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economic activity over the past several decades. Adequate water supplies to meet basic human needs are essential to maintain and enhance the welfare of all the inhabitants of the region. For the present generation, water-related concerns primarily focus on the distribution of the resource within society and the preserv... |
water supplies and preserve the quality of the environment, in addition to achieving greater equity in the distribution of water throughout the area. In focusing on the contributions of science and technology to the sustainable use of the study area's water resources, this study was guided by five fundamental working c... |
and future generations must be taken into account. All options should be considered for balancing water supplies and demand. OCR for page 2 --> The maintenance of ecosystem services should be viewed as essential for achieving sustainability of water resources. The close relationships of water quality and quantity shoul... |
equity—the idea that the present generation's children and grandchildren should have at least as much ability to use a resource as does the present generation. Intergenerational equity includes the sustainable use of water resources. The Study Area and Water Use The committee's deliberations were limited to the area of... |
in this report. The study area has a hot, dry climate, and consists of a dry coast and strip of dry upland forest that grades into semidesert and desert. Most of the study area receives less than 250 millimeters (mm) of rainfall per year, about the same as or less than that received by Phoenix, Arizona, in the United S... |
rainfall amounts—those of more than 1,000 mm—fall in a small area of highlands in the northwestern part of the study area. By comparison, most of the United States east of the Mississippi River receives more than 800 mm of rainfall per year; much of the eastern United States and much of the Pacific Northwest west of th... |
landscape and hydrologic features of the study area are much like those of neighboring areas, which are sometimes included in definitions of the "Middle East," stretching as far south as Yemen, as far east as Pakistan, as far north as Turkey, and as far west as Morocco. The study area has approximately 12 million inhab... |
variety of occupations. In 1994, the study area's total average annual water use was estimated to be 3,183 million cubic meters (million m3), ranging from almost 2,000 million m3 in Israel to approximately 235 million m3 in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The average annual per capita use in the area, while highly variab... |
been increasing. For the study area as a whole, agricultural irrigation accounts for more than half the water use, from an estimated 57 percent in Israel to 72 percent in Jordan, without considering wastewater that may be reused for irrigation. The several problems of water and the environment are similar to those in s... |
sections of the United States and Australia. Long experience in predicting water use and associated economic OCR for page 3 --> activity, population growth, and other variables of importance to water and economic planning shows that precise predictions are often incorrect. Many factors that influence water use have the... |
can be unpredictable. However, although predictions, projections, and scenario building rarely provide an adequate basis for planning by themselves, they can be useful in identifying and analyzing different options. The study area's inhabitants will almost assuredly live under conditions of significant water stress in ... |
study area will probably continue to develop economically as well, and such growth could be substantial in Jordan and the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Because of the disparity between the economic progress of Israel compared to Jordan and the West Bank and Gaza Strip, some of the technical water-conservation and supply-au... |
2 provides a detailed discussion of the study area and its patterns of water use. Water and the Environment The importance of ecosystem services to the sustainability of water supplies is often overlooked in the context of the region's water supplies. Ecosystem services refers to any functional attribute of natural sys... |
system produces services of poorer quality and reduced quantity. The ecosystems of the study area, as elsewhere, provide services that are instrumental in achieving the sustainability of human water supplies. Vegetation helps to control runoff, and many plants, especially in wetlands, help to filter water and reduce th... |
after heavy rains, thus reducing sediment input to water supplies as well. Surface water also provides important services. Streams help to assimilate waste-water, lakes provide storage for clean water, and surface waters provide habitat for many plants and animals important to humans and to ecosystem functioning. At th... |
sustainability to continue to provide the many ecosystem goods and services that people rely on. The sustainability of water supplies requires that natural ecosystems be regarded as a critical legitimate user of the study area's water resources. Natural ecosystems are essential for maintaining adequate supplies of high... |
in the Middle East, are committed to protecting biodiversity, as reflected in laws and international agreements. In future land-use planning, the benefits of water-related development should therefore be evaluated against the lost biodiversity and the cost of reduced ecosystem services. Applying this approach to the Jo... |
lakes, the lower river, and the Dead Sea coasts. Such an examination, lacking to date, should be an integral part of evaluating any proposed option that would affect water quantity or quality. Chapter 4 discusses these environmental issues in depth. In short, without the services provided by natural ecosystems, it will... |
in the study area. Thus, environmental considerations are not an adjunct to planning for sustainable water supplies, but a major and essential component of such planning. Hydrologic Relationships and Water Resources Planning Regardless of national boundaries, the waters of the study area are shared inasmuch as the regi... |
have impact on the quantities and qualities available in others. A good way to ensure that these consequential relationships are directly considered in water resources planning is to take a regional hydrologic viewpoint. For example, the failure to view water resources planning regionally could lead to indiscriminate g... |
well locations would maximize the yield of this aquifer. A comprehensive hydrologic database to inform and support regional water resources planning is clearly needed. It is recommended that responsible national and international agencies take a regional approach to water resources planning in the following fundamental... |
and quality conditions of the area's water resources using these consistent techniques and units of measurement. Encourage open exchange of scientific research relevant to these water resources and the conduct of scientific research on a regional and collaborative basis. OCR for page 5 --> Any regional approach should ... |
the Future Achieving intergenerational fairness implies the need for a variety of management measures, some discussed in this report. These measures include monitoring the quality of water resources; scientific and technological research and development to make more efficient use of available resources without contamin... |
such as dams, municipal sewage treatment plants and water delivery systems; protection of watersheds and aquifer recharge areas by appropriate land use planning; and systems for sharing the resources equitably among communities. This report assesses specific management options to shape the study area's future water res... |
close attention; others have been examined only in part. (The bibliography found at the end of the report indicates the wide range of evidence the committee consulted.) Most of the options examined here relate to improving the efficiency of water use—that is, they involve conservation and better use of proven technolog... |
to be cost-effective and ready for large-scale application. The committee did not consider options that involved water sources outside the study area because this examination was outside its charge outlined in Chapter 1. The committee identified several basic questions to consider when choosing among various water reso... |
increments in available water supply will be more desirable than those that have modest effects. Are the options technically feasible? In evaluating options, care should be taken to assess technical feasibility. What is the environmental impact of the option? Will the option reduce or increase the quantities or qualiti... |
How will it affect aquatic and terrestrial habitats? Will the option lead to losses of biodiversity or of species that may be particularly valuable? Is the option economically feasible? What factors affect its economic feasibility? Has the option proven economically feasible elsewhere? OCR for page 6 --> It is importan... |
information about who bears the costs and who receives the benefits. What are the implications for present and future generations? The quality of the environment must be maintained for future generations in a condition no worse than that of the current generation. Will the current generation's access to resources be co... |
However, in assessing options for a particular case, it will become more critical to examine and compare the full range of options suitable for that case. All too often, a proposed solution is examined according to only one criterion, such as monetary cost, and is not compared with the other possible actions. Because s... |
and expensive without the goods and services provided by natural ecosystems, environmental considerations are essential in planning for sustainable water supplies (see Chapter 4). Thus, attempting to meet future regional demands by simply increasing withdrawals of ground and surface water will result in unsustainable d... |
and quantity will not be sustainable unless suitable conservation methods are used in all three major sectors of water use—urban, agricultural, and industrial. Some middle ground must be reached in which quality of life and economic development are brought into balance within the practical constraints imposed by the av... |
societal or economic incentives to implement. By reducing the demand for water, conservation measures can have a positive effect on water quality and the environment. Examples of voluntary, domestic water conservation measures include adopting water-saving plumbing fixtures (toilets, shower heads, and washing machines)... |
in commerce; repairing household leaks; and discouraging use of garbage disposal units. Chapter 5 compares the water savings of nonconventional over conventional appliances. Involuntary domestic water conservation measures can also be used, such as repairing leaking distribution and sewer systems; expanding central sew... |
the population grows or relocates in clusters, new water systems can be designed to reduce use and treatment costs, as by incorporating dual water systems to use nonpotable water for toilet flushing, garden irrigation, and similar applications. Dual systems reduce treatment costs and allow for recycling. Agriculture Th... |
helped to reduce the area's agricultural water use. The reduction of Israeli water use by more than 200 million m3/yr between 1985 and 1993 was accomplished almost entirely in the agricultural sector through improved irrigation methods and water-delivery restrictions. Through rationing, research, and possibly through e... |
cost of obtaining additional water supplies grows more expensive, the role of agriculture in the economy of the study area may need to be reevaluated (e.g., shifting from more to less water-intensive crops), so that water is used as efficiently as possible. Harvesting local runoff and floodwaters can increase water sup... |
within closed environments. Computer-controlled drip ''fertigation" (application of fertilizer in the irrigation water) economizes on water and fertilizer use and prevents soil salinization and ground-water pollution if drainage water recycling is used. Brackish water, often abundant in the study area's dryland aquifer... |
market price. Brackish water is also useful for intensive aquaculture in deserts, but it may also cause problems by increasing soil salinization. Finally, the use of treated local or transported wastewater for subsurface drip irrigation of orchards and forage can dramatically increase the production of the area's dryla... |
the socioeconomic impacts as well as the environmental impacts of changing agricultural practices should be considered. Prices and Pricing Policies Policies that subsidize the price of water or emphasize revenue recovery, OCR for page 8 --> to the exclusion of considerations of economic efficiency, are especially poorl... |
and reducing overall water use are appropriate for regions of increasing water scarcity, such as the study area. Appropriate pricing ensures that appropriate signals are sent to consumers about the true cost of water, requiring each consumer to pay the marginal cost of the resources used, and—given some fixed level of ... |
encourage conservation, including marginal cost pricing, time-of-use pricing, and water surcharges generally work best where the quantity of water demanded is reasonably responsive to price. Augmenting Supplies Despite the best efforts to reduce water demand through conservation and economic policies, the available fre... |
at all to say that efforts at reducing demand are futile. Any alternate sources used will be expensive and, in some cases, will furnish lower quality water. Demand management in concert with supply augmentation will be needed to meet the future human and environmental water requirements of the area. The rainfall of the... |
premium for storage of runoff when it occurs. In the north, where rainfall is relatively heavy, Lake Kinneret/Lake Tiberias/Sea of Galilee serves this purpose. In the more arid south, where surface reservoir sites are subject to large water losses from evaporation, subsurface storage has been used extensively. In ancie... |
storage. Artificial recharge of ground water is another method which is currently in use in several places. As urban centers and their paved areas and infrastructure grow, there will be more opportunity to capture runoff from rainfall and use it to recharge ground water. Additional regional water supplies can be obtain... |
and water harvesting1), by reusing water (wastewater reclamation), by developing sources of lower quality water (use of marginal 1 Watershed management is defined as the art and science of managing the land, vegetation, and water resources of a drainage basin for the control of the quality, quantity, and timing of wate... |
harvesting is the collection of rainfall by rooftop cisterns. OCR for page 9 --> quality water and desalination of brackish water and seawater), by importing water from outside the study area, by transferring unused water within the study area (water imports and transfers are mentioned but not analyzed in this report),... |
Again, these options are discussed further in Chapter 5. Applications and New Research For each option it is desirable to ask at least two questions. Has an examination been made of all the available information on the option and the factors known to affect their adoption and use? And is it likely that new research mig... |
demand side no comprehensive study has been carried out of the range of social factors affecting domestic water withdrawal in the study area. At the same time, on the supply side a simpler technology for desalting or filtering water at domestic taps might be developed for arid land conditions. Research agencies have th... |
and management strategies deserve further exploration. Both kinds of initiatives—canvassing the effectiveness of existing options and exploring innovative technologies—need to be pursued. Next Steps This report offers a range of findings and observations on water resource management options. We believe that these optio... |
Middle East. Thoughtful appraisal of experience to date is needed, along with discerning investigation of new relationships and technologies. The results will provide a solid basis for thoughtful, peaceful action to achieve the sustained use of crucial water resources. Rather than suggest a particular political plan, t... |
Space Faring: The Radiation Challenge, High School Act 2: Space Radiation and Human Health Educators and StudentsGrades: When space radiation, in the form of energetic ions, collides with human tissue, it can cause damage. If that radiation contacts a cell nucleus, the radiation can damage the DNA. This damage can lead... |
discuss space radiation. High School Act 2: Space Radiation and Human Health Duration: 6 minutes 58 seconds > View QuickTime More videos in this series: High School Act 1: What Is Radiation and Where Does It Come From? High School Act 3: Protection From Space Radiation This video supplements the Space Faring: The Radia... |
Christians Take to Catacombs Second Century A.D. to Mid-Fifth Century A.D. These warrens of tunnels and chambers in Rome are rich in Christian lore. They are often hailed as burial places of early Christian martyrs, but the catacombs are actually a much larger and more public cemetery. Over 6.5 million people are belie... |
City. Pagan and Jewish remains can be found here, but the larger and better-known Christian burial traditions began in the second century A.D. and continued until the late fifth century. By interring the dead in underground caverns, the era's poor Christian community was able to make the most of the meager burial space... |
around the outskirts of Rome—only royalty could be buried in the city. To this day the catacombs include a wondrous variety of human-made features. Some caverns consist of only a cavity large enough to hold a body, while others feature entire rooms suitable for gatherings. The whole assembly was carved out of soft volc... |
early Christians hid in the catacombs' larger rooms to escape persecution. But most scholars contend that these rooms were not regular hiding places—they were facilities where Christians could conduct rituals common to most Romans, Christian or Pagan, such as sharing meals with dead relatives. The catacombs house spect... |
that the tombs were in regular use. Gospel scenes are prominent, such as Daniel in the lion's den and Moses striking the rock. Scenes of Jesus performing direct healing, such as the raising of Lazarus, are particularly popular. These are believed to have represented the power of personal salvation to be found in Jesus ... |
and early ninth centuries Germanic invaders pillaged many parts of Rome, including the catacombs. Popes of the era removed the valuable relics of martyrs and saints for safekeeping. Visitation dropped after this period, and the catacombs became largely lost to both sight and mind until excavations around A.D. 1600 brou... |
(NaturalNews) Most Americans don't even know what animal naturopathy is, much-the-less that it is a choice they have for their pets' health care. Animal naturopaths are often mistaken for holistic veterinarians and while they do complement each other their roles are quite different. Holistic veterinarians are all initi... |
and then later seek out the additional training in holistic modalities. Many offer a variety of services while some focus entirely on a modality of choice. Both holistic veterinarians and conventional veterinarians diagnose, prescribe and treat disease although holistic veterinarians choose to utilize natural, holistic... |
are focused on promoting health rather than treating disease by teaching and following the laws of health mandated in nature. We do not diagnose, treat disease, prescribe medications or perform surgery. Our role is to guide, teach and empower people on how to care for and make decisions for their |
pets themselves. The way naturopathy views illness, particularly an acute illness is the body is working to remove any of the "morbid matter", clean house, and get things back into harmonious working condition. Modern medicine tends to look at all germs as the enemy to be eradicated. But germs are |
all around us. If we try to eradicate them we're killing off ourselves and our animals as well. However, unless the body is properly supported according to its species needs, then eventually the body wears out and surrenders to the dis-ease. Sadly, most people seek out animal naturopaths only after |
exhausting all other avenues that most often further debilitate their pets health and well-being. As a result, animal naturopaths must also focus on assisting the animal's body back into homeostasis (or balance) but it can be very challenging after the conventional drugs, vaccines, and food have wrecked their havoc on |
the body. People have come to believe that their health and that of their animals isn't a daily lifestyle but something you surrender to your doctor who then tells you what to do when you do get sick. That is not health nor is it health care. That is disease |
care. Animal naturopathy is a proactive approach; a daily investment in the health of your pets by honoring the lifestyle each species was designed for in order to thrive. It approaches health or disease with the whole animal in mind, not just the symptoms of disease being the determining factor |
on whether or not an animal is well or sick; mind, body , and spirit being the integral, interdependent parts that make up the whole animal. Animal naturopaths use the symptoms as a road map to the underlying cause of the imbalance. For us, nutrition is the cornerstone of health |
for all animals. What we feed our pets is critical to keeping their bodies in balance and that always needs to be a species appropriate diet. Animal naturopaths also understand that as the animal's body purges itself of toxins - right down to the cells - that symptoms may manifest |
in the form of a fever, cough, hotspots, etc. Rather than suppress the toxin elimination the consultant/practitioner seeks to support the animal's body naturally without the assistance of synthetic drugs, but rather they use nature and its modalities. is founded upon the laws of health: nutrition, fresh air, sunshine, ... |
water, exercise, proper rest, temperance and trust in divine power. Animal naturopaths will use (when needed to help assist the body's innate healing ability) supplements, essential oils, herbs, homeopathy, acupressure, massage, etc., depending on their preferences and the extent of their individual additional training... |
a whole , and seeks to support the animal as mind, body, and spirit, in totality rather than as parts of that whole; it empowers people to be responsible for the health of their animals rather than surrendering that power. Our hope is that many will become versed and knowledgeable |
about this proactive approach to animal care.About the author: This article is for educational purposes only. The decision to use or not use any information is the sole responsibility of the reader. Dr. Kim Bloomer and Dr. Jeannie Thomason, certified veterinary naturopaths, are the Founders of the American Council of |
Animal Naturopathy and host the weekly internet radio show Animal Talk Naturally . Both formerly worked in traditional veterinary medicine as technicians for many years. Their articles have appeared in various publications including Animal Wellness, Dogs Naturally, and Natural Horse Magazines. Have comments on this art... |
is needed in many metabolic processes. 50% of Magnesium found in the body is in the bones and teeth. The other half is found in the delicate tissues and organs of the body. Magnesium as an element is strong but may physically appear as a light weight material. It is |
highly flammable and is very difficult to extinguish when lighted. In the human body, Magnesium is involved in 300 chemical reactions from normal nerve function to maintaining a healthy immune system. History and Origin The name Magnesium comes from a district in the country of Greece which is called Magnesia. |
Magnesium is related to magnetite and manganese which is also believed to have originated from this area in Greece as well. The metal Magnesium was first produced by Sir Humphry Davy in 1808 in England using the process of electrolysis of a mixture of Magnesia and mercury oxide producing the |
metal. Magnesium was used in ancient times as an ingredient for die-casting. It was combined with zinc for the manufacture of iron and steel. In early times, Magnesium was fairly used as a metal, it was not known as an element that was beneficial for a person’s health at all. |
Magnesium in modern times has been recognized as an essential mineral in the overall function of the muscular and nervous system. It is needed for a healthy immune system for the body to fight off infections and many other types of illnesses. There is also evidence that Magnesium may also |
help regulate the body’s blood sugar levels promoting normal blood pressure and also for effective protein synthesis. Magnesium is also an essential element in pregnancy since it reduces the risk of osteoporosis in women and also increases the tolerance to pain ensuring a smooth delivery of the baby during labor. |
Magnesium is also a treatment for constipation since it has a laxative effect. It has a water-attracting property that helps soften stools for easy removal and passage. The element is also important in maintaining a healthy cardiovascular system, decreasing the possibility of suffering from a heart attack. Magnesium ma... |
found in many foods. It is found in green leafy vegetables, whole grains, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, artichokes, peanuts, wheat flour and many other types of foods. Magnesium is absorbed in the small intestines and is excreted to the kidneys but there are some diseases that hinder the excretion and also |
the absorption of Magnesium that may cause several metabolic disorders. There are no side effects to taking Magnesium supplements and eating foods high in this element. Taking excessive Magnesium however can cause diarrhea because this element is often found in laxative preparations. People with kidney diseases must co... |
Hidden behind the Mona Lisa's eyes is a mysterious code made of letters and numbers, according to a controversial claim by members of Italy's national committee for cultural heritage. Magnifying high-resolution images of the world’s most famous painting would reveal hidden letters and numbers added by Leonardo da Vinci... |
to distinguish, but with a magnifying glass you can see the letters LV behind the right pupil (the left when watching the painting). They could stand for his name Leonardo Da Vinci,” Vinceti told the Italian news agency ANSA. Even harder to decode would be the symbols in the left pupil (the right when watching the pain... |
the letters CE or simply the letter B. Other symbols would be hidden in the landscape, more precisely in the arch of the bridge. “They seem to be the number 72, or it could be an L and the number 2,” Vinceti said. While it is quickly spreading over the Internet to the delight of Dan Brown’s fans, the claim has not gain... |
numbers or letters, but only the craquelure (or cracking) also visible to the naked eye,” said Pedretti, who heads the Armand Hammer Center for Leonardo Studies at the University of California at Los Angeles. Alessandro Vezzosi, the director of the Museo Ideale in the Tuscan town of Vinci, where Leonardo was born in 14... |
revealed many interesting features, but certainly no letters and numbers,” Vezzosi told Discovery News. “People are so fascinated by this painting that they can see everything in it,” said Vezzosi, the curator of a traveling exhibition called “Mona Lisa Is Naked,” which explores the impact of the enigmatic lady on art ... |
(and clothed) Mona Lisa. Completed toward the end of the life of Leonardo, who lived from 1452 to 1519, the Mona Lisa has raised innumerable speculations. Some, including Vinceti, claimed that the woman with the enigmatic smile was a self-portrait, Leonardo da Vinci in drag. Others suggested that the sitter was either ... |
Isabella of Aragon, the Duchess of Milan; or Costanza d'Avalos, Duchess of Francavilla, a mistress of Giuliano de Medici. In 2005, Veit Probst, director of the Heidelberg University Library, found evidence in notes written in October 1503 in the margin of a book that Leonardo’s model was Lisa Gherardini, a member of a ... |
del Giocondo. Science news from NBCNews.com Attempts to solve the enigma around her smile, described by the 16th-century artist and writer Giorgio Vasari as "more divine than human," have included theories that the noblewoman was happily pregnant, suffering from asthma, had facial paralysis or that the smile was the re... |
inherited cholesterol disorder called familial hypercholesterolemia. The disorder is highlighted by a wartlike lesion of the skin near the left eye (the right when watching the painting) which is basically a cholesterol skin deposit called xanthelasma. Interestingly, none of the known reproductions of the Mona Lisa fea... |
come down to us were based upon a direct confrontation with the Louvre picture, and hence were more than likely copies of copies," the late art historian James Beck wrote in a 2007 paper on the subject. © 2012 Discovery Channel |
As mobile apps move from casual gaming apps to financial management and enterprise, security is becoming increasingly important. Thinking about mobile apps from perspective of security can bring many challenges, and security is often ignored in the development process, which |
results in apps that are easily hacked and can expose private data if exploited. Following infographic by Kaspersky Lab shows the growing threat of Malware on Android: Developers should keep in mind certain ways of securing the data in mobile |
apps. More often than not, mobile apps are not a standalone system; they interact and exchange data between different systems, which can potentially expose the data when it is being exchanged, or can easily expose the source of the data |
for example a private API. Hence, it is important for developers to follow the best practices in developing mobile apps with enhanced security. Planning the application with security in mind Identify the level of security that will be required for |
the type of app you are developing, for example a financial app that manages a users credit card information will require a robust level of security as compared to a gaming app. Brainstorm the security threats that may arise: platform |
vulnerabilities, in case the device is stolen, code reviews and so on. Retrieving encrypted information from a mobile phone storage can be a lot easier than hacking a secure server. Thus, you should consider storing user information such as credit |
cards or other sensitive data on a web server (Using a secure mechanism for data transfer of course). Securing the APIs If the mobile app is relying on an API, for example an enterprise web service, make sure that the |
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