Swedish economist Knut Wicksell was influential in the development of monetary theory, which concerned itself with overall price levels and interest rates in an economy. His work foreshadowed the most important modification of classical concepts of the free economy, exemplified in the work of John Maynard Keynes. In his General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936), Keynes opened up a whole new range of investigation into business cycles. A principal result of Keynes's teaching has been reflected in governmental attempts to control the business cycle by putting money directly into the economy; the
pump-priming technique, often accompanied by an unbalanced budget, is now a part of most capitalist economic systems.
- Ancient and Medieval Periods
- Mercantilism, the Physiocrats, and Adam Smith
- Malthus, Ricardo, and Mill
- The Socialists and Marx
- Further Evolution of Classical Economics
- Since World War II
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Economics: Terms and Concepts


1000 N. Chisholm Trail Pkwy., Duncan, Oklahoma
The trail through the center of the old Indian Territory, from Texas north to Kansas, was named for Jesse Chisholm, a part-Cherokee trader who opened up the famous route after the Civil War. With good grazing and plenty of water along the way, it was ideal for the great herds of Texas longhorns that were driven to a Kansas rail terminal for shipment east. The Chisholm Trail was used for about 20 years, from 1867 until the end of the 1880s, when the railroads reached Texas.
At the Chisholm Trail Heritage Center numerous exhibits explain how cowboys lived. Many of the exhibits are interactive, like the Steer Ropin’ station, which gives kids a chance to practice their lasso skills. A film about the trail and a modern gallery of Western painting and sculpture round out the experience.
Open daily except major holidays.


Lord Vishwakarma is considered as the God of skills and technology. He is known to be the architect of this universe and also the designer of all flying chariots of Gods and their divine weapons. Chariots have a significant place in our civilisation. These were driven by horses – known for their purpose, speed, and dynamism.
It is over such a chariot, aeons ago Lord Krishna revealed the Principles of Karma to Arjuna that guided him to the path of purposeful action and also set the direction for generations to beacon with.
We take inspiration from the chariot and connect with the legend of Haryana, that is Mahabharata.
Lord Vishwakarma was also a city planner; who created Dwaraka, the capital of Lord Krishna; the town of Hastinapur – the capital of Kauravas and Indraprastha for Pandavas. A look at our university model and you would realise that the six academic blocks are conceived as horses and administrative and auditorium blocks as balancing wheels of the chariot.


Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VAIN)
Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VAIN) are pre-cancerous cells found in the vagina, or the passage leading from the vulva to the uterus in women.
Early detection and treatment of precancerous cells can prevent them from becoming cancerous. Otherwise, the abnormal cells can become cancer and spread to other parts of the body.
Pap tests can detect precancerous and cancerous conditions by collecting cells from the surface of the cervix. Sometimes these cells appear abnormal, or atypical, when looked at under a microscope, but they are not completely cancerous. These are called premalignant or precancerous cells, which means they might turn into cancer if not found and treated early enough.
According to the National Cancer Institute, vaginal cancer is rare and when found in early stages (VAIN), it can often be cured. It is found most often in women aged 60 or older.
Please note: Carcinoma in Situ is a term used for the early stage of cancer in which the tumor is confined to the organ where it first developed. The disease has not invaded other parts of the organ or spread to distant parts of the body. Most in situ carcinomas are highly curable. SIL can also be considered a carcinoma in Situ.
Treatment Options for Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VAIN)
Women diagnosed with VAIN are seen in our Colposcopy Clinic.
Call 734-763-6295 to make an appointment.
Still have questions?
The nurses at Cancer AnswerLine™ have answers. Call 1-800-865-1125 and you'll get a personal response from one of our registered nurses, who have years of experience in caring for people with cancer.


We found 599 resources with the keyterm Narrative Writing
Odyssey of the Mind Curriculum Activity: My Robot and Me
6th - 8th CCSS: Adaptable
Robots and their interactions with their human counterparts are the catalyst for a fun writing lesson plan. First, the class brainstorms what they'd like to have their personal robot do or be capable of. Then, they each write a humorous...
Narrative Practice: Similes, Metaphors, Personification
7th - 12th
Transform boring sentences with figurative language. Class members employ metaphor, simile, and personification to rewrite a series of provided sentences. Pupils can prepare for narrative essays and creative assignments by completing the...


This artist's concept envisions what hydrocarbon ice forming on a liquid hydrocarbon sea of Saturn's moon Titan might look like. A new model from scientists on NASA's Cassini mission suggests that clumps of methane-and-ethane-rich ice -- shown here as the lighter-colored clusters -- could float under some conditions.
The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, DC. The Cassini orbiter was designed, developed and assembled at JPL.


19th March 2016
Rebecca Masika Katsuva, better known as ‘Mama Masika’, was a Congolese human rights campaigner who deeply helped the victims of war and rape in the Eastern region of the Democratic Republic of Congo. A month after her death, a group of London based Congolese activists organized an afternoon of commemoration. The event was held in a indoor place beside the Roman Catholic Church of St Mary and St Michael, in Shadwell, and more then 50 Congolese were attending.
Together with religious and political discussion, the community remembered Mama Masika with poetry and songs.
Photo credit to Letitia Kamayi
The first picture portrays Mell Nyoko, a young Congolese spoken word artist and writer, while is performing two of her English tribute poems. The second picture portrays Natasha Makengo, a young Congolese singer, while is singing a touching French solo without any instrumental accompaniment. Their charismatic performances were very much appreciated by the Congolese audience.


by Gaudrius Dzikaras
Photographers Carol Beckwith and Angela Fisher spent over 30 years taking photos of ceremonies, rituals and the daily life of African tribal peoples. These extraordinary images tell the story of the Dinka tribe in Sudan.
The Dinka people vary their lifestyle by season – in the rainy season they live in permanent savannah settlements and raise grain crops like millet, while in the dry season they herd cattle along rivers throughout their region. Their lives are very closely intertwined with those of their cattle – at their coming of age ceremony, young Dinka men are given an ox, and that ox’s name becomes a part of their own name. As it grows, they also shape their ox’s long horns into different forms.


In the current issue of Cabinet, Nicola Twilley explores the artificial winter of refrigeration, the man-made cold climate logistics of food processing, transportation and storage that has “reshaped our entire food system.”
“More than three-quarters of the food consumed in the United States today is processed, packaged, shipped, stored, and sold under artificial refrigeration. The shiny, humming stainless steel box in your kitchen is just the tip of the iceberg, so to speak—a tiny fragment of the vast global network of temperature-controlled storage and distribution warehouses cumulatively capable of hosting uncounted billions of cubic feet of chilled flesh, fish, or fruit. Add to that an equally vast and immeasurable volume of thermally controlled space in the form of shipping containers, wine cellars, floating fish factories, international seed banks, meat-aging lockers, and livestock semen storage, and it becomes clear that the evolving architecture of coldspace is as ubiquitous as it is varied, as essential as it is overlooked.”
— “The Coldscape,” Nicola Twilley, Cabinet
Short link: http://wp.me/p6sb6-f6W
Top image: Kelvinator Foodarama Refrigerator-Freezer, circa 1955.
Comments are welcome if they are on-topic, substantive, concise, and not boring or obscene. Comments may be edited for clarity and length


Katla Flood of 1918
Wherever glaciers and volcanoes meet, massive floods can ensue. There is perhaps no better example of this than in Iceland. In fact, the largest flood of this kind in recorded history occurred after the Katla volcano erupted in 1918. A deluge, formed from melting subglacial ice, roared across the landscape with a discharge of around 300,000 cubic meters per second.
Astoundingly, this flood was merely a baby compared to others that have occurred in Iceland in the past. A flood down Jökulsá á Fjöllum, also caused by volcanism, is thought to have occurred about 7,000 years ago with a discharge of up to 1 million cubic meters per second.


Black Feminism. in a white supremacist capitalist patriarchy. 4 themes. Black women empower themselves by creating self-definitions and self-valuations that enable themselves to establish positive, multiple images and repel negative, controlling representations of Black womanhood;
in a white supremacist
Patricia Hill Collins sums it up by saying that Black feminism is “a process of self-conscious struggle that empowers women and men to actualize a humanist vision of community.”
During the Civil rights era, usually demarcated by the Brown vs. Board decision in 1954, many of the leaders were men, certainly the most visible ones in the mainstream media, nevertheless BW were extremely important at the forefront and on the ground.


You have invited a dear friend of yours, a modern day hunter-gatherer, to your house. Say you are fluent in the language of her tribe.
You live next to a construction site, and as you are catching up, a clattering sledgehammer interrupts your conversation. Your friend is startled. She asks you what those noises are about.
“Oh that! That is just a construction site nearby.”
“What is construction?”
“Construction is when you build something new”.
“What is building?”
“Building is the act of creating structures that provide shelter. Like caves, or huts made from mud and straw.”
“Oh okay. What are they building?”
“They are building a school”.
“What is a school?”
You spend the rest of the evening in this manner. If the conversation were about gathering wild berries or hunting antelope on foot, it would have transpired in the opposite direction.
It is startling to realize how much of our language depends on being familiar with a particular context. It is startling precisely because the curse of knowledge makes us take this contextual knowledge for granted.
The cure? Always close the feedback loop when you make presentations. Watch for signs of understanding and stop when you see puzzled looks. Engage with your audience and pepper them with questions.


What is hepatitis A?
Hepatitis A is a virus that can infect the liver. In most cases, the infection goes away on its own and doesn't lead to long-term liver problems.
In rare cases, it can be more serious.
Other viruses (hepatitis B and
hepatitis C) also can cause hepatitis. Hepatitis A is the
most common type.
How is hepatitis A spread?
The hepatitis A virus is found in the stool of an infected
person. It is spread when a person eats food or drinks water that has come in
contact with infected stool.
Sometimes a group of people who eat
at the same restaurant can get hepatitis A. This can happen when an employee
with hepatitis A doesn't wash his or her hands well after using the bathroom
and then prepares food. It can also happen when a food item is contaminated by raw sewage or by an infected garden worker.
The disease can also spread in day care
centers. Children, especially those in diapers, may get
stool on their hands and then touch objects that other children put into their
mouths. And workers can spread the virus if they don't wash their hands well after
changing a diaper.
Some things can raise your risk of getting
hepatitis A, such as eating raw oysters or undercooked clams. If you're
traveling in a country where hepatitis A is common, you can lower your chances
of getting the disease by avoiding uncooked foods and untreated tap
You may also be at risk if you live with or have sex with someone who has hepatitis A.
What are the symptoms?
After you have been exposed
to the virus, it can take from 2 to 7 weeks before you see any signs of it.
Symptoms usually last for about 2 months but may last longer.
- Feeling very tired.
sick to your stomach and not feeling hungry.
weight without trying.
- Pain on the right side of the belly, under
the rib cage (where your liver is).
- A fever.
- Yellow skin (jaundice), dark urine, and clay-colored stools.


An initiative at Natewa Tunuloa IBA in Fiji demonstrates that appropriate interventions at IBAs can ensure that ecosystem service benefits are sustained and that development benefits are enhanced for local people.
With appropriate natural resource governance arrangements and technical support, the goods and services that IBAs provide can form the basis of local social and economic development. The Natewa Tunuloa IBA in Fiji is owned by indigenous peoples who are organised in land-owning units or clans known as mataqalis. Communities living in the vicinity of the IBA rely heavily on forest resources for firewood, hunting, timber, medicinal plants and wild foods. In October 2005, the Sisi Initiative, supported by BirdLife, was established as a community-based volunteer group charged with leading efforts to conserve the IBA in response to threats from illegal logging, forest fires, overgrazing, agricultural encroachment and invasive species. The initiative provides communities with alternative livelihood training, including projects on bee keeping, poultry rearing, handicraft and jewellery making, baking and sustainable agriculture. This development is helping to conserve 6,000 hectares of forest. The mataqalis have refused logging concessions within the demarcated area, and are undertaking activities that will restore and enhance the remaining tracts of native forest.
Compiled: 2014 Copyright: 2014
BirdLife International (2014) Community-based conservation is helping to protect IBAs in Fiji. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 17/11/2019


Internet Protocol version 6
<networking, protocol> (IPv6, IPng, IP next generation) The most viable candidate to replace the current Internet Protocol. The primary purpose of IPv6 is to solve the problem of the shortage of IP addresses.
The following features have been purposed: 16-byte addresses instead of the current four bytes; embedded encryption - a 32-bit Security Association ID (SAID) plus a variable length initialisation vector in packet headers; user authentication (a 32-bit SAID plus variable length authentication data in headers); autoconfiguration (currently partly handled by Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol); support for delay-sensitive traffic - a 24 bit flow ID field in headers to denote voice or video, etc.
One possible solution is based on the TUBA protocol (RFC 1347, 1526, 1561) which is itself based on the OSI Connectionless Network Protocol (CNLP). Another is TP/IX (RFC 1475) which changes TCP and UDP headers to give a 64-bit IP address, a 32-bit port number, and a 64 bit sequence number.
RFC 1550 is a white paper on IPng.
["Doubts About IPng could create TCP/IP chaos", Johna Till Johnson, Data Communications, Nov 1994].
(01 Sep 2004)
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Vibrio cholerae/classification/genetics/isolation & purification/*pathogenicity
Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, is a natural inhabitant of the aquatic ecosystem. We examined a unique collection of V. cholerae clinical and environmental isolates of widespread geographic distribution recovered over a 60-year period to determine their evolutionary genetic relationships based on analysis of two housekeeping genes, malate dehydrogenase (mdh) and a chaperonin (groEL). In addition, the phylogenetic distribution of 12 regions associated with virulence was determined. Comparative sequence analysis of mdh revealed that all V. cholerae O1 and O139 serogroup isolates belonged to the same clonal lineage. Single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of these O1 and O139 strains at groEL confirmed the presence of an epidemic clonal complex. Of the 12 virulence regions examined, only three regions, Vibrio seventh pandemic island 1 (VSP-I), VSP-II, and RS1, were absent from all classical V. cholerae isolates. Most V. cholerae El Tor biotype and O139 serogroup isolates examined encoded all 12 virulence regions assayed. Outside of V. cholerae O1/O139 serogroup isolates, only one strain, VO7, contained VSP-I. Two V. cholerae El Tor isolates, GP155 and 2164-78, lacked both VSP-I and VSP-II, and one El Tor isolate, GP43, lacked VSP-II. Five non-O1/non-O139 serogroup isolates had an mdh sequence identical to that of the epidemic O1 and O139 strains. These isolates, similar to classical strains, lack both VSP-I and VSP-II. Four of the 12 virulence regions examined were found to be present in all isolates: hlyA, pilE, MSHA and RTX. Among non-O1/non-O139 isolates, however, the occurrence of the additional eight regions was considerably lower. The evolutionary relationships and multilocus virulence gene profiles of V. cholerae natural isolates indicate that consecutive pandemic strains arose from a common O1 serogroup progenitor through the successive acquisition of new virulence regions.


Holuhraun is a large lava field just north of the Vatnajökull ice cap, in the North Eastern Icelandic Highlands. The lava field was created by fissure eruptions. After a research expedition in 1880, the lava field was initially called Kvislarhraun.
Until 2014, the surface of the lava field was of an older lava flow, which had erupted from a vent associated with Askja in 1797.In the early hours of 29 August 2014, a small fissure eruption occurred in Holuhraun at the northern end of a magma intrusion which had moved progressively north, since 16 August, from the Bárðarbunga volcano.
The new fissures were substantially smaller than the older fissure.By 7 September, the lava flow had extended 11 km (6.8 mi) to the north, and had reached the main western branch of the Jökulsá á Fjöllum river. The eruption showed no visible activity in the southern fissure, on the evening of 7 September. The lava flow is considered to be the largest in recent decades in Iceland and covered 44 km2 (17 sq mi) on 29 September.
The volcanic eruption in Holuhraun continued with similar intensity as the previous few weeks. The lava field covered 63 km2 (24 sq mi) in late October. On 11 November, it was reported that the lava field extended to 70 km2 (27 sq mi) and more than 1 km3 (0.24 cu mi) in volume – the largest in Iceland since the Laki eruption of 1783. The eruption ended on 27 February 2015. The Holuhraun lava field measures more than 85 km2 (33 sq mi) and the volume is around 1.6 km3 (0.38 cu mi).


780 is valid Arabic numeral. Here we will explain how to read, write and convert the Arabic numeral 780 into the correct Roman numeral format. Please have a look over the Roman numeral table given below for better understanding of Roman numeral system. As you can see, each letter is associated with specific value.
The Roman numeral representation of Arabic numeral 780 is DCCLXXX.
If you are aware of Roman numeral system, then converting Arabic numeral 780 to Roman numeral is very easy. Converting 780 to Roman numeral representation involves breaking up the numeral into place values as shown below.
|500 + 100 + 100 + 50 + 10 + 10 + 10|
|D + C + C + L + X + X + X|
We need to combine all converted roman numerals together. As per the rule highest numeral should always precede the lowest numeral to get correct representation. In modern world, the number 780 should be used as it is until or unless it represents an ordinal value. In case of any ordinal value, you can use DCCLXXX instead of 780. For any numeral conversion, you can also use our roman to number converter tool given above.


I was just reviewing some organic molecule structures and came across cycloalkenes. Reading through some material, it states that the planar structure of cyclopentane is more stable structurally than cyclohexane. Yet cyclohexane is more common in biological systems as opposed to any other type of structure. It doesn't offer any comparison between the chair or boat structure of cyclohexanes and the regular structure of cyclopentanes, but if there was an evolutionary reason cyclohexane is more predominant than any other cyclic molecule, cyclopentane particularly. Also, what is the exact reason that only cis bonds are allowed in cyclic molecules with 7 or less central atoms? I am trying to come up with the structure but why 7 exactly? What exactly about the trans orientations in other types of cyclic molecules makes it unstable?


FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Contact: Pat Viets
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration now has access to satellite imagery that helps NOAA scientists monitor tropical cyclones over the Indian Ocean, dust storms over Africa, the onset of the summer monsoon over India, and other severe weather events, the Commerce Department agency announced today.
The near-real time imagery is from Meteosat-5, a backup geostationary satellite operated by the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT). The imagery, covering the Indian Ocean, Africa, and Asia, is available through an existing agreement between NOAA and EUMETSAT.
Meteosat-5 is in geostationary orbit 22,320 miles above the Earth at 63 degrees East longitude. It was moved from a standby orbit to its current station last May to support the multi-nation Indian Ocean Experiment INDOEX, which addresses questions of climate change that are of great value to the United States and the international community.
Meteosat-5 images are acquired at Lannion, France, by the ground station of Météo-France, France's national weather service. The images are sent automatically via dedicated frame relay circuit to NOAA's National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) in Suitland, Md., for delivery to the satellite analysis branch. There, scientists use the data along with other global sources of environmental satellite information to: determine the location and intensity of tropical storms, support the identification and monitoring of volcanic eruptions, and for routine snowcover analyses for the climatology community and National Weather Service numerical models.
EUMETSAT has committed to supporting Meteosat-5 imagery from 63°E until the end of 1999. The possible continuation beyond this date is dependent upon an analysis of whether the fuel supply is sufficient to enable the satellite to maintain station with the necessary precision.


In the fall of 1942, Mabu was a young man who trained elephants along the coast of India. When Imperial Japanese forces sought to take over India during World War II, they saw a benefit in Mabu and his people's trained elephants. Offering them Japanese Yen coins and other worthless trinkets, they tricked Mabu and his people into clearing the beach so that an invasion fleet could land on Indian shores.
This plot was discovered by the Sub-Mariner who got the answers from Mabu. After Namor immobilized the Japanese ships, the soldiers came ashore and attempted to take the elephants and use them on their own. Namor came to Mabu's rescue and led his people into the forest. When Namor told Mabu and his people to stay behind, Mabu laughed, telling Namor that his elephants were of a special breed that were highly durable, or in his own words:
"No one can make a hole in elephant's thick hide -- not even with sharp axes!!"
Inspired by this, Namor led Mabu and his people on a herd of elephants to attack the Japanese forces on land, wrecking their tanks and stomping the soldiers to death, ending their threat.
Mabu's subsequent activities are unrecorded.
Mabu is a skill elephant trainer and has trained them to be able to follow his verbal commands.
Mabu travels on an elephant. Interestingly enough, these elephants are of a particular breed that are highly durable. Mabu has claimed not even an axe can harm them, and they have been shown to be bulletproof.
- 1 Appearances of Mabu (Earth-616)
- Minor Appearances of Mabu (Earth-616)
- Media Mabu (Earth-616) was Mentioned in
- 2 Images featuring Mabu (Earth-616)
- Quotations by or about Mabu (Earth-616)
- Character Gallery: Mabu (Earth-616)
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Cameroon Nutrition Benefits Models
The MINIMOD team has developed a set of modeling methods (the “nutrition benefits models”) to predict the impact of alternative micronutrient intervention programs, and combinations of programs. The methods take into account estimates of nutrient deficiency and inadequate nutrient intake and use information on dietary patterns and program reach to predict the effect of micronutrient programs on dietary adequacy and related outcomes. Through collaboration with the Lives Saved Tool, predicted impacts on lives saved and anemia cases averted are also generated.
The nutrition benefits models use dietary intake data that were collected using the 24-hour dietary recall method during a national survey of micronutrient status and dietary intake among children 12 to 59 months and women 15 to 49 years in Cameroon in 2009. The 24-hour recall interview process was repeated on a nonconsecutive day in a ~10% subset of households.
We use the National Cancer Institute method to generate distributions of usual (habitual) nutrient intake.
The modeling process includes reviewing, and in some cases developing, methods to estimate the bioavailability of micronutrients.
Additional details on the nutrition benefits models can be found here.
For more information on other MINIMOD models, see:


Eye injuries are an unfortunate common occurence in animals. Many kinds of injuries occur, such as eyelid lacerations, proptosis (where the eye is forced out of the eye socket), blunt injury to the eye and/or eyelids, thorn or other foreign body injuries, cat claw injuries, dog bite injuries, laceration of the cornea, gunshot pellet wounds, and severe head/eye socket injury from being kicked by a horse, or hit by a car. Other injuries can be chemically induced, such as mace sprayed into the eyes, or paint or soap burns of the cornea.
These are all very painful. If a foreign body can be seen, e.g a grass awn, it is sometimes possible to gently remove it with the fingers, otherwise cover the eye with a pad soaked in cold water or better still, saline solution (such as contact lens solution). Seek veterinary advice as soon as possible.
St George's Vets
8 St George's Parade
Telephone calls will be recorded for training purposes and quality assurance (24 hours a day).
Visit our main web site for all of the St George's news, stories and information at www.stgeorgesvets.co.uk


Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection that is usually spread through water, food, or soil contaminated by the urine of infected animals. Dogs and rats are the most common domestic animals that spread the infection to people.
Symptoms of leptospirosis, if they develop, often begin suddenly and may include severe headache, sensitivity to light, sweating, chills, muscle aches, stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea, red eyes, rash, and a high fever.
If the disease is not treated, recovery may take several months, and serious health problems may result, such as kidney damage or liver failure. In rare cases, death may occur.
Leptospirosis is diagnosed with laboratory tests of blood or urine samples and is treated with antibiotics.
eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise
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The English Ladder Level 2
Activity Book with Songs Audio CD
The English Ladder is a four-level course designed to help pupils take their first steps in English.
Join Freddie the frog for fun, adventure and lively language learning through engaging stories, challenging songs, games, tongue twisters, and communication activities.
Part of a four-level course, this Level 2 Activity Book features practice of target language from Pupil's Book Level 2, activities to draw, colour and write, Me! sections that encourage personalised language learning and a Songs Audio CD, including karaoke versions.
Also in this subject
Super Safari Level 3
Pupil's Book with DVD-ROM
Super Safari British English edition is a three-level pre-primary course that welcomes very young children to English through stories, songs and plenty of playtime while supporting their cognitive, motor-sensory and social development.Authors: Herbert Puchta, Günter Gerngross, Peter Lewis-JonesEnglish Type: British English
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Icelandic is the national language of Iceland. It is spoken by 250,000 people in Iceland. It's a Germanic language.
There are characters with diacritics and some special characters in Icelandic. If you cannot input it, try the following:
|á||a/||a/lita equals álita|
|ö||o:||so:kkva equals sökkva|
|ð||d/||verd/a equals verða|
|þ||tH||tH:vo equals þvo|
Classification of Icelandic verbs
Icelandic verbs are divided in weak and strong verbs. In addition to these two main groups, there are reduplicating verbs and irregular verbs.
A. Weak verbs
The past tense of weak verbs is formed by adding a dental suffix (t, d, ) between the stem and personal ending. There are four groups of weak verbs:
1. Verbs ending in -ja: spyrja.
2. Stemvowel front (e, i, y, , , ei, ey, ): beina, heyra, klippa.
3. Stemvowel back (a, , o, , , also , u, i): ora, loða.
4. Past tense -ai in 1st person singular: kalla.
B. Strong verbs
The past tense of strong verbs is formed with a change in the stem vowel. There are seven groups of strong verbs:
1. Vowel change ( í> ei): bíta.
2. Vowel change (jó, jú, > au): sjóða, smjúga, lúta.
3. Vowel change (e, in > a): hvella, spinna.
4. Vowel change (e > a): nema.
5. Vowel change (e, i > a): gefa, biðja.
6. Vowel change (e > ó): fara.
C. Reduplicating verbs
The past of these verbs was originally formed by reduplication of the first syllable. (Cf. Gothic haitan)
1. Vowel change (ei > ; au > j ; a > ; > ): heita, auka, falla, láta.
2. Vowel change ( , > er): gróa, snúa.


GTB Lab reaches highest point
Between groups of trees the base structure of GTB Lab appears. The robust steel frame is part of the Core of the building. The Core, this most fixed part of the building, has the capacity to facilitate transformation from one use scenario to another without creating demolition and waste. The Core is the multifunctional base element of the green transformable building integrating multiple building functions, such as structural stability, climate control and energy and comfort concepts for different use scenarios being investigated and tested within GTB Lab. The core provides the capacity to support multiple transformations during the use phase of the building.
Box columns support H-beams. Around it, steel tubes are mounted supporting the polycarbonate facade panels later on.
The steel tower has been placed on the concrete foundation beams.
First day of assembly comes to an end.
Cross bracing strips provide stability. On the ground floor wind braces are made of tubes creating spatial passage.
After the second day of assembly the steel frame reaches highest point.
The steel tower seems heavily oversized, but with future transformations in mind a robust structure allows reversible circular transformations. If future transformations do not produce waste, the structure can be called a green transformable building.
Steel fin plates (on 45 degrees) will support the laminated timber roof beams. The steel tubes on top will connect the polycarbonate roof to the substructure.
GTB Lab located on a nice green spot.
GTB Lab uses reversible bolted connections if possible.


How to draw Rose Petals easy with this how-to video and step-by-step drawing instructions. Flower drawing tutorial for beginners and everyone.
Please see the drawing tutorial in the video below
You can refer to the simple step-by-step drawing guide below
This is how the petals will flow out as you draw them in. As you can see when you draw the rose petals, the open rose looks more vibrant and beautiful.
Now let’s start drawing the rose, and the rose petals. Start with creating a circle for the flower shape.
Now let’s create an inner shape that’s not quite a circle, but more like a hazelnut.
Now you will start drawing the center of the rose petals. Notice how the petals are narrow and close together. They cut out more when you draw the rose petals.
Here’s what I talked about. As you continue to draw rose petals for the open rose, the petals will get larger and further apart.
Now the rose petals are starting to take on a more triangular shape. Instead of pointed ends, rose petals should have rounded ends as they unfold in a beautiful display like the one you see here. You will continue to draw the petals until the circle is filled.
For the last step, all you have to do is draw the rest of the petals, and as you can see they completely fill the circle you drew in step one. Now you can outline the leaves around and color in the center to convey the depth of the flower. Erase the lines and shapes, then make sure that the leaves for your rose are serrated.
Now that your flower is completely painted, you can see how beautiful it is. I hope you enjoyed learning how to draw rose petals, and now you can go ahead and color the flower any shade you choose.


Following the eighth outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) since the discovery of the virus in 1976, ECDC has published a new rapid risk assessment. Investigations in DRC are ongoing to assess the extent of the outbreak in Bas Uele. World Health Organization (WHO) and its Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) partners are supporting the national health authorities in the response. The outbreak is in an extremely remote area, which limits the risk of transmission and spread to neighbouring areas.
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Drunken Driving avoiding system for all automobiles using Microcontroller: This is an ECE project for all final year electronics students. This is a very useful and innovative project for academics. The main motivation of this project is to avoid drunk and driven in vehicles. This provides super safety facility for drivers. This final year project can be used by Engineering ECE students and polytechnic Electronics students. Typically Diploma students can use this project as their mini project. Use this project report for free.
- Title: Drink Driving Avoid System for Automobiles,
- Domain: Embedded systems,
- Tools: Sensors, Microcontroller.
- Category: ECE projects download
This ECE project is used to automatically detect the drunken driver and reduce cruel accidents. Temperature sensors also included in this project for detecting high temperature while driving in vehicles. Here you have to use 2 type of sensors. They are,
- Temperature sensor,
- Alcohol sensor
- Smoke sensors,
These sensors are used to convert any physical quantity to its equivalent electrical signal.


Of the approximately one hundred ancient synagogues from, say, 150 B.C.E. to 850 C.E. found in the ancient Land of Israel, an astounding 25 percent are located in the central Golan. How do we explain this?
As it happens, one of the earliest synagogues is also in the Golan: the famous synagogue in Gamla, a Jewish town destroyed in 67 C.E. by the Romans at the beginning of the First Jewish Revolt. Gamla was never rebuilt.a
Two other pre-Revolt synagogues known for a long time have been found in the series of palace/fortresses Herod the Great built on his eastern frontier in the Judean b More recently, a number of other pre-Revolt synagogues have been excavated in Judea—at Qiryat Sefer and Modi’in, and perhaps also at Jerichoc and Horvat 'Ethri.1desert—at Masada and Herodium.


Our chosen modern foreign language is French. The principle aim of MFL at The Orchards is to deliver a high-quality languages curriculum, which fosters pupils’ curiosity and deepens their understanding of the world. Our curriculum will enable pupils to make substantial progress in the French language, providing an appropriate balance of spoken and written language to lay the foundations for further foreign language teaching at Key Stage Three.
At The Orchards we aim to capture the children’s interests, creating an enthusiasm for language learning across the school within supporting, motivating and inspiring lessons, where all pupils are aware of its importance within the curriculum but also its role within their own future.
The MFL curriculum at The Orchards School is taught using a published scheme Kapow. This takes children through topic areas such as colours, weather, animals and homes.
French is taught from Year 3 and the children are given the opportunity to develop skills in speaking and listening, reading, writing, grammar, language learning strategies and intercultural understanding.


Fluids and lubricants rank among the most neglected items when it comes to basic auto care. Community car care events held throughout the country found that the top three fluids most likely to be low or contaminated are windshield washer fluid in 26% of inspected vehicles, followed by engine oil at 23% and coolant at 19%.
Windshield washer fluid keeps dirt and debris from collecting on a vehicle's windshield, allowing the driver full visibility and making it an essential safety item. Washer fluid should be checked monthly and drivers should use a fluid that is specifically formulated for their climate.
Engine oil lubricates the moving parts of a vehicle's engine, helping keep the engine clean and preventing wear and overheating. Neglecting to change a vehicle's oil can lead to costly repairs, including replacement. Engine oil levels should be checked frequently and changed per the owner's manual.
Coolant absorbs heat from the engine and dissipates it through the radiator, and heat exchanger. Because coolant breaks down over time, neglecting it can lead to corrosion, rust, and the overheating of the engine. Flushing and replacing coolant every 6 to 12 months, depending on climate, will help prevent costly repairs.


In the 1970s, the English biologist Richard Dawkins called it the “selfish gene”. It is what pushes us to help others in order to receive something in turn, or what makes us protect our species at the expense of others.
But a dossier published in the Italian magazine l’Espresso on 20 August 2015 states the opposite. Apparently, science and sociology tend to think that altruism and sharing are the true engine of social and interpersonal relations.
One proof of that is the rise of the sharing economy. In this model, assets and services are shared to help others and restore harmony in the community. For instance, by virtue of the massive use of technology and online platforms, financial services are now available for many more people, and peer-to-peer loans and services are encouraged.
Barter and time banks are also spreading. By sharing knowledge and time, agile start-ups are now able to target a bigger audience than large corporates.
At LUISS, sharing is becoming more popular, favouring a cross-functional and versatile learning. The aim is to educate a generation of capable professionals, who are also able to understand the needs of consumers, thus placing the common advantage side-by-side with individual profit.
The shared garden, the Academic Gym: these are just a few of the initiatives put in place to help students sharing their knowledge and abilities.


Florida's Space Coast is an area that got its name from one of the most exciting times in United States history. Settlers were living in Brevard County as far back as the 1800s, and even after World War II, it was still a quiet place to live. Cities and beach towns along 74 miles of Atlantic Ocean coastline were thrust into the modern age in the early 1950s, when rockets began lighting up the skies above them. By the end of that decade, the space race had begun, and the nation would set a path to put men on the moon. The area's population surged with over 200,000 new residents, and things would never be the same. It was a time when people risked their lives for space exploration, and a community came together to make it happen.
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Rent Florida's Space Coast 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Andy Allen. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Arcadia Publishing.
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Most supernovae are caused by stars collapsing at the end of their lives to create black holes or dense neutron stars. But those outcomes are apparently not true for two recently found supernovae that are much farther away and brighter than almost any star explosion ever seen.
Astronomers were initially mystified. But a new study posits that the oddball supernovae may have ended up as highly magnetic, rapidly spinning objects called magnetars. [M. Nicholl et al, Slowly fading superluminous supernovae that are not pair-instability explosions, in Nature]
A magnetar can rotate as fast as the blades of a kitchen blender. The huge amount of energy tied up in their spin could then be released in a torrent that would make them shine 100 times brighter than a normal supernova.
A project called the Supernova Legacy Survey discovered the objects. They belong to a newly designated class called superluminous supernovae, which account for just one in every 10,000 supernovae. Yet their extreme brilliance means we can see them from much farther away than usual.
For instance, one is about 10 billion light-years away and dates from the very early universe. So in a way, this discovery is really old news.
[The above text is a transcript of this podcast.]
[Scientific American is part of Nature Publishing Group.]


Don’t miss the best time of the year to sync with the Universe!
What exactly is the Winter Solstice (冬至)?
The Winter Solstice (冬至) is an annual phenomenon and it happens at the same instance for all of us, everywhere on Earth. In the Northern hemisphere the Winter Solstice (冬至) is the longest night of the year, because it is tilted away from the sun, and receives the least amount of sunlight on that day.
This year 2016, the Winter Solstice (冬至) occurs on Wednesday December 21st at 10:44 GMT (Universal time) or 18:44 (Singapore Time).
What is the significance of Winter Solstice (冬至)?
The day after the Winter Solstice (冬至) marks the beginning of lengthening days, leading up to the Summer Solstice (夏至) in June. This signifies the start of declination of the Yin (阴) energies after it reaches its strongest peak and the rekindling of the Yang (阳) energies, which is also, a return of a new cycle, and a start of a new year.
How to Live Right and Bright
Being an integral part of the Universe, we have to live our lives in sync with how Universe lives hers.
In Winter, the Universe and Nature start to conserve their energies and storing their Yang (阳) energies so much so that even insects hibernate, water turns ice, etc. In short, the Yang (阳) energies should never be awaken.
It’s rare to have thunders during Winter times as thunders are considered Yang (阳) energies. In the event there are thunders during Winter seasons, this would be what we called ‘Awakening the Yang (阳) – 扰乎阳’. When this happens, it is an impending sign of a possible epidemic (or worse, pandemic) outbreak, e.g., bird flu outbreak in the coming months.
This is where all of us need to know how we could strengthen our body system and immunity the natural way by living in tune with how Nature lives hers.
-Live Right & You’ll Live Bright-


Download Principles Of Interior Design Ppt Images. Principles of interior design 1.balance 2.space 3.focus/emph asis 4.rhythm 5.unity 4. Start studying principles of interior design.
Lots of lists of principles 1. Balance i n t r o d u c t i o n6 balance in interior design refers to the proper distribution of objects in a room to create visual balance. We hope you have enjoyed our glimpse into the elements and principles of interior design.
Lots of lists of principles 1.
9 when you know the basic interior design principles you can transform any space to look fabulous. Most works of art will make use of many or all of the the principles of design are how those building blocks are arranged: Despite of that, almost every beautiful design share five important principles, to deliver a 5 different principles of interior designers • balance balance stands to be of utmost importance. Free jasmine flower powerpoint template is a beautiful template with jasmine flowers.


Week 3 Fifth Grade
Knightly News (Fiction, Level 15, Stage 2) by Anna Kenna
This week’s book is about a young man and his favorite hobby, filming his own news show. Throughout the story problems arise for both the boy and his mom, opportunities present themselves, and solutions come. We really enjoyed this book this week as well as the various activities provided in the Guided Lesson. From the prediction chart to the spelling cards and discussion and writing guides, this week was packed full of ways to comprehend and process this story together.
The activity I want to highlight this week is the Note to Teachers for Day 4 regarding the reading of Chapter 7 in the book. I believe it’s worth highlighting here. The note reads as follows: I read and selected Knightly News in February, 2001. The book was recommended and purchased by numerous schools during the summer in preparation for the 2001-2002 school year. As I reread the book and began to write the lesson plan on September 21, 2001, I experienced a totally different reaction to Chapter 7 due to the tragedy we all shared on September 11, 2001. Fortunately, the ending of the chapter is a happy one, but you must be prepared for some students commenting on the comparison of the two events. Please use your best professional judgment in handling the discussion that occurs. While the comparison didn’t come up from my 5th grader this week, I still believe this note applies, even so many years later, and I also believe it could prompt a rich discussion about the role our news people play when tragedies occur. This is why I always appreciate the thought and care that goes into creating each AlphaSkills lesson plan.
For more information about the AlphaSkills Read with Sarah curriculum and our family, see the AlphaSkills Blog Introduction.


Definition of kinematic viscosity in English:
A quantity representing the dynamic viscosity of a fluid per unit density.
- Here n denotes the kinematic viscosity, p g the gas pressure inside the bubble (dependent on the radius), and P the time-dependent external pressure.
- The kinematic viscosity is the ratio of viscosity over density.
- Pressure also changes the kinematic viscosity of water.
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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Help children develop a love for science, or nurture their already-growing interest, with these simple experiments.
Ever wanted to catch a cloud in a bottle? Now's your chance! Pour just a splash of water into a 2-liter plastic bottle. Light a match (a grownup's job) and drop it into the bottle. Immediately replace the lid and squeeze the bottle a few times to watch your cloud form.
Create your own unique flowers with this neat trick. Fill a vase with water and 8-10 drops of food coloring. Cut the stem of a white carnation at a diagonal, and place the flower into the vase. After a few hours you will notice a slight change of color in the petals. Let the flower soak overnight and observe the dramatic change in the morning.
Don't worry--this doesn't hurt a bit! In fact, you may want to try this at your next sleepover party. Stand in front of a mirror and turn off all of the lights. Pop a wintergreen-flavored Life Saver into your mouth and chew. Can you believe your eyes? This "lightning" phenomenon is called triboluminescence. To find out more about triboluminescence, visit http://chemistry.about.com/cs/howthingswork/a/aa060601a.htm
Article by Deborah Shelton, http://FiveMinuteParent.com


The method Driving to Learn in a powered wheelchair was developed by Lisbeth Nilsson, PhD, Occupational Therapist and Specialist in Occupational Therapy.
Practice in a powered wheelchair is a developing and learning occupation for children, youth and adults with cognitive disabilities. Aims are to increase alertness, attention regulation, perception and understanding of different relationships in-between own body, activity, tool use, event, time, place and other people.
The method suites practices such as pediatric and medical rehabilitation, special preschools, special schools, day centers for adults and center for multisensory experience.
Quotation: Make the impossible possible through facilitating de-plateauing.


Length: 9-15 for Megalodacne fasciata and 18-21 for M. heros
These are two attractive species in the family Erotylidae, or Pleasing Fungus Beetles. These are the only two Nearctic species in the genus Megalodacne.
Differences between the two species? Megalodacne fasciata is the smaller of the two (see length ranges for both species above). As for elytral markings, the area to examine is the black rectangle that lies on the elytra where they meet the pronotum. On Megalodacne heros the orange color curves around, forming two sort of "C" shapes at the left and right of the black rectangle, with the orange color partly surrounding the black rectangle at left and right on the front of the beetle. On Megalodacne fasciata the orange does not curve around the black rectangle, or does so only slightly. Also, on Megalodacne fasciata there is a round black spot on each each elytra near where it meets the pronotum. On Megalodacne heros this dot is present on each elytra but is often not so round in shape. The illustration below shows these differences in elytral markings.
One final difference is that M. fasciata has rows of fine punctures on the elytra while M. heros does not.
Where the elytra meet the pronotum.
Below left is Megalodacne fasciata
Below right is Megalodacne heros
Left: a group of Megalodacne heros feeds on fungus on the side of a fallen log.
Records of Megalodacne fasciata, above; M. heros, below
A note about our maps
American Insects site


This course is a half-term module that develops skills in bargaining and negotiation as they can be applied to the resolution of environmental disputes. It will help a student prepare for and carry out a negotiation, become a more effective communicator, and understand the psychological dimensions inherent in negotiation processes. In addition, the course examines mechanisms for assisting negotiations including facilitation and mediation. The course employs a series of gaming simulations that allow students to engage in controlled bargaining situations, followed by debriefings that critique strategy and styles. In addition, a framework for negotiation analysis is developed that draws on literature in the areas of decision analysis, social psychology, and public policy.


Reciprocating engine – also often known as a piston engine, is a heat engine that uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert pressure into a rotating motion.
Piston (animation) – This mechanism is used to convert between rotary motion and reciprocating motion, it works either way. Notice how the speed of the piston changes. The piston starts from one end, and increases its speed. It reaches maximum speed in the middle of its travel then gradually slows down until it reaches the end of its travel.
The main types of piston engines
- internal combustion engine, used extensively in motor vehicles
- steam engine, the mainstay of the Industrial Revolution
- special application Stirling engine
Reciprocating engine cylinders are often classified by whether they are single or double acting, depending on how the working fluid acts on the piston.
- Single acting cylinder
- Double acting cylinder
- compression – raising the pressure and reducing the volume of gases
- compression ratio of an engine – the ratio of the volume of space in a cylinder when the piston is at the top of the stroke to when it is at the bottom of the stroke. A higher compression ratio generally means higher engine efficiency.
- combustion, internal combustion, reciprocating pistons, pressure, rotating motion, cylinder, compression ratio, volume, stroke, efficiency


Important series of battles in the American Civil War in Georgia (May–September 1864). Though most of the battles ended in draws, they eventually cut off the main Confederate supply centre, Atlanta. Union troops under William T. Sherman forced the evacuation of the city (August 31–September 1) and then burned it. His victory assured the reelection of Pres. Abraham Lincoln later that year.
This entry comes from Encyclopædia Britannica Concise.
For the full entry on Atlanta Campaign, visit Britannica.com.
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What made you look up Atlanta Campaign? Please tell us what you were reading, watching or discussing that led you here.


In his autobiography, Benjamin Franklin described a technique he frequently used to improve his writing and language skills:
Whenever Franklin came across a piece of writing that he felt was extremely well-crafted, he would read the passage repeatedly until he could write down word-for-word—from memory—what he read on a separate piece of paper. He then would compare what he wrote to the original passage he read, would make whatever corrections he needed to, and would repeat the whole exercise several days later.
If there’s some aspect of your language skills you’d like to improve (writing, speaking, or listening, etc.), give Benjamin Franklin’s exercise a try:
Improve your listening skills by writing down the words you hear in a foreign language movie or song.
Watch your favorite foreign-language TV show, and try to imitate your favorite character’s accent or vocabulary.
Or, if you want to work on you foreign-language writing and expression skills, buy a translated version of your favorite book (or translated poems by your favorite poet), and try to copy 1-2 sentences of your favorite passage(s).
Semi-brute-force memorization techniques often are thought of as being old-fashioned and clumsy. I prefer to think of them as time-tested: not only is memorization a necessary part of learning a language, but if you use techniques like Benjamin Franklin’s, you can make memorization pretty interesting by shaping it to your tastes, needs, and interests.


The Trick To a Healthy Spring? Get Your Trees Ready To Bed Down Now
Whether you have a home garden or large farm, you can benefit preparing for next year’s crops TODAY. And despite the frigid temperatures, it may not be too late yet! We read an article by Lee Reich from Associated Press (via The Republican-American) titled Getting Trees Ready To Bed Down which provides some very valuable tips for nurturing a healthy crop this upcoming season. Click on the article for the full details, but here’s the summary:
- Don’t prune, don’t fertilize, don’t water.
- Avoid sunscald.
- Add organic mulch such as wood chips, straw, leaves or pine needles spread at the foot of a tree, shrub or vine to help woody plants in winter.
- Watch out for mice.
- Your woody plants’ final winter accessory is some sort of “perfume” to keep deer at bay.
Have you tried any of these tips or have other tips of your own? Please comment below, or reply on our Facebook page. Thanks again for your Likes, Shares and continued support.


Through captivating story-telling, hands-on activities, a behind-the-scenes virtual tour of Angelique Monet’s studio, and the book’s free augmented reality app, children recognize others' feelings and become more in touch with their own. They are inspired to connect emotionally to the book’s main character, struggle, and triumph and learn strategies to effectively cope with those feelings.
For over 6 years, this event has grown nationally and the book has reached children all over the world. Good Morning America describes the book as a ‘story of courage born from a personal place and it’s not just for kids but empowering for adults as well which is the sign of a good children’s book.”
Together, Angelique knows we can build a world of Bravest Worriers!
The Bravest Worrier is one of the world's first picture books to have a companion augmented reality app that brings the entire book to life as though the character is in the room with you.
Through the A Day to be Brave event, children will walk away with a roadmap to success including:
Tools to build self-worth.
Preparedness to recognize their strengths and ask for help.
Understanding that courage and fear coexist facilitating emotional growth and change.
Means to cultivate their natural gifts and those they gain through education.
* Bonus: Complementary and comprehensive SEL-focused curriculum package integrating
CASEL's 5 competencies.


Looking for age-appropriate book recommendations, author interviews, and fun activity ideas? Check out our podcasts.
Calendar Activities See All Calendar Activities
Not your everyday calendar, here you can find important events in literary history, authors' birthdays, and a variety of holidays, all with related activities and resources that make them more relevant to students. View by day, by week, or by month.
Students write diary entries and revisit the entries as if it were a hundred years from now. Students then brainstorm and write paragraphs about life in the 21st century.
Grades 3 – 12
Students reflect on recent learning and the role digital tools and media have played in supporting or enhancing it.
Grades K – 12
Types of Calendar Activities
Authors & Texts
Birthdays, publication dates, and more
Historical Figures & Events
Notable people and happenings in history
Holidays & School Celebrations
Special days and how to observe them
Celebrations that promote and encourage literacy


Ethereum intends to move to proof-of-stake in the future. Making a move to POS will supposedly cut the energy consumed by a hundredfold, or around 99%. There have been repeated claims that cryptocurrency uses too much energy and is therefore inefficient and environmentally unfriendly. Some reports find that mining cryptocurrency uses more energy than gold mining, some the opposite. Some researchers find that mining is overall bad for the
Ethereum started out with the goal of becoming a world computer, with the blockchain being the first to introduce smart contracts, and along with it a thriving developer community. The price of Ether peaked around $1400 earlier in 2018, and was recently trading well below $200.
Similar to Bitcoin, Ethereum uses Proof-Of-Work as a consensus mechanism in order to secure the blockchain. However, Ethereum founder Vitalik Buterin stressed the importance of the energy expended in order to secure the Ethereum blockchain. Even if one wouldn’t care for the ecological issues posed by PoW based blockchains, there are real people who are deprived of basic needs such as electricity.


The Atlantic Hurricane season is now underway, and forecasters believe this could be an active one.
“It looks like in the 2011 season what we have going on is a state of not El Nino, not La Nina, but they're in a neutral phase, so that still indicates the potential for more storms in the Atlantic ocean,” says Chris Fogarty of the Canadian Hurricane Centre. “And the water temperatures in the Atlantic ocean are running above normal this year, so those two primary factors spelling for an active year.”
Fogarty adds that an active hurricane season has been the trend for the past 15 years.
“These active periods can last up to 20 years. So we could be in for another 5 years of active hurricane activity.”
Last month, NOAA predicted there would be more than the average 11 named storms. The Canadian Hurricane Centre agrees.
“It looks like about 15 named storms, eight of those being hurricanes, and four or five major storms,” explains Fogarty.
Last year, the United States escaped the worst of the hurricane season, thanks to winds that steered most storms away from the coastline.
The same, however, can't be said for eastern Canada. Hurricane Igor roared across Newfoundland in September of 2010, causing extensive damage to several communities. Earlier that month, Hurricane Earl caused damage in the Maritimes.
While it's still too early to say how many storms will impact Canada this year, Fogarty says an area of high pressure between Nova Scotia and Florida could give forecasters a better idea.
“With that area of pressure being below normal at least early in the season it allows more storms to track up towards eastern Canada as opposed to a large high pressure area that would drive those storms into the Gulf Coast of Florida.”
Mexico's hurricane experts are also predicting an above-average year for storm formations in the Pacific Ocean in 2011.
With files from Andrea Stockton


In children, levels of play, physical activity, and fitness are key indicators of health and disease and closely tied to optimal growth and development. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) provides clinicians with biomarkers of disease and effectiveness of therapy, and researchers with novel insights into fundamental biological mechanisms reflecting an integrated physiological response that is hidden when the child is at rest. Yet the growth of clinical trials utilizing CPET in pediatrics remains stunted despite the current emphasis on preventative medicine and the growing recognition that therapies used in children should be clinically tested in children. There exists a translational gap between basic discovery and clinical application in this essential component of child health. To address this gap, the NIH provided funding through the Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) program to convene a panel of experts. This report summarizes our major findings and outlines next steps necessary to enhance child health exercise medicine translational research. We present specific plans to bolster data interoperability, improve child health CPET reference values, stimulate formal training in exercise medicine for child health care professionals, and outline innovative approaches through which exercise medicine can become more accessible and advance therapeutics across the broad spectrum of child health.


Marine spatial planning is a way of improving decision making and delivering an ecosystem-based approach to managing human activities in the marine environment. It is a planning process that enables integrated, forward looking, and consistent decision making on the human uses of the sea. Marine spatial planning is analogous to spatial or land use planning in terrestrial environments. Ecosystem-based, marine spatial planning seeks to sustain the benefits of the ecological goods and services that the oceans provide to humans as well as all living organisms on the planet.
The purpose of the workshop was to:
- Identify good practices that illustrate how marine spatial planning can help implement an ecosystem-based approach to sea use management;
- Develop an international community of scientists and planners that wants to put ecosystem-based management into practice;
- Share information and experience through new partnerships and the Internet; and
- Identify priorities for future action, including developing international guidelines and building new capacities for marine spatial planning.


Johnnie Tillmon-Blackston helped organize one of the earliest grassroots efforts in the nation, later becoming the first woman chairperson of the now-defunct National Welfare Rights Organization. Under her leadership, the NWRO represented thousands of poor and Black residents across the country.
The welfare reformer was born Johnnie Lee Percy on this day in 1926 in the town of Scott, Arkansas. In the late fifties, she relocated to California as a divorced single mother of six. She became an activist as a union employee at a Compton laundromat, but had to leave that job to care for her children. After that, she sought public assistance.
Tillmon-Blackston grew tried of the raids performed by housing officials hoping to catch welfare violators in the Nickerson Garden housing projects in Watts, California where she lived. She began organizing women in the projects and launched the first of her movements to help fellow welfare recipients understand their rights.
She became the NWRO’s first chairwoman and later its executive director in 1972, moving to Washington to continue the organization’s work. She aligned her fight with the burgeoning feminist movement, and appealed to white citizens, the largest recipients of welfare, to raise their voices as well.
When funding for the group ended, the NWRO folded, but Tillmon-Blackston continued her work on the behalf of welfare recipients in California and nationwide.
Tillmon-Blackston passed in 1995 at the age of 69.
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Reader's View: Uncomfortable conversations are the point
Both "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" and "To Kill a Mockingbird" use period-accurate racist language and stereotypes. However, both also offer an excellent vehicle for discussing racism and slavery. (Not to mention, in Huck Finn's case, alcoholism and family violence also are themes).
Most importantly, both tales facilitate a conversation about how one's choices and thoughts are influenced by the conventions of the society one exists within and the difficult necessity of challenging those conventions when they are unjust.
Denying students the opportunity to read these works in a structured classroom environment because they are "uncomfortable" misses the point. The students are supposed to be uncomfortable. Today's high school students live in a world fraught with racial tension. The real world inevitably will place our students (especially, sadly, our students of color) in situations where race will be an uncomfortable but unavoidable conversation topic.
We should not deny them the opportunity to have uncomfortable critical dialogue about these issues in a structured, teacher-led environment simply because it may be "uncomfortable."
Let's place a bit more faith in the ability of our teachers to impart these difficult lessons — and in our students ability to engage with them.


- Hyenas make a variety of vocalizations, including wailing calls, howling screams and the well-known "laughter" used to alert other clan members up to three miles away of a food source.
- Hyenas eat a great variety of animal products, vegetation and, according to campers, even aluminum pots and pans. There are three subspecies of meerkat: red, grey and slender-tailed, the subspecies at Zoos Victoria.
Meerkats live in southern Africa, which is dominated by the Kalahari Desert. Countries where they are found include Angola, Botswana, Namibia and South Africa.
They are small: 26–28cm (with a 22cm tail).
Finding safety in numbers, meerkats live in groups of 10–30, with a female in charge of each smaller family unit. Meerkats spend most of the day foraging for food. A lookout stands on a high viewpoint until relieved by another meerkat. Danger can come from threats such as jackals, vultures, snakes, servals or hawks. Meerkats have a wide range of vocalisations, and warning calls are specific to each form of danger. The pack may band together to threaten a predator or rival pack with much hissing and jumping.
Meerkats are omnivorous, and their diet includes pupae and larvae of moths, butterflies, beetles and flies; termites; crickets; spiders; scorpions; and other invertebrates that they excavate. They also eat lizards, small snakes, birds, eggs and mice. In dry areas they get moisture by chewing local melons, roots and tubers.
meerkats live in groups of 20-50 extended family members in large underground tunnels. These family groups are called gangs or mobs. One of the most important roles a meerkat plays is that of the sentry, or watch guard. The sentry will stand on its hind legs, propped up by its tail, and act as a lookout while the rest of the mob is outside the burrow.


These origami activities are based on difficulty levels -- easy is rated as 1, medium is rated as 2 and so on. Through clear instructions make cranes, pelicans, owl, jumping frog and flowers such as Lily, Tulip, Rose and Lotus.
Origami animals are a popular choice of origami. They're fun to fold and it's really cool to see them begin to take shape and look like their real life counterparts. There are instructions for various origami animals so just choose your favourite ...
Origami flowers can be really beautiful. They can also be really intricate. They make great gifts for Valentine's Day, Mother's Day, Father's Day, birthdays and so on. Follow the step by step photos and origami diagrams to fold the origami flowers.
Teaching geometry with a fun and tactile method like origami helps students with sequencing and direction following. It’s a fun way to introduce a wide range of geometry terms and concepts.


Is snow in the Alps receding or disappearing?
Article first published online: 22 JUN 2012
Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change
Volume 3, Issue 4, pages 349–358, July/August 2012
How to Cite
Beniston, M. (2012), Is snow in the Alps receding or disappearing?. WIREs Clim Change, 3: 349–358. doi: 10.1002/wcc.179
- Issue published online: 11 JUL 2012
- Article first published online: 22 JUN 2012
Snow in a populated and economically diverse region such as the Alps plays an important role in both natural environmental systems, (e.g., hydrology and vegetation), and a range of socio-economic sectors (e.g., tourism or hydropower). Changes in snow amount and duration may impact upon these systems in various ways. The objective of this text is to assess whether the public perception that snow has been receding in recent decades in the European Alps is indeed upheld by observations of the behavior of the mountain snow-pack in the last few decades. This article will show that, depending on location—and in particular according to altitude—the quantity of snow and the length of the snow season have indeed changed over the past century. While a major driving factor for this is clearly to be found in recent warming trends, other processes also contribute to the reduction in snow, such as the influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation on the variability of the mountain snow-pack. This article ends with a short glimpse to the future, based on recent model studies that suggest that snow at low to medium elevations will indeed have all but disappeared by 2100. WIREs Clim Change 2012 doi: 10.1002/wcc.179
For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.


In The Measure of a Man, Martin Luther King, Jr. made a statement that is challenging and encouraging to me as a teacher—and I pray that it challenges and encourages you too. As you look to point your students to Christ in your academic area through biblical integration, it can be hard. But note what King said about how we should understand our work:
“He should do it as if God Almighty called him at this particular moment in history to do it. He should seek to do his job so well that the living, the dead, or the unborn could not do it better. No matter how small one thinks his life’s work is in terms of the norms of the world and the so-called big jobs, he must realize that it has cosmic significance if he is serving humanity and doing the will of God.” (Kindle Loc. 199-203)
Remember these things:
- You have been called by God to do this work now.
- You must invest your best effort into this work that God has entrusted to you.
- If you are obeying the Lord, your work is significant.
Make the most of every lesson, every conversation, every disciplinary action, every grade. Why? Because you are called. Like Paul, pour yourself out to serve your students and your God (Phil 2:17). And never forget, that God notices. Your students may not notice your great work. Other teachers might not see it. But God sees and He cares.
All this to say, “So whether you eat or drink or whatever you do, do it all for the glory of God. Do not cause anyone to stumble, whether Jews, Greeks or the church of God—even as I try to please everyone in every way. For I am not seeking my own good but the good of many, so that they may be saved.” (1 Cor 10:31-33).


Pregnancy week 12
How's the foetus at 12 weeks?
A perfectly-formed human being
Your baby weighs about 14g and is about 5.4cm long from crown to rump. Your uterus is still about the size of a grapefruit, your baby, a lime.
• Your baby now has reflexes.
• She is beginning to move her facial muscles – she can frown, open and close her mouth and suck and swallow amniotic fluid.
• Her heartbeat can clearly be heard. The heart rate is about 160 beats per minute.
• Your placenta has taken over hormone production.
• Her kidneys have started to produce and secrete urine and her liver is making bile
• Her taste buds have formed.
• Her ribs and vertebrae have begun to harden into bone.
• At 12 weeks your baby is already a perfectly formed human being.
What's with my body: Rising uterus, rounder tummy
• Your stomach may begin to round a bit and you might start showing.
• You might find that you have a little more energy than you used to and also are not as nauseous as before.
• The linea nigra (black line running down the centre of your abdomen) may appear.
• Your uterus has probably risen above your pelvis.
• Don’t try to diet if you are worried about gaining weight. Make sure that you follow a healthy, balanced diet. You can listen to your baby’s heartbeat!
Go back to the complete list of Pregnancy week-by-week updates.


Knowledge, attitude and practice on hepatitis B prevention among dental professionals in India|
Reddy, R. Sudhakara; Swapna, L. A.; Ramesh, T. & Pradeep, K.
Aim: To obtain comprehensive information about the knowledge, attitude and practices towards hepatitis B infection by dental health care professionals, and their effort to prevent the transmission among the patients.
Methods: A cross sectional survey conducted among 540 dental health care workers in a dental college and private practitioners in and around Bhimavarm, India. A selfassessment questionnaire with queries on levels, namely knowledge and practices, and protective measures to prevent transmission of hepatitis B was recorded and statistically analyzed.
Results: Frequency distribution scores of knowledge, attitude and practice in relation to hepatitis B infection revealed that the faculty members, the students under training along with, nurses, hygienists and lab technicians were relatively aware of hepatitis B vaccination, precautions and principles droplet isolation procedures to prevent transmission of hepatitis B infection.
Conclusions: The results showed that the dental professionals had good knowledge and attitude regarding hepatitis B and its transmission, but that the infection control measures among the health care professionals are moderately poor and an educational program on isolation precautions can further enhance these levels and thereby, reducing the risk of infection transmission.
dental health care professionals, hepatitis-B, protective and preventive measures


Commissions we are working on, website technology changes, really nice letters from people, customer pictures, and more. Click here for blog archives.
Monday, August 17, 2009
Coming up this weekend in Colorado is a Renaissance Faire that we think is interesting for the reasons you’ve probably already figured out from the title. The Ravenshire Renaissance and Pirate Faire is a unique blend of the Renaissance in the year 1550 and Pirates of the 18th Century, all mixing together in the mysterious darkness of nighttime.
Their site offers some sketches of period-appropriate costumes, and some photos of last year’s daytime do (see above) but we’ve got a few ready and waiting for you in our Medieval and Renaissance Costumes Section.
For those who want to be upper class women, our Masquerade Queen (shown above) and Baroness fit their description – “Women of this time wore tight, conical bodices over full, cone-shaped skirts. Sleeves were long and tight, and usually had either puffed and padded sleevecaps or large, false stuffed undersleeves. Chemises were worn beneath all to protect the clothing from dirt and sweat.”
For the men, we’ve got the Renaissance Nobleman or the Noble Knight , both of whom are shown in the photo above.
The Ravenshire website also tells us that working class people would have worn garments made of solid, textured fabrics in colors obtainable through natural and local dyes--blue in almost all shades was a very common peasant color--as you can see in one of the photos above. Women wore a stiffened bodice as an all-in-one garment rather than a separate dress and corset. They could get away with shorter skirts (which in 1550 meant ankle-length!). When working, they would hitch their skirts up over their belt. Working men often wore leather aprons and long pants instead of short breeches and hose.


An exciting and often terrifying adventure story, and a precursor to the famous nineteenth-century slave narratives, Equiano’s The Interesting Narrative recounts his kidnapping in Africa aged ten, his service as a slave of an officer in the British Navy for ten years, and his life after he bought his freedom in 1766, growing to become one of the foremost figures of the anti-slavery movement in Britain.
The Interesting Narrative is a spirited autobiography, a tale of spiritual quest and fulfillment and a sophisticated treatise on religion, politics and economics.
Olaudah Equiano (c. 1745 – 31 March 1797), known for most of his life as Gustavus Vassa, was a writer and abolitionist from, according to his memoir, the Eboe region of the Kingdom of Benin (today southern Nigeria). Enslaved as a child, he was taken to the Caribbean and sold as a slave to a Royal Navy officer. He was sold twice more but purchased his freedom in 1766.
As a freedman in London, Equiano supported the British abolitionist movement. He was part of the Sons of Africa, an abolitionist group composed of Africans living in Britain, and he was active among leaders of the anti-slave trade movement in the 1780s. He published his autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789), which depicted the horrors of slavery. It went through nine editions in his lifetime and helped gain passage of the British Slave Trade Act 1807, which abolished the slave trade. Equiano married an English woman named Susannah Cullen in 1792 and they had two daughters. He died in 1797 in Westminster.


Hyperspectral survey of crop field
The efficacy of the Gamaya’s HSI solution for precision farming applications has been studied using the Field Phenotyping Platform (FIP) at the ETH Zurich research station for plant sciences at Eschikon, Lindau, as collaboration between Gamaya and the ETH Zurich Crop Science Laboratory.
Specifically, the spectral data from a set of 34 micro-plots, including a range of different crops (soybean, sunflower, maize and buckwheat), were extracted and correlated with physiological plant properties. We calculated nine spectral indices reported for visible range. The spectral indices were related to leaf nitrogen, chlorophyll and total pigment concentration, canopy cover (fraction of plant per area %), leaf area index and spad (leaf greenness). For each of the mentioned traits good to very good correlations were identified. Gamaya proved that imagery data collected using developed HS sensors can be very accurately correlated with crop properties and translated into actionable information for farmers, i.e. nitrogen fertilization rates. Based on this information, the farmers can decide to treat, irrigate and fertilize at variable rates.
Cropping area under the Field Phenotyping Platform (FIP) of the Group of Crop Science at the ETH Research Station for Plant Sciences Lindau-Eschikon, ETH Zurich. Please move the slider below to compare the RGB (left) versus the Principal Component Analysis (PCA)-based imagery obtained using the Gamaya’s HS sensor.


In 1912, Moscow was celebrated a century of exile of Napoleon from Moscow. For the anniversary there was a whole series of drinks and foods, decorated for a holiday. There was also a new pastry - puff with cream, made in the form of a triangle, which was supposed to see the famous three-cornered hat of Napoleon. Tricorn become a mandatory part of the image of the emperor after verse Lermontov He cornered hat and gray hiking jacket. Cake quickly became known as 'Napoleon' and universal acceptance. This name is preserved to this day, although in the form of a cake was rectangular.
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This is the Platte River Valley, America's great road west. It provided a natural pathway for westward expansion across the continent during the nineteenth century. Here passed the Oregon Trail, following the South Platte River along much the same route as the highway over which you now travel. Beginning in 1841, nearly 250,000 travelers crossed the plains to Oregon and California over this important overland route. Here at O'Fallon's Bluffs, the wagon trains faced one of the most difficult and dangerous spots on the trail. The Platte River cut directly against the bluff, making it necessary to travel the narrow roadway over O'Fallon's Bluffs. Deep sand caught the wagon wheels, and Indian attacks were always a danger. A few feet southeast of this point, ruts made by thousands of wagon wheels still remain.
Although first traveled primarily by immigrants, the trail was later used by the Pony Express and became an important freight and military route. With the completion of the trans-continental railroad across Nebraska in 1867, travel on the trail declined. Although the dangers and hardships faced by early travelers no longer exist, the Great Platte Valley route remains an important modern thoroughfare across Nebraska and across the nation.
Department of Roads
Historical Land Mark Council
U.S. I-80 east bound, Sutherland rest area


It was reported in 2017 that there are over 264 million children who do not have an opportunity to receive an education. If we consider the fact that most poverty is directly linked to a lack of education and over one billion people are living in poverty, this means that the cycle continues without adequate support.
Global Partnerships seeks to create a space where disadvantaged children have access to education and to equip their local schools to deliver instruction using research based practices. Although it is a complex mission, we believe that each child is valuable and capable, with ample support, of exemplary academic performance. Our goal DOES NOT include uprooting children from their current environment to provide them a better life however; our claim is that students can increase their academic, social, and cognitive capacity as they remain connected to their own caring communities.
In April 2016, a team of students and educators from multiple high schools within the United States traveled to Ada, Ghana. Ada is a small island community that is situated on the Volta River. While in Ada, the students and staff members were afforded the opportunity to interact with students from a local school. The interactions included U.S. teachers providing professional development and modeling best classroom practices. Participant students were also charged to lead classroom lessons and articulate their experiences. Each participant left Ghana with an indelible mark on their lives, to the extent that many returned the following year.
It was not difficult for the participants to immediately identify the vast needs of the community and school. As the Global Partnerships organization developed, we recognized that in order to become an agent of change, we must listen to the needs of the people and respond with consistent follow-up. Our approach has led to the success of multiple tasks on the island. We wish to continue the work in Ada and later expand it to other communities.


The Spanish Economy. An introduction is the first English translation of a book that summarises the work of a wide range of teachers over the last quarter century, rigorously and pedagogically explaining features, achievements and limitations of the Spanish economy.
Their main targets are students and scholars of the Spanish economy in the language of Adam Smith ; students and scholars who grow in number within and outside of Spain : inside as a result of the multiplication of bilingual groups in Spanish universities and outside due to the lessons to be learned from the Spanish development model, especially for emerging economies .
A quarter of a century of teaching lays the foundations of this book. A quarter of a century that has become crucial for Spain and its economy: both for the prosperity gained over many years and its full incorporation in the process of constructing a united Europe and because of the severity of the crisis that the economy has been suffering for almost five years now. We hope this work could be of help to face the problems and the formidable challenges ahead.


We know of about 5,200 mineral species, each of which has a unique combination of chemical composition and atomic structure. There are millions of mineral samples housed in museums, warehouses, universities or private collections, many of which have been neatly described and cataloged. For instance, it’s standard practice for a mineral sample to be tagged with information like the location it was recovered from, the level or occurrence, the age of the deposit or the mineral’s growth rate.
When you combine this information — not on one deposit but a myriad — with data on the surrounding geography, the geological setting, and coexisting minerals, it’s possible to fill in the blanks and infer the existence of not only deposits but also new mineral species.
It’s only recently that the technology has enabled scientists to use such a ‘big data’ approach.
“The quest for new mineral deposits is incessant, but until recently mineral discovery has been more a matter of luck than scientific prediction,” said Dr. Shaunna Morrison of the Deep Carbon Observatory in a statement. “All that may change thanks to big data.”


Submitted by the Department of Public Works
The Bedford Department of Public Works has started its annual program to treat catch basins to prevent West Nile Virus, a disease carried by the Culex (Q-lex) mosquito. This mosquito mostly breeds in storm drains, but can also survive in any open container holding even a half-inch of water.
According to the Center for Disease Control, it is important to target the larval stage of the mosquito, since once the adult has hatched, it can transmit the virus to humans and animals.
Small packets that contain a selective insecticide for the Culex larvae will be dropped by licensed DPW employees into catch basins in target neighborhoods. These areas include senior populations, horse barns, densely populated, and public lands. The active chemical, Bacillus sphaericus, prevents mosquitos from reproducing. The chemical is not harmful to humans, fish, pets, plants, or birds.
For additional information, please contact either the Bedford DPW or the Bedford Board of Health. The Eastern Middlesex Mosquito Control District is overseeing this annual project and can be reached at (781) 899-5730.


However, there seems to be lack of nation-wide consolidated data regarding the epidemiology of UTI in India. Hence, at Suburban Diagnostics, we made an attempt to try and bridge this gap and take the first step to fulfil this unmet need. We conducted a retrospective study on the epidemiological patterns and antibiotic susceptibility patterns prevailing among 24,000 urine cultures done at our lab.
Females predominate community-acquired (CA) UTI (71%)
Advancing age came across very strongly as a risk factor for UTI. We noted an almost 20% sharp rise in the prevalence of UTI, as advancing from the age group of 40-60 years to 60 and above.
The major chunk of causative pathogens was Gram-negative and of these the most commonly reported bacteria was E.coli.
Almost 60% of isolates were ESBL positive which clinically represents a more aggressive and resistant form of infection.
The urine culture report also provides the clinicians with an antibiotic susceptibility analysis detailing which are the most effective antibiotics for a particular case of UTI. This varies for every patient and helps the clinician in selecting the most effective drugs and can go a long way in improving prognosis.
Let’s understand how this antibiotic susceptibility is decided.
The antibiotic susceptibility pattern noted in our study has been shown below:
An example of how breakpoint MICs helps us decide the most appropriate antibiotic out of the ones that are sensitive.
|Antibiotic||Interpretation||MIC Values||Break Point MICs|
|Amoxicillin – clavulanic acid||Sensitive||0.5||16|
The antibiotic which shows the highest “breakpoint MIC-to-MIC” ratio is the most sensitive antibiotic and hence is the drug of choice.
Amoxycillin Clavulanic acid is the most appropriate antibiotic to be used in the above example.


This is a very common problem in teaching beginners. I have discovered that many students do not understand how to set up for the pose, and therefore the chest and arms collapse.
Try this: From Plank Pose, have the student place the knees on the floor. Now clearly demonstrate that the hips need to shift back and align directly over the knees before she attempts to lower the chest. The student should be on all fours, hips over the knees and shoulders over the wrists. If the hips are not aligned properly, but are allowed forward of the knees, there will not be enough room to place the chest between the hands. The chest will collapse and move forward of the hands, and the student will fall on her belly.
Once the hips are over the knees, have the student lower the chest. Remind her to aim the chest right between her hands. Keep in mind that some students may be weak in the arms, so it could take time to build up the strength for this move.
Maty Ezraty has been teaching and practicing yoga since 1985, and she founded the Yoga Works schools in Santa Monica, California. Since the sale of the school in 2003, she has lived in Hawaii with her husband, Chuck Miller. Both senior Ashtanga teachers, they lead workshops, teacher trainings, and retreats worldwide. For more information, visit http://www.chuckandmaty.com.


Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important water loss flux in ecosystem water cycles, and quantifying the spatial and temporal variation of ET can improve ecohydrological models in arid ecosystems. Plant neighbor interactions may be a source of spatial and temporal variation in ET due to their effects on the above- and belowground microclimate and increased water demand for transpiration. Over longer timescales (annual to multiple years), adjustments in plant physiological traits may occur in response to neighbor environments, potentially affecting the transpiration (T) component of ET. We used a dynamic soil water model to assess the sensitivity of ET and T estimates to neighbor effects on soil moisture via competition for water, aboveground microclimate effects via canopy shading, and physiological adjustments (specifically, root distribution, stomatal behavior, and canopy leaf area). We focus on a common desert shrub (Larrea tridentata) under different inter-specific neighbor environments and precipitation regimes. Neighbors impacted T of Larrea by as much as 75% at the patch scale (plant and surrounding soil) and 30% at the stand scale. Annual T estimates were highly sensitive to changes in soil moisture associated with competition for water, and the inclusion of physiological adjustments to neighbor environments significantly impacted seasonal T. Plant neighbor interactions can significantly influence ET and soil moisture, and their inclusion in models can help explain spatial and temporal variation in water fluxes in arid ecosystems. Furthermore, physiological adjustments to neighbor environments may be an important source of variation to include in models that operate over seasonal timescales or in studies focused on plant responses to precipitation under climate change.
- plant–plant interactions
- soil water model
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
- Environmental Chemistry


Language and Page Formatting Options
3.4. Associative Arrays
SystemTap also supports the use of associative arrays. While an ordinary variable represents a single value, associative arrays can represent a collection of values. Simply put, an associative array is a collection of unique keys; each key in the array has a value associated with it.
Since associative arrays are normally processed in multiple probes (as we will demonstrate later), they should be declared as
globalvariables in the SystemTap script. The syntax for accessing an element in an associative array is similar to that of
awk, and is as follows:
array_nameis any arbitrary name the array uses. The
index_expressionis used to see a specific unique key in the array. To illustrate, let us try to build an array named
arrthat specifies the ages of three people (the unique keys):
harry. To assign them the ages (associated values) of 23, 24, and 25 respectively, we'd use the following array statements:
Example 3.11. Basic Array Statements
arr["tom"] = 23 arr["dick"] = 24 arr["harry"] = 25
You can specify up to nine index expressons in an array statement, each one delimited by a comma (
,). This is useful if you wish to have a key that contains multiple pieces of information. The following line from Example 4.9, “disktop.stp” uses 5 elements for the key: process ID, executable name, user ID, parent process ID, and string "W". It associates the value of
devnamewith that key.
device[pid(),execname(),uid(),ppid(),"W"] = devname
All associate arrays must be declared as
global, regardless of whether the associate array is used in one or multiple probes.


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MESSENGER captured this high-resolution image of an elongated pit crater within the floor of the 355-km (220-mile) -wide crater Tolstoj on Mercury on Jan. 11, 2012. The low angle of sun illumination puts the interior of the pit crater into deep shadow, making it appear bottomless.
Pit craters are not caused by impacts, but rather by the collapse of the roof of an underground magma chamber. They are characterized by the lack of a rim or surrounding ejecta blankets, and are often not circular in shape.
Since the floor of Tolstoj crater is thought to have once been flooded by lava, a pit crater is not out of place here.
The presence of such craters on Mercury indicates past volcanic activity on Mercury contributing to the planet’s evolution.
Image credit: : NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington


The K-12 2013 Horizon Report, released in June, gives us a glimpse into the classrooms of the near future. The Horizon Report highlights K-12 emerging technologies that will affect teaching, research, learning, and creative inquiry in higher education. A timeline details when these technologies are predicted to have the most impact in those areas. Some highlights from the report include:
• Time to adoption: 1 year or less: cloud computing and mobile learning.
• Time to adoption: 2-3 years: learning analytics and open content.
• Time to adoption: 4-5 years: 3D printing and virtual/remote labs.
By taking the time to look at the report, school leaders will note how quickly these changes are entering our world and our daily lives. Keeping eyes tuned to the “horizon” will be an essential part of a transformation in tune with what is to come.


Graduate student Jen Metes recently presented early insights from her work on the COASST project in a poster at the National Association of Environmental Education (NAAEE).
Best Practices for Engaging Communities in Citizen Science: Recruitment & Retention in COASST
Jennifer Metes, Heidi Ballard & Julia Parrish
Coastal Observation & Seabird Survey Team (COASST) is a citizen science project through which participants collect beached bird data that is shared with resource management agencies. We examined why COASST volunteers first became engaged in the project and what motivates them to continue their involvement in it. Using COASST as a “model” citizen science program, we identify fundamental features of the program that may be translated into other citizen science projects.