway. The self-employed permit page does not mention foreign clients.",Not clarified for remote work for a foreign employer. The Norwegian Tax Administration page opened only states that a tax deduction card is needed to work in Norway and that a move to Norway must be reported; employer and social security duties for foreign employers are not addressed there (Skatteetaten).,"Not clarified: the official pages reviewed do not address permanent-establishment, payroll or social security risk for a foreign employer of a worker resident in Norway.","Not clarified for the worker: the English text of section 108 of the Immigration Act (Penalties, as published by the Norwegian Labour Inspection Authority) penalises a person who with intent or gross negligence ""makes use of a foreign national's labour"" when the foreign national does not hold the required permit; the excerpt opened does not state a maximum fine or prison term and has no separate penalty for the foreign national's own unauthorised work.","Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: UDI (remote work page, skilled-worker page, self-employed with a company in Norway page, work-while-studying page), Skatteetaten (tax liability page) and the Norwegian Labour Inspection Authority (English text of Immigration Act section 108). Classification: conditional. UDI states that remote work (working for a Norwegian or foreign employer off-site, or running business activities in Norway or abroad) generally requires ""a residence permit that gives you the right to work remotely in Norway"", and that all foreigners working in Norway must have a residence permit. Visitors may do limited remote work for an employer or business abroad (checking and answering emails, calls, digital meetings) only if remote work is not the main purpose of the stay and the work does not create value in Norway; working for the employer in the home country while in Norway is generally not allowed. The permits UDI describes for work (skilled worker with a concrete job offer from a specific employer in Norway; sole proprietor with a company in Norway; employee on assignment from a foreign company with a contract with a Norwegian enterprise) are each tied to Norwegian activity, and the self-employed permit expressly excludes other work including remote work. No permit built for remote work for a foreign employer or foreign clients was found, so the verdict rests on the general rule that a permit with the right to work is required. Which other permits (for example family permits) carry an unrestricted right to work was not established on the pages opened; the UDI work-immigration overview and family-immigration rights pages could not be opened. UDI states that EU/EEA citizens are not covered by the permit requirement. The row has not been through the separate verification pass (verified = false).",partial,false,https://udi.no/en/important-messages/remote-work-in-norway [official]; https://udi.no/en/word-definitions/remote-work-in-norway [official]; https://www.udi.no/en/want-to-apply/work-immigration/skilled-workers/ [official]; https://udi.no/en/want-to-apply/work-immigration/skilled-workers/self-employed-persons-with-a-company-in-norway [official]; https://www.udi.no/en/answer-pages/answers-study-permits/can-i-work-while-i-am-studying-in-norway/ [official]; https://arbeidstilsynet.no/en/laws-and-regulations/laws/immigration-act/13/section108 [official]; https://www.skatteetaten.no/en/person/foreign/are-you-intending-to-work-in-norway/the-tax-return/tax-liability-for-employees-with-a-foreign-employer/ [official],2026-10-22,effectively_no,"Formally a permit with the right to work covers remote work, but UDI names no permit for working remotely for a foreign employer or foreign clients, and the permits it describes are tied to Norwegian employers or businesses."
UAE,conditional,"Remote Work Visa / Virtual Working Programme (1 year, self-sponsored, $3,500/month)",yes,"Official sources differ on the threshold and on the range of applicants: u.ae (Virtual Working Programme): «earn a minimum salary of USD 5,000 per month» for employees and «average monthly income of USD 5,000» for company owners; GDRFA Dubai: «monthly income of no less than $3,500», «remote employment (virtual work)» for those working for an entity outside the UAE; ADRO (Abu Dhabi): $3,500, «remote employees», application via ADRO currently unavailable (link to icp.gov.ae). Term 1 year, renewal by reapplying, family — yes; fee $287 (u.ae) / AED 200+5% VAT (GDRFA). For a self-employed freelancer WITHOUT a company, no official page directly names a remote work visa (employees / company owners) — the sample adult falls under the definition only with an employer or their own company.",unknown,Retire in Dubai: age and income conditions not checked on official pages.,conditional,"GDRFA ""Green residence permit (self-employment)"": annual self-employment income for the 2 previous years ≥ AED 360,000, MOHRE freelance work permit, bachelor's degree/specialised diploma, passport ≥6 months. For the sample adult — a possible route if freelance income is high enough and documented.",unknown,Investor residence permit via real estate: the right to work has not been clarified.,n_a,The sample adult has no resident relatives in the UAE.,unknown,Student residence permit: not verified.,"Officially u.ae and GDRFA speak only of work for an entity outside the UAE; a ban on local clients in explicit form was not found on open official pages (u.ae: ""no information"" on the restriction); the wording ""strictly prohibits"" is only from uppersetup.com (blog).","No need to register a sole proprietorship. Required: a valid foreign passport (6+ months), medical insurance in the UAE, proof of work outside the UAE and income (6-month statement per uppersetup.com from 27.01.2026). There is no personal income tax (u.ae). A1 does not apply.",Not found (officially).,"For employers: fine AED 100,000–1,000,000 for hiring without proper permission (Stephenson Harwood, law firm; Federal Decree-Law 33/2021 as amended). Did not find sanctions for the worker themselves for working for local clients on a remote work visa.","Corrected: the record lists u.ae as the source of $3,500 — on the current u.ae Virtual Working Programme page the threshold is $5,000 (Dubai); $3,500 — GDRFA and ADRO. For the sample adult ""yes"" is not guaranteed: the status of «employee of foreign entity» or «company owner» is needed (confirmation of company ownership for ≥1 year — per Crowe, law firm). The maximum age of children — not found on official pages. Not checked. Check 04.10.2026 (block 1, item 5): conditional retained. u.ae (Virtual Working Programme, Dubai page: «people who live and work outside the UAE, entrepreneurs and start-up companies»): two categories — employee (contract valid for one year; salary from $5,000/month, certificate and statements for 3 months) and company owner (proof of ownership for a year or more; average income $5,000/month); the category «freelancer without a company» is not named; term 1 year with renewal by re-application, insurance in the UAE is mandatory, fee $287, no income tax, family — yes. GDRFA (Dubai): work for an entity outside the UAE, from $3,500/month, AED 200 + 5% VAT. Condition for the sample adult: either a one-year contract with a foreign employer, or their own (including foreign) company at least a year old with income not below the threshold ($3,500 per GDRFA or $5,000 per u.ae — to be clarified on the day of filing); bare freelancing without a company qualifies only through the Green residence route (self-employed, AED 360,000 over 2 years). DubaiNow pages did not open.",verified,true,https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/visa-and-emirates-id/residence-visas/residence-visa-for-working-outside-the-uae [official]; https://alsaada.gdrfad.gov.ae/en/node/13898 [official]; https://www.adro.gov.ae/Visas/Types-of-Visas/RealEstateOwners/Remote-Work-Visa [official]; https://crowe.com/ae/news/remote-work-visa-in-the-uae [law_firm]; https://www.stephensonharwood.com/news/uae-labour-law-reforms-enhanced-dispute-resolution-and-tougher-penalties [law_firm]; https://uppersetup.com/en/blog/uae-remote-work-visa-2026-new-rules-from-27-january [blog]; https://www.gdrfad.gov.ae/en/services/f52024d1-b812-11ed-5210-4cd98f768936 [official],2026-10-07,ok_with_note,"A Remote Work Visa exists, but it is designed for an employee of a foreign firm or a company owner; a freelancer without a company is not named on the official pages."
Paraguay,unknown,"Temporary residence (residencia temporal) under Law No. 6984/2022 on Migration, granted to foreigners who enter the country 'to develop a lawful activity' (valid up to 2 years, extendable); no digital nomad or remote-work category found",unknown,"No digital nomad or remote-worker residence category found. The residence menu of the Dirección Nacional de Migraciones lists Residencia Espontanea u Ocasional, Residencia Temporal and Residencia Permanente, and its 'special procedures' page lists only two nationality-specific procedures; the content of the Espontanea u Ocasional category and the text of the law could not be opened, so the absence of a nomad route is not confirmed (Migraciones).",unknown,Not checked as a separate route on official pages. The temporary residence page mentions economic solvency only for the category of minors aged 0 to 17 (exempt); whether and how adult applicants prove means is not stated in the text read (Migraciones).,unknown,"Not checked on official pages. The application includes a sworn declaration before Migraciones of the applicant's 'profesion, actividad u oficio' (Migraciones); the page does not describe business forms or registration.",unknown,Not checked on official pages. A media article (Infonegocios) says the general temporary residence needs no property ownership or investment and that investors are processed through the SUACE single window with an investor certificate from the Ministry of Industry and Commerce; not confirmed on an official page.,unknown,Not checked on official pages beyond the separate category for children and adolescents aged 0 to 17 on the temporary residence page (Migraciones).,unknown,"Not checked for a student residence category. Applicants with 'residente precario' status (while the temporary residence application is processed) may leave and re-enter, study and work for the duration of the process (Migraciones).","Not clarified on the official pages: the temporary residence application requires a sworn declaration of the profession, activity or trade to be carried out in Paraguay; nothing is said about foreign versus local clients.","Not clarified: the tax authority pages (SET, now DNIT) for personal income tax and taxpayer registration could not be read because the fetch limit was reached; Migraciones pages do not cover tax or social security.",Not clarified: no official page opened addresses permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in Paraguay.,Not clarified: the text of Law No. 6984/2022 (sanctions for working without authorisation) could not be opened.,"Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Dirección Nacional de Migraciones (home page, page on temporary residence under Law No. 6984/2022, page on special procedures) and the state news agency IP Paraguay (article of 4 May 2026 on the temporary residence procedure). Classification: unknown. The official pages show that temporary residence is granted to foreigners who enter 'to develop a lawful activity', that the applicant declares the profession or activity to be carried out, that the applicant holding 'residente precario' status may study and work while the application is processed, and that the residence is valid up to 2 years and extendable; none of them says whether remote work for a foreign employer or foreign clients is allowed or prohibited, and no digital nomad or remote-work residence category was found. Not established: the content of the Residencia Espontanea u Ocasional category, the text of Law No. 6984/2022, income or solvency terms for adults, tax and registration duties, penalties. The Migraciones pages for the occasional and permanent residence categories, the law on bacn.gov.py and the tax authority pages could not be opened (fetch errors, then hourly fetch limit). The row has not been through the separate verification pass (verified = false).",partial,false,https://www.migraciones.gov.py/index.php/residencia-temporal [official]; https://www.migraciones.gov.py/ [official]; https://www.migraciones.gov.py/index.php/tramites-especiales [official]; https://www.ip.gov.py/ip/?p=580020 [official]; https://infonegocios.com.py/infolegal/residencias-en-paraguay [media],2026-10-22,,
Poland,unknown,None established on official pages for remote work for a foreign employer; no digital nomad visa found; the Poland. Business Harbour programme is suspended,unknown,"No digital nomad visa was found on the official pages opened. The gov.pl page of the Poland. Business Harbour programme (a relocation package for IT specialists, startups and other firms, not a nomad visa as such) carries the banner 'Program Poland Business Harbour zostal wstrzymany' (the programme has been suspended), with no date or reason (gov.pl). The Office for Foreigners portal (MOS) could not be opened, so the full list of Polish visa and permit types is not confirmed.",unknown,Not checked on official pages.,unknown,"Not checked on official pages: the MOS pages on the temporary residence permit for conducting business activity were blocked from fetching (robots.txt). A law-firm summary cites the Act of 6 March 2018 on foreign entrepreneurs, article 4, and the Act on foreigners, article 142, as the basis of the business route (Remote Work Europe, aggregator); not confirmed on the Sejm texts.",unknown,Not checked on official pages.,unknown,Not checked on official pages.,unknown,Not checked on official pages.,Not clarified on the official pages: the pages opened say nothing on serving Polish clients from a residence permit held for another purpose. Poznan Voivodeship Office: 'A temporary residence permit does not entitle a foreigner to work without a work permit' (page on posted workers).,"Not clarified on official pages. Secondary source (L&E Global, law firm, June 2023): a temporary remote worker is usually not a Polish tax resident unless the centre of vital interests is in Poland or the stay exceeds 183 days in a tax year; social security contributions are generally due where the work is physically performed; a non-EU employer without a Polish presence may leave the worker to pay contributions as payer; not confirmed on official pages.","Not clarified on official pages. Secondary source (L&E Global, law firm, June 2023): permanent-establishment risk may arise when an employee works remotely from Poland, assessed case by case, higher if the worker actively interacts with the Polish market.",Not clarified: the official pages reviewed state no sanctions for remote work without a work permit. The Poznan Voivodeship Office page on posted workers describes administrative consequences for the permit (withdrawal procedure if the change in the purpose of stay is not reported within 15 days; possible refusal of renewal).,"Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: gov.pl (Poland. Business Harbour programme page), Polish Investment and Trade Agency (PAIH, news of 5 September 2022), Poznan Voivodeship Office for foreigners (pages on posted workers and on employers), Office for Foreigners (gov.pl/web/udsc-en, no permit details). Classification: unknown. No official page opened states whether a foreigner living in Poland on a residence permit or visa may work remotely for a foreign employer or foreign clients. The only official norm-like statement found is that a temporary residence permit does not by itself entitle a foreigner to work without a work permit (Poznan Voivodeship Office, in the context of posted workers; a type C work permit is issued where the foreigner performs work for a foreign employer and is delegated to Poland for more than 30 days in a calendar year). Secondary sources only: a law firm (Mobile Work, 2023) reported ministry guidance relaxing work-permit rules for some remote workers, an exception 'not expressly stated in Polish law', which depends on the foreigner staying mainly for another purpose; L&E Global (June 2023) says non-EU nationals may not need a work permit for occasional, incidental activities for a foreign entity with no connection to the Polish market, otherwise a permit is typically required. These statements are not confirmed on official pages and are not treated as a verdict. Not opened: MOS portal pages (robots.txt), the Sejm texts of the Act on foreigners (empty response) and the Act on conditions of entrusting work to foreigners, ministry guidance on remote work, biznes.gov.pl (client error). The row has not been through the separate verification pass (verified = false).",estimate,false,https://www.gov.pl/web/poland-businessharbour [official]; https://www.paih.gov.pl/en/?p=62074 [official]; https://migrant.poznan.uw.gov.pl/en/procedury/posted-workers-0 [official]; https://migrant.poznan.uw.gov.pl/en/faq?page=25 [official]; https://www.gov.pl/web/udsc-en [official]; https://leglobal.law/countries/poland/poland-remote-work-faq/ [law_firm]; https://www.mobilework.law/2023/06/poland-relaxes-work-authorization-rules-for-remote-workers/ [law_firm]; https://poland.revera.legal/en/info-centr/news-and-analytical-materials/265-udalennaya-rabota-i-najm-inostrannyx-grazhdan-yuridicheskie-aspekty-v-polshe-2025 [law_firm]; https://remoteworkeurope.eu/insights/poland-remote-worker-visa-options/ [aggregator],2026-10-22,,
Portugal,yes,"Visto de residência / visto de estada temporária para exercício de atividade profissional prestada de forma remota (D8, ""digital nomad""; Lei 18/2022, amendment to Lei 23/2007)",yes,"D8: remote work for employers/clients outside Portugal — the purpose of the programme. Income over 3 months ≥4× the minimum wage, certificate of tax residency of the country of origin, housing, insurance, clean criminal record. Short-term (up to 1 year) and long-term (→ residence permit) versions.",conditional,"D7 is for income not related to labour (pensions, rent, dividends). MCS (law firm): active income from remote work under D7 is risky (a frequent reason for refusal), the right category is D8. Portugalist (blog): working is 'probably allowed but not guaranteed', cards often state the right to work. Did not open the official AIMA text/law — grey area.",unknown,"AIMA publishes separate pages for independent activity (art. 89 Lei 23/2007), but the page did not open (robots/SSL).",unknown,not checked on official pages,n_a,"Family reunification requires a resident/citizen relative; the sample adult has none, there is no separate route for this situation.",unknown,D4/D5 (income and work rights not checked on official pages); the right to work remotely for foreign clients was not checked separately. Not a path for the sample adult.,"No: the law limits clients/employers to persons domiciled or headquartered outside Portugal (Lei 18/2022, text of the law). This is the official wording; remove the reference to visaatlas as the basis.","Tax residency at ≥183 days (Portugalist, blog) → tax on worldwide income. Not established.",The official position of the Portuguese tax authority (AT) on a permanent establishment of a foreign employer due to a remote worker was not found.,"Not clarified: the texts of Lei 23/2007 (art. 198 etc.) did not open via WebFetch (diariodarepublica.pt — JS, pgdlisboa — wrong document).","The sources differ on the threshold only in wording: VFS says '4× the minimum salary'; the euro amount not checked on official pages. Did not open: vistos.mne.gov.pt (the access request was not confirmed), aima.gov.pt (robots/SSL), diariodarepublica.pt (JS). The VFS checklist is the consular checklist of an accredited visa centre, not an agency page. Article numbers of Lei 23/2007 for D8 are not given in the open notes. | Source check: vfsglobal.com... /usa/....pdf — a visa centre checklist for the US jurisdiction (not a page of the Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, not for Turkey); replace type 'official' with 'consular operator (VFS)'. It contains ONLY: income for 3 months >= 4x the minimum salary; for employees — a contract / promise of a contract / employer certificate; for the self-employed — articles of association, a services contract, a contract offer or a document on services rendered. The claim that the employer/client must be outside Portugal is not in this PDF. | Source check: https://drh.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/files/sites/45/lei_18_2022.pdf (type: official — the text of the law, a copy on a university website; the primary source diariodarepublica.pt opens only with JS) | The official AIMA page on the residence permit for remote work was found but did not open (robots.txt/SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED) — did not bypass it: https://aima.gov.pt/pt/trabalhar/autorizacao-de-residencia-para-o-exercicio-de-atividade-profissional-prestada-de-forma-remota-com-visto-de-residencia-para-o-exe. Pages of vistos.mne.gov.pt and of the Portuguese consulate in Turkey were not found (search exhausted by the session limit). Sanctions (art. 198 etc. of Lei 23/2007): pgdlisboa for that nid opened a different act (DL 98/2010) — fines not verified.",verified,true,https://www.vfsglobal.com/one-pager/portugal/usa/english/pdf/temporary-stay-visa-for-remote-work-digital-nomads-nov-25-national.pdf [aggregator]; https://www.plmj.com/xms/files/03_Novidades_legislativas/2022/01_de_setembro/NI_Vistos_e_Autorizacoes_de_Residencia_em_Portugal.pdf [law_firm]; https://pt.andersen.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Nota-Informativa_-Lei-18.2022.pdf [law_firm]; https://mcs.pt/7-key-differences-between-portugals-d7-and-d8-visas/ [law_firm]; https://www.portugalist.com/working-on-d7-visa/ [blog]; https://hrportugal.sapo.pt/?p=262682 [blog]; https://drh.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/files/sites/45/lei_18_2022.pdf [official],2026-10-04,,
Romania,conditional,"Digital nomad long-stay visa (D/DV) under Law No. 22/2022, then residence permit",conditional,"Income ≥3× the average gross salary in Romania (~€3,300/month); remote work via IT for a foreign company or one's own foreign company; extension with a tax certificate of income",unknown,not checked (reduced depth),conditional,For DN a foreign company/own foreign legal entity is needed — a freelancer without a legal entity may not qualify (not verified),unknown,not checked (reduced depth),unknown,not checked (reduced depth),unknown,not checked (reduced depth),The source does not respond (the question of working for Romanian clients is not covered).,,,,One source — a law firm. The official evisa.mae.ro page did not open.,partial,false,https://lynx.legal/?p=6184 [law_firm],2026-10-04,,
Northern Cyprus,unknown,Visitor (residence) permit issued by the District Police Directorate; no remote-work or digital nomad permit in force was found on official pages,unknown,"A digital nomad visa appears only as a proposal in an undated report of the State Planning Organization (DPO), which says the Ministry of Interior would have to amend the Aliens Law to define a 'digital migrant' status; its illustrative terms (one-year stay with two-year renewals, net monthly income of about EUR 2,500, fee of EUR 100-150, a pilot quota of 300 people) are proposals, not rules (State Planning Organization report). No law, regulation or ministry page establishing the scheme was found.",unknown,"Not checked on official pages. A tourist-guide article (30 July 2026) describes an income-based residence permit and says a residence permit does not on its own give the right to work, but this is not confirmed on an official page.",unknown,"Not checked on official pages. An academic article (2010) lists a business-establishment work permit category under the Work Permits Regulation, which is designed for businesses in the country, not for remote work for foreign clients.",unknown,"Not checked on official pages for a residence route. The Public Information Office page says foreigners can buy immovable property with approval from the Council of Ministers and does not mention a residence permit linked to ownership (Public Information Office, Ministry of Foreign Affairs).",unknown,Not checked on official pages.,unknown,Not checked on official pages: the Public Information Office page does not describe a student residence permit or any right to work on it.,"Not clarified on the official pages: the work-permit system is built around employers registered in the TRNC, and no page addresses clients in the TRNC served by a remote worker.",Not clarified on the official pages for remote work. Foreigners apply for a visitor (residence) permit at the District Police Directorate where they live; stays beyond the permitted entry period need an extension from the Immigration Department before the visa expires (Public Information Office). Tax and social security duties of a remote worker are not addressed.,Not clarified: the official pages opened do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in the TRNC.,"Not clarified for remote work. Overstaying without an extension results in a 'visa penalty' fine paid on the next entry (Public Information Office). Employing a foreigner who entered without Ministry permission is not allowed (Public Information Office, as above). An academic article (2010) states that employing or working without a permit is an offence under Articles 7 and 8 of the Work Permits Law 63/2006, without amounts. Law 18/2021 (police website) contains transitional amnesty provisions with a payment equal to one monthly gross minimum wage for those regularising status; it does not state penalties for unauthorised work.","Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Public Information Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs ('Life in the TRNC for Foreigners'), TRNC Police Headquarters website (immigration FAQ and the list of laws, including Law 18/2021 amending the Aliens and Immigration Law), and the State Planning Organization report on a digital nomad visa. No official page opened states whether a foreigner on a residence permit may work remotely for a foreign employer or foreign clients, and none prohibits it, so the verdict is unknown. What the official pages do say: employers must obtain pre-approval and a work permit from the Interior and Labour Ministry for workers they employ, and foreigners who entered without Ministry permission cannot be employed or apply for a work permit; the police immigration FAQ lists, among conditions for a visa extension, that the person 'KKTC'de calisiyor olmamalidir' (must not be working in the TRNC), which suggests that the visitor stay is not a work status but does not define whether remote work counts as working. The digital nomad scheme is a proposal in an undated report (content suggests 2025); no later enactment was found. The text of the Aliens and Immigration Law and of the Work Permits Law 63/2006, the Immigration Department pages on permit types and the Council of Ministers announcements could not be opened or located, so the definition of 'work' is not established. A TRNC residence permit gives no rights in other states. The row has not been through the separate verification pass (verified = false).",estimate,false,https://pio.mfa.gov.ct.tr/en/life-in-the-trnc-for-foreigners/ [official]; https://www.polis.gov.ct.tr/website/sorular.html [official]; https://www.polis.gov.ct.tr/website/yasal-mevzuat.html [official]; https://www.polis.gov.ct.tr/website/files/yabancilar-muhaceret-af-2021.pdf [official]; https://www.devplan.org/arsiv/politika-stratejik-raporlar/dijital-gocmen-vize-raporu.pdf [official]; https://www.ktto.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Calisma-Izinleri-Islemleri.pdf [aggregator]; https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/auhfd/article/511895 [aggregator]; https://www.inyourpocket.com/cyprus/articles/residency-in-north-cyprus [blog]; https://arsiv2022.brtk.net/immigration-amnesty-for-third-country-nationals/?lang=en [media],2026-10-22,,
Serbia,conditional,"Temporary residence permit for self-employment/sole proprietorship (preduzetnik) or on the ""digital nomad"" basis; issued as a single permit for residence and work",conditional,"On the official portal welcometoserbia.gov.rs the page /temporary-residence-international-agreements (EN and SR versions) lists 14 grounds for temporary residence, the 6th being ""Digital nomad""; BUT the page /temporary-residence of the same portal lists 11 grounds without digital nomad. The two official pages diverge (probably different versions/dates). The conditions (income, documents, right to work) are not given on the open pages; the by-law/text of the law was not found. Therefore conditional/unknown. The $42,000 threshold (wfa.team) is not confirmed.",n_a,There is no residence permit based on passive income in Serbia (not listed in paths).,conditional,"Official portal: 'Self-employment' — closer reason under the basis 'Employment'; single permit: 'A foreign citizen has the right to stay and work in the Republic of Serbia during the validity period of the issued single permit'. A sole proprietor (IE) needs a single permit (law firms Statt, Zuniclaw). Tax registration 'frilenseri' ≠ immigration status.",conditional,Real estate is a basis for a residence permit (Ministry of Interior); right to work on this basis not clarified.,n_a,The sample adult has no Serbian relatives.,unknown,Student residence permit: working hours not checked on official pages; remote work not verified.,"For a sole proprietor — yes, this is an ordinary entrepreneur (activity in Serbia). For the tax authority a “freelancer” may receive payment from foreigners and from individuals in Serbia (Tax Administration of Serbia, FAQ).","Sole proprietor (IE): registration with the Business Registers Agency (ABR), then residence permit (single permit). PIO contributions, health insurance, unemployment insurance are paid (law firm Statt); the package tax is available with turnover up to 6 million dinars for the previous year. Freelancers (not IE) register on the portal frilenseri.purs.gov.rs.","Not determined: Did not find an official position on the PE of a foreign client due to a remote worker in Serbia. Statt (law firm): “from home” does not remove labour, tax and compliance law requirements.",Not determined.,"Status: the existence of a ""digital nomad"" ground on welcometoserbia.gov.rs is confirmed by one of the two pages; applicability to the sample adult (conditions, right to work under this ground) is NOT established. Zuniclaw (law firm): ""Digital nomads are individuals who work remotely ... whether as employees or freelancers""; since 01.02.2024 a single permit; in 2026 submission is online. BDK (31.07.2023) mentions digital nomads in passing, without conditions. The realistic confirmed path is sole proprietor (IE) + single permit. WebSearch exhausted, the text of the law (Službeni glasnik) not found.",partial,true,https://mup.gov.rs/wps/portal/en/information/Temporary+residence [official]; https://welcometoserbia.gov.rs/temporary-residence-international-agreements [official]; https://frilenseri.purs.gov.rs/en/faq.html [official]; https://statt.rs/what-you-should-know-about-entrepreneurs-in-serbia/ [law_firm]; https://zuniclaw.com/en/serbia-residence-permit-by-company-formation/ [law_firm]; https://www.ey.com/en_gl/technical/tax-alerts/serbia-implements-new-rules-relating-to-residence-permits-and-si [law_firm]; https://wfa.team/visa/digital-nomad-visa-serbia/ [aggregator]; https://welcometoserbia.gov.rs/privremeni-boravak-me%C4%91unarodni-ugovori [official],2026-10-07,effectively_no,"The ""digital nomad"" basis effectively does not work: two official welcometoserbia.gov.rs pages disagree, the Ministry of Interior (mup.gov.rs) does not name it, there is no government act (this dataset, 12.10.2026); how foreign income of a self-employed person without a sole proprietorship is taxed was not found (`cost_summary_usd_year` ""no data""). The right to work is given only by a sole proprietor (preduzetnik) with a single permit - this is the ""own business"" mode (this dataset). compiler's decision: stop in the nomad mode, it passes in ""own business""."
Singapore,conditional,"Any pass that already allows the holder to stay in Singapore (for example a Dependant's Pass or Long-Term Visit Pass): MOM guidance says no work pass is needed to work for or provide services to an overseas-based organisation or client. No pass exists for a remote worker as such; the Overseas Networks & Expertise (ONE) Pass is a work pass with a fixed salary of at least S$30,000 a month",n_a,"No digital nomad or remote-worker pass is among the pass types listed on the MOM passes-and-permits page (Employment Pass, EntrePass, Personalised Employment Pass, ONE Pass, S Pass, Work Permits, training and work holiday passes, family passes, exemptions) (MOM).",unknown,"Not checked on official pages: the MOM list has no retiree or investor pass, but investor routes run by other agencies (for example the Economic Development Board) were not checked.",conditional,"MOM: being self-employed does not remove the work pass requirement when the clients are Singapore-based; no work pass is needed for services to overseas-based clients (MOM). EntrePass: for foreign entrepreneurs running a venture-backed or innovative-technology business, valid up to 1 year at first and on the first renewal, then up to 2 years (MOM). Dependant's Pass holders who own a business can apply for a Letter of Consent (ACRA).",unknown,Not checked on official pages.,conditional,"Dependant's Pass is for spouses and children of Employment Pass or S Pass holders; ONE Pass and EntrePass holders can bring eligible family members, and a ONE Pass holder's spouse can apply to work on a Letter of Consent (MOM). A Dependant's Pass or Long-Term Visit Pass holder needs no work pass for overseas-based clients (MOM); work for Singapore-based employers needs a Letter of Consent or work pass (MOM).",unknown,"A Student's Pass allows work without a work pass only within the MOM exemption (vacation work; term-time work capped at 16 hours a week at listed institutions) (MOM). Remote work for a foreign employer on a Student's Pass is not addressed on the pages opened, although the MOM answer on overseas-based employers is not limited to one pass type.","No: a work pass is needed to work for or provide services to a Singapore-based organisation or client, and being self-employed does not change this; a Singapore-based organisation is one registered with ACRA (MOM, AskGov).","IRAS: income from work exercised in Singapore is taxable for foreigners; a non-resident working 60 days or less in a year is generally exempt, except directors, public entertainers and professionals such as consultants, trainers and coaches (IRAS). How this applies to a person who works for an overseas employer while living in Singapore is not addressed on the pages opened: not clarified. A foreigner who runs a business in Singapore must register it through a corporate service provider and have a local resident (ACRA).","MOM (AskGov): employers of record may not apply for work passes for foreigners who are based in Singapore while working for overseas companies, and doing so would be an offence; that answer also says a foreigner who will be based in Singapore for an extended period must be hired by their company on a regular work pass, or the company can use a representative office or a local company. This sits next to the MOM answer that an overseas-based employer needs no work pass; the two answers are not reconciled on the pages. Permanent-establishment and corporate tax risk is not addressed: not clarified.","Employing a foreign employee without a valid work pass: fine of S$5,000 to S$30,000, or imprisonment for up to 12 months, or both, higher for repeat offences (MOM, Employment of Foreign Manpower Act page). MOM states that working without a valid work pass is an offence for foreign students; the sanction for a worker is not stated on the pages opened. ICA: a visit pass holder ""shall not engage in any form of employment (paid or unpaid), business, profession, or occupation in Singapore"" while the pass is valid.","Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Ministry of Manpower (FAQ on self-employed or overseas-employer work, passes-and-permits list, ONE Pass, EntrePass, Dependant's Pass, Long-Term Visit Pass, student work exemption, Employment of Foreign Manpower Act page), AskGov answers by MOM, ICA visit pass page, IRAS and ACRA. Classification: conditional. MOM's FAQ states that working for or providing services to an overseas-based organisation or client needs no work pass; this applies to someone who is physically in Singapore on a pass that allows stay (the AskGov question is framed around a stay pass such as the Dependant's Pass). Visit pass holders (tourist or social visit) are barred by ICA from employment, business or occupation in Singapore, and the official pages do not say whether remote work for an overseas employer is covered. Singapore has no pass for a remote worker as such, so a stay pass has to come from another basis (family, study, employment or business in Singapore). ONE Pass: fixed monthly salary of at least S$30,000 for 12 months, with an established company test (market capitalisation of at least US$500 million or annual revenue of at least US$200 million); under the second track the employer must be an established company based in Singapore; the pass allows concurrent work for multiple companies and runs up to 5 years. Not opened or not found: ICA page that states the work ban for tourists in full text, the Economic Development Board pages on investor routes, an official statement on tax treatment of an overseas-employed resident. The row has not been through the separate verification pass (verified = false).",partial,false,https://www.mom.gov.sg/faq/dependants-pass/do-i-need-a-work-pass-if-i-am-self-employed-or-working-for-an-overseas-based-employer [official]; https://ask.gov.sg/mom/questions/clqeuc5dy00em64ttdyplvjt1 [official]; https://ask.gov.sg/mom/questions/cmej6gbzs009ip396rah8bmc4 [official]; https://ask.gov.sg/mom/questions/cmej6gbzs009gp396o6jtc9ye [official]; https://www.mom.gov.sg/passes-and-permits [official]; https://mom.gov.sg/passes-and-permits/overseas-networks-expertise-pass/eligibility [official]; https://mom.gov.sg/passes-and-permits/overseas-networks-expertise-pass/key-facts [official]; https://www.mom.gov.sg/passes-and-permits/entrepass/key-facts [official]; https://www.mom.gov.sg/passes-and-permits/dependants-pass [official]; https://www.mom.gov.sg/passes-and-permits/work-passes-for-holders-of-long-term-visit-passes-issued-by-ica [official]; https://www.mom.gov.sg/passes-and-permits/work-pass-exemption-for-foreign-students [official]; https://mom.gov.sg/legislation/employment-of-foreign-manpower-act [official]; https://www.ica.gov.sg/enter-transit-depart/extend-stay [official]; https://www.iras.gov.sg/irashome/Individuals/Foreigners/Learning-the-basics/Individuals--Foreigners--Required-to-Pay-Tax/ [official]; https://www.acra.gov.sg/how-to-guides/foreigners-registering-a-business-in-singapore/foreigners-operating-a-business-in-singapore [official],2026-10-22,effectively_no,"Formally no work pass is needed for overseas-based clients or employers once the person holds a pass that allows stay, but no pass exists for a remote worker as such, so residence has to come from family, study, or employment or business in Singapore."
Slovakia,conditional,Entrepreneur residence permit (registration of a sole proprietorship/LLC in Slovakia),n_a,No nomad visa: temporary residence is tied to a specific Slovak employer,n_a,—,conditional,"Sole proprietor/LLC in Slovakia; residence permit ""for business""; work for foreign clients formally not verified",n_a,—,unknown,not checked (reduced depth),no,Study,,"Sole proprietor (IE)/LLC in Slovakia, social contributions under local rules (not verified).",,,"The conditional verdict is a grey area/estimate: the entrepreneur route is not designed specifically for remote workers. The IOM source is an international organisation, not the Slovak Ministry of Interior.",estimate,false,https://www.mic.iom.sk/en/residence/temporary-residence/983-temporary-residence-employment.html [official],2026-10-04,,
Slovenia,yes,"Temporary residence permit for digital nomads (since 21.11.2025, ZTuj-2I)",yes,"Work for foreign employers or self-employment for foreign clients; income ≥2× the average net salary (~€3,200/month); 1 year without extension, reapplication 6 months after expiry",unknown,not checked (reduced depth),yes,Self-employed professionals serving foreign clients are admitted,unknown,not checked (reduced depth),yes,"Family reunification immediately, no time limit",unknown,not checked (reduced depth),No: working for Slovenian employers and clients is prohibited.,Tax: >183 days = tax resident with worldwide income (per a law firm); double taxation avoidance treaties.,,,Term of 1 year without extension — not suitable for long-term residence.,verified,false,https://www.gov.si/en/news/2025-11-21-temporary-residence-permit-for-digital-nomads/ [official]; https://www.k-p.si/?p=8485 [law_firm],2026-10-04,,
United States,no,"B-1/B-2 visitor visa (the only category open without a US sponsor); employment-based categories (e.g. H-1B, O-1) require a US petitioner or sponsor and authorise work only for that employer",unknown,"No digital nomad category appears on the visitor visa page of the US Department of State, which was the only visa page opened; the full list of nonimmigrant categories on travel.state.gov and uscis.gov could not be opened (fetch errors and a fetch limit), so the absence of a nomad category is not confirmed.",unknown,Not checked on official pages.,unknown,Not checked on official pages.,unknown,Not checked on official pages.,unknown,Not checked on official pages.,unknown,Not checked on official pages (F-1 work rules were not opened).,"Not clarified on the official pages: the pages opened say a B-1/B-2 visitor ""is not permitted to accept employment or work in the United States"" and do not distinguish between local and foreign clients or employers.","Not clarified on the official pages: no tax, social security or business registration duties for a visitor working remotely are stated on the pages opened.",Not clarified: the official pages opened do not address permanent-establishment or payroll risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in the United States.,Not clarified: 8 CFR 214.1(e) states that unauthorised employment by a nonimmigrant constitutes a failure to maintain status (Cornell LII reproduction of the regulation); the resulting consequences were not opened on official pages.,"Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: US Department of State (travel.state.gov, visitor visa page) and the Code of Federal Regulations, 8 CFR 214.1 (govinfo.gov copy, 2023 edition; the wording of paragraph (e) was also read in the Cornell LII reproduction). Classification: no for the B-1/B-2 visitor route. The State Department page states that an individual on a visitor visa ""is not permitted to accept employment or work in the United States"" and lists ""Employment"" among activities that require a different visa category; 8 CFR 214.1(e) bars employment for nonimmigrants not authorised to work. No official page opened addresses remote work for a foreign employer or foreign clients specifically, so the verdict rests on the general prohibition of work and employment, and the point is treated in practice as a legal grey area by secondary sources; it was not established on an official page. Work-authorised categories (employer-sponsored visas, permanent residence) were not reviewed. Could not be opened: the uscis.gov visitor and temporary worker pages, the eCFR, the State Department business-visitor page and the Foreign Affairs Manual (9 FAM 402.2), which would define permitted B-1 business activities. The row has not been through the separate verification pass (verified = false).",partial,false,https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/tourism-visit/visitor.html [official]; https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2023-title8-vol1/xml/CFR-2023-title8-vol1-sec214-1.xml [official]; https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/8/214.1 [aggregator],2026-10-22,,
Tajikistan,unknown,"None identified on official pages: remote work for a foreign employer is not addressed for any visa category; the nearest categories are the visa-exempt stay (up to 30 days), the e-visa (up to 60 days of stay), the tourist visa (category T, up to 45 days) and the work visa (category M), which is tied to a local inviting entity",n_a,"The visa page of the Consular Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs lists 16 visa categories (diplomatic, official, investment, business, work, tourist, study, private, free economic zone, transport, permanent residence, mass media, missionary, humanitarian, transit, exit); none is a digital nomad or remote-work category (Consular Department, consular.tj/en/pages/visa/).",unknown,Not checked on official pages.,unknown,"Not established on official pages. The investment visa (category S) is for heads of companies that actually invest in the economy, with evidence of at least USD 500,000 (direct foreign investment, bank account or charter capital), valid up to 3 years; the page does not say whether the holder may work or run a business. The business visa (category K) covers negotiations, concluding contracts with Tajik persons and consulting or audit services for up to 3 months (extendable up to 1 year in total), and the page does not say whether it permits employment (Consular Department).",unknown,Not checked on official pages.,conditional,"Family members of a work-visa holder can receive a visa if they live together with the holder, but ""without the right to engage in employment""; if a family member starts working, the visa must be changed (Consular Department, work visa page). A restriction of this kind is also stated on the investment and permanent-residence visa pages.",conditional,"Study visa category O1: the holder ""does not have the right to engage in any activity other than educational and scientific activity""; category O2: no general prohibition is stated, but if the holder engages in activity other than study the stay can be limited at the request of the educational authority (Consular Department, study visa page). Remote work for a foreign employer is not mentioned.","Not clarified on the official pages: the consular pages do not say whether a visa holder may serve clients in Tajikistan. The work visa is issued on the request of a legal entity that holds a licence to attract foreign labour, with an employment or civil-law contract (Consular Department).","Registration with internal affairs bodies within 10 working days of entry for foreigners on a visa-exempt stay or a regular or electronic visa; a stay of no more than 10 working days with departure within that period needs no registration; holders of a tourist visa are exempt from registration for the period of the visa (Consular Department). Tax: a foreigner becomes a tax resident after more than 182 days in a consecutive 12-month period (PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries, secondary); tax and social security duties of a remote worker are not clarified on official pages.",Not clarified: the official pages reviewed do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in Tajikistan.,"Not clarified on the consular pages: they state no fines for missed registration or unauthorised work. A secondary text (unofficial ICNL translation of the Law on the Legal Status of Foreign Citizens, 1 February 1996, which may not reflect current law) says in Section 7 that temporary residents may work ""provided it is compatible with the aims of their stay"" and in Section 29 that violations of stay rules may lead to ""administrative and criminal punishment""; Sections 30 and 31 provide for shortening of the stay and deportation.","Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Consular Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Tajikistan (consular.tj: visa categories, work, business, private, investment, study, tourist, permanent-residence and electronic visa pages, registration of foreign citizens, visa-exempt stay). Classification: unknown. No official page was found that states whether a foreigner may work remotely for a foreign employer or foreign clients while staying in Tajikistan, and none prohibits it, so no verdict is inferred from the absence of a route. The work visa (category M) is issued on the request of a licensed legal entity with an employment or civil-law contract, for up to 3 months, extendable up to 1 year; the visa-exempt stay is 30 days; the e-visa allows 60 days of stay and cannot be extended; the tourist visa is up to 45 days and cannot be extended. The consular site states that it is in technical launch mode, and its pages carry no publication dates. Not established: whether a residence permit exists for a person working remotely, income thresholds, tax and social security terms, and the current text of the law on the legal status of foreign citizens. Quoted wording was taken from an automated reading of the pages and may differ slightly from the original. The row has not been through the separate verification pass (verified = false).",partial,false,https://consular.tj/en/pages/visa/ [official]; https://consular.tj/en/pages/labour/ [official]; https://consular.tj/en/pages/business/ [official]; https://consular.tj/en/pages/private/ [official]; https://consular.tj/en/pages/investment/ [official]; https://consular.tj/en/pages/study/ [official]; https://consular.tj/en/pages/tourist/ [official]; https://consular.tj/en/pages/e-visa/ [official]; https://consular.tj/en/pages/permanent-residence/ [official]; https://consular.tj/visaarchive/19-nizomi-beravodid.html [official]; https://consular.tj/visaarchive/25-tartibi-baajdgir.html [official]; https://www.icnl.org/wp-content/uploads/Tajikistan_foreigners_eng.pdf [aggregator]; https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/tajikistan/individual/residence [law_firm]; https://gratanet.com/publications/tax-and-legal-implications-of-engaging-freelancers-for-businesses-in-tajikistan [law_firm]; https://rivermate.com/guides/tajikistan/work-permits-and-visas [blog],2026-10-22,,
Thailand,yes,"Destination Thailand Visa (DTV), Workcation category — 5 years, stay of 180 days per entry",yes,"DTV Workcation: digital nomads, freelancers and remote workers; funds ≥500,000 THB; fee 350 euro; cannot work in Thailand or for Thai clients",unknown,LTR (Long-Term Resident visa): conditions not checked on official pages,yes,Freelancers: proof of income (portfolio/invoices),unknown,not checked (reduced depth),yes,Spouse and dependants of a DTV holder,no,Study on a DTV is not accepted (ED separately),No: work in Thailand and freelancing for Thai clients are prohibited.,Not determined (taxes/social contributions for DTV were not checked).,,,"DTV is a long-stay visa, not a classic residence permit. One official source (embassy).",partial,false,https://budapest.thaiembassy.org/en/publicservice/destination-thailand-visa-dtv [official],2026-10-04,,
Turkey,conditional,Residence permit by real estate (6458 art. 31) — gives no right to work; remote work for foreign clients is not regulated by law (grey area); legal routes — a work permit (independent) or a digital nomad certificate/visa,conditional,"Certificate (platform of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism) → nomad visa at the consulate/visa centre → short-term residence permit, usually for 1 year (Canaydin; Saily 28.07.2026: the residence permit is issued for up to 2 years at a time, visa up to 90 days). The list in the PDF has a typo ""Australia"" instead of Austria and a duplicate Estonia), EY, KPMG Flash Alert 2024-188, Saily (28.07.2026); on the goturkiye.com pages that opened there is no list of countries. Age 21–55 (KPMG, EY, Hürriyet, Saily; MuhasebeTR 05.02.2026 says 18–60 — discrepancy; not stated on official pages), university degree, income $3,000/month or $36,000/year, a contract or self-employment with a non-Turkish company. Right to work: per secondary sources — only for clients outside Turkey, for a Turkish employer a permit is needed (Saily); MuhasebeTR: a separate work permit is not required; the text of law 6735 and the Ministry of Labour's position are not available. Compatibility with an existing real-estate residence permit and credit towards the residence period for citizenship were not found (Saily: does not lead directly to citizenship).",unknown,not checked on official pages,conditional,Sole proprietorship or independent work — only with an independent permit (Ministry of Labour: before starting work); there is no “sole proprietor/serbest meslek” category in the Regulations art. 29; tax registration without a permit — sources differ,conditional,"A residence permit by real estate gives no right to work (Ministry of Labour SSS); remote work for foreign clients is not officially clarified, there is no exception for it in the Rules art. 48",conditional,the same conclusion as for any residence permit: gives no right to work; the older child loses dependent status after turning 18 and needs their own basis (6458 art. 34),conditional,"a student is allowed to work with restrictions (bachelor's — after the first year and part-time, on the employer's application; master's — without restrictions) per two secondary sources; remote work not considered","Working for Turkish clients is direct work in Turkey, a permit is required (Ministry of Labour). Law firms (Bener 2021) consider the risk lower with foreign clients and payment abroad and without local clients","Tax: a resident (more than 6 months in a year) is taxed on all income; income from services to a foreign firm from Turkey is classified as serbest meslek kazancı (özelge Aydın 30.07.2024), annual return. The 100% deduction under GVK 89/13 (a project note on Turkish taxes) requires sole proprietor registration; without it, apparently unavailable. Social insurance: under SGK genelge 2013/11 a contractor for a foreign client is self-employed 4/b (per an expert's article, the document itself not opened).",not determined: the official position on a foreign client's tax presence due to an employee in Turkey was not searched; general risks of the management centre and representation are in a project note on Turkish taxes,"Fine 2026 (6735 art. 23, Ministry of Labour): for a self-employed foreigner 82,010 TL, for employed 40,977 TL, for the employer 102,503 TL per person, repeat offence — doubled; deportation under 6458 art. 54(1)(ğ) (the bent is named only by the EY circular) and entry ban under art. 9; a short-term residence permit may not be renewed if used for a purpose other than intended (art. 33(1)(b)). No cases of a fine or deportation specifically for remote work were found","The available primary sources contain no direct answer on whether remote work from Turkey for a foreign client counts as ""work"" under 6735; the law and Regulations on mevzuat.gov.tr and resmigazete.gov.tr did not open (robots), the texts are from csgb.gov.tr, alomaliye, lexpera. Tax side: Muhasebenews (blog) requires a residence permit and a permit for tax registration, FFK Partner (2025) writes ""permit (if any)"", GİB circular 2006/1 asks for a passport; no fresh özelge. If the sample adult's residence permit was issued under art. 31(1)(j), the norm itself speaks of investors ""not working in Turkey""; the clause in the document should be checked. The 89/13 deduction and decision № 11257 were not re-checked in this verification. Details - a project note on Turkish taxes",partial,true,https://csgb.gov.tr/uigm/tr/genel-bilgi/idari-para-cezalari/ [official]; https://csgb.gov.tr/sikca-sorulan-sorular/uluslararasi-ısgucu-genel-mudurlugu/calisma-ızni/ [official]; https://csgb.gov.tr/uigm/genel-bilgi/yabancilarin-turkiye-de-sirket-ısyeri-acma-sartlari-ve-sureci/ [official]; https://csgb.gov.tr/uigm/calisma-izni/calisma-izni-degerlendirme-kriterleri/ [official]; https://csgb.gov.tr/uigm/tr/genel-bilgi/harc-ve-degerli-k%C3%A2git-bedelinin-odenmesi/ [official]; https://csgb.gov.tr/uigm/turkuaz-kart/ [official]; https://goturkiye.com/digitalnomads/application-requirements-for-digital-nomad-visa-and-short-term-residence [official]; https://losangeles-cg.mfa.gov.tr/Content/assets/consulate/images/localCache/1/72be6986-3c3a-4f24-a039-d66af1b5f1d0.pdf [official]; https://www.alomaliye.com/2022/02/02/uluslararasi-isgucu-kanunu-uygulama-yonetmeligi/amp/ [law]; https://www.lexpera.com.tr/mevzuat/kanunlar/uluslararasi-isgucu-kanunu-6735 [law]; https://www.alomaliye.com/2024/07/30/yurt-disindan-doviz-olarak-elde-edilen-hizmet-bedelinin-serbest-meslek-kazanci-mahiyetinde-olmasi/ [law]; https://www.mondaq.com/turkey/work-visas/1088062/remote-work-as-a-visitor-in-turkey-during-covid-19 [law_firm]; https://www.ffkpartnerhukuk.com.tr/freelance-calisan-yabanci-bagimsiz-calisma-izni-alabilir-mi-2026-guncel-rehber/ [law_firm],2026-10-07,ok_with_note,"Grey area: a residence permit by real estate gives no right to work, remote work for foreign clients is not regulated by law; this has been common practice since 2022."

Uzbekistan,unknown,"IT-visa / IT-card (recommendation of the IT Park Directorate, Order No. 233-mh of the Ministry of Digital Technologies, registered 16.09.2022 No. 3387) is the nearest scheme, but for IT specialists it is tied to a contract with an Uzbek legal entity, not to work for a foreign employer; no permit was found that is stated to cover remote work for a foreign employer",unknown,"No dedicated digital nomad visa found on the official pages reviewed (IT Park, Invest in Uzbekistan portal, lex.uz); the official visa-type list of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was not opened, so the absence is not established. The IT-visa is multiple-entry, valid up to three years (Order No. 233-mh, para. 25; IT Park); categories are investors, IT specialists with income of at least USD 30,000 over the last 12 months, and founders of IT Park resident companies (IT Park; Invest in Uzbekistan portal).",unknown,Not checked on official pages.,unknown,"Not established on official pages. The IT-visa order lists three categories (investor, IT specialist, founder of a technopark resident) and no freelancer category; at an IT Park event the questions about freelancers and individual entrepreneurs were raised without a published answer (IT Park). Self-employment under other permits was not checked on official pages.",conditional,"A permanent residence permit is available to a foreign citizen who has bought a house (for that house), and, for a list of eligible nationalities, to buyers of real estate worth at least USD 400,000 (Tashkent city and region), USD 200,000 (Samarkand, Bukhara, Namangan, Andijan, Fergana, Khorezm) or USD 100,000 (Karakalpakstan and other regions); processing 2 to 5 months (legal information portal advice.uz). The page does not state work rights of the permit holder.",conditional,"IT-visa: spouse, parents and children may be covered; benefits include medical and educational services on the terms available to citizens and temporary registration during validity (Order No. 233-mh, paras 5 and 26, unofficial English translation on lex.uz). Work rights of family members are not stated.",unknown,Not checked on official pages.,"Not clarified on the official pages: for the IT-specialist category the order requires a letter from an Uzbek-resident legal entity confirming the purpose of employment in IT, and cancellation if the labour or civil-law contract is not concluded within 30 working days or is terminated (Order No. 233-mh, paras 5b, 28, 30-31). Whether foreign clients alone qualify is not stated.","Temporary registration with the internal affairs bodies within three days of arrival (public holidays and Sundays excluded), valid from 3 days to 6 months and extendable; the page states that temporary registration is not a ground for permanent employment (legal information portal advice.uz). A labour permit from the Agency for External Labour Migration is generally required for foreign employees of Uzbek employers, valid one calendar year and renewable (GRATA, law firm; the official text was not opened). Tax registration and tax terms for a remote worker with a foreign employer are not clarified on official pages.",Not clarified: the official pages reviewed do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in Uzbekistan.,"Not clarified: the pages reviewed do not state sanctions for working without proper permission; the registration page names no penalty. Under the IT-visa order the recommendation is cancelled if the applicant is criminally liable or the labour or civil-law contract is not concluded or is terminated (Order No. 233-mh, para. 28).","Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: IT Park Uzbekistan (it-park.uz news pages on the IT-visa and IT-card), Invest in Uzbekistan portal (outsource.gov.uz, IT visa page), lex.uz (Order No. 233-mh, unofficial English translation, in force from 01.10.2022) and the legal information portal advice.uz (registration of foreigners, permanent residence permit). Classification: unknown. No official page was found that states whether a foreigner living in Uzbekistan may work remotely for a foreign employer or foreign clients, and none prohibits it, so no verdict is inferred from the absence of a route. The IT-visa scheme is the nearest route, but for IT specialists the order requires employment or a civil-law contract with an Uzbek legal entity and income of at least USD 30,000 over the last 12 months; a commercial article (ybcase.com) states that a foreign contract without an Uzbek counterparty is not grounds for issuing the documents, which is not confirmed in the order text. In March 2026 the Ministry of Justice approved amended rules that widen the eligible categories (investors with at least USD 30,000, founders of IT Park residents, startup participants, professors in information technology), as reported by kun.uz and UzDaily; the amended text was not opened, so the paragraph numbers above refer to the 2022 version. The itvisa.uz address redirects to it-relocation.uz, which gives no eligibility terms. Not established: official visa-type list, labour permit rules for the holder, tax residence and income tax terms, social security. Quoted wording was taken from an automated reading of the pages and may differ slightly from the original. The row has not been through the separate verification pass (verified = false).",partial,false,https://lex.uz/en/docs/6956592 [official]; https://www.outsource.gov.uz/en/explore-opportunities/it-visa [official]; https://www.it-park.uz/index.php/en/itpark/news/uzbekistan-a-new-regional-it-hub [official]; https://it-park.uz/en/itpark/news/it-park-hosted-an-event-on-obtaining-it-visa-and-it-card [official]; https://www.it-park.uz/en/itpark/news/uzbekistan-emerges-as-a-key-destination-for-it-specialists-and-foreign-companies [official]; https://advice.uz/en/document/1885 [official]; https://advice.uz/en/document/1827 [official]; https://kun.uz/en/news/2026/03/11/uzbekistan-expands-eligibility-and-requirements-for-it-visas [media]; https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/uzbekistan-expands-eligibility-rules-for-it-visas/ [media]; https://gratanet.com/publications/remote-work-in-uzbekistan [law_firm]; https://ybcase.com/en/company-services/visa/polucit-vizu-cifrovogo-kocevnika-v-uzbekistane [blog],2026-10-22,,

Uruguay,conditional,"Nomad temporary ID under Decreto 238/022 (6 months + 6 months), then temporary/permanent residence permit",yes,Self-employed and those working for companies abroad; affidavit declaration of sufficient funds; income threshold not stated; first 6 months + 6-month extension,unknown,not checked on official pages,yes,Included in the nomad ID definition,unknown,Retirement visa: conditions not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked (reduced depth),unknown,not checked (reduced depth),,After the nomad period — an application for a residence permit (conditions not verified). Social contributions/tax not clarified.,,,"remote_allowed=conditional: the nomad document itself is short (up to 12 months), the long-term residence permit after it was not checked. Uruguay XXI is a state investment promotion agency, not a migration service.",partial,false,https://www.uruguayxxi.gub.uy/en/news/article/digital-nomads-will-be-able-to-legally-live-and-work-in-uruguay/ [official],2026-10-04,,

Philippines,conditional,"Digital Nomad Visa (DNV) issued by the Department of Foreign Affairs under Executive Order No. 86 of 24 April 2025: non-immigrant visa for foreigners working remotely for clients or employers situated outside the Philippines, valid up to 1 year",conditional,"Executive Order No. 86 authorises the DFA to issue DNVs to non-immigrant foreigners 'for the purpose of working remotely using digital technologies' 'whose clients or employers are situated outside the Philippines'; maximum stay 1 year (Executive Order No. 86, text as reproduced on lawphil.net). The Philippine embassy page lists the requirements: age 18+, proof of remote work using digital technology, proof of sufficient income generated outside the Philippines (no amount stated), no criminal record, health insurance valid for the DNV period, 'Must not be employed in the Philippines', and a national of a country that offers DNVs to Filipinos and where the Philippines has a Foreign Service Post, i.e. eligibility depends on reciprocity (DFA, Embassy in The Hague). The DFA guidelines, fees, income threshold, application steps and the list of eligible countries were not found on any official page opened.",conditional,"Special Resident Retiree's Visa (SRRV), issued by the Bureau of Immigration through the Philippine Retirement Authority: principal applicant must be 40 or older; visa deposit USD 15,000 to 50,000 for the Classic type depending on age and pension status (a lifetime pension of at least USD 800 per month for a single Classic pensioner); the page does not say whether holders may work, it states only that holders are exempt from 'Separate work/student visa or permits' (Philippine Retirement Authority).",unknown,"No official page opened states whether a DNV holder may run an own business; the Order requires that the holder 'Must not be employed in the Philippines'. A law firm review (Divina Law, 20 July 2026) says DNV holders cannot take local employment or operate a business; not confirmed on an official page. The Bureau of Immigration visa list also shows Treaty Trader or Treaty Investor (9D) and Special Visa for Employment Generation; their conditions were not checked.",unknown,"Not checked on official pages: no residence-by-property route was found on the Bureau of Immigration visa list (Permanent Resident Visa, Quota Visa, Temporary Resident Visa, Temporary Visitor Visa, Treaty Trader or Treaty Investor, Student Visa, Pre-arranged Employment Visa, special visas) but the conditions of each were not read.",conditional,"Executive Order No. 86 contains no provisions on family members of DNV holders. SRRV: a legally married spouse and unmarried children under 21 can be included as dependents, USD 300 application fee each; a USD 15,000 additional deposit is required for each dependent beyond two (Philippine Retirement Authority).",unknown,"The Bureau of Immigration lists a Student Visa (9F); its work conditions could not be opened (page returned an error), so whether a student may work remotely for a foreign employer is not established.",Not clarified for serving clients inside the Philippines: the DNV is defined for foreigners 'whose clients or employers are situated outside the Philippines' and requires that the holder 'Must not be employed in the Philippines' (Executive Order No. 86; DFA Embassy page); no official page opened says anything about local clients as such.,Not clarified: Executive Order No. 86 contains no tax provisions and no social security rules; the Bureau of Internal Revenue appears only among the coordinating agencies. Tax residence and registration duties of a DNV holder were not found on official pages.,Not clarified: no official page opened addresses permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in the Philippines.,"Labor Code of the Philippines (Presidential Decree No. 442), Article 40: an alien seeking admission for employment, and an employer hiring an alien, must obtain an employment permit from the Department of Labor; Article 41: a non-resident alien who takes up employment in violation of the Title is punished under Articles 289 and 290 of the Labor Code and is subject to deportation after serving the sentence. The text of Articles 289 and 290 (fines, imprisonment) was not read. These articles are about employment in the Philippines; whether remote work for a foreign employer falls under them is not stated.","Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Philippine Embassy in The Hague (DFA) digital nomad visa page, Bureau of Immigration visa list, Philippine e-Visa policy page, Philippine Retirement Authority SRRV page, Executive Order No. 86 (text reproduced on lawphil.net, a legal database, not a government site) and the Labor Code (also lawphil.net). Classification: conditional. An official order and an embassy page establish a visa for remote work for clients or employers outside the Philippines, with a reciprocity condition on nationality (the applicant's country must offer DNVs to Philippine nationals and host a Philippine Foreign Service Post). Not established: the DFA implementing guidelines (the Order asked for them within 30 days), the list of eligible countries, the income threshold, fees and whether applications are being accepted; a law firm review dated 20 July 2026 says the DFA has not published an official list of qualifying countries. The Bureau of Immigration site did not show a DNV in its visa list. Temporary visitor rules (e-Visa policy page): business visitors (9(a-1)) 'will not receive any compensation from a company/entity in the Philippines'; visa-free and e-Visa stays are not extendable and not convertible to other visa types, and the page does not say whether remote work is allowed on them. The DFA site, the DOLE alien employment permit FAQ and the Bureau of Immigration student visa page could not be opened. The row has not been through the separate verification pass (verified = false).",partial,false,https://thehaguepe.dfa.gov.ph/index.php/visa/digital-nomad-visa-dnv [official]; https://lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo2025/eo_86_2025.html [aggregator]; https://immigration.gov.ph/ [official]; https://evisa.gov.ph/page/policy [official]; https://www.pra.gov.ph/SRRVisa [official]; https://lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1974/pd_442_1974.html [aggregator]; https://www.divinalaw.com/?p=16704 [law_firm]; https://www.bal.com/immigration-news/philippines-authorizing-issuance-of-digital-nomad-visa [law_firm],2026-10-22,ok_with_note,"The DNV exists in an executive order and on a Philippine embassy page and fits remote work for foreign clients or employers; eligibility depends on reciprocity (country list not published on the pages opened) and the implementing guidelines, income threshold and fees were not found."

Finland,conditional,"Entrepreneur residence permit (sole proprietor/LLC in the trade register, ELY assessment) — the only path among paths not requiring a Finnish employer",n_a,"Migri: a residence permit is not issued on the basis of remote work. ""You cannot be granted a residence permit on the basis of remote work. A residence permit on the basis of work is only granted for such work that requires you to reside in Finland.""",n_a,There is no separate passive-income residence permit in paths; official pages were not searched.,conditional,"Migri: ""There is no own residence permit for freelancers or for working through an invoicing service company""; freelancing is possible only with an already existing residence permit. Entrepreneur: trade register, ""must also work in the company in Finland"", profitability is assessed by ELY. The page is silent about foreign clients.",n_a,A residence permit via real estate in Finland does not exist (not in paths).,yes,A residence permit on family grounds gives an unrestricted right to work (Migri); the sample adult has no Finnish relatives — the path is unrealistic.,conditional,The general Migri rule (remote work for a foreign company is permitted with any legal stay) applies; hour limits for students on remote work were not verified.,For an entrepreneur's residence permit the business must be registered in Finland and the work performed in Finland; the Migri pages contain neither permission nor prohibition on foreign/local clients — not determined.,"Entrepreneur: registration in the trade register (PRH), a preliminary ELY decision on profitability, then Migri. According to Migri, freelancing and work through invoicing services do not give a separate residence permit.","The official Verohallinto page (19.04.2021, VH/1642/00.01.00/2021, no updates after 20.04.2021 on the page) concerns only temporary remote work due to COVID: a PE is possible if the employee has a permanent workplace at home and continues to work from Finland after the restrictions are lifted. The update of 27.01.2023 is confirmed only by a PwC retelling (law_firm), not opened officially.",Not clarified: sanctions for work without the right (Ulkomaalaislaki) were not searched for/not found in the sources.,"Migri quotes confirmed verbatim (migri.fi/right-to-work, migri.fi/faq-employment). Caveat: conditional is formal. The real route (entrepreneur residence permit) requires a Finnish business, work in a company IN Finland and a positive ELY profitability assessment; for the sample adult, without a Finnish employer/relatives, realism is LOW. The Migri entrepreneur pages say neither that foreign clients are allowed nor that they are prohibited; this remains unresolved. The source URL migri.fi/en/entrepreneur opens; the variant migri.fi/en/work-and-residence-permit-for-an-entrepreneur is 404.",verified,true,https://migri.fi/right-to-work [official]; https://migri.fi/faq-employment [official]; https://migri.fi/en/entrepreneur [official]; https://vero.fi/en/detailed-guidance/statements/96125/covid-19-related-restrictions-and-their-effects-on-the-taxes-on-foreign-corporate-entities-income/ [official]; https://uutishuone.pwc.fi/new-guidance-on-remote-workers-in-finland-impact-on-foreign-corporations-taxation [law_firm],2026-10-07,effectively_no,Migri: a residence permit for remote work is not issued; an entrepreneur residence permit requires a business registered in Finland and work in Finland.

France,conditional,"Carte de séjour / VLS-TS ""Visiteur"" (CESEDA L.426-20; passive income ≥ 12 × net SMIC per year)",unknown,No special digital nomad visa was identified; not checked on official pages.,conditional,"Visiteur: an obligation not to engage in professional activity in France. Ministry of Interior (answer to written question № 11730 to the National Assembly, 23.06.2026): there is no normative text on remote work for a foreign economy; if the foreigner is not an employee in France and does not work for an enterprise located in France, remote work for an employer under foreign law ""doit conduire à le considérer comme non-actif"". This is a minister's answer, not a norm of law; the tax administration, per the text of the question, interprets it differently (work physically in France = work in France). Income must be confirmed by stable receipts (12 × net SMIC); remote earnings as ""resources"" is a grey area.",conditional,"VLS-TS ""Entrepreneur""/profession libérale: business registration in France, taxes and social contributions in France (not checked on official pages). For a freelancer with foreign clients the status under the law was not verified.",n_a,No residence permit via real estate in France.,n_a,The sample adult has no French relatives.,unknown,Student residence permit: working hours not checked on official pages; remote work for a foreign employer not verified.,"Not allowed: ""fournir des prestations à des clients français, ou travailler pour un employeur français, est interdit sans ambiguïté"" (demarchesetrangers.fr, legal blog). The response of the Ministry of Interior also refers to the absence of work ""au bénéfice d'une entreprise située sur le territoire"".","Under Visiteur one cannot register a sole proprietorship (that would be professional activity in France). For a stay of >183 days — tax residency, worldwide income is declared (forms 2042/2047, per demarchesetrangers).",No official position on PE found (the Ministry of Interior reply is only about the immigration qualification 'non-actif').,"The sanctions article was not found (legifrance L426-20 — 403, did not circumvent). Something else is officially confirmed: the answer of the Ministry of Interior (JO 23.06.2026, p.5748): «Il est interdit au détenteur de cette carte de séjour temporaire d'exercer en France une activité professionnelle soumise à autorisation»; the prefecture of Hautes-Pyrénées requires «Attestation sur l'honneur de n'exercer aucune activité professionnelle en France».","IMPORTANT CLARIFICATION that is not in the record: in the same reply the Ministry of Interior said: «Un ressortissant étranger résidant en France mais ne remplissant pas ces critères, et qui reste rémunéré et s'acquitte de la fiscalité liée dans son pays d'origine, doit solliciter une carte de séjour temporaire mention «visiteur»». I.e. the ministry's position is favourable to remote work for a foreign employer provided that the person remains paid and pays taxes in the country of origin, and does not work for an enterprise on the territory of France. For the sample adult: (1) the sample adult is not an employee but works for foreign clients — this exact case (""employeur de droit étranger"") is not addressed in the reply for the self-employed; with a stay of >183 days tax residency arises in France (per a law blog), which contradicts the ministry's condition; (3) resources of 12 × net SMIC for Visiteur must be stable (prefecture) — income from work as a resource is disputed. The minister's reply is not a norm of law.",verified,true,https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dyn/17/questions/QANR5L17QE11730 [official]; https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dyn/17/questions/QANR5L17QE11730.pdf [official]; https://www.hautes-pyrenees.gouv.fr/contenu/telechargement/12686/89469/file/1201_-_visiteur_-_1ere.pdf [official]; https://demarchesetrangers.fr/titre-de-sejour/carte-sejour-visiteur-teletravail [law_firm]; https://www.justifit.fr/b/guides/droit-etrangers/carte-sejour-visiteur/ [blog],2026-10-07,ok,"Visiteur: per the French Ministry of Interior reply of 23.06.2026, remote work for a foreign employer without clients in France is permitted; the case of a self-employed person is not directly addressed in the reply."

Croatia,yes,Temporary stay of digital nomads (up to 18 months),yes,"Income ≥€3,622.50/month (or €43,470 in an account for 12 months, €65,205 for 18 months); work for a company/own company not registered in Croatia and not working for Croatian employers",unknown,not checked (reduced depth),conditional,A document confirming self-employment/own foreign company is required,unknown,not checked on official pages,yes,Family members — via family reunification; cohabitants ≥3 years (or less with children),unknown,not checked (reduced depth),No: working for Croatian employers/clients is prohibited.,Registration of the place of residence within 3 days with the police; a Croatian address is required.,,,One official source; the second (law firm/blog) was not opened.,partial,false,https://mup.gov.hr/aliens-281621/stay-and-work/temporary-stay-of-digital-nomads/286833 [official],2026-10-04,,

Montenegro,yes,Temporary digital nomad residence permit (Law on Foreigners; Ministry of Interior rules of 28.11.2022; from 17.01.2026 — a separate residence permit basis),yes,"Official digitalnomads.gov.me: ""A foreigner, employed or works electronically for a foreign company or his own company not registered in Montenegro""; residence permit up to 2 years +2; application in person, 40 days; family - spouses and children under 18. Conditions for the applicant: clients must be foreign companies (legal entities); freelancing for individuals abroad is formally not addressed.",unknown,not checked on official pages,conditional,"IE/share ≥51%: residence permit and work permit in a single document for 1 year; for renewal from 2026, taxes and contributions of at least €5,000 per year are needed (bdkadvokati).",unknown,"Real estate from €150,000 (from 2026); right to work on this basis not clarified.",conditional,"Family reunification: spouses, minor children under 18 can join the nomad (digitalnomads.gov.me); when the older child turns 18, a separate basis will be required.",unknown,Students: not verified.,"No, by the logic of the programme: the employer/company must be outside Montenegro (""foreign company or own company not registered in Montenegro""); for local clients a different status is needed (sole proprietor/company). Did not see a direct prohibition in words on the site.","The amounts ""3 minimum salaries (€1,350)"" and the tax exemption threshold €2,973 are from a BDK article of 14.12.2022 (2022 rules), relevance for 2026 not confirmed. The official digitalnomads.gov.me pages do not state the amount (the FAQ page returned no content).",Did not find an official position on PE of a foreign employer.,Not clarified: Did not find penalties for working without a permit under the Law on Foreigners.,"The official page confirms the substance (yes). Not officially confirmed: the date and content of the amendments of 17.01.2026 (BDK: entered into force 17.01.2026, €5,000 of taxes/contributions for sole-proprietor (IE) companies, real estate €150,000 — confirmed by a law firm; the law/Ministry of Interior not opened). WebSearch exhausted — gov.me/Ministry of Interior could not be found. The older child, once 18, falls out of 'children under 18'.",verified,true,https://digitalnomads.gov.me/article/legal-status-for-nomads [official]; https://ceelegalmatters.com/jpm-jankovic-popovic-mitic/21845-montenegro-digital-nomads-obtaining-residence-permits [law_firm]; https://bdkadvokati.com/update-on-the-montenegrin-rules-on-special-residence-regime-for-digital-nomads [law_firm]; https://bdkadvokati.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Relocation_to_Montenegro.pdf [law_firm]; https://bdkadvokati.com/montenegro-adopts-amendments-to-the-foreigners-act [law_firm],2026-10-04,,

Czechia,conditional,"Long-term visa (then long-term residence permit) for the purpose of business, for a self-employed person with a Czech trade licence (živnostenské oprávnění); or, for IT and marketing specialists from 12 listed countries, a long-term visa/permit for the purpose ""other"" (employee of a foreign company) or for business (freelancer) under the Digital Nomad Programme of the Ministry of Industry and Trade (CzechInvest)",conditional,"Digital Nomad Programme (Ministry of Industry and Trade, presented by CzechInvest): for people who work remotely as IT or marketing specialists and are citizens of Australia, Brazil, Canada, Israel, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, the United Kingdom or the United States (CzechInvest). Two routes: an employee of a foreign company who stays employed abroad and has no Czech employment (long-term visa for the purpose ""other""), or a freelancer who holds or will hold a Czech trade licence (long-term visa for the purpose of business). The ministry assesses applications, ""there is no legal entitlement to participation in the Program""; the long-term visa/permit application is processed within 45 days (MZV Chicago, page of 18.09.2024). The official pages do not state an income threshold, insurance or tax terms; Fragomen (law firm, 24.02.2025) cites income of at least 1.5 times the average gross annual salary and a foreign employer with at least 50 employees worldwide, not confirmed on an official page.",unknown,not checked on official pages,conditional,"Long-term visa for the purpose of business: open to third-country nationals, the official pages list no nationalities; supporting documents include a trade licence extract or a company register extract, accommodation and proof of funds (no amount stated); the visa is valid for a maximum of 1 year and can be extended or changed to a long-term residence permit (MZV). Long-term residence permit for business: initial permit up to 2 years, extensions of up to 2 years, fee CZK 2,500, processing 60 days, comprehensive health insurance and proof of income required, no minimum amount stated (Ministry of the Interior portal ipc.gov.cz). A third-country national needs a residence permit to run a trade, but the trade can be notified first and the preliminary extract attached to the residence permit application (Brno city hall).",n_a,No route through real estate.,conditional,"Digital Nomad Programme: the spouse, registered partner and child of the applicant (or of the spouse or partner) can apply for a long-term visa for the purpose of family at the same time (MZV Chicago, CzechInvest).",unknown,The right to work remotely on a student residence permit was not checked on an official page.,"Not clarified on the official pages: CzechInvest does not say whether clients must be foreign; for the employee route it excludes Czech employment (""does not enter into an employment relationship in the Czech Republic""). Fragomen (law firm, 24.02.2025): freelancers may do contract work for Czech entities; not confirmed on an official page.","Trade licence: a third-country national notifies the trade licensing office (fee CZK 1,000) and presents the residence permit within six months of the preliminary extract; registration with social security within 15 days and with a health insurer within 8 days of starting the activity (Brno city hall). Tax registration and tax terms of the employee route are not addressed on the official pages: not clarified.",Not clarified: the official pages do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in Czechia.,Not clarified: the official pages reviewed do not state sanctions for working without the proper permit.,"Re-checked 22.10.2026 on official pages: CzechInvest (Digital Nomad Programme), Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs (long-term visa for business; programme page of the consulate in Chicago), Ministry of the Interior portal ipc.gov.cz (long-term residence permit for business) and Brno city hall (trade licence for third-country nationals). The programme FAQ, brochure and step-by-step guides on czechinvest.gov.cz could not be opened (robots.txt), so income, insurance and tax terms of the programme are not established (unknown). Only the Chicago consulate page carries dates (published 18.09.2024, updated 11.10.2024); the list of 12 nationalities is as shown on the CzechInvest page on 22.10.2026. Classification: conditional, works in practice with a note — the trade-licence route is open to third-country nationals in general, the programme only to the listed nationalities and occupations. The row has not been through the separate verification pass (verified = false).",partial,false,https://czechinvest.gov.cz/en/For-Investors/Visa-Support/Digital-Nomad-Program?force [official]; https://mzv.gov.cz/chicago/en/consular_information/long_term_residence_permit/digital_nomad_program.html [official]; https://mzv.gov.cz/jnp/en/information_for_aliens/long_stay_visa/entrepreneurship.html [official]; https://ipc.gov.cz/en/visa-and-residence-permit-types/third-country-nationals/long-term-residence-permits/long-term-residence-permit-for-the-purpose-of-doing-business [official]; https://en.brno.cz/w/get-a-trade-licence-for-third-country-nationals [official]; https://www.fragomen.com/insights/czech-republic-digital-nomad-program-introduced.html [law_firm],2026-10-22,ok_with_note,"Two routes: a long-term visa/permit for business with a Czech trade licence (third-country nationals, no nationality list on the official pages) and the Digital Nomad Programme (IT and marketing specialists from 12 listed countries, discretionary approval). The official pages do not state income or insurance terms for the programme."

Chile,conditional,Residencia temporal (income/rentier category),n_a,No special nomad visa in Chile (per the Holafly blog),conditional,"Expat.com (31.03.2026): there is no separate nomad visa; temporary residence permit under the category «actividades remuneradas lícitas» for up to 2 years, requires a service contract with a foreign company, statements for 3–12 months, income ≈ €1,400–1,850 per month; foreign income is not subject to income tax for the first three years of residency. Differs from the earlier 'rentier': the category should be clarified with the Servicio Nacional de Migraciones.",conditional,Startup Chile: requirements not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked (reduced depth),unknown,not checked (reduced depth),no,Study,,,,,"The second source (Expat.com, 31.03.2026) confirms: work for foreign clients on a temporal residence permit is possible; the category and amounts differ from Holafly (rentier). The primary source (Ley 21.325, serviciomigraciones.cl) was not opened.",partial,false,https://esim.holafly.com/es/blog/visas/visa-nomada-digital-chile/ [aggregator]; https://www.expat.com/es/guia/america-del-sur/chile/37490-nomada-digital-en-chile.html [aggregator],2026-10-04,,

Switzerland,conditional,"Permit without gainful employment (for example family reunification or education, or Art. 28 FNIA for retired persons), under which the State Secretariat for Migration (SEM) classifies home-office work for a foreign employer with no Swiss establishment and no effect on the Swiss labour market (SEM circular of 5 April 2022). No dedicated remote-work or digital nomad permit",n_a,"No remote-worker permit category exists: the SEM circular states that a person who works from Switzerland for a foreign employer without a Swiss establishment and without effect on the Swiss labour market is to be admitted only under a permit without gainful employment (family reunification, education) (SEM circular, section 3). The SEM pages on working in Switzerland mention no digital nomad permit.",conditional,"Art. 28 FNIA (Retired persons): foreign nationals no longer gainfully employed may be admitted if they have reached a minimum age set by the Federal Council, have special personal relations to Switzerland and have the required financial means (Federal Act on Foreign Nationals and Integration, text as published on lawbrary.ch). The age threshold and the amount of means were not found on an official page.",conditional,"Gainful employment includes any salaried or self-employed activity normally carried out for payment and needs a permit irrespective of the period of stay (FNIA Art. 11). Admission of third-country nationals is tied to being highly qualified, to the economic interest and to quotas (SEM, Working in Switzerland: third-country nationals); the self-employment articles were not opened.",unknown,Not checked on official pages.,conditional,"A permit for family reunification is named by SEM as a permit without gainful employment under which home-office work for a foreign employer without effect on the Swiss labour market is classified; holders of a permit for gainful employment or family reunification may do home-office work with Swiss market impact without a new permit (SEM circular, section 3a).",conditional,"SEM names education and training permits among permits without gainful employment under which home-office work for a foreign employer without effect on the Swiss labour market is classified (SEM circular, section 3). Hours of permitted student work were not checked on an official page.","Not permitted under a permit without gainful employment: home-office work that affects the Swiss labour market is always gainful employment subject to a permit, whatever its duration (SEM circular, section 3); for EU/EFTA nationals SEM adds that work for Swiss clients or customer acquisition in Switzerland excludes non-gainful status.","Applicants register with the local authorities within 14 days of entering Switzerland (SEM, Working in Switzerland). Social security: home-office work may shift the applicable social security law to the country of residence if the home-office share is substantial, with 25% of work or pay named as the threshold; the circular states that immigration, social security and tax definitions differ (SEM circular, section 4, April 2022). Tax follows the double taxation agreements: not clarified for individual cases.",Not clarified on permanent establishment. The SEM circular (April 2022) states that a change of social security regime can follow when the home-office share is substantial (25% of work or pay); permanent-establishment risk is not addressed in the circular.,"Not clarified: the penalty provision of FNIA (Art. 115, unlawful gainful employment) was not opened on an official page.","Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: SEM (Working in Switzerland; third-country nationals), SEM circular 'Taetigkeit im Home Office; auslaenderrechtliche Qualifikation; FZA und Drittstaaten' of 5 April 2022 (addressed to cantonal authorities), FNIA Art. 11 and Art. 28 as published in bilingual and aggregator legal databases. Classification: conditional. Remote work for a foreign employer with no Swiss establishment and no effect on the Swiss labour market is not treated as a permit-requiring activity in the circular, but new admission is granted only under permits without gainful employment (family, education, retired persons); there is no permit built around remote work, and work with Swiss market impact needs a gainful-employment permit with quota and labour-market tests. The circular dates from April 2022 and is an internal SEM instruction. Not established: the official minimum age and financial threshold under Art. 28 FNIA, student work hours, Art. 115 penalties; the Fedlex consolidated text could not be opened (requires JavaScript) and ch.ch student page could not be fetched. The row has not been through the separate verification pass (verified = false).",partial,false,https://www.ekm.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/fza/20220403-rs-homeoffice-fza-drittstaaten.pdf.download.pdf/20220403-rs-homeoffice-fza-drittstaaten-d.pdf [official]; https://www.sem.admin.ch/sem/en/home/overview-arbeit.html [official]; https://www.sem.admin.ch/sem/en/home/themen/arbeit/nicht-eu_efta-angehoerige.html [official]; https://www.droit-bilingue.ch/en-rm/1/14/142.20-11-14.html [aggregator]; https://lawbrary.ch/law/art/AIG-v2023.09-en-art-28 [aggregator]; https://www.pwc.ch/en/insights/regulation/federal-authorities-clarifying-the-swiss-approach-on-remote-working.html [law_firm]; https://www.swissmem.ch/de/wissen/personalwesen/arbeitsrecht/wann-ist-remote-work-von-auslaendischen-arbeitnehmenden-in-der-schweiz-bewilligungspflichtig.html [media],2026-10-22,ok_with_note,"SEM classifies remote work for a foreign employer without Swiss market impact as possible only under a permit without gainful employment (family, education, retired persons), so it works for holders of such permits but no permit is issued for remote work as such."

Sweden,unknown,"No permit for remote work for a foreign employer is described on the official pages opened. Described there: a work permit or residence permit to work (employee or self-employed), a visitor's residence permit for stays of more than 90 days (a visit only; for the tourist category the page says it ""does not give you the right to work""), and, for a person with a business outside the EU, temporary remote work in Sweden without a work permit (Swedish Migration Agency)",n_a,"No digital nomad or remote-work permission is listed among the permits on the Swedish Migration Agency pages for work, temporary work and visits (checked 2026-10-22); the absence from these lists is not a statement that remote work is prohibited.",unknown,not checked on official pages,conditional,"Swedish Migration Agency: ""If you have your own business and are going to carry out temporary, remote work in Sweden, you do not need to apply for a work permit."" The same page covers a business outside the EU with a temporary assignment on site: ""If you have your own business outside the EU and have received a temporary assignment on site in Sweden, you do not need to apply for a work permit."" A stay of more than 90 days needs a visitor's residence permit, with at least SEK 700 for each day of the visit; for a self-employed person the company's insurance is enough as medical travel insurance. The page does not define ""temporary"", and the conditions of the permit for settling in Sweden as self-employed were not opened.",unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked on official pages,unknown,right to work remotely on a student permit not checked on official pages,Not clarified on the official pages opened: the page on temporary remote work by a self-employed person does not say whether clients must be outside Sweden.,Not clarified on the official pages opened: tax registration (Skatteverket) and business registration were not opened.,Not clarified: the pages of the Swedish Migration Agency do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in Sweden.,Not clarified: the pages opened do not state sanctions for working without a permit.,"Re-checked 2026-10-22 on the pages of the Swedish Migration Agency (migrationsverket.se: work, exemptions from the work permit requirement, temporary work in Sweden, self-employed with a temporary assignment, visitor's residence permit for more than 90 days), without regard to citizenship. Classification: unknown. A verdict of no needs an official norm or quotation that bans remote work for a foreign employer, and none was found; the first-pass verdict rested on an aggregator and on the absence of a nomad visa. What the official pages say: ""In most cases, citizens of non-EU/EEA countries who want to work in Sweden need a work permit, but there are some exceptions."" (exemptions page; the listed occupational groups do not include remote workers). For a person with a business, ""If you have your own business and are going to carry out temporary, remote work in Sweden, you do not need to apply for a work permit."" (self-employed page). For a stay of more than 90 days the visitor's residence permit requires ""Your stay in Sweden must only be for the purpose of visiting the country"" and ""You must intend to leave Sweden after your stay""; the tourist category ""does not give you the right to work"" (visitor page, the sentence is cut off in the page structure). So the pages leave open whether a person living in Sweden on a residence permit may work remotely for a foreign employer; the page on temporary remote work by a self-employed person is the only direct statement. Not opened: Skatteverket (tax residence, tax on foreign employment income), regeringen.se, the Aliens Act, the permits for employees and for self-employed settling in Sweden. Web fetch was rate-limited during the check, the pages above were read in a browser. The row has not been through the separate verification pass (verified = false).",partial,false,https://www.migrationsverket.se/en/you-want-to-apply/work/temporary-work-in-sweden/self-employed-with-a-temporary-assignment-in-sweden.html [official]; https://www.migrationsverket.se/en/you-want-to-apply/visiting-sweden/visiting-sweden-for-more-than-90-days.html [official]; https://www.migrationsverket.se/en/you-want-to-apply/work/certain-people-may-work-in-sweden-without-a-work-permit.html [official]; https://www.migrationsverket.se/en/you-want-to-apply/work/temporary-work-in-sweden.html [official]; https://www.migrationsverket.se/en/you-want-to-apply/work.html [official],2026-10-22,,

Sri Lanka,yes,Digital Nomad Visa (1 year with extension),yes,"Applicant ≥18, proof of income from $2,000/month for the applicant + $500/month for each dependant beyond two; fee $500/year per person; 1 year with extension",conditional,"Retirement 55+ — the sample adult is 40, not eligible",unknown,not checked (reduced depth),unknown,real estate purchase route: conditions not checked on official pages,yes,"Dependants by visa; the spouse may work remotely for foreign clients, for a local employer — only after switching to a work visa",unknown,not checked (reduced depth),No (a work visa is required for local work).,,,,"The domain workinsrilanka.lk is presumably a government portal, affiliation not confirmed. Taxes/social security certificate not established.",partial,false,https://www.workinsrilanka.lk/faq/digital-nomad [official]; https://www.adaderana.lk/news/118977/sri-lanka-officially-launches-digital-nomad-visa-facility-first-recipients-welcomed [aggregator],2026-10-04,,

Ecuador,yes,"Visa de residencia temporal rentista para trabajo remoto (up to 2 years, one extension)",yes,"Foreign income ≥3× the basic salary ($1,446/month in 2026; ~$17,352/year); work for employers/clients/own company outside Ecuador; +$250/month per dependant; may not work for Ecuadorian companies",unknown,rentier / retiree route: conditions not checked on official pages,yes,Own company outside Ecuador is allowed,unknown,real estate purchase route: conditions not checked on official pages,yes,Spouse/partner/children with extra income $250/month per person,unknown,not checked (reduced depth),No: work for Ecuadorian companies is prohibited (per the blog).,,,,"Second source: Fragomen — nomad visa for 2 years, renewable for 2 years, ≈ $450, +$250 per month per dependant, work in Ecuador is prohibited, private health insurance is required; Primicias — few visas issued. Discrepancy with the earlier text: previously stated 'up to 2 years, one extension'; Fragomen writes of extension in periods of 2 years. Fragomen and Primicias do not name an income threshold (the earlier $1,446 per month is from a blog). The primary MREMH source was not opened.",partial,false,https://guide.genki.world/ecuador-digital-nomad-visa-requirements-and-how-to-apply/ [blog]; https://www.fragomen.com/insights/ecuador-temporary-residence-visa-for-digital-nomads-available.html [law_firm]; https://primicias.ec/noticias/economia/ecuador-visas-nomadas-digitales-balance [media],2026-10-04,,

Estonia,yes,"Digital nomad visa: Estonian short-stay (C, up to 90 days) or long-stay (D, up to 365 days) visa issued for the purpose of teleworking; a temporary stay, not a residence permit",yes,"The visa is for people who can work location-independently and are (1) employed under a contract by an employer registered abroad, (2) partner or shareholder in a company registered abroad, or (3) freelancers or consultants mainly serving clients with foreign establishments under contracts (e-Residency FAQ, 11 March 2026). The application needs proof of legal income for six months, a written explanation of the teleworking purpose, an employer confirmation that the duties can be done remotely, a contract and health insurance covering the stay (Police and Border Guard Board). Income threshold: the e-Residency FAQ (11 March 2026) gives EUR 4,500 per month gross (benchmark EUR 150 per day); the Ministry of Foreign Affairs table for the category 'Teleworking (digital nomad visa)' gives EUR 132 per day (EUR 3,960 per month) and none for a spouse or minor children; the two official pages differ and the current figure should be confirmed with the consulate. State fee EUR 120 for the D visa, processing usually up to 30 days (Work in Estonia). The visa cannot be extended; a second visa can be applied for, total stay is limited to 548 days within 730 days (e-Residency FAQ). Restrictions on accepting applications apply to citizens of some states and to some places of application (Work in Estonia, e-Residency FAQ): availability depends on nationality and where the application is lodged.",unknown,Not checked on official pages.,conditional,"Freelancers and consultants are covered only if they mainly serve clients with foreign establishments under contracts, and partners or shareholders only for business activity for a company registered abroad (e-Residency FAQ). A residence permit for own business in Estonia was not checked on official pages.",unknown,Not checked on official pages.,conditional,A spouse and minor children may apply for the visa on conditions matching the holder's; spousal visas are decided case by case; the spouse's right to work depends on the visa conditions (e-Residency FAQ). The Ministry of Foreign Affairs financial-means table shows no separate requirement for a spouse or minor children.,unknown,Not checked on official pages.,"Conditional: the holder may take additional work for an Estonian company or employer, but the main purpose of the stay must remain the remote work stated in the application; registration of short-term employment and payment of the average Estonian salary are not required for that additional work (e-Residency FAQ, 11 March 2026).","Staying more than 183 days in a consecutive 12-month period makes the holder an Estonian tax resident who must declare and pay tax in Estonia; other tax questions are referred to the Tax and Customs Board, whose pages were not opened (e-Residency FAQ). Health insurance covering treatment costs for the whole stay is required (Police and Border Guard Board). Business or social security registration duties for the visa holder are not stated on the official pages reviewed: not clarified.",Not clarified: the official pages reviewed do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a visa holder working in Estonia.,"Not clarified for the digital nomad visa itself. For employment in Estonia in general, the Police and Border Guard Board says employment of a foreigner must be registered in advance and longer work requires a residence permit; the Labour Inspectorate may fine failure to register posted workers up to 300 fine units for a natural person and up to EUR 32,000 for a legal person (Labour Inspectorate). The Aliens Act sanction provisions could not be opened.","Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Work in Estonia (Enterprise Estonia), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (long-stay D visa page, financial-means table), Police and Border Guard Board (long-term visa and working in Estonia pages), e-Residency programme FAQ (11 March 2026), Labour Inspectorate. Classification: yes. An official page states that a visa for the purpose of teleworking exists, with three eligible categories that all require a foreign employer, foreign company or foreign clients; stay is capped at 365 days per visa and 548 days within 730 days, and the visa does not lead to residence or citizenship. Not established: the two official income figures differ (EUR 4,500 versus EUR 3,960 per month); the Police and Border Guard Board digital nomad page and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs digital nomad page could not be opened; the Aliens Act text (Riigi Teataja requires JavaScript) and Tax and Customs Board pages were not read; the list of states whose citizens face application restrictions was not opened. The row has not been through the separate verification pass (verified = false).",partial,false,https://workinestonia.com/digital-nomad-visa/ [official]; https://www.e-resident.gov.ee/en/blog/posts/faqs-about-estonias-digital-nomad-visa [official]; https://e-resident.gov.ee/start-a-company/digital-nomad-visa/ [official]; https://vm.ee/en/consular-visa-and-travel-information/visa-information/application-long-stay-d-visa [official]; https://www.politsei.ee/en/instructions/visa-and-extending-period-of-stay/long-term-visa [official]; https://www.politsei.ee/en/instructions/working-in-estonia [official]; https://ti.ee/en/foreign-worker/coming-abroad-work-estonia [official]; https://news.err.ee/1110738/feature-faqs-applications-open-for-estonia-s-digital-nomad-visa [media],2026-10-22,,

South Africa,yes,Digital nomad (remote work) visa under amendments to the Immigration Regulations 2014 (up to 3 years),yes,Income ≥R1 million/year; remote work for a foreign employer; up to 3 years; >6 months in a 12-month period — SARS registration,unknown,Retirement visa: age and amounts not checked on official pages,unknown,not checked (reduced depth),unknown,not checked (reduced depth),unknown,Family provisions not found in the source,unknown,not checked (reduced depth),,Registration with SARS when staying >6 months in a 12-month period (per the source).,,,A law firm's text on the draft was opened; the final text and the actual issuance by DHA were not verified.,partial,false,https://bowmanslaw.com/insights/employment/south-africa-remote-working-and-the-digital-nomad-visa-a-step-in-the-right-direction/ [law_firm]; https://launchbaseafrica.com/digital-nomad-visa-now-gazetted-in-south-africa-stay-more-than-six-months-register-for-tax [blog],2026-10-04,,
South Korea,conditional,"Workation visa F-1-D (officially from 30.06.2026, up to 3 years, renewed annually)",conditional,"Remote work for a foreign company (≥1 year of experience) or ownership of a foreign company; income 1–2× GNI per capita (for the applicant 35+: 1.5× outside Seoul ≈₩78.6 million/year, 2× in Seoul ≈₩104.8 million/year per a law firm); work for Korean employers is prohibited",unknown,not checked (reduced depth),conditional,Owner of a foreign company is allowed,unknown,not checked (reduced depth),yes,Spouse and minor children may accompany,no,D-2/D-4 — study,No: domestic employment is prohibited.,,,,"The official page turned out to be outdated (pilot); current conditions — per two law firms, the Korean Ministry of Justice announcement of 07.07.2026 did not open. Amounts to be recalculated using current GNI.",partial,false,https://eiglaw.com/?p=14782 [law_firm]; https://klawguru.com/2026/07/18/south-koreas-digital-nomad-workation-visa/ [law_firm]; https://overseas.mofa.go.kr/ph-en/brd/m_3275/view.do?seq=760958 [official],2026-10-04,,
Japan,conditional,"Designated Activities (Digital Nomad, international remote work): up to six months, no extension, no residence card, annual income of at least 10 million yen, nationals of countries on the visa-exemption list that also have a tax convention with Japan",conditional,"Immigration Services Agency (ISA) page: remote work from Japan using information and communication technology under an employment contract with a foreign organisation, or providing services or selling goods for a fee to persons located in a foreign country; stay of six months, no extension; annual income of at least 10 million yen at application (tax or income certificate from the country of work); private medical travel insurance covering death, injury and illness with medical compensation of at least 10 million yen; no residence card; limited to nationals of countries under the visa-exemption arrangements (Temporary Visitor) that also have a tax convention with Japan; after the six months the applicant must wait six months before reapplying (ISA). The Japanese embassy page for this status says the visa is generally single-entry, to be used within 3 months of issue, and that applications may be referred to Japan for up to 2 months (Embassy of Japan, Portland PDF).",unknown,Not checked on official pages.,conditional,"Startup Visa (Foreign Entrepreneur Startup Promotion Program, METI): Designated Activities (Public Notice No. 51), up to two years to prepare a business, with a plan confirmed by a certified local organisation; the business must reach assets of at least 30 million yen and employ one full-time resident employee within one year (METI). Business Manager status (ISA page opened in a Japanese-language version) covers running or managing a business and lists a business premises, a business plan and at least one full-time employee among the requirements; the capital figure was not shown on the page opened (ISA).",unknown,Not checked on official pages.,conditional,"Digital Nomad status: a supported spouse or child can obtain a Designated Activities status limited to six months with no extension, with an insurance requirement as for the main applicant, and the nationality conditions apply to them (ISA). The Dependent status is for a spouse or child of holders of certain working and student statuses (ISA, Japanese-language page).",unknown,"The official study-in-Japan portal states that the student status does not permit work, and that part-time work is possible only after permission to engage in activities other than that permitted (Study in Japan). Remote work for a foreign employer on a student status is not addressed on the pages opened.","No under the Digital Nomad status: employment under a contract with a Japanese public or private organisation is not permitted, and permitted services and sales are those directed to persons located in a foreign country (ISA). Whether other statuses allow Japanese clients was not checked.","Not clarified on the official pages: no residence card is issued for the Digital Nomad status, and the ISA page does not describe resident registration, tax or social security duties; the income certificate must come from the country where the applicant worked (ISA).",Not clarified: the official pages do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in Japan; the nomad status requires an employment contract with a foreign organisation and excludes Japanese employers (ISA).,"Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act, Article 19(1): a person in a status listed in Appended Table I ""shall not engage in"" activities outside that status unless permitted; Article 24(iv)(a) makes a person engaged solely in such activities deportable (official English translation). Penalties under Article 70(1)(iv) (up to 3 years of imprisonment or a fine of up to 3 million yen) and Article 73 (up to 1 year or a fine of up to 2 million yen) are cited by an administrative scrivener firm; the penalty chapter could not be read in the official translation retrieved, so these figures are not confirmed on an official page.","Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Immigration Services Agency of Japan (Designated Activities for Digital Nomad, PDF version of that page, Business Manager), Embassy of Japan in the United States (Digital Nomad visa PDF, Temporary Visitor page), METI (Startup Visa), JETRO (statuses of residence), Study in Japan portal and the official English translation of the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act. Classification: conditional, works with a stated caveat. Japan has an official remote-work status that expressly allows work for a foreign employer or foreign clients, but only for six months without extension, with income of at least 10 million yen and for nationals of a list of eligible countries (visa-exempt and with a tax convention); the rule depends on nationality. Temporary visitors may not work: ""the temporary visitor visa excludes profit-making operations and paid activities"" (Embassy of Japan, Honolulu) and ""Holders of temporary visitor status may not engage in working activities"" (JETRO); the pages do not say how remote work for a foreign employer is treated on that status outside the nomad scheme. Not opened or not established: the list of eligible countries (separate ISA chart), English version of the Business Manager page, the penalty articles in the official translation, tax and social security terms. The row has not been through the separate verification pass (verified = false).",partial,false,https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/applications/status/designatedactivities53_00001.html?hl=en [official]; https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/content/001417481.pdf [official]; https://www.portland.us.emb-japan.go.jp/files/100790826.pdf [official]; https://www.honolulu.us.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_en/visa_tempvisitor_en.html [official]; https://www.meti.go.jp/english/policy/economy/startup_nbp/StartupVisa.pdf [official]; https://www.jetro.go.jp/en/invest/setting_up/section2/page5.html [official]; https://studyinjapan.go.jp/en/life/residing-in-japan [official]; https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/applications/status/businessmanager.html?hl=en [official]; https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/173/en [official]; https://dsg.or.jp/column/working/5658/ [law_firm],2026-10-22,ok_with_note,"The Digital Nomad status expressly allows remote work for a foreign employer or foreign clients, but only for six months without extension, with income of at least 10 million yen and for nationals of a list of eligible countries."