Understanding Spanning-Tree Protocol
Spanning-Tree Protocol is a link management protocol that provides path redundancy while preventing undesirable loops in the network. For an Ethernet network to function properly, only one active path can exist between two stations.
Multiple active paths between stations cause loops in the network. If a loop exists in the network topology, the potential exists for duplication of messages. When loops occur, some switches see stations appear on both sides of the switch. This condition confuses the forwarding algorithm and allows duplicate frames to be forwarded.
To provide path redundancy, Spanning-Tree Protocol defines a tree that spans all switches in an extended network. Spanning-Tree Protocol forces certain redundant data paths into a standby (blocked) state. If one network segment in the Spanning-Tree Protocol becomes unreachable, or if Spanning-Tree Protocol costs change, the spanning-tree algorithm reconfigures the spanning-tree topology and reestablishes the link by activating the standby path.
Spanning-Tree Protocol operation is transparent to end stations, which are unaware whether they are connected to a single LAN segment or a switched LAN of multiple segments.Read more…


Fort Mose Historical Overview
The Beginnings of Fort Mose
More than 300 years ago, courageous Africans escaped from enslavement in British colonies. They fled southward on foot to Spanish St. Augustine, crossing swamps and dense tropical forests. Along they way, they sought assistance from Natives, thus creating the first ‘underground railroad’.
Not all survived. Those who reached St. Augustine were granted asylum by the Spanish government. It was a unique offer—freedom, in exchange for conversion to Catholicism and, for men, a term of military service.
The first freedom seekers arrived in 1687. This group included eight men, two women and a three-year-old nursing child.
By 1738, more than 100 freedom seekers had achieved asylum. In that year, a fortified town named Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose was constructed on St. Augustine’s northernmost border. Fort Mose became the site of the first free black community in what is now the United States.
A formerly enslaved African led the free black militia of Fort Mose. His name was Captain Francisco Menéndez. For years, the warriors valiantly protected St. Augustine. However, when Spain ceded all of La Florida to England in 1763, the citizens of Fort Mose once again faced enslavement. They abandoned the fort and sought safety in Spanish Cuba.
Over the years, the Fort Mose site was swallowed by marsh, and the important legacy of its community was largely forgotten.
Late in the twentieth century, a highly dedicated team of archaeologists, historians, government leaders and committed citizens helped restore Fort Mose to its rightful place of honor. Today, Fort Mose is recognized as a significant local, national and international historic landmark.


Calcium Supplements and Heart Attack
They studied 24,000 German and European patients ages 35-64. Using questionnaires, they quizzed them about their vitamin and mineral supplements. They also tracked their health for 11 years, looking at heart attacks, strokes and death. (These studies can be easily done in countries with Socialized Medicine because everyone has health coverage and electronic records!!!)
They found that the intake of calcium supplements did not affect the risk of stroke, either protection or causation. But the people who took calcium supplements daily were 86% more likely to have a heart attack than those who didn't use any supplements. Dietary calcium caused no problem, it was just the supplements.
What should we make of this study? Dietary calcium is a good thing and calcium from food actually lowered the risk of heart attack. So eating foods with calcium is just fine. But we have relied too much on supplements that are increasingly being found to be worthless in preventing disease and even harmful when taken in large doses.
The average person should not take calcium supplements. They can increase the risk of kidney stones, cause gastrointestinal problems and even heart attacks. It is now becoming clear that recommending vitamin supplements can be harmful and they do not replace good, balanced diets.
Foods with calcium:
low fat dairy, yogurt, cheese, collards, spinach, potatoes, soybeans, turnips


To demonstrate particle trajectory in the field of a repulsive force.
- Potential Well Apparatus
- Ball Bearing
Rutherford Scattering Apparatus.
A ball bearing is released from a small ramp directed towards a potential hill. The ramp may be slid laterally to direct the ball towards any particular portion of the potential well. The trajectory of the ball mimics the Rutherford scattering trajectories seen with protons directed towards a nuclear potential well.


Flexibility is the key.
Encourage quality and not quantity.
Every child picks up writing at a different pace. Some can write lots and also write for extended lengths of time, while others write little and do not have the patience to write for long periods. Hence, it is very important to customise writing to suit the child’s capabilities. This would ensure that the child and the adult do not get frustrated.
Do not force every child to finish pages of every letter, number or sentence. How much a child writes should not be the parameter to assess his progress. It should suffice if the child knows what he is writing.
For instance, if the child is writing number 28, see if he is able to recognise the number first. Then check if he is able to write it with ease. If the child is familiar with the number and writes it with ease, would it make sense to force him to write pages of the same number? He might as well utilise his time more constructively.
Often, we adults are so paranoid about getting a set quantity of work completed by children, that we take our focus off the quality of learning.
Let the goal not be to finish five, ten or fifty pages of anything. Let the goal be to ensure that what is being written, even if just half a page, is being absorbed by the child.

Image: Arvind Balaraman / FreeDigitalPhotos.net


Welcome to Year 4.
Our Year 4 teacher for 2017/18 is Miss Skitt. In Year 4, the children study a variety of topics, including “Anglo Saxons & Scots” “Leigh (local geography)” “Anglo Saxons and Vikings” “The Southern Hemisphere” “Leigh (local history Victorians” and “Early Islamic Civilisation.”
Year 4’s English topics are split into sections, Dilemma stories, Information texts, Poems, Journalistic reports, Narrative verses, Explanation texts, Play scripts, Evaluating evidence, Stories with historical settings, Newspapers, A story from another culture and Persuasive writing.
Visits and visitors are arranged to enrich each topic e.g. Visits to local museums and galleries. In addition, all pupils benefit from swimming lessons every Friday. Along with brass lessons which are every Wednesday/Thursday through the Wigan Music Service


Conduct of Locally Elected Officials
Legislation sets out the roles and responsibilities of locally elected officials. How elected officials conduct themselves as individuals, and collectively as part of a decision-making body, is key to carrying out those responsibilities and providing good governance to their communities.
Responsible conduct broadly refers to how locally elected officials conduct themselves with their elected colleagues, with staff and with the public—key groups that play a significant role in helping elected officials carry out their collective responsibilities as decision- makers of their communities.
Responsible conduct is grounded in elected officials conducting themselves with honesty and integrity and in a way that furthers a local government’s ability to provide good governance to their community.
Ethical Standards & Conflict of Interest
Ethical standards refers to legislated and common law rules of behaviour that locally elected officials must follow. These rules focus on matters that may result in a conflict of interest.
Conflict of interest legislation is one tool used to prevent or address some types of conduct issues. The Community Charter sets out standards regarding potential conflicts of interest for all municipal and regional district elected officials and trustees for the Islands Trust.


Five parties are preparing for upcoming European elections, each with a campaign developed by themselves, complete with logo, poster and party political broadcast for TV. What these parties are called, what they stand for and what their demands are is determined by the participants of the game “European elections”.
At the beginning of the game, the participants are randomly divided up into five parties and a few topics are presented to them to choose from: the future of the internet, the future of energy supply, the European labour market, the questions of direct democracy, a Europe of regions, the EU’s economic and social policy.
The parties form and develop their election programme. What are political objectives in Europe for the coming years? How can they by reached?
Various lobbying groups are attempting to influence the election programmes according to their own ideas. A press group is reporting live.
The election campaigns must be developed in order to make the public aware of the parties and to convince the voters. This includes creating a poster, a TV advert and a presentation of the election programme in a “market square”. At the end of the game, the question is, of course, which party will win. To determine this, every party member has a vote but cannot vote for their own party. The lobbying groups have two votes per person and can vote freely.
Facts + Figures
Students of 18 and above (first-time voters)
- Experiencing the dynamics of an election campaign
- Examining the themes of a European election
- Developing one's own election campaign
Originally: Information office of the European Parliament Berlin, several more since
At schools Germany-wide
In the media
Report from homepage of Waltraud Wolff, member of the German Federal Parliament


Please enter an introduction for your blog post here.
In English this week we have been learning about repetition poems. First we read a selection of poems together. Next, we picked our favourite ones and learned them in small groups. Finally, we performed the poems using expression and adding actions or sound effects.
Later in the week, we started to write our own repetitive poems about what we might see on our walk to school. We used our imagination and thought of unusual things like an alien to write about descriptively.


The command line in Linux is a master tool. It can help you do every task from the smallest ones to the biggest in no time at all. On the flip side, if you are not careful enough, use of command line could break your system. Nonetheless, all linux power users prefer using the command line as things get done faster this way. In this article we will share a short tip with you using which you can find your computer's outgoing or external IP address from command line.
We agree that you can easily find out your computer's external or outgoing IP address from a web based service such as a Whatismyip.com. But lets say you are behind firewalls or proxy server, in this case Whatismyip.com could end up giving you wrong results. For those who do not know what an external (or outgoing) IP address is, it is the IP address which is visible to other computers while you are on the web.
But using this command line method, you will always get the correct external or outgoing IP address of your computer. Open a terminal window and enter this command in order to find out your External or Outgoing IP address:
dig myip.opendns.com @resolver1.opendns.com +short
Once executed, you will be shown your external IP address as the output. You need to be connected for this command to give you an output (quite obvious) Check this screenshot below to find out how the output looks like:


Oct 08, 2003
Forests envelop a steel town
What’s the story? How did that happen? Vishakapatnam Steel Plant or Vizag Steel as it’s popularly known, has an 8 kM long front on the Bay of Bengal. To offset the attack of saline air, a half kilometer deep buffer zone was set aside for afforestation. The management decided to plant a tree for each tonne of steel it produced. But once the programme began in 1986, its success got the better of the managers. As against a target of 100,000 trees per year, almost twice that number has been planted so far. Soon they ran out of space in the buffer area and trees proliferated in the housing zone. Peacocks, other birds and small game arrived. Micro-climate changed. The steel plant lost its primacy to the woods: they began to call it ‘a steel plant in a forest’.
In such a setting it is easy to lose the chimneys for the woods. Nemani says, “Vizag Steel itself is one of the most modern steel plants in the country and a government run unit which has revitalized itself and shown Rs.400 crore profit this year. It is aiming for a Rs.1000 cr. profit in 2004. It is clearing off all its outstanding debts and will be debt free by 2004. The privately owned Tata Steel is the only other indian steel company which is in a similar good shape.”
Could it be that nature takes care of your profits if you take care of it?
Nemani recommends this link if you want to read more about this exciting story.


The life expectancy of children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection acquired through mother-to-child transmission has important clinical and public health significance.
Several sources of population-based surveillance data from New York City, covering 1982 through the end of 1994, were combined to estimate long-term survival of HIV-infected children and age-specific prevalence.
HIV incidence among newborns was estimated by applying expected transmission rates to seroprevalence surveys of parturient women and by using back-calculation methods.
HIV prevalence in childhood was based on cumulative HIV incidence and cumulative mortality, adjusting for underreporting of death and background causes of death.
A modified actuarial method was developed to estimate survival of infected children.
At the beginning of 1995, between 1,945 and 3,323 children less than age 13 years were estimated to be living with HIV infection acquired through mother-to-child transmission in New York City.
Between 36% and 61% of these infected children were estimated to survive to age 13 years (median survival, 8.6 years to>13 years).
A substantial proportion of infected children will survive to adolescence.
Thus, it is important that their educational, medical, and other needs be considered.
These methods may be useful in other areas in which HIV seroprevalence data among childbearing women and HIV mortality statistics are available.
Mots-clés Pascal : SIDA, Virose, Infection, Mortalité, Epidémiologie, Prévalence, Survie, Long terme, Enfant, Homme, New York, Etats Unis, Amérique du Nord, Amérique, Immunopathologie, Immunodéficit
Mots-clés Pascal anglais : AIDS, Viral disease, Infection, Mortality, Epidemiology, Prevalence, Survival, Long term, Child, Human, New York, United States, North America, America, Immunopathology, Immune deficiency
Notice produite par :
Inist-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique
Cote : 98-0272653
Code Inist : 002B06D01. Création : 27/11/1998.


The Australian Government has invested millions of dollars in research and other activities to promote whale conservation.
Australia has also provided support to the South Pacific Whale Research Consortium to assist its work in the region.
Obtaining samples of animals that never come ashore can be very challenging. Fortunately, a whale's physiology requires it to defecate near the surface. This provides boat-based researchers with an opportunity to collect faecal material with special 'scoopers'. Australian biologists are developing new techniques to obtain information from these samples.
DNA sampling provides more data than can be obtained through opening a dead whale's stomach, and in a form that can be repeatedly and independently verified. Whereas stomach contents represent only a whale's recent intake, a series of whale scats promises a more complete picture of whale feeding habits, as well as their internal parasites.
Non-lethal research is increasing our understanding of the complexity of the marine food web.


Petroleum engineering is a branch of engineering science concerned with locating and accessing and production of Hydrocarbons which includes crude oil or natural gas sources. Exploration and production are considered to be part of the oil and gas industry's upstream segment. The oil and gas industry's two primary subsurface disciplines are exploration, which is carried out by earth scientists, and petroleum engineering, which focuses on maximizing the economic recovery of hydrocarbons from subterranean reserves.
The transformation of crude oil (petroleum) and natural gas into products or raw materials is studied under petrochemistry, a branch of chemistry. Petrochemicals have grown to represent a significant element of the chemical industry today.


Chapter abstracts are short descriptions of events that occur in each chapter. They highlight major plot events and detail the important relationships and characteristics of characters and objects. The Chapter Abstracts can be used to review what the students have read, or to prepare the students for what they will read. Hand the abstracts out in class as a study guide, or use them as a "key" for a class discussion. They are relatively brief, but can serve to be an excellent refresher of the text for either a student or teacher.
New Poems (2004 - 2005) Abstract
* Everything explains what Oliver hopes to accomplish with her poetry. She explains her desires in writing.
Sections II through VII Abstract
* In Everything, Oliver says she will avoid embellished wording as she prefers simpler words like joy, soon, heavy and heart.
* Oliver hopes to honor faith and vision in her poem...
This section contains 813 words
(approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page)


The application of network analyzers plays an important role in the development of high frequency components and circuits. By developing extender modules, it has been possible to boost the bandwith up to 1.1 THz. In order to boost the bandwith up to 2 THz, we developed a new procedure: S-parameters of components are not measured in the frequency range, but in the time domain.
A THz TDS system was developed in a way, that the terahertz pulses can be transferred to the component under investigation through a waveguide. After the pulses have passed through the component, they can then be detected optically in the time domain. After the data, which has been obtained in this way, has been transferred to the frequency range, it is then possible to determine the required vectorial S parameters of the component under investigation. This has been demonstrated for frequencies from 100 GHz to 2THz.
The new technology affords many advantages in comparison to classical network analysis in the frequency range.This new technology permits working with very high bandwidths at relativeley low-cost system prices, compared to common VNAs. Another advantage of the Tera-VNA is: only the waveguide components in each case need to be changed for shifting between various frequency bands. An exchange of extension modules is not necessary. Moreover, it is even possible to determine the propagation times of the pulses through a network directly. It is thus possible to detect invisible flaws or discontinuities in the network directly and identify their positions directly.


Composting your yard trimmings and kitchen scraps is a great way to help your plants and reduce the amount of waste you generate.
HOW TO MAKE COMPOST
- Build or buy a compost bin, or just make a pile.
- Mix two parts greens (grass, leaves and flowers) to one part browns (dry leaves, sticks and twigs).
- Some kitchen scraps are acceptable (vegetable and fruit peels, eggshells, coffee grounds, etc.). Do not use meat or dairy products – these can attract rodents, flies, and cause bad odors.
- Turn and water regularly; keep your pile moist (like a damp sponge), and move the material around using a pitchfork or shovel.
WHY USE COMPOST?
Compost increases water retention, decreases the need for chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and helps keep a useful resource from going to waste.
Limited space? Check out vermicomposting.
Vermicompost is the product of the composting process using various species of worms, usually red wigglers, white worms, and other earthworms, to create a heterogeneous mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding materials, and vermicast, also called worm castings. These castings have been shown to contain reduced levels of contaminants and a higher saturation of nutrients than do organic materials before vermicomposting.


DEFINITION of 'Building Society'
A type of financial institution that provides banking and other financial services to its members. Building societies resemble credit unions in the U.S. in that they are owned entirely by their members. These societies offer mortgages and demand-deposit accounts and are often backed by insurance companies.
BREAKING DOWN 'Building Society'
"Building society" was first introduced as a term in 19th century England from groups of co-op savers in the building trades. These institutions are now major competitors of banks in the U.K. and are the equivalent of U.S. savings and loan institutions. Building societies can also be found in other countries, such as Australia, Ireland and Jamaica.


Life Of Buda
This is the first 1,000 characters of 2586 words (10.34 pages) in the essay titled Life Of Buda
|Life of buda
General Essay on Buddhism
Life of the Buddha
Buddhism arose in northern India in the 6th century BCE. The historical founder of Buddhism, Siddharta Gautama (c.560-480 BCE) was born in a village called Lumbini into a warrior tribe called the Sakyas (from where he derived the title Sakyamuni, meaning 'Sage of the Sakyas'). According to tradition Gautama's father, Suddhodana was the king of a small principality based on the town of Kapilavastu. His mother, Queen Maya, died seven days after Gautama's birth. Following the death of Maya, Suddhodana married Maya's sister, Prajapati, by whom Gautama was brought up in great luxury and sheltered from the harshness of the outside world.
At sixteen the prince married Yasodhara. Yasodhara bore him a son whom he called Rahula (meaning "chain" or "fetter"), a name that indicated Gautama's sense of dissatisfaction with his life of luxury. His apparent sense of dissatisfaction turned to disill...
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Duties of the Auditor
The Auditor is the County's chief financial officer, elected by the voters of
As chief assessor, the Auditor must conduct reappraisals of real property values every six years. Updates of real property values are conducted every three years. All taxes for personal property are assessed after examining the tax returns. Also, the auditor assesses the values for manufactured homes and registers the manufactured homes. Thereafter, municipalities, townships and school districts receive their proportionate shares.
Recorder of Transactions
The Auditor maintains records of deed transfers, homestead exemptions, oil and gas wells, special assessments and all real property, including exempted parcels.
Inspector and License Issuer
The Auditor inspects commercial weights and measures, such as gasoline pumps and grocery scales, and certifies them as accurate to protect consumers. This certification means that when you buy a gallon of gas, you are getting a gallon of gas. Any concerns should be reported to the Auditor’s weights and measures specialist.
Composed of the Auditor, the Treasurer and Prosecuting Attorney, the County Budget Commission oversees tax rates established by other political subdivisions within the county. As secretary, the Auditor performs the work of the Commission.
Board of Revision
This board, composed of the Auditor, Treasurer and one
Chief Payroll Officer
The Auditor is responsible for maintaining all payroll records of county employees and writes or pays by direct deposit about 12,350 warrants (checks) per year to employees and pays the withholding taxes and pension contributions to Federal, state and local governments.
After all accounting records are closed for the year; the Auditor prepares the annual financial report for


Statistics point towards 800,000 new stroke victims each year, and this figure will frighteningly double over the next two decades. Having said that, one needs to be able to figure out an effective method to care for these patients. Researchers from the University of Southern California (USC) decided that they will come up with a robot to assist humans in the rehabilitation effort of stroke victims. The robot remains nameless at the moment, but you know what the Bard said – a rose by any other name would smell just as sweet, and if this robot is capable of gently coaxing and persuading stroke patients to perform their daily exercises, then half the battle is already won.
I guess to have a robot coach me would be a novel experience, and if I were to feel emotionally down and snappy for the day, the robot will not be affected as it cannot experience any emotions. On the downside, it is not able to emphatize with my more negative feelings, leaving us with a give and take situation. Enough rambling though, as this robot will rely on multiple imaging modalities, where a wrist-worn galvanic sensor on the patient will be able to keep track of a person’s vital statistics and the position of the limb being rehabilitated.
Not only that, the USC robot is said to be personality driven, where it will interact according to the person’s mood. Now that might be some comfort to us.


Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) > Perciformes
(Perch-likes) > Labridae
(Wrasses) > Cheilininae
Etymology: Cirrhilabrus: Latin, cirrus = curl fringe + Greek, labros = furious (Ref. 45335).
Environment / Climate / Range
Marine; reef-associated; depth range 10 - 35 m (Ref. 90102). Tropical, preferred ?
Western Pacific: Java Sea, Indonesia (Ref. 5978, 11903).
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 8.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 8631)
Found in deep coastal slopes and is known from deep water trawls, but also lives in shallow muddy estuaries. Usually in small groups of juveniles, females and a single large males. Mixes with other species of Cirrhilabrus or with Paracheilinus to feed above substrate on zooplankton. A spectacular species during display and can change from normal to nuptial in seconds, and back again (Ref. 48636).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Distinct pairing during breeding (Ref. 205).
Kuiter, R.H., 1992. Tropical reef-fishes of the western Pacific Indonesia and adjacent waters. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta. 314 p. (Ref. 8631)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 109396)
CITES (Ref. 94142)
Threat to humans
ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsAllele frequenciesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingMass conversion
Estimates of some properties based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805
= 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01698 (0.00754 - 0.03826), b=2.95 (2.75 - 3.15), based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245
Trophic Level (Ref. 69278
): 3.4 ±0.45 se; Based on food items.
Resilience (Ref. 69278
): High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Vulnerability (Ref. 59153
): Low vulnerability (14 of 100) .


This section contains information about tools for KDE development.
A list of tools which are used to analyze a program. This would include debuggers and profilers, for instance.
A tool for searching memory leaks and/or uninitialized memory. Also includes a profiler. Valgrind is surely one of the most important development tools!
Sooner or later you may need a debugger. Here is one (probably gdb is already shipped with your distribution). You should use at least version 4.95. There are also grahpical frontends available for gdb (see below). See also the KDE GDB Debugging HOWTO
A graphical user interface to gdb, which is able to set breakpoints, step through the code and so on.
GProf is a profiler which is able to display which function takes how much time, how often it is called and so on. There is also a KDE frontend available which takes the same data files as the gprof command does. See below.
KProf is a tool that displays execution profiling generated by various code profilers (among them the GNU Profiler).
This is a superb IDE for developing KDE and Qt C++ applications. It includes a an integrated debugger, a syntax highlighting editor, and of course a 'Project wizard' to handle the creation of the basic menu structures, the automake/autoconf gunk, and even the class documentation. For more details, see: http://www.kdevelop.org/
The user interface designer that comes with Qt. Supports layout management, undo/redo, checking accelerator conflicts etc. etc. This is a tool that allows even non-programmers to help design dialogs of KDE applications.


The Fate of Boreal Peatland Carbon in a Warming World
Loisel, J. and Yu, Z. 2013. Recent acceleration of carbon accumulation in a boreal peatland, south central Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research (Biogeosciences) 118: 41-53.
In a test of this hypothesis, fifteen peat cores were collected in 2008 and 2009 from different portions of the Petersville Peatland in the Susitna River basin of south-central Alaska, two of which were used to determine millennial- and decadal-scale variability in peat carbon accumulation rates, where the peat core chronology was established using accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon and lead-210 dating methods, as well as their identification of the presence of three temporally-well-constrained tephra layers.
Loisel and Yu observed a widespread shift from herbaceous Carex fen peat to Sphagnum moss peat around 100 years ago, following the demise of the Little Ice Age, which was accompanied by a sharp increase in carbon accumulation rate. In fact, they report that "the observed apparent carbon accumulate rates over the past 100 years were almost ten times greater than those over the past 4000 years."
In the concluding words of the two researchers, "these results are contrary to the widespread notion that higher temperature will increase peat decay and associated carbon dioxide release from peatlands to the atmosphere, contributing to the positive carbon cycle-climate feedback to global warming." Indeed, just the opposite appears to be the case in the real world of nature.


After the success of the Double Elephant folio (Havells edition), Audubon wanted to make a more affordable and widespread edition. This he accomplished with the Royal Octavo edition by reducing the large engravings. The name Octavo refers to the fact that the prints would be printed on paper equal to one-eighth (octave) of a full sheet of printing paper.
Begun in 1840, Audubon employed JT Bowen, a lithographer from Philadelphia, to reproduce the miniature edition.
Audubon reduced the large original engravings using a camera lucida: an artist’s tool for reducing images.
Prints from the Royal Octavo edition measure 10.5″ x 6.5″ and were originally bound into books. A total of 500 images comprise the First Royal Octavo Edition. No more than 1000 are believed to have been made.
Authenticating Royal Octavos is accomplished by measuring the print. Again, the outer dimensions should be 10.5″ x 6.5″.
Often one edge of the print bears signs of when it was originally bound and stitched into it’s book.


"INTERRUPTED - JUVENILE PRISONS"
Violence is a prominent element in the functioning of all societies in Central America and other companies in the world. Some studies have identified the genesis of the phenomenon of war in the late 80s which resulted in a shift of the conflict, from rural areas in the beginning and then moved, in urban areas in the form of organized crime. Up to 90 years' 23% of all homicides recorded in Latin America were committed by young people aged between 10 and 19 years, while 34% were made by young people between 20 and 29 years and still, according to statistical data from 2000 to 2010, more than 48% of male detainees accused of murder, were young people between 18 and 25 years. According to statistics, most of the acts of violence perpetrated in the world are committed by males aged between 15 and 24 years. More than half of the population in Central America has less than 25 years. Because young people constitute the majority of the population, it is logical that these companies are more vulnerable to violence. There is no doubt therefore that they are protagonists in the Central American social landscape, but it is equally beyond doubt that they are scapegoats for even the unjust and unequal society that does not give them any opportunities and in which power is concentrated in few hands. More than 1 million children are held through justice systems around the world, even if it is not to be underestimated, however, the difficulty of obtaining data on undeclared many children in detention. Very often the data collected does not include children awaiting trial, detained children with their parents and children are held temporarily by the police. This estimate is actually considerably higher.
Bluefields, may 2011, Nicaragua. Inside Antonio Garcia's cell, 16 years old. He must serve another year and a half for assault.


Although Aristotle in general had a more empirical and experimental attitude than Plato, modern science did not come into its own until Plato’s Pythagorean confidence in the mathematical nature of the world returned with Kepler, Galileo, and Newton. For instance, Aristotle, relying on a theory of opposites that is now only of historical interest, rejected Plato’s attempt to match the Platonic Solids with the elements — while Plato’s expectations are realized in mineralogy and crystallography, where the Platonic Solids occur naturally.Plato and Aristotle, Up and Down–Kelley L. Ross, Ph.D.
|The goal of string theory is to explain the “?” in the above diagram.|
I enjoyed the Livescribe demonstration by Clifford of Asymptotia along with the explanation for Quantum Gravity. The two pillars for me were very emblematic with regards to “pillars of science.” This as well as the arch is very fitting to me of what becomes self evident. If under such an examination of the two areas Clifford is talking about, Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity then are the attempts at unification.
That question mark can be demonstrated above as to where in the location in Cliffords diagrams is related to the Aristotelian Arch in my view?


VOICES Ideas and Insight From Explorers
Tag archives for women in science
National Geographic Explorer Lee Berger calls his team of archaeologists “underground astronauts.” Watch this video and you can see why.
National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence Sylvia Earle reflects on her scientific career and on gender obstacles she faced along the way.
Today, the 16th of October, is Ada Lovelace Day. You’d be forgiven for not having heard of Ada Lovelace, or of this celebration each October. It’s one of the more unusual dates, but if you’re one of the many (yet still minority of) women in science, this is a day you recognize, and…


Full cost pricing takes into account every cost a business may have associated with a product. First, you need to look at the direct costs. These are costs directly related to the product, such as material and labor. Then the company accounts for any overhead that it may pay in the course of producing the product, such as electric and rent. Finally, a company can account for profits as part of its costs. In all, the price for the product should not be less than the cost to produce the product.
Determine your total direct costs for each unit. In order to find this, you need to first add together all the labor costs, such as wages you have for manufacturing the product, then look at all material costs you have. For example, assume you plan to produce 5,000 widgets with your manufacturing labor at $50,000 and your materials costs at $100,000. So, $50,000 divided by 5,000 widgets equals direct labor cost per unit of $10. Then, $100,000 divided by 5,000 widgets equals $20 of manufacturing costs per widget.
Determine your overhead costs per unit. Overhead costs include any cost that does not directly impact manufacturing. These include costs for things such as electricity, secretary work, water and anything that is not involved directly in manufacturing. In the example, assume the company only produces widgets and had overhead costs of $20,000. So, $20,000 divided by 5,000 widgets equals $4 per widget.
Determine your profit, if any, you want per widget. In the example, assume you want $8 profit per widget.
Add together direct labor costs, manufacturing costs, overhead costs and profit per widget to find the full cost price of the object. In the example, $10 plus $20 plus $4 plus $8 equals a full cost price of $42 per widget. This means using full cost pricing, a company would sell its widgets at $42.


International students already face challenges in the form of homesickness and culture shock. So, it can be difficult for them to develop the study habits they need to succeed in college. Becoming a better learner means adopting good habits, such as keeping to a schedule for studying each day.
Become a better learner: tips
The accompanying checklist details some of the most important tips students should follow for becoming better learners. With these ideas in hand, international college students can overcome the obstacles they face and have a better chance for success.
Special thanks to Fahd Albinali for providing us with this infographic. Fahd Albinali is an Arab-American blogger whose writings focus on the Islamic perspective on moral and social issues that face families in the West. A technologist by training, he works closely with IQRA Network to develop advanced online methods to teach Arabic and Quran.


We talk every day about how iPads and other technology can be implemented in the classroom. But many devices *cough* iPad *cough* are designed to do a myriad of different things. Sure, they’re terrific learning tools but they’re also great distraction tools. Just ask any student able to quickly check their Facebook account while they’re supposed to be using an iPad for research.
But Apple has you covered. The new iOS 6 has a very simple and powerful tool called Guided Access that lets you keep students focused on a single app of your choosing. It lets you disable the home button, restrict parts of the screen so they can’t be touched, and even stop responding to being turned over and upside down. It’s easy to implement and a great tool in the teacher’s toolkit.
2 years ago


This text deals with the methods of obtaining numerical solutions to engineering problems. The topics discussed are those that are normally covered in undergraduate engineering programmes. This includes an introduction to digital computers, function representation using Taylor's series, error considerations in iterative type computations, searching for roots of equations in a single variable, solution of simultaneous equations, function approximation and interpolation, numerical integration and differentiation, matrix eigenvalue problems, solution of nonlinear system of equations, and solution of ordinary and partial differential equations. Advanced topics such as the generation of boundary characteristic orthogonal polynomials, boundary value problems have been dealt with. Key features include: solved and unsolved examples given to illustrate the concepts and algorithms; numerous exercises; case studies; and provides insights into and appreciation of the working of commercially available numerical softwares.


Authors: Muhan Li, Yue Dai, Boyang Li
What is the problem?
We will redo our project 1 which is minesweeper in Prolog. Like general Minesweeper games, we will have different difficulties where each level has different map size and different number of mines. We will save each player's clear time and have a ranking for players to check.
What is the something extra?
We are going to make it a multi-palyer game! Players will compete each other to reach certain bonus blocks in limited steps. And score will based on bonus blocks, number of reached blocks, correct flags and steps.
What did we learn from doing this?
We think prolog is not suitable for writing such a program, we use more than 800 lines to write a minesweeper, which can be more easily done with a OOP language. Prolog may be better used on programs that based on logic decisions like natural language processing and etc.


There was no government funding for 'reformatories', but there were charities for boys and girls like the ‘Temporary Refuge’ attached to the London Refuge for the Destitute (more info here on London Lives).
Another early charity was the Philanthropic Society (1788): it aimed to reform criminal boys and girls, and to provide religious and moral education for the children of convicts. The Society, initially based at Hackney (it moved to Southwark 4 years later), took children between nine and twelve years old and gave them industrial training. In 1845 the Society stopped taking in convicts’ children, and female offenders, and concentrated on rehabilitating young male offenders. Four years later, the Society moved from Southwark to Redhill, where it founded a farm so that boys could learn agricultural skills to prepare them for emigration. The boys cultivated the land and cared for cows, horses, sheep and pigs.
The good work done by reformatories persuaded the government to confer official status on institutions approved by the secretary of state. Under the Juvenile Offenders Acts of 1853 and 1854, magistrates could send convicted children over ten years old to certified reformatories for two to five years instead of imposing a long prison sentence. You can find out more about reformatories and their records in Tracing Your Ancestors' Childhood.
Image from author's collection: The Philanthropic Society’s farm at Redhill. Illustrated London News, 14 June 1851.


The Sarum Rite, also called the Use of Salisbury, was a variation of the Roman Rite developed in the 1100s that was known to be high in ceremony. It also had a wealth of richly worded prayers that have influenced Christian worship ever since. Many prayers from the Sarum Rite were used in the Book of Common Prayer. This book gathers prayers from the original Sarum Missals, Breviaries and Psalters and presents them in a single collection in contemporary liturgical English, and may be useful in public or private devotions.
NOTE: This volume also contains all the psalm prayers from the book Psalm Prayers from Sarum.


Pope Designates September 1 As Day To Pray For The Environment. Pope Francis has taken a cue from Orthodox Christians and designated Sept. 1 as a day for Catholics to pray for the environment.
The Vatican said Monday that Francis, taking up a suggestion from Orthodox leaders, instituted for Catholics a “world day of prayer for the care of Creation” to be marked every Sept. 1.
Writing to Vatican cardinals about his decision, Francis quoted from his encyclical this year about the need for Christians and all people to protect the environment. Pope Designates September 1 As Day To Pray For The Environment
Francis told the cardinals the day will offer “individual believers and communities” an opportunity to reaffirm commitments to being “stewards of creation.”
The pope said Catholics’ marking the prayer day on the same date as the Orthodox highlights the `’growing communion” between the churches.


After 25 long years of success, the mp3 file format has officially been discontinued this week. The music format first hit the big time during the heyday of the iPod and rival mp3 players. Since then however, the format has slowly been replaced by formats like AAC, which offer superior quality.
The Fraunhofer Institute was the main organisation behind the mp3 format and was in charge of licensing the encoders and decoders. However, as OS News reports, the last of its patents have now expired, so the institute has ceased licensing the format.
Of course, Fraunhofer’s explanation was a little different than that, though it still holds some truth. While the mp3 patents have now expired, the Fraunhofer Institute wanted to focus on the fact that most media services these days have adopted new formats, which have more features and can deliver higher quality audio at lower bitrates:
“The development of mp3 started in the late 80s at Fraunhofer IIS, based on previous development results at the University Erlangen-Nuremberg. Although there are more efficient audio codecs with advanced features available today, mp3 is still very popular amongst consumers. However, most state-of-the-art media services such as streaming or TV and radio broadcasting use modern ISO-MPEG codecs such as the AAC family or in the future MPEG-H. Those can deliver more features and a higher audio quality at much lower bitrates compared to mp3.”
KitGuru Says: I remember continuing to download mp3’s right up until I went to college to study music technology. After that, I was swiftly onto lossless formats but for many, mp3 still remains a popular choice. Do any of you still download mp3’s? Are you surprised to hear that the format is now technically considered obsolete?


Solar array panels are seen on the Russian segment of the International Space Station and a blue and white part of Earth is photographed by an Expedition 38 crew member while the crew watches for the arrival of the ISS Progress 54 cargo spacecraft on Feb. 5, 2014. / NASA
To put the brightest possible spin on this story is to say that three-quarters of Americans are fully aware that the Earth revolves around the sun.
The downside, of course, is that means 1 in 4 are in the dark about what Discovery calls "probably the most basic question in science."
The National Science Foundation asked that question and nine others of 2,200 Americans, with the average score on the quiz coming in at 6.5, reports Phys.org.
Some other results noted by NPR:
â?¢ 39% answered correctly that "the universe began with a huge explosion"
â?¢ Fewer than half - 48% - agreed that "human beings, as we know them today, developed from earlier species of animals"
â?¢ 51% knew that antibiotics don't kill viruses
Meanwhile, about 90% of respondents were enthusiastic about science, and 1 in 3 thought it should get more government funding. The poll was conducted in 2012, but the results were released Friday at a conference.
Newser is a USA TODAY content partner providing general news, commentary and coverage from around the Web. Its content is produced independently of USA TODAY.
Copyright 2014 USATODAY.com
Read the original story: 1 in 4 Americans doesn't know Earth circles sun


At Burstow Primary School, we believe that children should have the opportunity to develop their passion and love of reading from an early age. We believe that reading is an essential life skill and we are committed to enabling our children to become lifelong readers. At Burstow, we recognise how a secure reading foundation unlocks learning across the wider curriculum, underpinning skills to be successful, lifelong learners. We strive to ensure all children are readers.
We want our children to develop their skills and knowledge and begin this journey through our well-embedded phonics scheme – Read Write Inc.
Reading weaves throughout our curriculum, giving children many opportunities to develop reading in a purposeful and engaging way. Read Write Inc. Phonics is a DfE validated systematic synthetic phonics programme with a whole school approach to teaching early reading and writing, designed to ensure progress for every child. Find out more about Phonics at Burstow here.
We continue our phonics journey into KS2, to support our learners who are not yet secure. Overall, our approach to reading, phonics and writing is interlinked, purposeful and inspired by our creative curriculum.
Teaching in reading sessions, focusses on developing pupils’ competence in both word reading and comprehension as outlined in the National Curriculum Programmes of Study for Reading. We pride ourselves on our literature rich environments. Every classroom has stimulating and inviting book corners, where children are encouraged to explore and organise their books. Children are encouraged to read at home through our use of ‘Reading Races’, which promotes and values reading.
Children have access to our school library each lunchtime, where our Junior Librarians run story times and help develop a love of reading. Each class also has time to explore the library with their teacher each week and can take home a reading for pleasure book to enjoy.


Why are my solar radiation readings higher than the solar constant
Sometimes, during the day, the sensor may read higher than the solar constant (greater than ~1370W.m-2)
This is something that has been seen in rare, isolated conditions. This can usually be caused by:
- Certain types of cloud cover magnifying the sun’s rays and increasing the irradiance. This tends to be when cloud cover is sporadic and the sunshine is intermittently broken up as the clouds pass by.
- Water on the dome/sensing diffuser, again magnifying the irradiance seen by the sensor.
- A nearby reflective object shining onto the sensor (this should be noticed at a similar time of day, every day during the same season).
These events are extreme and of short duration. They also tend to get lost if you only keep averages of the series (e.g. 1 minute samples logged every hour).


Murals and Cave Paintings
Recorded history as we understand it today is in actuality an account of a very brief period of human development, say, the last 4500 years. Enheduanna, a Sumerian priestess, is the world's oldest known author whose works were written in cuneiform approximately 4300 years ago. Long time. But nothing compared to the oldest cave paintings dated to approximately 30,000 years ago. There is a great deal of human history that remains unrevealed and forgotten. And still....
If one were to make the same trek, could it be that our hands and thoughts might touch in the act of making...? It is a wonder to think that the impulse to paint the walls lives in me as it once did in my most ancient ancestors. Our focus is different - an attempt at a deeper understanding of the outside world (and thereby gain better control of it)vs the deeper understanding of the inner world (and thereby gain better control of that). And yet - is there really so much of a difference? Language alone (oral tradition) isn't enough. It is theorized that visual art was critical in the step towards cultural expansion, because visual art is able to survive the dying speaker and instruct ensuing generations in a sustainable way that oral tradition cannot. A picture speaks a thousand words.
I have finished my mural - after three years and no small effort. Seeing is believing.


Preventing Atrial Fibrillation (AFib) Related Strokes
Published April 19, 2022
Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is one of the most common types of arrhythmias—or irregular heartbeats—and causes the heart to have an irregular rhythm and often beat rapidly. AFib can be physically exhausting, scary, and disabling and raises the risk of heart failure, dementia, and stroke. But with proper treatment, these risks can be significantly decreased and people with AFib can live healthy and active lives. This film focuses on stroke prevention in AFib. You can also view this film that gives an overview of AFib, and these 30-second and 60-second PSAs.


Each month, the students of St. John Bosco Schools dig deeper into understanding the Virtue of the Month.
Through stories--historical and fictional--they examine the actions of real and imaginary people. Their actions, their motivations, their decisions are talked about and evaluated next to a true Christian standard: virtuous living.
The students learn the names of the virtues. By naming them and identifying characteristics of each virtue, students can better cultivate these good habits in their daily lives. Corrections of misbehavior are done within this same context of how to live the virtues.
Below are some reflections on the Virtues of the Month. Updates will be posted.


Definition of Deneb
: a star of the first magnitude in Cygnus
Origin and Etymology of deneb
Arabic dhanab al-dajāja, literally, the tail of the hen
First Known Use: circa 1867
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up Deneb? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).


In the present study, the fossil bird fauna of the caves of the Hungarian Middle Mountains is examined for evidence in support of the hypothesis that the Carpathian Basin may have served as a faunal refugee during the last Quaternary glacial period. As an introduction, the reasons for the refugee hypothesis, including paleobotanical and glacial theoretical aspects, are discussed. Since the first bird fossils of the cave fauna considered in this paper belong to the Würm I-II, the faunistic conditions of the Riss glacial period are not discussed in detail, The known faunas up to the Würm II are interstadial, which seems to serve only as indirect support for the refugee hypothesis. Paleobotanical evidence, both for and against the hypothesis, is also considered. In conclusion, the abundant cave faunas of all phases of the Würm III are cited as being - at least at the present time - the most convincing argument for the refugee hypothesis. The heterogeneous composition of these faunas permits certain tentative conclusions regarding the faunas of Würm I and II.
Die Bedeutung der pleistozänen Vogelfaunen der Höhlen im Ungarischen Mittelgebirge.
International Journal of Speleology,
Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/ijs/vol1/iss1/17


In this study, it was aimed to perform light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigation of the tongue and papilla belonging to two wolves. Light microscopy and SEM images of tongues were taken. It was observed that papillae filiformes concentrated in apex of these investigated tongues. In addition to, these papillae were observed in the whole tongues. It was also determined that papillae fungiformes were distributed rarely in between papillae filiformes. Papillae foliatae were placed in the lateral side of tongues. There were two papillae vallatae in the median part of tongues. Papillae vallatae was determined in radix linguae. It was observed that papillae vallatae formed circular extensions in many different dimensions and a hole was present in a circular structure in the center. Papillae conicae were seen on dorsal surface of radix linguae. Papillae foliatae were seen four laminal structure and placed on the each lateral side of tongues. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that presents of light microscopy and SEM findings related with the tongues of wolves.


Creative activity and making a compass will help you navigate when you’re next out exploring.
One of the 'Cub Year Of Adventure 2015' activities
Sewing needle, plastic bottle top, small magnet, clear sticky tape, small shallow dish, water, knife.
1. Each Cub magnetises the needle by stroking the needle with one end of the magnet roughly 40 times from top to bottom.
2. Once the needle has been magnetised, ask the Cubs to attach the needle using the clear sticky tape to the bottle cap (cap facing upwards).
3. Float the bottle cap in a dish of water. The water will allow the bottle cap to rotate. Let it rotate until the north pole of the needle points towards the magnetic north pole.
4. And there you have it, they have created a compass!
5. Ask the Cubs to test their compass with a manufactured compass and see if there are any discrepancies.


Specific Learning Disorder services
Services For Specific Learning Disability
- Malins intelligence scale for Indian children (MISIC)
- Binet Kamat test of intelligence (BKT)
- Raven’s colored Progressive Matrices (SPM)
- Bender visual motor gestalt test
- Memory for designs test- NIMHANS Index
- Vineland Social Maturity Rating Scale (VSMS)
- Wescheller’s adult intelligence scale III
- Wescheler memory scales – revised
2. Treatment By Medication
There are no medication to improve the cognitive factors. However. a doctor may use medication to treat some symptoms that are common with learning disability such as
- Attention problems
- Anxiety and depression
3. Treatment By Counseling
- Family therapy – Psychoeducating family about SLD, its effects and providing support to the family helps in countering expressed emotions.
- Social skills training – helping patients learn adequate social skills.
- Behavior therapy – targeted at maintaining regular schedules etc.


About The Charts and Nutrition Facts
- For accuracy, the calorie chart and fat chart are based on the biggest serving size available.
- These nutrition facts came directly from the USDA or manufacturer/restaurant.
- If you're using a calorie counter, remember that Fat, Carbs, and Protein calories are just close estimations based on the Atwater factors:
Fat: 9 cal/g Carb: 4 cal/g Protein: 4 cal/g
- Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Please remember this when using this information to make healthy food choices for your diet.
Calories - One serving has a total Calorie count of 210 Calories. This breaks down as 10 Calories from Fat, 172 Calories from Carbohydrate, and 28 Calories from Protein. See the calorie chart below.
Fat - The Total Fat grams for one serving is 1 gram. There is no Saturated Fat and unfortunately Trans Fat is unknown. The remaining 1 gram is unaccounted for.
Cholesterol - Watching your Cholesterol? One serving has 0 mg, which should make healthy eating a little easier.
Carbohydrates - Total Carb count for one serving: 43 grams. Sugar: 2 grams, Fiber: 1 gram, and Net Carbs: 42 grams (helpful to know if you're counting carbs).
Protein - There are 7 grams of Protein in each serving of this food.
Minerals - There are 1.08 mg of Iron in each serving, but this food is not a significant source of Calcium. In addition, this food has 130 mg of Potassium and 5 mg of Sodium in each serving.
Vitamins - This food should not be considered a significant way to get Vitamin A or Vitamin C.


This integrated reading and math activity offers a unique way for students to work with syllables and problem-solve by creating “balanced” mobiles, inspired by Alexander Calder’s invention. Both the SMARTBoard Notebook and a printable packet are included (so you don’t need a SMARTBoard to implement this activity), along with a detailed lesson plan. Common Core aligned!
This activity is part of an Alexander Calder Artist Study, which is a portion of our complete Artist Biography Unit.
Go to this link to read a parent's testimony to the power and effectiveness of our
Artist Biography Unit:
Go go our store to find individual artist activities and complete
Artist Studies about the following artists: Michelangelo,
Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Pablo Picasso, Georgia O’Keeffe, Alexander Calder,
Jackson Pollock, Andy Warhol, and Andy Goldsworthy.
This learning experience is directly correlated with the Common Core State Standards:
CCSS Reading-Foundational Skills
2. Demonstrate understanding of spoken words, syllables, and sounds (phonemes).
Distinguish long from short vowel sounds in spoken single-syllable words.
Orally produce single-syllable words by blending sounds (phonemes), including consonant blends.
Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel, and final sounds in spoken single-syllable words.
Segment spoken single-syllable words into their complete sequence of individual sounds (phonemes).
3. Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.
b. Decode regularly spelled one-syllable words.
4. Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension.


As new-media news organizations continue to proliferate and traditional news media organizations ramp up their World Wide Web visibility, the ability to write news for online news products is fast becoming a requisite skill for both practicing journalists and journalists in training. Online Newswriting serves as a guide to help prepare practitioners for the brave new world of converging media and web page/Internet journalism. Students learn the basic mechanics, flow, style, tone, methods and techniques of online newswriting through numerous examples and models. Style tests let users easily assess how well they are mastering concepts and skills. Online Newswriting illustrates how to write online news stories incorporating pictures, graphics, audio, and video and describes how to blend the best of writing for print and electronic media into a new way of writing news for mass consumption. Coverage is extensive and includes explanatory, descriptive material; numerous examples and models; style tests; exercises; simulated news copy; and ethical/legal issues/concerns. With an ample supply of simulated wire copy, news releases and fact sheets, Online Newswriting can be used effectively as a practice-rich, main or supplemental text in a variety of journalism courses.


Fur Traders Going down the Missouri American Realist Painter, 1811-1879. American painter. Raised in rural Franklin County, MO, Bingham experienced from an early age the scenes on the major western rivers, the Missouri and the Mississippi, that inspired his development as a major genre painter. During his apprenticeship to a cabinetmaker, he met the itinerant portrait painter Chester Harding, who turned Bingham's attention to art. Teaching himself to draw and compose from art instruction books and engravings, the only resources available in the frontier territories, Bingham began painting portraits as early as 1834.


The output of the Jamaican economy, measured by gross domestic product, is the thirteenth largest in Latin America at an estimated US$ 14.7 billion. 64.7% of this figure is derived from the service industry.
The largest individual sectors of commerce are:
- mining (bauxite and alumina)
- agro processing
- light manufactures
- chemical products
Remittances from Jamaicans abroad are also substantial, accounting for roughly 15% of GDP and making up much of the country’s foreign exchange reserves.
The Jamaican Labour force consists of 1.3 million people, or 48% of the total population.
The main trading partners for the island are:
- The United States
- The European Union (excluding the UK)
- The United Kingdom
These are also the regions in which there are the largest populations of overseas Jamaicans.
Jamaica’s public debt stands at 126.5% of GDP (2011 est).
Average inflation rate is 7.7%, and the commerical banks lend money at approximately 14.3% (both 2011 est).
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Most U.S. households (94 percent) use eggs, according to a recent study by market research firm Mintel.
A whopping 92 percent of Mintel respondents agree that eggs are an important part of a healthy diet. However, there is a potential struggle for organic producers, as more than half (57 percent) don’t think organic eggs are any healthier than regular ones. Furthermore, 30 percent of respondents eat fewer eggs than they would like due to concerns about cholesterol.
Eggs are such a staple in people’s lives that regardless of price fluctuations, half of the households that buy eggs say they will not change their egg purchasing habits.
“Eggs represent an economical source of protein for people’s diets,” says Bill Patterson, senior analyst at Mintel. “Since the recession began in 2008, consumers have been driven to opt for larger volumes of eggs as a substitute for more expensive proteins. In April 2009 to June 2010, the 30-day average of eggs used increased to its highest level in seven years ... 33 eggs per household.”
Regular white eggs are purchased by a large majority of consumers (88 percent), followed in the distance by brown eggs at 27 percent. Organic and free-range eggs come in at 17 percent and 14 percent, respectively, and are most widely used by those ages 25-34. Whether because of higher awareness of and concern with diet and health for young children in the household, or due to a generational tendency to experiment with and embrace natural and sustainable foods, this demographic should prove most responsive to marketers’ attention, according to Mintel.


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Lantern Slide - Miniature Panorama Format Multiple Image, European Landmarks, circa 1860-1920 Reg. No: MM 122871
- Alternative Name(s): Children's Slide; Panorama Magic Lantern Slide
This lantern slide series is part of the Francis Collection of pre-cinematic apparatus and ephemera, acquired by the Australian and Victorian Governments in 1975. David Francis was the curator of the National Film and Sound Archive of the British Film Institute as well as being a co-founder of the Museum of the Moving Image in London, which was operational between 1988 and 1999.
- Panorama format glass lantern slide comprising four circular colour images printed on glass with black opaque background and bound with brown paper tape.
- Description Of Content:
- Four circular colour images on glass showing the Mostar Bridge in Bosnia, a Gondola in Venice and possibly Neuschwanstein Castle in Germany. The fourth slide possibly shows a scene from Greece.
- Acquisition Information:
- Loan & Subsequent Donation from Australian Film Institute (AFI)
- Source: Museum Victoria
|Dimensions:||30 mm (Height), 110 mm (Width)|
|Tagged with:||buildings, lantern slides, bridges, castles, travel, optical amusements, gondolas|
|Themes this item is part of:||Francis Collection, Images & Image Making Collection|
|Primary Classification:||GAMES & TOYS|
|Secondary Classification:||Optical Toys|
|Tertiary Classification:||lantern slides|
|Inscriptions:||Printed in black ink on glass: '1./11. / [Illegible.]', on the right and left sides of the slide.|
|Format:||Lantern Slide: Colour; Miniature Panorama - Multiple Image|
|Place Depicted:||Venice, Italy|
|Place Depicted:||Mostar, Bosnia Herzegovina|


atrium, in vertebrates and the higher invertebrates, heart chamber that receives blood into the heart and drives it into a ventricle, or chamber, for pumping blood away from the heart. Fishes have one atrium; amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, two.
In humans the atria are the two upper chambers of the heart. Each is roughly cube-shaped except for an ear-shaped projection called an auricle. (The term auricle has also been applied, incorrectly, to the entire atrium.) The right atrium receives from the veins blood low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide; this blood is transferred to the right lower chamber, or ventricle, and is pumped to the lungs. The left atrium receives from the lungs blood high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide; this blood flows into the left ventricle and is pumped through the arteries to the tissues. The major openings in the walls of the right atrium are (1) the points of entrance for the superior and inferior venae cavae (the great veins that return blood from the bodily tissues), and for the coronary sinus, the dilated terminal part of the cardiac vein, bearing venous blood from the heart muscle itself; and (2) the opening into the right ventricle. The principal openings into the left atrium are the points of entry of the pulmonary veins, bringing oxygenated blood from the lungs, and the opening into the left ventricle. See also ventricle.


Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) (cont.)
IN THIS ARTICLE
Clinical Features of SIDS
Sudden infant death syndrome remains an unpredictable, unpreventable, and largely inexplicable tragedy. The baby is seemingly healthy without any sign of distress or significant illness prior to the incident.
Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 12/17/2014
Patrick L Carolan, MD
Shahram Tabib, MD
Thomas Tsou, MD
Must Read Articles Related to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Read What Your Physician is Reading on Medscape
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is defined as the sudden death of an infant younger than 1 year that remains unexplained after a thorough case investigation, including the performance of a complete autopsy, examination of the scene of death, and review of the clinical history.


Review: Introduction to Bladder Cancer
Here is what we have learned from Introduction to Bladder Cancer:
- Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men and the eighth most common in women.
- Carcinogens and inherited factors that make people less able to detoxify them seem to play a role in causing bladder cancer.
- Mushroom-shaped bladder tumors with their stem attached to the inner lining of the bladder are more common than solid tumors that grow directly in the lining of the bladder.
- Risk factors for bladder cancer include age, gender, race, smoking, occupation among others.
- For most bladder cancer patients,signs and symptoms include hematuria, dysuria, and other urinary symptoms—burning, frequency, urgency, pelvic discomfort after voiding.
- Transitional cell carcinoma accounts for more than 90 percent of all bladder cancers; about 8 percent of bladder cancers are the squamous cell type; adenocarcinomas account for about 2 percent of all bladder cancers.
- Prognosis and survival of bladder cancer correlate with stage and histologic grade.
Go to the quiz if you want to test yourself on the material you learned in this section. The quiz is a self-assessment tool and no records are kept. The feedback will let you know if you have answered the questions correctly. You can take the quiz as many times as you want.


Definitions for urosaurus ornatus
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word urosaurus ornatus
tree lizard, Urosaurus ornatus(noun)
a climbing lizard of western United States and northern Mexico
The tree lizard or ornate tree lizard is a species of lizard native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. The species has been used to research the physiological changes in the body during the fight-or-flight response as related to stress and aggressive competition. Also, its life history and costs of reproduction have been documented in field populations in New Mexico.
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Monday, June 4, 2012
JONES Glamorgan 1515
The English legal records of Wales begin 1273, under the rule of Edward I. As Wales became "more and more" under English control, the system of English surnames became the norm. Their appearance in the county (legal) records give indirectly a history of this phenomena. South Wales seems to start the JONES surname. This most likely reflects the fact that South Wales came under control of Roman, Anglo-Saxon, and Norman control much easier (geographically) than other parts of this western land.
Glamorgan is the first Welsh county to show a JONES surname. In the legal records 1515-1518, the name John Jones appears. [File 421/ folio 72] The map to the right shows the location of this Welsh county in relationship to the other Welsh counties since the Act of Union 1536. Of course it had to be a John Jones. Glamorgan was also the first county to have a JONES surname appear in 1496.
The next several post will show the chronology of the appearance of the JONES surname for Wales from around 1500 - 1700. South Wales begins the story.


One in 10 cases of cancer is hereditary and occurs more frequently in women than in men, said Rosa María Álvarez Gómez, coordinator of the Hereditary Cancer Clinic at the National Cancer Institute (INCAN).
In a statement released today by the agency, the specialist said that cancer that has a hereditary origin affects mainly organs such as the breast, ovaries, endometrium, colon and digestive tract.
However, he noted, not all neoplasms are hereditary, even when one or several relatives have been detected the disease.
In the case of hereditary cancer, it has specific causes and characteristics, such as mammary carcinomas in men, presence in a young population, antecedents in a branch of the maternal or paternal family, among others, unlike cancers caused by external factors.
The expert reported that the most frequent type is Hereditary Breast-Ovarian Cancer Syndrome, although when a neoplasia is detected in the breast, studies are also carried out as transvaginal ultrasounds, to detect some invasion of malignant cells in the ovaries, since both conditions they are related.
The specialist noted that this condition is treated differently when it is hereditary because the patient is monitored permanently and can opt for surgical measures of prevention or risk reduction.
In some cases, he explained, the breast tissue can be removed in both breasts, also known as a mastectomy, or customized medications can be offered.
In cases of neoplasia in the ovaries, we proceed with the removal of these, the uterine tubas or fallopian tubes, which prevents the growth of a tumor.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), breast cancer is the leading cause of death from malignant tumors in women, and the most diagnosed in Latin America, with about 152,000 cases per year, of which 15% is detects already in advanced stages.
The specialist concluded by recalling that 90% of cancer cases are a consequence of lifestyles, type of diet, physical inactivity, overweight and exposure to tobacco, among others.


|Fundamentals of Technical Writing
Designed for both aspiring and experienced technical writers and editors, this course provides an introduction to the critical elements of technical writing, including audience, project design, editing, problem solving, and effective use of language and graphics. Students gain experience and performance feedback while working collaboratively to develop an instructional document.
Bring a USB flash drive (minimum 2GB) to class.
See our detailed course information including course content, learning objectives, and prerequisites.


Age: Older Teens & Adults
Since the song “HAZARD” is about a crime, it also allows students to engage into a role-play, in which (arranged in two groups and after watching the video of the song) they collect and present evidence that proves the man is innocent or guilty of the crime. In the end, they present their evidence to the judge (who happens to be the teacher), who will announce a verdict.
Age: Teens & Adults
The song “RUDE” doesn´t have the First Conditional but can be used for that purpose, so you can show students the slide with the lyrics but you don´t necessarily need photocopies (unless they insist on having them). The activity is supposed to be assigned after students have practiced the structure long enough, so that they perform the task well (remember it´s supposed to be a wrap-up activity). The goal is a speaking/writing task using the structure. First, they are supposed to respond to a question that happens to be in the lyrics. Then, they listen to the song and check what the response in the lyrics is. After that, they role-play a situation proposed by the teacher and finally, they write sentences using the structure learned.


A red dwarf is a kind of star. Red dwarf stars are smaller than half the size of the Sun. They are also cooler than most stars. Red dwarfs burn their fuel slowly, so they shine with less light than hot stars.
Red dwarf stars are the most common in our galaxy, at least near our sun. The closest star to the Earth is named Proxima Centauri. The Latin word proxima means "nearest to". Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf.
Life and death[change | change source]
Red dwarfs can live trillions of years, much longer than brighter stars. A red dwarf dies when it burns all of its fuel. To start with, the fuel is the chemical element hydrogen. At present, no red dwarf star is known which has gone beyond this stage.
Red dwarfs are small stars that are around 0.2 solar mass (the sun is equal to 1 solar mass). This is small for a star but is still 60,000 times the mass of the Earth. They are formed in nebulas, like all stars are, and originally they are protostars. They start their nuclear fusion about 10,0000 years after being created when they get their red glow, this is also where they get their heat. These stars burn at less than 4,000°K.
Even smaller stars are called brown dwarfs.
Notes[change | change source]
- We cannot see them if they are in distant galaxies.
- Richmond, Michael (2004). "Late stages of evolution for low-mass stars". Rochester Institute of Technology. http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys230/lectures/planneb/planneb.html. Retrieved 2007-09-19.


Happy 96th birthday to the Ballard Locks
SEATTLE — The Fourth of July is more than Independence Day — it also marks the birthday of the Ballard Locks, which are 96 years old.
When the locks first opened in 1917, they created the first link between the freshwaters of Lake Union and Lake Washington and the saltwater of Puget Sound.
Part of their job is to prevent the two types of water from mixing in order to preserve the delicate freshwater ecosystem. They also move commercial and pleasure boats from the water level of the sound to that of the lakes.
There are two locks, one small and one large and a fish ladder for salmon. Lake Washington and Lake Union are 22 feet above sea level.
More than a million tons of cargo, fuel, building materials and seafood products pass through the locks every year.


Size and Productivity in the U.S. Milling and Baking Industries
Posted: 14 Nov 2000
From the late 1950s through mid-1990s, productivity growth in U.S. grain milling and feed manufacturing has been consistently strong and positive. In grain milling, approximately 15% of the growth is due to size economies. Technical change has been capital-using, increasingly material-saving, and, in recent years, decreasingly labor-saving or increasingly labor-using. The quality of capital has risen relative to that of labor and materials. In all but the baking industry, capital intensification and incentives for plant size growth remain unabated.
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation


Puerto Rico may be located in the Caribbean and share an island with the Dominican Republic, but did you know that it is an American territory?
Puerto Rico was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1493. He named the island San Juan Bautista after John the Baptist. When Columbus landed, he met the Taino Indians, the indigenous people of the island. After the Spanish-American War in 1898, the United States gained Puerto Rico as a territory. The Treaty of Paris that was signed to end the war allotted the island country to the United States in 1917. This also meant that every citizen of Puerto Rico was granted U.S. citizenship.
Puerto Rico is composed of one large island and several small islands. Puerto Rico is a mountainous tropical island directly in the path of trade winds. These tropical conditions account for its tropical rain forest and tropical wet and dry climates. There is little difference from season to season and being near the equator the length of the day remains fairly constant throughout the year. Puerto Rico thrives on tourism and manufacturing. The warm, tropical weather makes it a destination for vacationers and Puerto Rico has over 270 miles of beaches. As a territory of the United States, the dollar is the official currency of this territory. However, it is called "peso" or "dolar" by natives.
The name Puerto Rico (rich port) is derived from the abundant gold that the initial Spanish settlers found on the island.
Puerto Rico is 5,324 square miles; about the three times the size of Rhode Island
Puerto Rico has both Spanish and English for its official languages.
Puerto Rican baseball player, Roberto Clemente was the first Hispanic player inducted into the Hall of Fame.
The largest telescope in the world is located in Puerto Rico. It is used to look at asteroids in space, and determine if any ever get too close to the Earth’s surface.


At Grovelands we use a variety of proven reading schemes to teach phonics and develop richer reading in class.
We endeavour to ensure that all children are challenged in their reading and continue to have the opportunity to progress.
We have included the new colour bandings and the levels they relate to below for your reference.
|Orange||1a||Year 1 / Year 2|
|White||2a||Year 2 / Year 3|
|Lime||3c||Year 3 / Year 4|
|Brown||3b/a||Year 4 / Year 5|
|Grey||4c/b||Year 5 / Year 6|
|Dark Blue||4b/a||Year 6|
|Burgundy||5c/b||Year 6 +|
|Black||5b/a||Year 6 +|
You will notice in Key Stage 2 children will progress less quickly up the reading scheme. This is due to a shift in focus from phonetics towards comprehension, inference and deduction.
If you have any queries regarding these changes, please arrange a time to speak to your class teacher.


Roger Federer's hot pink Nike shoes were a major talking point of the Australian Open.
In Indonesia, workers making Nike could never afford these shoes, pink or not.
Recent reports of workers making Nike shoes in Indonesia being stood over by military personnel and forced to accept less than the minimum wage demonstrate the gap between a company's stated policies and practices.
Over the past decade, following intense public pressure, Nike has developed a code of conduct and corporate social responsibility reporting.
It has done a lot to try to improve its practices in recent years, and also reports on the location of factories, the payment of minimum wages and other conditions in their 841 supplier factories around the world.
This transparency is an important step towards helping ensure workers are fairly treated, but it does not go far enough.
Recent events have shown there are still serious problems in the factories producing sportswear for Nike.
Two weeks ago, workers at the Sukabumi Nike supplier factory, west of Jakarta, were reportedly shouted at and threatened into agreeing their factory be exempt from paying them the legal minimum wage.
Workers in Indonesia tell Oxfam that the minimum wage is barely enough to feed themselves and their families.
Wages remain very low across the entire footwear and garment sector. Alarmingly, threats and intimidation of workers are still common when workers try to organise to improve conditions.
Nike's own code of conduct expressly prohibits worker discrimination and intimidation. So why do workers' rights abuses persist?
While brands like Nike, Adidas, and Puma have codes of conduct which require supplier factories to uphold human rights, the internal 'sourcing departments' of the same companies – which coordinate all aspects of production - push supplier factories to provide the lowest possible costing for each pair of shoes or garment.
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This movie shows the signal given by a noble liquid time-projection chamber (TPC). A cylindrical volume filled with a noble liquid has photodetectors (each individual circle) at the top and bottom caps. In the case of LUX, there are 61 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) in each cap array. Generally, the walls of the cylindrical container are made with a reflective material (PTFE aka Teflon® for LUX).
A particle interaction in the noble liquid volume produces primary scintillation photons, which are instantaneously captured (speed of light) by the PMTs. Electrons are also produced by the particle interaction. An electric field in the TPC “pulls” these electrons upwards and out of the liquid. In the gas phase above the liquid, a much stronger electric field makes the electrons give off light (much like a neon sign), which we call the S2.
Because of the proximity of the S2 generation point to the top PMT array, the “hit pattern” in the top array can be used to reconstruct the x-y position of the event. Because the electrons move at a constant speed, the depth of the event (the z-coordinate) can be measured from the time between the S1 and S2 pulses. In LUX, this is a few microseconds.
Post time: Oct-21-2017


Abstract:Total and spectral solar irradiance, TSI and SSI, have been measured from space since 1978. This is accompanied by the development of models aimed at replicating the observed variability by relating it to solar surface magnetism.
Despite significant progress, there remains persisting controversy over the secular change and the wavelength-dependence of the variation with impact on our understanding of the Sun's influence on the Earth's climate. We highlight the recent progress in TSI and SSI modelling with SATIRE. Brightness variations have also been observed for Sun-like stars. Their analysis can profit from knowledge of the solar case and provide additional constraints for solar modelling. We discuss the recent effort to extend SATIRE to Sun-like stars.
Do you have problems viewing the pdf-file? Download paper here.


The U.S. Department of State and the Canadian government announced Thursday that formal renegotiation of the Columbia River Treaty will begin in early 2018. Fish, electric rates and flood protection all figure to be part of the talks when updating the 53-year-old international treaty between the U.S. and Canada.
The headwaters of the Columbia are in Canada, and that country controls how much water is released downstream and when. In exchange for smoothing hydropower operations across the border, Northwest American electricity consumers pay Canada hundreds of millions of dollars annually, under a provision in the treaty.
In November, Congress members from Oregon and Washington sent a letter to David McNaughton, the Canadian ambassador in Washington, D.C.. They argued those payments are too high.
Separately, tribes and environmental groups are looking for an update to the treaty that includes goals for restoring salmon runs above the Grand Coulee Dam.
Interested parties in the Northwest have been asking for a renegotiation for four years. The current Columbia River Treaty was ratified in 1964.
Members of Congress including Sen. Patty Murray (D-WA) and Rep. Cathy McMorris Rodgers (R-WA) applauded the initiation of formal treaty negotiations.
"It is clear the Columbia River Treaty in its current form needs to be updated to meet the modern-day issues facing the Columbia River Basin, the region, and the nation,” said Murray in a press statement.
“By addressing the ‘Canadian Entitlement’ and other issues we can form a treaty that will serve both nations for generations to come,” said McMorris Rodgers.


Farmers’ Almanac's Winter Outlook
The 2018 Canadian Farmers’ Almanac is anticipating a return to a colder, more normal winter from Quebec east into the Maritimes, with many locations experiencing above-normal precipitation.
From the Great Lakes going east across Quebec, and into the Maritimes, snowier-than-normal conditions are expected. Winter temps should also be 1–2°C below normal over the eastern two-thirds of the country.
We are red-flagging January 20-23, February 4-7 & 16-19, and March 1-3 &
20-23 as time frames for major coastal storms along the Atlantic Seaboard to bring strong winds and heavy precipitation.
Find out where and when the snow will begin to fall in the 2018 Canadian Farmers’ Almanac»
“One of the key components in our formula is the Moon and its motions. The Moon has a proven influence on the tides, and it is our belief that it may have effects on our atmosphere as well. Ocean tides can be accurately predicted, so part of our formula relies on the belief that we can line up certain weather patterns with a specific position of the Moon in its orbit … ”– Caleb Weatherbee, Official Almanac Weather Prognosticator
In contrast, from the Prairie Provinces west to British Columbia, overall temperatures will average above normal. Moderate amounts of snow should fall over Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, while British Columbia is expected to see below normal precipitation. This is not to say that there won’t be occasional periods of heavy precipitation sweeping in from storms off of the Pacific, or shots of cold air pushing south from the Yukon (perfect for skiers!), but these should be balanced by spells of dry and mild weather.
For much of Ontario, expect to see wide swings in the weather pendulum, from very mild to very cold, and periods of tranquil weather mixed with occasional spells of tempestuous conditions.


Located in Elko County, in northeast Nevada, a phase two planting helped to reestablish forest cover to the riparian area along Marys River in order to enhance the habitat of the threatened Lahontan cutthroat trout. This riparian area had been previously overgrazed and was degraded. Volunteers from as far away as Reno assisted the Bureau of Land Management plant quaking aspen, common chokecherry, mountain alder and black cottonwood to help stabilize streambanks, maintain lower water temperatures and increase species diversity. The National Fish and Wildlife Foundation also assisted with this project.
This project was supported by our corporate partner, the Alcoa Foundation.
View all Nevada projects | View all 1994 projects |
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- Each atom has a charged sub-structure consisting of a nucleus, which is made of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons.
- The periodic table orders elements horizontally by the number of protons in the atom’s nucleus and places those with similar chemical properties in columns. The repeating patterns of this table reflect patterns of outer electron states.
- Do Now– Copy down today’s homework assignment in your planner. Get out your science notebook and add to the Table of Contents- “Protons, Neutrons, Electrons p.71” (Right Side). Head page 71 properly with “Protons, Neutrons, & Electrons-Investigation-4/4/17.”
- Investigation– What makes objects attract or repel each other? Review Data Table- Use what you know about charges to explain your observations.
- Advanced Organizer– The science of static electricity TED-Ed video
- Graphic Organizer– Introduction handout questions 1-3
- Notebook– Trim and tape Introduction to page 71. Tape Activity investigation as a flip page to page 71. Add the following key terms to the Index- Atom, Proton, Neutron, Electron, Nucleus.
- Check HW-Unit cover page 67
Last day for Density Writing revisions is Friday, 4/7


Do your students struggle with reasoning about numbers? Are they challenged to think about the reasonableness of their solutions? Are you looking for practical, high-quality tasks to engage students and ignite discussion? In this session, participants learn about dynamic, doable activities engage students in reasoning and discussion. A collection of ready-for-use resources will be provided and explored so that pursuit of number sense becomes a daily routine. These resources naturally complement each and every lesson in any K-2, 3-5, or 6-8 mathematics class regardless of the “core” program.


Civil War Overview
Civil War 1861
Civil War 1862
Civil War 1863
Civil War 1864
Civil War 1865
Civil War Battles
Robert E. Lee
Civil War Medicine
Civil War Links
Republic of Texas
Civil War Gifts
Robert E. Lee Portrait
GENERAL KILPATRICK RECAPTURING HIS HEAD-QUARTERS,
MARCH 10, 1865
GENERAL KILPATRICK'S OPERATIONS.
IT was at Aiken, a few miles
northeast of Augusta, that
KILPATRICK fought his first battle. Here the
Second Brigade under General ATKINS encount-
There was no other engagement
until March 10, when KILPATRICK came into collision with WADE HAMPTON'S command.
KILPATRICK was pushing forward in order to reach Fayetteville before HARDEE, and
strike him in the flank, or, failing in this, to intercept HAMPTON, who was
following in HAR-
not all up, two of the brigades
being behind on account of the bad roads: In this situation KILPATRICK was
attacked by three divisions of rebel cavalry. He was obliged to abandon his
head-quarters and two pieces of artillery until he could bring his command
together. But HAMPTON did not keep
loss was not over a hundred,
while the enemy left upon the field seventy-six killed, and his wounded must
have numbered several hundred.
We illustrate this bathe on this
page. We also give two sketches showing SHERMAN'S foragers, or "bummers," as the
soldiers call them, setting out
FORAGERS "STARTING OUT" IN THE MORNING.
ered WHEELER'S command. Falling
back so as to receive the support of the other brigades, ATKINS awaited the
attack of the enemy, which was repulsed.
DEE'S rear. HARDEE made better
time than KILPATRICK, moving out from Coleman's Grove just as the latter entered
it. KILPATRICK'S cavalry was
the ground long. KILPATRICK soon
returned, and, leading his men on in a furious charge, swept the field and
regained his camps and artillery. His
from and returning to camp. These
foragers not only collected provisions, but also acted as fankers and advance
FORAGERS RETURNING TO CAMP AT NIGHT.


It has been said that rainwater is like a light dose of fertilizer on growing plants, since it contains nitrates and organic matter which naturally nourish plants for lush foliage and growth. Rainwater is soft, free of salts, minerals and chemicals found in treated tap water, natural groundwater and surface water. All of which makes rainwater a most desirable source for plant and landscape hydration.
While rainfall is plentiful in the Spring for nurturing growing plants, hot Summer days that follow will become a garden’s thirstiest months.
Consider all the rainwater that falls on your roof during rainy spring days, only to pour down the drain or collect in mushy puddles. Wouldn’t it be nice to be able to capture some of that rainwater to use in your garden before it runs off as wastewater?
Actually, there’s a way. It’s called Rainwater Harvesting. When utilized to water a garden or landscaping, it can conserve precious water, reduce stormwater runoff from homes and businesses, and supplement a portion of landscaping watering needs over the course of the hot Summer.
Rainwater Harvesting involves collection of run-off rainfall from roof tops into gutters and channeling water into downspouts into some sort of storage vessel. Rainwater Harvesting, can be as simple as collecting rainwater in a rain barrel or elaborate as collection into a large cistern. Then using this cistern as a water source with your smart controller!
It’s important to know that each State has its own specific laws and legislation about collecting and storing rainwater. So be sure to check first what your State allows.


Online: Excel 2007: Level 1
Level 1: 63 Lessons - approximately 7 hours of trainingThis course introduces students to Microsoft Office Excel 2007. It covers basic spreadsheet features and acquaints students with Excel's tools. Students will learn to manage workbooks, work with cells and cell data, format and print worksheets, create and revise formulas, work with basic functions, use fills to save data entry time, and create and modify charts from worksheet data. They will also be introduced to the main interface changes of Microsoft Office 2007, such as the Ribbon, Quick Access toolbar, and the Mini toolbar. Finally, students will also learn how to access and use the Excel Help feature.
This program contains 1 module(s).
3 CPE Credit(s)
Category: Computer Skills


(Phys.org) —Cornell researchers have created a pore in "Cornell Dots" – brightly glowing nanoparticles nicknamed C-Dots – that can carry medicine. This new and improved nanoscale courier may help light up cancer cells and provide a new patient-friendly, viable option to battle cancer.
"No one has ever made a one-pore, super-small silica particle – at 10 nanometers and below – to deliver medicine," says Ulrich Wiesner, Cornell's Spencer T. Olin Professor of Materials Science and Engineering. "Clearing this object out of the body quickly also minimizes its impact on the body."
Wiesner presented the talk, "Cornell Dots: Fluorescent Core-shell Silica Nanoparticles to Interrogate Biological Environments," at the American Chemical Society meeting in New Orleans on April 7.
Previously, Wiesner and his colleagues had demonstrated the useful, diagnostic aspects of C-Dots. Now, they have illustrated the porous C-Dots (mC-Dots, for mesoporous) concept: The mC-Dots could act like tiny Navy Seals on a seek-and-destroy mission: Find the tumor, deliver medicine to kill it, then escape in urine within a couple of hours.
A single C-Dot consists of dye molecules encased in a chemically inert silica shell that can be as small as 5 nanometers in diameter. (A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter, about three times the diameter of a silicon atom).
Previous research showed that the outside of the shell can be coated with organic molecules that will attach to such desired targets as tumor surfaces or even locations within tumors.
The cluster of dye molecules in a single dot in solution fluoresces near-infrared light much more brightly than single dye molecules, and the fluorescence will identify malignant cells, showing a surgeon exactly what needs to be cut out and helping ensure that all malignant cells are found. But, surgeons may one day forego the scalpel, because with a built-in pore, the mC-Dots have the ability to bring medicine to the tumor.
Explore further: Glowing 'Cornell dots' can show surgeons where tumors are


Please give me a hand to figure out this problem !!!
This sentence from my homework finding the mistakes in the sentence.
Some methods to prevent soil erosion are plowing parallel with the slopes of hills to plant trees on unproductive land, and rotating crops.
- "to prevent soil erosion" is an adjective phrase modifying the noun "methods"
- "to plant trees" is the mistake in this sentence. I have changed it to "planting"
My question is what the role of "TO" in "to prevent soil erosion" is.
There is another example, "Can you tell me the way to solve this problem?"
So what is "TO"?
Is it the Preposition? I have learned that after Preposition, we usually have a Noun, a Pronoun or a Gerund. Is it the reason why "TO" is an exception because we just use TO before the Verb Bare Infinitive?
Is there any difference between
Some methods OF preventing soil erosion...
Some methods TO prevent soil erosion ...
Thanks for your attention.