country_en stringlengths 3 18 | remote_allowed stringclasses 4
values | permit_used stringlengths 37 678 ⌀ | digital_nomad stringclasses 4
values | digital_nomad_note stringlengths 29 1.4k | passive_income stringclasses 4
values | passive_income_note stringlengths 1 712 | self_employed stringclasses 4
values | self_employed_note stringlengths 27 1.78k | real_estate stringclasses 4
values | real_estate_note stringlengths 1 468 | family stringclasses 5
values | family_note stringlengths 27 411 | student stringclasses 3
values | student_note stringlengths 5 397 | local_clients stringlengths 15 379 ⌀ | registration_needed stringlengths 36 744 ⌀ | employer_risk stringlengths 23 601 ⌀ | penalty stringlengths 15 683 ⌀ | notes stringlengths 49 1.84k | confidence stringclasses 3
values | verified bool 2
classes | sources stringlengths 37 1.48k | checked_at stringdate 2026-10-04 00:00:00 2026-10-22 00:00:00 | conditional_class stringclasses 3
values | conditional_class_note stringlengths 143 562 ⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Germany | conditional | Aufenthaltserlaubnis zur freiberuflichen Tätigkeit (freelance visa, § 21 Abs. 5 AufenthG) | conditional | There is no separate DN visa (per se-legal, not re-checked). The route is Aufenthaltserlaubnis § 21 Abs. 5 AufenthG (freelance): the profession must be freiberuflich under § 18 EStG (LEA Berlin), project financing, licences if needed, for those over 45 - pension provision (Make it in Germany; the sample adult is 40 - n... | unknown | not checked on official pages | conditional | § 21 (1) for business: economic interest or regional need, financing (mth-partner); for freelancing § 21 (5) is simplified: expected positive effect and qualification. | n_a | No residence permit route via real estate. | n_a | Family reunification requires a resident/citizen relative; the sample adult has none, there is no separate route for this situation. | unknown | Student residence permit: working days and remote work for a foreign employer not checked on official pages; not a path for the sample adult. | The official pages (LEA Berlin, Make it in Germany, § 21 Abs. 5) do NOT require German clients and do not exclude foreign ones. LEA asks for Honorarverträge or >=2 Letters of intent 'with details of the cooperation' without specifying the client's country. | For a freelancer — registration with the tax office (Finanzamt) and insurance; details were not checked in open sources. Se-legal: tax residency, as a rule, after ~6 months of continuous residence → tax on worldwide income. | No official position of the BMF/tax authorities on PE of a foreign employer due to an employee's home office was found. Visaguard.berlin (blog): "the place where the work is performed, not the employer's country, determines German jurisdiction". | § 98 Abs. 3 Nr. 1 AufenthG — Ordnungswidrigkeit (fine) for Erwerbstätigkeit without the required permit (per the dejure.org summary to § 95; the amount of the fine was not verified); § 95 Abs. 1 Nr. 2 AufenthG — stay without the required title when under an obligation to leave: imprisonment up to 1 year or a fine. Visa... | Did not open because of the proxy limit: make-it-in-germany.com (freelance), auswaertiges-amt.de (FAQ on self-employment), visaright.eu and gesetze-im-internet.de (text of § 21) — did not see the official text of § 21 AufenthG, only law firms' summaries and the LEA Berlin page. The blog visaguard.berlin claims that eve... | partial | true | https://service.berlin.de/dienstleistung/328332/ [official]; https://dejure.org/gesetze/AufenthG/95.html [aggregator]; https://www.mth-partner.de/en/?p=13359 [law_firm]; https://se-legal.de/digital-nomads-in-germany-residence-permits-and-visas/?lang=en [law_firm]; https://www.visaguard.berlin/en/post/do-you-need-a-germ... | 2026-10-07 | ok_with_note | A separate freelancer residence permit is needed (§ 21 Abs. 5 AufenthG); official pages do not require German clients, the question of recognising data analysis as a "liberal profession" is open. |
Israel | unknown | None established: no digital nomad or remote-work residence permit found on official pages; the B/2 visitor visa (up to 3 months) is stated by consular pages to bar work in Israel | unknown | No digital nomad or remote-work scheme appears on the Israeli consular visa pages opened (B/2 visitor, B/1 work, A/2 student; Israeli missions) or on the Tel Aviv municipality work-visa page, which lists the expert, short-term expert, Innovation Visa and BETA routes only. A complete official list of visa types could no... | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | conditional | Innovation Visa for a foreign technology entrepreneur: stay permit of up to two years to establish a venture within an approved supporting framework; the Innovation Authority recommends, the Population and Immigration Authority grants (Israel Innovation Authority). The Tel Aviv municipality page describes it as a pilot... | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | conditional | Spouses and minor children may join a holder of the long-term expert work visa, with permits requested before arrival (Tel Aviv municipality page). Family routes for other permits were not checked on official pages. | unknown | A/2 student visa: "Recipients of this visa are not permitted to work in Israel" (Israeli consular page). The pages do not say whether remote work for a foreign employer is covered by that bar. | Not clarified on the official pages: no page addresses remote work for clients inside Israel; any work in Israel needs a B/1 work visa approved by the Population and Immigration Authority (Israeli consular pages). | Not clarified on the official pages opened: no statement on tax, National Insurance or business registration for a foreign remote worker. A law-firm article (not official) notes a rebuttable presumption of Israeli tax residency at 183 days or more in a calendar year. | Not clarified: the official pages do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in Israel. | Not clarified on official pages. The Entry into Israel Law, 5712-1952 (unofficial consolidation on a UN refugee-agency database, omits later amendments) provides imprisonment for one year for entering or residing in contravention of the law (s.12(1)), makes infringement of a visa or permit condition an offence (s.12(3)... | Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Israeli consular visa pages (B/2 visitor visa, B/1 work visa, A/2 student visa; embassies and missions of Israel), the Tel Aviv municipality page on work visas for foreigners and the Israel Innovation Authority page on the Innovation Visa. Classification: unknown. The consular p... | estimate | false | https://new.embassies.gov.il/australia/en/services/foreign-citizens/entry-visa-visiting-or-touring-israel [official]; https://embassies.gov.il/Brussels/Pages/Visa.aspx [official]; https://embassies.gov.il/washington/ConsularServices/Pages/Visa-Information.aspx [official]; https://new.embassies.gov.il/los-angeles/en/nod... | 2026-10-22 | null | null |
Spain | yes | Visado y autorización de residencia para teletrabajo de carácter internacional (digital nomad visa, Ley 14/2013 art. 74 bis et seq., introduced by Ley 28/2022) | yes | Direct target of the programme. Conditions: a third-country national, adult; a diploma from a prestigious university/professional training or ≥3 years of experience; employment/commercial relations with a foreign company ≥3 months at the time of application; the company actually operates ≥1 year; income ≥200% SMI + fam... | unknown | Did not open the official text on the "non-lucrative" / passive income route (conditions not checked on official pages). The right to work remotely under this residence permit is not confirmed (under general rules such a title does not imply work) — do not use as a route for work. | conditional | Cuenta propia (autónomo) and the startup visa exist (conditions not checked on official pages); for self-employed remote work for foreign clients the main route is the nomad visa. The official pages on cuenta propia were not opened. | n_a | The golden visa for real estate was closed on 03.04.2025 (not checked on official pages); former holders renew on the old terms. | n_a | Family reunification requires a resident/citizen relative; the sample adult has none, there is no separate route for this situation. | unknown | Student residence permit: working hours not checked on official pages; the possibility of remote work for a foreign client was not separately verified. Not a route for the sample adult (goal — work). | Officially (PRIE, FAQ UGE): for professional (self-employed) activity, working for Spanish companies is permitted if it is no more than 20% of all professional activity; an employee in Spain may work only for a company located outside Spain (FAQ, question 14: 'En España sólo puede trabajar para la empresa radicada fuer... | UGE FAQ (Ministry of Labour/Inclusion): when working from Spain, alta in Social Security is mandatory; for the self-employed: 'El propio trabajador se deberá dar de alta en el régimen de trabajadores autónomos (RETA)'; for employees the employer must be registered in advance as a non-resident in Social Security. The al... | The official position of AEAT/the Ministry of Finance on the creation of a permanent establishment (PE) by a foreign employer because of a resident remote worker was not found. This is a separate question from immigration status; it is not discussed in the immigration documents (PRIE, UGE). | LO 4/2000 (Ley de Extranjería) art. 53.1.b: "encontrarse trabajando en España sin haber obtenido autorización de trabajo" — a serious violation; fine from 501 to 10,000 € (art. 55.1.b); expulsion instead of a fine is possible (art. 57). Text of the law per the mirror papelea.com (BOE did not open directly in the needed... | The conditions «the company has existed >1 year, contract ≥3 months, degree or 3+ years» match the Spanish consulate in Santiago de Chile and PRIE. The income threshold on official pages is set as 200% of SMI (the specific euro amount is not given in the open official texts; SMI changes annually). The BOE pages of Ley ... | verified | true | https://prie.comercio.gob.es/en-us/paginas/teletrabajadores-caracter-internacional.aspx [official]; https://bibliovirtual.inclusion.gob.es/documents/d/unidadgrandesempresas/nomadas-digitales-faqs-espanol [official]; https://exteriores.gob.es/Consulados/santiagodechile/es/ServiciosConsulares/Documents/Requisitos%20visad... | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Australia | conditional | No dedicated remote-work visa found. Official Home Affairs policy (advice released under FOI, 2025) covers remote work for an overseas or metropolitan employer under the regional provisional visas (subclasses 491 and 494, condition 8579) if the holder lives in a designated regional area and the pay and income tax are i... | unknown | No digital nomad visa found. The Home Affairs visa listing page did not show the list (page content not rendered) and the Visitor 600 page showed only its meta description ('For tourists, business visitors or to visit family for 3, 6 or 12 months'), so the absence of a nomad route is not confirmed on an official page. ... | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | unknown | The Home Affairs page for the Business Innovation and Investment (Provisional) visa, subclass 188, describes it in its meta description as a provisional visa for people with business skills who want to operate or invest in Australia; eligibility, conditions and work rights were not readable (Department of Home Affairs)... | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | conditional | Student visa (subclass 500): 'Secondary visa holders are subject to a visa condition that limits them to 48 hours work per fortnight at any time' (Department of Home Affairs, FOI release); the archived Home Affairs page says family members generally can work up to 40 hours per fortnight, with no limit if the primary ho... | conditional | Student visa (subclass 500): 'You can work up to 48 hours every two weeks while studying and unlimited hours during study breaks' (Study Australia, Austrade); no official page opened says whether work for an overseas employer counts towards the limit. | Not clarified for residence permits. For the Visitor visa Business Visitor stream, Home Affairs policy restricts visitors 'from working for or supplying services to an organisation or person in Australia' (Department of Home Affairs, GenGuideH policy released under FOI in 2018). | Tax: a foreign resident declares income earned in Australia; a temporary resident generally declares only income derived in Australia and capital gains on taxable Australian property, and overseas employment or services income may need declaring in certain circumstances (Australian Taxation Office). Business or social ... | Not clarified in general. For the regional visas 491 and 494, Home Affairs policy requires that for an overseas-based employer 'remuneration is paid to the visa holder in Australia and income tax is payable in Australia'. | Not clarified: the Home Affairs pages with the wording of condition 8101 and the consequences of breach (help-text pages) are closed to automated reading (robots.txt) and the legislation text could not be opened. | Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Department of Home Affairs (FOI releases of the visitor visa policy GenGuideH, the 2025 advice on condition 8579 for subclasses 491 and 494, and the student visa work-limit document; archived page on student work conditions; Business Innovation and Investment 188 page, meta desc... | partial | false | https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/foi/files/2025/fa-250101348-document-released.PDF [official]; https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/foi/files/2018/fa180400125-documents-released.pdf [official]; https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/foi/files/2025/fa-250601036-document-released.PDF [official]; https://archive.homeaffairs.gov.au/trav/s... | 2026-10-22 | effectively_no | Remote work for an overseas employer is explicitly addressed only for regional skilled provisional visas (491/494) that require nomination or sponsorship and points, while the Visitor visa carries a no-work condition and no digital nomad route was found. |
Austria | unknown | Settlement permit - excluding gainful employment (Niederlassungsbewilligung - ausgenommen Erwerbstaetigkeit, NAG section 44): the only title found for settling without working; no official page found that states whether remote work for a foreign employer is allowed under it | n_a | The migration.gv.at overview of residence titles for third-country nationals (Red-White-Red Card and its sub-categories, Red-White-Red Card Plus, EU Blue Card, researcher, student, ICT, volunteers, other forms of settlement) mentions no permit for remote workers or digital nomads (migration.gv.at). | conditional | Settlement permit - gainful employment excepted: for people who settle in Austria without gainful employment (e.g. pensioners, financially independent individuals); a quota place is required and regular monthly income must reach EUR 2,616.78 for a single person (as of 1 January 2026), EUR 4,128.24 for a married couple ... | conditional | Temporary residence permit 'Self-Employed Person': the applicant must prove a contractual obligation to carry out a specified self-employed activity and may not plan to stay longer than the duration of this obligation (Work in Austria immigration guide). Red-White-Red Card has a start-up founder category (migration.gv.... | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | unknown | Red-White-Red Card Plus for family members exists (migration.gv.at); its work rights were not checked on an official page. | unknown | Not checked on official pages; the student permit appears in the migration.gv.at list of titles. | Not clarified on the official pages: none of the pages reviewed states whether a holder of the settlement permit excluding gainful employment may serve clients in Austria. | Not clarified on the official pages: tax and social security duties of a person working remotely for a foreign employer were not found on official pages. | Not clarified: the official pages reviewed do not address permanent-establishment risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in Austria. | Not clarified: the penalty provisions for unauthorised employment (Ausländerbeschäftigungsgesetz) could not be opened on an official page. | Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: migration.gv.at (residence titles for third-country nationals; other forms of settlement), oesterreich.gv.at (settlement permit excluding gainful employment), Work in Austria immigration guide (temporary employment), RIS (NAG; only the table of contents and definitions in sectio... | partial | false | https://www.migration.gv.at/en/types-of-immigration/permanent-immigration/ [official]; https://www.migration.gv.at/en/types-of-immigration/permanent-immigration/other-forms-of-settlement/ [official]; https://www.oesterreich.gv.at/de/themen/menschen_aus_anderen_staaten/aufenthalt/3/2/Seite.120302 [official]; https://imm... | 2026-10-22 | null | null |
Azerbaijan | unknown | Temporary residence permit issued by the State Migration Service on enumerated grounds (e.g. real estate worth at least AZN 100,000, term deposit, family, study); no remote-work or digital nomad permit in force | n_a | A digital nomad visa subtype is not among the grounds for temporary residence on the State Migration Service pages (State Migration Service). It is planned: according to news agency reports of 20 August 2026 (APA, Report.az), the State Program for the Development of Tourism 2026-2030 provides for a digital nomad visa s... | unknown | Closest routes on the State Migration Service page are a fixed-term bank deposit or state/investment securities of at least AZN 100,000; no pension or passive income ground is listed, and the right to work remotely on these grounds is not stated (State Migration Service). | conditional | Temporary residence on the entrepreneurship ground requires an employing business in the country: labour contracts with at least 5 persons full-time (or 10 part-time), with at least 80 percent of workers citizens of Azerbaijan (State Migration Service). This is a route for a local business, not for a freelancer serving... | unknown | Temporary residence permit is available for owners of real estate worth at least 100,000 manats (State Migration Service, page 'Temporary residence'); the 2023 amendments raised the threshold for permanent residence to AZN 200,000 (State Migration Service news of 16 May 2023). The right to work remotely for a foreign e... | conditional | Family membership with a foreigner or stateless person residing in Azerbaijan is a ground for temporary residence (State Migration Service). Work requires a work permit; the exemption list includes spouses of Azerbaijani citizens registered at their residence (State Migration Service work guide). | unknown | Full-time study at higher education institutions, technical schools or secondary schools is a ground for temporary residence (State Migration Service); remote work on a student permit is not addressed. | Not clarified on the official pages: the work guide covers employment through Azerbaijani employers and branches or representative offices of foreign companies and says nothing about a foreigner working remotely for a foreign employer or serving local clients. | Not clarified for remote work. Foreigners must register their place of residence and re-register after moving (the Code of Administrative Offences fines failure to register, State Migration Service). Tax and social security duties of a remote worker are not addressed on the official pages. | Not clarified: the official pages opened do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in Azerbaijan. | Foreigners and stateless persons are fined AZN 300-400, with or without expulsion, for violating stay and residence rules, including paid labour without a required work permit (State Migration Service, Code of Administrative Offences summary). Employers face fines for engaging a foreigner without a work permit; older S... | Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: State Migration Service of Azerbaijan (temporary residence page, work-permit guide last updated 20.01.2023, general work-permit page, news of 16 May 2023 on migration law amendments, liability pages). Classification: unknown. No official page states that a foreigner living in Az... | partial | false | https://migration.gov.az/en/page/73 [official]; https://migration.gov.az/en/useful_detail/572 [official]; https://migration.gov.az/en/page/75 [official]; https://migration.gov.az/en/useful_detail/592 [official]; https://migration.gov.az/en/news_detail/15912 [official]; https://migration.gov.az/en/page_detail/594 [offic... | 2026-10-22 | null | null |
Argentina | conditional | Residencia transitoria 'Nómada Digital' (Disposición DNM 758/2022; art. 24 inc. h of Law 25.871) | yes | 180 days with an extension for the same period; only remote work for foreign employers/clients; supporting documents needed (contract/income) | unknown | not checked on official pages | n_a | freelancers confirm their activity under the DN status | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages | No: the status gives only remote work for foreign organisations, not local employment. | null | null | null | The official service page argentina.gob.ar was opened; Did not find the minimum income amount in it (not clarified). Did not open the text of Disposición 758/2022 in the Boletín Oficial. Tax benefits (per a law website's retelling) not checked. | partial | false | https://www.argentina.gob.ar/servicio/obtener-una-residencia-transitoria-como-nomada-digital [official]; https://abogados.com.ar/index.php/argentina-otorga-beneficios-y-visa-transitoria-por-180-dias-prorrogables-a-nomades-digitales/30553 [law_firm] | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Armenia | yes | A residence permit as a sole proprietor is needed only if one opens a sole proprietorship and obtains the status. The new rules from 01.11.2026 mainly affect residence permits, not the right of EAEU citizens. | n_a | There is no special digital nomad visa in Armenia; remote workers for a foreign employer usually get a residence permit as a sole proprietor (armenian-lawyer.com, overview of rules from 01.11.2026). | unknown | not checked on official pages | yes | armenian-lawyer.com (law firm): "Your work doesn't need to be connected to Armenia. You can serve international clients while benefiting from Armenian business registration"; the residence permit requires a sole proprietor certificate and confirmation of tax payments. Tax regimes: micro-business 0% at turnover up to 24... | unknown | Rental/registration at the place of residence: right to reside until the passport expires (not checked on official pages); right to work for EAEU citizens — without a permit (art. 97 of the EAEU Treaty, per a law firm). | n_a | The sample adult has no Armenian relatives. | unknown | Student residence permit: not verified. | Yes: a sole proprietor in Armenia can work with both local and foreign clients (armenian-lawyer.com). EAEU citizens work on the same terms as Armenian citizens, without a work permit. | Not clarified on the official pages. | Not clarified: Did not find Armenia's official position on the PE of a foreign client because of a sole-proprietor worker. | For sole proprietors (IE): the residence permit can be revoked if no tax is paid for 180 days and if absent from Armenia for 183 days (new rules from 01.11.2026, armenian-lawyer.com). Penalties for working without a right are not relevant to EAEU citizens (no permit needed). Articles/amounts not found. | The discrepancy over the date of the law has been resolved by law firms: adopted 20.01.2026, enters into force 01.11.2026 (EY Armenia, armenian-lawyer, Schneider; applications filed before that date are processed under the old rules). Clarification on the author's doubt: Schneider Group — "Foreign nationals entitled to... | partial | true | https://www.ey.com/en_gl/technical/tax-alerts/armenia-introduces-significant-changes-to-its-immigration-framework [law_firm]; https://armenian-lawyer.com/immigration/armenia-immigration-law-overhaul-november-2026/ [law_firm]; https://armenian-lawyer.com/business-immigration/freelancing-from-armenia-legal-and-practical-... | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Belgium | conditional | Professional card (self-employment, regional decision) + D visa → residence card | n_a | There is no separate digital nomad visa in Belgium (expat.com: two paths — single permit with a Belgian employer or professional card + D visa). | unknown | not checked on official pages | conditional | Professional card (the region decides on the 'usefulness of the project'; Brussels: business plan <=20 pages, €140 + €90/year, term 2 years->up to 5 years; Ministry of Foreign Affairs: then D visa €180 + €242). Financial threshold: expat.com (blog) gives 110% of the subsistence minimum = €26,086.66 (03.2026) specifical... | unknown | not checked on official pages | n_a | Family reunification requires a resident/citizen relative; the sample adult has none, there is no separate route for this situation. | unknown | Study (conditions not checked on official pages); right to remote work not verified separately. | The official pages do not say; the professional card is oriented towards business in Belgium and an assessment of benefit to the region (clients in Belgium are implied). | The professional card is obtained on site at the “company counter” (guichet d'entreprise) indicated in the application (dofi.ibz.be). | expat.com (blog): income from a foreign employer/clients is not automatically exempt from Belgian tax; the official position of the Belgian tax authority on PE not found. | Not clarified (sanctions are not listed on the open dofi/region pages). | Regionality: the professional card is decided by three regions (Brussels, Flanders, Wallonia) — only Brussels was researched. The income threshold from expat.com (≈€26,087, 2026) is not confirmed on an official page — did not find the current official threshold. Official pages do not define remote work for foreign clie... | partial | true | https://dofi.ibz.be/en/themes/ressortissants-dun-pays-tiers/travail/professional-card [official]; https://catalog.be.brussels/en/company/human-ressource/employment-contracts/employment-contract/professional-card-foreigners [official]; https://finland.diplomatie.belgium.be/sites/default/files/2026-01/Self-employed%20Vis... | 2026-10-07 | effectively_no | The only path is the professional card: a regional commission assesses the project's benefit to the region, there is no separate visa for remote work. |
Bulgaria | yes | 'Digital nomad' regime for non-EU citizens (a new long-term residence category, in effect since 2025 per a law firm's summary) | yes | remote work for a foreign employer or clients; income > ~€27,550/year (50 minimum wages); term up to 12 months with extension; Bulgarian clients prohibited | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | in Bulgaria buying property usually does not give a residence permit — not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages | No: the regime does not allow work for Bulgarian employers and services to Bulgarian clients. | Tax: with residency (183+ days) a flat rate of 10% (per a law firm's retelling, not verified against the law). | null | null | Only one source — the law firm LexSofia; Did not open the law (Foreigners Act / NK/NSI threshold) or the Ministry of Interior/Migration website. A search turned up a 03.02.2026 item 'Bulgaria launches digital nomad visa' — discrepancy in launch dates (2025 vs 2026), not resolved. Admission of family (children) not chec... | partial | false | https://lexsofia.com/2025/09/23/digital-nomads-in-bulgaria-visa-and-residence/ [law_firm]; https://globetrender.com/2026/02/03/bulgaria-digital-nomad-visa/ [blog] | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Bosnia | conditional | Temporary residence via real estate + a remote work certificate (Law on Foreigners, amendments) | n_a | there is no separate digital nomad visa; remote work is resolved by an amendment to the Aliens Act (up to 90 days in 180) | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | conditional | Residence permit by real estate exists; the right to work remotely for a foreign employer — via a permit certificate from the foreigners' service | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages | No: services to local employers are prohibited. | A certificate (work certificate) from the Foreigners Service is needed; remote work period up to 90 of 180 days per a retelling. | null | null | Not clarified: whether the 90/180 day limit applies to holders of a temporary residence permit (via real estate) or only to visa-free stay — the article does not distinguish. The article of the law and the Service website were not opened. | partial | false | https://ceelegalmatters.com/briefings/25426-remote-work-in-bosnia-and-herzegovina [law_firm] | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Brazil | yes | VITEM XIV — digital nomad (Normative Resolution CNIg/MJSP 45/2021) | yes | income from abroad from USD 1,500/month or account balance from USD 18,000; 1 year with a 1-year extension; work for Brazilian sources is not permitted | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | the text of the resolution as retold contains no provisions on family — not clarified | unknown | right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages | No: working for Brazilian employers is excluded (art. 1 §2 per the retelling). | null | null | null | Income amount/term — per the text of the resolution on a law firm's website; the gov.br/MRE pages (consulates) are closed behind a captcha. Later changes to the threshold are possible — not checked. | partial | false | https://oliveiralawyers.com/services/immigration/digital-nomad-visa/vitem-xiv-regulation-cnig-mjsp-45-sep-9-2021/ [law_firm]; https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/embaixada-sofia/vitem-xiv-digital-nomad [official] | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
United Kingdom | conditional | Standard Visitor (Appendix Visitor: Permitted Activities, PA 4(h)): activities relating to overseas employment may be done remotely from within the UK if this is not the primary purpose of the visit; stay up to 6 months. For longer residence the question depends on a work-rights permit (for example Global Talent, which... | n_a | The GOV.UK list of work visas names no digital nomad or remote worker visa (GOV.UK, Work visas page). The only remote-work rule found is the Standard Visitor activity in PA 4(h). | n_a | The GOV.UK list of work visas contains no retirement or passive income route; the Investor visa (Tier 1) is listed as closed to new applicants (GOV.UK, Work visas page). | conditional | Global Talent permission allows work including self-employment, except as a professional sportsperson (Immigration Rules, Appendix Global Talent, GT 7.3(b)); the route needs an endorsement or prestigious prize and is limited to leaders or potential leaders in academia or research, arts and culture, or digital technolog... | n_a | No route based on property ownership appears in the GOV.UK list of work visas (GOV.UK, Work visas page); the page covers work routes only, family and study routes were not listed there. | conditional | Dependent partners and children of Global Talent holders may work, except as a professional sportsperson or sports coach (Appendix Global Talent, GT 24.3(b)). The GOV.UK partner/spouse page does not state work rights. | conditional | Student visa: work depends on the course and term time; being self-employed is listed among the things a student cannot do (GOV.UK, Student visa: work). Work for an overseas employer is not addressed on that page. | Visitors may not do other paid or unpaid work in the UK without a work visa; work for a UK customer must be done outside the UK (Appendix Visitor: Permitted Activities, PA 4(g); GOV.UK, Visit on business). Global Talent permission places no client restriction in GT 7.3(b). | Not clarified for the visitor route. A person who is UK resident for tax normally pays UK tax on all income, including foreign income; residence turns on days spent in the UK and the Statutory Residence Test (GOV.UK, Tax on foreign income: residence). | Not clarified: the official pages reviewed do not address permanent-establishment or payroll risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in the UK. | Working while disqualified by immigration status is a criminal offence for a person who knows or has reasonable cause to believe it: up to 51 weeks' imprisonment and/or a fine in England and Wales, up to 6 months and/or a fine in Scotland and Northern Ireland (Immigration Act 1971, s. 24B). Employer civil penalty amoun... | Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: GOV.UK (Appendix Visitor: Permitted Activities; Standard Visitor, Visit on business; Work visas; Global Talent; Appendix Global Talent; Student visa work; Tax on foreign income residence), legislation.gov.uk (Immigration Act 1971, s. 24B). Classification: conditional, effectivel... | partial | false | https://www.gov.uk/guidance/immigration-rules/immigration-rules-appendix-visitor-permitted-activities [official]; https://www.gov.uk/standard-visitor/visit-on-business [official]; https://www.gov.uk/browse/visas-immigration/work-visas [official]; https://www.gov.uk/global-talent [official]; https://www.gov.uk/guidance/... | 2026-10-22 | effectively_no | Remote work for an overseas employer is formally allowed for Standard Visitors (up to 6 months, not the primary purpose of the visit), but no residence permit exists for remote work and the permits with general work rights need an employer sponsor, an endorsement or a start-up route. |
Hungary | conditional | White Card (Hungarian Digital Nomad Residence Permit, since 2022) | yes | €3,000 net per month for at least 6 months before entry and throughout the whole term; 1 year + one extension for 1 year; the purpose of the residence permit cannot be changed during and after the White Card; work only for an employer or company outside Hungary, no business activity in Hungary; decision in 21 days (max... | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | no | Officially (oif.gov.hu): family members of a White Card holder are not issued a family reunification residence permit, the exception being children born during the validity of the card. For the sample adult's children the route is closed; critical. | unknown | right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages | No: work for a Hungarian legal entity is not allowed; one cannot hold a share in a profitable Hungarian legal entity. | null | null | null | Primary source opened on 04.10.2026 (oif.gov.hu). | partial | false | https://helpers.hu/residence-permit/white-card-residency-for-digital-nomads-in-hungary/ [aggregator]; https://oif.gov.hu/factsheets/white-card-residency-for-digital-nomads [official] | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Vietnam | unknown | None identified for remote work for a foreign employer. The statute provides e-visa and tourist (DL) visas of up to 90 days, and work visas LD1 (work-permit exemption certificate) and LD2 (work permit) of up to 2 years for a foreigner who works in Vietnam. | unknown | The visa symbols in Article 8 of the consolidated Law on Entry, Exit, Transit and Residence of Foreigners (No. 30/VBHN-VPQH, 2 August 2023, text as reproduced on dulieuphapluat.vn) include NG, LV, LS, DT, DN, NN, DH, HN, PV, LD, DL, TT, VR, SQ and EV, with no digital nomad or remote-work category; this was not confirme... | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | unknown | Not checked on official pages. Decree 219/2025/ND-CP lists investor/owner and service-contract cases among the forms of working in Vietnam (Article 2) and exempts an owner or capital-contributing member of a limited liability company above a stated capital threshold from a work permit (Article 7); text as reproduced on... | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | conditional | TT visa: certain spouses and minor children of holders of listed visas, and parents, spouses or children of Vietnamese citizens; temporary residence card for TT up to 3 years (Law No. 30/VBHN-VPQH, Articles 8 and 38). Whether these relatives may work was not checked. | unknown | DH visa for study or internship exists, with a temporary residence card of up to 5 years (Law No. 30/VBHN-VPQH, Articles 8 and 38); the right to work remotely for a foreign employer on it was not checked. | Not clarified on the official pages: the statute and decree reviewed do not address a foreigner serving clients in Vietnam outside a labour contract; Decree 219/2025/ND-CP treats performing contracts and providing services under contracts as forms of working in Vietnam (Article 2). | The Vietnam Immigration Department portal offers an online temporary residence declaration for foreigners (immigration.gov.vn). Tax registration and social security duties of a remote worker are not clarified on the official pages reviewed. | Not clarified: the official pages reviewed do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in Vietnam. Decree 219/2025/ND-CP, Article 18(6)(c), refers to working for a foreign enterprise without a commercial presence in Vietnam for at least 24 months in a service-contract ca... | Decree 12/2022/ND-CP, Article 32(3)(a), as summarised by english.luatvietnam.vn: a fine of VND 15 million to 25 million for a foreigner working in Vietnam without a work permit or exemption certificate, plus forced exit or deportation. The Law Article 10(4)(c) states that a foreigner who comes to work in Vietnam shall ... | Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Vietnam Immigration Department portal (immigration.gov.vn; lists services only, no rules). The e-visa portals evisa.gov.vn and thithucdientu.gov.vn blocked fetching (robots.txt) and the national legal database vbpl.vn returned an error. The legal texts were read as reproduced on... | estimate | false | https://immigration.gov.vn/ [official]; https://dulieuphapluat.vn/van-ban/van-ban-moi/integrated-document-no-30-vbhn-vpqh-dated-august-02-2023-law-on-entry-exit-transit-and-residence-of-foreigners-in-vietnam-1196501.html [aggregator]; https://english.luatvietnam.vn/decree-no-219-2025-nd-cp-dated-august-07-2025-of-the-g... | 2026-10-22 | null | null |
Greece | yes | Digital Nomad Visa / Digital Nomad Residence Permit (Law 4825/2021) | yes | income from €3,500/month (+20% for a spouse, +15% for each child — for the sample household ~€4,550/month, calculated by the portal's formula); visa for up to 1 year, then a 2-year residence permit; work only for employers/clients outside Greece | unknown | FIP route: conditions not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | Golden visa: conditions not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages | No: working for Greek companies is prohibited (permanently or as a freelancer). | null | null | null | The Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs confirms the programme and refers to the portal workfromgreece.gr (the official programme portal) where the conditions are described; Did not open the page of the law itself. When the older child turns 18, the threshold calculation may change — not clarified. Family: the threshold ... | verified | false | https://www.mfa.gr/en/services/working-in-greece-as-a-digital-nomad/ [official]; https://workfromgreece.gr/ [official] | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Georgia | conditional | A separate residence permit or work permit for services to foreign clients is not needed PROVIDED that all clients are non-residents and the services relate to their activity outside Georgia: art. 1(4) of the law on labour migration (version of 25.06.2026, matsne) takes such services outside the scope of the law. The e... | conditional | Remotely from Georgia programme (visa/visa-free stay up to 12 months, income $2,000/month, no extension; armenian-lawyer.com — law firm). Separate IT-nomad residence permit: IT experience 2+ years and $25,000/year (pbservices) — a data analyst may not qualify. Since April 2026 these requirements are not mandatory for r... | unknown | not checked on official pages | conditional | Parliament of Georgia, 15.04.2026: the law does not apply to someone who provides services to a non-resident if «such activities are related to operations carried out outside the territory of Georgia». Gegidze (law firm): «You can live in Tbilisi full-time and still be fully exempt, provided your clients are non-Georgi... | conditional | Residence permit via real estate (conditions not checked on official pages) — the right to work under this programme was not separately verified; for remote work, non-residents do not need a work permit (amendments 04.2026). | n_a | The sample adult has no relatives who are Georgian citizens. | unknown | Student residence permit: not verified. | A work permit (self-employed) is needed via labourmigration.moh.gov.ge: per Gegidze, a foreign sole proprietor (IE) selling services to Georgian clients in Georgia remains under the regime. Data on turnover thresholds are contradictory (pbservices: GEL 50,000 turnover and income ≥5 subsistence minimums; expathub: GEL 5... | A sole proprietor is registered at the House of Justice and the Revenue Service (RS); with Small Business Status — 1% of turnover, monthly return. Tax residency — 183+ days. | Not clarified. Did not find an official position on the PE of a foreign client because of a sole-proprietor worker in Georgia. | For illegal labour activity: a fine of GEL 2,000 on the employer and on the employee (for each), for a repeat offence — doubled (GEL 4,000), then GEL 12,000 (mkdlaw, Revera — law firms; Did not open the text of the law on matsne.gov.ge). Work in a 'remote without entry' mode is an exception; Revera: «Entering Georgia w... | Officially confirmed (parliament.ge, 15.04.2026, 75 votes): the law does not apply to those who «provides services to a non-resident entity, where such activities are related to operations carried out outside the territory of Georgia», and to remote work for a local employer without entering the country. The exact text... | verified | true | https://www.parliament.ge/en/print/news/sakanonmdeblo-organom-shromiti-migratsiis-shesakheb-kanonshi-tsvlileba-mesame-mosmenit-miigho [official]; https://www.gegidze.com/post/georgia-cancels-labour-permit-requirement-for-expats [law_firm]; https://ge.andersen.com/?p=8495 [law_firm]; https://georgia.revera.legal/en/info... | 2026-10-07 | ok | The law of 15.04.2026 removes from the work permit requirement services to non-residents if the client's activity is conducted outside Georgia. |
Denmark | unknown | null | unknown | No digital nomad or remote-work residence scheme appears on the official pages that could be opened (the Work page of the Danish immigration portal nyidanmark.dk and the Start-up Denmark page list none); the full list of work schemes on nyidanmark.dk was not available, so absence is not established (nyidanmark.dk). | unknown | not checked on official pages | conditional | Start-up Denmark permit: the business idea must be approved by an expert panel, the applicant must be a full or partial owner with an active role, and the page states the permit "can only be granted to an active company from which business is conducted and in which there are real activities"; proof of funds for the fir... | unknown | not checked on official pages | conditional | Start-up Denmark: the permit can extend to a spouse, registered or cohabiting partner and children under 18 living at home, with higher proof of funds (DKK 306,480 with a spouse; DKK 356,904 with a spouse and children). Work rights of family members were not checked (nyidanmark.dk). | conditional | Non-EU students on a state-approved programme may work up to 90 hours per month from September to May and full-time in June, July and August; the page states that working more hours than the permit allows is illegal work. Remote work for a foreign employer is not addressed (Study in Denmark, official agency portal). | Not clarified on the official pages: the Start-up Denmark page does not say whether customers must be in Denmark or may be abroad; it limits work to the business named in the permit. | Not clarified on the official pages that could be opened: no page on tax, social security or business registration for a remote worker with a foreign employer was found (skat.dk page reached concerned only hydrocarbon tax and was not relevant). | Not clarified: the official pages reviewed do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in Denmark. Law-firm and audit-firm commentary on home-office permanent establishments exists but was not opened. | Not clarified: the penalty provisions of the Aliens Act were not opened; the Study in Denmark page states that working more hours than a student permit allows is considered illegal work and may affect the residence permit. | Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Danish immigration portal nyidanmark.dk (Work page, Start-up Denmark page, news item of 16 November 2023 on the exemption from the work permit requirement for affiliated companies), Study in Denmark (student jobs). Classification: unknown. The nyidanmark.dk Work page states "You... | estimate | false | https://www.nyidanmark.dk/en-GB/Applying/Work [official]; https://www.nyidanmark.dk/en-GB/Applying/Work/Start-up-Denmark [official]; https://nyidanmark.dk/en-GB/News-Front-Page/2023/11/New-rules-for-exemption-from-the-requirement-of-a-work-permit [official]; https://studyindenmark.dk/live-in-denmark/student-jobs [offic... | 2026-10-22 | null | null |
Dominican Republic | conditional | Residence as a rentier under Law 171-07 (stable income from abroad of at least US$2,000 per month) or ordinary temporary residence RT-9 (proof of economic solvency); the law lets residents carry out remunerated activity, but no official page addresses remote work for a foreign employer | n_a | The residence services page of the Dirección General de Migración (DGM) lists 15 residence services (RT-9, RT-3, RT-4, investor, rentier, pensioner and others) and none is a digital nomad or remote-work residence; the DGM resolutions page lists no resolution on digital nomads (DGM). An opinion piece in Dominican Today ... | yes | Rentier residence is for a beneficiary of a monthly or permanent income of at least US$2,000 from a company or agency of foreign origin; Law 171-07 art. 3 sets US$2,000 for rentiers and US$1,500 for pensioners, plus US$250 per dependent, and art. 6 requires stable income from abroad for not less than five years (DGM, L... | unknown | Not checked on official pages as a stand-alone route. The DGM lists an investor residence ("exclusively to make investments") and a residence for management or technical staff of a foreign company; their requirements were not opened. Law 285-04 art. 99 allows temporary residents to carry out remunerated or lucrative ac... | unknown | Not checked on official pages as a residence route; the DGM lists investment residence, requirements not opened. Law 171-07 art. 13 gives tax reductions on first-property transfers to rentiers and pensioners (DGM), which is not a residence route. | conditional | Law 171-07 art. 3 allows dependents to apply with the rentier or pensioner (US$250 per month extra income per dependent), and the pensioner page lists spouse and minor children, or children over 18 who depend on the holder because of study or disability (DGM). Right of dependents to work was not stated on the pages ope... | unknown | DGM resolution DGM-02-2022 regulates a student subcategory of RT-9 (proof of funds by self, family or scholarship) and does not address whether holders may work (DGM). | Not clarified on the official pages: Law 285-04 art. 99 lets temporary residents carry out remunerated or lucrative activities during the authorised stay without distinguishing local or foreign clients, while art. 101 penalises engaging in an activity different from the one stated in the entry documents (DGM). | Residents must obtain, keep valid and carry the migration identity document (Law 285-04 art. 25) and notify the DGM of a change of address (art. 73). Law 171-07 art. 15 provides that rentiers and pensioners may take paid work and that the salary is subject to Dominican taxes (DGM); the declared qualifying income is exe... | Not clarified: the official pages opened do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in the Dominican Republic. | Law 285-04 art. 56: a person who carries out labour activity without the proper card "será considerado como un extranjero ilegal, sujeto a deportación"; art. 101: foreigners staying illegally may not work, and that article also covers engaging in an activity different from that stated in the entry documents; art. 100: ... | Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Dirección General de Migración (residence services page, rentier, pensioner, RT-9 and RT-3 service pages, resolutions page, Resolution DGM-02-2022), Law 285-04 (General Migration Law) and Law 171-07 (special incentives for pensioners and rentiers from foreign sources) as hosted ... | partial | false | https://migracion.gob.do/en/servicios/residence/ [official]; https://migracion.gob.do/en/servicio/renter-residence/ [official]; https://migracion.gob.do/en/servicio/residence-for-investment-in-quality-of-retired-or-pensioned/ [official]; https://migracion.gob.do/en/servicio/temporaryresidence-rt-9/ [official]; https://... | 2026-10-22 | ok_with_note | The law allows residents (including rentiers, with the salary taxed) to take remunerated work, but no official page addresses remote work for a foreign employer, and the rentier permit rests on passive income of at least US$2,000 per month from abroad rather than on a salary. |
Egypt | conditional | Investment residence permit via real estate purchase ($50,000 — 1 year, $100,000 — 3 years, $200,000 — 5 years) | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | conditional | according to a law firm's overview, holders of an investment/real estate residence permit receive the right to work; remote work for foreign clients is not expressly stated | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages | Not determined. | null | null | null | The official source (Ministry of Interior/Immigration Service of Egypt) did not open. Real estate thresholds and work rights — as retold by the law firm Andersen Egypt. | estimate | false | https://eg.andersen.com/residency-permits-for-foreigners-egypt/ [law_firm] | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
India | unknown | No permit identified on official pages for remote work for a foreign employer. Law firms point to the Business visa (e-Business: 365 days, multiple entry, up to 180 days per visit); official pages describe it as a visa for conducting business with an Indian company or setting up a venture, and say it is not granted for... | n_a | The visa types listed on the Embassy of India in Warsaw page are Tourist, Entry (X), Business, Employment, Student, Transit, Journalist, Conference and Missionary; there is no digital nomad category. The eVisa portal lists e-Tourist, e-Business, e-Conference, e-Medical and e-Medical Attendant (Indian eVisa portal). | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | unknown | Not checked as a route for a freelancer with foreign clients. The Business visa 'is not granted for petty business/trade or money lending or full time employment' (Embassy of India, The Hague); a person who wants to work for an Indian company must apply for an Employment visa. | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | conditional | Entry (X) visa can be granted to dependents of Employment visa holders (Embassy of India, Warsaw). Whether dependents may work was not stated on the pages reviewed. | unknown | A Student visa category exists (Embassy of India, Warsaw); the right to work remotely for a foreign employer on it was not checked on official pages. | Not clarified on the official pages: the Business visa is described as 'given for conducting business with an Indian company or agency' (Embassy of India, The Hague), but the pages do not address a remote worker serving Indian clients. | Registration with the FRRO/FRO is mandatory for a stay of more than 180 days on a Business visa (Embassy of India, The Hague); on the e-Business visa registration is due within two weeks after the 180 days expire (Embassy of India, Muscat). Tax, social security and business registration duties are not clarified on the ... | Not clarified: the official pages reviewed do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer. A law firm (L&E Global) states that a remote worker making key management decisions or serving Indian clients may create a permanent establishment for the foreign company; not confirmed on an official p... | Not clarified: the text of the Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025 and of the Foreigners Act, 1946 could not be opened on an official page, so sanctions for working outside the terms of a visa are not established. Official visa pages state that the e-Visa 'is not allowed for employment' and that a tourist visa can onl... | Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Indian eVisa portal (indianvisaonline.gov.in, eVisa categories and the portal homepage), Embassy of India in The Hague (Business visa), Embassy of India in Warsaw (visa types), Embassy of India in Muscat (electronic visa). Classification: unknown. No official page reviewed says ... | estimate | false | https://www.indianembassynetherlands.gov.in/page/business-visa [official]; https://indianembassywarsaw.gov.in/page/visa_type [official]; https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/evisa/tvoa.html [official]; https://indianvisaonline.gov.in/ [official]; https://www.indemb-oman.gov.in/page/electronic-visa-issued-by-government-of-in... | 2026-10-22 | null | null |
Indonesia | conditional | E33G Remote Worker Visa / KITAS (Digital Nomad) | conditional | per a law firm: an employment relationship with a company outside Indonesia and income from USD 60,000/year; for a freelancer with clients — not confirmed | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | Second Home visa: conditions not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages | Not clarified; contact with Indonesian clients raises the risk (PE, local tax). | If the employee is employed only by a foreign employer without an Indonesian presence — local payroll/BPJS usually does not arise (per a law firm's summary). Tax residency — 183+ days in 12 months. | PE depends on having a 'business presence' in Indonesia: permanent services and work with local clients increase the risk. | null | The official immigration website (imigrasi.go.id) returned 403; information from the law firm L&E Global. The USD 60,000 per year threshold — per the law firm, not confirmed by a primary source; for a self-employed person/freelancer the wording 'employment agreement with a foreign company' may not fit. Duration and fam... | partial | false | https://leglobal.law/countries/employment-law-firm-indonesia/cross-border-remote-work-faqs-indonesia/ [law_firm] | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Ireland | no | Stamp 0 permission to reside as a person of independent means (retirement permission; individual income of EUR 50,000 per year); alternatives with a right to work are an employment permit (employer-specific), the Start-up Entrepreneur Programme, or Stamp 4 | n_a | The Immigration Service Delivery (ISD) pages for living in Ireland list an investment route and a retirement route, and the pages for working in Ireland list employment permits, Atypical Permission, the Start-up Entrepreneur Programme and the Van Der Elst process; no digital nomad or remote-work permission is listed (I... | conditional | Retirement permission (Stamp 0): individual income of EUR 50,000 per year from pension income or readily accessible funds, a lump sum for sudden major expenses, private medical insurance with full cover, finances certified by an Irish accountancy firm, no access to State benefits, D-Reside visa before entry if a visa i... | conditional | Start-up Entrepreneur Programme (STEP): EUR 50,000 funding and an innovative business proposal; the holder must work on the business full time and "is not permitted to be employed in any other capacity"; the guidelines grant permission to reside and work for two years, require the business to be headquartered and contr... | unknown | Not checked on official pages as a residence route. The ISD living page mentions an investment route (Immigrant Investor Programme); its current status and terms were not opened. | conditional | STEP: successful applicants and nominated family members are granted residence for two years (ISD STEP guidelines). Stamp 0 applicants must give details of all family members resident in the State (ISD). Right of family members to work was not established on the pages opened. | conditional | Stamp 2 (students on the ILEP): up to 20 hours of part-time work per week in term time; Stamp 2A holders may not engage in any business or profession (Citizens Information). Remote work for a foreign employer on a student permission was not addressed. | Not clarified on the official pages: the Stamp 0 condition bars any work, business, trade or profession without a letter of permission. For STEP, the guidelines say the scheme is not intended for retail, personal services, catering or similar businesses and expect the business to bring a product or service to internati... | Stamp 0: apply before arriving in Ireland; register the permission within 90 days of arrival, as "Failure to register your permission promptly may result in future applications or renewals being refused" (ISD). Tax, social security and business registration duties are not addressed by ISD; STEP guidelines state they co... | Not clarified on the official pages. Law firm L&E Global: non-EEA nationals need an employment permit or a relevant immigration permission before working in Ireland, whether remotely or not; a foreign company must register as a foreign employer with Revenue; permanent-establishment risk is assessed case by case under t... | Not clarified: the official pages opened do not state sanctions for working in breach of Stamp 0 conditions or without an employment permit (the Employment Permits Act text could not be opened). The ISD page notes that failure to register the permission may lead to refusal of future applications or renewals. | Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Immigration Service Delivery (irishimmigration.ie: retirement page, immigration permission stamps page, work and living pages, work FAQ, STEP page and STEP guidelines of September 2023), Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment (employment permits page) and Citizens Inform... | partial | false | https://www.irishimmigration.ie/living-in-ireland/i-want-to-retire-to-ireland/ [official]; https://www.irishimmigration.ie/coming-to-live-in-ireland/i-want-to-retire-to-ireland/ [official]; https://www.irishimmigration.ie/registering-your-immigration-permission/information-on-registering/immigration-permission-stamps/ ... | 2026-10-22 | null | null |
Italy | yes | Visto per nomadi digitali / lavoratori da remoto altamente qualificati (D.Lgs. 286/1998 art. 27 c.1 lett. q-bis, c.6 and art. 27-quater; interministerial decree of 29.02.2024, GU 04.04.2024) | yes | Direct purpose of the visa. Residence permit for up to 1 year, renewed annually if conditions are maintained; within 8 working days after entry — to the Questura. The client/employer may be either abroad or in Italy. | unknown | Elective residence (rentier): conditions and the right to work not checked on official pages; for work use the nomad visa. | conditional | Lavoro autonomo (self-employment): conditions not checked on official pages; for self-employed remote work, the nomad visa is simpler. | n_a | There is no residence permit route through real estate | n_a | Family reunification requires a resident/citizen relative; the sample adult has none, there is no separate route for this situation. | unknown | Study: working hours and conditions not checked on official pages. Remote work for a foreign client was not separately checked. | Yes: the employer or client may have a registered address either in Italy or abroad (Italian consulate in Benghazi; Andersen: not prohibited). | The Questura reports sending the permit to INPS and the tax service to check obligations (dottrinalavoro.it based on the text of the decree); regimes depend on bilateral agreements. Registration of P.IVA/sole proprietor (IE) for a 'digital nomad' (self-employed) and the specifics of contributions — not clarified. | The official position of the Agenzia delle Entrate on the PE of a foreign employer due to a remote worker was not found. | Not clarified (penalties for working without a permit under TUI 286/1998 not verified). | The income threshold differs: Benghazi consulate (06.2026) «three times the minimum level required for exemption from healthcare contributions» (≈ €25,500); the embassy in Pristina (old version) €25,500 (3×€8,500). Take the official figure of the consulates, but verify before filing. ambzagabria.esteri.it and ambpristi... | verified | true | https://consbengasi.esteri.it/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Digital-Nomads.pdf [official]; https://ambpristina.esteri.it/en/?p=5200 [official]; https://ambzagabria.esteri.it/it/?p=2334 [official]; https://it.andersen.com/en/italian-visa-for-digital-nomads-and-remote-workers/ [law_firm]; https://www.dottrinalavoro.it/notiz... | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Kazakhstan | yes | Neo Nomad Visa B12-1 (launched November 2024) | yes | B12-1: remote workers and digital entrepreneurs; income from $3,000/month from abroad; up to 1 year +1; work in Kazakhstan is not permitted. B9-1 — for IT specialists (Astana Hub petition), per a blog allows work for Kazakhstani companies | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages | B12-1: no, work in Kazakhstan is not permitted; B9-1: per a blog — allows work for Kazakhstani companies. | null | null | null | B9-1 is for IT specialists (requires a petition from Astana Hub), while B12-1 is intended for remote work for foreign employers. The gov.kz Ministry of Foreign Affairs page did not render (requires JS) — data from a mirror publication and a blog. Whether data analysis fits the IT sphere of B9-1 — not clarified. | partial | false | https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mfa-hague/press/news/details/934079?lang=en [official]; https://www.society.at/kazakhstan-introduces-new-visa-options-for-skilled-professionals-and-digital-nomads [aggregator]; https://about-kazakhstan.com/kazakhstan-digital-nomad-visa/ [blog] | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Canada | conditional | Visitor status (visitor up to 6 months) — there is no separate DN visa | conditional | a visitor may work remotely for a foreign employer/as self-employed for up to 6 months; does not give a residence permit; hiring by a Canadian employer after entry requires a work permit | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages | No: working for a Canadian employer requires a work permit. | null | null | null | The source is a retelling of IRCC recommendations on CIC News; the official IRCC page could not be opened (404 on a guessed address). No long-term residence permit for a remote worker, hence 'conditional' (short-term only). | partial | false | https://www.cicnews.com/2024/01/ircc-clarifies-requirements-for-foreign-nationals-coming-to-canada-as-digital-nomads-0142666.html [aggregator] | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Cyprus | yes | Digital Nomad Visa / Digital Nomad Permit (temporary residence permit, Civil Registry and Migration Department of the Republic of Cyprus) | yes | Residence permit for 1 year, renewable for 2 years (up to 3 years); net income ≥€3,500/month (+20% for a spouse, +15% per child); insurance, housing (lease/ownership), clean criminal record; fee €70; processing 5–7 weeks; the application is filed within 3 months after entry; the family cannot work in Cyprus. Tax reside... | conditional | Category F (permanent residence permit without the right to do business in Cyprus; income ≥€9,568 + €4,613 per family member): per the Mondaq article 'the applicant must not engage in business, trade or profession while in Cyprus', while the income source is named as 'salaries of employment abroad' — the article does n... | unknown | Startup visa (innovative-business route): conditions not checked on official pages; not a path for remote work for foreign clients; not verified. | unknown | Permanent residence permit for buying real estate (conditions not checked on official pages). Ibccs.tax: holders of Category F / 6.2 can obtain a special permit only for holding shares/unpaid directorship — i.e. work in Cyprus is restricted; remote work for a foreign client is not officially addressed. | n_a | Family reunification requires a resident/citizen relative; the sample adult has none, there is no separate route for this situation. | unknown | Student residence permit (conditions not checked on official pages); right to remote work not verified. | The official page does not directly mention Cypriot clients; the ban on working for Cypriot employers/clients is per law firms (Zenolegal: 'you cannot take a job with a Cyprus employer or sell services to Cyprus-based clients on this permit'; lawyer.com.cy/Legal 500 — a declaration at filing). Confirmed from a secondar... | Tax residency: 183 days or the 60-day rule (Zenolegal, Deloitte, Kyprianou). | The official position of the Cyprus tax authority (TFA) on the PE of a foreign employer due to an employee on the DNV was not found. Deloitte/KPMG describe tax benefits but not PE. | Ibccs.tax (law firm) citing Aliens and Immigration Regulation 14: holders of a visitor permit are prohibited from any work and business; in case of violation the permit is cancelled, possible entry on the "stop list". For the DNV did not find a specific sanction in open sources. | The main question is the quota and its status: Cyprus Mail (08.2025): annual limit 500, exhausted in 2023 and «no new quota was issued» — intake is effectively stopped; Kyprianou: applications resumed on 24.03.2025 (quota not specified); Zenolegal (2026): the limit was raised to 1,000 (10.2025) and intake is under way.... | verified | true | https://www.lawyer.com.cy/what-is-digital-nomad-visa/ [law_firm]; https://www.legal500.com/intelligence/cyprus/immigration/digital-nomads-in-cyprus [law_firm]; https://www.kyprianou.com/?p=18450 [law_firm]; https://www.deloitte.com/cy/en/services/tax/perspectives/introduction-of-the-digital-nomad-visa-in-the-republic-o... | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
China | unknown | None identified for remote work for a foreign employer. Official pages describe a work permit plus a work-type residence permit (Z visa) tied to a Chinese employer, and, from 2025-10-01, a K visa for young foreign science and technology talent that does not require a Chinese employer or inviting organization. | unknown | No digital nomad category appears among the visa categories shown on the Chinese visa application service center page (F, M, L, Z, X1, X2, S1, S2, Q1, Q2, R); not confirmed against a complete list on a National Immigration Administration or Ministry of Foreign Affairs page, which could not be opened. The K visa in forc... | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | unknown | Not checked on official pages. The visa application service center page describes the M visa as 'Issued to those who are invited to China for commercial and trade activities', which is tied to an invitation and is not a freelancer route. | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | conditional | S1 visa: relatives of foreigners working or studying in China for a long-term visit; Q1 visa: family members of Chinese citizens or of foreigners with Chinese permanent residence (visa application service center). The official pages reviewed do not say whether these relatives may work. | unknown | X1 visa exists for study of more than 180 days (visa application service center); whether a student may work remotely for a foreign employer was not checked on official pages. | Not clarified on the official pages: none of the pages reviewed addresses serving clients in China from a residence permit without a Chinese employer. | Not clarified on the official pages for remote work. The general norm is that a foreigner who works in China obtains a work permit and a work-type residence permit (Exit and Entry Administration Law, Article 41, as quoted by the Shanghai government). Tax and social security registration duties were not found on the off... | Not clarified: the official pages reviewed do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in China. A law firm (L&E Global) states that the worker may be treated as a permanent establishment of the foreign company, depending on the period of service and whether the activity... | Exit and Entry Administration Law, Article 80 (text reproduced by China Daily): a foreigner working illegally is fined RMB 5,000 to 20,000 and, in serious cases, detained for 5 to 15 days; an individual or entity illegally employing a foreigner is fined RMB 10,000 per foreigner, capped at RMB 100,000, with illegal gain... | Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Shanghai municipal government (English FAQ on working in Shanghai, policy page of 2024-03-26, K visa news of 2025-08-15), Wuxi municipal government (K visa), Chinese visa application service center portal (visa categories) and the text of the Exit and Entry Administration Law as... | partial | false | https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-FAQS-WorkinShanghai/20231212/01e447daca624101804f5dc96c79d26b.html [official]; https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-Latest-WhatsNew/20250815/a90d80ad68914d3291f4d3f08095ab7b.html [official]; https://en.wuxi.gov.cn/2025-08/15/c_1117196.htm [official]; https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-P... | 2026-10-22 | null | null |
Colombia | yes | Visa V (Visitante) — Nómada Digital (Resolución 5477/2022 Ministry of Foreign Affairs) | yes | income from 3 SMLMV (minimum wages) per bank statements; up to 2 years; no right to work for persons residing in Colombia; beneficiaries are admitted | unknown | retiree route: conditions not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages | No: 'does not allow work or paid activity with a legal entity or individual residing in the country'. | null | null | null | One official source (Cancillería nomogram), the text of the DN article was opened; a second source was not sought. The 3 SMLMV amount in pesos was not derived (depends on the year). | partial | false | https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/sites/default/files/Normograma/docs/resolucion_minrelaciones_5477_2022.htm [official] | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Costa Rica | yes | Visa de Nómada Digital (Ley 10008 'Ley para atraer trabajadores remotos y de servicios internacionales') | yes | income from $3,000/month (with dependants $4,000), 12 months of bank statements; 12 months + 1 extension; tax on foreign income is not levied (per a law firm) | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages | No: it does not give the right to local employment and providing services to clients in Costa Rica. | null | null | null | The official Migración site (migracion.go.cr) returned 403; data from the law firm AG Legal. The named law (Ley 10008) — by general reputation and by the headline of the material, the text of the law was not opened. Children — dependants up to 25 years, each needs insurance and a $100 contribution (per the law firm). | partial | false | https://aglegal.com/es/temas-generales/requisitos-para-aplicar-como-nomadas-digitales/ [law_firm] | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Kyrgyzstan | yes | 'Digital nomad' programme (portal dnomad.e-gov.kg; law on the status signed 30.04.2025) | yes | The platform dnomad.e-gov.kg was launched on 15.12.2025 (24.kg): a status for foreigners working remotely; first 60 days, then 1 year with annual extension up to 10 years; the income threshold and list of documents are not named in the article. The previous entry "launch unclear" is outdated. | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages | null | null | null | null | Not established: the conditions of dnomad.e-gov.kg (income, documents, taxes); the portal page itself was not read. The classification yes is based on the launch announcement and on EAEU membership. | partial | false | https://dnomad.e-gov.kg [official]; https://andysto.com/has-kyrgyzstan-launched-a-digital-nomad-visa-the-answer-is-unclear/ [blog]; https://24.kg/english/354673_Kyrgyzstan_launches_electronic_platform_for_obtaining_Digital_Nomad_status/amp/ [media] | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Latvia | conditional | Long-stay visa for remote work (PMLP) | conditional | employer or business in an OECD country; income ≥ €4,213/month (2.5 times the average gross salary); 1 year; no right to work in Latvia | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | the PMLP material does not specify provisions for family members | unknown | right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages | No: 'Remote work visa recipients do not have the right to employment in the Republic of Latvia'. | null | The employer/self-employed activity must be registered in an OECD country; employment certificate from the tax authority of an OECD country. | null | One official source (PMLP), the second not searched. The income threshold is dynamic. | partial | false | https://pmlp.gov.lv/en/article/obtaining-long-stay-visa-remote-work [official] | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Lithuania | unknown | None established on official pages for remote work for a foreign employer; no digital nomad visa found | unknown | Not established: the European Migration Network contact point in Lithuania (item dated 14 September 2022) lists Lithuania among states that do not have a digital nomad visa and are considering one; no later official page announcing such a visa was found, and a 2026 secondary review also reports none (EMN Lithuania). Th... | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | conditional | The Migration Department (news of 28 June 2024) lists among those who do not need a Lithuanian residence permit to work 'entrepreneurs who are company shareholders and managers', provided they arrive legally and meet the criteria; the criteria and the route for an individual sole trader were not established. An English... | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | unknown | Not checked on official pages; a law-firm summary (Triniti, 2026) states that first- and second-year undergraduate students may work no more than 20 hours per week. | Not clarified on the official pages: no statement found on whether a permit holder working remotely for a foreign employer may also serve clients in Lithuania. | Not clarified: no official page found on tax or social security registration for a remote worker employed abroad. Secondary source (Triniti, law firm): from 1 November 2026 a residence permit application may be submitted only by a foreign national who has a valid legal basis to stay. | Not clarified: the official pages reviewed do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in Lithuania. | Working without a valid permit is illegal and employers who break the rules face administrative liability; an employer fined for illegal or undeclared work cannot hire new foreigners for one year (Migration Department, 28 June 2024). Fine amounts and the article of the Code of Administrative Offences were not found. | Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Migration Department under the Ministry of the Interior (news of 28 June 2024 and of 12 August 2024), European Migration Network contact point in Lithuania (item of 14 September 2022), Invest Lithuania FAQ, e-Seimas (English translation of the Law on the Legal Status of Aliens, ... | estimate | false | https://migracija.lrv.lt/en/news/foreigners-who-wish-to-work-in-lithuania-will-have-to-obtain-lithuanian-residence-permits-exceptions-will-only-apply-in-certain-cases [official]; https://migracija.lrv.lt/en/news/lithuania-ends-work-permit-exemption-for-foreigners-without-temporary-protection/ [official]; https://www.em... | 2026-10-22 | null | null |
Luxembourg | unknown | null | unknown | No digital nomad or remote-work residence authorisation is named on the Guichet.lu pages opened (self-employed, investor, private reasons, salaried, student, family member, less than 90 days); the complete list of residence authorisations was not available, so absence is not established (Guichet.lu). | conditional | Residence for private reasons by self-sufficiency: the applicant lives off own resources, such as income "from a professional activity carried out in another Member State of the European Union or the Schengen Area" or a pension, assessed against the monthly social minimum wage for unskilled workers; the page states onl... | conditional | Self-employed residence permit: qualifications, sufficient resources, a business and financing plan and an outline consent from the Ministry of the Economy (business permit) are required; the activity must serve Luxembourg's interests and require the applicant's "presence on Luxembourg territory"; temporary authorisati... | no | Investor residence permit (valid up to 3 years) requires at least EUR 500,000 in a Luxembourg company or higher amounts in other structures; real estate does not qualify (Guichet.lu). | conditional | A third-country national holding a family member residence permit may work as an employee or self-employed without a prior work permit; the work note on the card no longer has effect from 1 September 2023 (Guichet.lu). | conditional | A student residence permit allows a salaried job limited to an average of 15 hours per week over a month outside study time (with exceptions for holidays and doctoral research); the employer must declare the hiring to the General Department of Immigration. Remote work for a foreign employer is not addressed (Guichet.lu... | Not clarified on the official pages: the pages opened do not address remote work for foreign clients or employers, nor serving local clients from a remote-work status. | Not clarified on the official pages for remote work for a foreign employer. For employees hired in Luxembourg the employer must notify the start of employment to the immigration authorities within 3 working days (Guichet.lu, student page); the self-employed route requires affiliation with Luxembourg social security for... | Not clarified: the official pages reviewed do not address permanent-establishment, payroll or social security risk for a foreign employer of a worker resident in Luxembourg. | Not clarified: Guichet.lu states only that employers who employ third-country workers without a valid authorisation "may face administrative and criminal sanctions"; no amounts or articles are given on the page. | Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Guichet.lu (less than 90 days: work page and visit page; self-employed, investor, private reasons, salaried, student and family-member pages for stays over 3 months). Classification: unknown. Guichet.lu states that a third-country national who wants to work in Luxembourg for les... | estimate | false | https://guichet.public.lu/en/citoyens/immigration/moins-3-mois/ressortissant-tiers/sejour-travail.html [official]; https://guichet.public.lu/en/citoyens/immigration/visite/travail/pays-tiers/sejour.html [official]; https://guichet.public.lu/en/citoyens/immigration/plus-3-mois/ressortissant-tiers/raisons-privees/sejour-... | 2026-10-22 | null | null |
Malaysia | yes | DE Rantau Nomad Pass (Digital Nomad Pass) | yes | income > USD 24,000/year; 3–12 months with extension for 12 (total up to 24 months); spouse and children under 18; for freelancers per the source local clients are permitted — not officially confirmed | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | MM2H / Investor Pass: conditions not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | right to work on a student permit not checked on official pages | According to Deloitte: freelancers may have local clients, 'remote workers' only foreign employers; verify the wording with MDEC/Imigresen. | null | null | null | The official Imigresen page did not open (404 at a guessed address); data from the Deloitte Malaysia PDF. Taxes and registration obligations were not verified. | partial | false | https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/my/Documents/tax/my-tax-immigration-updates-de-rantau-programme.pdf [law_firm] | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Malta | conditional | Nomad Residence Permit (Residency Malta Agency): one year, renewable up to three times (four years in total), for remote work as an employee of a foreign-registered employer, as a business owner of a foreign-registered company, or as a freelancer/consultant for clients with a permanent establishment abroad | conditional | Nomad Residence Permit is open to third-country nationals who can work remotely using telecommunications; the applicant must fall under one of three categories (employed by a foreign-registered employer under a contract of work; owner/partner of a foreign-registered company; freelance or consulting services to clients ... | unknown | Not checked on official pages in detail. The Identita expatriates portal lists an 'Economic Self-Sufficiency' application among the non-EU 'other purposes' routes; its terms and any right to work were not opened (Identita expatriates portal). | conditional | Inside the Nomad Residence Permit, freelance or consulting services are allowed for clients whose permanent establishments are in a foreign country under contracts with those clients; the tax rules add that services must be for clients who do not reside in Malta and be provided remotely (Residency Malta Agency; Malta T... | unknown | Not checked on official pages. The Nomad permit needs a property rental or purchase agreement, but no route to residence through real estate was opened on an official page (Residency Malta Agency). | conditional | Nomad FAQ: eligible dependants are a spouse, minor children and certain adult children; dependants cannot be added after payment or approval, only at renewal (Residency Malta Agency FAQ v.12). The right of dependants to work was not stated on the pages opened. Family reunification is listed as a separate application on... | unknown | A Study application is listed on the Identita expatriates portal among non-EU 'other purposes' routes; whether a student permit allows remote work for a foreign employer is not stated on the pages opened (Identita expatriates portal). | No: permit holders 'cannot offer their services or be engaged in any economic activity with employers/companies based/registered in Malta', and persons 'providing services to Malta based companies or individuals are ineligible' (Residency Malta Agency FAQ v.12); serving a foreign company's Maltese subsidiary is also no... | Main applicants are automatically registered for tax with the Malta Tax and Customs Administration after receiving the Nomad Residence Card; income from authorised work is not taxable in the first 12 months from the later of the permit issue date or 1 January 2024, then taxed at 10%; other income is taxed at the ordina... | Malta Tax and Customs Administration rules: the employer must not be resident in Malta and must not trade in Malta through a fixed place of business; 'Eligible applicants will not be subject to FSS payments' and the non-resident employer avoids the usual Maltese employment-related requirements provided it does not beco... | The Agency 'reserves the right to revoke the Nomad Residence Permit should it become aware of such activity' (work for Maltese companies); failure to report an address change may also lead to revocation; the Agency's decision is final with no appeal (FAQ v.12). Fines or criminal sanctions for unauthorised work were not... | Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Residency Malta Agency (Nomad Residence Permit home page, Nomad eligibility page, Nomad FAQ v.12 PDF), Malta Tax and Customs Administration (Nomad guidelines PDF, file dated 12-03-2026) and the Identita expatriates portal. Classification: conditional, works in practice with a no... | partial | false | https://nomad.residencymalta.gov.mt/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Nomad-FAQs-v.12.pdf [official]; https://nomad.residencymalta.gov.mt/nomad-eligibility/ [official]; https://nomad.residencymalta.gov.mt/ [official]; https://mtca.gov.mt/docs/default-source/documents/personal-tax/legal-and-technical/guidelines/nomad-guideline... | 2026-10-22 | ok_with_note | The Nomad Residence Permit works for a remote employee, company owner or freelancer with a foreign employer or foreign clients, but needs gross income of at least EUR 42,000 per year, excludes Maltese employers and Maltese-based clients, and is closed to EU, EEA and Swiss nationals and to a list of nationalities curren... |
Mexico | yes | Residente temporal (by proof of income or savings) | conditional | There is no separate nomad visa; the path is the same temporal residence permit; per the official consulate page, work paid from abroad is permitted (see passive_income). | yes | Official consulate page: the residente temporal visa (term of more than 180 days, up to 4 years) «allows work» if the remuneration is paid abroad; to work in Mexico the employer must obtain INM permission; a resident card is needed within 30 days after entry. The page does not name income/savings thresholds (per blogs ... | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | unknown | Real estate route: amount not checked on official pages; right to work not verified | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | no | The student path does not give the "work" goal; not verified in detail | null | Not clarified. Tax: >183 days in a year = tax resident with worldwide income (per a blog, not per SAT law). | null | null | Primary source partially opened 04.10.2026: the consulate page (SRE), not the text of the Ley de Migración and not INM. Remains unestablished: amounts under the law, tax residency >183 days. | partial | false | https://lorad.mx/?p=2171 [blog]; https://consulmex.sre.gob.mx/presidio/index.php/visas/30-visas/158-residente-temporal [official] | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Moldova | yes | Digital nomad visa/residence permit (launched 20.09.2025, up to 2 years with extension) | yes | Working remotely for a company outside Moldova or owning a share in it; up to 2 years; local work prohibited; insurance, housing | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | conditional | Dependants via sponsorship, higher income thresholds possible | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | No: local employment is not permitted under this visa. | Registration with the migration police after approval (per the source). | null | null | One source (law firm). Income threshold not found. The "company/share" structure may require a foreign legal entity for a freelancer — not verified. The official BMA website did not open. | partial | false | https://eiglaw.com/moldova-launches-digital-nomad-visa-to-attract-global-talent/ [law_firm] | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Netherlands | conditional | Self-employed residence permit (zelfstandige / self-employed person; RVO points, KvK) — the only route without a Dutch employer; startup residence permit (1 year, facilitator) — only for an innovative startup | n_a | There is no separate digital nomad visa (ibanet: "a specific visa for remote work is not (yet) one of them"; iamexpat; Expatica). | unknown | not checked on official pages | conditional | IND (verified): KvK; RVO points-based (≥30 in each of the three areas, or 45+45 for experience and business plan); residence permit up to 2 years. NOT in the record, but on the page: «If you are a freelancer, you must have one or more commissions in the Netherlands» and «Your product or service needs to be of essential... | n_a | No residence permit via real estate in the Netherlands. | n_a | The sample adult has no Dutch relatives; the kennismigrant's family receives a residence permit automatically — only with their own sponsored employment. | unknown | Student residence permit: working hours not checked on official pages; remote work for a foreign employer not verified. | For a freelancer's residence permit the IND requires "one or more commissions in the Netherlands" (official). The page has no ban on foreign clients, but no permission either; ibanet — law firm only. | KvK registration is mandatory for the self-employed; taxes and social insurance in NL. | L&E Global (law firms): if a remote worker works only for a foreign employer and has no contact with the local market, no PE arises. Did not find an official position of the Dutch tax authority. | Not clarified: penalties under the Wet arbeid vreemdelingen found only as court decisions (Raad van State) and a legal blog, not read in detail. | remote_allowed is left as conditional only because ibanet describes a scheme via a payrolling agent (a local sponsoring employer seconds the employee to a foreign client; the salary must match the required level) - this is only a law firm, the salary threshold and applicability to the sample adult are not verified. Wit... | partial | true | https://ind.nl/en/residence-permits/work/residence-permit-self-employed-person [official]; https://ind.nl/en/residence-permits/work/start-up [official]; https://ind.nl/en/residence-permits/work/highly-skilled-migrant [official]; https://www.ibanet.org/remote-working-and-digital-nomads-dutch-perspective [law_firm]; http... | 2026-10-07 | effectively_no | The only route without a Dutch employer is the self-employed residence permit, and for it the IND requires commissions in the Netherlands ("one or more commissions in the Netherlands"). |
New Zealand | conditional | Visitor Visa (remote work for a foreign employer is officially permitted); residence permits for a remote worker not checked on official pages | n_a | There is no digital nomad visa; on a Visitor Visa the immigration service allows working for an employer/client outside NZ | unknown | not checked on official pages | conditional | Entrepreneur Work/Residence — requires running a business in NZ; unrealistic for a remote freelancer (not examined in detail) | n_a | Real estate does not give a residence permit (not checked) | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | no | Student route: purpose is study, not work | No: working in NZ on a visitor visa is not allowed. | null | null | null | This is not a residence permit: the length of stay on a visitor visa and the limits on remote work (search for "incidental") were not verified in the primary wording. | partial | false | https://www.immigration.govt.nz/visas/visitor-visa/ [official] | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Norway | conditional | A residence permit that gives the right to work in Norway (the Norwegian Directorate of Immigration, UDI, states that remote work requires such a permit); no permit specific to remote work for a foreign employer or foreign clients is listed. Limited remote work for an employer abroad is allowed only during a visit or h... | unknown | No digital nomad permit is named on the UDI remote-work page or on the UDI skilled-worker page; the full list of UDI work-immigration permit types could not be opened, so absence is not established (UDI). | unknown | not checked on official pages | conditional | Residence permit as self-employed with a company in Norway: normally a sole proprietorship ("The business cannot be a limited company"), likely profit of at least NOK 310,070 per year before tax, residence in Norway and active part in running the business. The holder can work only in this business and may not take othe... | unknown | not checked on official pages | conditional | UDI states that family members of a self-employed permit holder can apply for family immigration. Whether a family permit carries the right to work (and so to work remotely for a foreign employer) was not established on the pages opened (UDI). | conditional | With the first student residence permit part-time work of up to 20 hours per week is allowed during studies and full-time work in ordinary holidays after completed exams; "You may not be self-employed or run your own business." Remote work for a foreign employer is not addressed (UDI). | Not clarified for a foreign-employer remote worker: UDI states that remote work for an employer or client in Norway, or as part of running a business in Norway, is not allowed for visitors; a residence permit with the right to work is required for work in Norway. The self-employed permit page does not mention foreign c... | Not clarified for remote work for a foreign employer. The Norwegian Tax Administration page opened only states that a tax deduction card is needed to work in Norway and that a move to Norway must be reported; employer and social security duties for foreign employers are not addressed there (Skatteetaten). | Not clarified: the official pages reviewed do not address permanent-establishment, payroll or social security risk for a foreign employer of a worker resident in Norway. | Not clarified for the worker: the English text of section 108 of the Immigration Act (Penalties, as published by the Norwegian Labour Inspection Authority) penalises a person who with intent or gross negligence "makes use of a foreign national's labour" when the foreign national does not hold the required permit; the e... | Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: UDI (remote work page, skilled-worker page, self-employed with a company in Norway page, work-while-studying page), Skatteetaten (tax liability page) and the Norwegian Labour Inspection Authority (English text of Immigration Act section 108). Classification: conditional. UDI sta... | partial | false | https://udi.no/en/important-messages/remote-work-in-norway [official]; https://udi.no/en/word-definitions/remote-work-in-norway [official]; https://www.udi.no/en/want-to-apply/work-immigration/skilled-workers/ [official]; https://udi.no/en/want-to-apply/work-immigration/skilled-workers/self-employed-persons-with-a-comp... | 2026-10-22 | effectively_no | Formally a permit with the right to work covers remote work, but UDI names no permit for working remotely for a foreign employer or foreign clients, and the permits it describes are tied to Norwegian employers or businesses. |
UAE | conditional | Remote Work Visa / Virtual Working Programme (1 year, self-sponsored, $3,500/month) | yes | Official sources differ on the threshold and on the range of applicants: u.ae (Virtual Working Programme): «earn a minimum salary of USD 5,000 per month» for employees and «average monthly income of USD 5,000» for company owners; GDRFA Dubai: «monthly income of no less than $3,500», «remote employment (virtual work)» f... | unknown | Retire in Dubai: age and income conditions not checked on official pages. | conditional | GDRFA "Green residence permit (self-employment)": annual self-employment income for the 2 previous years ≥ AED 360,000, MOHRE freelance work permit, bachelor's degree/specialised diploma, passport ≥6 months. For the sample adult — a possible route if freelance income is high enough and documented. | unknown | Investor residence permit via real estate: the right to work has not been clarified. | n_a | The sample adult has no resident relatives in the UAE. | unknown | Student residence permit: not verified. | Officially u.ae and GDRFA speak only of work for an entity outside the UAE; a ban on local clients in explicit form was not found on open official pages (u.ae: "no information" on the restriction); the wording "strictly prohibits" is only from uppersetup.com (blog). | No need to register a sole proprietorship. Required: a valid foreign passport (6+ months), medical insurance in the UAE, proof of work outside the UAE and income (6-month statement per uppersetup.com from 27.01.2026). There is no personal income tax (u.ae). A1 does not apply. | Not found (officially). | For employers: fine AED 100,000–1,000,000 for hiring without proper permission (Stephenson Harwood, law firm; Federal Decree-Law 33/2021 as amended). Did not find sanctions for the worker themselves for working for local clients on a remote work visa. | Corrected: the record lists u.ae as the source of $3,500 — on the current u.ae Virtual Working Programme page the threshold is $5,000 (Dubai); $3,500 — GDRFA and ADRO. For the sample adult "yes" is not guaranteed: the status of «employee of foreign entity» or «company owner» is needed (confirmation of company ownership... | verified | true | https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/visa-and-emirates-id/residence-visas/residence-visa-for-working-outside-the-uae [official]; https://alsaada.gdrfad.gov.ae/en/node/13898 [official]; https://www.adro.gov.ae/Visas/Types-of-Visas/RealEstateOwners/Remote-Work-Visa [official]; https://crowe.com/ae/news/remote-work-vi... | 2026-10-07 | ok_with_note | A Remote Work Visa exists, but it is designed for an employee of a foreign firm or a company owner; a freelancer without a company is not named on the official pages. |
Paraguay | unknown | Temporary residence (residencia temporal) under Law No. 6984/2022 on Migration, granted to foreigners who enter the country 'to develop a lawful activity' (valid up to 2 years, extendable); no digital nomad or remote-work category found | unknown | No digital nomad or remote-worker residence category found. The residence menu of the Dirección Nacional de Migraciones lists Residencia Espontanea u Ocasional, Residencia Temporal and Residencia Permanente, and its 'special procedures' page lists only two nationality-specific procedures; the content of the Espontanea ... | unknown | Not checked as a separate route on official pages. The temporary residence page mentions economic solvency only for the category of minors aged 0 to 17 (exempt); whether and how adult applicants prove means is not stated in the text read (Migraciones). | unknown | Not checked on official pages. The application includes a sworn declaration before Migraciones of the applicant's 'profesion, actividad u oficio' (Migraciones); the page does not describe business forms or registration. | unknown | Not checked on official pages. A media article (Infonegocios) says the general temporary residence needs no property ownership or investment and that investors are processed through the SUACE single window with an investor certificate from the Ministry of Industry and Commerce; not confirmed on an official page. | unknown | Not checked on official pages beyond the separate category for children and adolescents aged 0 to 17 on the temporary residence page (Migraciones). | unknown | Not checked for a student residence category. Applicants with 'residente precario' status (while the temporary residence application is processed) may leave and re-enter, study and work for the duration of the process (Migraciones). | Not clarified on the official pages: the temporary residence application requires a sworn declaration of the profession, activity or trade to be carried out in Paraguay; nothing is said about foreign versus local clients. | Not clarified: the tax authority pages (SET, now DNIT) for personal income tax and taxpayer registration could not be read because the fetch limit was reached; Migraciones pages do not cover tax or social security. | Not clarified: no official page opened addresses permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in Paraguay. | Not clarified: the text of Law No. 6984/2022 (sanctions for working without authorisation) could not be opened. | Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Dirección Nacional de Migraciones (home page, page on temporary residence under Law No. 6984/2022, page on special procedures) and the state news agency IP Paraguay (article of 4 May 2026 on the temporary residence procedure). Classification: unknown. The official pages show tha... | partial | false | https://www.migraciones.gov.py/index.php/residencia-temporal [official]; https://www.migraciones.gov.py/ [official]; https://www.migraciones.gov.py/index.php/tramites-especiales [official]; https://www.ip.gov.py/ip/?p=580020 [official]; https://infonegocios.com.py/infolegal/residencias-en-paraguay [media] | 2026-10-22 | null | null |
Poland | unknown | None established on official pages for remote work for a foreign employer; no digital nomad visa found; the Poland. Business Harbour programme is suspended | unknown | No digital nomad visa was found on the official pages opened. The gov.pl page of the Poland. Business Harbour programme (a relocation package for IT specialists, startups and other firms, not a nomad visa as such) carries the banner 'Program Poland Business Harbour zostal wstrzymany' (the programme has been suspended),... | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | unknown | Not checked on official pages: the MOS pages on the temporary residence permit for conducting business activity were blocked from fetching (robots.txt). A law-firm summary cites the Act of 6 March 2018 on foreign entrepreneurs, article 4, and the Act on foreigners, article 142, as the basis of the business route (Remot... | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | Not clarified on the official pages: the pages opened say nothing on serving Polish clients from a residence permit held for another purpose. Poznan Voivodeship Office: 'A temporary residence permit does not entitle a foreigner to work without a work permit' (page on posted workers). | Not clarified on official pages. Secondary source (L&E Global, law firm, June 2023): a temporary remote worker is usually not a Polish tax resident unless the centre of vital interests is in Poland or the stay exceeds 183 days in a tax year; social security contributions are generally due where the work is physically p... | Not clarified on official pages. Secondary source (L&E Global, law firm, June 2023): permanent-establishment risk may arise when an employee works remotely from Poland, assessed case by case, higher if the worker actively interacts with the Polish market. | Not clarified: the official pages reviewed state no sanctions for remote work without a work permit. The Poznan Voivodeship Office page on posted workers describes administrative consequences for the permit (withdrawal procedure if the change in the purpose of stay is not reported within 15 days; possible refusal of re... | Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: gov.pl (Poland. Business Harbour programme page), Polish Investment and Trade Agency (PAIH, news of 5 September 2022), Poznan Voivodeship Office for foreigners (pages on posted workers and on employers), Office for Foreigners (gov.pl/web/udsc-en, no permit details). Classificati... | estimate | false | https://www.gov.pl/web/poland-businessharbour [official]; https://www.paih.gov.pl/en/?p=62074 [official]; https://migrant.poznan.uw.gov.pl/en/procedury/posted-workers-0 [official]; https://migrant.poznan.uw.gov.pl/en/faq?page=25 [official]; https://www.gov.pl/web/udsc-en [official]; https://leglobal.law/countries/polan... | 2026-10-22 | null | null |
Portugal | yes | Visto de residência / visto de estada temporária para exercício de atividade profissional prestada de forma remota (D8, "digital nomad"; Lei 18/2022, amendment to Lei 23/2007) | yes | D8: remote work for employers/clients outside Portugal — the purpose of the programme. Income over 3 months ≥4× the minimum wage, certificate of tax residency of the country of origin, housing, insurance, clean criminal record. Short-term (up to 1 year) and long-term (→ residence permit) versions. | conditional | D7 is for income not related to labour (pensions, rent, dividends). MCS (law firm): active income from remote work under D7 is risky (a frequent reason for refusal), the right category is D8. Portugalist (blog): working is 'probably allowed but not guaranteed', cards often state the right to work. Did not open the offi... | unknown | AIMA publishes separate pages for independent activity (art. 89 Lei 23/2007), but the page did not open (robots/SSL). | unknown | not checked on official pages | n_a | Family reunification requires a resident/citizen relative; the sample adult has none, there is no separate route for this situation. | unknown | D4/D5 (income and work rights not checked on official pages); the right to work remotely for foreign clients was not checked separately. Not a path for the sample adult. | No: the law limits clients/employers to persons domiciled or headquartered outside Portugal (Lei 18/2022, text of the law). This is the official wording; remove the reference to visaatlas as the basis. | Tax residency at ≥183 days (Portugalist, blog) → tax on worldwide income. Not established. | The official position of the Portuguese tax authority (AT) on a permanent establishment of a foreign employer due to a remote worker was not found. | Not clarified: the texts of Lei 23/2007 (art. 198 etc.) did not open via WebFetch (diariodarepublica.pt — JS, pgdlisboa — wrong document). | The sources differ on the threshold only in wording: VFS says '4× the minimum salary'; the euro amount not checked on official pages. Did not open: vistos.mne.gov.pt (the access request was not confirmed), aima.gov.pt (robots/SSL), diariodarepublica.pt (JS). The VFS checklist is the consular checklist of an accredited ... | verified | true | https://www.vfsglobal.com/one-pager/portugal/usa/english/pdf/temporary-stay-visa-for-remote-work-digital-nomads-nov-25-national.pdf [aggregator]; https://www.plmj.com/xms/files/03_Novidades_legislativas/2022/01_de_setembro/NI_Vistos_e_Autorizacoes_de_Residencia_em_Portugal.pdf [law_firm]; https://pt.andersen.com/wp-con... | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Romania | conditional | Digital nomad long-stay visa (D/DV) under Law No. 22/2022, then residence permit | conditional | Income ≥3× the average gross salary in Romania (~€3,300/month); remote work via IT for a foreign company or one's own foreign company; extension with a tax certificate of income | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | conditional | For DN a foreign company/own foreign legal entity is needed — a freelancer without a legal entity may not qualify (not verified) | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | The source does not respond (the question of working for Romanian clients is not covered). | null | null | null | One source — a law firm. The official evisa.mae.ro page did not open. | partial | false | https://lynx.legal/?p=6184 [law_firm] | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Northern Cyprus | unknown | Visitor (residence) permit issued by the District Police Directorate; no remote-work or digital nomad permit in force was found on official pages | unknown | A digital nomad visa appears only as a proposal in an undated report of the State Planning Organization (DPO), which says the Ministry of Interior would have to amend the Aliens Law to define a 'digital migrant' status; its illustrative terms (one-year stay with two-year renewals, net monthly income of about EUR 2,500,... | unknown | Not checked on official pages. A tourist-guide article (30 July 2026) describes an income-based residence permit and says a residence permit does not on its own give the right to work, but this is not confirmed on an official page. | unknown | Not checked on official pages. An academic article (2010) lists a business-establishment work permit category under the Work Permits Regulation, which is designed for businesses in the country, not for remote work for foreign clients. | unknown | Not checked on official pages for a residence route. The Public Information Office page says foreigners can buy immovable property with approval from the Council of Ministers and does not mention a residence permit linked to ownership (Public Information Office, Ministry of Foreign Affairs). | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | unknown | Not checked on official pages: the Public Information Office page does not describe a student residence permit or any right to work on it. | Not clarified on the official pages: the work-permit system is built around employers registered in the TRNC, and no page addresses clients in the TRNC served by a remote worker. | Not clarified on the official pages for remote work. Foreigners apply for a visitor (residence) permit at the District Police Directorate where they live; stays beyond the permitted entry period need an extension from the Immigration Department before the visa expires (Public Information Office). Tax and social securit... | Not clarified: the official pages opened do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in the TRNC. | Not clarified for remote work. Overstaying without an extension results in a 'visa penalty' fine paid on the next entry (Public Information Office). Employing a foreigner who entered without Ministry permission is not allowed (Public Information Office, as above). An academic article (2010) states that employing or wor... | Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Public Information Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs ('Life in the TRNC for Foreigners'), TRNC Police Headquarters website (immigration FAQ and the list of laws, including Law 18/2021 amending the Aliens and Immigration Law), and the State Planning Organization report on... | estimate | false | https://pio.mfa.gov.ct.tr/en/life-in-the-trnc-for-foreigners/ [official]; https://www.polis.gov.ct.tr/website/sorular.html [official]; https://www.polis.gov.ct.tr/website/yasal-mevzuat.html [official]; https://www.polis.gov.ct.tr/website/files/yabancilar-muhaceret-af-2021.pdf [official]; https://www.devplan.org/arsiv/p... | 2026-10-22 | null | null |
Serbia | conditional | Temporary residence permit for self-employment/sole proprietorship (preduzetnik) or on the "digital nomad" basis; issued as a single permit for residence and work | conditional | On the official portal welcometoserbia.gov.rs the page /temporary-residence-international-agreements (EN and SR versions) lists 14 grounds for temporary residence, the 6th being "Digital nomad"; BUT the page /temporary-residence of the same portal lists 11 grounds without digital nomad. The two official pages diverge (... | n_a | There is no residence permit based on passive income in Serbia (not listed in paths). | conditional | Official portal: 'Self-employment' — closer reason under the basis 'Employment'; single permit: 'A foreign citizen has the right to stay and work in the Republic of Serbia during the validity period of the issued single permit'. A sole proprietor (IE) needs a single permit (law firms Statt, Zuniclaw). Tax registration ... | conditional | Real estate is a basis for a residence permit (Ministry of Interior); right to work on this basis not clarified. | n_a | The sample adult has no Serbian relatives. | unknown | Student residence permit: working hours not checked on official pages; remote work not verified. | For a sole proprietor — yes, this is an ordinary entrepreneur (activity in Serbia). For the tax authority a “freelancer” may receive payment from foreigners and from individuals in Serbia (Tax Administration of Serbia, FAQ). | Sole proprietor (IE): registration with the Business Registers Agency (ABR), then residence permit (single permit). PIO contributions, health insurance, unemployment insurance are paid (law firm Statt); the package tax is available with turnover up to 6 million dinars for the previous year. Freelancers (not IE) registe... | Not determined: Did not find an official position on the PE of a foreign client due to a remote worker in Serbia. Statt (law firm): “from home” does not remove labour, tax and compliance law requirements. | Not determined. | Status: the existence of a "digital nomad" ground on welcometoserbia.gov.rs is confirmed by one of the two pages; applicability to the sample adult (conditions, right to work under this ground) is NOT established. Zuniclaw (law firm): "Digital nomads are individuals who work remotely ... whether as employees or freelan... | partial | true | https://mup.gov.rs/wps/portal/en/information/Temporary+residence [official]; https://welcometoserbia.gov.rs/temporary-residence-international-agreements [official]; https://frilenseri.purs.gov.rs/en/faq.html [official]; https://statt.rs/what-you-should-know-about-entrepreneurs-in-serbia/ [law_firm]; https://zuniclaw.co... | 2026-10-07 | effectively_no | The "digital nomad" basis effectively does not work: two official welcometoserbia.gov.rs pages disagree, the Ministry of Interior (mup.gov.rs) does not name it, there is no government act (this dataset, 12.10.2026); how foreign income of a self-employed person without a sole proprietorship is taxed was not found (`cost... |
Singapore | conditional | Any pass that already allows the holder to stay in Singapore (for example a Dependant's Pass or Long-Term Visit Pass): MOM guidance says no work pass is needed to work for or provide services to an overseas-based organisation or client. No pass exists for a remote worker as such; the Overseas Networks & Expertise (ONE)... | n_a | No digital nomad or remote-worker pass is among the pass types listed on the MOM passes-and-permits page (Employment Pass, EntrePass, Personalised Employment Pass, ONE Pass, S Pass, Work Permits, training and work holiday passes, family passes, exemptions) (MOM). | unknown | Not checked on official pages: the MOM list has no retiree or investor pass, but investor routes run by other agencies (for example the Economic Development Board) were not checked. | conditional | MOM: being self-employed does not remove the work pass requirement when the clients are Singapore-based; no work pass is needed for services to overseas-based clients (MOM). EntrePass: for foreign entrepreneurs running a venture-backed or innovative-technology business, valid up to 1 year at first and on the first rene... | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | conditional | Dependant's Pass is for spouses and children of Employment Pass or S Pass holders; ONE Pass and EntrePass holders can bring eligible family members, and a ONE Pass holder's spouse can apply to work on a Letter of Consent (MOM). A Dependant's Pass or Long-Term Visit Pass holder needs no work pass for overseas-based clie... | unknown | A Student's Pass allows work without a work pass only within the MOM exemption (vacation work; term-time work capped at 16 hours a week at listed institutions) (MOM). Remote work for a foreign employer on a Student's Pass is not addressed on the pages opened, although the MOM answer on overseas-based employers is not l... | No: a work pass is needed to work for or provide services to a Singapore-based organisation or client, and being self-employed does not change this; a Singapore-based organisation is one registered with ACRA (MOM, AskGov). | IRAS: income from work exercised in Singapore is taxable for foreigners; a non-resident working 60 days or less in a year is generally exempt, except directors, public entertainers and professionals such as consultants, trainers and coaches (IRAS). How this applies to a person who works for an overseas employer while l... | MOM (AskGov): employers of record may not apply for work passes for foreigners who are based in Singapore while working for overseas companies, and doing so would be an offence; that answer also says a foreigner who will be based in Singapore for an extended period must be hired by their company on a regular work pass,... | Employing a foreign employee without a valid work pass: fine of S$5,000 to S$30,000, or imprisonment for up to 12 months, or both, higher for repeat offences (MOM, Employment of Foreign Manpower Act page). MOM states that working without a valid work pass is an offence for foreign students; the sanction for a worker is... | Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Ministry of Manpower (FAQ on self-employed or overseas-employer work, passes-and-permits list, ONE Pass, EntrePass, Dependant's Pass, Long-Term Visit Pass, student work exemption, Employment of Foreign Manpower Act page), AskGov answers by MOM, ICA visit pass page, IRAS and ACRA... | partial | false | https://www.mom.gov.sg/faq/dependants-pass/do-i-need-a-work-pass-if-i-am-self-employed-or-working-for-an-overseas-based-employer [official]; https://ask.gov.sg/mom/questions/clqeuc5dy00em64ttdyplvjt1 [official]; https://ask.gov.sg/mom/questions/cmej6gbzs009ip396rah8bmc4 [official]; https://ask.gov.sg/mom/questions/cmej... | 2026-10-22 | effectively_no | Formally no work pass is needed for overseas-based clients or employers once the person holds a pass that allows stay, but no pass exists for a remote worker as such, so residence has to come from family, study, or employment or business in Singapore. |
Slovakia | conditional | Entrepreneur residence permit (registration of a sole proprietorship/LLC in Slovakia) | n_a | No nomad visa: temporary residence is tied to a specific Slovak employer | n_a | — | conditional | Sole proprietor/LLC in Slovakia; residence permit "for business"; work for foreign clients formally not verified | n_a | — | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | no | Study | null | Sole proprietor (IE)/LLC in Slovakia, social contributions under local rules (not verified). | null | null | The conditional verdict is a grey area/estimate: the entrepreneur route is not designed specifically for remote workers. The IOM source is an international organisation, not the Slovak Ministry of Interior. | estimate | false | https://www.mic.iom.sk/en/residence/temporary-residence/983-temporary-residence-employment.html [official] | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Slovenia | yes | Temporary residence permit for digital nomads (since 21.11.2025, ZTuj-2I) | yes | Work for foreign employers or self-employment for foreign clients; income ≥2× the average net salary (~€3,200/month); 1 year without extension, reapplication 6 months after expiry | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | yes | Self-employed professionals serving foreign clients are admitted | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | yes | Family reunification immediately, no time limit | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | No: working for Slovenian employers and clients is prohibited. | Tax: >183 days = tax resident with worldwide income (per a law firm); double taxation avoidance treaties. | null | null | Term of 1 year without extension — not suitable for long-term residence. | verified | false | https://www.gov.si/en/news/2025-11-21-temporary-residence-permit-for-digital-nomads/ [official]; https://www.k-p.si/?p=8485 [law_firm] | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
United States | no | B-1/B-2 visitor visa (the only category open without a US sponsor); employment-based categories (e.g. H-1B, O-1) require a US petitioner or sponsor and authorise work only for that employer | unknown | No digital nomad category appears on the visitor visa page of the US Department of State, which was the only visa page opened; the full list of nonimmigrant categories on travel.state.gov and uscis.gov could not be opened (fetch errors and a fetch limit), so the absence of a nomad category is not confirmed. | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | unknown | Not checked on official pages (F-1 work rules were not opened). | Not clarified on the official pages: the pages opened say a B-1/B-2 visitor "is not permitted to accept employment or work in the United States" and do not distinguish between local and foreign clients or employers. | Not clarified on the official pages: no tax, social security or business registration duties for a visitor working remotely are stated on the pages opened. | Not clarified: the official pages opened do not address permanent-establishment or payroll risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in the United States. | Not clarified: 8 CFR 214.1(e) states that unauthorised employment by a nonimmigrant constitutes a failure to maintain status (Cornell LII reproduction of the regulation); the resulting consequences were not opened on official pages. | Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: US Department of State (travel.state.gov, visitor visa page) and the Code of Federal Regulations, 8 CFR 214.1 (govinfo.gov copy, 2023 edition; the wording of paragraph (e) was also read in the Cornell LII reproduction). Classification: no for the B-1/B-2 visitor route. The State... | partial | false | https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/tourism-visit/visitor.html [official]; https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2023-title8-vol1/xml/CFR-2023-title8-vol1-sec214-1.xml [official]; https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/8/214.1 [aggregator] | 2026-10-22 | null | null |
Tajikistan | unknown | None identified on official pages: remote work for a foreign employer is not addressed for any visa category; the nearest categories are the visa-exempt stay (up to 30 days), the e-visa (up to 60 days of stay), the tourist visa (category T, up to 45 days) and the work visa (category M), which is tied to a local invitin... | n_a | The visa page of the Consular Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs lists 16 visa categories (diplomatic, official, investment, business, work, tourist, study, private, free economic zone, transport, permanent residence, mass media, missionary, humanitarian, transit, exit); none is a digital nomad or remote-wor... | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | unknown | Not established on official pages. The investment visa (category S) is for heads of companies that actually invest in the economy, with evidence of at least USD 500,000 (direct foreign investment, bank account or charter capital), valid up to 3 years; the page does not say whether the holder may work or run a business.... | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | conditional | Family members of a work-visa holder can receive a visa if they live together with the holder, but "without the right to engage in employment"; if a family member starts working, the visa must be changed (Consular Department, work visa page). A restriction of this kind is also stated on the investment and permanent-res... | conditional | Study visa category O1: the holder "does not have the right to engage in any activity other than educational and scientific activity"; category O2: no general prohibition is stated, but if the holder engages in activity other than study the stay can be limited at the request of the educational authority (Consular Depar... | Not clarified on the official pages: the consular pages do not say whether a visa holder may serve clients in Tajikistan. The work visa is issued on the request of a legal entity that holds a licence to attract foreign labour, with an employment or civil-law contract (Consular Department). | Registration with internal affairs bodies within 10 working days of entry for foreigners on a visa-exempt stay or a regular or electronic visa; a stay of no more than 10 working days with departure within that period needs no registration; holders of a tourist visa are exempt from registration for the period of the vis... | Not clarified: the official pages reviewed do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in Tajikistan. | Not clarified on the consular pages: they state no fines for missed registration or unauthorised work. A secondary text (unofficial ICNL translation of the Law on the Legal Status of Foreign Citizens, 1 February 1996, which may not reflect current law) says in Section 7 that temporary residents may work "provided it is... | Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Consular Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Tajikistan (consular.tj: visa categories, work, business, private, investment, study, tourist, permanent-residence and electronic visa pages, registration of foreign citizens, visa-exempt stay). Classification: unknown. N... | partial | false | https://consular.tj/en/pages/visa/ [official]; https://consular.tj/en/pages/labour/ [official]; https://consular.tj/en/pages/business/ [official]; https://consular.tj/en/pages/private/ [official]; https://consular.tj/en/pages/investment/ [official]; https://consular.tj/en/pages/study/ [official]; https://consular.tj/en... | 2026-10-22 | null | null |
Thailand | yes | Destination Thailand Visa (DTV), Workcation category — 5 years, stay of 180 days per entry | yes | DTV Workcation: digital nomads, freelancers and remote workers; funds ≥500,000 THB; fee 350 euro; cannot work in Thailand or for Thai clients | unknown | LTR (Long-Term Resident visa): conditions not checked on official pages | yes | Freelancers: proof of income (portfolio/invoices) | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | yes | Spouse and dependants of a DTV holder | no | Study on a DTV is not accepted (ED separately) | No: work in Thailand and freelancing for Thai clients are prohibited. | Not determined (taxes/social contributions for DTV were not checked). | null | null | DTV is a long-stay visa, not a classic residence permit. One official source (embassy). | partial | false | https://budapest.thaiembassy.org/en/publicservice/destination-thailand-visa-dtv [official] | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Turkey | conditional | Residence permit by real estate (6458 art. 31) — gives no right to work; remote work for foreign clients is not regulated by law (grey area); legal routes — a work permit (independent) or a digital nomad certificate/visa | conditional | Certificate (platform of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism) → nomad visa at the consulate/visa centre → short-term residence permit, usually for 1 year (Canaydin; Saily 28.07.2026: the residence permit is issued for up to 2 years at a time, visa up to 90 days). The list in the PDF has a typo "Australia" instead of Au... | unknown | not checked on official pages | conditional | Sole proprietorship or independent work — only with an independent permit (Ministry of Labour: before starting work); there is no “sole proprietor/serbest meslek” category in the Regulations art. 29; tax registration without a permit — sources differ | conditional | A residence permit by real estate gives no right to work (Ministry of Labour SSS); remote work for foreign clients is not officially clarified, there is no exception for it in the Rules art. 48 | conditional | the same conclusion as for any residence permit: gives no right to work; the older child loses dependent status after turning 18 and needs their own basis (6458 art. 34) | conditional | a student is allowed to work with restrictions (bachelor's — after the first year and part-time, on the employer's application; master's — without restrictions) per two secondary sources; remote work not considered | Working for Turkish clients is direct work in Turkey, a permit is required (Ministry of Labour). Law firms (Bener 2021) consider the risk lower with foreign clients and payment abroad and without local clients | Tax: a resident (more than 6 months in a year) is taxed on all income; income from services to a foreign firm from Turkey is classified as serbest meslek kazancı (özelge Aydın 30.07.2024), annual return. The 100% deduction under GVK 89/13 (a project note on Turkish taxes) requires sole proprietor registration; without ... | not determined: the official position on a foreign client's tax presence due to an employee in Turkey was not searched; general risks of the management centre and representation are in a project note on Turkish taxes | Fine 2026 (6735 art. 23, Ministry of Labour): for a self-employed foreigner 82,010 TL, for employed 40,977 TL, for the employer 102,503 TL per person, repeat offence — doubled; deportation under 6458 art. 54(1)(ğ) (the bent is named only by the EY circular) and entry ban under art. 9; a short-term residence permit may ... | The available primary sources contain no direct answer on whether remote work from Turkey for a foreign client counts as "work" under 6735; the law and Regulations on mevzuat.gov.tr and resmigazete.gov.tr did not open (robots), the texts are from csgb.gov.tr, alomaliye, lexpera. Tax side: Muhasebenews (blog) requires a... | partial | true | https://csgb.gov.tr/uigm/tr/genel-bilgi/idari-para-cezalari/ [official]; https://csgb.gov.tr/sikca-sorulan-sorular/uluslararasi-ısgucu-genel-mudurlugu/calisma-ızni/ [official]; https://csgb.gov.tr/uigm/genel-bilgi/yabancilarin-turkiye-de-sirket-ısyeri-acma-sartlari-ve-sureci/ [official]; https://csgb.gov.tr/uigm/calism... | 2026-10-07 | ok_with_note | Grey area: a residence permit by real estate gives no right to work, remote work for foreign clients is not regulated by law; this has been common practice since 2022. |
Uzbekistan | unknown | IT-visa / IT-card (recommendation of the IT Park Directorate, Order No. 233-mh of the Ministry of Digital Technologies, registered 16.09.2022 No. 3387) is the nearest scheme, but for IT specialists it is tied to a contract with an Uzbek legal entity, not to work for a foreign employer; no permit was found that is state... | unknown | No dedicated digital nomad visa found on the official pages reviewed (IT Park, Invest in Uzbekistan portal, lex.uz); the official visa-type list of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was not opened, so the absence is not established. The IT-visa is multiple-entry, valid up to three years (Order No. 233-mh, para. 25; IT Pa... | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | unknown | Not established on official pages. The IT-visa order lists three categories (investor, IT specialist, founder of a technopark resident) and no freelancer category; at an IT Park event the questions about freelancers and individual entrepreneurs were raised without a published answer (IT Park). Self-employment under oth... | conditional | A permanent residence permit is available to a foreign citizen who has bought a house (for that house), and, for a list of eligible nationalities, to buyers of real estate worth at least USD 400,000 (Tashkent city and region), USD 200,000 (Samarkand, Bukhara, Namangan, Andijan, Fergana, Khorezm) or USD 100,000 (Karakal... | conditional | IT-visa: spouse, parents and children may be covered; benefits include medical and educational services on the terms available to citizens and temporary registration during validity (Order No. 233-mh, paras 5 and 26, unofficial English translation on lex.uz). Work rights of family members are not stated. | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | Not clarified on the official pages: for the IT-specialist category the order requires a letter from an Uzbek-resident legal entity confirming the purpose of employment in IT, and cancellation if the labour or civil-law contract is not concluded within 30 working days or is terminated (Order No. 233-mh, paras 5b, 28, 3... | Temporary registration with the internal affairs bodies within three days of arrival (public holidays and Sundays excluded), valid from 3 days to 6 months and extendable; the page states that temporary registration is not a ground for permanent employment (legal information portal advice.uz). A labour permit from the A... | Not clarified: the official pages reviewed do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in Uzbekistan. | Not clarified: the pages reviewed do not state sanctions for working without proper permission; the registration page names no penalty. Under the IT-visa order the recommendation is cancelled if the applicant is criminally liable or the labour or civil-law contract is not concluded or is terminated (Order No. 233-mh, p... | Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: IT Park Uzbekistan (it-park.uz news pages on the IT-visa and IT-card), Invest in Uzbekistan portal (outsource.gov.uz, IT visa page), lex.uz (Order No. 233-mh, unofficial English translation, in force from 01.10.2022) and the legal information portal advice.uz (registration of fo... | partial | false | https://lex.uz/en/docs/6956592 [official]; https://www.outsource.gov.uz/en/explore-opportunities/it-visa [official]; https://www.it-park.uz/index.php/en/itpark/news/uzbekistan-a-new-regional-it-hub [official]; https://it-park.uz/en/itpark/news/it-park-hosted-an-event-on-obtaining-it-visa-and-it-card [official]; https:/... | 2026-10-22 | null | null |
Uruguay | conditional | Nomad temporary ID under Decreto 238/022 (6 months + 6 months), then temporary/permanent residence permit | yes | Self-employed and those working for companies abroad; affidavit declaration of sufficient funds; income threshold not stated; first 6 months + 6-month extension | unknown | not checked on official pages | yes | Included in the nomad ID definition | unknown | Retirement visa: conditions not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | null | After the nomad period — an application for a residence permit (conditions not verified). Social contributions/tax not clarified. | null | null | remote_allowed=conditional: the nomad document itself is short (up to 12 months), the long-term residence permit after it was not checked. Uruguay XXI is a state investment promotion agency, not a migration service. | partial | false | https://www.uruguayxxi.gub.uy/en/news/article/digital-nomads-will-be-able-to-legally-live-and-work-in-uruguay/ [official] | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Philippines | conditional | Digital Nomad Visa (DNV) issued by the Department of Foreign Affairs under Executive Order No. 86 of 24 April 2025: non-immigrant visa for foreigners working remotely for clients or employers situated outside the Philippines, valid up to 1 year | conditional | Executive Order No. 86 authorises the DFA to issue DNVs to non-immigrant foreigners 'for the purpose of working remotely using digital technologies' 'whose clients or employers are situated outside the Philippines'; maximum stay 1 year (Executive Order No. 86, text as reproduced on lawphil.net). The Philippine embassy ... | conditional | Special Resident Retiree's Visa (SRRV), issued by the Bureau of Immigration through the Philippine Retirement Authority: principal applicant must be 40 or older; visa deposit USD 15,000 to 50,000 for the Classic type depending on age and pension status (a lifetime pension of at least USD 800 per month for a single Clas... | unknown | No official page opened states whether a DNV holder may run an own business; the Order requires that the holder 'Must not be employed in the Philippines'. A law firm review (Divina Law, 20 July 2026) says DNV holders cannot take local employment or operate a business; not confirmed on an official page. The Bureau of Im... | unknown | Not checked on official pages: no residence-by-property route was found on the Bureau of Immigration visa list (Permanent Resident Visa, Quota Visa, Temporary Resident Visa, Temporary Visitor Visa, Treaty Trader or Treaty Investor, Student Visa, Pre-arranged Employment Visa, special visas) but the conditions of each we... | conditional | Executive Order No. 86 contains no provisions on family members of DNV holders. SRRV: a legally married spouse and unmarried children under 21 can be included as dependents, USD 300 application fee each; a USD 15,000 additional deposit is required for each dependent beyond two (Philippine Retirement Authority). | unknown | The Bureau of Immigration lists a Student Visa (9F); its work conditions could not be opened (page returned an error), so whether a student may work remotely for a foreign employer is not established. | Not clarified for serving clients inside the Philippines: the DNV is defined for foreigners 'whose clients or employers are situated outside the Philippines' and requires that the holder 'Must not be employed in the Philippines' (Executive Order No. 86; DFA Embassy page); no official page opened says anything about loc... | Not clarified: Executive Order No. 86 contains no tax provisions and no social security rules; the Bureau of Internal Revenue appears only among the coordinating agencies. Tax residence and registration duties of a DNV holder were not found on official pages. | Not clarified: no official page opened addresses permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in the Philippines. | Labor Code of the Philippines (Presidential Decree No. 442), Article 40: an alien seeking admission for employment, and an employer hiring an alien, must obtain an employment permit from the Department of Labor; Article 41: a non-resident alien who takes up employment in violation of the Title is punished under Article... | Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Philippine Embassy in The Hague (DFA) digital nomad visa page, Bureau of Immigration visa list, Philippine e-Visa policy page, Philippine Retirement Authority SRRV page, Executive Order No. 86 (text reproduced on lawphil.net, a legal database, not a government site) and the Labo... | partial | false | https://thehaguepe.dfa.gov.ph/index.php/visa/digital-nomad-visa-dnv [official]; https://lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo2025/eo_86_2025.html [aggregator]; https://immigration.gov.ph/ [official]; https://evisa.gov.ph/page/policy [official]; https://www.pra.gov.ph/SRRVisa [official]; https://lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs... | 2026-10-22 | ok_with_note | The DNV exists in an executive order and on a Philippine embassy page and fits remote work for foreign clients or employers; eligibility depends on reciprocity (country list not published on the pages opened) and the implementing guidelines, income threshold and fees were not found. |
Finland | conditional | Entrepreneur residence permit (sole proprietor/LLC in the trade register, ELY assessment) — the only path among paths not requiring a Finnish employer | n_a | Migri: a residence permit is not issued on the basis of remote work. "You cannot be granted a residence permit on the basis of remote work. A residence permit on the basis of work is only granted for such work that requires you to reside in Finland." | n_a | There is no separate passive-income residence permit in paths; official pages were not searched. | conditional | Migri: "There is no own residence permit for freelancers or for working through an invoicing service company"; freelancing is possible only with an already existing residence permit. Entrepreneur: trade register, "must also work in the company in Finland", profitability is assessed by ELY. The page is silent about fore... | n_a | A residence permit via real estate in Finland does not exist (not in paths). | yes | A residence permit on family grounds gives an unrestricted right to work (Migri); the sample adult has no Finnish relatives — the path is unrealistic. | conditional | The general Migri rule (remote work for a foreign company is permitted with any legal stay) applies; hour limits for students on remote work were not verified. | For an entrepreneur's residence permit the business must be registered in Finland and the work performed in Finland; the Migri pages contain neither permission nor prohibition on foreign/local clients — not determined. | Entrepreneur: registration in the trade register (PRH), a preliminary ELY decision on profitability, then Migri. According to Migri, freelancing and work through invoicing services do not give a separate residence permit. | The official Verohallinto page (19.04.2021, VH/1642/00.01.00/2021, no updates after 20.04.2021 on the page) concerns only temporary remote work due to COVID: a PE is possible if the employee has a permanent workplace at home and continues to work from Finland after the restrictions are lifted. The update of 27.01.2023 ... | Not clarified: sanctions for work without the right (Ulkomaalaislaki) were not searched for/not found in the sources. | Migri quotes confirmed verbatim (migri.fi/right-to-work, migri.fi/faq-employment). Caveat: conditional is formal. The real route (entrepreneur residence permit) requires a Finnish business, work in a company IN Finland and a positive ELY profitability assessment; for the sample adult, without a Finnish employer/relativ... | verified | true | https://migri.fi/right-to-work [official]; https://migri.fi/faq-employment [official]; https://migri.fi/en/entrepreneur [official]; https://vero.fi/en/detailed-guidance/statements/96125/covid-19-related-restrictions-and-their-effects-on-the-taxes-on-foreign-corporate-entities-income/ [official]; https://uutishuone.pwc.... | 2026-10-07 | effectively_no | Migri: a residence permit for remote work is not issued; an entrepreneur residence permit requires a business registered in Finland and work in Finland. |
France | conditional | Carte de séjour / VLS-TS "Visiteur" (CESEDA L.426-20; passive income ≥ 12 × net SMIC per year) | unknown | No special digital nomad visa was identified; not checked on official pages. | conditional | Visiteur: an obligation not to engage in professional activity in France. Ministry of Interior (answer to written question № 11730 to the National Assembly, 23.06.2026): there is no normative text on remote work for a foreign economy; if the foreigner is not an employee in France and does not work for an enterprise loc... | conditional | VLS-TS "Entrepreneur"/profession libérale: business registration in France, taxes and social contributions in France (not checked on official pages). For a freelancer with foreign clients the status under the law was not verified. | n_a | No residence permit via real estate in France. | n_a | The sample adult has no French relatives. | unknown | Student residence permit: working hours not checked on official pages; remote work for a foreign employer not verified. | Not allowed: "fournir des prestations à des clients français, ou travailler pour un employeur français, est interdit sans ambiguïté" (demarchesetrangers.fr, legal blog). The response of the Ministry of Interior also refers to the absence of work "au bénéfice d'une entreprise située sur le territoire". | Under Visiteur one cannot register a sole proprietorship (that would be professional activity in France). For a stay of >183 days — tax residency, worldwide income is declared (forms 2042/2047, per demarchesetrangers). | No official position on PE found (the Ministry of Interior reply is only about the immigration qualification 'non-actif'). | The sanctions article was not found (legifrance L426-20 — 403, did not circumvent). Something else is officially confirmed: the answer of the Ministry of Interior (JO 23.06.2026, p.5748): «Il est interdit au détenteur de cette carte de séjour temporaire d'exercer en France une activité professionnelle soumise à autoris... | IMPORTANT CLARIFICATION that is not in the record: in the same reply the Ministry of Interior said: «Un ressortissant étranger résidant en France mais ne remplissant pas ces critères, et qui reste rémunéré et s'acquitte de la fiscalité liée dans son pays d'origine, doit solliciter une carte de séjour temporaire mention... | verified | true | https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dyn/17/questions/QANR5L17QE11730 [official]; https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dyn/17/questions/QANR5L17QE11730.pdf [official]; https://www.hautes-pyrenees.gouv.fr/contenu/telechargement/12686/89469/file/1201_-_visiteur_-_1ere.pdf [official]; https://demarchesetrangers.fr/titre-de-se... | 2026-10-07 | ok | Visiteur: per the French Ministry of Interior reply of 23.06.2026, remote work for a foreign employer without clients in France is permitted; the case of a self-employed person is not directly addressed in the reply. |
Croatia | yes | Temporary stay of digital nomads (up to 18 months) | yes | Income ≥€3,622.50/month (or €43,470 in an account for 12 months, €65,205 for 18 months); work for a company/own company not registered in Croatia and not working for Croatian employers | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | conditional | A document confirming self-employment/own foreign company is required | unknown | not checked on official pages | yes | Family members — via family reunification; cohabitants ≥3 years (or less with children) | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | No: working for Croatian employers/clients is prohibited. | Registration of the place of residence within 3 days with the police; a Croatian address is required. | null | null | One official source; the second (law firm/blog) was not opened. | partial | false | https://mup.gov.hr/aliens-281621/stay-and-work/temporary-stay-of-digital-nomads/286833 [official] | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Montenegro | yes | Temporary digital nomad residence permit (Law on Foreigners; Ministry of Interior rules of 28.11.2022; from 17.01.2026 — a separate residence permit basis) | yes | Official digitalnomads.gov.me: "A foreigner, employed or works electronically for a foreign company or his own company not registered in Montenegro"; residence permit up to 2 years +2; application in person, 40 days; family - spouses and children under 18. Conditions for the applicant: clients must be foreign companies... | unknown | not checked on official pages | conditional | IE/share ≥51%: residence permit and work permit in a single document for 1 year; for renewal from 2026, taxes and contributions of at least €5,000 per year are needed (bdkadvokati). | unknown | Real estate from €150,000 (from 2026); right to work on this basis not clarified. | conditional | Family reunification: spouses, minor children under 18 can join the nomad (digitalnomads.gov.me); when the older child turns 18, a separate basis will be required. | unknown | Students: not verified. | No, by the logic of the programme: the employer/company must be outside Montenegro ("foreign company or own company not registered in Montenegro"); for local clients a different status is needed (sole proprietor/company). Did not see a direct prohibition in words on the site. | The amounts "3 minimum salaries (€1,350)" and the tax exemption threshold €2,973 are from a BDK article of 14.12.2022 (2022 rules), relevance for 2026 not confirmed. The official digitalnomads.gov.me pages do not state the amount (the FAQ page returned no content). | Did not find an official position on PE of a foreign employer. | Not clarified: Did not find penalties for working without a permit under the Law on Foreigners. | The official page confirms the substance (yes). Not officially confirmed: the date and content of the amendments of 17.01.2026 (BDK: entered into force 17.01.2026, €5,000 of taxes/contributions for sole-proprietor (IE) companies, real estate €150,000 — confirmed by a law firm; the law/Ministry of Interior not opened). ... | verified | true | https://digitalnomads.gov.me/article/legal-status-for-nomads [official]; https://ceelegalmatters.com/jpm-jankovic-popovic-mitic/21845-montenegro-digital-nomads-obtaining-residence-permits [law_firm]; https://bdkadvokati.com/update-on-the-montenegrin-rules-on-special-residence-regime-for-digital-nomads [law_firm]; https... | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Czechia | conditional | Long-term visa (then long-term residence permit) for the purpose of business, for a self-employed person with a Czech trade licence (živnostenské oprávnění); or, for IT and marketing specialists from 12 listed countries, a long-term visa/permit for the purpose "other" (employee of a foreign company) or for business (fr... | conditional | Digital Nomad Programme (Ministry of Industry and Trade, presented by CzechInvest): for people who work remotely as IT or marketing specialists and are citizens of Australia, Brazil, Canada, Israel, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, the United Kingdom or the United States (CzechInvest). Two ro... | unknown | not checked on official pages | conditional | Long-term visa for the purpose of business: open to third-country nationals, the official pages list no nationalities; supporting documents include a trade licence extract or a company register extract, accommodation and proof of funds (no amount stated); the visa is valid for a maximum of 1 year and can be extended or... | n_a | No route through real estate. | conditional | Digital Nomad Programme: the spouse, registered partner and child of the applicant (or of the spouse or partner) can apply for a long-term visa for the purpose of family at the same time (MZV Chicago, CzechInvest). | unknown | The right to work remotely on a student residence permit was not checked on an official page. | Not clarified on the official pages: CzechInvest does not say whether clients must be foreign; for the employee route it excludes Czech employment ("does not enter into an employment relationship in the Czech Republic"). Fragomen (law firm, 24.02.2025): freelancers may do contract work for Czech entities; not confirmed... | Trade licence: a third-country national notifies the trade licensing office (fee CZK 1,000) and presents the residence permit within six months of the preliminary extract; registration with social security within 15 days and with a health insurer within 8 days of starting the activity (Brno city hall). Tax registration... | Not clarified: the official pages do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in Czechia. | Not clarified: the official pages reviewed do not state sanctions for working without the proper permit. | Re-checked 22.10.2026 on official pages: CzechInvest (Digital Nomad Programme), Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs (long-term visa for business; programme page of the consulate in Chicago), Ministry of the Interior portal ipc.gov.cz (long-term residence permit for business) and Brno city hall (trade licence for third-co... | partial | false | https://czechinvest.gov.cz/en/For-Investors/Visa-Support/Digital-Nomad-Program?force [official]; https://mzv.gov.cz/chicago/en/consular_information/long_term_residence_permit/digital_nomad_program.html [official]; https://mzv.gov.cz/jnp/en/information_for_aliens/long_stay_visa/entrepreneurship.html [official]; https://... | 2026-10-22 | ok_with_note | Two routes: a long-term visa/permit for business with a Czech trade licence (third-country nationals, no nationality list on the official pages) and the Digital Nomad Programme (IT and marketing specialists from 12 listed countries, discretionary approval). The official pages do not state income or insurance terms for ... |
Chile | conditional | Residencia temporal (income/rentier category) | n_a | No special nomad visa in Chile (per the Holafly blog) | conditional | Expat.com (31.03.2026): there is no separate nomad visa; temporary residence permit under the category «actividades remuneradas lícitas» for up to 2 years, requires a service contract with a foreign company, statements for 3–12 months, income ≈ €1,400–1,850 per month; foreign income is not subject to income tax for the... | conditional | Startup Chile: requirements not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | no | Study | null | null | null | null | The second source (Expat.com, 31.03.2026) confirms: work for foreign clients on a temporal residence permit is possible; the category and amounts differ from Holafly (rentier). The primary source (Ley 21.325, serviciomigraciones.cl) was not opened. | partial | false | https://esim.holafly.com/es/blog/visas/visa-nomada-digital-chile/ [aggregator]; https://www.expat.com/es/guia/america-del-sur/chile/37490-nomada-digital-en-chile.html [aggregator] | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Switzerland | conditional | Permit without gainful employment (for example family reunification or education, or Art. 28 FNIA for retired persons), under which the State Secretariat for Migration (SEM) classifies home-office work for a foreign employer with no Swiss establishment and no effect on the Swiss labour market (SEM circular of 5 April 2... | n_a | No remote-worker permit category exists: the SEM circular states that a person who works from Switzerland for a foreign employer without a Swiss establishment and without effect on the Swiss labour market is to be admitted only under a permit without gainful employment (family reunification, education) (SEM circular, s... | conditional | Art. 28 FNIA (Retired persons): foreign nationals no longer gainfully employed may be admitted if they have reached a minimum age set by the Federal Council, have special personal relations to Switzerland and have the required financial means (Federal Act on Foreign Nationals and Integration, text as published on lawbr... | conditional | Gainful employment includes any salaried or self-employed activity normally carried out for payment and needs a permit irrespective of the period of stay (FNIA Art. 11). Admission of third-country nationals is tied to being highly qualified, to the economic interest and to quotas (SEM, Working in Switzerland: third-cou... | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | conditional | A permit for family reunification is named by SEM as a permit without gainful employment under which home-office work for a foreign employer without effect on the Swiss labour market is classified; holders of a permit for gainful employment or family reunification may do home-office work with Swiss market impact withou... | conditional | SEM names education and training permits among permits without gainful employment under which home-office work for a foreign employer without effect on the Swiss labour market is classified (SEM circular, section 3). Hours of permitted student work were not checked on an official page. | Not permitted under a permit without gainful employment: home-office work that affects the Swiss labour market is always gainful employment subject to a permit, whatever its duration (SEM circular, section 3); for EU/EFTA nationals SEM adds that work for Swiss clients or customer acquisition in Switzerland excludes non... | Applicants register with the local authorities within 14 days of entering Switzerland (SEM, Working in Switzerland). Social security: home-office work may shift the applicable social security law to the country of residence if the home-office share is substantial, with 25% of work or pay named as the threshold; the cir... | Not clarified on permanent establishment. The SEM circular (April 2022) states that a change of social security regime can follow when the home-office share is substantial (25% of work or pay); permanent-establishment risk is not addressed in the circular. | Not clarified: the penalty provision of FNIA (Art. 115, unlawful gainful employment) was not opened on an official page. | Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: SEM (Working in Switzerland; third-country nationals), SEM circular 'Taetigkeit im Home Office; auslaenderrechtliche Qualifikation; FZA und Drittstaaten' of 5 April 2022 (addressed to cantonal authorities), FNIA Art. 11 and Art. 28 as published in bilingual and aggregator legal ... | partial | false | https://www.ekm.admin.ch/dam/sem/de/data/rechtsgrundlagen/weisungen/fza/20220403-rs-homeoffice-fza-drittstaaten.pdf.download.pdf/20220403-rs-homeoffice-fza-drittstaaten-d.pdf [official]; https://www.sem.admin.ch/sem/en/home/overview-arbeit.html [official]; https://www.sem.admin.ch/sem/en/home/themen/arbeit/nicht-eu_eft... | 2026-10-22 | ok_with_note | SEM classifies remote work for a foreign employer without Swiss market impact as possible only under a permit without gainful employment (family, education, retired persons), so it works for holders of such permits but no permit is issued for remote work as such. |
Sweden | unknown | No permit for remote work for a foreign employer is described on the official pages opened. Described there: a work permit or residence permit to work (employee or self-employed), a visitor's residence permit for stays of more than 90 days (a visit only; for the tourist category the page says it "does not give you the ... | n_a | No digital nomad or remote-work permission is listed among the permits on the Swedish Migration Agency pages for work, temporary work and visits (checked 2026-10-22); the absence from these lists is not a statement that remote work is prohibited. | unknown | not checked on official pages | conditional | Swedish Migration Agency: "If you have your own business and are going to carry out temporary, remote work in Sweden, you do not need to apply for a work permit." The same page covers a business outside the EU with a temporary assignment on site: "If you have your own business outside the EU and have received a tempora... | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked on official pages | unknown | right to work remotely on a student permit not checked on official pages | Not clarified on the official pages opened: the page on temporary remote work by a self-employed person does not say whether clients must be outside Sweden. | Not clarified on the official pages opened: tax registration (Skatteverket) and business registration were not opened. | Not clarified: the pages of the Swedish Migration Agency do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in Sweden. | Not clarified: the pages opened do not state sanctions for working without a permit. | Re-checked 2026-10-22 on the pages of the Swedish Migration Agency (migrationsverket.se: work, exemptions from the work permit requirement, temporary work in Sweden, self-employed with a temporary assignment, visitor's residence permit for more than 90 days), without regard to citizenship. Classification: unknown. A ve... | partial | false | https://www.migrationsverket.se/en/you-want-to-apply/work/temporary-work-in-sweden/self-employed-with-a-temporary-assignment-in-sweden.html [official]; https://www.migrationsverket.se/en/you-want-to-apply/visiting-sweden/visiting-sweden-for-more-than-90-days.html [official]; https://www.migrationsverket.se/en/you-want-... | 2026-10-22 | null | null |
Sri Lanka | yes | Digital Nomad Visa (1 year with extension) | yes | Applicant ≥18, proof of income from $2,000/month for the applicant + $500/month for each dependant beyond two; fee $500/year per person; 1 year with extension | conditional | Retirement 55+ — the sample adult is 40, not eligible | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | unknown | real estate purchase route: conditions not checked on official pages | yes | Dependants by visa; the spouse may work remotely for foreign clients, for a local employer — only after switching to a work visa | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | No (a work visa is required for local work). | null | null | null | The domain workinsrilanka.lk is presumably a government portal, affiliation not confirmed. Taxes/social security certificate not established. | partial | false | https://www.workinsrilanka.lk/faq/digital-nomad [official]; https://www.adaderana.lk/news/118977/sri-lanka-officially-launches-digital-nomad-visa-facility-first-recipients-welcomed [aggregator] | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Ecuador | yes | Visa de residencia temporal rentista para trabajo remoto (up to 2 years, one extension) | yes | Foreign income ≥3× the basic salary ($1,446/month in 2026; ~$17,352/year); work for employers/clients/own company outside Ecuador; +$250/month per dependant; may not work for Ecuadorian companies | unknown | rentier / retiree route: conditions not checked on official pages | yes | Own company outside Ecuador is allowed | unknown | real estate purchase route: conditions not checked on official pages | yes | Spouse/partner/children with extra income $250/month per person | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | No: work for Ecuadorian companies is prohibited (per the blog). | null | null | null | Second source: Fragomen — nomad visa for 2 years, renewable for 2 years, ≈ $450, +$250 per month per dependant, work in Ecuador is prohibited, private health insurance is required; Primicias — few visas issued. Discrepancy with the earlier text: previously stated 'up to 2 years, one extension'; Fragomen writes of exten... | partial | false | https://guide.genki.world/ecuador-digital-nomad-visa-requirements-and-how-to-apply/ [blog]; https://www.fragomen.com/insights/ecuador-temporary-residence-visa-for-digital-nomads-available.html [law_firm]; https://primicias.ec/noticias/economia/ecuador-visas-nomadas-digitales-balance [media] | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Estonia | yes | Digital nomad visa: Estonian short-stay (C, up to 90 days) or long-stay (D, up to 365 days) visa issued for the purpose of teleworking; a temporary stay, not a residence permit | yes | The visa is for people who can work location-independently and are (1) employed under a contract by an employer registered abroad, (2) partner or shareholder in a company registered abroad, or (3) freelancers or consultants mainly serving clients with foreign establishments under contracts (e-Residency FAQ, 11 March 20... | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | conditional | Freelancers and consultants are covered only if they mainly serve clients with foreign establishments under contracts, and partners or shareholders only for business activity for a company registered abroad (e-Residency FAQ). A residence permit for own business in Estonia was not checked on official pages. | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | conditional | A spouse and minor children may apply for the visa on conditions matching the holder's; spousal visas are decided case by case; the spouse's right to work depends on the visa conditions (e-Residency FAQ). The Ministry of Foreign Affairs financial-means table shows no separate requirement for a spouse or minor children. | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | Conditional: the holder may take additional work for an Estonian company or employer, but the main purpose of the stay must remain the remote work stated in the application; registration of short-term employment and payment of the average Estonian salary are not required for that additional work (e-Residency FAQ, 11 Ma... | Staying more than 183 days in a consecutive 12-month period makes the holder an Estonian tax resident who must declare and pay tax in Estonia; other tax questions are referred to the Tax and Customs Board, whose pages were not opened (e-Residency FAQ). Health insurance covering treatment costs for the whole stay is req... | Not clarified: the official pages reviewed do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a visa holder working in Estonia. | Not clarified for the digital nomad visa itself. For employment in Estonia in general, the Police and Border Guard Board says employment of a foreigner must be registered in advance and longer work requires a residence permit; the Labour Inspectorate may fine failure to register posted workers up to 300 fine units for ... | Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Work in Estonia (Enterprise Estonia), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (long-stay D visa page, financial-means table), Police and Border Guard Board (long-term visa and working in Estonia pages), e-Residency programme FAQ (11 March 2026), Labour Inspectorate. Classification: yes. An ... | partial | false | https://workinestonia.com/digital-nomad-visa/ [official]; https://www.e-resident.gov.ee/en/blog/posts/faqs-about-estonias-digital-nomad-visa [official]; https://e-resident.gov.ee/start-a-company/digital-nomad-visa/ [official]; https://vm.ee/en/consular-visa-and-travel-information/visa-information/application-long-stay-... | 2026-10-22 | null | null |
South Africa | yes | Digital nomad (remote work) visa under amendments to the Immigration Regulations 2014 (up to 3 years) | yes | Income ≥R1 million/year; remote work for a foreign employer; up to 3 years; >6 months in a 12-month period — SARS registration | unknown | Retirement visa: age and amounts not checked on official pages | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | unknown | Family provisions not found in the source | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | null | Registration with SARS when staying >6 months in a 12-month period (per the source). | null | null | A law firm's text on the draft was opened; the final text and the actual issuance by DHA were not verified. | partial | false | https://bowmanslaw.com/insights/employment/south-africa-remote-working-and-the-digital-nomad-visa-a-step-in-the-right-direction/ [law_firm]; https://launchbaseafrica.com/digital-nomad-visa-now-gazetted-in-south-africa-stay-more-than-six-months-register-for-tax [blog] | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
South Korea | conditional | Workation visa F-1-D (officially from 30.06.2026, up to 3 years, renewed annually) | conditional | Remote work for a foreign company (≥1 year of experience) or ownership of a foreign company; income 1–2× GNI per capita (for the applicant 35+: 1.5× outside Seoul ≈₩78.6 million/year, 2× in Seoul ≈₩104.8 million/year per a law firm); work for Korean employers is prohibited | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | conditional | Owner of a foreign company is allowed | unknown | not checked (reduced depth) | yes | Spouse and minor children may accompany | no | D-2/D-4 — study | No: domestic employment is prohibited. | null | null | null | The official page turned out to be outdated (pilot); current conditions — per two law firms, the Korean Ministry of Justice announcement of 07.07.2026 did not open. Amounts to be recalculated using current GNI. | partial | false | https://eiglaw.com/?p=14782 [law_firm]; https://klawguru.com/2026/07/18/south-koreas-digital-nomad-workation-visa/ [law_firm]; https://overseas.mofa.go.kr/ph-en/brd/m_3275/view.do?seq=760958 [official] | 2026-10-04 | null | null |
Japan | conditional | Designated Activities (Digital Nomad, international remote work): up to six months, no extension, no residence card, annual income of at least 10 million yen, nationals of countries on the visa-exemption list that also have a tax convention with Japan | conditional | Immigration Services Agency (ISA) page: remote work from Japan using information and communication technology under an employment contract with a foreign organisation, or providing services or selling goods for a fee to persons located in a foreign country; stay of six months, no extension; annual income of at least 10... | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | conditional | Startup Visa (Foreign Entrepreneur Startup Promotion Program, METI): Designated Activities (Public Notice No. 51), up to two years to prepare a business, with a plan confirmed by a certified local organisation; the business must reach assets of at least 30 million yen and employ one full-time resident employee within o... | unknown | Not checked on official pages. | conditional | Digital Nomad status: a supported spouse or child can obtain a Designated Activities status limited to six months with no extension, with an insurance requirement as for the main applicant, and the nationality conditions apply to them (ISA). The Dependent status is for a spouse or child of holders of certain working an... | unknown | The official study-in-Japan portal states that the student status does not permit work, and that part-time work is possible only after permission to engage in activities other than that permitted (Study in Japan). Remote work for a foreign employer on a student status is not addressed on the pages opened. | No under the Digital Nomad status: employment under a contract with a Japanese public or private organisation is not permitted, and permitted services and sales are those directed to persons located in a foreign country (ISA). Whether other statuses allow Japanese clients was not checked. | Not clarified on the official pages: no residence card is issued for the Digital Nomad status, and the ISA page does not describe resident registration, tax or social security duties; the income certificate must come from the country where the applicant worked (ISA). | Not clarified: the official pages do not address permanent-establishment or tax risk for a foreign employer of a remote worker in Japan; the nomad status requires an employment contract with a foreign organisation and excludes Japanese employers (ISA). | Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act, Article 19(1): a person in a status listed in Appended Table I "shall not engage in" activities outside that status unless permitted; Article 24(iv)(a) makes a person engaged solely in such activities deportable (official English translation). Penalties under Article 70(... | Re-checked 2026-10-22 on official pages: Immigration Services Agency of Japan (Designated Activities for Digital Nomad, PDF version of that page, Business Manager), Embassy of Japan in the United States (Digital Nomad visa PDF, Temporary Visitor page), METI (Startup Visa), JETRO (statuses of residence), Study in Japan ... | partial | false | https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/applications/status/designatedactivities53_00001.html?hl=en [official]; https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/content/001417481.pdf [official]; https://www.portland.us.emb-japan.go.jp/files/100790826.pdf [official]; https://www.honolulu.us.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_en/visa_tempvisitor_en.html [official]; https... | 2026-10-22 | ok_with_note | The Digital Nomad status expressly allows remote work for a foreign employer or foreign clients, but only for six months without extension, with income of at least 10 million yen and for nationals of a list of eligible countries. |
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