A study for the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) on the use of methanol and ethanol as marine fuels has been completed by SSPA, together with sub-contractor Lloyds Register. The study evaluates the potential of these alternative fuels as solutions for shipping to meet more stringent emissions requirements.
The report, Study on the use of ethyl and methyl alcohol as alternative fuels in shipping, was commissioned by EMSA to obtain additional information about the opportunities and challenges presented by using these fuels in the shipping industry. The study includes a compilation of information on past and current projects, characteristics of the fuels, regulations, standards, and supply and availability. In addition an analysis of safety and economic factors was carried out using a case study approach.
The main results of the study were presented at the European Sustainable Shipping Forum in early 2016 and the full report is available here: Study on the use of ethyl and methyl alcohol as alternative fuels in shipping
Methanol, an alternative fuel for greener shipping
Methanol is a promising alternative fuel for reducing emissions and improving the environmental performance of shipping. Interest in this fuel is growing, and SSPA was co-coordinator of an important pilot project to demonstrate the use of methanol fuel on-board a ship and in adapted marine engines.
Methanol as an alternative fuel for smaller vessels
Methanol also a good alternative for smaller ships operating on coastal and inland waterways, but has yet to be tested in these applications. SSPA is coordinator of a new project, “Sustainable Marine Methanol”.


Haiku Ladder: Kaneohe, Hawaii
A view of Kaneohe from one of the landings on the Haiku Stairs in Hawaii. (Image: Brock Roseberry/Flickr)
This forbidden trail on the island of Oahu is closed to the public, but that doesn't stop the most-adventurous hikers from scaling the 3,922 steps to the top of the mountain.
Built in 1942 by the U.S. Coast Guard for access to the radio antenna at the top of the mountain, the stairs took a lot of wear and tear over the decades. The state officially closed the trail in 1987.
(WATCH: A Tornado-Proof Home)
But those who trespass – which we can't endorse – find a world of nature along the way. As the Friends of the Haiku Stairs explains, "you pass through several micro-environments, where differences in slope, soil, exposure to the wind, rainfall, and clouds combine to favor different plant communities."
The experience is reportedly so gorgeous, some members of the Honolulu City Council recently started exploring ways to re-open it, according to Honolulu's civilbeat.com. But don't hold your breath; the website says the Board of Water Supply claims rights to the stairway, and not the city's parks department, so the dispute continues.
NEXT PAGE: Stairway to Heaven


Close to 6 million U.S. teens have some form of hearing loss, which signifies an increase of approximately 33 % over the last 2 decades. In addition to the use of high-volume MP3 players and mobile phones, authorities say that teenagers’ participation in marching band is yet another possible cause of damage to hearing. Marching band is a favorite activity for teens, as bands are available in almost all large high schools and in virtually every university.
Unsafe decibel levels for teens.Noise levels are measured in decibels, also written as dB. Adults and children can suffer hearing loss from exposure to noises over 85 dB. Marching band includes a variety of instruments, some of which easily cross over that threshold during rehearsals and performances. An experiment at Duke University showed that a drumline rehearsal exposed students to decibel levels of 99 over a 30-minute period. However, playing those instruments indoors for rehearsals can be even more harmful to teens’ hearing. Sometimes teens don’t want to reduce the volume of their instruments just because they are inside.
Prevention and protection strategies. An effective solution for reducing sound levels is the use of musicians earplugs. These professional earplugs are designed to fit perfectly in the teen’s ears. However, parents often find them to be expensive. Shorter rehearsal sessions are another good approach to protecting teens hearing, because it breaks up the time for which they are exposed to potentially damaging decibel levels. Band leaders and participants also need to be aware of how important it is to lower the volume of their instruments when practicing indoors. To best protect the hearing of marching band members, a joint effort between students, band leaders, and parents is recommended.


Initial data: Q (the amount of heat that the machine received to perform the work) = 4 kJ; A (amount of work done by the machine) = 1 kJ.
The efficiency of a machine can be defined as the ratio of the perfect work to the amount of heat received for its implementation: η = A / Q.
Calculation: η = 1/4 = 0.25 or 25%.
Answer: The efficiency of the heat engine is 25%.
One of the components of a person's success in our time is receiving modern high-quality education, mastering the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for life in society. A person today needs to study almost all his life, mastering everything new and new, acquiring the necessary professional qualities.


Para-athletics, also known as track and field, is the largest competition at the Paralympic Games. Events are available for physical disabilities – both wheelchair and standing - and athletes with visual impairments. Contested events are held in track racing, throwing and there is also a marathon and pentathlon.
- Track events: Sprint (100m, 200m, 400m), Middle Distance (800m, 1500m), Long Distance (5,000m, 10,000m), and Relay races (4x100m, 4x400m)
- Road event: Marathon
- Jumping events: High Jump, Long Jump, and Triple Jump
- Throwing events: Discus, Shot Put, Club Throw and Javelin
- Combined events: Pentathlon (track and road events, jumping events, and throwing events, depending on the athletes' classification)
The rules of Paralympic track and field are almost identical to those of its Olympic counterparts. Allowances are made to accommodate certain disabilities (for example, blind and visually-impaired runners may compete with guide runners attached to them by a tether at the wrist, but it is not a requirement for them to be physically be attached).
Canada has a rich history in para athletics and its athletes have reached the podium at every Paralympic Games since 1968. Wheelchair racer Chantal Petitclerc is the most successful Canadian track Paralympian with 21 medals earned at the Games. She was awarded the Lou Marsh Trophy as Canada’s athlete of the year in 2008, a first for a female athlete with a disability.
Athletics are governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) with co-ordination from the IPC Athletics Sports Manager and Technical Committee. For more information about Canadian Athletics for athletes with a disability, go to the National Sport Federation: Athletics Canada.


Berke Family History
Berke Name Meaning
German: topographic name for someone who lived by a birch tree or birch grove, Middle Low German berke. In Westphalia Berke, Birke also means ‘brook’, ‘stream’, and in some cases it may have been a topographic name for someone who lived by a stream. German: possibly a variant of Berka. Altered spelling of Swiss German Bürki, from a pet form of the personal name Burkhard (see Burkhart). Dutch: variant of Berk. Slovenian: unexplained. Jewish (Ashkenazic): from the Yiddish personal name Berke, a pet form of Ber.
Source: Dictionary of American Family Names ©2013, Oxford University Press


CLARK HERITAGE COLLECTION
Claude Lockhart Clark
The handle of an adz is removed from its blade and the blade is used by itself. The sculptor then drags the hooked portion of the blade through the wood as though it were a drawknife.
Hooks can be used to carve lines. This is achieved by removing the blade from its handle and pressing the hook into the wood then pulling it. If one wishes to remove the wood from the channel then one must start at the top of the line again this time placing the hook a short distance from the first line; then pull. What results is a "V" shaped furrow after you pull the loose wood out.
If you wish to see an enlargement of the image above then click on the picture. To return to this page then click on the enlargement on the next page. Previous Page
To return to page 3, where you will find the menu for "Exploring Different Uses of The African Adz", click on the blue hyperlink, titled "Previous Page".
Copyright © 20001 by Claude Lockhart Clark and Visual Arts Illustrated. All rights reserved.


We were very lucky to have Mrs Lyon with us for our first science lesson this week. We planted seeds, bulbs and plants and will be finding out more about how we can be ‘apprentice gardeners’ with Mr Burgin over the next few weeks
In Literacy we wrote questions to some characters in ‘The Night Pirates’ to find our more about them and the story events. We then had a surprise visit from Captain Patch and asked him some of our questions! A-ha me hearties!
In computing we have started our new module ‘We are astronauts’. We will be exploring the programme ‘scratch junior’ on the ipads and developing our coding skills.


What Are Dental Sealants
What are Dental Sealants and How Can They Preserve Your Teeth?
In the following educational dental video, Buffalo dentist discusses the benefits of dental sealants. If you have questions, or would like to schedule a dental appointment, please contact us today.
What are dental sealants and how can they preserve your teeth? Dedicated sealants dentist in Buffalo, Mark Teach DDS explains in the following video.
Dental sealant is a plastic coating that is usually placed on the posterior teeth, that is, the teeth in the back of the mouth. Those teeth have deep grooves and fissures, and when the sealant covers those areas of the teeth, it prevents the bacteria from getting in and causing decay. We prefer to seal the teeth as soon as they erupt (grow in), so sealants are often performed around age six, just after the baby teeth start to fall out, and again at age twelve, when the molars erupt.
Sometimes adults may need sealants; as time goes on, these grooves in the teeth start to become sticky, and a dentist can arrest the process of decay by placing a sealant. Our office has placed sealants that last up to 30 years. Regardless of age, though, coating teeth in dental sealants is a beneficial procedure.
Do you think dental sealants are right for your teeth? Contact our pediatric dentist in Buffalo today to schedule a consultation. We have been in private practice serving Buffalo and the Southtowns community in Buffalo for nearly 40 years, and welcomes the opportunity to put a smile on your face.
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Whole language and design and technology education
2006-05-08T17:22:08Z (GMT) by
The "Whole Language" movement has swept American elementary education over the last three or four years. Whole language refers to an approach to teaching that is highly integrative and thematic, where children learn language skills in the context of real-world problem-solving activities. Concurrent with but isolated from whole language have been two other major educational movements, one to reformulate education generally in terms of "outcomes" and one to update the content and delivery of technology education. Outcomes-based education requires progression toward adult outcomes starting with the earliest school experiences. One adult outcome generally agreed upon is technological capability. To many people this implies a need for kindergarten-to-twelfth-grade (K-12) technology education. In the US, technology is closely associated with science, a considerably weaker area of the elementary curriculum than language. Technology education is a daunting new idea to elementary teachers, the more so when associated with science. Whole language, however, provides a comfortable entree for technology into elementary education, since it can be seen as a logical extension of thematic problem- solving into the realm of practical activity. To date, little effort is being made to take advantage of this natural connection.


The answer is around 1993. A look back at mean temperature and rainfall statistics for east London over the past hundred years reveals that the ninth month has, since that date, slowly become warmer and drier.
Putting all the arguments of meteorological and astronomical summer aside, many people of a certain age regard September as an autumnal month, but as recent years have shown it can very often be an extension of summer; September 2016 was the second warmest on record in the local area, warmer than many previous summer months!
Looking back even further, over the past 100 years, the September mean has trended upward, though many peaks and troughs reveal how the month has ebbed and flowed from being summery to autumnal.
The prognosis to the end of this month suggests that air pressure will be anomalously high – so the pattern in the south-east for settled, summery weather in September doesn’t look like ending any time soon.


Ancient light as seen by Gemini (false colour)
By Hamish Johnston
One problem with reporting breakthroughs in astronomy is that someone is always claiming to have discovered the oldest/largest/brightest/dimmest/smallest object yet. And by the time you have written your story — someone else will claim to have done better.
That’s why my eyes rolled a bit when I read the press release “Farthest known object: New gamma-ray burst smashes cosmic distance record”, which arrived last night from the AAS.
However, upon closer inspection, this one really does look interesting.
As its name suggests, GRB 090423 was discovered last Thursday and astronomers believe that the burst occurred more than 13 billion years ago — about 630 million years after the Big Bang.
That’s about 100 million years older than the previous record, which was held by a ancient galaxy.
Gamma rays from GRB 090423 were first spotted by NASA’s Swift satellite, which quickly turned its X-ray and ultraviolet instruments on the object. No visible light was seen, but Swift did manage to capture the burst’s fading X-ray afterglow.
Meanwhile here on Earth, astronomers were turning their telescopes to that patch in the sky. The Gemini North and UK Infrared telescopes in Hawaii managed to capture infrared light from the burst (above).
By analysing how much the wavelength of the light light has been red-shifted, astronomers worked out that the light has travelled over 13 billion light years before reaching Earth.
The chart below shows the age of GRB 090423 compared to other known objects.
You can read all about the search for gamma ray bursts in this article in Physics World.
Beyond redshift eight


Joint occurrences of body- and trace-fossil communities (Ordovician, Barrandian area, Czech Republic)
Rich associations of benthic fauna accompanied by diversified assemblages of ichnofossils have been found in the Ordovician of the Barrandian area, namely in the Klabava Formation ('Euloma Shales'), in the Šárka Formation (facies of black shales with concretions), in the Letná Formation (layers with the Drabovia redux Community), in the Zahořany Formation and in the Polyteichus Facies of the Bohdalec Formation. The associations of body-and trace fossils in the Letna. Zahořany and Bohdalec Formations are comparable to the Dalmanella Community of the Caradocian of North Wales; the remaining mentioned associations have no described analogies. As the number of analysed associations is limited, their comparison shows rather individual differences than recurring features. However, data compiled by Pickerill and Brenchley (1991) on palaeoenvironmental indicators of marine siliciclastic facies (which comprises also body-fossils and trace fossils) are of the use in the analysis of joint occurrences of body-fossil and trace fossil assemblages.
SNIP (Scopus, 2015): 0.700
IF (ISI, 2015): 1.326
Policy: Open Access


Spotlight On Iran
Great Terror: Russian Government's Silence Means Stalin's Victims Honored Only With A #Hashtag
On July 30, the Russian government held lavish celebrations to mark the annual Navy Day holiday. But there were no official commemorations to mark the 80th anniversary of the July 30, 1937, Soviet government order that formally launched dictator Josef Stalin's Great Terror that left around 700,000 people dead and millions displaced, orphaned, or crippled.
The silence of the government and the Russian Orthodox Church was symptomatic of Russian society's ambiguous interpretation of the Great Terror and the other crimes committed by the Soviet government against itself and its own people. According to a recent public opinion poll by the All-Russia Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTsIOM), 43 percent of Russians believe the purges were necessary "to maintain order in the country." At the same time, only 16 percent said that the verdicts of the Stalinist courts and tribunals were just. Forty-nine percent said Stalin's crimes cannot be justified by any arguments.
The terror kicked off 80 years ago when Soviet secret police head Nikolai Yezhov signed Order No. 00447, which stated:
"The state security organs stand before the task of mercilessly smashing this entire band of anti-Soviet elements and defending the laboring Soviet people from their counterrevolutionary plots and, finally, once and for all, ending their insidious work against the foundations of the Soviet state."
In February 1940, Yezhov himself became a victim of the terror when he was executed in a Moscow basement.
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Chapter 37: Interference
Because light is a wave, the light from two or more sources can interfere to yield distinctive patterns. The different colors of a bit of oil in a water puddle is an example of an interference effect. In this chapter, you will explore the interference of light from multiple sources using a virtual ripple tank in order to make the connection between path length difference and interference. You will also explore the interference of light incident on thin films.
Table of Contents
- Exploration 37.1: Varying Numbers and Orientations of Sources.
- Exploration 37.2: Changing the Separation Between Sources.
- Problem 37.1: Illumination pattern.
- Problem 37.2: Type of interference.
- Problem 37.3: Phase of sources.
- Problem 37.4: Distance between hidden sources.
- Problem 37.5: Changes in interference pattern.
- Problem 37.6: Analysis of interference pattern.
- Problem 37.7: Double slit.
- Problem 37.8: Waves in different mediums.
- Problem 37.9: Thin film of variable width.
- Problem 37.10: Thin film, variable wavelength of light.
- Problem 37.11: A dielectric mirror.


Proper Rowing Technique
by Chris MacDonald
This is quite a different kind of normative sign. It’s a pictogram showing how to use a piece of exercise equipment, namely an ergometer (rowing machine).
I suspect there are 3 implicit messages, here.
- Here’s how to get the most out of this exercise.
- Here’s how not to get hurt.
- Here’s now not to end up wanting to sue us (the gym owners or makers of the machine.)
(Photo courtesy of Sam B.)


It fries your nerves. It fogs your brain. It fouls your mood.
That’s the toll of chronic pain: defined as any ache that lasts more than three months, impairs your normal functioning and is no longer useful because it alerts you to an injury you already know about.
According to the American Pain Foundation, 14 percent of us have aches that have persisted three to 12 months, while 42 percent suffer from pain that has lasted more than a year. These stats—and the fact that chronic pain is the leading reason we seek medical care—have prompted health advocates to name September Pain Awareness Month.
What can you do?
1. Communicate clearly to your doctor what issues you are experiencing. There may be more than pain medication that can help. Experts recommend trying a blend of approaches until you find the right mix.
2. Rethink your rituals. Your regular habits may be contributing to your pain.
3. Exercise gently.
4. Get support.
5. Think positive.
6. Don’t give up, and remember to pray.
This message was adapted from “Ouch! Coping with Chronic Pain” written by Molly M. Ginty that first appeared in the September 2008 issue of Lutheran Woman Today (now Gather) magazine.


Preamble, Reveille, pgs. 3-11
1. How many medals did MacArthur receive during the course of his career?
(c) Twenty two.
2. In how many wars did MacArthur serve?
3. What was the nickname MacArthur's men gave him?
(b) Dugout Doug.
(c) General Mac.
(d) Uncle Mac.
4. With which religious denomination did MacArthur affiliate?
5. How often did MacArthur attend church?
(a) Sporadically, but whenever his schedule allowed.
(c) Twice weekly.
6. To whom did MacArthur equate himself as a defender of Christianity?
(a) The crusaders from the Middle Ages.
(b) The Pope.
(c) Billy Graham.
7. How many times was MacArthur married?
(d) Three times.
8. As a fifty-four year old man, who did MacArthur fear would learn about his Eurasian girlfriend?
(a) His wife.
(b) The President.
(c) His mother.
(d) The press.
9. To which ancient world leader did some people compare MacArthur?
(a) Gengis Khan.
(c) Attila the Hun.
(d) Alexander the Great.
This section contains 4,888 words
(approx. 17 pages at 300 words per page)


Hesperian Health Guides
Chapter 5: Garment factories
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Cutting and sewing clothing is hard on the body. But low wages, fast production lines, unsafe conditions, lack of unions, and harassment hurt workers even more (see Part 4: Social Dangers and Solutions).
Garment work can be designed and organized to protect workers’ health by ensuring high standards in all factories for:
- good ventilation (see Chapter 17) and the right personal protective equipment (PPE, see Chapter 18).
- fire exits, fire prevention measures that include sprinklers and fire extinguishers, and emergency evacuation plans (see Chapter 11).
- freedom to organize unions and health and safety committees (see Chapter 2).
- maintainance of equipment and worker and management trainings on health and safety.
- respectful treatment including a living wage and social benefits required by law (see Chapter 19).
Achieving these basic human rights is still a struggle in most factories. The challenge is to connect and organize with other workers and consumers to win these changes from the factory owners, the international corporations that contract them (the "brands"), and the government.


Helen Adams Keller
Helen Keller was born at Tuscumbia, Alabama in 1880. She became both blind and deaf due to an illness at the age of nineteen months.
She was taken at the age of six to see Alexander Graham Bell. At this time she was unable to communicate and was described as “half wild”. At this time her teacher, Anne Sullivan, came to live with her and began teaching her the manual alphabet. A famous breakthrough occurred in which Helen realized that the letters tapped by her teacher stood for the things and objects in her world. Helen was so brilliant that she learned Braille, and typing, and eventually to speak.
She attended Radcliffe College and graduated with honors. She was one of the most famous people of her day and traveled the world, lecturing in more than twenty-five countries on behalf of the blind and deaf. She visited the White House and met every president from Grover Cleveland through John F. Kennedy.
She received a special Oscar for the 1954 documentary about her life and a Presidential Medal of Freedom. The award winning play and movie, The Miracle Worker, is based on her story. She died in 1968. Her home at Ivy Green is a museum in her honor.


More than a quarter of Costa Rica's land has been set aside in some capacity or other by human beings to protect it from the potential exploitation and ravages of other human beings. No other country in the world even comes close to such a statistic. Over twenty-seven percent of Costa Rica is designated as national park, biological reserve, wildlife refuge or some other category of protected area, both private and public.
Amazing numbers define Costa Rica's ecology: somewhere between 500,000 and a million total species of flora and fauna; hundreds of thousands, perhaps even a million species of insects; 2,000 species of orchids; 208 species of mammals; 850 species of birds; endless thousands of species of moths and butterflies. In a space that occupies less than three ten-thousands of the earth's surface are 5 percent of all of the plant and animal species on the planet.
Some developed for tourism while others are remote and rarely visited. Costa Rica's charm is embodied in its forests, its unpredictable volcanoes, its endless shores and its underwater marvels. If you haven't walked at least one of its jungle trails, you can't claim to have visited Costa Rica, for therein lies the essence of the country, its inner meaning, its vibrant skien of life woven between its enchanting shorelines to cover its craggy mountain chains. You can't reach out and hold it but there's something there, so that, once you've felt it, you'll never really leave Costa Rica behind, no matter where your body goes.
Costa Rica has something for everyone. From hiking in rainforests and mountains, relaxing on beaches, to snorkeling through tropical reefs and surfing some of the best waves in Central America, Costa Rica is a natural wonderland. With both a Pacific and Caribbean coast, there are plenty of beaches in Costa Rica.


The event aims to educate the public about the known science on climate change, as well as regional expectations for San Diego due to climate change. We're betting water resources will be on the list. The topic is why we should care about the poles, but it also bring the issue local explaining why the poles are important to San Diego, a place not known for its cold temps and where the only polar bears or penguins are found at the zoo.Don't miss out on the Opening Celebration "Stories from a Changing Planet" which combines not only stories from around the globe of affected communities, but also incredible footage. The story will follow six scientists traveling to both poles and explain why climate change can be felt more dramatically in these outer regions.
The cast includes an astronaut, a biologist, a journalist, a geophysicist, a NASA researcher, a wildlife biologist and a geoscientists. Looks like we've got the earth sciences pretty well covered here.
Treehugger will be reporting from the event on Friday and will provide highlights and a recap. There will be events at area museums throughout the weekend, with several geared for families and children. For those interested, several of the events are open to the public and you can purchase tickets to the Opening Celebration "Stories from a Changing Planet" online. San Diego is not the only stop on this tour, and the entire list can be found here.


High natural gas prices were cited by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as one of the primary reasons that total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions rose by 0.6% in 2003 from 2002 levels. Rising gas prices caused electric power producers to switch from natural gas to burning more coal.
Moderate economic growth, leading to greater power demand and use of fossil fuels, was the biggest factor in the emissions increase. The colder winter, which caused an increase in the use of heating fuels, also contributed, EPA said in its draft of the annual Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2003.
From 1990 to 2003, emissions have grown by 13% while the U.S. economy has grown by 46%, EPA said. Total emissions of the six main greenhouse gases were 6,899 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2003. These gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride.
Fossil fuel combustion remained the largest source of emissions in 2003, accounting for 80% of the total. It has accounted for roughly 80% of the total since 1990. Carbon dioxide was the primary greenhouse gas emitted by human activities in the United States in 2003, representing 84.7% of total emissions, and fossil fuel combustion produced 95% of total CO2 emissions in 2003.
The Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2003 is prepared annually by the EPA, in collaboration with experts from a dozen other federal agencies. After EPA completes a final version of the document, the Department of State will submit the Inventory to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. A Federal Register notice announcing a 30-day public comment period on the report was published on Monday.
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Even those people, who have grown up grandchildren, remember their toys. Something has been erased from memory, and pleasures of childhood are invisibly present nearby. Therefore, many parents try to make open-ended toys with their own hands, so that they differ in originality, develop creativity and bring joy. Parents choose wood as toys material most often to create fun for children. Past generations have left many interesting ideas to the masters, and now these ideas are increasingly being implemented, as industrial toys of dubious origin made of plastic and rubber are less attractive to parents. So why not try to make wooden toys for children with your own hands. Of course, this is a laborious task, but the result will be impressive: a happy child, pride in a talented father, a new original toy. You will need minimal skills to create children's fun – ability to handle woodworking tools and a small idea about species of wood. Imagination and desire to make a surprise will also help. Why has this folk skill recently been revived so actively? It is explained by the fact that wood is an environmentally friendly material, completely harmless, and items from it are obtained strong and attractive.
If parents decide to make more than one toy, it is better to buy tools of high-quality for their production. Before you start making wooden toys with your own hands, you need to stock up on the necessary amount of material, which includes not only wood, but also varnish, paint, glue. You should choose varnish that does not contain harmful substances and heavy metals for children's toys.The toy, first of all, must be safe, not to cause harm to the child. But if you do not want to waste your time or you are not a handyman, you can just buy imaginative play toys in every toyshop, they are quite cheap.
Photo by Woodencaterpillar.com


The Carroll County Secondary Mathematics program is designed to prepare all students to be successful participants in a global community. Graduates of Carroll County Public Schools will know and be able to use mathematics in their chosen career path to directly enter the world of work, to continue their formal education, or both. The Secondary Mathematics program supports Carroll County students by providing a curriculum that is rigorous, closely aligned to Md College and Career Ready Standards, national standards, and relevant to student needs and interests. All mathematics courses focus on real-world applications, stress the appropriate use of technology, and are designed to prepare students for the MCAP assessments.
The middle school program takes all students from their level of mathematical understanding upon entering sixth grade to an understanding of the foundational elements of algebra, patterns, and functions; geometry; measurement; statistics; probability; number relationships and computation; and processes of mathematics (problem solving strategies).
The high school program includes course sequences for students who wish to directly enter the world of work or military without further formal education as well as for students who wish to continue their formal mathematics education. Three college-level Advanced Placement courses and college level Dual Enrollment courses are available for students who seek that challenge during their high school career.
A Secondary Math Resource notebook was created just for parents and contains important information such as course overviews by topic, course descriptions, video resources for parents, etc.
For a complete list of all secondary mathematics courses, please see our High School Program of Studies or our Middle School Program of Studies.
For additional information related to the secondary mathematics program, please contact:
Supervisor of Secondary Mathematics
Carroll County Public Schools
125 North Court Street
Westminster, MD 21157


Kids aren’t just little adults.
Drugs approved for adults may not fit kids’ needs.
Graphic: Three children dressed in oversized, adult clothing.
Compared to adults, children:
Graphic: Icon representing a liver, stomach, and kidneys.
- Absorb and eliminate drugs from their bodies differently
Graphic: Warning sign icon.
- Can experience different side effects
Graphic: Icon with medicine bottles for pills (adult) and liquid (infant).
- May require different drug formulations
Most drugs used in kids today have been tested only on adults. Researchers are testing these drugs on kids to answer questions about:
Graphic: Silhouette of a microscope.
Since 1998, research—including NICHD-supported studies—has guided the safe and effective use of more than 400 medications in kids.
Graphic: A doctor, with a lab coat and stethoscope, holding a toddler. 400 dots represented in background.
Spotlight on NICHD Research
An NICHD-funded study on meropenem—an antibiotic approved to treat infection in adults and older children—tested the drug in infants and found that:
- Infants needed dosing adjustments based on prematurity and time after birth.
- The drug was not associated with increased risk for serious side effects.
Meropenem is now FDA approved to treat abdominal infection in infants younger than 3 months. New guidelines ensure safe and effective dosing.
Graphic: A child wearing surgical gloves, scrubs, and a surgical mask.
Learn more about pediatric drug research at NICHD.
Graphic: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services logo. Links to www.hhs.gov.
Graphic: NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development logo. Links to http://www.nichd.nih.gov/
Graphic: Follow Us on Twitter. Links to https://twitter.com/nichd_nih
Graphic: Like Us on Facebook. Links to https://www.facebook.com/nichdgov/
Graphic: Pinterest icon.
Graphic: Visit Us on Flickr. Links to https://www.flickr.com/photos/nichd/
Back to Pediatric Drug Research at NICHD infographic.


At noon on February 28, the Scientific Advisory Board for Iceland´s recent volcanic activity officially declared that the eruption at Holuhraun had come to an end.
One day earlier, a helicopter surveillance flight showed no more glow at the eruptive site, suggesting that the magma flow was over, says volcanodiscovery.com. Volcanic gas was, however, still being released from both the eruptive site and the lava field.
Beginning on 31 August 2014, this 6-month-long eruption became one of the very rare prolonged fissure eruptions in Iceland in the past 1,000 years, and was the largest Icelandic eruption since the Laki eruption in 1783-1785.
In the aftermath of the Laki eruption, temperatures plunged globally due to the large amounts of sulphur dioxide injected in the northern hemisphere. The ensuing cold-related famine is estimated to have killed about 6 million people worldwide, making it one of the most deadly volcanic eruptions of all times.
Luckily, the recent eruption was not as poisonous, although it did emit huge amounts of sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere.
At one time, some 40,000 to 60,000 tons of sulphur dioxide were spewing out of Bárðarbunga every single day, according to the Icelandic National Broadcasting Service, RUV.
Every single day!
That’s more than twice the amount of sulphur dioxide spewed from all of Europe’s smokestacks.
Icelandic Met Office – http://en.vedur.is/earthquakes-and-volcanism/articles/nr/2947
Thanks to H.B. Schmidt for these links


There are countless organizations through which you can give money to help those in need. How do you choose? Are children more worthy than animals? What criteria do you use? Does your family use the same criteria? Imagine walking into your congregation and seeing two tables. One is collecting money for Heifer, International; the other, for Greenpeace. Greenpeace endeavors to protect sea life and ecosystems. Greenpeace speaks out and stages actions to call attention to environments that are being endangered by human activity. You like that. However, sometimes, their tactics have been called unlawful, disrespectful, and even dangerous to human lives. Heifer gives animals and plants to people. You like that, too. But some vegetarians and vegans object because many of the animals are eaten. On the other hand, the animals are never given solely for food: All the animals (and plants) provide something the people can sell to increase their household incomes, like wool, milk, or eggs. The income has allowed many families to send children to school or send family members to doctors. You want to give a dollar bill. Neither table has change. Which do you choose and why?
Do the means justify the ends? What if your bank made a mistake and deposited an extra $100 in your account? Which would be better: notifying the bank of its mistake or giving the money to charity?


This publication is also available in a French edition. To download the French version, please click here.
In Canada, implementation of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) is an opportunity to explore and reconceive the relationship between international law, Indigenous peoples’ own laws and Canada’s constitutional narratives.
In May 2016, Indigenous and Northern Affairs Minister Carolyn Bennett addressed the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues at the United Nations and officially endorsed UNDRIP — without the qualifications attached by the previous government, which held the declaration to be aspirational and not legally binding. While this announcement did not change the legal relevance of UNDRIP in Canada, it does express the political will to begin implementation and signals that Canada may be on a path toward reconciliation with Indigenous peoples. Thus, the announcement also raised legal and policy questions about how the federal government intends to adopt and implement this soft law instrument.
This collection of essays reflects the recommendations of selected Indigenous legal scholars and policy leaders on how Canada can braid together a new legal framework through the implementation of UNDRIP, revive a stalled process of reconciliation and embrace a true nation-to-nation relationship with Indigenous peoples.


China's mission to land a robotic probe on the moon next month has potential pluses and minuses for a NASA mission already underway there, according to a report in Space.com.
China is getting its Chang'e 3 moon lander to launch on top of a rocket as part of a mission to orbit and eventually land on the moon to conduct a probe with a solar-powered lunar rover.
Editor's Note: Iran Deal Creates 7 Major Impacts to Economy, Global Security
But already there is the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE), part of a NASA project to study the moon’s dust environment and exosphere (outer fringe region). Some experts believe the Chinese project has the potential to complicate the LADEE’s mission.
The Chang'e 3 spacecraft’s arrival orbiting the moon “and then its descent to the surface will result in a significant contamination of the lunar exosphere by the propellant," said space scientist Jeff Plescia, who works at Johns Hopkins University's Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Md., according to Space.com
But Plescia, who also serves as chairman of NASA’s Lunar Exploration Analysis Group, which helps the agency plan scientific projects on the moon, said the Chang’e 3’s mission also created an opportunity to bolster scientific knowledge.
Release of the propellant would enable LADEE “to observe how the propellant becomes distributed into the lunar exosphere and then how it is later removed," he said.
Sarah Noble, a LADEE program scientist, said that by learning about the moon, scientists can gain a better understanding of “other small bodies in the solar system, such as asteroids, Mercury, and the moons of outer planets," Natureworldnews.com reported.
© 2014 Newsmax. All rights reserved.


The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial, a landmark 10-year study, demonstrated that people who lowered their blood glucose concentration have a better chance of delaying or preventing complications that affect the eyes (retinopathy), kidneys (nephropathy), and nerves (neuropathy). Two groups of patients with type 1 diabetes were studied. One group followed a standard treatment regimen and the other group followed an intensive treatment regimen. People who lowered their blood glucose levels practiced the intensive treatment regimens that included careful self-monitoring of glucose, multiple daily insulin injections, and close doctor contact.
Clinical complications associated with diabetes may include the following:
People with diabetes must stay alert for symptoms that can lead to clinical complications. The best way to do this is to:
Click here to view the
Online Resources of Diabetes


Coastal & Marine Geology InfoBank
Our Mapping Systems
The USGS and Science Education
USGS Fact Sheets
ground penetrating radar
Comment: 12:22 - 12:54 (00:32)
Source: Annenberg/CPB Resources - Earth Revealed - 12. Minerals: The Materials of Earth
Keywords: "James Sadd", streak, "metallic mineral", color, hematite, galena, "crystal structure", "physical property", "mineral identification", mineral
Our transcription: One useful way to distinguish between some metallic minerals is a physical property called "streak".
When we rub a mineral against a porcelain plate, we powder the mineral, and by comparing the color of the mineral in its powdered form to the coarse crystalline form, we can distinguish some types of minerals.
Hematite is reddish brown in its powdered form and gray metallic in its coarse crystalline form.
Compare this to galena, which is gray, both the powdered form and the coarse crystalline form.
Geology School Keywords


Hetch Hetchy Panorama
The proposal to dam Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park as a water and power source for the City of San Francisco aroused the nation in the early twentieth century. It produced a schism between resource conservationists and wilderness preservationists represented respectively by Forest Service Chief Gifford Pinchot and Sierra Club founder John Muir.
As you view the panorama, identify the kinds of issues that divided
the two camps. Use the linked quotations and additional photographs to help you
in your interpretation.
Hetch Hetchy Reservoir
Credits: Photographs by Carolyn Merchant; panorama assembly and web page by Rob Weinberg. Panoramas updated by Ravi Shivanna using PanoramaStudio 3 (July 2018)


|Durio kutejensis fruits, also known as durian merah|
There are currently 30 recognised species
A durian is a big fruit with a strong smell and a hard shell with sharp thorns. Its flavour is loved by some people, especially in Southeast Asia, where people name it "King of Fruits". Many hotels and public transportation systems do not let people carry durians because of the strong smell, which many people find unpleasant.
Durian's flavour has been compared to custard and almonds. There are many different kinds of durian. Many people like some kinds more than they like others. This means that some kinds cost more than others.
Appearance[change | change source]


It’s the family favorite HI HO! CHERRY-O board game! Preschoolers can have so much fun picking fruit to fill their baskets, they don’t even realize they’re practicing math skills, such as counting, addition and subtraction. Players choose from two different play options and take turns picking pretend cherries, blueberries, apples and oranges from their tree. If the spinner lands on a bird or a dog players will have to return cherries to their tree. Landing on a spilled bucket means they have to start the game over! Think of the Hi Ho! Cherry-O board game when it comes to a fruity fun way for kids to practice math skills! Hasbro Gaming and all related terms are trademarks of Hasbro.


President Donald Trump has signed a new Executive Order to limit immigration to the United States for the rest of this year. The Executive Order takes effect on June 24, 2020 at 12:01 AM EDT and expires on December 31, 2020.
The purpose of the Executive Order is to protect 525,000 jobs, according to the Trump administration. This figure represents the number of foreign nationals that the administration estimates will not be able to work in the country in 2020 as a result of the Executive Order.
The coronavirus pandemic has caused unemployment rates to spike around the world, including in the United States and Canada. The Trump administration has long argued that welcoming immigrants hurts American workers. They believe limiting immigration during the pandemic will help American workers land on their feet.


The Mortality Bill for the year 1665, published by the Parish Clerks' Company, shows 97 parishes within the City of London. By September 6 the city lay in ruins, 86 churches having been destroyed. In 1670 a Rebuilding Act was passed and a committee set up under the stewardship of Sir Christopher Wren to decide which would be rebuilt. Fifty-one were chosen, but St Margaret New Fish Street where the Monument now stands in Bridge Ward was one of the minority never to be rebuilt. Variously called St Margaret Bridge Street and St Margaret Fish Street Hill, it received many gifts from the pilgrims who passed it on the way to and from London Bridge. Following the fire it was united to St Magnus-the-Martyr.
^Name recorded as such in Church of England,Parish of St. Margaret New Fish Street,Vestry and parish officers Annuity bonds with papers appertaining Ms 11383 cited in "City of London Parish Registers Guide 4" Hallows,A.(Ed): London, Guildhall Library Research, 1974 ISBN 0-900422-30-0
^"The ancient office of Parish Clerk and the Parish Clerks Company of London" Clark, O :London, Journal of the Ecclesiastical Law Society Vol 8, January 2006 ISSN: 0956-618X
^The "Churches of the City of London" Reynolds,H: London, Bodley Head, 1922


Polymers contain ordered crystalline regions; chains fold to produce lamellae. When lamellae are nucleated from a small area, round agglomerates known as spherulites are formed. In a fully crystalline material they impinge on each other and appear polygonal under the microscope. In this TLP, polymer crystallisation and spherulite formation have been discussed. Micrographs of spherulites showing the distinctive Maltese cross were presented and their appearance was explained in terms of birefringence.
From the section of the TLP dealing with mechanical testing, you should have gained an understanding of the mechanism of necking and cold drawing by which a semicrystalline polymer deforms under a uniaxial tensile stress above its glass transition temperature. Furthermore, Considère's construction, which is a simple way of determining whether a polymer sample will neck and cold draw, was derived. The stress-strain curves produced by such experiments should now be familiar, for varying strain rates and relative temperatures.
- Plastics Microstructure and Engineering Applications, N J Mills, Edward Arnold, 1993 (2nd edition).
- Fundamentals of Polymer Science - An Introductory Text, Paul C Painter and Michael M Coleman, Technomic, 1994.
- Introduction to Polymers, R J Young and P A Lovell, Chapman & Hall, 1991 (2nd edition).
- The Macrogalleria
Describing itself as "a cyberwonderland of polymer fun", this multi-award-winning site contains a wealth of information about polymers, including a section on Differential scanning calorimetry.


Tipping is an interesting, pervasive, and under researched form of consumer behavior. Tips are supposed to be an incentive/reward for good service. However, tipping is a complex behavior motivated by the desires to conform with social norms, compensate for poor service wages, display power/status, avoid the servers’ envy and ill will, and express interpersonal attraction. It is possible that these other motives for tipping undermine its role as an incentive/reward. This possibility was examined in two original studies of restaurant tipping. The studies found that tipping is related to consumers’ evaluations of service and the dining experience, but that these relationships are weak. This result suggests that tipping is, in part, a reward for good service, but that it may not provide a sufficient incentive for the delivery of good service.
Lynn, M., & Graves, J. (1996). Tipping: An incentive/reward for service? [Electronic version]. Retrieved [insert date], from Cornell University, School of Hospitality Administration site: http://scholarship.sha.cornell.edu/articles/150


Are there any answers to the violence that is becoming prevalent today regardless if it is being perpetrated on people by a rogue government or violent protests? What about mass killings by lone operatives or genocide carried out by a regime? What leads to such unthinkable tragedies?
Are their cultural environments conducive to bad behavior?
Of course there is. Racial, religious, and ethnic intolerance is found in every culture and nation of the world to some degree. Things grow because there is soil to sustain it. If you change the soil then what is produced changes. Changing the soil through proper education and the instilling of morals will create a culture of valuing each other which in turn produces a bedrock for societal cohesiveness. A fish thrives in water because it is an environment that contains everything it needs to survive. Take the fish out of its environment and it dies. Will racism and all forms of bigotry be totally eradicated? No, but we can have an environment that creates little to no possibility for growth, thus isolating their perspectives and ideologies beyond the moat of reasoning. This will translate into loss of influence and opportunity for these who propagate such intolerable thinking leading to despicable behavior.
The importance of education is indisputable in its value to constructing a generation. Information becomes the hinge that swings the door of opportunity to a land of progress. However, as with all things in life, this demands balance, because when educating people and yet forgetting the instruction of morals is inadvertently creating a danger to national and international stability. Think about Nazi Germany as an example. It was the land of some of the most educated minds and technology such as Einstein and Mercedes-Benz, yet it produced a Hitler. Educators today must realize the importance of serving students information and increasing their knowledge, but also assisting them in developing their character, which is necessary in being a positive contributor to society.


The HSMA programme trains NHS staff to use the latest advances in computer simulation.
By developing skills and networks, it is helping healthcare providers to make decisions that are based on robust evidence. The programme has been devised and implemented by NIHR PenCLAHRC and the University of Exeter Medical School, and allows Health Service Modelling Associates - HSMAs for short - to spend one day a week with research experts. Over a twelve month period, they each tackle a problem facing their organisation.
The programme is designed to build capacity in NHS trusts, giving them the skills to embed evidence-based practice in all areas of their operational activities.
What is operational research?
Real life organisations can be incredibly complex.
When changes are made to a process or service, it can be difficult to predict the outcomes and ensure the intended effects are achieved. Sometimes, these actions might also have unexpected and potentially serious consequences.
Through the use of computer models and analytical techniques, operational research helps to overcome this problem by producing a very accurate picture of the way a system works. This process allows users to test different scenarios and measure their effectiveness.
In the health service, using this approach means changes can be configured and tested before being rolled out in real life.


Certain types of cycling routes carry much lower risk of injury for cyclists, according to a new University of British Columbia study on the eve of Vancouver’s Bike to Work Week.
The study, published today in the American Journal of Public Health, analyzed the cause of 690 cycling injuries in Vancouver and Toronto from 2008 to 2009 and various route types and infrastructure.
The greatest risk to cyclists occurs when they share major streets with parked cars, with no bike lanes present – like on Broadway in Vancouver or Dundas Street in Toronto. Without a designated space on the road, cyclists face a heightened risk of injury from moving cars and car doors opening, according to the study.
In contrast, infrastructure designed for cyclists – including bike lanes on major streets without parked cars, residential street bike routes, and off-street bike paths – carries about half the risk, while cycle tracks (physically separated bike lanes) carries the lowest injury risk for cyclists, at about one-tenth the risk.
“Cycle tracks and other bike-specific infrastructure are prevalent in the cycling cities of Northern Europe, but have been slow to catch on in North America,” says Kay Teschke, a professor in UBC’s School of Population and Public Health and lead author of the study. “Adoption of safer route infrastructure would prevent crashes from occurring in the first place, while encouraging cycling. Since cycling offers major health benefits, this is a win-win.”
Teschke says that increased injury risk also exists with streetcar or train tracks, and where there is construction. “There is renewed interest in streetcars for urban transportation, and the associated tracks were found to be particularly hazardous for cyclists,” she adds. “There is also higher risk when construction impacts road traffic. Safe detours for cyclists need to be provided.”
For more information about the study, visit http://cyclingincities.spph.ubc.ca/injuries/the-bice-study/.


Colorado Plague Death | What is The Plague?
Quick: What do you think of when someone says The Plague?
Chances are, you think of some Biblical blah-blah-blah about people having the plague (and some other stuff that you don’t really remember from school or church). Or, you may have read some history that suggests the downfall of The Roman Empire may have actually been due to the plague.
Whatever you know (or don’t know) about the plague, you probably haven’t given it much thought in your lifetime because we don’t need to worry about it in our modern times, right?
Except … we do.
CNN has reported that an adult in Colorado has died from the plague, bringing the total to two deaths this year from the plague.
What Is The Plague?
The plague is a bacteria caused by Yersinia pestis. Humans get the plague by being bitten by a flea (usually from a rodent) who was carrying the bacteria. In some cases, the disease gets into the blood stream and can cause the feet, hands and nose and lips to become gangrenous and turn black.
Early on, it is often mistaken for the flu because patients present with fever and chills.
The plague can be treated with antibiotics if caught quickly, but can also be fatal if untreated.
There are additional types of plague, like the pneumonic plague, which can affect a person’s lungs.
No Vaccine for The Plague
According to the Centers for Disease Control, or CDC, “A plague vaccine is no longer available in the United States. New plague vaccines are in development but are not expected to be commercially available in the immediate future.”
How To Avoid The Plague
So, what should you do to avoid getting the plague? The CDC recommends:
- Remove brush, wood and other items from around the outside of your house where rodents would nest.
- Keep your pets and home treated for fleas with flea repellent.
- Don’t leave animal food sitting outdoors where it could regularly attract rodents.
- Use repellent while hiking, camping and working outdoors.
AFFILIATE LINKS ARE USED IN THIS POST


Foreign Influences, English: despite the geographical distance English economic and cultural influences on Austria have been quite strong at various times. During the first half of the 17th century, English touring companies ( English Comedians) also performed in Austria, in the 18th century Prince Eugène and the Duke of Marlborough exchanged views on the construction and decoration of palaces; around 1780 the English landscape garden replaced the French style in garden architecture. During the age of Romanticism Gothic architecture (Tudor style) was adopted in Austria. The most lasting effects were those in the field of technology: travelling craftsmen often learned new techniques and developments in England and brought them back to Austria, English enterprises frequently moved to Austria. Setbacks in the course of this development were caused by Napoleon´s Continental System, but after 1835 English railway engineers came to Austria, who were experts in train operation as well as in locomotive-construction. In the 20th century, increasing knowledge of the English language in Austria made many mutual influences possible (e.g. school exchange programs), the period of 1945-1955, when England was one of the occupying powers in Austria after World War II, was very important for establishing new contacts.
Literature#P. Martinz-Turek, Untersuchungen ueber den englischen Kultureinfluss in Oesterreich um 1800, doctoral thesis, Vienna 1971.


The project targets 50 children (aging 8-12 years) who left primary school in poor villages in Pakistan due to various reasons will start learning in quick learning classroom for daily 2-hours during 6-months to attain grade-3 or 4 standards of reading, writing and doing simple mathematics. As a result of this project, these children will be able to continue their regular schooling and will become source of motivation for other street children and their parents.
Peshawar has suffered due to terrorism. Children 8-12 age dropped out of school due to poverty, punishment and improper teaching, heavy syllabus, unfamiliar medium of instructions and losing interest in education. These children with zero literacy do not find any place in corresponding grades in school. These are considered misfit and pushed to earn money through garbage collection and selling toys/candies on the streets. These children face abuse and street crimes at the hands of criminals.
Carefully mobilized 50 street children will go through quick learning classrooms of 2hrs daily for 6-months. They will be taught reading, writing and mathematics by female teachers backed by management. At 2 different points, 2 classrooms to be established each with 25 students. Urdu as national & English as international language will be taught with Pashto language as instructions medium. Children attaining grade-3 & 4 level in quick classrooms will resume compatible grades in regular schools.
Project will help promoting education as means to end violence. Parents will demand schools to become equally effective as quick classrooms. The trend of street children going back to school will be followed in the nearby society. Reduction in child abuse and street crimes will occur. The project will help reducing further trauma to affected children at the evil hands. These street children will become productive citizens of the society and possibly carry out similar productive interventions.


These 500-year-old boxwood carvings are tiny religious pieces created between 1500 and 1530 in Flanders or the Netherlands that require researchers to view them using micro-CT scanning, Advanced 3D analysis Software, and even X-rays.
A market demand for profitable religious carvings occurred in Europe before the Reformation period (1517-1648). When attempts to reform the Catholic Church and Protestant Churches took hold throughout Europe, church-related accessories were no longer in demand.
Curators and conservators of Small Wonders: Gothic Boxwood Miniatures an exhibition at The Art Gallery of Ontario used micro-CT scanning and 3D Analysis Software in order to analyze the tiny sculptures within the boxwood.
Some parts of the sculptures are tinier than grass seed. The production process remains a mystery and traces of gold and other decoration impede X-ray views.
Researchers took these 500-year-old miniature boxwood carvings to the lab to find out their secrets
They think these miniatures were made between 1500 and 1530 in Flanders or the Netherlands
The human eye isn’t able to analyze details this tiny
So researchers used micro-CT scanning and Advanced 3D Analysis Software
To find out how intricate the pieces really are
They found joints in the inner layers so tiny that only a microscope or an X-ray can detect them
And pins, smaller than a grass seed
But even the advanced technology couldn’t see everything
Because traces of gold and other decoration materials conceal the X-ray views
The miniatures were a result of a rising new social class in Europe that created a demand for these high-quality portable religious carvings
However, soon the Reformation began and a lot of church-related accessories went out of fashion
You can check out the entire exhibit over at The Art Gallery of Ontario! Be sure to give this post a thumbs up and a share with your friends on Facebook before you go.


Worker Health Information from the National Health Interview Survey
Retail Trade Industries
These charts summarize the 2010 NHIS-OHS data for the Retail Trade industries in an effort to provide industry leaders with information so they can better understand health and exposure burdens specific to their workforce.
In the 2010 NHIS-OHS, the sample of those employed in the Retail Trade industries consisted of 1,795 persons, representing approximately 17 million workers. The charts linked below show the prevalence (rates) of selected health outcomes; work organization and psychosocial factors; and physical and chemical exposures among workers in the Retail Trade industries. All Retail Trade workers are compared to all U.S. workers combined, and comparisons are made among 22 specific Retail Trade industries.
- Description of Retail Trade workers in the US
- All US workers vs. the Retail Trade workers
- Health conditions
- Work organization factors
- Psychosocial exposures
- Physical and chemical exposures


Explore length, mass, temperature and capacity in both customary and metric scales.
Measurement and Estimation Pocket Chart
- Brand: Learning Resources
- Product Code: LER2284
Tags: Length & Measurement, Mathematics, Manipulatives, Hands-On, Length & Measurement, Pre-school, early childhood, Mathematics, Pocket Chart, English, Phonics, Pocket Chart, Pre-school, early childhood, Teaching Aids, Learning Resources, measurement, estimation, pocket-chart


Enzyme inhibitor = substance that directly or indirectly interferes with functioning of active site of enzyme - reducing activity.
- Competitive inhibitor - binds to active site of enzyme.
- Non-competitive inhibitor - binds to enzyme at position other than active site.
Have molecular shape similar to substrate.
Can occupy active site of enzyme and compete with substrate.
Difference between concentration of inhibitor and concentration of the substrate = affect inhibitor has on enzyme activity.
Competitive slows action because eventually all substrate will occupy an active site.
Effect is decreased by increasing substrate concentration.
Attach themselves to enzyme at a site other than active…


Sentence Diagramming Practice #1
Give your 5th grader a challenging way to practice identifying parts of speech. She'll diagram these sentences by breaking each word down into its part of speech. This is a great way to hone her writing skills.
For help learning how to diagram, see our Sentence Diagramming series!


Freedom of speech, the right to vote and political equality are the hallmarks of a key event in Australia's history - the Eureka rebellion. The development of Australian democracy and identity is considered by some to have been born during the uprising at the Ballarat goldfields in November 1854 - an example of a rebellion that led to law reform.
1. Samantha Jade
2. Click Frenzy


Water Quality of Long, Cranberry, Buck and Round Ponds 1993 -1994Brockport Bookshelf
DescriptionLong, Buck and Cranberry Ponds have very high concentrations of total phosphorus and chlorophyll .a; that is, they have high levels of a nutrient that stimulates the growth of microscopic and macroscopic plants. This results in an overabundance of microscopic plant life as indicated by the exceedingly high chlorophyll levels observed. Long Pond appears to be the most productive followed by Buck Pond and then Cranberry Pond. Round Pond has relatively low chlorophyll and phosphorus levels compared to the other ponds. R.ound Pond does not appear to be impacted by cultural eutrophication. Compared to nearby Lake Ontario, Lake Erie and Conesus Lake, Long, Buck and Cranberry Ponds are hypereutrophic. These results suggest that Long, Buck and Cranberry Ponds are receiving excessive amounts of nutrients from either the watershed or through auto-fertilization or both. Point and non-point sources of nutrients within the watershed should be identified through stress stream analysis (i.e. segment analysis of the stream) as a prelude to remedial action and the establishment of best management practices. The shallowness of these ponds does not preclude the problem of wind generated mixing of the phosphorus laden seditnents (i.e. auto-fertilization) after any remediation.
[Brockport, N.Y. : J. Makarewicz], 1994.
DepartmentEnvironmental Science & Biology
Citation InformationJoseph C. Makarewicz and Gregory G. Lampman. Water Quality of Long, Cranberry, Buck and Round Ponds 1993 -1994. (1994)
Available at: http://works.bepress.com/joseph_makarewicz/46/


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A.Word.A.Daywith Anu Garg
Though just a few ounces of paper and ink, books can be threatening to some. Governments try to ban them. Religious leaders try to shield their followers from them.
Of course, it's not the container, it's what's in them -- the ideas -- that frightens those in power. A good gauge of a free society is the freedom it enjoys to publish and read a book, even one some people don't agree with.
As an antidote to the banning of books, Banned Books Week is celebrated in the US every year. This year it's Sep 24 - Oct 1. Does your country observe a Banned Books Week? If not, why not start one yourself?
noun: A book for ready reference, such as a manual or guidebook.
From Latin vade mecum (go with me), from vadere (to go) + me (me) + cum (with). Earliest documented use: 1629.
An iPad may serve as the modern vade mecum, but in earlier times there was no Wi-Fi with easy access to reference material. A moneylender may have had to carry a book of interest tables, a doctor a book of treatments, and so on. A vade mecum was often folded like an accordion or a map and suspended from the belt or girdle.
"The U.S. Senate, over which Dallas presided, ordered twelve thousand copies of Hickey's pro-slavery vade mecum."
Jill Lepore; The Commandments; The New Yorker; Jan 17, 2011.
See more usage examples of vade mecum in Vocabulary.com's dictionary.
A THOUGHT FOR TODAY:If only there were evil people somewhere insidiously committing evil deeds and it were necessary only to separate them from the rest of us and destroy them. But the line dividing good and evil cuts through the heart of every human being. And who is willing to destroy a piece of his own heart? -Alexander Solzhenitsyn, novelist, Nobel laureate (1918-2008)


This is the second title in the important new series from Oxford which provides accessible introductions to the ideas, facts, and vocabulary behind an absorbing range of subjects. Meticulously researched and authoritative but written in simple language by experts in their fields, curious young readers will quickly get to grips with the basic principles and terminology of each subject. The Secrets of the Universe explains, in clear and interesting way, the theories of the beginning of the Universe, what it is, how it works, the lives of stars, and possible futures.
The engaging design highlights the Heroes of the subject from early beginnings to modern day and explains tricky terminology in ‘Speak like a Scientist’ features. Comic strips and illustrations, amazing photographs, and a timeline, glossary and, index, all make this handy-sized book the perfect way tolearn. If you love this title, why not collect them all? The Secrets of the Universe is part of a collectible set which will build into a diverse range of subjects.


A table of differentiated assignments for the grade 7 history unit "New France".
The table is organized into three rounds of assignments. Each round covers specific topics on the subject of New France, offered in a variety of learning styles. Students will choose one assignment in each round.
The learning styles offered are: Reading / Writing; Visual / Artistic; Charts & Diagrams; Vocabulary
This sheet is designed to be printed, copied, and given directly to the student at the beginning of the unit.
Includes a rubric for assessment.
See also: Life In Upper Canada - Grade 7 Differentiated Assignments


Plenty of information is available for how to keep children eating health and preventing childhood obesity, but implementing plans is more challeging, says a University of Arizona nutrititionist.
Many American children have struggled with their weight for years now, and as conditions worsen, schools have joined in the fight against unhealthy children.
Offering healthy food in schools can play a big role in children's health, but Melanie Hingle, a research professor with the UA's Nutritional Sciences Department, says the food offered in school is just one of the many contributing factors.
Hingle says the public in general seems slow to put healthy practices in to place and has a lot of work to do in figuring out how to implement those practices.
"The overall aim of my research program is the prevention of childhood obesity," Hingle says.
She says she is looking at three areas in her research: the effects of health and media messages, the use of technology to deliver health information and the key role of parents.


By Sean Graham
Between 1960 and 1996, the Guatemalan Civil War pitted the government against leftist rebel groups. Both during and after the war, there were accusations that government forces committed human rights violations against civilians. The government denied these allegations and claimed that there was no documentation to substantiate any of the claims. That was until a cache of documents from the National Police was found in an abandoned headquarters in 2005. That launched a massive effort to preserve and archive the documents. Despite official efforts to destroy the material and threats of physical violence, a group of volunteers worked tirelessly to ensure that it was possible to figure out what happened during the war.
In this episode of the History Slam, I talk with Kirsten Weld of Harvard University about her book Paper Cadavers: The Archives of Dictatorship in Guatamala. We chat about the uncovering of the archives, the process of reclaiming the material, and the contested nature of building memory.
Sean Graham is a William Lyon Mackenzie King post-doctoral fellow at the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard University where he studies the history of Canadian broadcasting and the CBC. He is an editor at Activehistory.ca and host/producer of the History Slam Podcast. Like any red-blooded Canadian his ultimate dream is to be a curling champion while living on a diet of beer and poutine.


|France’s ambitious environmental policy is aimed mainly at cutting greenhouse gas emissions, with the government committed to reducing such gasses by 75 percent by 2050. France has banned fracking, even though it has the greatest potential, along with Poland, for recoverable shale gas in Europe. After protests by environmental groups, France cancelled exploration licenses held by two oil companies in 2011.
Last month, France’s new energy and environment minister said in a press conference that she wanted to accelerate investment in renewable energies like wind, solar, biomass and marine energy, and to improve the country’s insulation of buildings, in part, through providing financing for better insulating low-income housing.
America is in the midst of a natural gas boom and fracking is an extremely popular method of extraction. But several towns across the US have banned it, and New York state has refused to allow it until at least April 2015. Efforts are also underway to ban fracking in California.


To optimize speed and accuracy of motor behavior coaches prepare the athlete by teaching the type of movement that must be made and when it should be executed. Anticipating the movement time, in which a response should be performed is called 'temporal orienting', whereby efferent nerves carry impulses away from the central nervous system to effectors such as muscles that respond to the stimulus.
Temporal orienting is part of coaching. Temporally informative cues allow athletes to predict when an imminent event will occur. A coach teaches certain signals and signs to the athlete that something will occur shortly. These valid clues increase the athletes reaction time, how does this happen?
Temporal orienting or selectively preparing for the motor response recruits a region of the brain called the left intraparietal sulcus (IPS). The IPS principal function is visual attention. The IPS is involved in such things as directing eye movement and motility, such as reaching, grasping and the minds visuospatial working memory that is, your sense of 'whereness' and interpreting the intent of others. Co-activating the neuroimaging and neuromuscular portions of the brain makes for a quick athlete.
The cues a coach gives his athlete can reduce reaction time. The more exacting the mental imagery the better the reduction. When using an object like the Rogers Quick Snap Football, study game film and try to replicate the centers habits manipulating the ball before it is snapped. Replicate the angle of the ball and indicate exactly where on the ball you want the player to focus his attention. Make sure the athlete understands how important studying the football can change how he plays and quickly he moves. Get your intraparietal sulcus Strong.


High Fall Air Bags
The creation of air bags were developed in the 1970s to practice high falls. The technology of the air bags has changed dramatically through the years enabling stuntmen and stunt women to increase the height from where they fall. Today standards you are now able to use an air bag from 40ft to 200ft and above. The stunt coordinator would be the one to rent the air bag from a stunt equipment rental company and with his stunt safety team, set up the air bag. To perform this specialized stunt it takes a trained high diver or stunt performer to be able to do a free dive into an air bag. To alleviate danger it takes a stunt safety crew and the supervision of a stunt coordinator to set up the fall using the air bag system.
The process to engineer the perfect high fall could take a couple hours depending on the complexity of the shot. The take off position will have to be prepped and may take a couple days to secure the safety of the high fall stunt player. Having an experienced high faller will decrease production’s risk of having an accident. Many variables come into play and wind is a dangerous one when the timing of the actual jump will happen.


Hundreds of thousands of ransomware attacks take place every single day. Everyone is a target. No one is immune.
Ransomware has become an epidemic and is now one of the top concerns of cybersecurity professionals due to the frequency of attacks and the risk of losing critical organization assets, including financial records, standard operating and even required day-to-day documents.
Most ransomware infections start when a user clicks an infected attachment or visits a compromised website. Unwittingly, the user unleashes the malware into his or her computer and if it isn’t blocked, it often spreads to the entire network.


The big news around the green-tech blogosphere today are the results of a new study by Harvard physicist Alex Wissner-Gross, which finds that two searches on Google produces about as much CO2 as boiling a kettle of tea.
Shock and dismay! Wait, what the heck does that actually mean?
What it means is that, if the study is correct, all of our Google searches put together are creating a pretty huge CO2 footprint.
Searches on Google are energy intensive because the company sends search queries out to multiple servers around the world and gives you the answer that comes out the fastest — essentially putting multiple servers on the same project in competition with each other.
For the record, Google disputes the claims in the study, saying that the average search produces only 0.2 grams of CO2. It also points out that it’s philanthropic arm, Google.org, has invested $45 million in clean-energy technology.
Also for the record, Wissner-Gross did not compare Google’s CO2 output to other search engines, so we don’t know if using Yahoo! Search is any cleaner than using Google.
So, what to make of all this? Some have argued that it’s far more efficient to use Google to find the answers we need than drive down to the library and look it up on a book — whose production may create around 2,500 grams of CO2. And I tend to agree.
To me, it’s all about perspective and realizing that computing in general takes up massive amounts of energy and, under current circumstances, emits a lot of climate change inducing CO2.
But that doesn’t mean we should all throw our laptops away and go back to pencils and ledgers. It means we need to find real solutions to creating energy that doesn’t depend on fossil fuels.
Those are the solutions that are going to help stem the tide of climate change. They’re also the solutions that will only be found with heavy doses of computing power and, yes, lots of Googling.


Index name: Deciles.
Ease of use: Green.
Origins: A simple mathematical approach described by Gibbs and Maher in 1967 through their work with the Australian Bureau of Meteorology.
Characteristics: Using the entire period of record of precipitation data for a location, the frequency and distribution of precipitation are ranked. The first decile is composed of the rainfall amounts in which the lowest 10% of the values are not exceeded, and the fifth decile is the median. A wet scale is also available. Daily, weekly, monthly, seasonal and annual values can all be considered in the methodology, as it is flexible when current data are compared to the historical record for any given period.
Input parameters: Precipitation only, and the timescale considered is flexible.
Applications: With the ability to look at different timescales and time steps, deciles can be used in meteorological, agricultural and hydrological drought situations.
Strengths: With a single variable being considered, the methodology is simple and flexible for many situations. Using clearly defined thresholds, the current data are put into a historical context and drought status can be recognized. Useful in both wet and dry situations.
Weaknesses: As with other indicators that use only precipitation, the impacts of temperatures and other variables are not considered during the development of drought. A long record period provides the best results because many wet and dry periods will be included in the distribution.
Resources: There is no specific software code for deciles and several online tools can provide output. Thus, it is important to clarify the underlying methodology, as there are a number of statistical approaches to calculate deciles from meteorological data.
Example: DrinC software.
References: Gibbs, W.J. and J.V. Maher, 1967: Rainfall Deciles as Drought Indicators. Bureau of Meteorology Bulletin No. 48, Melbourne, Australia.
Currently used by: Austria, Brazil, Iran, Macedonia, New Zealand.


The Political Economy of War:
The International Dimension
The world economy in the prewar years was a marvel of growth and interdependence. Though nineteenth-century industrial capitalism showered its benefits unevenly on different social classes, all the developed countries had witnessed amazing leaps in their wealth and standards of living in the several decades before 1914. Much of that material advance owed to the deepening harmony and coordination of international economic relationships. Despite ominously intensifying colonial rivalries in Africa and Asia, the European states allowed goods and capital and even labor to move easily across their own national frontiers. Relative to the movement of raw materials and foodstuffs, trade in industrial products was rising more rapidly, indicating the growing importance of technological specialization to economic growth.
Central to the smooth functioning of this complex international economy was the role of Great Britain. London, the heart of the world financial system, pumped the British pound sterling into all the arteries of global commerce. Sterling was indeed the very lifeblood of the world trading network. Other nations held British pounds as a currency of reserve; foreign merchants maintained large sterling balances at London; and sterling served as a currency of account in the exchange of goods that never touched the shores of Great Britain. So great was the world's confidence in sterling, and so skillful was the British bank


NewsWorks reports that researchers at Temple University’s Water and Environmental Technology Center have created a water purification system that uses sound. Cleaning waste water is usually complicated and expensive, but this new ultrasound method may be an ideal solution.
Head researcher Rominder Suri explains the sound vibration process:
“You’re literally creating conditions similar to the surface of the sun. So whatever contaminants are there, they get zapped, or broken down.”
This technology was originally developed for use in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, but it may have zombie survival applications as well.
Imagine being able to purify a large body of water by introducing a handheld device that creates sonic vibrations–forget about doing it one bottle at a time. This new technique would quickly create additional sources of clean drinking water, allowing you to worry about more pressing issues such as the zombie menace lumbering across your lawn.
Though you shouldn’t expect to see this technology introduced to the consumer market anytime soon, its development is another indication that our chances of surviving the coming zombie plague might be improving slightly. Let’s just hope the dead don’t rise too soon!


"What we need to do is learn to work in the system, by which I mean that everybody, every team, every platform, every division, every component is there not for competitive profit or recognition, but for contribution to the system as a whole on a win-win basis."
Non-cooperative approaches, by contrast, almost always involve duplication of effort, since someone working independently must spend time and skills on problems that already have been encountered and overcome by someone else. A technical hitch, for example, is more likely to be solved quickly and imaginatively if scientists (including scientists from different countries) pool their talents rather than compete against one another.
One must marvel at the intellectual quality of a teacher who can't understand why children assault one another in the hallway, playground, and city street, when in the classroom the highest accolades are reserved for those who have beaten their peers. In many subtle and some not so subtle ways, teachers demonstrate that what children learn means much less than that they triumph over their classmates. Is this not assault? . . . Classroom defeat is only the pebble that creates widening ripples of hostility. It is self-perpetuating. It is reinforced by peer censure, parental disapproval, and loss of self-concept. If the classroom is a model, and if that classroom models competition, assault in the hallways should surprise no one.


1. Any of various plants of the genus Pelargonium, native chiefly to southern Africa and widely cultivated for their rounded, often variegated leaves and showy clusters of red, pink, or white irregular flowers. An essential oil is obtained from the leaves of some species. Also called pelargonium, storksbill.
2. Any of various plants of the genus Geranium, having palmately divided leaves and pink or purplish regular flowers. Also called cranesbill.
3. A strong to vivid red.
[New Latin Geranium, genus name (under which Linnaeus included both Geranium and Pelargonium, later separated), from Latin geranium, a species of geranium (G. tuberosum), cranesbill (from the appearance of its seed capsule ), from Greek geranion, diminutive of geranos, crane; see gerə-2 in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.]
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1. a shape resembling a segment of a ring tapering to points at the ends.
2. something, as a roll or cookie, having this shape.
a. the figure of the moon in its first or last quarter, resembling a segment of a ring tapering to points at the ends.
b. the similar figure of Mercury and Venus on either side of inferior conjunction, when seen through a telescope.
4. the emblem of Turkey or of Islam.
5. the power, religion, or civilization of Turkey or of Islam.
6. a musical percussion instrument of Turkish origin, consisting of a pole bearing a crescent-shaped metal plate, topped with a pavilion, and hung with small bells. Also called Chinese crescent, Chinese pavilion, jingling Johnny, pavillon Chinois, Turkish crescent.
7. Chiefly British.
a. a curved street, often having solid façades of unified architectural design.
b. the curve or curved portion of a street.
8. Heraldry. a representation of a crescent moon, horns upward unless otherwise specified, used as the cadency mark of a second son.
9. shaped like a crescent.
On a bitter night,
A moth ate the paper moon:
One morsel at first
- Thus it became a crescent -
Then the rest and darkness won.
Moth courtesy of Dreamstocktheory at DeviantArt.
Photo du Jour - Sun Setting On The Seine
11 hours ago


Chemical symbols represent elements, while chemical formulas represent chemical compounds. Chemical symbols are also known as element symbols. Because compounds are formed by individual elements coming together, chemical formulas are composed of several chemical symbols.Continue Reading
There are three different varieties of chemical formulas. They include empirical formulas, molecular formulas and structural formulas. Molecular formulas show the number of atoms of a particular compound in each molecule of a compound. For example, the molecular formula for water is H20 and shows that every molecule of water always contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
Empirical formulas show the ratio of elements in the compound. They are most often associated with non-molecular substances that are ionically bonded, such as the chemical formula for table salt, NaCl. Showing the amounts of elements in ratio is useful because ions bond by charge only often form crystals or solids with overlapping bonds.
Structural formulas help show the shape of a molecule or ion by grouping atoms found in a particular location of the compound together. For example, the molecular formula for ethanol is C2H6O. This writing does not show the way the molecule is bonded and the functional groups that give it its name, chiefly the carbon chain surrounded by hydrogen atoms and the OH functional group at the end. Using the structural formula CH3CH2OH conveys this information.Learn more about Chemistry


KEEPING YOUR BEARDIE HEALTHY DURING BRUMATION
TESTING FOR PARASITESAlthough Bearded Dragons brumate, in the wild, with no help from us and manage to survive just fine, the fact that they choose to brumate while in captivity does require a bit of special care, on our part, to ensure that they remain healthy while in their dormant state.
If possible, one of the most important things that we, as owners, should do, prior to the beginning of their brumation period, is to take them to the vet for a check up, to make sure that all is well, and that they don’t have any type of illness that may worsen due to their not eating while in their dormant state. While they brumate, their system slows down and they become especially vulnerable to parasites lurking undetected in their digestive tract. This can be avoided by taking a stool sample and your beardie to your vet for a quick and painless checkup. This will ensure a safe and healthy brumation period for your beardie.
While your beardie is brumating, keep a vigilant eye on the weight and top of the tail area. A healthy Bearded Dragon, who has no parasites, may brumate for months, and will only lose a few grams of weight, which is not even noticeable. If your beardie appears to be losing weight: slack skin with bones beginning to show, sunken eyes, thinning of the tail), he/she is obviously struggling with a health issue and needs to see a vet before he/she contracts other types of illnesses due to their weakness and vulnerability. This can be very expensive because special measures need to be taken to ensure that your beardie is getting enough nutrition to keep him alive until he awakens. The best way to ensure that this never happens, is to do yourself and your beardie both a favor, and have them tested BEFORE its time for them to brumate!
Tomorrow I will talk about hydration during brumation, very important!


Introduction to Saugus, Massachusetts
The name of this town comes from an Indian name which means "great." It was settled in during 1629. The area was incorporated as town in February 1815. During that period, agriculture was the chief industry but with the onset of Industrial revolution, Saugus became home to several other industries like woolen goods, shoes and tobacco. Saugus is also recognized as the site where integrated ironworks began in North America.
Saugus and nearby Attractions
- Breakheart Reservation
- Belden Bly Bridge
- Camp Nihan
- Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site
- Rumney Marsh
- Saugus River
Things To Do In Saugus
Saugus has been well endowed by nature with its incredible parks, camping grounds and river. The Breakheart Reservation State Park is an excellent place to go fishing, swimming, hiking and biking. One should also visit the Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site where one can see the reconstructed blast furnace, rolling mill, forge and also a restored 17th century building.
The local airport is Boston Logan International.
Saugus Higher Education
The Bunker Hill Community College is nearby.


Introduction to Buttons
A button is a user interface object that sends an action message to a target when clicked.
You should read this document to learn what are the different types of button provided by Cocoa and how you can use them.
Organization of This Document
This document describes how to use a button. These articles give you basic information on the different types of button, and how you can customize buttons:
How Buttons Work describes how buttons work.
Types of Button describes the types of button, how they act, how it highlights when pressed and whether it shows its state.
Using Push Buttons explains how to use push buttons.
Using Checkboxes explains how to use checkboxes in matrix objects.
Using Radio Buttons explains how to use radio buttons in matrix objects.
Querying Button Matrices shows how to handle selections in radio buttons and checkboxes.
Setting the Appearance of a Button’s Border describes how to change the border’s shape and grading.
Setting a Button’s Title describes how to change the content and appearance of the button’s title.
Setting a Button’s Image describes how to change the content and appearance of the button’s image.
Hiding a Button describes how to make a button invisible or have it show its border only when the mouse is over it.
Setting a Button’s Key Equivalent describes how to attach a key equivalent to a button.
Subclassing NSButton describes how to subclass
The following articles in other documents also contain relevant information:
Using a Continuous Control describes how to set up a button so it sends its action message repeatedly while being pressed.
Cell States describes the three states a button can have: on, off, or mixed.


By Swami Harshananda
Karmendriyas literally means ‘organs of action’.
Every human being is endowed with eleven indriyas or sense-organs. These organs are five jñānendriyas, five karmendriyas and a mind.
The five karmendriyas or organs of action are:
- Vāk - speech
- Pāṇi - hands
- Pāda - feet
- Pāyu - excretory organ
- Upastha - organ of reproduction
These have been called ‘karmendriyas’ because they are the indriyas or sense organs responsible for karma or action.
Root of Karmendriyas
- Ākāśa or ether or space gives rise to vāk.
- Vāyu or air gives rise to pāṇi.
- Agni or fire gives rise to pāda.
- Āpas or water gives rise to pāyu.
- Pṛthvī or earth gives rise to upastha.
- Tanmātras are the subtle elements.
- The Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Swami Harshananda, Ram Krishna Math, Bangalore


The plants can use the light providing they get enough nutrients, water and CO2. The plants are getting more light than they normally would indoors. This increases their rate of photosynthesis and their growth rate, so they require more nutrients. CO2, a gas found in the air, is used as an ingredient by plants in photosynthesis. With intense light, CO2 will become a limiting factor unless it is supplemented using a CO2 tank and regulator. About 350 parts per million (ppm) of CO2 is found in the air. In an active garden with little ventilation, it is quickly used up and photosynthesis is suspended. By enriching the air to 2,000 ppm CO2, photosynthesis will be supercharged and plant growth increases.
Another problem that you might face is excess heat. Using air-cooled light reflectors prevents heat from getting into the space. These reflectors are cooled by a stream of cool outside air.
Readers with grow questions (or answers) should send them to Ed at: Ask Ed, PMB 147, 530 Divisadero St., San Francisco, California 94117, USA. You can also email Ed at [email protected], and send queries via his websites at www.ask-ed.net. All featured questions will be rewarded with a copy of Ed’s new book, Best of Ask Ed: Your Marijuana Questions Answered. Sorry, Ed cannot send personal replies to your questions.


What is the Basic Building Block of Society?
This introduction to sociological theory centers around a few key ideas in the field as well as the Sociology Style Tool which you will learn about next. Three main theory traditions exist in sociology, with each having a slightly different answer to the question: What is the basic "unit of society" that sociologists observe and measure?
Just as biologists study cells and economists study markets, what do sociologists study at the most basic level? You might be tempted to say "people", which is true, but so do psychologists, anthropologists, historians, and political scientists. What aspect of people do sociologists study? You might say "society" --after all isn't that what 'sociologist' is named after? True again, but this takes us to the primary question, which is:
What is the fundamental unit that society is made of?
The three main traditions in sociology each have a differing answer:
Struggles - Systems - Symbols


John Howard Payne
John Howard Payne was born in New York City on June 9, 1791. He was the son of William Payne of an old Massachusetts family and Sarah Issacs of East Hampton.
Payne’s father was a teacher of elocution and came to East Hampton to teach at Clinton Academy, one of the first academies chartered by the Board of Regents in New York State. Before John Howard was born, the family moved to New York City where William Payne continued his teaching career. He trained his son well in diction and delivery and then was alarmed when the boy expressed a desire to go on stage.
The stage held its lure for John Howard Payne and he made his debut as an actor in 1809. Praises of his beauty and genius filled the newspapers. Payne went to England in 1813, the first American actor to invade the British stage. He later devoted himself entirely to writing and producing. The song “Home Sweet Home” was first sung in Covent Garden, England in 1823 as part of the operetta, “Clari, the Maid of Milan.” Since John Howard Payne had visited East Hampton as a child, and also because he had numerous relatives in East Hampton, many have attributed the inspiration for the song, “Home Sweet Home,” to the eighteenth century salt-box situated on the village green in the hamlet of East Hampton.
Payne served as American Consul to Tunis, Africa during the last years of his life and died there in 1852. In 1883, his remains were returned to the United States and he is buried in the Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington, D.C.
Home Sweet Home Museum & Gardens
14 James Lane
East Hampton, New York 11937
Open daily May – September, 10 a.m. To 4 p.m.
Sunday 2 p.m. To 4 p.m.
October and November weekends only.
December – April by appointment only.