---
license: cc0-1.0
papers:
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.01833
annotations_creators:
- found
- machine-generated
language_creators:
- found
language:
- en
- mul
pretty_name: OpenAlex Snapshot
tags:
- academic
- scholarly-metadata
- citation-data
- bibliometrics
- open-science
- tabular
size_categories:
- n>1T
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- tabular-classification
- feature-extraction
configs:
- config_name: works
  data_files: data/works/**/*.jsonl.gz
  default: true
  features:
    - name: id
      dtype: string
    - name: doi
      dtype: string
    - name: title
      dtype: string
    - name: display_name
      dtype: string
    - name: ids
      dtype: string
    - name: indexed_in
      dtype: string
    - name: publication_date
      dtype: string
    - name: publication_year
      dtype: int64
    - name: language
      dtype: string
    - name: type
      dtype: string
    - name: authorships
      dtype: string
    - name: authors_count
      dtype: int64
    - name: corresponding_author_ids
      dtype: string
    - name: corresponding_institution_ids
      dtype: string
    - name: primary_topic
      dtype: string
    - name: topics
      dtype: string
    - name: keywords
      dtype: string
    - name: concepts
      dtype: string
    - name: locations
      dtype: string
    - name: locations_count
      dtype: int64
    - name: primary_location
      dtype: string
    - name: best_oa_location
      dtype: string
    - name: sustainable_development_goals
      dtype: string
    - name: awards
      dtype: string
    - name: funders
      dtype: string
    - name: institutions
      dtype: string
    - name: countries_distinct_count
      dtype: int64
    - name: institutions_distinct_count
      dtype: int64
    - name: open_access
      dtype: string
    - name: is_paratext
      dtype: bool
    - name: is_retracted
      dtype: bool
    - name: is_xpac
      dtype: bool
    - name: biblio
      dtype: string
    - name: referenced_works
      dtype: string
    - name: referenced_works_count
      dtype: int64
    - name: related_works
      dtype: string
    - name: abstract_inverted_index
      dtype: string
    - name: cited_by_count
      dtype: int64
    - name: counts_by_year
      dtype: string
    - name: apc_list
      dtype: string
    - name: apc_paid
      dtype: string
    - name: fwci
      dtype: float64
    - name: citation_normalized_percentile
      dtype: string
    - name: cited_by_percentile_year
      dtype: string
    - name: mesh
      dtype: string
    - name: has_content
      dtype: string
    - name: has_fulltext
      dtype: bool
    - name: created_date
      dtype: string
    - name: updated_date
      dtype: string
- config_name: authors
  data_files: data/authors/**/*.jsonl.gz
  features:
    - name: id
      dtype: string
    - name: orcid
      dtype: string
    - name: display_name
      dtype: string
    - name: display_name_alternatives
      dtype: string
    - name: works_count
      dtype: int64
    - name: cited_by_count
      dtype: int64
    - name: summary_stats
      dtype: string
    - name: ids
      dtype: string
    - name: affiliations
      dtype: string
    - name: last_known_institutions
      dtype: string
    - name: topics
      dtype: string
    - name: topic_share
      dtype: string
    - name: x_concepts
      dtype: string
    - name: counts_by_year
      dtype: string
    - name: works_api_url
      dtype: string
    - name: updated_date
      dtype: string
    - name: created_date
      dtype: string
- config_name: sources
  data_files: data/sources/**/*.jsonl.gz
  features:
    - name: id
      dtype: string
    - name: issn_l
      dtype: string
    - name: issn
      dtype: string
    - name: display_name
      dtype: string
    - name: host_organization
      dtype: string
    - name: host_organization_name
      dtype: string
    - name: host_organization_lineage
      dtype: string
    - name: works_count
      dtype: int64
    - name: oa_works_count
      dtype: int64
    - name: cited_by_count
      dtype: int64
    - name: summary_stats
      dtype: string
    - name: is_oa
      dtype: bool
    - name: is_in_doaj
      dtype: bool
    - name: is_in_doaj_since_year
      dtype: string
    - name: is_high_oa_rate
      dtype: bool
    - name: is_high_oa_rate_since_year
      dtype: string
    - name: is_in_scielo
      dtype: bool
    - name: is_ojs
      dtype: bool
    - name: is_core
      dtype: bool
    - name: oa_flip_year
      dtype: string
    - name: first_publication_year
      dtype: int64
    - name: last_publication_year
      dtype: int64
    - name: ids
      dtype: string
    - name: homepage_url
      dtype: string
    - name: apc_prices
      dtype: string
    - name: apc_usd
      dtype: string
    - name: country_code
      dtype: string
    - name: societies
      dtype: string
    - name: alternate_titles
      dtype: string
    - name: type
      dtype: string
    - name: topics
      dtype: string
    - name: topic_share
      dtype: string
    - name: counts_by_year
      dtype: string
    - name: works_api_url
      dtype: string
    - name: updated_date
      dtype: string
    - name: created_date
      dtype: string
- config_name: institutions
  data_files: data/institutions/**/*.jsonl.gz
  features:
    - name: id
      dtype: string
    - name: ror
      dtype: string
    - name: display_name
      dtype: string
    - name: country_code
      dtype: string
    - name: type
      dtype: string
    - name: lineage
      dtype: string
    - name: is_super_system
      dtype: bool
    - name: type_id
      dtype: string
    - name: homepage_url
      dtype: string
    - name: image_url
      dtype: string
    - name: image_thumbnail_url
      dtype: string
    - name: display_name_acronyms
      dtype: string
    - name: display_name_alternatives
      dtype: string
    - name: works_count
      dtype: int64
    - name: cited_by_count
      dtype: int64
    - name: ids
      dtype: string
    - name: roles
      dtype: string
    - name: repositories
      dtype: string
    - name: geo
      dtype: string
    - name: wikidata_id
      dtype: string
    - name: wiki_page
      dtype: string
    - name: topics
      dtype: string
    - name: topic_share
      dtype: string
    - name: associated_institutions
      dtype: string
    - name: counts_by_year
      dtype: string
    - name: summary_stats
      dtype: string
    - name: works_api_url
      dtype: string
    - name: updated_date
      dtype: string
    - name: created_date
      dtype: string
- config_name: publishers
  data_files: data/publishers/**/*.jsonl.gz
  features:
    - name: id
      dtype: string
    - name: lineage
      dtype: string
    - name: display_name
      dtype: string
    - name: alternate_titles
      dtype: string
    - name: country_codes
      dtype: string
    - name: hierarchy_level
      dtype: int64
    - name: ids
      dtype: string
    - name: ror_id
      dtype: string
    - name: image_url
      dtype: string
    - name: image_thumbnail_url
      dtype: string
    - name: wikidata_id
      dtype: string
    - name: homepage_url
      dtype: string
    - name: works_count
      dtype: int64
    - name: cited_by_count
      dtype: int64
    - name: summary_stats
      dtype: string
    - name: roles
      dtype: string
    - name: counts_by_year
      dtype: string
    - name: sources_api_url
      dtype: string
    - name: created_date
      dtype: string
    - name: updated_date
      dtype: string
- config_name: funders
  data_files: data/funders/**/*.jsonl.gz
  features:
    - name: id
      dtype: string
    - name: display_name
      dtype: string
    - name: alternate_titles
      dtype: string
    - name: country_code
      dtype: string
    - name: description
      dtype: string
    - name: homepage_url
      dtype: string
    - name: image_url
      dtype: string
    - name: image_thumbnail_url
      dtype: string
    - name: ids
      dtype: string
    - name: works_count
      dtype: int64
    - name: cited_by_count
      dtype: int64
    - name: awards_count
      dtype: int64
    - name: roles
      dtype: string
    - name: counts_by_year
      dtype: string
    - name: summary_stats
      dtype: string
    - name: created_date
      dtype: string
    - name: updated_date
      dtype: string
- config_name: awards
  data_files: data/awards/**/*.jsonl.gz
  features:
    - name: id
      dtype: string
    - name: display_name
      dtype: string
    - name: description
      dtype: string
    - name: funder_award_id
      dtype: string
    - name: amount
      dtype: float64
    - name: currency
      dtype: string
    - name: funder
      dtype: string
    - name: funding_type
      dtype: string
    - name: funder_scheme
      dtype: string
    - name: provenance
      dtype: string
    - name: start_date
      dtype: string
    - name: end_date
      dtype: string
    - name: start_year
      dtype: int64
    - name: end_year
      dtype: int64
    - name: lead_investigator
      dtype: string
    - name: co_lead_investigator
      dtype: string
    - name: investigators
      dtype: string
    - name: landing_page_url
      dtype: string
    - name: doi
      dtype: string
    - name: works_api_url
      dtype: string
    - name: created_date
      dtype: string
    - name: updated_date
      dtype: string
    - name: funded_outputs
      dtype: string
    - name: funded_outputs_count
      dtype: int64
- config_name: concepts
  data_files: data/concepts/**/*.jsonl.gz
  features:
    - name: id
      dtype: string
    - name: wikidata
      dtype: string
    - name: display_name
      dtype: string
    - name: level
      dtype: int64
    - name: description
      dtype: string
    - name: works_count
      dtype: int64
    - name: cited_by_count
      dtype: int64
    - name: summary_stats
      dtype: string
    - name: ids
      dtype: string
    - name: image_url
      dtype: string
    - name: image_thumbnail_url
      dtype: string
    - name: international
      dtype: string
    - name: ancestors
      dtype: string
    - name: related_concepts
      dtype: string
    - name: counts_by_year
      dtype: string
    - name: works_api_url
      dtype: string
    - name: updated_date
      dtype: string
    - name: created_date
      dtype: string
- config_name: topics
  data_files: data/topics/**/*.jsonl.gz
  features:
    - name: original_id
      dtype: int64
    - name: id
      dtype: string
    - name: ids
      dtype: string
    - name: display_name
      dtype: string
    - name: description
      dtype: string
    - name: keywords
      dtype: string
    - name: domain
      dtype: string
    - name: field
      dtype: string
    - name: subfield
      dtype: string
    - name: siblings
      dtype: string
    - name: works_count
      dtype: int64
    - name: cited_by_count
      dtype: int64
    - name: works_api_url
      dtype: string
    - name: created_date
      dtype: string
    - name: updated_date
      dtype: string
- config_name: domains
  data_files: data/domains/**/*.jsonl.gz
  features:
    - name: original_id
      dtype: int64
    - name: id
      dtype: string
    - name: ids
      dtype: string
    - name: display_name
      dtype: string
    - name: display_name_alternatives
      dtype: string
    - name: description
      dtype: string
    - name: fields
      dtype: string
    - name: siblings
      dtype: string
    - name: works_count
      dtype: int64
    - name: cited_by_count
      dtype: int64
    - name: works_api_url
      dtype: string
    - name: created_date
      dtype: string
    - name: updated_date
      dtype: string
- config_name: fields
  data_files: data/fields/**/*.jsonl.gz
  features:
    - name: original_id
      dtype: int64
    - name: id
      dtype: string
    - name: ids
      dtype: string
    - name: display_name
      dtype: string
    - name: display_name_alternatives
      dtype: string
    - name: description
      dtype: string
    - name: domain
      dtype: string
    - name: subfields
      dtype: string
    - name: siblings
      dtype: string
    - name: works_count
      dtype: int64
    - name: cited_by_count
      dtype: int64
    - name: works_api_url
      dtype: string
    - name: created_date
      dtype: string
    - name: updated_date
      dtype: string
- config_name: subfields
  data_files: data/subfields/**/*.jsonl.gz
  features:
    - name: original_id
      dtype: int64
    - name: id
      dtype: string
    - name: ids
      dtype: string
    - name: display_name
      dtype: string
    - name: display_name_alternatives
      dtype: string
    - name: description
      dtype: string
    - name: domain
      dtype: string
    - name: field
      dtype: string
    - name: topics
      dtype: string
    - name: siblings
      dtype: string
    - name: works_count
      dtype: int64
    - name: cited_by_count
      dtype: int64
    - name: works_api_url
      dtype: string
    - name: created_date
      dtype: string
    - name: updated_date
      dtype: string
dataset_info:
  - config_name: domains_external_ids
    data_dir: domains/external_ids
    features:
      - name: domain_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: source
        dtype: string
      - name: value
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 12
    num_bytes: 1406
    num_shards: 1
  - config_name: domains_name_alternatives
    data_dir: domains/name_alternatives
    features:
      - name: domain_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: display_name_alternative
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 6
    num_bytes: 984
    num_shards: 1
  - config_name: fields_domains
    data_dir: fields/domains
    features:
      - name: field_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: domain_id
        dtype: int64
    num_rows: 26
    num_bytes: 937
    num_shards: 1
  - config_name: fields_external_ids
    data_dir: fields/external_ids
    features:
      - name: field_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: source
        dtype: string
      - name: value
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 78
    num_bytes: 2225
    num_shards: 1
  - config_name: fields_name_alternatives
    data_dir: fields/name_alternatives
    features:
      - name: field_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: display_name_alternative
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 60
    num_bytes: 1805
    num_shards: 1
  - config_name: subfields_domains
    data_dir: subfields/domains
    features:
      - name: subfield_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: domain_id
        dtype: int64
    num_rows: 252
    num_bytes: 2166
    num_shards: 1
  - config_name: subfields_external_ids
    data_dir: subfields/external_ids
    features:
      - name: subfield_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: source
        dtype: string
      - name: value
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 756
    num_bytes: 11198
    num_shards: 1
  - config_name: subfields_fields
    data_dir: subfields/fields
    features:
      - name: subfield_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: field_id
        dtype: int64
    num_rows: 252
    num_bytes: 2354
    num_shards: 1
  - config_name: subfields_name_alternatives
    data_dir: subfields/name_alternatives
    features:
      - name: subfield_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: display_name_alternative
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 393
    num_bytes: 6728
    num_shards: 1
  - config_name: topics_domains
    data_dir: topics/domains
    features:
      - name: topic_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: domain_id
        dtype: int64
    num_rows: 4516
    num_bytes: 27397
    num_shards: 1
  - config_name: topics_external_ids
    data_dir: topics/external_ids
    features:
      - name: topic_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: source
        dtype: string
      - name: value
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 9032
    num_bytes: 145268
    num_shards: 1
  - config_name: topics_fields
    data_dir: topics/fields
    features:
      - name: topic_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: field_id
        dtype: int64
    num_rows: 4516
    num_bytes: 29182
    num_shards: 1
  - config_name: topics_keywords
    data_dir: topics/keywords
    features:
      - name: topic_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: keyword
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 45154
    num_bytes: 482701
    num_shards: 1
  - config_name: topics_subfields
    data_dir: topics/subfields
    features:
      - name: topic_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: subfield_id
        dtype: int64
    num_rows: 4516
    num_bytes: 31796
    num_shards: 1
  - config_name: publishers_alternate_titles
    data_dir: publishers/alternate_titles
    features:
      - name: publisher_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: title
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 9072
    num_bytes: 382770
    num_shards: 51
  - config_name: publishers_countries
    data_dir: publishers/countries
    features:
      - name: publisher_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: country_code
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 18518
    num_bytes: 279010
    num_shards: 51
  - config_name: publishers_counts_by_year
    data_dir: publishers/counts_by_year
    features:
      - name: publisher_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: year
        dtype: int32
      - name: works_count
        dtype: int64
      - name: cited_by_count
        dtype: int64
    num_rows: 188549
    num_bytes: 1846648
    num_shards: 51
  - config_name: publishers_external_ids
    data_dir: publishers/external_ids
    features:
      - name: publisher_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: source
        dtype: string
      - name: value
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 47468
    num_bytes: 1259281
    num_shards: 51
  - config_name: publishers_lineage
    data_dir: publishers/lineage
    features:
      - name: publisher_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: ancestor_publisher_id
        dtype: int64
    num_rows: 0
    num_bytes: 21573
    num_shards: 51
  - config_name: publishers_roles
    data_dir: publishers/roles
    features:
      - name: publisher_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: role_entity_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: role_type
        dtype: string
      - name: role_prefix
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 32476
    num_bytes: 748215
    num_shards: 51
  - config_name: funders_alternate_titles
    data_dir: funders/alternate_titles
    features:
      - name: funder_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: title
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 71645
    num_bytes: 1450887
    num_shards: 1
  - config_name: funders_counts_by_year
    data_dir: funders/counts_by_year
    features:
      - name: funder_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: year
        dtype: int32
      - name: works_count
        dtype: int64
      - name: cited_by_count
        dtype: int64
      - name: oa_works_count
        dtype: int64
    num_rows: 551451
    num_bytes: 2705836
    num_shards: 1
  - config_name: funders_external_ids
    data_dir: funders/external_ids
    features:
      - name: funder_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: source
        dtype: string
      - name: value
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 135985
    num_bytes: 1422310
    num_shards: 1
  - config_name: funders_roles
    data_dir: funders/roles
    features:
      - name: funder_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: role_entity_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: role_type
        dtype: string
      - name: role_prefix
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 52733
    num_bytes: 588203
    num_shards: 1
  - config_name: awards_funded_outputs
    data_dir: awards/funded_outputs
    features:
      - name: award_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: work_id
        dtype: int64
    num_rows: 32514594
    num_bytes: 357839382
    num_shards: 20
  - config_name: awards_investigator_affiliations
    data_dir: awards/investigator_affiliations
    features:
      - name: award_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: investigator_orcid
        dtype: string
      - name: investigator_family_name
        dtype: string
      - name: affiliation_id
        dtype: string
      - name: affiliation_type
        dtype: string
      - name: asserted_by
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 742905
    num_bytes: 22178902
    num_shards: 20
  - config_name: awards_investigators
    data_dir: awards/investigators
    features:
      - name: award_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: given_name
        dtype: string
      - name: family_name
        dtype: string
      - name: orcid
        dtype: string
      - name: affiliation_name
        dtype: string
      - name: affiliation_country
        dtype: string
      - name: role_start
        dtype: string
      - name: is_lead
        dtype: bool
      - name: is_co_lead
        dtype: bool
    num_rows: 4658360
    num_bytes: 249300204
    num_shards: 20
  - config_name: concepts_ancestors
    data_dir: concepts/ancestors
    features:
      - name: concept_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: ancestor_concept_id
        dtype: int64
    num_rows: 0
    num_bytes: 1221
    num_shards: 3
  - config_name: concepts_counts_by_year
    data_dir: concepts/counts_by_year
    features:
      - name: concept_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: year
        dtype: int32
      - name: works_count
        dtype: int64
      - name: cited_by_count
        dtype: int64
      - name: oa_works_count
        dtype: int64
    num_rows: 0
    num_bytes: 2115
    num_shards: 3
  - config_name: concepts_external_ids
    data_dir: concepts/external_ids
    features:
      - name: concept_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: source
        dtype: string
      - name: value
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 195078
    num_bytes: 3086645
    num_shards: 3
  - config_name: concepts_related
    data_dir: concepts/related
    features:
      - name: concept_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: related_concept_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: score
        dtype: float32
    num_rows: 0
    num_bytes: 1551
    num_shards: 3
  - config_name: institutions_associations
    data_dir: institutions/associations
    features:
      - name: institution_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: associated_institution_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: relationship_type
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 131583
    num_bytes: 2003185
    num_shards: 61
  - config_name: institutions_counts_by_year
    data_dir: institutions/counts_by_year
    features:
      - name: institution_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: year
        dtype: int32
      - name: works_count
        dtype: int64
      - name: cited_by_count
        dtype: int64
      - name: oa_works_count
        dtype: int64
    num_rows: 2107775
    num_bytes: 25242763
    num_shards: 61
  - config_name: institutions_external_ids
    data_dir: institutions/external_ids
    features:
      - name: institution_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: source
        dtype: string
      - name: value
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 437211
    num_bytes: 11418278
    num_shards: 61
  - config_name: institutions_lineage
    data_dir: institutions/lineage
    features:
      - name: institution_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: ancestor_institution_id
        dtype: int64
    num_rows: 58865
    num_bytes: 785710
    num_shards: 61
  - config_name: institutions_name_acronyms
    data_dir: institutions/name_acronyms
    features:
      - name: institution_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: display_name_acronym
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 81935
    num_bytes: 1888938
    num_shards: 61
  - config_name: institutions_name_alternatives
    data_dir: institutions/name_alternatives
    features:
      - name: institution_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: display_name_alternative
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 132397
    num_bytes: 7667620
    num_shards: 61
  - config_name: institutions_repositories
    data_dir: institutions/repositories
    features:
      - name: institution_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: source_id
        dtype: int64
    num_rows: 8186
    num_bytes: 199201
    num_shards: 61
  - config_name: institutions_roles
    data_dir: institutions/roles
    features:
      - name: institution_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: role_entity_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: role_type
        dtype: string
      - name: role_prefix
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 201446
    num_bytes: 4351258
    num_shards: 61
  - config_name: institutions_topic_share
    data_dir: institutions/topic_share
    features:
      - name: institution_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: topic_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: value
        dtype: float64
    num_rows: 3482471
    num_bytes: 30081570
    num_shards: 61
  - config_name: institutions_topics
    data_dir: institutions/topics
    features:
      - name: institution_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: topic_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: count
        dtype: int64
      - name: score
        dtype: float32
    num_rows: 3482471
    num_bytes: 27627497
    num_shards: 61
  - config_name: sources_alternate_titles
    data_dir: sources/alternate_titles
    features:
      - name: source_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: title
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 22877
    num_bytes: 905217
    num_shards: 42
  - config_name: sources_apc_prices
    data_dir: sources/apc_prices
    features:
      - name: source_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: price
        dtype: float64
      - name: currency
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 25021
    num_bytes: 283365
    num_shards: 42
  - config_name: sources_counts_by_year
    data_dir: sources/counts_by_year
    features:
      - name: source_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: year
        dtype: int32
      - name: works_count
        dtype: int64
      - name: cited_by_count
        dtype: int64
      - name: oa_works_count
        dtype: int64
    num_rows: 1000731
    num_bytes: 8405422
    num_shards: 42
  - config_name: sources_external_ids
    data_dir: sources/external_ids
    features:
      - name: source_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: source
        dtype: string
      - name: value
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 138631
    num_bytes: 2618830
    num_shards: 42
  - config_name: sources_host_lineage
    data_dir: sources/host_lineage
    features:
      - name: source_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: publisher_id
        dtype: int64
    num_rows: 23820
    num_bytes: 378319
    num_shards: 42
  - config_name: sources_issns
    data_dir: sources/issns
    features:
      - name: source_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: issn
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 57525
    num_bytes: 1302945
    num_shards: 42
  - config_name: sources_societies
    data_dir: sources/societies
    features:
      - name: source_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: organization
        dtype: string
      - name: url
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 3811
    num_bytes: 280131
    num_shards: 42
  - config_name: sources_topic_share
    data_dir: sources/topic_share
    features:
      - name: source_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: topic_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: value
        dtype: float64
    num_rows: 204995
    num_bytes: 3064924
    num_shards: 42
  - config_name: sources_topics
    data_dir: sources/topics
    features:
      - name: source_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: topic_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: count
        dtype: int64
      - name: score
        dtype: float32
    num_rows: 204995
    num_bytes: 2089180
    num_shards: 42
  - config_name: authors_concepts
    data_dir: authors/concepts
    features:
      - name: author_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: concept_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: score
        dtype: float64
      - name: count
        dtype: int64
      - name: level
        dtype: int32
    num_rows: 772383165
    num_bytes: 8907493756
    num_shards: 688
  - config_name: authors_counts_by_year
    data_dir: authors/counts_by_year
    features:
      - name: author_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: year
        dtype: int32
      - name: works_count
        dtype: int64
      - name: cited_by_count
        dtype: int64
      - name: oa_works_count
        dtype: int64
    num_rows: 883778965
    num_bytes: 3569671281
    num_shards: 688
  - config_name: authors_external_ids
    data_dir: authors/external_ids
    features:
      - name: author_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: source
        dtype: string
      - name: value
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 230981827
    num_bytes: 2858151795
    num_shards: 688
  - config_name: authors_institutions
    data_dir: authors/institutions
    features:
      - name: author_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: institution_id
        dtype: int64
    num_rows: 427101765
    num_bytes: 1923414561
    num_shards: 688
  - config_name: authors_last_known_institutions
    data_dir: authors/last_known_institutions
    features:
      - name: author_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: institution_id
        dtype: int64
    num_rows: 103777300
    num_bytes: 954940491
    num_shards: 688
  - config_name: authors_name_alternatives
    data_dir: authors/name_alternatives
    features:
      - name: author_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: display_name_alternative
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 392858113
    num_bytes: 6044096512
    num_shards: 688
  - config_name: authors_sources
    data_dir: authors/sources
    features:
      - name: author_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: source_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: is_core
        dtype: bool
      - name: is_in_doaj
        dtype: bool
    num_rows: 835250610
    num_bytes: 4041979497
    num_shards: 688
  - config_name: authors_topic_share
    data_dir: authors/topic_share
    features:
      - name: author_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: topic_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: value
        dtype: float64
    num_rows: 544517049
    num_bytes: 3739593865
    num_shards: 688
  - config_name: authors_topics
    data_dir: authors/topics
    features:
      - name: author_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: topic_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: count
        dtype: int64
      - name: score
        dtype: float32
    num_rows: 544517049
    num_bytes: 4270138942
    num_shards: 688
  - config_name: works_abstracts
    data_dir: works/abstracts
    features:
      - name: work_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: abstract_inverted_index
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 248221431
    num_bytes: 221145420894
    num_shards: 2127
  - config_name: works_authorship_institutions
    data_dir: works/authorship_institutions
    features:
      - name: work_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: author_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: institution_id
        dtype: int64
    num_rows: 760634768
    num_bytes: 11422205890
    num_shards: 2127
  - config_name: works_authorships
    data_dir: works/authorships
    features:
      - name: work_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: author_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: author_position
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 960189908
    num_bytes: 11780783633
    num_shards: 2127
  - config_name: works_awards
    data_dir: works/awards
    features:
      - name: work_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: award_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: display_name
        dtype: string
      - name: funder_award_id
        dtype: string
      - name: funder_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: funder_display_name
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 79317425
    num_bytes: 2805473012
    num_shards: 2127
  - config_name: works_concepts
    data_dir: works/concepts
    features:
      - name: work_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: concept_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: score
        dtype: float32
    num_rows: 4501395411
    num_bytes: 32486361424
    num_shards: 2127
  - config_name: works_corresponding_authors
    data_dir: works/corresponding_authors
    features:
      - name: work_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: author_id
        dtype: int64
    num_rows: 293212905
    num_bytes: 4487890024
    num_shards: 2127
  - config_name: works_corresponding_institutions
    data_dir: works/corresponding_institutions
    features:
      - name: work_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: institution_id
        dtype: int64
    num_rows: 181632080
    num_bytes: 2120194663
    num_shards: 2127
  - config_name: works_counts_by_year
    data_dir: works/counts_by_year
    features:
      - name: work_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: year
        dtype: int32
      - name: cited_by_count
        dtype: int64
    num_rows: 383642629
    num_bytes: 2744668463
    num_shards: 2127
  - config_name: works_external_ids
    data_dir: works/external_ids
    features:
      - name: work_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: source
        dtype: string
      - name: value
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 968222949
    num_bytes: 16373399055
    num_shards: 2127
  - config_name: works_funders
    data_dir: works/funders
    features:
      - name: work_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: funder_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: award_id
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 0
    num_bytes: 1050738
    num_shards: 2127
  - config_name: works_indexed_in
    data_dir: works/indexed_in
    features:
      - name: work_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: index_name
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 336380264
    num_bytes: 2397345528
    num_shards: 2127
  - config_name: works_keywords
    data_dir: works/keywords
    features:
      - name: work_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: keyword_id
        dtype: string
      - name: score
        dtype: float32
    num_rows: 2832660113
    num_bytes: 28074665218
    num_shards: 2127
  - config_name: works_locations
    data_dir: works/locations
    features:
      - name: work_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: source_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: is_oa
        dtype: bool
      - name: is_primary
        dtype: bool
      - name: license
        dtype: string
      - name: version
        dtype: string
    num_rows: 537965838
    num_bytes: 5106323570
    num_shards: 2127
  - config_name: works_mesh
    data_dir: works/mesh
    features:
      - name: work_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: descriptor_ui
        dtype: string
      - name: descriptor_name
        dtype: string
      - name: qualifier_ui
        dtype: string
      - name: qualifier_name
        dtype: string
      - name: is_major_topic
        dtype: bool
    num_rows: 1127251188
    num_bytes: 15921498336
    num_shards: 2127
  - config_name: works_references
    data_dir: works/references
    features:
      - name: work_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: referenced_work_id
        dtype: int64
    num_rows: 2912952343
    num_bytes: 35367925096
    num_shards: 2127
  - config_name: works_related
    data_dir: works/related
    features:
      - name: work_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: related_work_id
        dtype: int64
    num_rows: 2598276518
    num_bytes: 18767817619
    num_shards: 2127
  - config_name: works_sdgs
    data_dir: works/sdgs
    features:
      - name: work_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: sdg_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: score
        dtype: float32
    num_rows: 174402726
    num_bytes: 2039374831
    num_shards: 2127
  - config_name: works_topics
    data_dir: works/topics
    features:
      - name: work_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: topic_id
        dtype: int64
      - name: score
        dtype: float32
    num_rows: 1007532780
    num_bytes: 7612990305
    num_shards: 2127
---

# OpenAlex Snapshot

Mirror of the [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org) scholarly metadata snapshot — a free, open catalogue of 250M+ scholarly works, 100M+ authors, and related entities.

Hosted on [HuggingFace](https://huggingface.co/datasets/Mearman/OpenAlex) via [Xet](https://xetdata.com) for content-addressable deduplication.

**Source**: [s3://openalex](https://openalex.s3.amazonaws.com/) (public, anonymous S3 bucket)

## Dataset subsets

Each entity type is a separate subset (config):

| Config | Description | Shards |
|--------|-------------|--------|
| `works` | Scholarly works (papers, datasets, etc.) | 2,127 |
| `authors` | Authors of scholarly works | 738 |
| `institutions` | Universities, research orgs | 61 |
| `publishers` | Academic publishers | 51 |
| `sources` | Journals, repositories, conferences | 42 |
| `awards` | Grant/funding awards | 20 |
| `concepts` | Legacy concept taxonomy (Wikidata) | 3 |
| `topics` | Topic taxonomy | 1 |
| `domains` | Top-level topic domains | 1 |
| `fields` | Topic fields | 1 |
| `subfields` | Topic subfields | 1 |
| `funders` | Funding organisations | 1 |

## Data format

Each shard is a gzip-compressed JSON Lines file at:

```
data/{entity}/updated_date=YYYY-MM-DD/part_XXXX.jsonl.gz
```

The `.jsonl.gz` extension allows the HuggingFace dataset viewer to detect the inner format automatically. On S3, files are named `part_XXXX.gz`; the download pipeline renames them on save.

Each line is a JSON object representing one entity record. Fields vary by entity type. See the [OpenAlex data model](https://docs.openalex.org/) for field definitions.

### Example: Work record fields

`id`, `doi`, `title`, `display_name`, `publication_year`, `type`, `language`, `authorships`, `concepts`, `topics`, `keywords`, `cited_by_count`, `referenced_works`, `related_works`, `locations`, `open_access`, `funders`, `awards`, `mesh`, `sustainable_development_goals`, `counts_by_year`, `updated_date`, and more.

## Sync and extraction pipeline

The `sync/` directory contains a Python pipeline for downloading from S3 and extracting relationship tables to Parquet:

1. **Download**: `python3 -m sync.download sync [--entity X]` — syncs from `s3://openalex` (public, anonymous)
2. **Extract**: `python3 -m sync.extract extract [--entity X] --workers 6` — converts `.jsonl.gz` to nested parquet sub-tables

Extraction supports `--slice-index N --slice-total M` to partition work across machines.

## Adding new entity types

OpenAlex occasionally adds new entities. To support a new one:

1. **Download**: `python3 -m sync.download sync --entity {entity}`
2. **Schema**: Add entity + relationship schemas to `sync/schemas.py`
3. **Extraction**: Add dispatch entry to `_ENTITY_DISPATCH` in `sync/extract.py`
4. **Nesting**: Add singular→plural entry to `_ENTITY_SINGULAR_TO_PLURAL` in `sync/common.py`
5. **Commit**: Stage and push

## License

OpenAlex data is released under [CC0 1.0 Universal](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). See the [OpenAlex terms](https://docs.openalex.org/about/the-data) for details.