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The clock towers over the Hudson River. A hundred years ago, passengers might have glanced at it as they walked to their train or ferry at the Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal at Liberty State Park.
“There’s a real nostalgia here, not only with the train shed but also with the interior. It’s quite beautiful and it is of an era that’s gone by, so there’s a past that we have to appreciate and respect,” said Janet Akhtarshenas, a historic interpreter at Liberty State Park.
The building was constructed in 1889. The terminal was expanded over the years to keep up with the growing demand. By the turn of the century, 30,000 to 50,000 people passed through the doors daily on 300 trains and about 130 ferry runs.
“The area that the trains came into is called the train shed. The ones that we have today are very historic. It’s called the Bush style train shed, named after the engineer who designed them, Abraham Lincoln Bush. The ones that are here are the largest train shed of its type ever built. It’s a 20 track train shed,” said Akhtarshenas.
The train shed was built to protect passengers from bad weather. Not everyone boarded a train at the terminal. There was once a ferry house attached to the building. The stairs, now called the “stairs to nowhere,” once led to the second floor of that building. The ticket windows and luggage racks date back to the early 1900s. Today, passengers can still purchase tickets to Ellis Island and the Statue of Liberty inside the majestic waiting room.
“The wood ceiling and all of the iron trusses are original to the 1889 building and it’s really fantastic. At the time they were using material in a new way, so you could see using metal there. So it was for support, and again they used it for decoration,” Akhtarshenas said.
The trains often took people to work or vacation.
“And the most famous is the Blue Comet. So the Blue Comet had a very short run. It just ran from 1929 to 1941 to Atlantic City. And it was the brainchild of the president of the Central Railroad of New Jersey at the time, his name was Roy White. He wanted to get some of that Atlantic City market,” continued Akhtarshenas.
It was considered a deluxe train for standard fare and had a dining car.
“Which, for a three-hour trip today, for a plane ride, you’re lucky if you get a bag of peanuts, right?” she said.
The historic terminal now has artifacts on display like original tablecloths and trunks, some of which have religious illustrations inside.
“You have to understand, a person who maybe grew up on a farm, getting on a ship for the first time and going halfway around the world would want to do a lot of praying and have a lot of help,” said Brian Murray, acting archivist at Liberty State Park.
Two-thirds of the immigrants processed at Ellis Island went through the terminal. In the ferry house, there was an area called the immigrant waiting room. There, railroad officials would escort the immigrants to their trains and those trains took them to their new homes.
“Future generations need to be able to see first-hand how their ancestors came here in the first place,” said Murray.
There are no tracks left at the terminal. Akhtarshenas says, the Central Railroad of New Jersey sold them when the business went bankrupt in 1967. Although the trains left the station, staffers are determined to preserve its history. | <urn:uuid:8b4f4349-c4c5-4238-834d-b5bb3e8d1dfa> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.njtvonline.org/news/video/look-historic-rail-terminal-liberty-state-park/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860168.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618090026-20180618110026-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.979058 | 776 | 2.515625 | 3 |
If you thought the biggest celebration in the Hindu calendar was Diwali you were right, but for Biharis Chaath Puja comes a very close second. Preparation starts today with the celebrations coming to a climax on the 5th and 6th November
When is it? That’s easy. Chaath Puja always takes place six days after Diwali, but preparations start a few days earlier. The full festival lasts for a period of four days.
Okay, what is it all about? This is where it gets a little more difficult, but I’ll wrap it up for you in ten words. Here goes; The festival is all about worshipping the Sun God, Surya.
Happy with that?
Come on. Give me a little bit more? You asked for it. Here’s what happens on each of the four days of Chaath Puja.
Nahan Khan is the first day (today, the 3rd November 2016). The faithful take to water, a lake, a pond or a river, and collect some its water to take home. The water will be used in a puja to prepare prasad (offerings) to the Sun God. Devotees take one meal on Nahan Khan.
The second day is called Lohanda (also called Kharna) and women fast until sunset. After they break their fast a second period of fasting commences. The women will not now eat or drink for 36 hours.
On third day the women return to the same water source with family and friends before the sun starts to set. They will enter the water and offer sandhya arghya (evening offerings) as the sun goes down.
Some men perform this part of the poja too. Other males travel down to the ghats on their stomachs, worshipping the sun as they go. Why? Well, it could be to offer thanks to the Sun God, to show their devotion or as an act of penance.
The fourth and final day will see the women rise before the sun at the same water source and offer prayers to the Sun God. When the sun has risen it’s time to leave the water, travel back home and offer prasad (offerings) to family members and friends.
So, why does it happen? I don’t know, but I know a man who does.
If you want to find out more this man has all the answers. | <urn:uuid:88a949fb-b086-476a-9005-abee5575199a> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://namastenewdelhi.wordpress.com/2016/11/03/chhath-puja-festival-delhi/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121121.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00486-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958976 | 511 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Click here to start the NMNH series from the beginning.
Some time ago, I wrote about the O.C. Marsh dinosaurs at the National Museum of Natural History. These are the mounted skeletons made from the enormous collection of fossils Marsh accumulated while working for the United States Geological Survey – if you’d like, you can catch up with Part 1 (on Edmontosaurus and Triceratops) and Part 2 (on Camptosaurus, Ceratosaurus, and Stegosaurus). Looking back, I noticed that I never actually finished, so here are the two Marsh dinosaurs with as-yet untold stories.
The name Thescelosaurus neglectus means “neglected wonderful lizard”, because Smithsonian paleontologist Charles Gilmore found the original specimen at the bottom of a crate, more than 10 years after it arrived at NMNH. Still buried its its field jacket, this skeleton had been long overlooked by both Marsh and the museum staff. Nevertheless, Gilmore found that it was remarkably complete and that it represented a taxon new to science.
The specimen that would become the Thescelosaurus holotype (USNM 7757) was excavated by John Bell Hatcher and William Utterback in July of 1891, while they were collecting for Marsh in Niobrara County, Wyoming. 20 years later, Gilmore discovered that the skeleton was articulated and intact, save for the head, neck, and parts of the shoulder. He even found small patches of preserved skin on the tail and legs. According to Gilmore, the animal had been buried rapidly after death, since it showed no signs of dismemberment by scavengers.
After describing the fossils, Gilmore mounted the Thesclosaurus in relief on its left side. Other than the reconstructed skull (modeled after Hypsilophodon), the specimen was displayed almost exactly as it was found. This was important to Gilmore, because as he wrote in his published description, “I am…of the opinion that specimens so exhibited hold the attention of the average museum visitor far longer and arouse a keener interest in the genuineness of the specimen than does a skeleton that has been freed from the rock and mounted in an upright, lifelike posture.” Today at least, I suspect that the opposite is true – visitors are generally more impressed by dynamic standing mounts than by reliefs that preserve death poses. Still, it’s fascinating to gain a small amount of insight into the motivations of a pioneering mount-maker.
Although it was first displayed in the Hall of Extinct Monsters, the Thescelosaurus was most prominently exhibited in the 1963 version of the NMNH fossil halls. Here, it joined the Edmontosaurus, Gorgosaurus, and partial Corythosaurus relief mounts along the south wall. In life, these animals were vastly removed from one another in time and space, but displayed together they almost appeared to be parts of a single quarry face. The Thescelosaurus moved to the north wall in 1981, unfortunately placed rather high and out of most visitors’ line of sight.
When the new National Fossil Hall opens in 2019, USNM 7757 will be replaced with a duplicate cast. The original bones will be moved to the collections, where they can be properly studied for the first time in a century. Already, technicians at Research Casting International have freed the skeleton’s left side, which had never been fully prepared. The exhibit replica assembled by RCI is beautiful, retaining the ossified tendons and cartilage impressions of the original. Mounted in a running pose, the new cast also features an updated head, based on Clint Boyd’s recent description of Thescelosaurus cranial anatomy.
Built in 1981, the Allosaurus fragilis (USNM 4734) was the last Marsh Collection dinosaur to be mounted, although bits and pieces have been on display at NMNH since 1920. There has been considerable interest in this individual recently, in part because Kenneth Carpenter and Gregory Paul proposed in 2010 that it become the neotype for Allosaurus – more on that in a moment. Others are interested in this specimen because of its unique pathologies. In addition to several broken and healed bones, the Allosaurus has a massive puncture wound on its left scapula, which nicely matches the diameter of a Stegosaurus tail spike.
Benjamin Mudge collected this specimen in 1877 near Cañon City, Colorado. Known as the Garden Park quarry, this site also produced the Stegosaurus, Camptosaurus, and Ceratosaurus on display at NMNH. Although the Smithsonian obtained the Allosaurus with the rest of the Marsh Collection around 1900, Gilmore did not look at it (or any of the theropod material) until at least 1911. All told, USNM 4734 consists of a partial skull and jaw, a complete set of presacral and sacral vertebrae, a few ribs, a pelvis, and virtually complete arms and legs. It would have had a tail as well, but Mudge’s crew accidentally threw the articulated tail over a cliff while excavating the skeleton. Norman Boss assembled a reconstructed skull, which was displayed through the 1970s. The articulated legs and feet were exhibited in a free-standing case until the late 1950s.
This specimen’s taxonomic history merits some discussion. The holotype Marsh selected when naming Allosaurus (YPM 1930) is notoriously poor, consisting of a single phalanx, two dorsal centra, and a tooth. Dozens of very complete skeletons attributed to Allosaurus are now known, and most specialists basically agree on what an Allosaurus is, but the lack of a usable type with which to define the taxon has been an ongoing problem.
The far more complete USNM 4734 was recovered from the same quarry as the Allosaurus holotype, during the same 1877 field season. Marsh himself actually used this specimen, rather than his designated type, to illustrate subsequent publications on Allosaurus. In 1920, Gilmore flirted with the idea of nominating USNM 4734 as a neotype for Allosaurus, but for reasons that I find difficult to follow, he decided to lump both specimens into the older name Antrodemus valens. Joseph Leidy coined Antrodemus in 1870 based on a single caudal vertebra with no geologic provenance, so this move did little to fix the underlying issue. Nevertheless, Antrodemus remained a popular synonym for Allosaurus in some circles for several decades.
When the NMNH fossil halls were renovated in 1981, the designers noticed that the exhibit badly needed a large theropod mount. Arnold Lewis was tapped to design and construct a complete mounted version of USNM 4734, with some assistance from Ken Carpenter. The tail was cast from a Brigham Young University specimen, but Lewis sculpted the belly ribs and sternum using an alligator skeleton as reference. The completed Allosaurus measures 17 feet from its grinning jaws to the tip of its tail, and a form-hugging armature makes it look particularly dynamic. This mount has been a favorite among visitors for more than 30 years, although the 2001 addition of a Stan the Tyrannosaurus cast has somewhat overshadowed the smaller theropod.
Technicians from Research Casting International took down the Allosaurus in the summer of 2014 as part of the current round of renovations. You can watch a video of the de-installation here. The skeleton will be remounted in a few years (crouching beside a nest mound), but Smithsonian researchers want to get a good look at it before that happens. In particular, curator Matt Carrano has been wondering for some time whether a partial jaw Marsh named “Labrosaurus ferox” actually belongs to this specimen. The “Labrosaurus” jaw, which has an unusual pathology caused by a bite or twisting force, came from the same quarry as USNM 4734, and appears to be the same portion of jaw that the more complete skeleton is missing. Time will tell whether Carrano’s hunch is correct. Meanwhile, Carpenter and Paul’s petition to replace the Allosaurus type with this more complete specimen from the same locality is still pending. We should expect to hear more about that soon, as well.
Carpenter, K., Madsen, J.H., and Lewis, L. (1994). Mounting of Fossil Vertebrate Skeletons. Vertebrate Paleontological Techniques. 285-322.
Gilmore, C. M. (1915). Osteology of Thescelosaurus, an ornithopodus dinosaur from the Lance Formation of Wyoming. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum 49:2127:591–616.
Gilmore, C.M. (1920). Osteology of the Carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum with Special Reference to the Genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus. United States National Museum Bulletin 110:1-154.
Lee, J.J. (2014). The Smithsonian Disassembles its Dinosaurs. National Geographic Online. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/07/140731-dinosaur-hall-smithsonian-renovation-culture-science/
Paul, G.S. and Carpenter, K. (2010). Allosaurus Marsh, 1877 (Dinosauria, Theropoda): proposed conservation of usage by designation of a neotype for its type species Allosaurus fragilis Marsh, 1877. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 67:1:53-56.
Thomson, P. (1985). Auks, Rocks, and the Odd Dinosaur: Inside Stories from the Smithsonian’s Museum of Natural History. New York, NY: Thomas Y. Crowell. | <urn:uuid:48cce3e5-7842-42db-ac56-1eef2d430685> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://extinctmonsters.net/2015/05/04/the-other-marsh-dinosaurs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202510.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321092320-20190321114320-00414.warc.gz | en | 0.941326 | 2,026 | 3.1875 | 3 |
One of the most often quoted education research entities in the nation is the Center for Research on Education Outcomes (CREDO) at Stanford University. They have just released a report looking at charter schools in Texas. Their findings basically parallel a recent post about info released by state board of education vice-chair Thomas Ratliff.
Here are some of their findings.
Black students account for roughly a quarter of the charter school population in Texas. In a typical year, learning for Black charter students lags that of Black district school students by 36 days in reading and 43 days in math.
Hispanic students account for roughly half of the charter school population in Texas. Charter students who are Hispanic experience the equivalent of 14 and 22 fewer days of learning in reading and math respectively, compared to Hispanic students attending traditional public schools.
during the study forty‐five percent of the charter schools in reading, and forty‐eight percent in math were categorized as low achievement and low growth.
To see the full report, go here.
Given that Alabama now has legislation allowing for charter schools, no doubt some will claim they are the best thing since sliced bread. In fact, I recently heard similar comments while on a panel about charters in Mobile. But as with most things, if it sounds too good to be true, it probably is. | <urn:uuid:342b42bc-2750-40e5-a93a-dae859d6978d> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.larryeducation.com/credo-looks-at-texas-charters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510853.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016155643-20181016181143-00414.warc.gz | en | 0.960915 | 269 | 2.546875 | 3 |
MEANING OF LIFE: – The meaning of life is a concept that provides an answer to the philosophical question concerning the purpose and significance of life or existence in general. It can be expressed through answering a variety of related questions, such as “Why are we here?” “What is life all about?” and “What is the meaning of it all?”
The answers to these questions have resulted in a wide range of competing answers and arguments, from scientific theories, to philosophical, theological, and spiritual explanations.
Why are we here?
Every skill and every inquiry, and similarly, every action and choice of action, is thought to have some good as its object. This is why the good has rightly been defined as the object of all endeavor. Everything is done with a goal, and that goal is “GOOD”.
What is life all about?
To the existentialist, existence precedes essence; the (essence) of one’s life arises only after one comes to existence. It is like chicken and egg.
Naturalistic pantheism: According to naturalistic pantheism (a doctrine that equates GOD with the forces and laws of the universe), the meaning of life is to care for and look after NATURE (the environment) and SOUL of all living creatures.
What is the meaning of it all?
Significance and value in life lead to life satisfaction, full engagement in activities, making a fuller contribution by utilizing one’s personal strengths, and meaning based on investing in something larger than the self.
If one believes that the meaning of life is to maximize pleasure, then these theories give normative predictions about how to act to achieve this. Likewise, some ethical naturalists advocate a science of MORALITY – the empirical pursuit of flourishing for all conscious creatures. | <urn:uuid:e796bc4f-482e-4753-be18-71750158dda9> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://liveandletlivemission.com/2017/02/27/meaning-of-life/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998325.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20190616222856-20190617004856-00441.warc.gz | en | 0.952158 | 381 | 2.9375 | 3 |
A fungus that packs a powerful biochemical "punch" may help knock out potato tuber moths. That's the implication of an ongoing Agricultural Research Service (ARS) study in which a blend of alcohols, esters and other gaseous compounds emitted by the fungus Muscador albus killed adult tuber moths and their larvae.
In the Pacific Northwest, where the moth (Phthorimaea operculella) is a major problem, potato growers normally treat their crop with broad-spectrum insecticides. However, some of the most effective insecticides cannot be used within two weeks of harvest. In that interim, surviving moths can lay their eggs on tubers destined for storage, notes Lawrence Lacey, an entomologist with the ARS Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, Wapato, Wash.
Together with Lisa Neven, an ARS entomologist there, Lacey is investigating M. albus' potential as a biobased fumigant that could be used during that preharvest period, as well as on warehoused potatoes.
Their investigation of the fungus is part of a larger program at Wapato to diminish reliance on synthetic chemical controls by using biological onesincluding bacteria, viruses and roundwormsin integrated pest management programs.
In lab experiments, the researchers placed adult moths and two-day-old larvae inside special fumigation chambers and exposed the insects to one of two concentrations of M. albus15 grams and 30 gramsfor 72 hours. Exposure to volatile organic compounds emitted by the fungus at these concentrations killed 85 and 91 percent of adult moths, respectively. Of the larvae that escaped the fungal fumes, 62 and 73 percent of them died or failed to become pupae, the final stage before they emerge as adult moths.
Lacey and Neven didn't discover M. albus, first found growing on the bark of a cinnamon tree in Honduras, but they were the first to report the insecticidal properties of its emissions. Research by other groups has focused on M. albus' potential to kill other fungi and bacteria harmful to crops or humans, as well as on its ability to degrade human and animal wastes.
ARS is the U.S. Department of Agriculture's chief scientific research agency. | <urn:uuid:48790951-d882-4eea-9b70-ac2cba140765> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2007/070515.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410665301782.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914032821-00168-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959199 | 464 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Turnul Colței (also Turnul Colțea or Colții) was a tower located in Bucharest, Wallachia, now in Romania. Having a height of 50 metres, it was the highest building in the city for more than a century. Its initial purpose was to be used as a bell tower — its 1,700 kg bell, was moved to the Sinaia Monastery after the tower was demolished. It was also meant to serve as a watch tower.
The tower was named after Vornic Colţea Doicescu. His brother, Udrea Doicesu, built a small wooden church on the plot near the tower; after he was assassinated, the church and the land next to it were inherited by Colţea, who donated them to the Orthodox Church. The Church sold the patch of land near the church to Spătar Mihai Cantacuzino, who, in 1701, used it as the location for the first hospital in Wallachia, the Colţei Hospital, and also decided to build a tower.
The tower was built between 1709 and 1714, its construction being assisted by the Swedish soldiers of the army of King Charles XII, who had fled to Wallachia after the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Poltava. Mihai Cantacuzino kept his secret archive inside the tower. | <urn:uuid:4d98bf16-302f-457c-b2b4-26fcadea90d3> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://movio.biblacad.ro/BRANCO/it/22/coltea-tower-monastery | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999130.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620004625-20190620030625-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.992641 | 288 | 2.640625 | 3 |
What is Gender Based Violence?
Sexual and Gender Based Violence (SGBV) is any act of violence against a person and is based on their gender.
Sexual and Gender Based Violence (SGBV) can be any one of the following examples but is anything that a person experiences as violent and is done to them because of their gender.
The first method is to exert control:
- physical abuse;
- sexual abuse;
- emotional, verbal or psychological abuse ;
- economic abuse;
- intimidation ;
- all forms of harassment;
- damage to property;
- coming into a person’s home or temporary shelter, place of study or work without consent, where the abuser does not share the same home, temporary shelter, place of study or work;
- spiritual abuse;
The second method is through exploitation:
- The abuser may destroy or damage any property or belongings of the victim
- Building up debt that then falls under the victim’s name, by not paying bill’s on time, or even using credit cards without knowledge and permission.
Lastly, the abuser can use tactics like sabotage, which is mainly aimed at a person’s employment:
- Abusers somehow manipulate their victims, preventing them from going to work
- An abuser might even show up at work and cause a scene
- Or just plain threaten their victim, force them to leave their place of work. (source: Safe House Stellenbosch)
This type of abuse is not only for couples, but it can also extend to other relatives like parents. Economic abuse of an older parent, where their parent then has minimal access to their finances, under the guise of helping. Wherever there is a situation where somebody is denying you access to your financial information, it is time to seek help.
Note about Financial Abuse
Financial abuse is not limited to couples in a marriage or relationship. It extends into other relationships like child and eldery parent or grandparent. The abuser might simply start by helping manage finances but slowly starts to control accounts by limiting access to funds and pocketing the money themselves and convinces the eldery to sign legal but detrimental financial documents. Alarm bells should be sounding and professional help should be called in.
If you are experiencing abuse and would like to explore the option of leaving your abuser you can read more about an action plan by clicking on the button below. | <urn:uuid:8b4e9d0d-6522-4952-a617-8e4510834b27> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://gbvlifeline.org/what-is-gbv/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057580.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20210924201616-20210924231616-00348.warc.gz | en | 0.941167 | 495 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Google Celebrates Earth Day
Open up Google today and a beautiful green landscape complete with streams, a bright sun, birds and trees greets you.
Open up Google today and a beautiful green landscape complete with streams, a bright sun, birds and trees greets you. It’s time for a doodle again and today folks at Google are celebrating Earth Day with this interactive, animated doodle.
There’s a play button on the doodle, right on the sun and when you click the sun, begins the amazing journey of Earth through its various seasons. The G for Google is made up of flowers and clicking on the flowers brings them in bloom. The sun moves slowly from East to West, giving way to the moon. While the sun symbolises Spring and Summers, the moon brings autumn and winters with it. There are fishes playing in the water. Move away from your screen (open a new tab/program) and the doodle freezes with the fishes huddling at the bottom of the pool. Scroll over the doodle to restart movement.
The mountains from which the river stems have caves on them. Click on the caves and there are fuzzy bears that come out. The bear in the second cave is right in the middle of enjoying his meal of fresh fish when you called him out! Uh-oh. Right next to the stream is a hole in which a racoon resides. He sure does not like being disturbed and glares with hands raised as you click on the hole to let him out.
Clicking on clouds too, creates some action. Click when it’s winter and you see the doodle slowly get covered in soft snow-flakes followed by a cold, blue ground. Clicking on clouds brings not just snow but also a fresh shower. The best feature of the doodle are the fire-flies that cover the doodle, imparting a soft golden light immediately after a shower. However, make the clouds rain at night to experience the fireflies.
Google Doodles are not just entertaining and bring a smile to faces on dreary Monday mornings but are also equally informative. Clicking on the stone with the magnifying glass or “search” logo will take you to the search results for Earth Day.
Celebrated on 22nd April, Earth Day was first proposed by John McConnell in 1969 at the UNESCO Conference in San Fransisco. However, he put forth the idea to celebrate the day on 21st March. Soon after his suggestion was put forth, Gaylord Nelson, a US senator proposed having 22nd April as Earth Day instead. His suggestion was taken up and since then, the 22nd of April is celebrated as International Mother Earth Day every year. | <urn:uuid:f237c23c-43dc-4e36-a9e7-556f2337d7f7> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.indiatimes.com/technology/internet/google-celebrates-earth-day-73465.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246658061.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045738-00029-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95731 | 563 | 2.59375 | 3 |
In the case of cancer treatment, to target specific tumors in the body, scientists have developed techniques where drug molecules are attached directly to the surface of a nanomaterial, such as graphene sheets. Combining the nanomaterial and the drug molecules, these "nanotherapies" could help clinicians treat tumors by transporting the drugs directly to the tumors, where they can be released onto the cancer cells to help fight the disease.
A zoomed-in image shows how a graphene sheet (grey) directly delivers its nanodrug (white, red and blue) to a cellís wall (yellow and red). (Image: IBM) (click on image to enlarge)
IBM's new research indicates that the polymer-coated graphene sheets can have an inadvertent, previously unknown, secondary effect, which triggers the release of cytokine proteins. These proteins act as "signal flares of the body" and attract the body's immune cells like helper T cells (which relay the signal forward) and killer T cells (which kill infected cells) to the location of the graphene sheets.
Simulations on IBM's Blue Gene super computer showed that the polymers attach the nanomaterials to cell surfaces, amplifying the initial signaling process. Research suggests these signals are broadcast within six hours of the nanodrugs being encountered.
"We've essentially uncovered a new way for clinicians to trigger the body's immune system to spring into action Ė which is not an easy task," says Dr. Ruhong Zhou, Manager, Soft Matter Science at IBM Research. "This discovery could represent an incredible development in precision medicine. If these nanomaterials were targeted at, say, tumors or virus-infected cells, one could, in principal, stimulate the immune system to attack cancer and infections at their source."
Clinicians might couple immunotherapies like nanotherapies with the delivery of traditional drugs, which are already compatible with graphene surfaces. Coupling both nano or traditional pharmaceuticals and the body's own natural immune system response could form the basis for new ways for clinicians to fight human diseases. | <urn:uuid:dcb5f98b-d825-4c29-945c-3f9131a575a8> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology-news/newsid=46714.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424079.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722142728-20170722162728-00011.warc.gz | en | 0.934525 | 430 | 3.75 | 4 |
When a candle burns the wax melts ( a physical change). Some of the melted wax changes into gas which burns with the flame. This is a chemical change.
when a physical change happens, it is visible
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im doing the same project!
does the rope burn too when it is lighted..
im doing this project too its a levelled assessed task and i needed help is that cheating?!!
a physicalchange is the wax melting and a chemical change is the hydrogen and carbon removed. im doing the same project too
-Im probably not the samee 1 as yooh but im doing a h/w task on this *groans*
-Physical'change: Thee Heat from the flame burns the wax, which melts into a liquid, running down the side of the candle.
-Chemical'change: The wax is heated so much it turns to a liquid; which runs down the side of the candle.
Somee of it hardens at the bottom (i.e. if the candle is on a plate, or surface of somethink), Buh some of the liquid wax turns into the gases: hydrogen and carbon - 'cause there are hydrogen &+ carbon paticles in the wax.
These gases then burn with the flame.
Hopee youuh findd this info helpfuul
a chemical change is when you cant see it hope this was helpful
join the club i was stuck on this homework aswell...
what are the physical changes???
A physical change is the wax melting and a chemical change is when it lets out heat and light energy - I think....
The difference between a physical and a chemical change is that you can see the physical changes but but you can't really see the chemical changes. The reactants are probably hydrogen, oxygen and carbon, (I'm not too sure) and .... yeah. I hope you find this useful, Bye!
By the way... daos, are you from Mr Archer's chemistry class by any chance?
What do you mean by a chemical change is the hydrogen and carbon removed?
hydrogen + oxygen = H2O (water)
Oxygen + carbon = CO2 (carbon dioxide)
im doing exactly the same thing.
Chechimal change : Chemical Change: Light and Heat is produced. It will make the atoms move around with the energy. The Hydrocarbon vapours burn to give a Combustion reaction with Oxygen of the air which converts the vapour into CO2, CO, C (soot) and H2O vapour (together with Heat and Light).
(If it's a scented candle, the fragrant substance is also vaporised and imparts a pleasant aroma to the atmosphere). The chemical change is the burning of the wax producing CO2 and H2O Chemical- The wick is burned, change the molecular makeup of the molecule.
Physical change :
a)...Solid wax Increases in Temperature to its Melting Point by the addition of Sensible Heat.
b)...The Wax melts to liquid by the addition of Latent Heat.
c)...Addition of more Sensible Heat brings the wax to its Boiling Point.
d)...Further addition of Latent Heat vaporises the Wax to a gaseous form. The physical changes are the melting and evaporating of the wax, paraffin. Physical- shape change, some of the wax becomes liquid.
phyisical changes are always visable but chemicals are not
phisical change ( u can see it ):
A candle melts because of the heat of the flame. The wax turns to a liquid and drips down the candle base. On the way some of the wax turns back to a solid. But most of it gets lost in the air.
chemical change (i think i got stuck on this part as i lost the hwk sheet) :
When a candle melts 3 gases are let off. The gasses are hydrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide. These gasses burn with the flame.
xx kitty xx hope it is helpful
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hpe its helpfulx
i gt stuck aswellxx
The physical change is the wax melting.
The chemical change is the hydrogen and carbon particles (from the wax) rising into the air and mixing with carbon dioxide.Remember the carbon dioxide is already in the air! then the particles cool and drop as a odour!
cool ar what... this answer is correct i asked my dad who is a science teacher!
the big idea of energy: energy can never be created or destroyed it merely changes forms.
THANKS SOOOO MUUCH!!
The Exation below is what is needed for burning:
hope this is helpfull, im doing the same project tooo :)
what happens when a candle alight
i have this homework too
i mm sooo dumb
im doing this for ma lil sis and even i dnt knw lol fanx for everyone tht has help also wen the candle is aloght it realeases both heat and light energy into the atmosphere around it
I dont know so stop ansking mmeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee !
im not doin this and ur all gay
when the candle is heated it melts (physical change) and when it burns it is a chemical change. candle wax is made from hydrogen and carbon.
im doing this homework too!!!!!
WHAT IS A PHYSICAL CHANGE AND A CHEMICAL CHANGE?? BY THE WAY IM DOING THE SAME PROJECT!! HELP MEE!!!
i have exactly the same work!!
this homework is a 7th grade question im a 7th grader its easy
a physical change is when a surtain substances into another substance but is able to change back to the way it was E.G. ice turning into water and water into ice.
A chemical change is when a substance changes into a completly different substance and is unable to change back to the way it was before.
(hope this helps and by the way i am only in year 3) | <urn:uuid:dadbad47-e872-488c-9862-1b2832ee9278> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.jiskha.com/display.cgi?id=1161439222 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398209.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00019-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904816 | 1,315 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Accurate quantum chemical energies for 133 000 organic molecules†
The energies of the 133 000 molecules in the GDB-9 database have been calculated at the G4MP2 level of theory and then were used to calculate their enthalpies of formation. This database contains organic molecules having nine or less atoms of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine, as well as hydrogen atoms. The accuracy of the G4MP2 energies was investigated on a subset of 459 of the molecules having experimental enthalpies of formation with small uncertainties. On this subset the G4MP2 enthalpies of formation have an accuracy of 0.79 kcal mol−1, which is similar to its accuracy previously reported for the smaller G3/05 test set. An error analysis of the theoretical enthalpies of formation of the 459 molecules is presented in terms of the size and type of the molecules. Three different density functionals (B3LYP, ωB97X-D, M06-2X) were also assessed on 459 molecules of accurate enthalpy data for comparison with the G4MP2 results. The G4MP2 energies for the 133 K molecules provide a database that can be used to calculate accurate reaction energies as well as to assess new or existing experimental enthalpies of formation. Several examples are given of types of reactions that can be predicted using the G4MP2 database of energies. The G4MP2 energies of the GDB-9 molecules will also be useful in future investigations of applications of machine learning to quantum chemical data. | <urn:uuid:ce39ba2b-1a03-4cc2-bcd9-c46d1560e628> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/SC/C9SC02834J | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141542358.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20201201013119-20201201043119-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.91788 | 324 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Although motorcycles are still considered motor vehicles, many things about them make them dramatically different from other cars or trucks on the road. One of these is the risk of road rash to motorcycle riders involved in accidents. Road rash can be a minor irritant, a severe life-threatening injury, or something in between. Fortunately, in many cases, victims of road rash are entitled to compensation for their injuries and other losses.
Motorcyclists at an Increased Risk of Injury
Riding motorcycles is inherently more dangerous than operating passenger vehicles because the rider has more exposure to injury in an accident. Those driving or riding in automobiles often have a 4,000-pound vehicle with airbags, seatbelts, and other safety features protecting them. At best, a motorcyclist has a helmet and some other protective gear. As such, nearly 80 percent of motorcycle riders who have an accident incur injuries according to figures reported by the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration. In many cases, these injuries are severe and may even lead to long-term disabilities that affect victims for years or even decades.
What is Road Rash?
When you think of road rash, you might think of a simple but painful skin abrasion that occurs when skin slides along the road surface, especially hard surfaces like asphalt and concrete. If a surface has a lot of debris like loose rocks, broken glass, or rock salt, it can increase the severity and problems associated with road rash. Road rash can happen alone or in tandem to other injuries such as fractures, head injuries, or spinal cord injuries. Many instances of road rash are minor but others can be life-threatening.
Road rash can be prevented or reduced by wearing safety gear such as:
- Long sleeve shirt or jacket
Types of Road Rash
There are different types and severities of road rash. The severity of the road rash will depend on the force of the crash, the type of surface where the crash occurred, and if you were wearing any safety gear at the time of the accident. The three different types of road rash are:
An avulsion is the most common of the three types of road rash. The skin is scraped away, and lower layers of fat, muscle, and even bone may be exposed as a result.
An open wound road rash will usually require stitches. In more severe cases of open wound road rash, the victim will need to undergo a skin graft as well.
A compression road rash happens when a part of the body is caught between two hard objects, most likely the motorcycle and the road. A compression road rash can cause bruising, muscle damage, and broken bones.
Assessing a Road Rash Injury
Road rash can vary in severity. If you have a road rash injury or come across someone who does, you may not have the skills to ascertain how bad the condition is.
Road rash might require emergency medical care if there is:
- Significant bleeding or spurting blood
- Underlying structures exposed through the skin such as bone, tendons, or ligaments
- Skin hanging from the wound that needs trimming
- Deep cuts that might require stitches
If none of these symptoms are present, it is still a good idea to be seen by your healthcare provider as soon as possible to ensure your health and safety. You may also have other injuries that need medical treatment.
Treatment for Road Rash
If you do not need emergency medical attention, you still should take care of and treat your road rash at home. If left untreated, you could acquire an infection or have significant scarring.
Contact your doctor for further advice and follow these steps to help ensure proper healing:
- Gently wash with mild soap and water—although painful, this step is vital to remove any dirt and debris that could cause infection.
- Apply an antibiotic ointment
- Apply a loose, non-stick dressing to the entire area
Repeat these steps once per day. You can stop dressing the wound after it stops oozing, usually about seven to 14 days after the injury. However, even when appropriately treated, severe road rash can lead to infection, intense pain, and permanent scars. If you experience any of the road rash complications, you can reach out to a motorcycle accident attorney to get your questions answered and learn more about pursuing a legal claim for compensation.
Severe Road Rash
Sometimes the road rash suffered by a motorcyclist is severe. It cannot and should not be treated at home. It is painful and may be disfiguring. Road rash can take a long time to heal in some cases, leading to ongoing medical bills as well as pain and suffering. You may even need to miss time at work, either because you are in pain and physically cannot work or because you are attending necessary medical appointments for treatment.
Damages You Could Claim for Road Rash Injuries
Like other motorcycle accident injuries, you can file an insurance claim to seek compensation for your injuries and damages related to road rash. The damages you claim will depend on your accident and the specifics of your injuries and their impact on your life. Road rash victims can generally claim two categories of damages—general and special.
Special damages, also referred to as economic damages, are generally objective and include monetary losses such as:
- Past and future medical bills
- Past and future lost wages
- Property damage to your motorcycle
- Transportation costs to your medical appointments
- Lost business opportunities as a result of the injuries suffered
On the other hand, general damages or non-economic damages are subjective and do not have a pre-determined value. Your general damages might include things like:
- Pain and suffering
- Scarring and disfigurement
- Loss of society
- Loss of consortium
- Loss of enjoyment of life
Get Help for Your Road Rash
If you sustained a road rash injury in a motorcycle or other type of motor vehicle accident, first be sure that you get the medical care you need. This is of utmost importance for your health and safety. Next, consider talking to an experienced accident lawyer to discuss the viability of your case.
Bohn & Fletcher, LLP
333 W. Santa Clara Street, Suite 620San Jose,
CA 95113Get Directions | <urn:uuid:6a094c8e-d7f0-4a09-af80-23a8ba12f5c0> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.bohnlaw.com/2020/04/20/road-rash-injuries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402128649.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200930204041-20200930234041-00313.warc.gz | en | 0.95249 | 1,264 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Yesterday’s conversation regarding Sewall’s Point’s Mount Pisgah, at 57 feet, in the area of Frances Langford’s former estate got people talking about many things. One of the less controversial, but interesting was “heights.” My brother Todd wrote:
“Jacqui, with respect to Mt. Pisgah being the highest point, I think you are correctly specifying “along” the rivers (e.g. adjacent to the water). There are higher points listed in my video below. But all the ones on the waterfront are less than 37ft. The highest waterfront in Hobe Sound is 50ft and we ran US-1 over it!”
Mr Don Quazzo in his comments noted the even higher heights than Mt Pisgah of the inland sand hills in the Skyline Drive area….interesting. Fascinating. Talk about history!
Today I will transcribe a piece of “Martin County’s 1982 Coastal Management Zone” shared with me years ago by Mr. Mark Perry. It talks about high places, ancient sand dunes, through out our county.
View Todd’s Time Capsule Flight video “The Hills of Sewall’s Point and Jensen Beach 1950 USGS Topo Map”: (https://youtu.be/fIwsz5grVg0)
Here we go:
The 1982 Coastal Zone Management Study of Hutchinson Island, Martin County, Florida, 1982, wa written by Florida Oceanographic Society and the Martin County Development Department.
Part II is entitled “Natural Geologic History.” It reads: “Just before the most recent Ice Age, the Wisconsin, which lasted from 100,000 to 11,000 years before present, the sea level was approximately 25-35 feet above the present mean seal level…At that time the sea was covering most of Martin County except for the Orlando Ridge, which was a narrow peninsula or series of islands and shoals, and the Green Ridge which was an offshore bar with the crest at sea level…The sea beating against the much smaller Florida coast formed, by erosion and deposition, a broad terrace of Pamlico sands.
These sands were composed of mostly quartz, fossils and some carbon materials. The Atlantic Coastal Ridge was of pre-Pamlico origin was altered by an advancing Pamlico sea. This is evident by the south and north boundaries of the Jensen Beach and Jonathan Dickinson Sandhills which have spit-like structures projecting westward, as shown in Figure 3. (above)
The tall sandhills together with Sewall’s Point and Rocky Point form the backbone of the Atlantic Coastal Ridge. It is breached by the St Lucie River between Sewall’s Point and Rocky Point. During times of high sea level, like the Pamlico Period, the drainage basins of the St Lucie River and Loxahatchee River probably formed and ancient lagoon such as the Indian River Lagoon does today, with the older sandhills of Jensen Beach and Johnathan Dickinson acting as the barrier islands and dunes of that time. It was also during this time when Hutchinson and Jupiter Islands began forming as offshore bars….
—-Excerpt from MC 1982 Coastal Zone Management Study
Whether it is 100,000, 11,000, or 60 years ago, the more we know about the history and formation of Martin County the more likely we are to respect our natural resources.
Blog post that elicited some discussion on heights and other things: (http://jacquithurlowlippisch.com/2016/01/21/scraped-and-pillaged-the-former-frances-langford-estate-slrirl/) | <urn:uuid:9ad4879b-a90d-4f4b-a4b7-0ae9a7e85a90> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://jacquithurlowlippisch.com/tag/sea-level/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400283990.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927152349-20200927182349-00532.warc.gz | en | 0.940709 | 779 | 2.8125 | 3 |
A CHILDS CONSTITUTION
The youngest children are still growing and so have ligaments and muscles in the neck which are much more flexible but also weaker. This protects them from slight movements and when leaning but is also an additional risk in a major impact. It also increases their risk of injury to the head, vertebrae and the spine, which can cause paralysis. Taking into account that the liver and the spleen are proportionally much bigger and so are less protected by the ribs it increases the risk if internal hemorrhage and visceral damage.
THE WEIGHT OF OBJECTS
Another factor in an accident is the force of the impact caused by objects or people displaced during an accident, which can be 10 or 20 times more than normal. This makes holding a child in your arms very dangerous at it makes it impossible to restrain them in an accident.
Apart from restraining a child using a CRS you need to watch out for objects lying around in the car. Any heavy or pointed object can become a lethal weapon in an accident involving a child. To prevent this the MAPFRE FOUNDATION recommend you only carry light or soft toys in the car and ensure that any luggage in the trunk cannot burst through into the car and hit a child. | <urn:uuid:d6c6365c-6171-4ab7-8f3a-7ba6dff2b69c> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://babyseat.fundacionmapfre.org/children/news/risks-children-accident.jsp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360803.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201143545-20211201173545-00483.warc.gz | en | 0.962051 | 262 | 3.25 | 3 |
for National Geographic News
The craftsmanship of 17th-century shipwrights could be a major factor in confirming that archaeologists have found the wreck of a ship that once belonged to the legendary Captain Kidd.
Researchers announced last week that they'd found a wreck off the coast of the Dominican Republic that they think is the Quedagh Merchant, which belonged to Captain William Kidd, a Scottish privateer who was convicted of piracy and hanged in London in 1699.
Charles Beeker, an archaeologist at Indiana University who made the discovery, said he's convinced the wreck is Kidd's ship. But he said it will take about two years of careful excavation to confirm the vessel's identity.
The wreck consists largely of a pile of cannons and anchors. But if excavators can find a few pieces of wood from the ship, that could go a long way toward identifying it, said Richard Zacks, author of The Pirate Hunter: The True Story of Captain Kidd.
Zacks said that before his death, Kidd bragged to a British nobleman that the Quedagh Merchant, a Moorish ship he'd captured in the Indian Ocean, was held together with a kind of woodworking joinery called rabbeted seams.
That type of seam was an "old-fashioned method" that shipwrights used to join the boards of wooden sailing ships, said Marvin Spencer, who builds wooden sailboats in Plymouth, North Carolina.
A rabbeted seam would make a tighter seal and also help a sailing ship withstand the tremendous forces of sea and wind, Spencer said.
"The stresses on the ship would be incredible," Spencer said, especially if the ship was loaded with cargo.
Thanks to rabbeting, the seams would give instead of break apart, but they would not give enough to spring a leak, he said.
That rugged craftsmanship is what prompted Kidd to brag about the Quedagh Merchant.
Other telltale clues to the identity of the shipwreck would be fragments of wood that could be traced to Asia, where the Quedagh Merchant was built, Zacks said.
Pirate or Privateer?
SOURCES AND RELATED WEB SITES | <urn:uuid:542371e4-daa3-47b3-a735-27c32f473e42> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/12/071218-pirate-ship.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510268363.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011748-00341-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971801 | 447 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Updated: Jul 31, 2020
Role of Self Incriminatory and Exculpatory Statements in Criminal Trial
There have been numerous discussions on the admissibility and relevancy of statements in criminal trial. How cans a single statement, convict or acquit the accused person?
Is there any kind of distinction in statements made to police officer or to a magistrate?
What statements to be made?
Whom to make?
Relevancy of statements made?
What if statements are favourable to the person making it?
What if the statement is against the person making it?
How courts take notice of said statements?
What if witness/accused retracts from the statements made?
What is the Role of Judicial and Extra- Judicial statement?
What are the key roles of confessional and Non-Confessional Statements?
In this Article, I have aimed to give you an insight of all the aforementioned issues.
Statements play a very crucial role in a criminal trial. There are numerous factors which have to be taken into consideration while relying on a particular statement, given by either accused person or the witness’s. The role of statements comes into picture from the very beginning, from the filing of FIR till the pronouncement of judgement. Our criminal jurisprudence talks about several rights while obtaining the statements from the witnesses and the accused- that a witness or accused should not be prejudiced of the statements made. Where, on one side our Indian constitution gives a constitutional right to individual; - to remain silent, so that his individual right should not be affected: it also provides the other legislative provisions, which compels him to give statements, so that the Societal Interest be protected but when dispute arises in respect of individual right and societal interest: the societal interest must prevail as for the protection of one individual right the whole society cannot suffer.
The statements made during the course of investigation and trial has different aspects but there are two types of statements which need to give ample importance i.e., “Inculpatory and Exculpatory”. And when we talk about statements, it includes both Confession and Admission; where the Confession is a species of Admission and in criminal trial both plays a vital role in adjudication.
Also, in this Article we will examine in depth the role and probative significance of said Inculpatory and Exculpatory Confessions/Statements.
The Indian Evidence Act of 1872 (hereinafter referred as IEA) has not yet defined "Confession" but its definition can be traced in a book written by Lord Stephen titled, ‘The Digest of the Law of Evidence’;
“Confession is defined as an Admission made by the accused anytime in the trial which directly acknowledges his guilt or aids in drawing inference that accused is guilty of a crime”.
The definition propounded by Lord Stephen had been widely accepted by the Indian Courts for a long period, until the privy council said only the direct acknowledgement of guilt will be perceived as a confession.
Confessions can be of various forms like Plenary, Not Plenary, Judicial/Extrajudicial, and Voluntary/Involuntary and also retracted while Admission has no such forms.
The Probative Value of Confession was found in the famous case of “Pakala Narayan Swami V. Emperor”- an important issue came up before the court about considering such statements as a confession from which the guilt of the accused could be inferred.
Lord Atkin pointed out certain parameters for a Statement to be Confession;
· The statement which contains admission of all the terms and facts of the offence can be called a confession.
· Such a statement from which inference of the crime committed can be made is to be taken as a confession. An incriminating fact and its admission by accused cannot make such statements a confession.
· If the Statement of accused comprises of self exculpatory matter it cannot be considered as confession.
Similarly, In the case of Sahoo V. State of UP, 1965, The Hon’ble Supreme Court of India went a step ahead and said that for a statement to be a relevant Confession it is not essential for it to be communicated.
Brief Facts of aforementioned case are;
Sahoo, whose wife had died a long ago, was survived by his two sons, one of whom was married to Sunderpatti. The married Son lived away from home; Sahoo had illicit relations with his daughter in law. Sahoo and Sunderpatti quarrelled every day, one day after such altercation all three members slept in the only common room of their house. Next morning Sunderpatti was found gravely injured at her sleeping place and subsequently succumbed to death owing to the injuries. Same morning after the fateful night Sahoo was seen and hear Soliloquizing that he killed sunderpatti and there will be daily quarrel.
The lower courts held such soliloquy statement to be extrajudicial but the Supreme Court was of the view that the concept of Confession implicitly requires it to be communicated to another person irrespective of fact that it was judicial or extra judicial. The definition made in the previously discussed case of Pakala Narayan V. Emperor was taken into consideration.
Famous Authors like Taylor, Phipson and Best have treated confessions received alike in their books on evidence.
Taylor in his book," A treatise on the Law of Evidence" said that if an accused is heard soliloquizing or confessing the crime to the spouse or any person in faith it can be said to be a relevant confession.
WM Best said words said to one loud enough to be heard by others are same as giving written or oral statement addressed to a person. It is admissible like any other conventional method of confession.
Phipson similarly is of the view that if an accused/ prisoner is heard muttering to himself other than in his sleep is a piece of valid evidence if it is subsequently proved.
To Minimise the conflict, it is vital to Differentiate between the Admissions and Confessions;
1. An Admission is generally related to civil proceedings only. It is defined under section 17 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872 and in various ways it is covered from sections18- 30. While on the other hand, confession is related to criminal proceedings only and is provided under sections 24- 30 of the said Act. Hence, Admission is a genus and confession is specie.
2. All Confessions are admissions but the opposite of this statement is not true. As a statement may be immaterial as a Confession but it may be material as an admission; because a statement which cannot be admissible as a confession can be admissible as an admission for other purposes.
3. Confessions are conclusive proof and if a person accused of offence makes a confession of his guilt before the magistrate, the same is sought by the prosecution to establish the criminal offence, which will ultimately leads to the conviction of the accused person. Whereas Admissions are not conclusive proof but one making such statements is estopped by the rule of Estoppel under section 31 of IEA. Which means the person who is admitting a fact cannot revert/retract from the fact admitted because rule of evidence would estop him from doing so. But that doesn’t mean that admission will lead to the person’s conviction.
4. A Confession is statement which is made by the accused person and if the same is not voluntarily made and there is pressure/coercion/duress that shall not be accepted as conclusive.
5. Confession of an accused, charged and tried with others in a same offence can be used against them, only if the requirements of section 30 are fulfilled; but Admission of a fact cannot be used as evidence against others.
6. Confessions need to be voluntary to be admissible as evidence but there is no such condition for Admissions.
Some Guidelines for confession and Admission in order to be admissible as evidence in court:
v Confession caused by any inducement, threat or promise is not admissible as evidence, provided in section 24 of IEA.
v A confessional statement given before police officer or in police custody is not admissible as evidence in court, in that regard IEA has two declaratory provisions i.e., section 25 and 26.
v Section 27 of IEA which provides for the admissibility of discovery statements is an exception of section 24, 25 and 26, which says even if confession made by accused person is irrelevant as made before police officer/police custody than also it is admissible as evidence.
Section 27 acts as a proviso to sections 24, 25 and 26 of IEA. The relevant cases with regard to the same are provided herein below;
Ø Aghnoo Nagesia Vs state of Bihar, 1965, SC
Ø State of UP Vs Deoman Upadhyaya, 1960,SC
Ø Mohmed Inayatullah Vs Sate of M.P., 1975, SC
However, the Non-Confessional statements does not fall under sections 24, 25, 26 and also inadmissible.
v An exculpatory confession, which exculpates the accused person from a crime, is not admissible as evidence. Only inculpatory confessions are admissible. Same in the case of Admissions - Self Serving Admissions are not allowed to be proved in court rather only those admissions are allowed which are of Self Harming nature as it is oblivious that a person may make statement deliberately in its own favour. But this provision of IEA is not rigid, as, if admission is found to be self serving and if it fulfils the requirements of section 21(2) or other relevant provisions of IEA, than it will be allowed to be proved.
III. Inculpatory and Exculpatory statements
Now, other major factors, which is to be seen in aforesaid statements are- whether they are of Inculpatory or exculpatory nature and also their relevancy, to be admissible as evidence in court.
Inculpatory Statements incriminate or acknowledges the guilt of the accused whereas those statements which absolve the accused from all the charges are Exculpatory Statements.
In simple words - Self incriminatory statements are those in which a person accused of an offence makes statements against him and thus are unfavourable to him. On the other hand, exculpatory statements are related to the statements which are favourable to the accused person.
To be very precise - “Any evidence that is favourable to the accused in a criminal trial is considered exculpatory. And, any evidence not favourable to the accused or in other words favourable to the prosecution is inculpatory”.
For instance : A has been charged for the murder of B and during the trial A takes a plea that he did not kill B or he was not present at the crime scene
(This part of statement is favourable to the accused, hence, exculpatory).
If during the trial for the offence, A takes a plea that he was present at the crime scene but did not commit the murder or he had a quarrel with B (victim) before the alleged offence.
(This part of statement which is not favourable here i.e., A’s presence at crime scene is deemed inculpatory)
Let’s understand the concept by some more illustrations;
Suppose; X has been allegedly charged for the offence of murder of Y and during trial when the murder weapon presented before the court with attached DNA report, it was revealed that the fingerprint found on the weapon (knife) was not of accused and murder will link to another person, then, court will consider that said DNA report as Exculpatory, as it shows accused is not guilty with the offence charged. While on the other hand, if police report shows that murder weapon was discovered by the accused person himself then such statement is relevant under the relevant provisions of section 27 of IEA and also considered Inculpatory.
If A was arrested with Drugs in his car and has been allegedly charged for the offence of Drug peddling.
And, during the trial, he states that he did not know that he was carrying drugs and also he was not aware about the fact who kept those drugs in his car. Now in this case, A somehow admitted the fact that the car he was driving was his own and also he knew that drug peddling is an offence. So, for these kind of admissions, A would not be held guilty directly for the offence rather prosecution needs to prove some other circumstantial evidences also.
If, on same factual position in said case, A confesses before the magistrate that he was carrying the drugs, then accused will directly be held guilty of the offence charged.
IV. Role, Relevancy and Admissibility of Statements in Criminal Trial
The chapter II of IEA talks about the relevancy of facts ; which clearly says that only those facts can be proved which are either relevant or in issue. Thus, the admissibility of facts and evidence is to be decided by the Court as IEA does not lay down any specific guidelines regarding appraisal of evidences or facts. In such a situation court has to follow the guidelines laid down by Hon’ble Supreme Court in many judgments.
Practically, in most of the cases, when an accused person appears before the court, he comes up with pre-set mind of taking false pleas to exculpate him from the commission of crime. In rare of the rarest cases, accused confesses the crime before the court or plead guilty; that is the main reason of distinction between inculpatory and exculpatory confessional statements. And when it comes to the point of relevancy and admissibility of statements than in order to be admissible such statements should be legally as well as logically relevant also.
The admission of such statements to be admissible as evidence depends upon various grounds;
Firstly, court has to see whether the statement is relevant or not and if it is relevant than whether it is allowed to be proved in evidence, as, a statement may be relevant but it does not mean it is allowed to be proved as evidence in court. Section 136 embodied the principle related to admissibility of such statements but the list is not exhaustive; eventually it’s the prudence and wisdom of a judge which matters the most.
Secondly, in considering the true and best evidence, court has to be very cautious as one wrong admission will lead to a wrong judgment and would also serve injustice. Suppose- there is a confessional and non confessional statement before the court and in the same one part is exculpatory and other is inculpatory then the court has to look upon other circumstantial evidences before straight away rejection of exculpatory part. And in those lights of evidences, if it is found that exculpatory part is false or concocted than court has a complete discretion to reject the exculpatory part and admit the inculpatory statement alone. “(Case referred: Nishikant Jha Vs state of Bihar, 1968, SC)”
In one of the famous case- “Palvinder Kaur Vs state of Punjab, 1952, SC. It was observed by the Hon’ble Supreme Court that: “A statement that contains self exculpatory matter cannot amount to a confession, if the exculpatory matter is one of some fact, which if true would negative the offence alleged to be confessed’ and it was clearly held that the statement cannot be read in abstract rather it shall be read as a whole. Court cannot accept only the incrimination part and deny accepting the rest. The statements whether, exculpatory or inculpatory, must be accepted as whole.
Thirdly, there comes a situation before the court where the person, who is giving the confessional statement, is dying and subsequent to that statement he doesn’t die and it is also found that the statement was exculpatory. In that situation court cannot out rightly reject the statement rather court needs to be very cautious and has to decide the case with the help of other incriminating or circumstantial evidences. There is a Maxim called- ‘Nemo Moriturus Praesumitur mentire’ i.e., No one at the point of death is presumed to lie. Which is widely accepted in English law, However, In India it doesn’t apply to its fullest. Hence, if said situation arises, court has to apply its fine sense of wisdom.
Lastly, if it is found that, during the investigation and before the trial begins, there are both judicial and extra-judicial confessions, lies before the court or in some cases a witness/accused was interviewed and claimed that another person, not the alleged accused, committed the offence or a accused person retracted from the confession made; than in such circumstances also court will have to apply its prudence in evaluating the truth.
In judicial confessions, court has to caution the accused person that you are not bound to make confession, it may use against you in trial, and if still accused confesses the guilt, than court will proceed further. But that is not the case of extra- judicial confessions as there are more chances of accused being threatened to give evidence. The relevancies of judicial confessions are conclusive in nature while extra- judicial confessions are feeble kind of evidences and somewhere lost their relevancy.
Further, in cases where one accused gives the evidences against other accused, there are more chances of concocted evidence as one would try to escape from the guilt and in that process he would concoct a story against other accused person. The evidentiary values of those statements are very feeble and used only to provide missing link in the case.
And, In case where a person retracts from the confession, he made earlier; the court will examine whether the confession was true or false and would not declare the confessional statement false in its entirety rather court may create a suspicion in the mind with regard to the testimony of such person and will go on to corroborate other relevant evidences and may also use such retracted confession against the said person.
Whether the statements, duly proved, to be admitted or not, is not very clear as in respect of Inculpatory and Exculpatory statements, court needs to emphasise on all the issues i.e., circumstantial evidences, chain of events and also to consider the conduct(previous/subsequent), demeanour of the witness/ accused before the court. So, a court cannot stick to a rigid mindset while dealing with such situation. Hence, for admission of any such statement, it’s better to have a positive approach and also detailed analysis of several judgements decided by Hon’ble Supreme Court of India. As, the main aim should always be the serving of justice to the person charged for the offence and also not let anyone escape by ‘misuse’ of the law of land.
Author- Advocate Akshaya Kaushik (LinkedIn)
Co-author - Avinash Kumar (Linkedin) | <urn:uuid:caaa496b-19bf-4b74-b634-0017a6879217> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.lawtsapp.com/post/role-of-self-incriminatory-and-exculpatory-statements-in-criminal-trial | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703561996.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124235054-20210125025054-00643.warc.gz | en | 0.968423 | 3,957 | 2.875 | 3 |
Children who were breastfed for at least four months had significantly better lung function at age 12 than did children who were not breastfed, data from a large cohort study showed.
Breastfeeding had the most consistent effect on forced mid-expiratory flow (FEF50), improving irrespective of the mother's lung function. Improvement in other parameters was limited to children of asthmatic mothers.
The results were unchanged after adjustment for respiratory infections, investigators reported online in the American Journal of Respiratory Care and Critical Care Medicine.
"Our data suggest that, rather than acting via reduction of respiratory infections, asthma, or allergy, breastfeeding might have a direct effect on lung growth, which should be investigated further," Claudia E. Kuehni, MD, of the University of Bern in Switzerland, and co-authors wrote in conclusion.
"In the meantime, breastfeeding can remain strongly recommended for all infants, including those whose mothers have asthma."
Documented benefits of breastfeeding have increased with understanding of its relationships with developmental, nutritional, immunologic, psychological, social, economic, and environmental factors. Whether the benefits extend to respiratory function has remained less clear, the authors noted in their introduction.
Available evidence has suggested that breastfed infants have fewer and less severe respiratory infections than do children who are not breastfed. The few studies that investigated the relationship between breastfeeding and lung function yielded inconsistent findings and did not thoroughly evaluate the possible impact of maternal history of asthma or atopy.
Kuehni and colleagues conducted a prospective cohort study of 1,458 children born from 1993 to 1997 in Leicestershire, England. Investigators examined the relationship between breastfeeding and lung function in school-age children, adjusting for potential confounders and minimizing methodologic limitations to the extent possible.
The authors hypothesized that longer duration of breastfeeding would be associated with better lung function and that maternal asthma status would not affect any of the relationships.
Parents of the participating children had completed two or more questionnaires regarding the children's lung function from 1998 to 2010. The children completed a battery of spirometry tests, and their atopy status was assessed by skin-prick tests.
The study population had a mean age of 12.2 years at the time of lung function assessment (range of 8.5 to 14.0).
Investigators divided the study participants according to breastfeeding history: none, three months or less, four to six months, and more than six months.
The data showed that a third of the children (471) had not been breastfed, 30% (438) had been breastfed for three months or less, 15% (213) for four to six months, and 22% (326) for more than six months.
Overall, the investigators found no association between duration of breastfeeding and FVC or FEV1. Stratification of the data by maternal asthma status also showed no association with breastfeeding among nonasthmatic mothers.
However, children whose mothers had a history of asthma had significantly higher FVC and FEV1 if they had been breastfed for at least four months (P=0.018, P=0.008, respectively, for interaction).
Investigators found no associations between breastfeeding and FEV1/FVC or peak expiratory flow.
The results showed significant interaction between duration of breastfeeding and FEF50 over the entire study population. As compared with children who were not breastfed, breastfeeding for four to six months was associated with a 130-mL improvement in FEF50 (P=0.048), increasing to 164 mL for children who were breastfed for more than six months (P=0.041).
The results remained consistent after adjustment for the frequency and severity of respiratory infections and for manifestations of atopy, as reflected by skin-prick testing.
"The mean differences in lung function detected in this study between breastfed and nonbreastfed children are not very relevant, clinically, for healthy children," the authors acknowledged in the discussion of their results.
"However, if we consider the number of children falling below a certain lung function threshold rather than a shift in mean values, our findings become relevant at a population level."
As an example, they noted that the proportion of children falling below the 20th percentile of lung function would decrease from 20% without breastfeeding to 9% with breastfeeding.
"These reductions are important at a population level," the authors continued. "These children with lower FVC or FEV1 as young adults might be more at risk of developing COPD later in life."
The study was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation and Asthma UK.
The authors had no relevant disclosures.
Zalman S. Agus, MD Emeritus Professor
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Dorothy Caputo, MA, RN, BC-ADM, CDE, Nurse Planner
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineSource Reference: Dogaru CM, et al "Breastfeeding and lung function at school age: Does maternal asthma modify the effect?" Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012. | <urn:uuid:cc485383-6899-45af-ad09-05fb3afac1d9> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.medpagetoday.com/Pediatrics/GeneralPediatrics/31011?eun=g301987d0r&userid=301987&email=kavanaughk@childrensdayton.org&mu_id= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131310006.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172150-00084-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955418 | 1,039 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Scabies are a tiny mite creature (bug) that burrows under the skin causing intense itching and sometimes a rash. The rash is due to an allergic reaction to the mite.
Scabies is highly contagious and is passed from person to person through close skin contact. Infestation may also occur by sharing clothing, towels, and bedding. Anyone can get scabies regardless of age, gender or standards of personal hygiene.
The tiny scabies mite prefers to burrow and lay its eggs in skin that is soft and protected. Areas such as wrists, between the fingers, folds of the armpit and elbow, the groin and the creases of the bottom are common areas.
Scabies are easily treated with gentle scrubbing of the skin followed by drying and applying permethrin cream or lotion that you can buy from pharmacies. It’s important to follow the directions on the bottle carefully.
Speak to your pharmacist to make sure you buy the correct lotion.
Not sure what to do next?
If you are still concerned about your scabies, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention.
The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000).
Last reviewed: September 2017 | <urn:uuid:08daa5cf-0d22-4b41-ab51-54262075dc19> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/scabies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948512121.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211033436-20171211053436-00621.warc.gz | en | 0.948888 | 294 | 3.359375 | 3 |
January 29, 2008
Welding around any kind of circular piece can be a challenge. To make a fillet weld in the horizontal position, you will have to maneuver around the workbench, maintaining a constant arc if you wish to make a continuous weld. This type of work may be acceptable if you need only a few pieces, but can become tedious on production runs. One solution is to rotate the workpiece past the welding arc with a rotating welding positioner, such as a small- to medium-size benchtop machine.
Many fabricating shops must weld tube and pipe assemblies for both short-run and production-length jobs. Tube to tube, pipe to pipe, and pipe to flange welding all are common operations in today's fabricating environment.
Welding around any kind of circular piece can be a challenge. For instance, assume you want to weld a piece of pipe to a flange. First you tack the two pieces together and clamp the assembly to your workbench. To make a fillet weld in the horizontal position, you have to maneuver around the workbench, maintaining a constant arc if you want to make a continuous weld. This type of work may be acceptable if you need only a few pieces, but it can become tedious on production runs.
One solution to this dilemma is to rotate the workpiece past the welding arc with a rotating welding positioner, such as a small to medium-size benchtop machine.
A built-in tilting base allows the positioner to tilt at least 90 degrees. Of all the defined welding positions, the flat position (sometimes called downhand) is the easiest to perform and provides the fastest travel speed, highest deposition rate, and best penetration.
If you fixture your pipe-to-flange assembly to the table of a welding positioner tilted to 45 degrees, you are presenting the joint in the flat welding position. When joining two pieces of pipe end to end, tilt the positioner to 90 degrees to attain that same flat welding position.
Fixed-base machines, more accurately called welding turntables, generally are less expensive than the tilting variety. They are acceptable if the user of the machine wants to build an angled base plate for a dedicated job.
Benchtop welding positioners typically are rated by the weight they can handle. The most common sizes are 50, 100, 200, and possibly 250 pounds. These load ratings are based on the workpiece being centered and balanced on the positioner table with the table in the horizontal position. Work load is the weight of the weldment plus the weight of the fixture used to secure the weldment to the positioner table.
Out-of-balance loads don't pose much of a problem when the table is in the horizontal position. However, an unbalanced load can cause a tilted positioner to speed up or slow down as the overhung load goes through the 12 o'clock and 6 o'clock position. Unbalanced loads often are caused by a workholding clamp that is hanging off to one side of the fixture. Securing a like weight directly opposite the offending clamp can eliminate this out-of-balance condition.
Tall loads (positioner table horizontal), even though perfectly balanced, can cause a problem when the positioner is tilted. This creates an overhung load that can place a severe radial load on the positioner's shaft bearings. Try using some sort of steady rest to support the outboard end of the workpiece, such as a pipe stand with a dual roller head.
If you are considering a small positioner, be sure it has an adequate grounding system for return welding current to your welding machine. A capacity of 200 amps or more is a good rule of thumb.
Before you start welding, be sure to attach the ground lead of your welding machine to the stud provided on the positioner. Welding on a positioner that is simply bolted to a grounded steel workbench will cause high-amperage welding current to flow through the machine. If it flows through the bearings, it eventually will cause their failure. If it gets into the circuitry, a major burnout will result.
Benchtop positioners are powered by electric gearhead motors that usually drive the table shaft via a secondary geartrain or sometimes a drive belt. AC motors offer good performance; however, DC gearhead motors can provide smoother operation and more precise speed control and deliver higher torque at low speeds.
All commercial benchtop welding positioners feature forward and reverse rotation, plus variable speed control. A foot switch that initiates table rotation usually is standard equipment.
The foot switch may be an on/off device only, or it may be a variable-speed type. A variable-speed foot switch is suitable for gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) of aluminum, which requires a slow speed at start-up and very fast speed after the weld puddle is established.
To figure out the best speed range for your application, you'll need to know the circumference in inches of the parts you intend to weld and the travel speed, expressed in inches per minute (IPM), of the arc across the workpiece.
You can measure part circumference directly or calculate it by multiplying its diameter by 3.14. Arc travel speed can be a little trickier. Most operators know their production rate per hour or per shift, but not the travel speed of their arc.
Set up your welding parameters and run a test bead for 10 or maybe 15 seconds. Measure the length of the bead and multiply by 6 or 4, and the result is arc speed in IPM. (Wire feed speed is not the same as arc travel speed.) Now apply this simple formula:
Arc speed (IPM) ÷ Circumference (inches) = Revolutions per minute
Try to find a machine that allows you to weld somewhere in the middle of its speed range so you can increase or decrease part sizes as different welding jobs arise.
The best-quality welding positioner and most talented welder cannot produce parts until the workpiece is secured to the positioner table. Make sure workholding fixtures are designed to minimize the time required to load and unload parts. Maximum arc time and minimum handling time are the goals.
Try securing very small-diameter parts in a keyless chuck of the type found on drill motors or drill presses. If you intend to weld a variety of ongoing jobs with parts with different diameters, you may want to consider building a fixture for each part on a base plate that can be quickly attached and removed quickly from the positioner table.
One simple fixture may consist of a short piece of angle iron secured vertically to a base plate. A vertically mounted, tapped steel post with a threaded thumbscrew extending through it and facing toward the open side of the angle will provide a three-point contact fixture. Instead of the thumbscrew device, you may choose to use a quick-acting toggle clamp to provide the clamping force. Light-duty lathe chucks also work well, especially if they have both OD and ID jaws.
Whatever fixture you choose, try to keep it simple. Apply a light film of high-quality antispatter compound to your fixtures to keep them free of spatter and soot.
A fatigued welder is not a productive one, so making your job easier always is an improvement.
Consider using some sort of steady rest that will allow you to support the gooseneck or handle of a gas metal arc welding (GMAW) gun during welding. After all, you don't have to manipulate your gun; the positioner brings the work to you.
Some shop operators have devised ways to automate entire welding processes using a benchtop welding positioner as the centerpiece of their system. When engineered and assembled properly, rack-mounted GMAW guns, actuating cams mounted to the turntable, and microswitches or timing devices to time the arc can lead to a system that requires only loading of the part and pressing a start switch.
LED readout of table speed is of value when you weld different parts and want to record table speeds to set up the same job later without a lot of experimentation. Simply dial in the table rotation speed that was used the last time you welded that specific part.
Some critical welding jobs require inert gas backpurging. Inert gas purging from the back side of the arc prevents contamination of the root bead during welding. This requirement usually is encountered in GTAW of stainless steel. Some positioner manufacturers offer the option of a hollow table shaft with a means of connecting it to an inert gas supply to facilitate purging.
The FABRICATOR® is North America's leading magazine for the metal forming and fabricating industry. The magazine delivers the news, technical articles, and case histories that enable fabricators to do their jobs more efficiently. The FABRICATOR has served the industry since 1971. Print subscriptions are free to qualified persons in North America involved in metal forming and fabricating. | <urn:uuid:36495a62-1740-49af-82b4-a4d123ecdf7d> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.thefabricator.com/article/arcwelding/putting-the-spin-on-benchtop-positioners-for-tube-and-pipe-welding | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657140890.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011220-00329-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920039 | 1,844 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Sugarcane, like some other crops are known to exhibit diminishing yields over each return after the first year of planting. While there is no definitive causal attribute to this effect, it has been suggested that organic carbon depletion disturbs the ecological balance of the soil, or that consolidation of the soil diminishes hydraulic conductivity that affects the plant available water for early root growth.
The injection of fertilizers into the rhizosphere has delivered some benefits, however farmers are looking for better sustainable yields with improved brix levels. The ability to get one or two extra returns per field is the desired objective, with sustained investment in organic matter and soil ameliorants ploughed into these fields.
With the increase in inputs in soil preparation, there is now the realization of substantial leaching of nutrients from the farms into the Great Barrier Reef and that this leaching is predominantly surface runoff that would be captured in the soil if it were possible to apply it into the rhizosphere.
Some clay particularly in FNQ are acidic and prone to release aluminium ions which negatively influence crop growth. It maybe also that some this aluminum will also leach with nitrates during heavy rain fall.
Notwithstanding these issues, conventional wisdom promotes the addition of large volumes of calcium salts for the purpose of improving hydraulic conductivity. Though it may benefit the soil friability at the surface of application, the desired changes to hydraulic conductivity are in reality not sufficiently achieved. The accumulation of salts and its consequent increase in EC impacts poorly on root development and the consequential brix potential.
Where sugarcane is grown in a sandy environment, the need to retard drainage becomes the real objective of soil preparation. So while maintaining good soil friability, an increase in water retention can be realized with a more cost effective deployment of Aqua-Sil liquid systems.
Since achieving clay soil friability is somewhat problematic with the established paradigm, it is perhaps now the time to explore how changes to surface tension and charge balance can provide a new mechanism to enhance friability for better hydraulic conductivity.
It may well be time to also consider looking at CHT Carbon Coated Mineral Fertilizers that combine both CEC and AEC to optimize nutrient deployment.
Cane sugar, as well as other clay soil grown crops, could well benefit from the synergistic combination of Aqua-Sil Soil technology and CHT Carbon Coated Mineral chemistries, see here for information
More technical information on the trials with Sugarcane can be seen in the report attached below: | <urn:uuid:16652ac0-ed5c-43fa-ab8b-dc981e0799ee> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://aqua-sil.info/agriculture/crops/sugarcane.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499744.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129144110-20230129174110-00112.warc.gz | en | 0.945037 | 514 | 3.1875 | 3 |
NASA is about to blast a massive space telescope into space that has cost the agency approximately $10 billion and more than 20 years to build — meaning that astronomers are absolutely horrified by the possibility that something could go wrong during the launch later this month, The New York Times reports.
“I will almost certainly watch the launch and be terrified the entire time,” University of New Hampshire physics professor Chanda Prescod-Weinstein told the newspaper.
The Ariane 5 rocket, with NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope on board, is set to launch from a European facility in French Guiana on December 22, the culmination of years of delays and massive budget overruns.
Engineers were already holding their breath after technicians encountered a heart-stopping “incident” last month while mounting the structure to the rocket’s launch vehicle adapter, in a hiccup that ended up pushing back the telescope’s launch even further.
Even once it’s in space, the telescope will have to deploy a gigantic mirror made up of several hexagonal mirror pieces, a process that will take six nail-biting and anxiety-inducing months to complete.
“The entire astronomy community, given the broad range of anticipated science returns and discovery potential, has skin in the game,” Yale astrophysicist Priyamvada Natarajan told the Times. “We are all intellectually and emotionally invested.”
In other words, the stakes couldn’t be higher.
“Any failure of JWST would be disastrous for NASA,” Cambridge University astronomer Martin Rees told the NYT in an email, noting that any points of failure during the unfurling of the mirrors could end up being “a mega-catastrophic and embarrassing PR disaster.”
Unfortunately, failure is always an option. Such a disaster could leave a very dark mark for the space agency, like when it accidentally crashed a spacecraft into Mars.
But the payoff could be equally huge: once deployed, the space telescope could usher in a new era in space exploration, potentially rewriting our understanding of the early days of the our universe — much like its predecessor, NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. | <urn:uuid:11ecad94-5ffa-4515-b3ad-8a407da8d164> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://whatsuptoday.org/2021/12/16/scientists-are-terrified-of-nasas-james-webb-telescope-launch/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304915.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126041016-20220126071016-00290.warc.gz | en | 0.944556 | 466 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Children of divorce are more likely to be overweight or obese than those with married parents, a study has found.
Published in the online journal BMJ Open, researchers used a sample of over 3,000 students in schools across Norway that were part of the 2010 Norwegian Child Growth Study.
The children, who had an average age of eight, were measured for height, weight and waist circumference. This information was then compared by gender and their parents' marital status – married, never married, co-habiting, single, separated and divorced.
Findings showed that 19% were overweight or obese, with 8.9% obese. However, children from divorced parents were far more likely to fall into one of these categories than those from married parents.
"They were 54% more likely to be overweight/obese and 89% more likely to be [abdominally] obese," the authors said in a statement. "Children whose parents had never married had a similar prevalence of overweight and obesity to those with married parents."
The study also showed that boys were far more likely to be overweight or obese if their parents were divorced than girls, being 63% more likely to be overweight and 104% more likely to be obese.
While unable to provide evidence as to why divorce increases the risk of obesity, the authors suggest it could be because less time is spent on domestic tasks like cooking, with a greater reliance on ready meals and convenience food.
Other factors include stress from the disruption to the child-parent relationship, conflict between the parents, moving home and having to create new social networks. The authors say that boys could be more vulnerable to the emotional fall-out of a divorce than girls.
"In this nationally representative study we found that general overweight and obesity, and abdominal obesity were more prevalent among children of divorced parents compared with children of married parents. Our findings were robust to adjustments for maternal education, family country background and current area of residence," the study said.
"Although formal tests of the interaction terms parental marital status by gender were not statistically significant, gender stratified analyses showed that the prevalence of general and abdominal obesity was significantly higher only among boys of divorced parents, compared to boys with married parents." | <urn:uuid:c1fc6251-df3f-4b5d-8929-f320b2ec90f1> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/divorce-child-obesity-children-twice-likely-be-overweight-if-parents-split-1451433 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000575.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626214837-20190627000837-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.984123 | 448 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Automation has become an increasingly common trend in a variety of sectors. Automation is being used by organizations across the board, from manufacturing and shipping to customer service and data analysis, to simplify operations, increase efficiency, and reduce costs. However, in the middle of the excitement around automation, one essential factor is frequently overlooked: data quality.
While automation provides considerable benefits, its effectiveness is dependent on the quality of the data that drives it. Data forms the foundation for automation systems, informing decisions and driving algorithms. The automated method will give misleading results if the underlying data is inaccurate, incomplete, or inconsistent. As a result, ensuring high data quality is critical for unlocking the full potential of automation and achieving the intended results. And this is where synthetic data comes into play, since it may significantly improve data quality for automation.
By understanding the significance of data quality and establishing strong data management practices, organizations can maximize the value of their automation projects and avoid automating their problems.
The Significance of Data Quality
Data quality refers to the accuracy, completeness, consistency, timeliness, and relevancy of data. High-quality data is reliable, free of mistakes or inconsistencies, and serves the intended purpose. It is trustworthy, allowing businesses to make informed decisions and gain useful insights from their data.
When low-quality data drives automation, the consequences can be significant. Data errors or inconsistencies can result in incorrect outcomes and incorrect automated decisions. Incomplete or missing data can lead to incomplete automation processes, limiting the system’s capacity to function properly. Furthermore, inconsistencies in data across systems might generate integration challenges, resulting in inefficiencies and operational interruptions.
Let’s take a few examples illustrating the consequences of automating with low-quality data:
Customer Service: Consider an automated customer support chatbot that relies on outdated client information. It may respond incorrectly or fail to effectively answer consumer queries, leading in a disappointing customer experience and probable loss of business.
Inventory Management: If an automated inventory management system is provided inaccurate or out-of-date data, it may result in incorrect stock replenishment decisions. This can lead to excess inventory, stockouts, or mismatches between supply and demand, all of which have an impact on overall supply chain efficiency.
Predictive Analytics: Automation in data-driven decision-making is strongly reliant on reliable historical and real-time data. Inaccurate or inconsistent data can degrade predictive model accuracy, resulting in inaccurate projections and inefficient business strategy.
These examples demonstrate how poor data quality may impede the efficacy and efficiency of automation processes, highlighting the need of organizations prioritizing data quality throughout the automation process. In the following sections, we will explore the specific data quality issues that arise during automation implementation and discuss strategies to ensure data quality for successful automation.
Possible Data Quality Issues in Automation
1. Inaccurate or incomplete data
One of the primary challenges in automation is dealing with inaccurate or incomplete data. Human errors during data input, technology problems, or obsolete information can all cause data discrepancies. Incomplete data refers to information that is missing or insufficient for the automation process. When automation systems rely on inaccurate or incomplete data, the outcomes might be untrustworthy, resulting in flawed decisions and inefficient processes.
2. Inconsistency and duplication of data
Data inconsistencyoccurs when different sources or systems provide conflicting or contradictory information. Inconsistencies can arise due to varying data formats, naming conventions, or data definitions across different systems. Data duplication refers to the presence of redundant copies of data within or across systems. Inconsistent or duplicated data can lead to confusion, errors, and discrepancies in automated processes, which causes reduction of the overall reliability and effectiveness of automation.
3. Data integration challenges
Automation often involves integrating data from multiple sources or systems. For example, when data from various sources need to be combined, reconciled, and synchronized, data integration challenges can occur. Incompatible data formats, data mapping issues, and data validation can all impede the integration process. Failure to resolve these issues can lead to inconsistencies in data, inaccurate data associations, and, ultimately, reduced automation effectiveness.
4. Data security and privacy concerns
Because automation relies on accessing and processing large amounts of data, data security and privacy are significant issues. Organizations must secure sensitive data from unauthorized access, data breaches, or unintentional exposure. Additionally, when automating activities that involve personal or private information, compliance with data protection standards such as GDPR or HIPAAbecomes crucial. Neglecting data security and privacy can have legal and reputational consequences, as well as erode confidence among consumers and stakeholders. Synthetic data can be used very well in this area, we will describe their contribution later in the article.
Addressing these data quality issues requires proactive actions and a comprehensive data management strategy. In the next section, we will explore strategies and best practices to ensure data quality for successful automation projects, mitigating these challenges and maximizing the benefits of automation.
Ensuring Data Quality for Successful Automation
To ensure data quality in the automation process, organizations need to implement various strategies and best practices. The following are key approaches to consider:
Establishing data quality standards and guidelines:
Creating clear data quality standards and guidelines is essential to define expectations and ensure consistency across the organization. This includes defining data quality metrics, such as accuracy, completeness, and timeliness, and establishing thresholds for acceptable data quality levels. Organizations may analyze data quality regularly and identify areas for improvement by defining standards and guidelines.
Regular data quality assessments and audits:
Regular data quality assessments and audits are essential to evaluate the current state of data quality and identify areas for improvement. These evaluations may include analyzing data quality metrics, conducting data profiling activities, and performing data validations. By monitoring data quality on a regular basis, organizations can proactively address issues, implement corrective measures, and maintain a high standard of data integrity.
Data profiling and cleansing techniques:
Data profiling involves analyzing and assessing the quality of data by examining its structure, content, and relationships. By performing data profiling, organizations can identify data quality issues, such as inconsistencies, redundancies, or missing values. Subsequently, data cleansing techniques, such as data validation, deduplication, and normalization, can be applied to improve data quality. These techniques help eliminate errors, standardize formats, and ensure data integrity.
Implementing data governance practices:
Data governance practices play a crucial role in maintaining data quality throughout the automation process. This includes establishing data ownership, roles, and responsibilities, as well as adopting processes for data management and data lifecycle management. Data governance frameworks help enforce data quality standards, ensuring data responsibility, and facilitating effective data management across the organization.
Training and educating employees on data quality best practices:
Investing in staff training and education is essential for developing a data-driven culture and increasing data quality awareness. Employees should be trained on best practices for data entry, data validation procedures, and the importance of data integrity. By empowering employees with data quality knowledge, organizations can develop a collective responsibility for data quality and minimize failures resulting from human factors.
Continuous improvement and feedback:
Continuous improvement is key to maintaining data quality in the long term. Organizations should establish feedback loops to obtain information from users, stakeholders, and automation systems themselves. These feedback loops can help identify potential data quality issues, identify areas for improvement, and provide valuable input for improving automation processes. By continuously iterating and improving, organizations can adapt to evolving data requirements and maintain high data quality standards throughout their automation journey.
By implementing these strategies and best practices, organizations can increase data quality and minimize the possibility of automation issues caused by insufficient or poor data. Organizations that prioritize data quality in their automation initiatives experience improved operational efficiency, better decision-making, and increased customer satisfaction. Neglecting data quality, on the other hand, can result in automation failures, costly errors, and strained customer relationships.
Synthetic data in play
Synthetic data has the potential to significantly improve data quality for automation. Synthetic data refers to artificially generated data that mimics the characteristics and statistical properties of real data without containing any sensitive or personally identifiable information. Following are some examples of how synthetic data can help with data quality for automation:
Data quality testing: Automation systems may be tested for quality and performance using synthetic data. Organizations may evaluate how effectively the automation system manages different data quality aspects, such as accuracy, completeness, and consistency, by producing synthetic datasets with known properties. This helps to identify possible problems or areas for improvement in the automation process.
Data privacy protection: Organizations can use synthetic data to generate realistic data that does not contain any real customer or sensitive information. By using synthetic data instead of actual personal data, organizations can protect privacy and comply with data protection regulations while still training and testing automation models effectively.
Data augmentation: Synthetic data can be used to augment existing datasets, increasing the size and diversity of the data available for training and testing automation models. This helps in reducing overfitting and improving the generalization ability of automated systems.
Real-time data generation: In some situations, real-time data may be limited or unavailable for automation. Organizations can utilize synthetic data to simulate real-time data streams, which enables them to test and validate the responsiveness and efficiency of automated systems in dynamic environments.
These benefits, when combined, make synthetic data a powerful tool for organizations seeking to optimize data quality in their automation initiatives. A combination of real and synthetic data can increase data quality, improve automation outcomes, and contribute to the overall success of automation initiatives.
In conclusion, data quality plays an essential role in the success and effectiveness of automation processes. We have explored the importance of data quality in automation and the consequences of neglecting it. We discussed data quality issues that can impede automation, such as inaccurate or incomplete data, data inconsistency, integration challenges, and data security concerns.
To ensure data quality in automation, organizations must establish data quality standards, employ data profiling and cleansing techniques, implement data governance practices, and educate employees on data quality best practices. Using technology, such as data quality tools, validation processes, and real-time monitoring, is crucial in maintaining data quality in automated systems.
Organizations that prioritize data quality in automation experience improved operational efficiency, better decision-making, and increased customer satisfaction. Neglecting data quality, on the other hand, can lead to automation failures, costly errors, and damaged relationships with customers.
Synthetic data emerges as a valuable tool in enhancing data quality for automation. It makes data augmentation easier, increases the diversity and size of datasets and therefore improves the generalization ability of automation models. It also protects data privacy by generating realistic data without sensitive information, ensuring compliance requirements. Additionally, synthetic data enables the simulation of rare scenarios, enhancing the accuracy and robustness of automation systems. It serves as a valuable resource for data quality testing, allowing organizations to measure performance and identify areas for improvement.
As the future of automation evolves, the role of data quality will continue to be crucial. Organizations must constantly evaluate data quality, encourage cooperation between data management and automation teams, and embrace a culture of continuous improvement and feedback loops. By prioritizing data quality in automation initiatives, organizations can maximize the benefits of automation, avoid automating their issues, and stay ahead in an increasingly automated environment.
In the ever-evolving landscape of automation, data quality will continue to be an important component in driving successful automation outcomes and achieving business objectives. By recognizing its significance and implementing effective data quality practices, organizations can unlock the full potential of automation and ensure a data-driven and successful future. If you want to experience the benefits of synthetic data for your project, try Datamaker, our fake data generator, which enables you to generate high quality synthetic data, that behaves just like real data. Learn more about Datamaker or schedule a live demo here. | <urn:uuid:60ce66d2-78a3-4577-a015-ac1f3aa8028d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://datamaker.app/blog/do-not-automate-your-problems-the-vital-role-of-data-quality-in-automation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473524.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221170215-20240221200215-00006.warc.gz | en | 0.88915 | 2,443 | 2.578125 | 3 |
‘Australian pirate tales’, by curator Dr Stephen Gapps. From Signals 97 (Dec 2011-Feb 2012).
We might not think of Australian history as having much to do with pirates. Yet from the infamous Batavia mutiny in 1629 to the 1998 seizure of the oil tanker Petro Ranger by pirates in the South China Sea, there have in fact been dozens of instances of piracy in Australian waters or on vessels travelling from these shores.
In 1806 the brig Venus was weather-bound for five weeks in Twofold Bay, on the south coast of New South Wales. Ill feeling had been building between its crew and Captain Chase who, fearing for his life, left to report to the authorities that he also feared the crew would take the ship – which they promptly did. The Sydney Gazette described the ‘band of ruffians’. First mate Benjamin Kelly was a ‘pockmarked’ American whaler. Second mate Richard Edwards had a ‘very remarkable scar or cut in one cheek’. Seaman Joseph Redmonds was a ‘mulatto’ who wore his hair in pigtails and had ‘holes in his ears, being accustomed to wear large earrings’. Their accomplices included a ‘Malay cook’, two convicts with ‘sallow complexions’ and a woman with a ‘hoarse voice’. They would have been at home in any pirate tale.
The incredible voyage of Mary Bryant and her convict companions from Sydney to Timor in an open boat in 1791 showed that escape by boat from the colonies was indeed possible. William Bligh’s epic open-boat voyage after the 1789 Bounty mutiny may also have inspired the many convict escape attempts that followed. Certainly, after the mutiny on the Bounty, ship captains in the Pacific were on their guard. The lure of stealing a ship and living in a tropical paradise in the South Seas was clear. Lieutenant George Tobin, on Bligh’s second breadfruit voyage in 1792, noted how ‘passing some months at a South Sea Island and in the full swing of indulgencies’ was good reason to keep a ‘vigilant eye upon the crew’.
‘Piratical seizure’ of ships became a major headache for colonial authorities, and strict harbour regulations were instituted. After the establishment of Newcastle to Sydney’s north in 1804, ship security was critical. Vessel arrivals and departures required official sanction, and no one could leave a vessel without permission. Crews had to be on board their ships by 8.00 pm and sentries guarded the wharves. Despite these measures, many escapes were made from Newcastle. In 1804 convicts made off with Sergeant Day’s boat. In 1806 six convicts escaped on another unnamed boat. In 1814 the schooner Speedwell was taken by four ‘desperadoes’. The Newcastle pilot boat was taken in 1820 and the sloop Eclipse in 1825. None of these pirated vessels was ever heard of again.
During the early 1800s an average of one vessel was taken by pirates every year. In 1813 a vessel called Unity was ‘piratically seized’ by convicts while moored in the Derwent River off Hobart Town. Seven armed men crept aboard at night and cut the moorings, landing the crew in a small boat and then setting sail. In 1816 the brig Trial was ‘piratically seized’ in Sydney Harbour by a ‘banditti of villains’, mostly convicts employed in the stonemasons gang working on the Macquarie light tower, as well as two ‘natives of Portugal’.
A Government Notice in 1817 described the ‘Piratical seizure of the William Cossar’, a government vessel ‘cut from her moorings by some Pirates’. One was described as ‘a gypsy’ with ‘dark complexion, black eyes, black hair’ and the ‘fore finger of [his] right hand missing.’ But as the two-masted, 20-ton William Cossar had neither decks nor anchor, it was presumed by the Sydney Gazette that its ‘destruction was inevitable’. In fact neither it nor Unity were ever seen again. The wreck of the Trial was later discovered at South West Rocks, but none of the convict escapees were found.
If there was ever a scourge of piracy in Australian history, it was in Tasmania during the 1820s to 1850s, when Van Diemen’s Land was the repository of the largest number, and many of the most hardened and desperate, of convicts in the colonies. ‘Piratical seizure’ was so prevalent that there was a standing Port Order to Derwent shipping that ‘when moored… sails must be taken off the spars and the ship’s rudder taken ashore’.
In the Australian colonies the term ‘pirate’ was selectively applied, often to highlight particularly bold or bloody crimes at sea. The so-called ‘pirates of the brig Cyprus’ were a case in point. In August 1829 Cyprus was transporting a group of convicts from Hobart to Macquarie Harbour when it was storm-bound in Recherche Bay. The convicts took over the ship, which was stocked with provisions, and marooned 44 soldiers, sailors and convicts who chose not to join them. They then set about renaming and repainting the vessel. They cut off the figurehead and forged a set of ship’s papers and a false log of a voyage from Manila to South America. In a remarkable feat of navigation with no experienced crew, ‘Captain’ Swallow sailed the Cyprus to New Zealand, the Chatham Islands, north-east to Tahiti and then to Tonga. The crew were divided about where best to escape the authorities – in the Friendly Isles of Tonga or further away from New South Wales, in China or Japan. Captain Swallow favoured Tonga but the ‘China faction’ prevailed, leaving seven of the ‘Tonga faction’ on Niue Island but forcing Swallow to join them as navigator. As he later wrote, ‘They imprisoned me in the Cabin and kept me eight hours there when they ordered me to come upon Deck and Steer the Ship to Japan’.
The pirates probably had no knowledge of Japan’s self-imposed isolation and hostility towards foreigners. When Cyprus arrived off Yokohama with tattered sails and a crew desperate for water, they were met by a hail of musket and cannon shot. One passed so close to Swallow it knocked a telescope from his hands. A fortunate breeze sprang
up and the pirates fled for China. Swallow still entertained thoughts of the Pacific Islands but dissenting crew holed the vessel and paid a passing Chinese junk in pieces of eight to take them to land. Swallow and three remaining crewmen tried unsuccessfully to fother the vessel, then took to the longboat and presented themselves ashore as shipwreck survivors.
This cover story worked and they obtained passage as crew on a vessel returning to London. However their ruse came undone when their former shipmates turned up with the same story, but with contradictory facts. It must have been sorely disappointing, after such an epic journey, to be taken straight to prison when they landed in London. The magistrates had little evidence to go on, but by a strange quirk one of the ‘trusty’ convicts who had been marooned in Recherche Bay – and thereby earned his freedom – was in London at the time. So too was the Hobart Town gaoler, and the pirates were all recognised. Some were executed, others were sent back to Australia. | <urn:uuid:ee60e27a-9c85-4be0-8d17-37b63eb8d476> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://anmm.wordpress.com/2014/01/13/australian-pirate-tales/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188785.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00134-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978849 | 1,632 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Character Role Analysis
Dr. Cornelius and Peter
Like a good warrior, Caspian needs his guide or mentor. Unlike Luke Skywalker, Caspian gets more than one Yoda to fill the position.
Dr. Cornelius serves as the mentor of knowledge and wisdom since he teaches Caspian about "the old days" (5.1). He later pops up to advise Caspian as part of his war council. Peter acts as a guide for Caspian on how to be a proper and chivalrous king. To do this, Peter fights for Caspian's cause but also serves as a chivalrous role model for the to-be king. | <urn:uuid:c1a6ac2a-b014-4483-b6ea-4973f19bf4ed> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.shmoop.com/prince-caspian/guidementor.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00102-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948991 | 139 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Purdue Researchers Creates Wireless, Implantable Transmitter to Power Future Biomedical DevicesAugust 08, 2020 by Tyler Charboneau
Batteries make for bulky, uncomfortable implants that may require surgery for replacement. This wireless transmitter is said to consume "the lowest amount of energy per digital bit published to date."
Today’s electronics manufacturers are on a quest to shrink the physical footprint of their devices. Perhaps nobody is clamoring for advancements more than the medical industry, where sound ergonomics and constant monitoring improve patient outcomes.
The Purdue team’s transmitter, made for compact devices and implants. Image used courtesy of Purdue University
Researchers at Purdue University have created a wirelessly-powered transmitter—ditching batteries in favor of comfortable implantability. Scientists at Purdue University tout its potential to track both eye and heart health over time.
Tackling a Common Problem
Chronic medical conditions are common in the United States—where over three million are living with glaucoma, and where over 647,000 die annually from heart disease. Treatment is most effective when these conditions are caught early on.
Patients are often outfitted with medical devices to supercharge health monitoring. These include tonometers for glaucoma and Holter monitors or event recorders for cardiac concerns. Purdue’s transmitter is strategically implanted to help monitor critical health indicators—like ocular pressure, heart rhythm, blood pressure, and more.
It shares this information with other sensors, providing a real-time picture of one’s health. Readouts are easy to digest, and patients don’t have to repeatedly fiddle with equipment.
How Does the Transmitter Work?
Purdue’s newest radio frequency transmitter is based on microchip technology and is designed to work seamlessly with wireless sensors. These sensors conversely exist externally within smart devices—notably smartphones or wearables like smartwatches.
The transmitter helps collect and relay continuous data to sensory receivers within biomedical devices. Patients can thus actively perform 24/7 health checks via connected apps. Purdue’s component forms a bridge between the human body and health monitors.
The micro-transmitter itself contains no battery. Researchers believe a battery-powered component would be too large and heavy—especially when implanted ocularly. Accordingly, the transmitter wirelessly obtains its power from other connected devices (like a smartphone).
This is achieved via a resonance cavity, allowing the transmitter to harvest power from a coupled device using its wire-looped receiver. Purdue’s team has achieved an efficiency of 11.5% using this method. Because this tiny cavity conducts less overall power, the team opted for a low-power design. That decision dampens power demands on connected devices.
Competitive Advantages and Specifications
Purdue’s chip “consumes the lowest amount of energy per digital bit published to date.” The technology resembles communicative components already found within smart devices, thus reducing the developmental learning curve.
Biomedical device makers should be able to harness these transmitters with relative ease. Researchers also say the transmitter’s compact design is currently unrivaled on the market.
Power and Dissipation
The unit is a 2.4 GHz narrowband transmitter, which uses 434 MHz. Its looped antenna radiates a signal whilst being inductive. The resulting interaction between magnetic fields facilitates power transfer. These fields are generated using alternating (dynamic) currents. Inductive power coupling cannot use direct currents by comparison, since these static fields can’t carry power.
The chip has two modes: a continuous data mode and a sleep mode for on-and-off data capture for set periods of time. This aids power consumption. Sleep power dissipation sits at 128 picowatts. Active power consumption is 70 microwatts while transmitting data at 10 Mbps. The unit radiates -33dBm power at an efficiency of 7 pJ per bit. Purdue claims this is the best-reported figure to date for related transmitters.
Purdue also added a voltage-controlled power oscillator (VCPO), which converts DC inputs from a power source into AC outputs. We can’t quite call this an inverter system, since the power output isn’t high enough. The VCPO eliminates the need for amplification and off-chip matching.
The transmitter is built atop CMOS technology. A typical CMOS generates less power dissipation (heat or waste) and is highly efficient. The semiconductor foundation is a minuscule 0.18 micrometers. By comparison, a human hair is 125 micrometers thick on average—or 694 times thicker than the transmitter implant.
How will the human body react to such an embedded device?
Mitigating the Immune Response
Purdue’s transmitter is composed of inorganic material, which the immune system will immediately flag as a foreign body after implantation.
Purdue researchers—as other scientists have done before them—implemented a Parylene C polymer that encapsulates the unit. This substance is biologically compatible with human tissue. It also helps the transmitter fly under the radar, avoiding aggressive immune responses.
Parylene C also has incredible dielectric strength.
The dielectric strength of Parylene C compared to other materials. Image used courtesy of VSi Parylene
Dynamic electrical currents don’t easily break the coating down. The material also experiences low dissipation while remaining a superb insulator. These properties make the transmitter safer as a long-term implant.
The human immune response is strongest on day one of implantation with few chronic effects observed thereafter.
Planning for the Future
In many respects, the biomedical-implant frontier remains largely unexplored. Purdue doesn’t call this a “novel” device, though its future applications are promising. The team has been able to extract unprecedented levels of performance from this architecture on the power front.
Since this device is miniaturized RF technology based on existing components, the idea isn’t exactly new. However, the execution is yet unseen in the medical field. Human tissue is a tricky medium, which absorbs and distorts RF signals.
It remains to be seen how effective these energetic transmissions will reach their sensory receptors—which can reside multiple feet away. Purdue’s transmitter, if embedded into muscular tissue, may very well have a harder time doing its job.
The team will work to uncover these limitations. Manufacturers may also have to overcome any fears of RF effects on the human body over extended periods. While some uncertainties still exist, Purdue and device makers will work to iron out any kinks before heading to market. | <urn:uuid:6fcb7086-21be-4bca-83b1-d3ee77865a5c> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/news/purdue-researchers-wireless-implantable-transmitter-power-future-biomedical-devices/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141747323.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20201205074417-20201205104417-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.911447 | 1,380 | 3.625 | 4 |
Learn 504 Essential English Words the easiest way 🙂
“۵۰۴ Essential Words” is one of the most familiar books known to students who want to learn English, improve English Vocabulary or try TOEFL or IELTS exam.
This app uses a modern method to make the students think in English while they try to learn a words meaning. Through hundreds of pictures and videos, students learn English Vocabulary even without translating them to their own language.
Each words meaning is presented with a relevant picture, and then at least two videos truly pictures how the word is used in real word conversations.
“۵۰۴ Essential Words” is not only a book with English words!
• Each word has a relevant picture
• Translation for each word and 3 examples
• Videos with subtitles
• “Smart Review program” which helps you not to forget even one word
• “Touch Dictionary” helps you translate each word as quickly as possible
This app contains 42 lessons, that each lesson teaches you 12 new words.
طراحی و برنامه نویسی شده توسط شرکت ستایش | <urn:uuid:26852b7e-8e63-41a1-be96-92bd982f4529> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://setayeshapp.com/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87%20%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1/504/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141723602.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20201203062440-20201203092440-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.881085 | 269 | 2.5625 | 3 |
By A. S. Deller | 1 April 2021
In a paper published in July 2019, researchers described a way in which neuroprosthetic devices – capable of monitoring and making sense of electrical signals in the human brain – will soon be able to help patients incapable of physical speech to be able to fully take part in interactive verbal exchanges.
There's been much work on #AI speech recognition. But the implications for direct #brain to speech decoding, for patients w/ paralysis, stroke or locked in, is remarkable. =Chapter 2 @NeurosurgeryUCSF @UCSF pioneering efforts https://t.co/XQ21fB2eym @NatureComms @UCSFMedicine pic.twitter.com/VUT2UuNxdG
— Eric Topol (@EricTopol) July 30, 2019
We are well on our way as Homo sapiens to becoming a species that fully merges technology with our organic bodies. In some ways, we’ve been getting at this for centuries already, beginning with the first use of eyeglasses, at the end of the thirteenth century in Italy, to improve vision by making it easy for someone to wear two magnifying lenses on the bridge of their nose.
But ever since the invention of the computer and the first human-machine interfaces were born (HMIs), a dream of many technologists has been to create direct connections between computers and the human brain. These brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) – also known as Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMIs) – would eliminate the lag inherent in the translation between thought → physical action → computer response. BCIs also allow people who cannot perform physical actions required for HMIs to bypass that real-world step and directly control powerful computer tools with the electrical impulses in their brains.
One of the dreams is that BCIs will eventually place the entire canon of human knowledge within the realm of immediate recall: No more searching the internet via typing or voice commands needed. In the near future, we will be able to think about what we need and pull whatever relevant information is available directly from a cloud and into the forefront of our minds.
BCIs work because we are able to detect the signals sent between neurons in our brains between the dendrites and axons connecting them. These tiny bits are the differences in electrical potential expressed by ions on every neuron. Scientists can find and measure these signals using implantable electrodes.
The signals become digital information which is then translated by algorithms that have been developed over many years of painstaking research and experimentation. Thus, our brain’s signals become a director for machine intelligence that can then be used to control specially-enabled prosthetic limbs and wheelchairs and move cursors and click buttons on monitors. The software can also be trained to recognize the signals that account for very specific “thoughts” that represent numbers and letters, which enables writing (of a sort) for people otherwise unable to physically write.
Just like any software application, though, BCIs are susceptible to hacking, as already shown in some intentional attempts at malicious brain-spyware creation. If a BCI can move numbers and letters across a digital gulf, it isn’t going to be difficult for someone to hijack that data and be able to translate whether it represents a banking PIN or a social security number.
While the holy grail for the medical community is to use BCIs in neuroprosthetics to change the lives of disabled people for the better (even to the point of the mind-controlled exoskeleton a soccer player used to kick-off the 2014 World Cup), an entire ecosystem of business opportunities is growing around this cutting edge technology:
– Kernel is capturing memories from the hippocampus, reading them with AI and “recording” them with up to 80% accuracy.
– Elon Musk’s Neuralink initiatives aim to create implantable interfaces between the brain and computers. The early goals will be to offer treatments for brain and nervous system disorders, with the eventual path leading to enhancing normally-functioning brains – i.e. increasing memory and processing speed, adding built-in cloud and internet access, and expanding our senses. This has been tested successfully in monkeys so far, with plans on track for human testing in 2020.
– A company called Foc.us is marketing “brain stimulators” to improve reaction speeds for gamers.
– Neuropace is working on ways to predict, detect and stop the signals sent among neurons that cause seizures.
– Mindmaze is creating a motion-capture VR/AR game system to give paralyzed people a more full experience, while Neurable is using similar tech to give people the ability to control toys and games with their thoughts.
– The Pittsburgh-based startup Cerêve has already secured commercial clearance from the FDA to sell their “Sleep System” that can ameliorate insomnia.
– Brainco is making wearable devices that will help teachers monitor the level of focus their students have in the classroom and better find and help those students with learning difficulties.
– Neurosity is also working on wearable devices with a keen eye for design and allowing app developers to use it as a playground for innovation.
– The United States government, through the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), is researching BCIs for a large number of potential applications.
All of these uses are possibilities, and there are hundreds of other potential applications for BCIs. Most come with a number of limitations on exactly how practical they would be in the real world. For instance, monitoring students’ focus in a classroom is all well and good until one realizes that actually helping those students would require more staff. Even greater problems need to be resolved before such technology will actually be all that useful.
And then there is the fact that most EEG-based BCI systems are very obfuscated: Users and designers don’t actually know all of the possible commands that are available and how to use them in a given BCI. Nataliya Kosmyna of MIT Media Lab has proposed a new conceptual and design space that will allow researchers to properly track, taxonomize, and compare all of their various work, which in turn should help in generating new uses for it.
There are a number of ethical considerations that come along for the ride with the implementation of BCIs. One big one, which is evident across almost all technological breakthroughs, is the further stratification of society. There will be those people who can afford BCIs that can improve their lives drastically – whether for strictly medical reasons or to enhance human performance and quality of life in other ways.
Next, there is the issue of just exactly how aware and mentally capable certain BCI patients will be, especially concerning those who exist in “locked-in”, comatose states. A BMI may allow these patients to communicate to a degree with the outside world, but there is no way (yet) for us to know exactly their degree of consciousness.
All relevant parties need to be cautious and not infer that a BCI indicating certain levels of brain activity and semantic processing in a subject is evidence of an understanding of the ethical magnitude of life-and-death decisions and the ability to make them.
~ Walter Glannon, Bioethics Professor at University of Calgary
Yet another, and somewhat more immediately worrying for most of us, is that this technology essentially creates a bridge between the human mind and the outside world that might be manipulated by those with dark purposes. Plowing ahead at full-speed without devoting tremendous effort, concern, and diligence toward keeping the information in our brains safe – as well as the physical structure itself – will lead to some truly terrible outcomes. If software can be hijacked, and now the brain is a part of that software, might we see people themselves being hijacked by hackers and terrorists? Could a new kind of computer virus be engineered to create deleterious effects in the biology of a human mind and body?
Every new and extremely powerful technological advance comes with the potential for amazingly good as well as nightmarishly bad results. Atomic power, satellites, genetic engineering, artificial intelligence: Brain-computer interfaces are no different. It only takes supremely smart people to make these great things, but it takes good and ethical smart people to monitor them and make sure the human race is not threatened by such inventions.
Reprinted with permission from the author.
New Brain Computer interface technology | Steve Hoffman | TEDxCEIBS
Brain-Computer Interface – Mysteries of the Brain
Why Elon Musk, Facebook and MIT Are Betting On Mind-Reading Technology
Elon Musk’s Plan To Merge Humans With A.I.
Be sure to ‘like’ us on Facebook | <urn:uuid:3be461d2-2c49-4b34-b452-2d8c63b036ff> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://churchandstate.org.uk/2021/04/brain-computer-interfaces-the-next-step-in-human-evolution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039508673.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20210421035139-20210421065139-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.943063 | 1,804 | 3.546875 | 4 |
BACKGROUND: Libya introduced rotavirus vaccine in October 2013. We examined pre-vaccine incidence of rotavirus hospitalizations and associated economic burden among children < 5 years in Libya to provide baseline data for future vaccine impact evaluations. METHODS: Prospective, hospital-based active surveillance for rotavirus was conducted at three public hospitals in two cities during August 2012 - April 2013. Clinical, demographic and estimated cost data were collected from children <5 hospitalized for diarrhea; stool specimens were tested for rotavirus with a commercial enzyme immunoassay. Annual rotavirus hospitalization incidence rate estimates included a conservative estimate based on the number of cases recorded during the nine months and an extrapolation to estimate 12 months incidence rate. National rotavirus disease and economic burden were estimated by extrapolating incidence and cost data to the national population of children aged <5 years. RESULTS: A total of 410 children <5 years of age with diarrhea were enrolled, of whom 239 (58%) tested positive rotavirus, yielding an incidence range of 418-557 rotavirus hospitalizations per 100,000 children < 5 years of age. Most (86%) rotavirus cases were below two years of age with a distinct seasonal peak in winter (December-March) months. The total cost of treatment for each rotavirus patient was estimated at US$ 679 (range: 200-5,423). By extrapolation, we estimated 2,948 rotavirus hospitalizations occur each year in Libyan children <5 years of age, incurring total costs of US$ 2,001,662 (range: 1,931,726-2,094,005). CONCLUSIONS: Rotavirus incurs substantial morbidity and economic burden in Libya, highlighting the potential value of vaccination of Libyan children against rotavirus. | <urn:uuid:a63e2a14-243e-4858-9c1d-29c89e1799b7> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://spm.um.edu.my/publication/abstracts/2015-BMC%20Public%20Health-15-26.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891277.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122093724-20180122113724-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.938331 | 375 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Several women face the problem of bacterial infection during pregnancy, which is mainly caused by a bacterial attack in the vagina. Here we give you the causes and symptoms of this condition.
Bacterial infection in the vagina, also called bacterial vaginosis, is a common ailment faced by most women, especially when they are pregnant. The condition is accompanied by pain in the lower abdominal region and can have serious complications during childbirth. Many a time, it can lead to an infection of the fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid during labor, besides preterm labor and bladder infection of the mother. Studies have found that about 15 to 20% of pregnant women suffer from bacterial infection during pregnancy, so if you find any of the symptoms mentioned below, get the help of a medical professional immediately. If not treated on time, it can cause serious complications to pregnant women.
This diorder is most common during the childbearing age and is caused if there is an imbalance of the useful and harmful bacteria living in the vaginal region. It’s said that 1 in every 5 women gets this infection at some point during the stages of pregnancy, but these estimates are not that accurate. A particular variety of bacteria called the lactobacilli live in every human being, and these bacteria help in the proper functioning of several parts of the body.
Moreover, lactobacilli helps in the destruction of other harmful bacteria in the body. It’s when the number of this useful bacteria reduces and the number of harmful bacteria increases, that the infection starts. The exact cause of bacterial imbalance has yet not been conclusively proved, and so it’s difficult to pinpoint the exact reasons for this condition.
The increase in the number of streptococci bacteria may also cause the infection. This bacteria is commonly found in the intestine and inside the skin and when the baby comes out during delivery, it may cause health complications in the baby. As such, women who test positive for this problem are put on antibiotics so that the baby remains unharmed. Another cause is consuming undercooked meat and non-pasteurized dairy products. This can be harmful for the fetus, and so you need to avoid such foods. Vegetables and fruits should be well cooked and kitchen surfaces need to be kept clean, so that bacteria can’t propagate.
It has been found that in some cases, this disorder does not cause any symptoms. However, most women show symptoms like a thin gray or white discharge, which has a fishy or foul smell. The odor of this discharge is quite evident after sexual intercourse when this discharge combines with semen to give out a foul smell. Other than that, you may feel a burning sensation while urinating, besides discomfort in the genital area. If you get one or more of these symptoms, get in touch with your doctor, and get your cervical secretions and vaginal fluid tested so that you know whether it’s bacterial vaginosis or some other infection.
Once examined, the doctor would prescribe medications, usually antibiotics, and you need to have them as directed. Normally, the condition does not have any effect on the growth and development of the fetus, but still, the symptoms need to be taken care of. There are several remedies, which you should know so that you can take measures to get it treated.
Infections in Pregnancy
If this condition is not treated on time, it can increase the risk of preterm birth. Moreover, the weight of the baby may be low compared to other babies of uninfected mothers. Studies have shown that there are also chances of a miscarriage in the second trimester. However, the connection between complications during pregnancy and bacterial vaginal infection is still not clear. There are instances of healthy and normal babies being born, even if the mother has infection.
There is nothing to worry about this problem, but you need to take good care of your health so that harmful bacteria can’t multiply. If you find any complications, consult your doctor, as the doctor knows best in all medical conditions.
Disclaimer: This HerHaleness article is for informative purposes only, and should not be used as a replacement for expert medical advice. | <urn:uuid:bd99f9eb-6618-4e1a-99d3-ad40454d2809> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://wellnesskeen.com/bacterial-infection-during-pregnancy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649293.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603133129-20230603163129-00693.warc.gz | en | 0.955157 | 859 | 2.609375 | 3 |
This term, Year 10 students have been looking at the theme of Social Justice in their Religious Education classes. On Friday, 24 March, they were given the opportunity to investigate this in further detail. The morning session began with a range of activities which identified justice issues impacting on children, and outlined the Catholic Social Teachings principles and their connection to The Mercy Way.
After recess, a team of presenters from Australian Catholic Religious Against the Trafficking of Humans (ACRATH) addressed the topic of modern slavery. Students completed a quiz on their understanding of slavery, heard stories about people who are considered slaves in the modern world and discussed the types of industries where modern-day slavery occurs.
To conclude the midday session, students participated in team-building activities. Later, after lunch, they worked in pairs to create a justice playlist featuring pop songs related to social justice issues or promoting Catholic Social Justice principles.
Below are some of the students' reflections on the day:
"There are so many different social justice issues in the world, and so many of them are happening right in front of us. " Ellise McAlinden
"Human trafficking and modern slavery is a bigger issue than I thought. It shocked me how common and cruel it is." Rachael Conway-Physick
"I learnt that most of our clothes are made from cheap labour." Tom Ward
"I learnt how much of a problem human trafficking is, and I also learnt how I can help prevent it from happening to me and others." Olivia Corso | <urn:uuid:f37e87f7-9707-4311-b9a6-d5cbeb95ef17> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.olmca.wa.edu.au/post/students-learn-about-social-justice-and-modern-slavery-at-year-10-retreat | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474617.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225135334-20240225165334-00829.warc.gz | en | 0.956488 | 311 | 3.046875 | 3 |
A survey has shown that awareness of the EU's 112 emergency telephone number in Ireland is among the lowest in Europe.
Only 9% of Irish citizens said they had received information about the number, third from bottom of all 27 member states.
Only 16% said they were aware they could call the number from anywhere inside the EU, compared to 58% in the Czech Republic, 56% in Luxembourg and 50% in Poland.
The emergency number was first introduced in 1991 and in 1998 all EU members were legally obliged to ensure that the number could be dialled free of charge from fixed lines and mobile phones.
The 112 number, which complements Ireland's national emergency number of 999, is designed to be used by Europeans who travel throughout Europe and who find themselves in an emergency situation abroad.
Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden and Romania have all decided to make 112 their national emergency number.
The EU-wide service has been fully operational, and free from mobile and fixed line phones since December 2008, but only one in four Europeans know the service exists, according to the European Commission.
30% of callers have encountered language problems.
In Ireland the 112 service is able to respond in French, German, Italian and Polish, as well as English.
The survey on citizen awareness was carried out by Eurobarometer. | <urn:uuid:2c82c3b8-1e4d-4a42-a0d6-78da143b791f> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0211/113856-europe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822116.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017144041-20171017164041-00878.warc.gz | en | 0.97853 | 274 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Dementia arises as a result of brain cell death, which may lead to a decline in learning, memory, and other cognitive functions, but precisely what triggers this process has been unclear. Now, a new study helps to shed some light.
Researchers found that lack of a gene called lysine specific histone demethylase 1 (LSD1) triggers brain cell death, leading to cognitive abnormalities comparable to those seen in people with Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia (FTD).
Study co-author David Katz, Ph.D., and colleagues recently reported their findings in the journal Nature Communications.
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia, accounting for around 60 to 80 percent of cases. Around 5.5 million adults in the United States have the condition, of whom around 5.3 million are aged 65 and older.
In Alzheimer’s, brain cell death has been partly attributed to a protein called tau. This protein can form “tangles” that interfere with the nerve cells’ transport system, preventing them from receiving the nutrients they need for survival.
FTD is a rarer form of dementia characterized by nerve cell loss in the frontal lobes of the brain. This can lead to personality changes and mobility impairments, as well as problems with language, speaking, and writing skills.
It is estimated that around 50,000 to 60,000 people in the U.S. are living with one of two primary forms of FTD: behavior variant frontotemporal dementia or primary progressive aphasia.
As with Alzheimer’s disease, nerve cell loss in FTD has been attributed, in part, to tau accumulation. The condition has also been linked to the buildup of a protein called TDP43.
The new research from Dr. Katz and colleagues furthers our understanding of the mechanisms underlying nerve cell death in Alzheimer’s disease and FTD, after uncovering a crucial role for LSD1, which is also known as KDM1A. | <urn:uuid:b8db2925-787d-4660-9e80-71a246ee628e> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.medicalrecords.com/2020/03/06/blog/dementia-study-helps-to-unravel-the-cause-of-brain-cell-death | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703513062.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20210117143625-20210117173625-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.963409 | 423 | 3.1875 | 3 |
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Keep safety in mind as kids return to school
Thousands of local children return to school this week as classes begin in the Arlington, Marysville and Lakewood school districts. And as they return to school, we can expect an increase in vehicular and pedestrian traffic in our communities meaning students, their parents and community members will need to remember a few basic tips to ensure our children are safe.
Whether the children are walking to school, riding the school bus or riding their bikes, the American Association of Pediatrics offers some safety tips for kids and their parents.
Traveling to and from school
Review the basic rules with your youngster:
n If your child’s school bus has lap/shoulder seat belts, make sure your child uses one at all times when in the bus. If your child’s school bus does not have lap/shoulder belts, encourage the school to buy or lease buses with lap/shoulder belts.
n Wait for the bus to stop before approaching it from the curb.
n Do not move around on the bus.
n Check to see that no other traffic is coming before crossing.
n Make sure to always remain in clear view of the bus driver.
n All passengers should wear a seat belt and/or an age- and size-appropriate car safety seat or booster seat.
n Your child should ride in a car safety seat with a harness as long as possible and then ride in a belt-positioning booster seat. Your child is ready for a booster seat when she has reached the top weight or height allowed for her seat, her shoulders are above the top harness slots or her ears have reached the top of the seat.
n Your child should ride in a belt-positioning booster seat until the vehicle’s seat belt fits properly (usually when the child reaches about 4’ 9” in height and is between 8 to 12 years of age). This means the shoulder belt lies across the middle of the chest and shoulder, not the neck or throat; the lap belt is low and snug across the thighs, not the stomach; and the child is tall enough to sit against the vehicle seat back with her legs bent at the knees and feet hanging down.
n All children under 13 years of age should ride in the rear seat of vehicles. If you must drive more children than can fit in the rear seat (when carpooling, for example), move the front-seat passenger’s seat as far back as possible and have the child ride in a booster seat if the seat belts do not fit properly without it.
n Remember that many crashes occur while novice teen drivers are going to and from school. You should limit the number of teen passengers to prevent driver distraction; this is even required by law in many states. Do not allow your teen to drive while eating, drinking, or talking on a cell phone.
n Always wear a bicycle helmet, no matter how short or long the ride.
n Ride on the right, in the same direction as auto traffic.
n Use appropriate hand signals.
n Respect traffic lights and stop signs.
n Wear bright color clothing to increase visibility.
n Know the “rules of the road.”
Walking to School
n Make sure your child’s walk to a school is a safe route with well-trained adult crossing guards at every intersection.
n Be realistic about your child’s pedestrian skills. Because small children are impulsive and less cautious around traffic, carefully consider whether or not your child is ready to walk to school without adult supervision.
n Bright colored clothing will make your child more visible to drivers.
It is all of our responsibility to ensure the safety of our communities’ children. By following these safety tips, and teaching them to your children, we can all do our part in ensuring that a tragic accident does not occur.
To contact a member of The Marysville Globe/Arlington Times editorial board — Stuart Chernis or Scott Frank — e-mail email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:2cb3c926-269f-452a-b897-3375994fa922> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.marysvilleglobe.com/opinion/27780324.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661779.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00216-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940832 | 860 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The Brookings Institution puts Boston at the top of its list of cities with the greatest income inequality. Bostonians in the top five percent of earners made $266,224 a year, compared with just $14,925 for people in the bottom 20 percent.
How to use the map: When looking at this map, scroll passed the intro page, then choose Boston from the bar at the top. Scroll through to read the summary and instructions for choosing individual towns and areas.
To me, what is surprising is how many Somerville and Cambridge households have income of $25,000 a year or less. Remember, we are talking about household income, not individual income. Who can live here on just under $15,000 a year?
Affordable housing: The general rule is that housing cost should not exceed 33 percent of your income. Average rent in Somerville is $2,400 a month/$28,000 a year. Cambridge is a bit higher at $2,926 a month/$35,112 a year. Then average affordability in Somerville requires a household income of $84,000 a year or more. In Cambridge, that jumps to $105,336.
How does a household earning $25,000 or less manage to stay here?
The short answer is that they don’t. Somerville and Cambridge are losing their working poor families. Somerville has also seen a decrease in older residents. Household size is going down because people with children are moving out.
Low income households who stay employ a combination of tactics:
- They live together, sharing a space meant for more people.
- They are older residents who bought before the real estate bubble and have paid off their mortgages. This keeps their housing costs within their means, unless taxes and repairs drive them to less expensive places.
- They live in low-end, and sometimes substandard, housing.
- Some benefit from food subsidy programs like Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). This reduces their food expenses.
Working full time, but unable to make it in Somerville and Cambridge.
Massachusetts has one of the highest minimum wages http://www.ncsl.org/research/labor-and-employment/state-minimum-wage-chart.aspx in American. Federal minimum wage is currently $7.25 an hour. In Massachusetts, minimum wage is $11 an hour.
At that rate, a full time worker will earn $22,000 a year (40 hours a week for 50 weeks a year.) That is assuming no more than 10 days off of work a year. That just won’t happen if snow days close the workplace, children get sick and there’s no childcare, or there is any unemployment during the year. That assumes that it is still a 5-day workweek during Christmas, Easter, Fourth of July, and President’s Day weeks. Even if that is raised to $15 an hour, the annual earning are still pitifully low, given the housing costs here ($30,000.)
They are making it by getting “free stuff.”
Those food programs I mentioned don’t solve the problem, either. The maximum monthly benefit will put food on the table, but a lot of it will be ramen noodles, or the equivalent. For a single person, maximum benefit is $194 a month. For a household of two, $357. For three, $511. For four, $649.
In order to continually get food assistance through SNAP (often still called by its former name “food stamps”), able-bodied adults must be fully employed. To get food assistance through WIC, mothers can be employed less than full time and still get benefits.
In Massachusetts, a working person earning $1,265 a month ($15,180 a year) or less qualifies for SNAP. The household income limit for two people is $1,705 a month ($20,460 a year). Three people, $2,144 a month ($25,728 a year). Four people, $2,584 ($31,008 a year.) A single person, or people in a household of two with one full-time minimum wage earner, will not qualify for assistance with their food costs. That is, unless there are periods of lost wages. But, a single earner on minimum wage will qualify for food assistance, if there are three or more people in the household. That’s a divorced mother of two, who is not getting support for the other parent. That’s a single parent of two.
In recent years, several studies have shown that large numbers of employees at minimum or slightly over minimum wage have ongoing enrollment in SNAP. These are families with single earners. Fast food outlets, like McDonalds and retails outlets, like Wallmart have been the poster-children for this.
The solution remains the same. We need more affordable housing.
The demand for housing in our area has not gone down. The availability of affordable rentals has gone down. Don’t let me get started on affordable sales, you’ll be reading all day!
Back to the maps that started this blog.
Working-class? Are you kidding me? A flat like that in West Somerville will be $2,000-2,500 a month to rent and $500,000 to buy. | <urn:uuid:7b3fc407-5a8e-4158-ad33-c303f90abae5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://ronafischman.com/income-inequality-boston/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100632.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207022257-20231207052257-00825.warc.gz | en | 0.955881 | 1,121 | 2.625 | 3 |
10 American Food Deserts Where It Is Impossible To Eat Healthily
USDA.govOver 23 million Americans — including 6.5 million children — live in food deserts: areas without ready access to fresh, healthy, and affordable food. That means there isn't a supermarket within a mile.
These are usually low-income areas, dominated by minorities. In fact, just 8 percent of African Americans live in a census tract with a supermarket.
The effects of food deserts are devastating: they contribute to obesity and other diet-related illnesses, they force families living in these areas to use valuable time traveling to neighboring areas, and they usually lack the resources to improve their situation.
The cure? Seattle is seeing an increase in "pop-up" grocery stores, while New Orleans has slowly been cultivating an urban agriculture scene. Other possible initiatives include mobile groceries and vegetable prescriptions.
Using the USDA food desert locator, we pinpointed the exact areas affected by this blight. | <urn:uuid:a8e806c5-9ede-4227-8f34-112824fc9581> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.businessinsider.com/food-deserts-urban-2011-10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982292607.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195812-00173-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935413 | 197 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The air we breathe is composed of 79% nitrogen. This N2 gas in its purer form provides a number of uses in a wide range of applications. Nitrogen gas is often used in corrosion prevention, purging, eliminating bacteria, modified atmosphere packaging, creating a clean, dry, and sterile environment, and much more.
With so many uses and benefits to using nitrogen, the question is: How do you make nitrogen gas? How do you separate the molecules of N2 gas found in the air and capture them for use?
And the answer is: Leave it to your friends at South-Tek Systems, the leading manufacturers of nitrogen generating systems worldwide.
South-Tek Systems specializes in engineering and manufacturing nitrogen generators with the purpose of producing high purity N2 gas that can be captured and used for any number of applications. They use simple Membrane technology or PSA technology within the generators to make this happen and then connect the generator with a tank for storage.
Nitrogen generators are safe, reliable, easy to operate, and require low maintenance. The experts at South-Tek Systems use their Flow Verification System to size up the proper generator for your specific requirements, ensuring that you have the optimum purity and output necessary for the application.
With a Nitrogen Generator installed at the point of process, our clients can eliminate the need for gas company contracts and delivery, high pressure cylinder storage and handling, and the costs associated with using high pressure cylinders as an N2 gas source. Our Nitrogen generating systems are easy to maintain, requiring only a routine filter replacement, and have a return-on-investment (ROI) of approximately 18 months.
Contact the experts at South-Tek Systems to learn how a Nitrogen Generator can benefit your business - save time, money, and make your process more efficient! Call us today at 888-526-6284.
About Marya Breznay
Join Me on Google Plus | <urn:uuid:5b6e031c-dc39-41f8-90ff-b71eeaf2b693> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.southtektalk.com/2011/12/how-to-make-nitrogen-gas-with-n2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510273513.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011753-00025-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909086 | 399 | 2.625 | 3 |
Solomons rises again from the ruins of the past
THE United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) include peace-building as part of a changing paradigm of how to achieve “development.” As a set of guiding principles that cover a broad range of issues, it is hard to interpret the SDGs as 17 stand-alone goals; the keys to “sustainable development” are difficult to isolate.
Hence why the SDGs have expanded beyond pure economics. In particular, Goal 16 is “dedicated to the promotion of peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development.” Starting in 1978, the Solomon Islands achieved and sustained peaceful postcolonial independence for two decades. But by late 1998, uneven economic development had aggravated ethnic animosity on Guadalcanal Island. Approximately 1000 firearms were looted from local police armories and between 2000-2003 ethno-tribal conflict escalated into a civil war.
In 1999 economic installations and infrastructure were also targeted, such as Goldridge Mine and Solomon Islands Plantations Limited’s palm-oil plantation. In the ensuing violence, approximately 200 people were killed and 30,000 people were displaced. According to estimates from Amnesty International, at least 100 child soldiers took part in the conflict.
…..to read more buy your personal copy at | <urn:uuid:a1b9d4bb-c1e1-481d-88ba-f76a7d3e7fde> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://islandsbusiness.com/archives/2017/2017-june/costly-price-of-conflict/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334528.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925101046-20220925131046-00383.warc.gz | en | 0.960879 | 266 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The authors measured camshaft surface temperatures in two different gasoline engines: a Ford 2.3-liter overhead-camshaft engine with finger-follower and an Oldsmobile V-8 5.7-liter engine with rotating tappets and pushrods.
Using unique surface thermocouples in the cam-lobes, we found that maximum cam-lobe temperatures occur at the cam-nose and increase linearly with speed and oil temperature. At high speed, the rotating tappet produced lower temperatures than the finger-follower.
In addition, at maximum speed the cam-lobe temperatures in the ASTM Sequence V-D and IIID tests were similar--200°C. The similarity in these surface temperatures explains why both engines require similar zinc dithiophosphates (ZnDTP) for wear control. The surface temperature controls the surface chemistry. | <urn:uuid:2ce076f5-3b88-488b-baac-863657bca0d9> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/902162/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591578.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720100114-20180720120114-00494.warc.gz | en | 0.881672 | 186 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Recent research lead by Prof Noriyuki Matsunaga and his team of astronomers at the University of Tokyo suggest that our understanding of Milky Way Galaxy is still not complete. The team discovered that major portion of the region surrounding the center of our Galaxy is devoid of young stars, a study that contradicts the conventional thinking. In an interview covered by Universe Today, Dr. Andrea Ghez, a professor of physics and astronomy at UCLA, said the probability of formation of young stars at the center of the galaxy is high.
Milky Way and Cepheids
The Milky Way is a disc shaped galaxy or paraphernalia of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust and dark matter all fused together with a force of gravity. Sun, position’s around 26,000 light-years from its centre.
In order to understand the formation and evolution of our Galaxy, it’s important to know the distribution of the stars. Empirical study of Cepheids, the stars that brighten and dim periodically are ideal for the research. Cepheids or the pulsating stars are younger stars with respect to Sun. Since the former is 10 and 300 million years old while, the latter is around 4.6 billion years old. Luminosity of the Cepheid depends upon the periodicity of each cycle, which means, if astronomers track the per cycle pulsation, they can confer the brightness of the star with respect to what we see from earth and work out its distance.
Finding Cepheids in the inner core of Milky Way is not that easy. The inner region is saturated with dust that eclipses light and stars from view. However, Matsunaga’s team counteracted this effect by making near-infrared observations with a Japanese-South African telescope located at Sutherland, South Africa. They observed that there was no presence of Cepheids in the large stretch – corresponding to thousands of light years from the core – of the Galaxy.
Matsunaga said that in past they had already discovered the presence of Cepheids at the core of the Milky Way, somewhere around 150 light years in radius. However, the core is now Cepheid desert spreading across 8000 light years from the centre.
Their work contradicts the other latest work but it complies with the research of radio astronomers who see no formation of any (new) stars being formed in the desert added Feast, one of Matsunaga’s researchers. | <urn:uuid:da568d0d-ad47-467e-91a0-aee676ea77c9> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://www.techietonics.com/space-tonics/center-of-our-galaxy-is-devoid-of-stellar-populations-cepheid-desert.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211000.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816132758-20180816152758-00549.warc.gz | en | 0.941163 | 505 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Stargazers in south and central Africa were treated to a spectacular solar eclipse last night with the Moon moving across the Sun to form a "ring of fire".
Thousands of people witnessed the rare astronomic event, known as the annual solar eclipse, at around 8pm (AEST).
The phenomenon was only fully visible to people in a narrow, 100-kilometre (62-mile) band stretching across central Africa, Madagascar and Reunion.
At just 2 minutes and 33 seconds, the eclipse was short-lived, but many captured the moment on camera and shared photographs on social media.
The annual solar eclipse occurs when there is a near-perfect alignment of the Earth, Moon and Sun.
“I wanted to see it because even my daughters will be too old to watch the next one in 200 years," joked Jeremy Grondin, who watched the event with his two young daughters in the south west of France's Indian Ocean Reunion Islands.
It was there that stargazers had the best view of the solar eclipse, described by Pascal Descamps of the Paris astronomical observatory as a "magical moment".
Spectators had to don special protective glasses to filter out the Sun's harmful ultraviolet and infra-red rays
Viewers could also use a pinhole camera, a box with a hole on one side for light to pass through, projecting an inverted image of the eclipse on the opposite side.
© Nine Digital Pty Ltd 2018 | <urn:uuid:b69d52a5-8434-45f5-a78b-a80e865276b5> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.9news.com.au/world/2016/09/02/13/54/ring-of-fire-eclipse-stuns-stargazers-in-africa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742793.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115161834-20181115183834-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.958691 | 302 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The benefit of daylight for our eyesight
What role does natural outdoor light play in developing the vision of our young children?
There is new evidence that suggests children who spend more time outside exposed to daylight may reduce their risk of developing nearsightedness. Research shows there has been an increase in the percentage of Americans ages 12-54 who are suffering from myopia over the past 45 years. The number has increased from 25 percent in early 1970 to 41.6 percent today. Myopia is also known as nearsightedness or not being able to see things far away. The American Academy of Ophthalmology and the National Eye Institute predict half the world’s population will be “nearsighted” by the end of 2050.
Being able to see long distances was important for our ancestors from long ago when they depended on their eyesight to hunt for food or watch for the enemy. They also spent a majority of their waking hours in the sun. Those without good long distance eyesight would have died off long ago and myopia would be a thing of the past – if it was strictly genetic. Our young kids are developing myopia at an earlier age than ever before, so one would wonder “what” is different today compared to several hundred years ago or even 45.
Genetics can always be blamed for the rise in myopia, but what is even a bigger culprit is not getting enough time outdoors in the natural light. Computers, iPads, television, reading and studying consume a lot of our time, so our eyes (and our bodies) are spending a lot less time outside. It certainly does not help when schools are cutting back on our kids’ recess time.
Dr. Christopher Starr, an ophthalmologist from Weill Cornell Medical College, suggests one to three extra hours per day should be spent outside. This is in addition to school recess time. Dr. Starr explains that dopamine, a known inhibitor of eye growth whose release is stimulated by light, prevents elongation of the eye. Lack of dopamine results in the eye becoming more elongated, resulting in nearsightedness.
Researchers suspect that bright outdoor light helps children’s developing eyes maintain the correct distance between the lens and the retina, which keeps vision in focus. Dim indoor lighting doesn’t seem to provide the same kind of feedback. As a result, when children spend too many hours inside, their eyes fail to grow correctly and the distance between the lens and retina becomes too long, causing far-away objects to look blurry.
Considering the following from “More Time Outdoors May Reduce Kids’ Risk of Nearsightedness,” published in American Academy of Ophthalmology August 2014:
- Studying and reading increase the risk for myopia, but kids who played fewer sports outdoors showed more cases of myopia.
- Kids with two myopic parents were at the greatest risk of developing myopia themselves. The chances increased significantly if they did not play sports.
- Kids with no myopic parents and who also spent a lot of time outside had the lowest risk of all youth.
- When children were allowed 80 minutes of recess during the school day, fewer became nearsighted when compared to children who were not required to spend recess outdoors. Many parents are already concerned about the lack of recess time during the school day. Recess is a right and now our kid’s eyesight depends on it.
- Finally, one study showed that for each additional hour children spend outdoors per week, their risk of being nearsighted dropped by 2 percent.
A youth doesn’t have to play sports and definitely should not stare at the sun to reap the benefits daylight provides. Scientists believe general exposure through outdoor time, while still wearing UV blocking sunglasses and hats for protection from long-term UV damage, will also be effective. Studying and reading does not lead to nearsightedness. It is the lack of outside time that does. Being inside means less time outside. It’s the increase in outside time that is important.
Remember, every time we are in the sun without protection, we can be damaging our eyes. Too much exposure to UV rays without protective eyewear increases the risks of eye diseases including cataracts, growths on the eye or cancer. These diseases take many years to develop. For this reason, babies and kids need to wear hats and sunglasses as much as possible. Develop the habit while they are young. Sun damage can happen anytime of the year, even on a cloudy day. Sun reflecting off the snow can also cause painful damage. Everyone needs to protect their eyes.
Visit the following sources for additional information about myopia and the importance of outdoor time:
- Recess is a right, not a privilege by MSU Extension
- Why myopia is on the rise in the US and around the world – video from CBS | <urn:uuid:cbd5c1cc-51e0-4905-8066-396adf83afa8> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/the_benefit_of_daylight_for_our_eyesight | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542972.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00124-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970457 | 999 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Adversaries can use stolen session cookies to authenticate to web applications and services. This technique bypasses some multi-factor authentication protocols since the session is already authenticated.
Authentication cookies are commonly used in web applications, including cloud-based services, after a user has authenticated to the service so credentials are not passed and re-authentication does not need to occur as frequently. Cookies are often valid for an extended period of time, even if the web application is not actively used. After the cookie is obtained through Steal Web Session Cookie or Web Cookies, the adversary may then import the cookie into a browser they control and is then able to use the site or application as the user for as long as the session cookie is active. Once logged into the site, an adversary can access sensitive information, read email, or perform actions that the victim account has permissions to perform.
There have been examples of malware targeting session cookies to bypass multi-factor authentication systems.
Configure browsers or tasks to regularly delete persistent cookies.
|ID||Data Source||Data Component||Detects|
|DS0015||Application Log||Application Log Content||
Monitor for third-party application logging, messaging, and/or other service artifacts that provide context of user authentication to web applications, including cloud-based services. Combine this information with web credentials usage events to identify authentication events that do not fit the organization baseline.
|DS0006||Web Credential||Web Credential Usage||
Monitor for anomalous access of websites and cloud-based applications by the same user in different locations or by different systems that do not match expected configurations. | <urn:uuid:7dd387f2-51d8-4c93-a17c-50a518dc7077> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/004/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335573.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001070422-20221001100422-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.896238 | 378 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Sign up to Beating Around the Bush, a series that profiles native plants: part gardening column, part dispatches from country, entirely Australian.
Chances are you’ve walked over silver moss (Bryum argenteum) countless times without giving it a second glance. This moss, at home in moist environments as well as hot and cold deserts, is also a common denizen of cities worldwide and finds shelter in our pavement cracks.
Also known as silvery thread moss and silvergreen bryum moss, it grows in all states and territories of Australia, particularly in towns and cities.
To the naked eye, it appears as a tiny silvery green ribbon or small cushion, with stems up to 1.5cm tall, but often only a few millimetres high. With a hand lens, its crowded, tight buds are visible, while a microscope reveals the reason for its silvery appearance: cells in the top portion of its minute leaves do not have chloroplasts (and therefore no chlorophyll) and do not appear green, but instead make a transparent silvery tip. This portion of the leaf protects the chloroplasts deeper down from harsh sunlight.
Like many others in its genus, the leaves have a rounded appearance with a central rib, or costa, that ends well before the tip. As with most moss, these simple leaves are only one cell layer thick, so it exchanges gases and water with the exterior by diffusion.
The silver moss is a survivor. We remove native vegetation from our cities and clear forest canopies but it can cope with this new version of home. We swap forest floor for hard, impervious surfaces that utterly change how water moves across the landscape – for instance, evaporating much more quickly – but this moss makes use of water when it can, switching on its photosynthesis processes when there’s enough water, and hunkering down when there’s not.
Read more: What's behind Japan's moss obsession?
This cycle can occur over the duration of a day, with photosynthesis starting in the early morning light when there’s a little dew on the leaves, and closing down as the day progresses and the moss dries, but it can also play out over much longer periods, even years.
It can do this thanks to its particularly strong tolerance for desiccation, a trait which varies across moss species. This isn’t just the ability to withstand drought. It’s more radical than that. It is the ability to shut down all metabolic processes in the absence of water, and start them up again when water is available. This might not sound too impressive, but in the majority of plants drying out totally involves serious damage at the cell level, with membranes and cell organelles becoming brittle and breaking and macromolecules such as DNA being damaged beyond repair.
Silver moss uses sugars to create protective glass-like compounds to protect its cells from irreparable damage. Because of its tough nature, the silver moss is widely studied to further understanding of how plants cope with a range of other stresses too, from UV-B radiation and sand burial to trace metals and excessive light.
Silver moss is not showy and quite often looks rather dusty in city environments, but it’s nice to know that the 19th century botanist Ferdinand von Mueller collected it twice in 1852, in Adelaide, five years after his arrival from Germany. He moved to Melbourne that year, was appointed government botanist, and founded the National Herbarium of Victoria a year later, in 1853. These two samples must have been among the first deposited there, making them our oldest specimens of this species in Australia.
While I don’t know exactly what species were used, Aboriginal Australians took advantage of the moisture that moss collects. In Queensland, for instance, Indigenous people used to squeeze out water from a moss clump then replace it carefully, to use again.
For me, moss is on the cusp of the macro and micro world. Just big enough to see with the naked eye, it nonetheless draws you in and down to a smaller world. I’ve become a moss tourist. Whenever I go to a city, I don’t just look up at the sights, I also look down! Mosses like Bryum argenteum remind me of the wild even within the depth of a city landscape. They are a reminder that we may remove native forests, but still the most minute spores of living organisms will come in and find a place to live, if not thrive.
Sign up to Beating Around the Bush, a series that profiles native plants: part gardening column, part dispatches from country, entirely Australian.. Read previous instalments here. | <urn:uuid:a64c503c-fea6-4d45-a316-a8d7e6cf1ab8> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://theconversation.com/silver-moss-is-a-rugged-survivor-in-the-city-landscape-113459 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107897022.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028073614-20201028103614-00493.warc.gz | en | 0.949005 | 976 | 3.25 | 3 |
In this tutorial, We will introduce you about the disabled attribute of the <textarea> tag in html5. This attribute is used to specify that the control is disabled or not. The user can not able to edit or input in the textarea.The disabled control is read only.
The attribute is used as in the <textarea> tag:
|<textarea disabled="value">Text Here</textarea>|
This attribute have following possible values.
Difference between html4.01 and html5
This attribute is new in the html5.
Posted on: September 17, 2010 If you enjoyed this post then why not add us on Google+? Add us to your Circles | <urn:uuid:20a99227-a0de-4400-9b78-3695d923ef62> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.roseindia.net/tutorial/html/html5/HTML5DisabledAttribute.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257823670.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071023-00126-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.74532 | 145 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Hey all!!Welcome back to my Biochemistry blog, continuing on the topic Glycolysis, today we will be moving on to looking at what happens after glycolysis in the fates of pyruvate. Let’s get right into it!
Pyruvate has three fates, one that occur under aerobic conditions and two occurring under anaerobic conditions. See below image showing these three different fates of pyruvate.
UNDER AEROBIC CONDITIONS
1. ENTRY INTO THE TCA CYCLE
v Oxidative decarboxylation reaction
v Reaction goes in one direction only
v Oxygen is present
v Link reaction- links pyruvate to TCA cycle
v Enzyme- Pyruvate dehydrogenase
v Coenzymes/Cofactors- CoA-SH, NAD+, TPP, Lipoate, FAD
UNDER ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS
2. CONVERSION TO LACTATE
v Occurs in the Erythrocyte (mature red blood cell)
v Depends solely on glycolysis to get energy
v No mitochondria present so pyruvate cannot be converted to Acetyl-CoA instead is converted to lactate
v In the cell there is a limited amount of NAD+ present, so for glycolysis to continue more NAD+ needs to be made, this is particularly important for the erythrocytes because they rely on energy from glycolysis.
v No ATP is produced here
v The purpose of fermentation is the regeneration of NAD+ for glycolysis to continue
v Erythrocyte gets 2 ATP molecules from every glucose molecule that enters glycolysis
v Enzyme- Lactate dehydrogenase
3. ETHANOL FERMENTATION
v Regeneration of NAD+ for glycolysis to continue
v Enzyme- Pyruvate decarboxylase & Alcohol dehydrogenase
Fermentation in our everyday lives
v Beer brewing
v Wine making
v Taste of sour milk
v Producing biofuels
v The characteristic taste and fragrance of sauerkraut
Thanks again for following my blog and posts. Have a great day! | <urn:uuid:19055c1c-d8de-4a46-a5cb-64139ec9feba> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | https://riasparklebiochemistry.wordpress.com/2013/04/06/reflection-21-fates-of-pyruvate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257828314.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071028-00071-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.807867 | 481 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The condition (here in stomach) in which there is more acid than the usually required. The stomach is hypothetical to have both, the acute and chronic disorders.
The condition of irritating the abdomen may result from abuse through incorrectly selected of food and from wrong eating habits.
Such a state in which there is abnormal chemistry within the body like toxemia and acidosis may also disturb the performance of the organ.
Pure water is neutral. But when chemicals are varied with water, the mixture can turn out to be either acidic or basic. Examples of acidic substance are vinegar and lemon juice.
Laundry detergents and ammonia are example of basic substance.
Chemicals that are very fundamental or very acidic are reactive. These chemicals can cause harsh burns.
Automobile battery acid is an acidic chemical that is unthinking. Automobile battery contain a stronger form of some of the same acid that is in acid rain.
Household drain cleaners often enclose lye, a very alkaline chemical that is immediate.
Causes of Acidity
There are some some disease and syndromes for which stomach acidity is a symptom. These include gallstones, or hard deposits in the gallbladder that must be detached in order for the gallbladder to perform its stabilizing funtions. Gastro esophageal
Reflux Disease (GERD) is chronic and can cause heartburn.
Symptoms of Acidity
1. Burning sensation or pain in the stomach after one to four hours of a meal
2. Feel hungry often
3. Constant pain in upper abdomen
4. Belching, nausea, bitter taste in mouth, vomiting and loss of appetite
5. Heartburn is characterized by a deeply placed, blazing pain in the chest behind the sternum (breast-bone). It occurs after meals and is precipitate by increase in intra-abdominal pressure like straining or lifting weights.
Treatment of Acidity
After all three meals take a small piece of jaggery and keep it in your mouth and suck. Voilá no more acidity.
Boil one cup of water. To this add 1 tsp of Aniseed (Saunf). Cover and leave overnight.
Strain the water in the morning, add 1 tsp of honey. When this is taken 3 times a day it prevents acidity.
To 1 ½ liters of water add 1 tsp Caraway seeds (shah jeera). Bring to a boil and simmer for 15 minutes. Sip even as warm. Have the concoction 2-3 times a day for 5-6 days.
Home Remedies for Acidity
1. Â Take a mixture of 2 tsp of natural apple cider vinegar and 2 tsp raw honey in a glass of water previous to meals.
2. Â Try one or two tablespoons of white vinegar. It actually works to cure acidity.
3. Â Chew a few holy basil (tulsi ) leaves to get relief from ablaze, nausea and gas.
4. Â Boil one cup of water. To this add 1 tsp of Aniseed (Saunf). Cover and leave overnight. Strain the water in the daybreak, add 1 tsp of honey. When this is taken 3 times a day it prevents acidity.
5. Â Sleep with your head and shoulder on a high pillow for elevation.
6. Â Drink daily a 1 tsp juice of chebulic myroblan varied with 1 tsp of amla (Indian gooseberry) juice.
7. Â For relief of acid or acid reflux eat some yogurt, relief in about 5 min.
8. Â Take one piece of clove and suck on it slowly.
Read more on Home Remedies for Acidityand Gastritis Home Remedies and Baba Ramdev Medicines
Baba Ramdev Medicines
Related Tsp Articles | <urn:uuid:e16331a6-354f-413a-91b4-025807984f70> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://workat-home.com/acidity-or-gastric-trouble-treatment-and-natural-remedies-for-acidity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315558.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820180442-20190820202442-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.90875 | 814 | 3.234375 | 3 |
How Do You Learn to Be an Artist?
January 15, 2012 § 18 Comments
Mercedes Matter was an important figure in 20th century American art, both as a painter and one deeply involved in the education of artists. As founder of the New York Studio School, where she taught and served as dean, Matter helped shape generations of artists as well as the critical discourse about art, its meaning, its practice, and its role in society. This article first appeared in the New York Times, September 2, 1973. Almost 40 years later, her insights seem to have only gained in relevance.
How Do You Learn to Be an Artist?
By Mercedes Matter
Since, in a world greatly transformed, the visual arts have presumably moved far from the premises of art in the past, is there any use for a young artist, in 1973, to study the traditional disciplines?
I say decidedly yes – were this only a matter of becoming visually literate. How arrogant it would be to imagine that what has happened in art during the last few years could have wiped out the validity and relevance, to an artist, of millennia of marvelous works. And these accomplishments were made in sculpture, painting, drawing. Any young artist without insight into these forms of expression, without a key to understanding the art of other times and places, who is tuned in only to current ideas, is indeed poverty-stricken. However bright, sophisticated, ingenious and successful he may be, he remains, as an artist, naïve.
The insight of an artist, as distinguished from that of a sophisticated layman, a critic, philosopher or historian, is something not appealing to the idea-oriented person. It concerns the work of art rather than the idea. In painting, for example, it is first-hand understanding of the critical difference between one position on the surface and another one-hundredth of an inch away from the first, or the divergence, however ineffable, between one color and another in saturation and luminosity – these are things upon which the outcome of a painting depends and with which painters have concerned themselves, regardless of where or when they lived.
To understand Mondrian, who worked for years on his paintings consisting of several lines and areas of color, is not only a matter of grasping his concept. Plasticity, which he defined as an “image of energy,” he could attain to his near-satisfaction only through innumerable and minute adjustments undergone through rounds of action and reflection over a long period of time, to extract from those several relationships the greatest possible energy.
I do not believe that anyone who has never drawn, really drawn, can know a Mondrian, at least so that it can open to him, as an artist, its realm of experience. But to reach this awareness of drawing, there is only one way: to draw… to draw and to draw and to draw. There can be no shortcut designed to fit the college curriculum.
I think drawing has usually been the first step in the training of an artist for two reasons. One, it is primary in initiating visual consciousness. Milton Resnick defines drawing as dividing – dividing is the beginning of consciousness. To attempt the achievement of a coherent work, of unity, without distinctions ever having been made, divisions, resolved, demands a state of total innocence, cynicism – or idiocy. Beyond dividing, drawing is also connecting – and here is the difficulty.
Therefore, secondly, drawing initiates an attitude that is contrary to freedom as identified with self-indulgence and fantasy. It involves effort, effort to reach a specific result, to make concrete a perception, a sensation, an idea. Drawing is an effort to translate motivation into actuality. It is in this sense that Giacometti insisted that “whether it be a question of sculpture, or of painting, actually it is only drawing that counts… if one could master drawing a little, all the rest would become possible.”
Such effort has been lost sight of in art education today. Is this because the point of view of conceptual art has made it seem irrelevant? Or has the lack of experience on the part of young artists in the work of creation contributed to the predominance of conceptual art?
As far back as 1948, Matisse wrote, “I believe study by means of drawing altogether essential. The few exhibitions I have had the opportunity to see during the last few years make me fear that young painters are avoiding the slow and painful preparation necessary to the education of a contemporary painter.”
What does this slow and painful preparation consist of? Surely it is not sitting around and asking profound questions such as “What is art?” or “Is painting obsolete?” It is rather experience that would qualify one to ask. It has always been the premise of study in art to be involved in the process of making art – since the knowledge an artist needs is absorbed only as it is proven in the laboratory of his experience.
One can have a tremendous intellectual grasp and be incapable of putting down a cogent mark on a piece of paper. The study of art is very much concerned with the putting down of the mark. And this is the slow and lengthy process.
Art education – on the college level – whether it be in an accredited art school or university art department offers a rich menu of courses including academic studies, courses in applied art as well as art. But translated into the day-by-day experience of the art student, this simply means that he can never work. It is based on the false assumption that the pertinent information concerning art can be stored away for some future when there will be time to work.
For this reason, I consider art education, in so many cases, a farce, a packaged deal: the student receives the compensation of a degree in exchange for giving up the training he really wanted to have. A Bachelor of Fine Arts degree is usually a certificate of the fact that its recipient has not been studying art at Such-and-Such a college for four years.
At the graduate level, the situation changes but may often be equally false. Though here there is time to work, students are treated as though their period of study were behind them. Now is the time to “find their own thing,” to become professional at doing it and to produce. If it is not possible to get to New York to see “where it’s at,” there is always Artforum. For their Master of Fine Arts, they must develop a verbal rationale for their “thing.” Often the verbal apology is extensive and complex, the actual work slight – not in size but in substance. However, it is presentable, professional-looking, and there is lots of it.
To me, all this is deplorable. Artists who have interested me have never – even in their ultimate maturity – enjoyed the complacency of considering themselves pros. They are too consumed by anxiety about what they want to do, which they rarely feel they’ve done, to think in those terms. I think of Matisse in his old age carefully drawing a leaf, Cezanne in his last letter determining to “continue his studies,” Giacometti racing with time to finally put down what he saw.
For a young artist, to presume to be a pro, often in a way that merely disguises his naivete under a fashionable formula, is preposterous. But it is a result directly encouraged by current art education.
Of course, there are always students who are not conned into accepting this situation. Usually in the past there has been the atelier of a great artist-teacher to turn to as an alternative to the establishment. Here, for generations, it was Hans Hoffman’s school, the closing of which in 1958 left a terrible vaccuum. In 1964, some dissatisfied students took matters into their own hands and, having asked me to help them as an artist they knew to be sympathetic, they went to the great trouble of creating an atelier school for themselves.
It was in the spirit of a crusade that a loft was taken, the necessary equipment built by them and their slender savings, when they had any, put in to make it possible. It was in the same spirit that the extraordinary faculty they enlisted (it later included Hans Hoffman as well) gave drawings at the start and fairly subsidized the school all along by giving generously of their time for less than normal return.
There could be no greater testimony to the recognized need for schools such as this than the support artists have given this one. Since then, other “studio schools,” inspired by the first and prompted by the same lack of opportunity, have been started in various cities here and in Canada.
The virtue of an atelier school is its complete authenticity, its appropriateness to the purpose it serves. There is no compromise. For the study of art, it provides an artist’s domain and involves the focus on work which is an artist’s way of life. Any young artists whose intent extends beyond immediate success should devote themselves to a period of study in such circumstances, hopefully with an artist of caliber and insight.
On the subject of quick success, I recall an apt remark by Willem de Kooning. It was prompted by the show of a mutual friend who in his impatience to succeed, had exhibited prematurely.
De Kooning said, “I don’t see how he could have so little ambition.”
When the study of art serves the ambition de Kooning meant, it finds its proper focus.
New York Times
September 2, 1973
Section AL, Page 101 | <urn:uuid:01388a63-0a2d-4750-adca-d5bc77b66c51> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://paintingowu.wordpress.com/2012/01/15/how-do-you-learn-to-be-an-artist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585518.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022181017-20211022211017-00295.warc.gz | en | 0.979396 | 1,995 | 2.84375 | 3 |
A Russian emblem for International Polar Year (official site)
March 1, 2007 -- Scientists and governments are kicking off the UN-backed International Polar Year today, a worldwide effort to study the Earth's polar regions amid heightened concerns about global warming.
The UN's World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the nongovernmental International Council for Science are sponsoring the event, which brings together some 50,000 people carrying out 220 research and outreach projects.
WMO Secretary-General Michel Jarraud said International Polar Year "comes at a crossroads for the planet's future."
The project gets under way shortly after a major UN climate report in January warned that the poles are particularly vulnerable to global warming.
The report projected that sea ice in the Arctic could disappear in summers within a century, and that melting polar ice means rising sea levels worldwide.
Three other Polar Years have been observed since 1882. | <urn:uuid:00927a92-fec5-41ad-b598-5c6887e1966e> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.rferl.org/a/1075001.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105922.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819201404-20170819221404-00504.warc.gz | en | 0.904749 | 184 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Unit 4: Dynamics
The study of motion is kinematics, which describes the way objects move, their velocity, and their acceleration. Dynamics consider the forces that affect the motion of moving objects. Newton's laws of motion are the foundation of dynamics. These laws provide examples of the breadth and simplicity of principles under which nature functions. They are also universal laws in that they apply to similar situations on Earth as well as in space.
Completing this unit should take you approximately 26 hours.
4.1: Newton's First and Second Laws of Motion
4.2: Newton's Third Law of Motion and Normal and Tension Forces
4.3: Applications of Newton's Laws of Motion
4.6: The Simple Pendulum
Unit 4 Assessment | <urn:uuid:0364cd14-0610-42e9-a238-130c99539fde> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://learn.saylor.org/course/view.php?id=16§ionid=131 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657140337.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712211314-20200713001314-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.937469 | 154 | 3.796875 | 4 |
New data released today by the Census Bureau show that the official poverty rate rose for the eighth time in the last ten years to 15.1 percent – up from 14.3 percent in 2009. This means that 46.2 million people were living in poverty, the largest number in the 52 years for which poverty estimates have been published. Preliminary poverty data for North Carolina show that the poverty rate increased to 17.2 percent in 2009/2010.
Looking at the national poverty rate by age, race and disability shows that already vulnerable groups saw increases in poverty. Between 2009 and 2010, the poverty rate for children increased from 20.7 percent to 22.0 percent (16.4 million American children lived in poverty in 2010). The poverty rate increased for black or African Americans to 27.4 percent from 25.8 percent. It increased for Hispanics to 26.6 percent from 25.3 percent the year before. For those with a disability (between the ages of 18 and 64), the poverty rate increased to 27.9 percent from 25.0 percent.
These figures are staggering and the implications could be devastating. Statistics have shown that families living below the poverty line are the most likely to face daily hardships, including hunger and foregone doctor visits, and that living in poverty can have severe long-term damaging consequences.
Moreover, rising poverty puts our economic future at risk. Now is the time to invest in the building blocks of job creation and economic growth to work toward shared prosperity. | <urn:uuid:ffd72bed-2940-466a-ad18-26c35043d669> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://pulse.ncpolicywatch.org/2011/09/13/new-poverty-data-highlight-the-need-for-a-public-response/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864798.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180522151159-20180522171159-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.943342 | 301 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The food you eat doesn’t just impact your body—it impacts the environment where it’s grown and produced as well. So which foods are the most responsible, not just for you, but for the entire world? That’s a big question, and one that the Environmental Working Group has endeavored to answer with a recent roundup of 20 conventionally-grown protein sources. They’re the foods you see in the store every day. Which to choose? Follow this guide.
The Best: Lentils
Lentils don’t just deliver protein; they’re also an anti-aging superfood that provides your body with necessary fiber and nutrients like iron and folate. Moreover, they’re the most climate-friendly, causing only a fraction of the carbon emissions throughout their lifecycle that meat does. Most of those emissions are related to the energy required to cook lentils; not so bad, in the scheme of things. Embrace your inner hippie and surprise your dinner partners with legendarily delicious, uber-healthy Lentil Walnut Burgers, and you may never go back to meat.
The Worst: Lamb
If you ever felt squeamish about eating lamb, you were right! The production of lamb produces 39.3 kilograms of carbon emissions per kilo of meat, about 50% more than beef and around 40 times the emissions from lentils. Why the huge impact? Because young sheep have less meat on them. If that doesn’t make you sad, I don’t know what will.
The EWG notes, however, that Americans eat a very small amount of lamb, making beef the #1 offender when it comes to cumulative carbon emissions.
Making Smart Choices
Overall, the EWG found that we simply eat too much meat in America. Meat production accounts for the vast majority of the carbon emissions from our food. If you do eat meat, stick with chicken and turkey when you can. Or try eating eggs, yogurt and milk, which require even less energy to produce. And of course, look for grass-fed, organic and free-range animals; they tend to live healthier and have a lower environmental impact.
Non-animal proteins like lentils, beans, tofu and nuts are always smart choices for you and the environment, but buy organic and non-GMO whenever you can. Soy products in particular will often contain genetically modified plants.
Make sure you read the full list before your next shopping trip: Meat Eater’s Guide: Climate and Environmental Impacts | <urn:uuid:7ac1a1e3-8cca-4d29-aa12-1f1d95478625> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.organicauthority.com/health/best-and-worst-protein-sources-health-environment.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917124478.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031204-00522-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939743 | 525 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Nature & Science
Petrified Forest National Park is located in the greater Painted Desert—they are not two separate parks. While the Painted Desert encompasses about 1500 square miles, the park is about 150,000 acres—and not desert! Actually the main environment is short-grass prairie or intermountain-basin, semi-arid grassland. It is dry here, but there is snow in the winter and rain during the monsoon. Explore the varied species that make their home in this demanding environment.
A Dynamic Landscape
Petrified Forest National Park is located in the greater Painted Desert—they are not two separate parks.
iNaturalist is a great resource and community. Explore and share your observations from the natural world. This site creates a space for keeping track, sharing data, identify organisms, become a citizen scientist, build your knowledge, and join a project. Join at iNaturalist.org. The site works on all your devices.
Last updated: March 16, 2018 | <urn:uuid:ebe81413-f5d0-4c0a-902f-4dc25d88fb70> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.nps.gov/pefo/learn/nature/index.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863684.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20180520190018-20180520210018-00596.warc.gz | en | 0.939326 | 209 | 3.203125 | 3 |
While enrollment in secondary schools has been increasing over the past decade, a significant number of young people are still not able to access quality and relevant secondary education. Some learners experience difficulty in transitioning from primary to secondary level, and from secondary level to the labour market. In some parts of Southeast Asia, there is disparity in terms of completion of secondary education between rural and urban learners, and between working students and those studying full time. Learners from marginalized groups, including indigenous people, young people with special needs, and those from low socio-economic groups, also face challenges in accessing and completing secondary education.
There are many barriers that can push learners out of the formal school system, including geographical distance, poverty, conflict, natural disasters, etc. Alternative delivery modes (ADMs) offer solutions that may help learners outside of the regular school system acquire the needed basic education competencies and life skills. At the secondary level, these initiatives provide learners with the opportunity to complete their education at their own pace given the resources and the context they are in, thereby preparing them for work or further education. ADMs offer flexibility and relevance, and may be accessed at a lower cost than conventional schools.
In SEAMEO-member countries, numerous forms of alternative modalities have been and are being implemented. SEAMEO INNOTECH launched a research project to document successful secondary level alternative delivery models. The aim was to consolidate best practices, study more closely how the programs were executed given the varied contexts, and identify factors that contributed to their success. This project resulted in the documentation of four exemplary ADM programs, which shall be presented as a series of case studies. These include: i) the school-industry partnership of the Multiple Entry Exit System (MEES) of Indonesia; ii) access to secondary education of island learners in Vietnam; iii) flexible learning delivery modalities and learner-centered support system of the Open High School Program (OHSP) of the Philippines; and iv) project-based learning approach in support of a needs-based curriculum evident in the Home School Program of Thailand. Each case study discusses the various components of the program and highlights the unique and facilitative factors underlying the successful ADM initiative.
The series of case studies was made possible through the active collaboration with in-country researchers from Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam, and the stakeholders who contributed their ideas, insights and experience. We hope the case studies will give a better understanding of ADMs as education solutions and widen perspectives on the benefits of employing such modalities for students in the secondary level.
Share us on social media! | <urn:uuid:6f27a002-e586-4980-a05f-3accd7154471> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.seameo-innotech.org/portfolio_page/adm-case-studies-philippines/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585768.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023193319-20211023223319-00116.warc.gz | en | 0.954403 | 526 | 2.875 | 3 |
Nesterov was well acquainted with the circle of philosophers. In 1910, he attended the religious-philosophical meetings of the society named after V. S. Solovyov. The artist also often performed church paintings. Until the Soviet period, religious paintings were an important part of his work. Nesterov wrote a series of paintings dedicated to the life of St. Sergius of Radonezh. Sergius of Radonezh, in the Bartholomewian world, was the founder of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery in Sergiev Posad, and was also his hegumen. Russian religious philosophers considered the Trinity-Sergius Monastery to be the center of Russian spirituality.
The painting Vision to the youth Bartholomew was recognized as the best work devoted to an outstanding Orthodox figure. “The young shepherd Nesterov wrote the figure from life. A girl from Komyakino village posed for him. When the artist saw a girl of about 9 years old, short-haired, with big, surprised, blue eyes, a bit of a painful look, he immediately realized that this was a find for his boy Bartholomew. Also in the village of Abramtsevo, Nesterov painted the landscape for his picture. Creating the look of a miraculous vision, the artist sought to convey as much historical authenticity as possible.
In other words, to create an image that would be perceived as a real hero, a real youth Bartholomew. And he did it thanks to the landscape and the convincing figure of the lad. In the landscape itself is nothing mysterious. In the background, you can even see a vegetable garden with cabbage. The figure of a monk is as close as possible to the trunk of an old oak tree in order to focus all our attention on the boy. From the expression of the face and the reverent posture it can be understood that a miracle occurs in the soul of a young man. Nesterov was a member of the local Abramtsevo circle, which was located on the estate of the patron Mamontov. There he learned a lot about the history, everyday life and the old culture of ancient Russia. | <urn:uuid:6f6be87d-42f0-4fca-8e6e-e392607e401b> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://en.opisanie-kartin.com/description-of-the-painting-by-mikhail-nesterov-vision-to-the-youth-bartholomew/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671239.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122042047-20191122070047-00042.warc.gz | en | 0.980495 | 447 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Decimal division worksheets grade 7 printable decimal division. It has an answer key attached on the second page.
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Division of decimals worksheets grade 7. These free interactive math worksheets are suitable for grade 7. This worksheet is a supplementary seventh grade resource to help teachers parents and children at home and in school. Cells of a plant printable science worksheets for grade 7th cell.
Grade 7 decimal word problems worksheet. Decimal division worksheets mental math. The worksheets provide calculation practice for both mental divisions and long division of decimals including dividing decimals by decimals.
This is a math pdf printable activity sheet with several exercises. Long division with decimals. Grade 7 national curriculum multiplication and division of decimals we haven t recorded any learning activity for this skill yet.
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Sign up for our free newsletter. Free decimal worksheets grades 3 7 this versatile generator produces worksheets for addition subtraction multiplication and division of decimals for grades 3 7. You can create easy decimal problems to be solved with mental math worksheets for multiplying by 10 100 or 1000 decimal long division problems missing number problems and more.
Then students divide by a whole number and continue as normal. Decimal division using a number line worksheets 50 worksheets dividing decimals by powers of ten practice this collection of printable worksheets and make headway dividing decimal numbers involving digits in the tenths hundredths and thousandths place by 10 100 1000 and so on. Decimal division worksheets grade 7 lesrosesdor info 87629.
To print this worksheet. Division with decimal quotients multiply two decimals divide two decimals decimals and fractions decimal word problems. Add integers subtract integers multiply integers divide integers.
They convert the number you are dividing by to a whole number first by shifting the decimal point of both numbers to the right. Decimal division in this decimal division worksheet 7th graders solve 20 different problems that include decimals. To save click the download icon.
Use them to practice and improve your mathematical skills. By signing up you agree to receive useful information and to. They are meant for 5th and 6th grade.
Divide decimals by powers of ten. Decimal division worksheet for 7th grade children. Free 7th grade math worksheets 87627. | <urn:uuid:b2ffc9a7-5927-426d-93ef-e3c33056b805> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://kidsworksheetfun.com/division-of-decimals-worksheets-grade-7/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337906.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20221007014029-20221007044029-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.841863 | 555 | 3.875 | 4 |
Macbeth s crimes dissertation
Macbeth’s criminal offenses are bloodstream, appalling and pitiless. Will Shakespeare present this “butcher”, “hell-kite” and “fiend” as being a monster or perhaps as somebody with to whom it is possible to feel compassion?
The perform Macbeth was written by Shakespeare. It was crafted for the successor of Elizabeth I, James I of Great britain. James We of Great britain, who was David VI of Scotland, was obviously a descendent of Banquo, and for that reason Shakespeare altered his enjoy from the way this event truly took place of all time.
In history Banquo actually helped Macbeth inside the killing of Duncan, this would have upset the king and may have got Shakespeare in a lot of trouble. Therefore Shakespeare changed it so that Banquo was not portion of the plan to murder the ruler and was against the idea totally. William shakespeare added the witches in to the play, as James was deeply considering witchcraft.
This will make the perform more appealing for the king. Adam was a firm believe of “The Work Right Of Kings”, this is a way of thinking that kings had been hand picked by The almighty and that they had been, second inside the hierarchy with the whole whole world underneath God.
Because James supported this way of thinking that made the murder of Duncan far more dramatic.
Once Duncan was murdered there was clearly dramatic affects on Ireland. Shakespeare confirmed this unnatural affect over Scotland simply by things going on that would not happen normally. Such as horses consuming each other and earthquakes happening. In the enjoy Macbeth is definitely shown like a tradgic leading man. A tradgic hero is usually when a wonderful heroic person has a weak spot in his personality, for Macbeth the catch in his character is his great ambition. His drawback has come through the witches sharing with him the 3 prophecies. This turned his whole point of view around which was the moment his desire took over.
Because the perform starts we see do not discover Macbeth nevertheless we hear of how superb a man he can and how much of a great fearless worrier he is highly respectable by most of his guy Thanes and he also commands excessive respect from your king too. There seems to be considered a connection with him and the nurses in the initially scene as the nurses say
“Fair is bad, and foul is fair” (act one particular, scene I)
This quote show that things are not exactly what that they seem. Macbeth repeats these words afterwards in that take action.
“So bad and good a day I possess no seen” (Act you, scene III)
When Macbeth says this kind of there is a sense that the witch has already got some power over him, even though they have not fulfilled each other however.
At the battle the sergeant seems happy that they acquired Macbeth on his side. The sergeant demonstrates he has great value for Macbeth by enhancing him.
” Except that they mount towards the battle in reeking pains; or memorize another Golgotha” (Act 1, scene II)
This term means that the sergeant has not been sure if perhaps Macbeth and Banquo wished to swim in blood or perhaps make an additional Golgotha, that was when Jesus was sacrificed. King Duncan also displays his esteem for Macbeth when he says:
” U valiant aunty! Worthy gentlemen! ” (Act 1, picture II)
Duncan is showing that he has wonderful amounts of value for Macbeth.
After the challenge has taken place Macbeth and Banquo are on all their way residence when the come across the 3 witches. The werewolves great Macbeth with 3 prophesies:
1 ) All are Macbeth! Are to thee, Thane of Glamis!
installment payments on your All originate Macbeth! Originate to thee, Thane of Cawdor!
three or more. All originate Macbeth! That shalt be king hereafter.
As Macbeth is advised he will end up being king hereafter there is a thought in the back of his mind to kill the king. These prophecies have got shocked Macbeth and when the witches learn to leave this individual tries to make them stay. This individual tries to get them to tell him more about the prophecies. The moment Ross explains to Macbeth that he is now Thane of Cawdor, Macbeth has the considered killing the king once again. Banquo says to him self in a soliloquy
“What can the satan speak true? ” (Act1, scene III)
Banquo is definitely stunned on the news, as is Macbeth. Macbeth asks these people where that they got this info as the Thane of Cawdor lives. Ross says that the Thane of Cawdor has been a traitor and that he shall be hanged. In Macbeths initially soliloquy he admits that
“Glamis, and Thane of Cawdor: The highest is lurking behind. ” (Act 1, scene III)
This shows that Macbeth has superb trust in the prophecies which is contemplating weather conditions or to never kill the king. Macbeth also demonstrates he won’t really want to destroy the ruler when he says
” If chance could have me ruler, why, possibility may top me, with out my mix. ” (Act 1, landscape III)
Macbeth is showing resistance to getting rid of the california king as he feels that in the event he does not do anything in that case maybe he will probably have a change of being california king. This shows that Macbeth does have a notion and that he is aware the difference between right and wrong. There is also a great contrast between Banquo and Macbeth when they are informed about every single of their prophecies. Macbeth appears a lot directly into them where as Banquo does not really check into them very much. Banquo as well warns Macbeth that the witches prophecies will not be the whole fact and may produce a lot of damage to him, naturally Macbeth nonetheless wants to always be king. This kind of shows Macbeth has ambition and this is a flaw of his personality.
Macbeth is not happy with Duncan’s decision to create Malcolm, The Prince of Cumberland his heir for the throne. Macbeth is so furious with the decision in his soliloquy he says
“Stars hide the fires! Allow not light see my grayscale deep desires” (Act you scene III)
Macbeth features reached a turning point he wants to get rid of Duncan because now there has become way the he can become king unless he eliminates Duncan. The quotation implies that he is aware of what he is going to do is usually wrong and so he wants to make there is no-one to see what he is undertaking.
In take action 1 scene VII Macbeth has one more soliloquy through which he encounters a real situation. He is stuck with the decision weather or to never kill the king. His say
“He is here in double trust: First?nternet site am his kinsman wonderful subject, Solid both against deed; in that case, as his host, Who should against his killer shut the door” (Act 1, field VII)
Macbeth is really baffled at this point he’s not sure in the event that he really wants to kill Duncan or certainly not. The offer above displays if he does then he is heading against his morals and conscience. I think Macbeth knows the full implications of what he is planning to do, this is exactly why he has its own doubt in the mind, as the consequences happen to be terrible. Macbeth then talks to his partner about his plan to destroy Duncan, and exactly how he is having second thoughts about eliminating Duncan. Female Macbeth teases him, thus out of pride Macbeth is required into getting rid of Duncan.
In Act 2 Scene We Macbeth is all alone when he sees a dagger in the front off him.
“Is this kind of a dagger which I observe before me personally, the handle toward my hand? Come, allow me to clutch the: I have thee not” (Act 2, picture I)
I do believe that there is a sizable significance with this dagger getting there. The dagger is blood condensed and is aiming towards the compartments of the ruler. I think the dagger is actually a way of his mind displaying us that he contains a guilty mind and that he has become possessed simply by evil. Each of the forcing from his wife has passed him over to the evil part and now he is dead set on killing Duncan. There is also an element of ambition, as he wants to kill Duncan showing he is able and also for himself to exhibit that he’s a real man to his wife.
Once Macbeth offers murdered Duncan he acts very peculiar almost like he can in a daze. He appears very disturbed, he says
“This is a apologies sight” (Act2, scene II)
He says this kind of as he is looking at his hands as though he was disgusted with himself and that he could not believe he previously done this kind of a terrible factor. While Macbeth was eradicating Duncan he heard voices saying
“Sleep no more! Macbeth does tough sleep” (Act 2, picture II)
This really got to Macbeth, this individual didn’t understand where the voice came from and it really stunned him. Girl Macbeth merely told him to take not any notice of what the voices had explained.
“But wherefore could not I actually pronounce ‘Amen’? I had many need of blessing, and ‘Amen’ trapped in my neck. ” (Act 2, field II)
This also frightened Macbeth offers when he was about to kill Duncan this individual wanted to declare a plea but the term ‘Amen’ was stuck in his throat. These two affects were the first few outcomes of killing Duncan.
“Will all superb Neptune’s marine wash this blood clean from me? No, this my hand will rather The multitudinous ocean incarnadine, Associated with green one particular red” (Act 2, landscape II)
This quote reveals Macbeth is definitely starting to feel guilty about his activities. When Macbeth says can great Neptune’s oceans clean this blood vessels clean from my hands he is conveying that it is this sort of a bad point that he has done practically nothing in the galaxy can clear him of his sins. Macbeth reveals regret pertaining to him killing Duncan if he says
“Wake Duncan with thy banging! I would thou couldst! ” (Act a couple of, scene II)
Macbeth is now unstable psychologically and is regretting killing Duncan.
In action 3 Field 4 Macbeth is having a banquet. At the start Macbeth is named away to view on in the murderers who also gave him a report. Macbeth wanted Banquo and his kid Fleance to be killed, the murderers just killed Banquo but Fleance got aside.
“Then comes my in shape again: I had else been perfect; Complete as the marble, founded as the rock, Because broad and general since the casing air: Nevertheless I i am cabin’d, cribb’d, confin’d, sure in To saucy doubts and fears. ” (Act 3, scene IV)
Macbeth is extremely frustrated which the killers would not kill Fleance as it offers ruined his plan yet he is convinced he can circumvent this hiccup. Once Macbeth has came back to the banquet he is asked to join the Lords. Lenox says to Macbeth this is the place reserv’d, sir. Macbeth asks him where? Lenox says in this article my very good lord. What is’t that moves your highness? Macbeth goes into a rage and starts to shout
“Which of you have done this? ” (Act a few, scene IV)
Macbeth sees Banquos ghosting in his couch, now Macbeth is going ridiculous. All of the guest’s start to worry about the king but female Macbeth explains to them
“Sit worthy good friends: my god is often therefore, and hath been coming from his youngsters: pray you keep seat; the fit is temporary; upon a thought He will probably again become well. ” (Act three or more, scene IV)
Lady Macbeth is trying to hide for Macbeth by saying he is annoyed because of a years as a child drama. Woman Macbeth performs this out of panic so that not one of the lords are worried about the king. This may also impact his respect and reputation with the lords as they may think he is delusional. Lady Macbeth covers pertaining to Macbeth well. Lady Macbeth then requires the lords to leave, as Macbeth is very sick. Once the lords had remaining Macbeth explains to lady Macbeth that this individual has a traveler in every home. Lady Macbeth tells Macbeth to get some sleep as he is become emotionally unstable. Macbeth is affected by all of the eradicating that this individual has done in fact it is not only affecting him it is additionally affecting his marriage where seems to be going down hill as the play moves on.
In Action 4 field I Macbeth goes to visit the witches, which shows he firmly cartouche the witches as he went to them which gives a feeling that they hove power over him where as if he waited and let them arrive to him he would not have given the impression that he was eager. Macbeth is told three or more prophecies the first is:
“Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! Be mindful Macduff; Be mindful the Thanes of Fife. Dismiss myself. Enough”
(Act 4, picture I)
The first apparition says this; it is a caution to Macbeth simply telling him to beware of Macduff, as he is dangerous. Macduff was by no means happy regarding Macbeth turning out to be king because Macduff under no circumstances attended Macbeths crowning and he as well suspected Macbeth of getting rid of Duncan.
The other prophecies is:
“Be bloody, bold and resolute; have a good laugh to scorn the power of person, for non-e of women given birth to shall damage Macbeth” (Act 4, field I)
This prophecy made Macbeth unwind a little, when he didn’t feel that there was anybody in the world that can not carry women born. Which produced him truly feel much more safer and almost invincible.
The third prophecies is:
“Macbeth shall under no circumstances vanquish’d become until wonderful Birnam wood to large Dunsinane Slope; shall come against him” (Act 4, scene I)
Macbeth was very happy with this prophecy as for him this supposed he was immortals, as he thought that Burnam wood would not come to Dunsinane. He shows that he can very happy regarding his prophecies when he says:
“That will never be: Who can impress the forest, bid the tree Unfix his earth bound underlying? Sweet bodements! Good! ” (Act 5, scene I)
Macbeth features decided to destroy the Macduffs as Macduff has flied to England and Macbeth sees this kind of as the perfect as well as way to kill these people. If they are slain Macduff will be distort and may want to kill Macbeth but Macbeth thinks he can invincible. This can be the perfect period as you cannot find any one to protect his friends and family.
In Take action 5 picture I Macbeth is getting ready for battle when he hears a women screaming this individual sends his servant to look at. He earnings and tells Macbeth that his better half is useless. Macbeth responds to this by simply saying:
“She would have dies hereafter; Right now there would have been a coming back such a word. To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow, Creeps in this pretty pace from day to day, To the previous syllable of recorded time; and all each of our yesterdays have lighted fools the way to messy death. Out, out, short candle! Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor participant that struts and poidss his hour upon the stage, then is read no more; this can be a tale advised by an idiot, gull of nicely furry, symbols of nothing. ” (Act five, scene V)
This speech is said simply by Macbeth as he thinks a lot more not worth living for any more. This individual tries hard to make his life better but in the end he is gonna die so what is the level. That is the sort of attitude he’s taking. Macbeth is then advised that Burnam Wood is definitely moving to wards Dunsinane. Macbeth reacts very poorly to this he calls the messenger a
“Liar and slave” (Act 5, picture V)
Macbeth cannot believe that it, the wood is definitely moving, he could be in this kind of anger while the prophecies are not supporting their word. Macbeth offers his shield put on therefore he is ready for battle.
In the final landscape Macbeth and Macduff have a fight, Macbeth is incredibly full of him self until Macduff says
“Despair thy elegance: and let the angel whom thou still hast serv’d notify thee, Macduff was via his single mother’s womb unforeseen ripp’d. ” (Act five, scene VII)
Macbeth is at shock he cannot believe it, all of the prophecies have already been untrue. All of them Macbeth can be killed l8rs Macduff and Macbeths head is caught on a election and displayed around. It was a way of exhibiting the people that if they will betray the king this is exactly what will happen to them.
The witches have influenced Macbeth, if they had not shown him the 3 prophecies then he would never have murdered the california king and he would still be a noble guy. The werewolves were real estate agents of evil so these were bound to tempt Macbeth. The witches basically showed Macbeth what maybe he is if he listened to them they did certainly not force him they gave him the alternative and Macbeth choose their very own way. The witches do not power therefore they simply temp and try to push Macbeth in the direction they desire him to visit. Their affect is good great about Macbeth.
Girl Macbeth is a very possessive girl and provides a great amount of ambition regarding her. Once she see the letter via her spouse in Action 1 scene V the lady was decided on making Macbeth the king. The lady wanted him so badly for being the full. She showed her perseverance in Work 1 picture VII the moment she said she would:
“I have given suck, and know how young ’tis to love the hottie that milk substitutes me: I would, while it was smiling up in my face, Include pluck’d my nipple coming from his boneless gums, and dash’d the brains out, had I so sworn as you need to this. ” (Act 1, scene VII)
She is thus determined she would kill her own baby while your woman was feeding it, this kind of shows that she’s a very solid women. Lady Macbeth really wants to become simply evil she shows this when states
“Come spirits that usually tend on mortal thoughts! Unsex me in this article, and fill up me from your crown towards the toe top-full of direst cruelty; help to make thick my blood. ” (Act 1, scene V)
Lady Macbeth also says
“TH’ result and this! Come to my ladies breasts, and take my own milk to get gall, you murdering ministers, wherever in your sightless substances”
Lady Macbeth wants very thing that is girly about her taken away via her and so she may be purely bad.
Lady Macbeth shows the lady isn’t solely evil in Act 2 scene 2 when Macbeth asks her why she didn’t get rid of Duncan she says
“Had this individual not was similar to my father when he slept, I had developed done’t. ” (Act 2, scene II)
As the play continues on lady Macbeth and Macbeths relationship starts to fall apart. At the start of the play Macbeth tells his partner every thing as the enjoy digresses they will lose hope and trust in each other. They do not tell one another anything. Girl Macbeth had not been told by Macbeth that he was going to kill Banquo or the Macduff’s he just didn’t contact her anymore.
I believe that Shakespeare provides presented Macbeth as some one who you can feel sympathy to get, as he appears to be pushed into killing Duncan by Girl Macbeth. I do think that this individual never experienced any motives of getting rid of Duncan it had been because his wife drove him so that he can gain electricity. He was less strong as he seems, his wife bullies him in killing Duncan but he’s a hero on the battlefield. Also if he had certainly not seen the witches i then do not think that he would have any thoughts of killing the full. | <urn:uuid:9968b13a-9d50-4651-a1d3-3aef87f7998f> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://joinsamme.com/macbeth-s-crimes-dissertation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145747.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200223062700-20200223092700-00080.warc.gz | en | 0.978996 | 4,647 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Conflict in Japan
- About the Book
Social and political conflict in postwar Japan is the subject of this volume, which draws together a series of field-based studies by North American and Japanese sociologists, anthropologists, and political scientists. It focuses attention on the sources of conflict and the ways in which conflict is expressed and managed. This book challenges the widely held theories stressing the harmony and vertical structure of social relations in Japan, which imply that conflict is only of minimal importance. Not only does the research presented here force recognition of the existence and complexity of conflict patterns in Japan, its approach to conflict provides a dynamic, empirical, and interdisciplinary focus on social and political processes in the postwar period.
The editors' theoretical introduction is followed by a general conceptual piece by one of Japan's foremost sociologists. Ten empirical studies, each offering both new data and new insights on known data about Japanese social and political systems, analyze conflict and conflict resolution in interpersonal relations, industrial relations, education, rural villages, government bureaucracy, parliament, political parties, and interest groups, including how they are manifested in women's and student protest movements and portrayed in the mass media. Western social science conflict theories are applied to enhance our understanding of both the universal and the unique elements in Japanese social and political institutions.
- About the Author(s)
Ellis S. Krauss, Editor
Thomas P. Rohlen, Editor
Patricia G. Steinhoff, EditorPatricia G. Steinhoff is professor of sociology at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa.
- Supporting Resources | <urn:uuid:0b51159f-d42f-4b6f-9889-1cb44deb1913> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://uhpress.hawaii.edu/title/conflict-in-japan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304872.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220125190255-20220125220255-00339.warc.gz | en | 0.929156 | 332 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Ancestors in Specific Locations:
Today the province of Mecklenburg where my ancestors lived is called Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The modern state, formed after World War II, has much different boundaries that the Mecklenburg of the past. It takes in much of the old Mecklenburg duchies as well as a portion of the western part of Pommerania (the rest is now part of Poland).
In previous centuries, the map of Europe looked much different than it does today. Germany, as a nation, didn’t exist until 1871. In 1618, the most dominant German power was the Holy Roman Empire ruled by the Catholic Hapsburgs from Vienna. Germany was fragmented into many states, varying in size and power, ruled by semi-independent princes. The Reformation had also split the country, with most of the southern states remaining Catholic while the northern states converted to Lutheranism.
Mecklenburg historically was composed of duchies. At the time of the Thirty Years’ War, the province consisted of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, where my family lived, and Mecklenburg-Gustrow. (A division made in 1701, which lasted until the twentieth century, separated the land into Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Streltiz.) With an area similar to Connecticut, Mecklenburg-Schwerin was the bigger of the two duchies, and located on the western side.
The dukes of Mecklenburg squabbled constantly and mismanaged the duchies’ finances, often leaving the province in perilous circumstances. This enabled the greater powers that surrounded Mecklenburg to take advantage of the small, weak province. However, while in later history Prussia annexed much of the area around it, Mecklenburg remained independent until Germany’s unification in 1871.
Mecklenburg was known for being perhaps the most backwards of the German states. Fritz Reuter, the famous writer from Mecklenburg, often said that everything happened one hundred years later in his home province.
Life in Mecklenburg was different than life in other German states. However, it shared many characteristics and the people, of course, experienced many of the same events of history. You will find that quite a bit of the information below applies to other German states.
The list below shows the arrangement of information in this section. For more information, click on that link. To learn more about how to do genealogy research in Mecklenburg, look at the Useful Sources and Links for Mecklenburg section or check out the Records section.Some Major Events in History
Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)
Bauernkriegen or Farmer Wars (1733-1755)
Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)
Napoleon in Mecklenburg (1806-1813)
Metternich and the German Confederation (1815)
1820 Abolition of Serfdom
Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
Unification of Germany (1871)
Some Demographic Statistics
Useful Sources and Links | <urn:uuid:1825721a-f590-4302-b3a0-ff9ad6d5484c> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.understandingyourancestors.com/asl/mecklenburg.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997894473.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025814-00183-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947205 | 673 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Cryptocurrencies were in the information lately due to the fact tax authorities agree with they can be used to launder money and evade taxes. Even the ideal courtroom appointed a unique Investigating team on Black cash endorsed that trading in such currency be discouraged. whilst China became reported to have banned a few its biggest Bitcoin tradingoperators, countries such as the united states and Canada have laws in location to restrict stock exchange in cryptocurrency. www.cryptonomi.xyz
Cryptocurrency, as the name suggests, makes use of encrypted codes to impact a transaction. those codes are recognizedwith the aid of other computer systems in the person community. rather than the use of paper money, an internet ledger is up to date by regular bookkeeping entries. The customer‘s account is debited and the seller‘s account is credited with such currency.
How are Transactions Made on Cryptocurrency?
whilst a transaction is initiated by means of one person, her computer sends out a public cipher or public key that interacts with the personal cipher of the man or woman receiving the currency. If the receiver accepts the transaction, the starting up computer attaches a piece of code onto a block of several such encrypted codes this is recognized to every consumerin the community. unique customers known as ‘Miners’ can attach the extra code to the publicly shared block via solvinga cryptographic puzzle and earn more cryptocurrency within the manner. once a miner confirms a transaction, the reportwithin the block can not be changed or deleted.
BitCoin, for example, can be used on mobile devices as well to enact purchases. All you want do is permit the receiver scana QR code from an app to your smartphone or deliver them head to head by way of utilizing near disciplinecommunication (NFC). word that that is very just like everyday on line wallets which includes PayTM or MobiQuick.
Die-hard customers swear via BitCoin for its decentralized nature, global attractiveness, anonymity, permanence of transactions and information security. not like paper forex, no valuable bank controls inflationary pressures on cryptocurrency. Transaction ledgers are saved in a Peer-to-Peer network. meaning each laptop chips in its computing power and copies of databases are saved on each such node in the community. Banks, however, store transaction data in important repositories which are within the palms of personal individuals hired with the aid of the company.
How Can Cryptocurrency be used for money Laundering?
The very fact that there is no control over cryptocurrency transactions through critical Banks or tax government approachthat transactions can not constantly be tagged to a selected individual. which means that we do not know whether or notthe transactor has obtained the store of fee legally or no longer. The transactee’s save is similarly suspect as no one can inform what consideration changed into given for the foreign money acquired.
What does Indian regulation Say approximately such virtual Currencies?
digital Currencies or cryptocurrencies are commonly visible as portions of software program and as a result classify as a good underneath the Sale of products Act, 1930. | <urn:uuid:f045d8c2-f7ac-4d21-bb5d-25c0c3d8ad8c> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.cicloturismo-mtb.com/cryptocurrency-and-taxation-challenges/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247495001.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220125916-20190220151916-00260.warc.gz | en | 0.948576 | 623 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Useful Notes: Thirty Years' War
"First came the Greycoats to eat all my swine, Next came the Bluecoats to make my sons fight, Next came the Greencoats to make my wife whore, Next came the Browncoats to burn down my home. I have naught but my life, now come the Blackcoats to rob me of that."
—Anonymous Poem from the Thirty Years War
Massive European war raging from 1618 to 1648 (although the French continued fighting the Spanish for a bit longer), involving, directly or indirectly, just about every European power in some fashion. It is usually considered to be the longest recorded continuous war (The Hundred Years War had a couple of interruptions, as did the Eighty Years' War), and in its time was one of the bloodiest wars recorded in history. It was mainly (though not exclusively) fought within the Holy Roman Empire. Its start is usually fixed on the Defenestration of Prague, an event in which a throng of rebellious Bohemian Protestants forced their way into Prague Castle and, after a symbolical trial, threw two Catholic Imperial governors from a third-storey window. They survived badly bruised, their fall having been cushioned by either angels led by St. Mary (Catholic propaganda), a heap of horse manure (Protestant propaganda), or neither of the two, because it wasn't a particularly high window (modern historians). The causes of the war are complex, and considering the numerous participants arguably unique to each one of them. The basic conflict involved tensions between Protestants and Catholics inside the Holy Roman Empire, tensions between the emperor and his princes (Protestant and Catholic), tensions between the Czechs and the Germans within The Empire, the old French-Habsburg rivalry, Danish-Swedish rivalry, the Spanish conflict with the Dutch, and Swedish designs on the Baltic. All of these things flowed together to create a 30-year long clusterfuck in which the sides were not always clearly marked, with certain factions frequently changing sides or essentially blackmailing their "allies" as the situation seemed to shift to their own advantage. The three decades of war are considered to be very important because of the military, social and economic development that it accelerated: Armies in this period became even larger than they had been during the Habsburg-Valois and Habsburg-Ottoman and Religious Wars of the 16th Century, and new tactics were tried out that would eventually become important. The war itself is considered to have been exceptionally destructive, killing off as much as 1/3 of the population of the Holy Roman Empire - not through fighting, though, so much as causing artificial famines with the giant and marauding standing armies' need to continually steal hundreds of tons of food daily from the surrounding landscape to sustain themselves. Worse, the indecisive and back-and-forth nature of the war meant that the same areas (given their economic and/or strategic importance) were raided again and again and again (whereas others remained totally untouched), as the page quote attests. The primary causes of death during the war were thus beriberi, measles, tuberculosis, smallpox, and the common cold. Some historians argue that, even compared to the wars of the twentieth century, it remains the most destructive war in European history in terms of its proportionate death toll and the degree of economic damage and social mayhem relative to the state of society before it. The unprecedented level of destruction stemmed from the way the war was fought continuously and entirely by very large mercenary armies operating without supply lines. Mercenaries were used so exclusively because the new, more effective gunpowder weapons (particularly the flintlock musket) in combination with the perfection of the pike-and-shot systemnote had made the old knight-based model of warfare obsolete nearly two hundred years ago by this point, and yet nobody had figured out the modern model of professional armies yet.note Missing a payment would mean your armies switched over to your enemy. The soldiers themselves were conscripted. An army would come to town and say, "every man here joins us or we hang you". The ones who joined had to loot farms and towns in order to survive since armies march on their stomachs. Often an entire town had to pool their gold, and bribe the invading army to go away (of course sometimes they'd just take the money and loot anyway). It didn't matter whose side the army was on, to the common peasant, they were the enemy, as a farmer who found an army spending the winter on his lands would find he didn't have enough to feed his family. There were also large groups of civilians (mostly women and children) that were kidnapped from looted towns, and forced to live as servants and prostitutes for the army. Many children were born in the army and never knew anything else when the war ended decades later. Many mercenaries would just desert the army and strike it out on their own as "Freebooters" which more often than not was just a nicer way of saying bandits and highwaymen, thus furthering the plight of the common peasant just trying to live their lives. Add to that the religious dimension of the conflict. A particularly fanatical lord would often decide he didn't like that his neighboring lord was Catholic, or Protestant, or the wrong kind of Protestant, and order his mercenaries to go and slaughter his neighbor's peasants even if the majority of said peasants were the same religion as him, as this would destroy that lord's income. Sadly, that's just scratching the surface. Unsurprisingly, many of the greatest works of art depicting the horrors of war have their origin in this conflict, most famously The Miseries and Misfortunes of War by Jacques Callot. Infamously, the latter half of the war largely degraded into the various participants continuing to fight because they could not afford to stop: It was simply cheaper to keep paying your armies by looting the enemy's lands than paying the severance package. This was eventually solved by having The Emperor pay. The war once and for all broke any pretense of the Holy Roman Empire being a unified state, cemented France as the dominant power in Europe, and propelled Sweden to the status of short-lived great power. It also made boots fashionable. It concluded with the Peace of Westphalia, two treaties (in Münster and Osnabrück) that involved the Spanish accepting Dutch independence, a blanket pardon for any crimes committed in the war, and some territorial changes; it's sometimes called the "Peace of Exhaustion". The key point, though, was the acceptance that a ruler could choose the religion of his state (the so-called cuius regio, eius religio-"whose realm, his religion" principle), but those who followed other Christian denominations (Calvinism was covered in this for the first time) could also do that with some restrictions. This pretty much wrapped up the religious wars of Europe. The war itself had extremely long-lasting effects, the most notable of which was the Westphalian theory of sovereignty, which is to say the idea that a state has territory, population, a government, and that foreigners do not (directly) interfere in its affairs, leading directly to the modern concept of the nation-state. Some present-day Mainland Chinese scholars have tried to tout the contemporary Ming Empire's model of vassal/client-state relations with the outside world as the 'true precedent of the concept of national sovereignty' instead. However, it should be noted that while this model did deny the right of any Barbarian power to interfere with Ming domestic affairs, it explicitly endorsed the Ming's right to intervene in those of its client-states - i.e. the exact opposite of the whole point of Westphalia.note Indeed, 'sovereignty' is the real meaning of cuius regio, eius religio: while religious affairs were in themselves important, they also served as a stand-in for the more general displeasure of the German princes at the constant interference of the Emperor and of rulers across Europe at the constant interference of The Pope (it's no coincidence that the Pope tends to drop out of European history textbooks sometime in the 17th century). The Westphalian system continued unchallenged among Western powers until the 20th century, when a few theoreticians attempted to make modifications in response to the atrocities of World War II and the nasty business after The Great Politics Mess-Up (particularly The Yugoslav Wars). Nevertheless, the modern system of states is more or less Westphalian, and several states (particularly China and to a lesser extent Russia) still insist on it. One of the things that makes the war so maddeningly complicated is that participants have a tendency to go off and fight separate wars whenever they get tired of the main conflict, such as the Danish-Swedish war of 1643-1645. The back end of the war is largely concurrent with the beginning of the English Civil War, which had similarly wide-ranging long-term effects (for entirely unrelated reasons). Those wishing to explore this time period more thoroughly in a comprehensive and understandable manner might want to check out C. V. Wedgwood's The Thirty Year's War, or Peter H. Wilson's The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy.
Works set in the Thirty Year's War include:Film
- The Jester's Tale, a Czech movie from 1964 by director Karel Zeman, is set in 1625 Moravia against the backdrop of the Thirty Years' War.
- The Last Valley (1971) starring Michael Caine, Omar Sharif, a young BRIAN BLESSED, and a score by John Barry.
- Queen Christina, a 1933 Hollywood film starring Greta Garbo as Christina of Sweden, daughter of Gustavus Adolphus, features the late Thirty Years War as a backdrop.
- According to the opening narration, Krabat (2006) takes place at the time of the Thirty Years War, although the movie never gives much evidence of this.
- Der Abenteuerliche Simplicissimus, a German satirical/picaresque novel (1668; four sequels) about a lad growing up in the middle of the war and conscripted into a military career; probably partially based on first-hand experiences of its author, Hans Jakob von Grimmelshausen. The first modern novel in the German language, it lampshades the endlessness and pointlessness of the war.
- The poetry of Andreas Gryphius (1616-64), a famous German poet of the Baroque period, often reflects the author's first-hand experience of the Thirty Years War. Gryphius' poems are still standard School Study Media in German schools, making him the oldest German author who is invariably covered in German class.
- The 1632 series by Eric Flint has a 20th century West Virginia coal mining town dropped into the middle of the conflict, in the middle of the Germanies.
- The whole series can be seen as a Roaring Rampage of Revenge against the perpetrators of the war. Germany has been transformed from a giant free-for-all zone into Europe's dominant superpower, with the rebuilt Magdeburg as its capital and industrial center. And after the brief civil war in 1636, the commoners of Germany are without question the dominant faction. Those peasants who got continually robbed, raped, and murdered by rampaging mercenary armies? Yeah, they now have the most advanced army in Europe.
- Välskärin kertomukset (The Surgeon's Tale) by Zacharias Topelius.
- The War Hound and the World's Pain by Michael Moorcock.
- German 1910 historical novel Der Wehrwolf (The Warwolf) by Hermann Löns, a revenge-fantasy about North-German peasants who, after having been plundered and brutalized repeatedly by occupying troops, become guerrillas who routinely ambush and massacre foraging soldiers. The book is notorious for being a favorite of the Nazis; it directly inspired the terrorist Werwolf guerrillas at the end of World War II. From the other wiki:
"The name was chosen after the title of Hermann Löns' novel, Der Wehrwolf (1910). Set in the Celle region, Lower Saxony, during the Thirty Years' War (1618–48), the novel concerns a peasant, Harm Wulf, who after his family is killed by marauding soldiers, organises his neighbours into a militia who pursue the soldiers mercilessly and execute any they capture, referring to themselves as Wehrwölfe ("Defense-wolves"). Löns said that the title was a dual reference to the fact that the peasants put up a fight (sich wehren) and to the protagonist's surname of Wulf, but it also had obvious connotations with the word Werwölfe in that Wulf's men came to enjoy killing. While not himself a Nazi (he died in 1914), Löns' work was popular with the German far right, and the Nazis celebrated his work. Indeed, Celle's local newspaper began serialising Der Wehrwolf in January 1945."
- Wallenstein (1971), a non-fiction biography of Albrecht von Waldstein by historian Golo Mann, son of novelist Thomas Mann.
- Wallenstein (1920), German historical novel by Alfred Döblin, focusing on Ferdinand II and Wallenstein, and drawing many implicit parallels to World War I.
- Rex Regi Rebellis by the Finnish band Turisas.
- The first half of the Sabaton album Carolus Rex covers this, emphasizing the horrors of the war.
- There is also a board game called Wallenstein, set in the Thirty Years War.
- While it's primarily an X Meets Y crossover between Musketeers and various supernatural elements, All For One: Regime Diabolique has the war as a major backdrop and it is entirely possible for characters to be caught up in it.
- As early as 1639—five years after the events it fictionalized—a play Albertus Wallenstein had been written by English poet Henry Glapthorne about the assassination of Wallenstein, and was performed at the Globe Theatre in London.
- Der Freischütz is set in this period; the villainous Caspar is a former soldier, and says he learned many knavish tricks from his fellow soldiers.
- Die Harmonie der Welt, an opera by Paul Hindemith about the life of Johannes Kepler, whose otherworldly ambitions are contrasted with the worldly ambitions of Wallenstein.
- Mother Courage and Her Children by Bertolt Brecht
- The Wallenstein trilogy of dramas by Friedrich Schiller.
- A DLC pack for Cossacks: Backs to War (an expansion pack to Cossacks: European Wars) has a campaign allowing the player to play as the French in the war. In addition, there are several multiplayer scenarios dramatising key battles in this conflict.
- Europa Universalis includes this era and has a bookmark to start in the Thirty Years' War.
- The standalone Expansion "With Fire and Sword" for Mount & Blade picks up right after the war just to the East of it, and its' effects echo heavily. | <urn:uuid:15029a84-853d-48fc-bbeb-7452382476bd> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/UsefulNotes/ThirtyYearsWar | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042989897.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002309-00130-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967609 | 3,163 | 2.875 | 3 |
The Chinese culture of “Wen-wan” (items with cultural symbols) began during the Han Dynasty (BC 200) and flourished throughout the Ming and Qing dynasties (AC 1368-1644, -1912). It was during this time that individuals would visit “Wen-wan” markets to purchase objects such as ‘hand therapy walnuts’, olive carvings or other hand strings made from valuable timber (often referred to as “Wen-wan” hand strings). Since then, a new type of “Wen-wan” hand string named “Bodhi bead” has appeared in markets and has become increasingly popular with its origins intricately linked to both “Wen-wan” and Buddhist culture. Beads are made using seeds or fruits from different plants, and through application of various processing methods (Li et al. 2014).
In Buddhism, the word “Bodhi” means “awakening” and was transliterated as Pu Ti in Chinese. Originally, Bodhi beads were used by Buddhists as a prayer tool for counting the number of prayers chanted while reciting mantra (similar to other prayer beads used by other world religions) (Li & Luo 2003). Nowadays, buyers in China use Bodhi beads as ornaments, collectibles or high-grade gifts. As a result of the market hype, the price of Bodhi beads has risen quite quickly, especially for beads which have been traditionally collected by people for many years.
In China, the most popular and expensive types of Bodhi bead are ‘traditional types’ such as “King Kong” and “Moon and Stars”. “King Kong” is made from the seeds of Elaeocarpus angustifolius Blume and it may be the earliest Bodhi bead which came to China from India. In India seeds of E. anugstifolius were called “Rudraksha” in the local language, meaning “eye of Shiva”. Usually, morphological characteristics of Bodhi beads are connected to its religious meaning. For example, the furrow of the hard and rugulose endocarp of “King Kong” are believed to symbolize the austere life expected of worshippers and different numbers of furrows represent different meanings (Lee 1998; Dublin 1987). “Moon and stars” is the hard and dense seed of Daemonorops jenkinsiana (Griff) Mart. The “Moon and stars” name reflects the small holes as the moon (ruminate endosperm), while the tiny black dots represent stars (seed embryo position) covering the seed’s surface. Unlike, “King Kong” it is believed that this type of Bodhi bead likely originated from native Chinese Buddhist culture (Li et al. 2014).
Today, Bodhi beads are made using various seeds and some fruits of plants. Between 2012 and 2013, we studied fifty-two common types of Bodhi beads and found that these items were made from 47 species (including 2 varieties), with most types belonging to the plant families Arecaceae and Leguminosae (Li et al. 2014).
For the most part, seeds from members of the Arecaceae have ruminate endosperm and an undivided exocarps. These morphological characteristics combined with different processing methods has led to the development of different Bodhi bead styles. For example, part of the exocarp stuck to the ruminate endosperm of Caryota maxima’s seed forms a kind of filamentous pattern, as a result this type of Bodhi bead is called “Gold Thread”. The Bodhi bead “Bodhi Root” is made of the fruit of Corypha umbraculifera L. Upon removal of its peel and seed coat, a translucent, milky and hard endosperm is revealed. “Money Rat” Bodhi beads have three small holes which are the three germ pores at the base of bony endocarp of Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman. The fruits of Wodyetia bifurcata A.K.Irvine have a fibrous mesocarp which in turn led to the name “Countless Ties” Bodhi bead.
Unlike members from the Arecaceae, seeds from Leguminosae species can be used directly to make Bodhi beads due to their very colorful, shiny and smooth texture. For example, the red “Red Heart” is made from Adenanthera pavonina L., the steel gray “Moon” is made of Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb., while the orange “Sun” is made of Caesalpinia major. Certain morphological characteristics have attracted buyers, for instance seeds from Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib have hard, yellow, and intumescent seed stalks which can be used for carving.
Although there exists a diverse array of Bodhi beads available for purchase, those which become dark in color gradually and turn more glossy over time when cared for and carefully preserved are sought after by collectors as their value will increase. For instance, old Bodhi beads are known to present a jade-like texture especially in bead types such as “King Kong”, “Moon and stars” and “Bodhi Root”.
Nowadays, the value of Bodhi beads is far beyond the average cost of seeds used in agriculture, possessing a market value that is similar to other “Wen-wan” items such as olive nut carved beads or valuable wood beads. Although People want to buy and collect Bodhi beads for wearing or as an investment, the botanical source of Bodhi beads are often ignored. For example, our survey of local markets and e-commercial platforms located in China (six provinces total: Tibet, Yunnan, Fujian, Zhejiang, Beijing, and Guangdong) revealed that one endangered (Latania loddigesii Mart, Xian-Zhi) and two critically endangered species (Dracontomelon macrocarpum H.L.Li, Grimace; Cycas revoluta Thunb, Buddha-mind) are currently being sold (Li et al. 2014). In light of growing popularity for ‘Bodhi beads’ greater efforts are needed to monitor the conservation status as well as trade of species currently being sold.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Li Fei-fei is a scientist at the State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences. She received a PhD degree at the Sun Yat-sen University in China. As a postdoctoral researcher at the Minzu University in Beijing, China, she studies ethnobotany in the Tibetan region, focusing on the relationship between beliefs and biodiversity conservation. | <urn:uuid:c0e0e5c3-d0ad-4569-9ecf-9e15a5bdbe12> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://www.spiritualbotany.com/issue-2/bodhi-beads-in-china/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257605.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524104501-20190524130501-00202.warc.gz | en | 0.950058 | 1,465 | 3.125 | 3 |
Today’s tip is brought to you by
Cleveland Hearing & Speech Center.
When we speak, air normally passes through the mouth and nose. The back part of the roof of the mouth is made of soft tissue that moves. This is called the velum or soft palate (as opposed to the hard palate or bony part of the roof of your mouth). You can see it move up (elevate) if you look in someone’s mouth while the person says “ahh.” If too little air passes through the nose, the person’s speech will sound hyponasal (as if they have a cold). If too much air passes through the nose, the person’s speech will sound hypernasal (as if someone is talking out of their nose). If the soft palate is too short, abnormal or moves too little, sufficient closure of the pathway between the back of the mouth up to the nose does not occur. Air then escapes into the nasal cavity, creating greater nasal resonance.
Resonance is how the air sounds within the “chamber” it is vibrating. When we speak, we inhale air into the lungs before we begin. The air moves out of the lungs and passes through the vocal folds and continues up into the mouth and nose. The size and shape of the neck, mouth and nose affect the vibration of the air and the resonance, thereby making everyone’s voice unique. In short, the size and shape (structure) as well as the movement (function) of the velum affect resonance.
In English, only three sounds (/m/, /n/, /ng/ as in “sing”) are made with the velum “open,” allowing air to pass through the nose. The velum should be closed for clear production of all other sounds. When the velum (or soft palate) and pharynx (back walls of the mouth/oral cavity) meet, we call it velopharyngeal closure.
Commonly referred to as hypernasality, velopharyngeal insufficiency, or VPI, is a resonance disorder (how the cavities of the mouth and nose affect the way speech sounds) that results from too much air moving through the nose during speech. This is caused by insufficient structure or function of the soft palate.
What causes VPI?
- Cleft palate when a child was born with an opening in the soft or hard palate
- Congenitally short palate when a child was born with a palate that simply was not large/long enough to close off the back of the mouth from the nose
- Skeletal abnormalities of the head/neck, such as a condition where the jaw or neck are in irregular positions
- Neurological impairment affecting the muscles of the soft palate such as stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), cerebral palsy, etc. This means that the structures of the palate, pharynx, mouth and nose are considered to be normal, but the muscle movement required to completely close off the back of the mouth to the nose is impaired because the brain is unable to communicate with those muscles due to brain damage
- Enlarged tonsils, which may prevent closure of the valve between the mouth and nose (causing hypernasality) or hold it closed (causing hyponasality)
- After adenoidectomy, because the adenoids may have been playing a role in velopharyngeal closure before they were removed
- After surgery for midface advancement, because a new neck/jaw/mouth alignment may affect velopharyngeal closure
- Genetic syndromes which impact craniofacial development (eg, Velocardiofacial syndrome).
What are the symptoms?
There are several ways in which speech can be affected. Speech may sound hypernasal (more air resonating in the nose than there should be). Because air is escaping into the nasal cavity, there may be insufficient air pressure in the mouth while talking. This results in weak speech sounds and unclear/distorted articulation (speech sound production). Sometimes we may notice compensatory articulations. These are non-speech sounds that are created when desired sounds cannot be produced. Nasal air emissions (irregular snorts/bursts of air from the nose) during speech, loss of liquids through the nose while drinking and nasal grimace (a tightening of the facial muscles during speech which may look effortful) are other signs/symptoms of VPI.
How is it corrected?
VPI may be treated with a combination of speech therapy, surgical procedures (such as a pharyngeal flap, sphincteroplasty or posterior pharyngeal wall implant) and/or prosthetic devices. Even with surgical intervention, speech therapy is usually recommended to help patients change their speech habits and normalize resonance.
Cleveland Hearing & Speech Center offers speech therapy services for individuals who suspect or have been diagnosed with VPI. We can conduct a perceptual evaluation. This involves listening to and analyzing speech sound production, resonance and other aspects of speaking. If the evaluation confirms suspicions, affected individuals are referred to a craniofacial team. This is a team of medical experts that usually consists of a plastic surgeon, dentist, ENT, audiologist, nurse, speech-language pathologist and social worker. These professionals will conduct additional testing if needed. Some of the common procedures include nasendoscopy (an tiny video camera moved through to nose to view the soft palate in action) and/or videofloroscopic evaluation (a fluorescent X-ray study). Team recommendations may be carried out by our therapists. SLPs at CHSC work in conjunction with the craniofacial team and school therapists to coordinate speech therapy goals.
For more information, contact Cleveland Hearing & Speech Center at 216-231-8787 or visit www.chsc.org | <urn:uuid:bac27fd8-1164-48ab-99a4-250a030726be> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.northeastohioparent.com/aging-stages/velopharyngeal-insufficiency-vpi-treated/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647838.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322092712-20180322112712-00285.warc.gz | en | 0.943928 | 1,228 | 4.28125 | 4 |
NAND flash memory can be sub-divided into 3 broad categories SLC, MLC and TLC.
SLC is an abbreviation of 'Single-Level Cell':
SLC memory stores one bit in each cell, leading to faster transfer speeds, lower power consumption and higher cell endurance. The only disadvantage of Single-Level Cell is the manufacturing cost per MB, meaning that the SLC flash technology is used in high-performance memory cards where speed and reliability are important.
MLC is an abbreviation of 'Multi-level Cell':
MLC memory stores two bits in each cell. By storing more bits per cell, a Multi-Level Cell memory card will achieve slower transfer speeds, higher power consumption and lower cell endurance than a Single-Level Cell memory card. The advantage of Multi-Level Cell memory is the lower manufacturing cost. MLC flash technology is used mostly in standard consumer memory devices.
TLC is an abbreviation of 'Triple-level Cell':
TLC memory stores three bits in each cell. By storing even more bits per cell, a Triple-level Cell memory card will achieve slower transfer speeds, higher error rates and lower cell endurance than both Multi-level Cell and Single-level Cell memory cards. The advantages of Triple-level Cell memory are that the memory chip will be physically smaller than SLC and MLC chips for a given memory capacity, it requires less power to operate than MLC memory and is cheaper to produce. TLC flash technology is used mostly in low-end memory devices where speed and reliability are not important. | <urn:uuid:08667357-9091-4231-b5e4-14422af82322> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.flashbay.com/support/faq/slc-mlc-usb-flash-drives | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717963.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00270-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92175 | 322 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Is running bad for you? It’s intuitive to think that the pounding from running stresses your knees and other joints, but it’s just not true.
The idea is that running will slowly wear away the cartilage that cushions the bones in your knee and cause arthritis.
Is running bad for you and your knees?
But recent studies have found that running is not bad for you, or your knees; in fact, it generates biochemical reactions in your knee that help make the joint stronger.
In the largest study of runners ever completed, researchers concluded that running does not increase the risk of osteoarthritis (cartilage breakdown). Runners had half the incidence of knee osteoarthritis than walkers.
"Running has been shown to thicken the cartilage in your knee," says Jason Fitzgerald, a USA Track & Field-certified coach. "The body adapts to running and gets stronger, after all. And since running doesn't involve excessive bending of the knee nor much twisting or turning, it's a very safe form of exercise for knees."
Exercise encourages bone growth
High impact exercises like running spur bone growth and strengthen the muscles around the knee, adds physical therapist Michael Silverman, P.T., M.S.P.T., coordinator of the Tisch Performance Center at the Hospital for Special Surgery.
In another widely referenced study, researchers focused on molecules that are associated with inflammation because previous research has shown inflammation in the knee may cause and worsen arthritis.
So the researchers looked for changes in the levels of several types of cells that are known to either increase or blunt the amount of inflammation inside the knee, writes Gretchen Reynolds, of The New York Times.
In almost every case, the runners’ knees showed substantially lower levels of two types of cells that can contribute to inflammation within the synovial fluid (a lubricating fluid that reduces friction inside joints), compared to their baseline levels, Reynolds added.
Running is GOOD for your knees
These findings suggest that even just a half-hour session of running changes the interior of your knee, reducing inflammation and lessening levels of a marker of arthritis, says Robert Hyldahl, a professor of exercise science at Brigham Young University (BYU) and lead author of the study.
Previous studies of synovial fluid from patients who already had osteoarthritis have found evidence that joint loading (such as running or one-legged knee extension exercises) really does trigger anti-inflammatory markers and reduce markers of cartilage turnover. That's why exercise is so highly recommended to osteoarthritis patients, to the degree they can tolerate it, according to Runner’s World.
The new finding “flies in the face of intuition,” said study co-author Matt Seeley, PhD, associate professor of exercise science at BYU “This idea that long-distance running is bad for your knees might be a myth.”
“What we now know,” added Hyldahl, “is that for young, healthy individuals, exercise creates an anti-inflammatory environment that may be beneficial in terms of long-term joint health.”
June 08, 2017
Janet O’Dell, RN | <urn:uuid:5b60f3f9-dc8d-4a07-a63d-11202736ece6> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.yourcareeverywhere.com/stay-well-and-fit/exercise/aerobic-exercise/is-running-bad-for-your-knees-.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524254.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190715215144-20190716000521-00045.warc.gz | en | 0.94034 | 664 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Digital eye strain is the ocular discomfort felt after two or more hours in front of a digital screen and is associated with the close to mid-range distance of digital screens, including desktop and laptop computers, tablets, gaming consoles, e-readers and smartphones.
A recent study published by the American Optometrists Association shows that almost one-third of adults spend more than half of their waking hours( 9+) using a digital device. In addition, almost 80% kids use their device on an average of 3 hours per day.
In our urban Indian population too, though there is no proper data available, it is likely that the numbers would be similar.
Currently, use of digital devices is a family affair, with almost all family members using them for most of their daily activities like work, study, shopping, watching videos, playing games etc. There is no restriction of use and this is habit-forming and addictive. Also most people are ignorant about the damage caused by these unhealthy practices and it is a very convenient way to keep children occupied for parent’s selfish motives. The purpose of this article is to highlight various ocular side effects that could be related to overuse of these gadgets, their causes, symptoms, treatment options and preventive measures.
Most common symptoms include pain in eyes, headache, brow ache, watering, blurring of vision, double vision, tired eyes, and grittiness or burning sensation in eyes.
These include poor lighting, reflected blue light, glare on a digital screen, improper viewing distances , poor seating posture , uncorrected vision problems or a combination of these factors.
The display screens of computers, electronic notebooks, smartphones and other digital devices emit significant amounts of blue light. The amount of blue light these devices emit is only a fraction of that emitted by the sun, but the amount of time people spend using these devices and the proximity of these screens to the user’s face can have possible effects on a person’s eye health. Closer the screen is to the eyes and longer the time duration of use, more are the ocular side effects.
Because short-wavelength, high energy blue light scatters more easily than other visible light, it is not as easily focused. This unfocused blue light causes reduction in contrast and impairs visibility leading to eyestrain.
Also, continuous staring at the screen causes eyes to remain open wide for long periods of time with infrequent and incomplete blinking. This causes improper spreading of the tear film with resultant dry eye symptoms. Continuous use without proper refractive correction can also cause squinting and problems with eye accommodation leading to blurring of vision.
Other related factors:
The extent to which individuals experience visual symptoms often depends on the level of their visual abilities and the amount of time spent looking at a digital screen. Uncorrected vision problems like farsightedness and astigmatism, inadequate eye focusing or eye coordination abilities, and aging changes of the eyes, such as presbyopia, can all contribute to the development of visual symptoms when using a computer or digital screen device.
Though we have many problems related to the use of digital devices, it is heartening to note that most of the visual symptoms experienced by users are only temporary and will decline after stopping computer work or use of the digital device. However, some individuals may experience continued reduced visual abilities, such as blurred distance vision, even after stopping work at a computer. If nothing is done to address the cause of the problem, the symptoms will continue to recur and perhaps worsen with future digital screen use.
Treatment options: Many options are currently available, especially for people who cannot cut down on their usage of digital devices.
1) Special spectacle glasses ( computer glasses) with yellow-tinted lenses can increase comfort while viewing digital devices for extended periods of time. These special-purpose lenses can be used with as well as without prescription glasses.
2) For people who use their phone constantly – especially if used primarily for texting, e-mailing and web browsing – a convenient way to reduce blue light exposure is to use a blue light filter. These filters are available for smartphones, tablets, and computer screens and prevent significant amounts of blue light emitted from these devices from reaching the eyes without affecting the visibility of the display. Some are made with thin tempered glass that also protects the device’s screen from scratches.
3) Also, a number of lens manufacturers have introduced special glare-reducing anti-reflective coatings that also block blue light from both natural sunlight and digital devices.
4) Especially with use of computers, several guidelines are available to maximize eye comfort with continuous eye use. This includes lighting conditions, chair comfort, location of reference materials, position of the monitor, and the use of rest breaks. The most important and easily implementable of these is the 20-20-20 rule . Every 20 minutes, the user is encouraged to take a 20-second break and focus his/ her eyes on something at least 20 feet away. This prevents continuous staring, promotes complete blinking and reduces eye strain as our focus changes intermittently. This rule can be extrapolated to other gadgets too.
5) In addition, symptomatic treatment in the form of tear supplements can provide temporary relief. Also proper use of spectacle correction as required will reduce strain on the eyes. Hence a complete eye checkup by a specialist is warranted in all such cases.
But, as it is always said, prevention is the best medicine. Reducing the time we spend on digital devices and taking meaningful breaks can go a long way in saving our eyes from unnecessary torture. Improving awareness in adults and inculcating good habits in children are the need of the hour. Children should not be made to depend on gaming consoles or smart phones to spend their free time, instead outdoor physical activities should be included in their daily routine.
Inputs by Dr Minu Ramakrishnan, Professor and Head, Department of Ophthalmology, K J Somaiya Hospital and Medical College. | <urn:uuid:5dd5a446-ab06-4cfa-b9b2-9eac8d11e5e1> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://healthtechnology.in/2016/11/21/digital-eye-strain-are-you-at-risk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125841.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00160-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932018 | 1,232 | 3.125 | 3 |
The Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus (CMP) was established in 1981 by an agreement between the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities with the backing of the United Nations (UN), to determine the fate of persons reported missing in inter-communal fighting in the 1960s, and as a result of the events of 1974. A total of 493 Turkish Cypriots and 1,508 Greek Cypriots were officially reported as missing by both communities to the CMP.
For two years, the UN has been exhuming mass graves across Cyprus, reviving harrowing memories of the bloodshed in which 2,000 Greek and Turkish Cypriots disappeared without trace. Angelique Chrisafis explains how finding her uncle’s remains after 34 years has helped her family – but also raised painful new questions about the fate of those still missing
Healing the wounds of a divided island. The tragic events in the 1960s and 1970s affecting Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots left a brutal mark on the island.
NICOSIA, Cyprus (AP) — With glue gun in hand, Turkish Cypriot anthropologist Sinem Hossoz meticulously pieces together tiny fragments — the pulverized skull of a child, one of the youngest victims of conflict on ethnically divided Cyprus.
To lose a loved one is painful enough, but imagine bereavement without a body to mourn: the Cypriot families still waiting for relatives to be found. Broadcast 1 October 2014
In the 1960s and 1970s, hundreds of Cypriots disappeared. Now, there is a renewed effort to find out what happened to them – mass graves are being dug up and a laboratory in Sarajevo is helping to identify the bodies.
NICOSIA (Reuters) – A U.N.-backed commission investigating mass disappearances in Cyprus called for witnesses on Thursday to help trace remains of some 2,000 people who vanished during conflict in the 1960s and 1970s.
NICOSIA — Chrystalla Pateva remembers the day 33 years ago when she last saw her father. | <urn:uuid:86096d16-df53-4a8f-9add-f5e398f223d2> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.cmp-cyprus.org/el/category/dimosiografiki-kalipsi/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943746.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321193811-20230321223811-00774.warc.gz | en | 0.958338 | 430 | 2.84375 | 3 |
According to a recent report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), overdose deaths have increased 137% since 2000. More than 50,000 Americans fatally overdosed in 2015. That’s up 5,000 from the previous year.
“The epidemic of deaths involving opioids continues to worsen,” said CDC Director Dr. Tom Frieden said. “Prescription opioid misuse and use of heroin and illicitly manufactured Fentanyl are intertwined and deeply troubling problems.”
The number of deaths from overdose of illicit opioids is one of the most staggering statistics. Deaths involving synthetic opiates, mostly Fentanyl, rose by nearly 75% from 2014 to 2015.
Deaths attributed to heroin also went up. Up 23%. In 2007 gun homicides outnumbered heroin deaths by more than 5 to 1. No longer. In 2015, more people died from heroin than gun homicides. Also, heroin deaths have surpassed traditional opioid painkillers, like hydrocodone and oxycodone.
Prescription Painkillers Lead to Heroin
The use of prescription painkiller has exploded exponentially since the late 1990’s. After many Americans developed a dependency on painkillers, authorities tightened the restrictions on painkillers. Unfortunately, this shifted demand to heroin. This has fed the heroin boom of the last several years.
|24 Hour Addiction line: 800-910-3734|
Many opioid deaths involve a combination of drugs. This can be multiple types of opioids together, or opioids mixed with alcohol. Drug users believe combining drugs can boost the high, but there is no question they increase the risk of overdose.
Drug Overdoses: Rates Vary By State
Drugs are the leading cause of accidental death in this country. Fatal overdoses passed shooting deaths and fatal traffic accidents many years ago. In another change, 2015 marked the first decline in life expectancy since 1993. This is unique to the US, as the results are not the same in other Western nations.
The highest fatality rates tend to be concentrated in specific states. Alaska had the most fatal alcohol overdoses. West Virginia had high opioid death rates. Benzodiazepine-related deaths were also common in West Virginia. Heroin overdoses were highest in New England. Cocaine overdoses were highest in Rhode Island and New Mexico.
The steepest increase in overdose deaths has been among people aged 65-74 years old.
This may be caused by unmonitored prescription refills for chronic pain. As the body ages, it loses the ability to clear drugs from its system. A standard dose of opioids for a younger person could be fatal for an older person. From 2014 to 2015 there was a 4,150 percent increase of deaths in this group.
Fentanyl & Synthetic Opiates
Deaths from Fentanyl and other synthetic opiates are responsible for the large uptick in deaths. According to the CDC, Fentanyl causes 44 deaths every day. It is the most dangerous drug in the US.
Fentanyl is 100 times as strong as morphine. It is 30-50 times more powerful than heroin. Although Fentanyl is often given to cancer patients, most overdose deaths are from illegally manufactured Fentanyl, not the prescription medication.
|Find the Best Rehab for Your Needs: 800-910-3734|
We have been talking about painkillers and heroin, but alcohol continues to be a growing problem, too. Since 1999, the number of alcohol-induced deaths (liver cirrhosis and other health problems) has continued to rise.
Although the opioid overdose numbers have had a steep increase, alcohol still kills more people.
Also, it’s not uncommon for the problems to be linked. When taken together, opioids and alcohol increase the each other’s risks. The numbers may be telling the same story—an increase in drug use in general.
Money for Addiction Treatment and Research?
Congress recently passed a groundbreaking bill known as the 21st Century Cures Act. The measure contains $1 billion to combat the opioid epidemic. This includes money for addiction treatment and prevention.
“The prescription opioid and heroin epidemic continues to devastate communities and families across the country—in large part because too many people still do not get effective substance use disorder treatment,” said Michael Botticelli, Director of National Drug Control Policy, in a statement. “That is why the President has called since February for $1 billion in new funding to expand access to treatment. | <urn:uuid:19e72562-1ebb-4d19-91fd-4d913f95e55a> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://aidinrecovery.com/2015-drug-overdose-statistics-are-staggering/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816068.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224231522-20180225011522-00795.warc.gz | en | 0.945946 | 906 | 2.75 | 3 |
Another task I’ve been undertaking in the herbarium this week is mounting plant specimens.
The museum has a lot of plant specimens that need mounting or re-mounting; some collected a long time ago and some recently collected. If you’d like to learn more about how the museum continues collecting; based upon more of a thematic cross-discipline exercise rather than just ‘filling in gaps’, then check out our new collecting project on the theme of trees.
However, the majority of the plant specimens currently waiting to be mounted were collected long ago. For example, lots of the alpine plants that I’ve been mounting this week were collected in 1836; about the time Charles Darwin was returning home on the Beagle! They need mounting for a number of different reasons; they may have been initially mounted and the old herbarium sheet has become unsuitable; or they may never have been mounted in the first place. Some of the specimens have been kept in old papers from the day (an interesting read!); some in between unwanted diary sheets or book pages; and one was even kept in between a piece of marked French homework (a lot better than mine ever was!)
At Manchester, we have decided that the best way of mounting these specimens is by using straps. These are small strips of gummed-linen. Done well, this is a competent form of attachment that can allow for expansion and will hopefully keep the plant secure for a long time. It is also easily reversed if needed. This is in contrast to the method of gluing the specimens themselves using PVA, as described in my previous blog post.
The herbarium specimens I was working on aren’t going to be used for display purposes so it doesn’t have to look perfect. Securely mounting the specimen on good quality acid-free paper is the most important thing; that is why I may have used a few too many straps or straps that were too thick in places. It is important to mount plants to one side of the sheet or the other if you can; to avoid the sheets bowing in the middle once they have been laid away. I find it best to start applying the straps at the bottom of the specimen first.
The herbarium sheet label (and extracted information) is glued using PVA to the bottom right corner of the sheet and the university stamp is applied so that we know where the material belongs if it is subsequently loaned out.
A packet or capsule can be made for loose plant material or sections that are too small to mount. | <urn:uuid:56fc2afe-1aa0-4950-a791-8cc501ae512e> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://traineecurator.wordpress.com/2013/01/11/plant-mounting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589757.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717164437-20180717184437-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.972042 | 531 | 2.78125 | 3 |
In Ovid’s moralizing fable (Metamorphoses VIII), which stands on the periphery of Greek mythology and Roman mythology, Baucis and Philemon were an old married couple in the region of Tyana, which Ovid places in Phrygia, and the only ones in their town to welcome disguised gods Zeus and Hermes (in Roman mythology, Jupiter and Mercury respectively), thus embodying the pious exercise of hospitality, the ritualized guest-friendship termed xenia.
Zeus and Hermes came disguised as ordinary peasants and began asking the people of the town for a place to sleep that night. They were rejected by all before they came to Baucis and Philemon’s rustic and simple cottage. Though the couple were poor, they showed more piety than their rich neighbors, where were “all the doors bolted and no word of kindness given, so wicked were the people of that land.” After serving the two guests food and wine, which Ovid depicts with pleasure in the details, Baucis noticed that although she had refilled her guest’s beechwood cups many times, the wine pitcher was still full. Realizing that her guests were in fact gods, she and her husband “raised their hands in supplication and implored indulgence for their simple home and fare.” Philemon thought of catching and killing the goose that guarded their house and making it into a meal for the guests. But when Philemon went to catch the goose, it ran onto Zeus’s lap for safety. Zeus said that they did not need to slay the goose and that they should leave the town. Zeus said that he was going to destroy the town and all the people who had turned him away and not provided due hospitality. He said Baucis and Philemon should climb the mountain with him and not turn back until they reached the top.
After climbing the mountain until an arrow shot from the summit, Baucis and Philemon looked back on the town and saw that it had been destroyed by a flood. However, Zeus had turned Baucis and Philemon’s cottage into an ornate temple. The couple was also granted a wish; they chose to stay together forever and to be guardians of the temple. They also requested that when it came time for one of them to die, the other would die as well. Upon their death, they were changed into an intertwining pair of trees, one oak and one linden, standing in the deserted boggy terrain. | <urn:uuid:7c746aef-d903-458b-9349-b5d2005e102b> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://treestories.wordpress.com/2008/07/07/philemon-and-baucis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891807660.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180217185905-20180217205905-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.989422 | 525 | 3.265625 | 3 |
The core of the 6+1 Trait® Writing Model of Instruction & Assessment is the set of rubrics that specify how to assess the quality of student writing and tailor instruction to students’ needs.
The K–2 rubric supports teachers and students as they are starting to write, creating classroom writing processes, building a common vocabulary, and establishing a vision for good writing. The 3–12 rubric is often used in late second or third grades and into higher grade levels.
Newly Revised: Aligned to Common Core State Standards
The rubrics are field tested, research-based, and teacher friendly. The latest versions, released in summer 2014, are designed for easier use across text types (i.e., informative/explanatory, argument, and narrative writing). Throughout the 2014–15 school year, we will collect feedback from teachers, make improvements, and post new versions of the rubrics on this website.
If you are interested in partnering with Education Northwest to provide feedback, please contact Jacqueline Raphael.
* Rubric designed for double-sided printing. Flip on long edge, open to left, and make sure orientation is set manually to landscape. | <urn:uuid:96a6f748-7586-4462-8312-9073f2741883> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://educationnorthwest.org/traits/traits-rubrics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982295854.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195815-00266-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9359 | 240 | 3.3125 | 3 |
You don’t smoke, don’t drink, and you’ve never had health problems in your life. Why do you need an oral cancer screening?
The truth is that oral cancer is a silent, deadly epidemic that kills thousands of people in North America each year. Though tobacco and alcohol use are risk factors, oral cancer can be triggered by seemingly unrelated things such as sun exposure or even by certain viruses, like HPV.
Unfortunately, screening for oral cancer isn’t something you can do on your own. Most people aren’t able to tell there is any type of pre-cancerous or pathological tissue inside their mouth until it is in an advanced stage. As such, it becomes a serious risk to their life.
The most effective step in the treatment of oral cancer is an early diagnosis. That is why Dr. Raju Sarna and the team at Hawthorne Village Dental Care have put in place an in-depth screening process for each patient we see. Ask us Today!
Traditional Visual Exams vs. VELScope
Most dental offices perform a visual and manual cancer screening. This means looking inside of your mouth to identify any abnormal tissues, such as:
- Sores that aren’t healing
- Red, white, or speckled patches that differ from the skin around them
- Lumps, bumps, and sunken-in tissues
- Swelling in the lymph nodes etc.
But some of the changes in your tissues occur at small cellular levels, which can’t be seen with the naked eye. That is why Dr. Sarna and team rely on VELScope to enhance the screening process.
With VELScope, we can illuminate abnormal and precancerous tissues, making them stand out during your exam. As such, we are able to identify them earlier and make a proper diagnosis for quicker, more effective oral cancer treatment.
If necessary, we can do a biopsy or refer you to an oral cancer specialist for formal diagnosis and further screening.
VELScope Could Save Your Life! | <urn:uuid:d9e089f1-fe28-40a2-9261-183413a28246> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://hawthornevillagedental.ca/oral-cancer-screening-with-velscope/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202530.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321172751-20190321194751-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.942078 | 425 | 2.515625 | 3 |
This blog was co-authored with Val Stori, Project Director, Clean Energy States Alliance
The nuclear power crisis in Japan may open up new opportunities for offshore wind innovation, based on recent developments following the Fukushima Daiichi meltdown in March 2011. Japan’s rapid response to find alternative energy solutions, including decisive government action, suggests how the U.S. could gain a foothold in a new segment of offshore wind — floating turbines.
Following the devastating earthquake and tsunami and the subsequent nuclear disaster in the spring of 2011, Japan decided to curtail its nuclear power industry and committed to diversifying its power supply through renewable energy technologies.
Most recently, Japan invested heavily in deep water offshore wind floating technology demonstration projects. The country has seized the opportunity to move away from reliance on nuclear power and focus on building a nascent, but economically powerful industry. Whereas Europe has had the upper hand and decades of experience innovating and constructing “fixed” offshore wind turbines, floating turbine technology is still a competitive field where no single technology-type or manufacturer dominates or has a significant lead.
And the market potential is huge — deep offshore designs can unlock potential markets off the U.S. Pacific coast, Japan, the North Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea, and presents a global export opportunity. In fact, a 2011 U.S. Department of Energy report estimates that more than 2000 GW of offshore wind capacity are in deep water.
To accelerate the growth of renewable energy development, Japan introduced a feed-in-tariff (FIT) in July of 2012, requiring utilities to purchase electricity from renewable sources at fixed prices. The generous FIT (23.1 Yen/kWh) has incentivized both land-based and offshore wind development and has also led to a growth in the domestic production of turbines.
Domestic production is expected to expand in anticipation of the government’s announcement that it will issue a separate FIT rate for offshore wind in the spring of 2014. And while there are no official targets for offshore wind deployment, offshore wind is on the political agenda and the budget set aside for the project is 18.8 billion Yen. It is estimated that 5-6 GW could be installed by 2030.
The anticipated FIT and Japan’s focus on domestic renewable energy deployment are driving innovation in offshore wind technology, primarily in deep water technology, which is where 80 percent of its offshore wind resource lies. With the government’s support, several Japanese developers are constructing and deploying deep water offshore pilot projects. Several scale models and full-scale spar turbines have already been deployed.
And in an interesting political twist of fate, a new public-private Fukushima Consortium — Marubeni, Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Japan Marine United, Statoil, University of Tokyo, and Hitachi, among others — has plans to deploy three different prototype floating turbines off the Fukushima coast, right off the site of the nuclear failure. This project is largely government-funded to the tune of US$242 million.
The first of the floating turbines to be deployed is a 2MW Hitachi turbine on a semi-submersible structure; two 7MW floating turbines shall follow. The goal is to ultimately reach full commercialization by 2018 with 1GW of offshore wind capacity.
But it is not only project developers and component manufacturers who see the economic potential of offshore wind development. Investors such as the Goldman Sachs Group Inc. recognize the promise of offshore wind and have established Japan Renewable Energy, which plans to invest as much as 50 billion Yen into clean energy projects in Japan over the next five years. Norwegian energy company Statoil, which is eager to build floating offshore pilot projects in international markets, has signed an agreement with Hitachi to use Statoil’s Hywind technology off the coast of Japan.
On the surface, Japan’s offshore wind installation capacity and current project development look very similar to the offshore wind deployment in State of Maine. Despite each having a strong manufacturing base and university R&D centers, both lag far behind the offshore wind industry in Europe and have much to gain from Europe’s decades of experience not only building offshore wind farms, but also in developing innovative technologies. Still, both are trying hard to catch the wind and recently set goals of achieving 5GW of offshore wind energy by 2030. It makes sense for these two political entities to focus on deep-water offshore wind — the resource is greatest at these depths and both have workforces accustomed to employment at sea.
But that’s where the similarities end. Maine may have laudable goals, but they lack teeth. Japan on the other hand, has established a very strong FIT, and its offshore wind industry is expected to get even stronger in April 2014. The FIT legislation requires utilities to purchase the power produced by offshore wind farms. Contrast this to the situation in Maine, where local politics have led to the withdrawal of a major European power player, Statoil, which was to bring its floating turbine technology to a 12MW project off the coast of Boothbay Harbor.
And while Japan and the U.S. talk about jobs, jobs, jobs, Japan is investing in and developing technologies at a much more rapid pace. Once its domestic power generation base is achieved, the Japanese government expects to export the floating turbine technology to markets across the globe. Some have ventured that the domestic production of turbine and turbine components can have an economic effect that rivals Japan’s auto industry.
European countries see the same potential — at the national level, they also are investing in demonstration projects and research that will move the technology from the research stage to full commercial deployment. The U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOE) has also invested in offshore wind demonstration projects; in 2012, US$168 million was dedicated to funding seven offshore wind demonstration projects over six years; three of these are floating projects.
Understandably, governments and politics vary across political borders. But the take home message is clear: public support in the form of clear and long-term policies is needed to draw developers, alleviate risk, and attract private investment.
The development of floating offshore wind in Japan could signal a familiar pattern: The U.S. loses out once again to the next generation clean energy technology, while it dawdles away on policy confusion. And it could be this technology — floating turbines — where there is a real opportunity to develop industry authority against European manufacturers who dominate the pile and gravity foundation market.
Other countries are taking offshore wind development far more seriously than the U.S. It’s not too late, but the U.S. needs to up its game to see offshore wind as a scalable, commercial sector.
The field is still wide open for the first mover in deep water technology. The U.S. has a scalable manufacturing sector, an experienced oil and gas sector (from where floating technology originates), significant federal R&D investment, and a large domestic market. U.S. DOE’s investment in R&D is significant and critical for domestic innovation, but investment is also needed in launching commercial-scale projects.
Japan is showing that a country can do both. The U.S. should follow its lead and become a real competitor on the world stage for offshore wind.
Photo Credit: Japan and Offshore Wind/shutterstock | <urn:uuid:87b99197-2220-4572-94e1-c81b4fc06a91> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.theenergycollective.com/lewmilford/292186/offshore-wind-and-japan-will-us-win-or-lose-technology-race | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189734.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00538-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943552 | 1,500 | 2.625 | 3 |
(1) The Islamic state (al-dawlah al-Islamiyah) represents an institutional form of man’s vicegerency of God on earth. It is not an absolute or sovereign entity because absolute sovereignty belongs to God alone.
(2) In Islamic view, the state is an extension of society. Hence, state and society are inseparably intertwined.
(3) The Islamic state is essentially a welfare state, whose basic function and responsibility is to ensure the security and wellbeing of its citizens and the protection of their legitimate rights, including the rights to life, physical, economic and social security, honour, justice, equality, freedom of conscience and participation in government, enforcement of law and order, defence and administration. The constitution of the city-state of Madinah, which was committed to writing at the instance of the Prophet between 622 and 24 AH, contained 52 clauses, which dealt with a wide range of subjects, including the rights and obligations of the head of the state, justice, social order, war and defence, and matters relating to administration.
(4) The constitutional cornerstone of the Islamic state rests on the Islamic Shariah, which is derived from the Quran, the Sunnah of the Prophet, and the precepts and precedents of the Four Caliphs and the Companions. The Islamic state is founded on the fundamental principles of equality, justice and the rule of law. The principles of equality and justice are taken to their logical conclusion in the stipulation that the head of the state has no immunity from criminal prosecution.
(5) The judiciary is independent of the government and enjoys autonomy. It is expected to act as the custodian of the Shariah and to keep a vigilant eye on the conduct of the ruling dispensation. Muslim judges are required to implement the provisions of Islamic law (Shariah) without fear or favour, and in the discharge of his obligations they are accountable, not to the powers that be, but only to God. An independent judiciary played a crucial role in ensuring compliance with Islamic law on the part of the ruling establishment as well as the general public.
(6) The head of the state is to be elected by popular mandate and not through hereditary succession. Once elected, the head of the state becomes accountable to God and the people. Al-Mawardi, in his well-known book Al-Ahkam al-sultaniyah, says that the appointment of a caliph is obligatory on the Muslim community. The caliph, he argues, must be appointed by election or a popular mandate, and this principle should never be dispensed with or compromised. Al-Mawardi held that the caliph is duty-bound to safeguard the rights of people without any discrimination.
(7) The head of the Islamic state (khalifah or amir al-muminin) is to be elected on the basis of certain qualities, including piety and righteousness, commitment to Islamic values and principles and fair-mindedness. Muslim scholars and jurists draw a distinction between the caliphate, which is modeled after the precepts of the Prophet and which was represented by the first four (Rashidun) caliphs, and kingship, which is often hereditary and at variance with the example set by the Prophet and the Rashidun caliphs. The Rashidun caliphs set the highest standards of piety, probity in public life and personal accountability. Caliph Umar once said that if a camel died of hunger and thirst by the river Tigris, he was afraid that God would take him to task on this count.
After Ali, the last of the Rashidun caliphs, the caliphate passed into kingship and dynastic rule. However, in view of the sanctity and legitimacy attached to the caliphate, the term caliph continued to be in use until the sack of Baghdad by the Mongol hordes in 1258. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk abolished the caliphate in Ottoman Turkey in 1923.
(8) Wide-ranging consultation (shura) is a cardinal principle of the Islamic system of governance. The election of the head of the state and important matters relating to governance and administration are to be regulated through consultation.
(9) A Hadith, reported by Bukhari, states: “It is incumbent upon a Muslim to obey the state or government, whether he likes its rulings and legal provisions or not. However, he is bound by this allegiance only insofar as he is not ordered to defy or violate the principles and provisions of Islamic Shariah. If a ruler issues an order that is in contravention of the Shariah, Muslims are not obliged to obey him.” When Abu Bakr was elected caliph, he said in his public speech, “Until I issue an order that contravenes the principles and precepts (stipulated by God and the Prophet), you are obliged to obey me. If I issue orders that go against the Shariah, you are not bound to obey me.” Muslim jurists draw a distinction between a government that is founded on justice and other principles of Shariah (al-imarat al-adila), and one that is rooted in oppression and injustice (al-imarat al-qahira). Muslims are obliged to obey a government that upholds justice, but not the one that perpetrates injustice.
(10) An Islamic state may be plural and multiethnic in character, and the citizens of the state who belong to different religious and ethnic backgrounds may constitute a political community. When the Prophet established a city-state at Madinah, he drew up its constitution, which stated, among other things, that Muslims and Jews would together constitute a community and that this political community would act unitedly and collectively to enforce social order and security and to deal with enemies in times of war and peace. This covenant extended, at a later date, to the Christians of Najran and the pagan Arabs. Ismail Faruqi has perceptively observed, “The Islamic state was a pluralistic and multi-religious order which brought together, under the order of peace and legitimacy, Muslims, Jews and Christians. This pluralism was enshrined in the constitution of the state. The pluralism of the Islamic state was a pluralism of laws, an innovation unheard of elsewhere in the history of mankind.”
(11) Islamic law grants non-Muslims living in the Islamic state unfettered freedom to profess their religion, without any let or hindrance and without any interference or compulsion from the state authorities. They enjoy the freedom to perform their religious rituals, to take out their religious processions, to have their own endowments and educational systems, to have their disputes adjudicated through their own legal institutions, and to construct their places of worship. The Islamic state takes upon itself the responsibility of protecting its non-Muslim subjects from external aggression and safeguarding their places of worship as well as the endowments attached to them. Islamic law also prevents the state from interfering in the functioning of their religious institutions and in the appointment of priests and custodians of temples.
Muhammad Hamidullah (1996) Muslim Conduct of State. Lahore: Shaikh Muhammad Ashraf.
Majid Khadduri (1966) The Islamic Law of Nations: Shaybani’s Siyar. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
Ismail R. Faruqi and L. L. Faruqi (1986) The Cultural Atlas of Islam. New York: Macmillan.
Nazih N. Ayubi (1995) ‘Islamic state’ In John L. Esposito, ed. The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Modern Islamic World. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, Vol. 2, p. 318-25.
Rosenthal, Franz (1960) Political Thought in Medieval Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. | <urn:uuid:3681414e-a0fe-4666-8123-e163d308d190> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://iosminaret.org/vol-10/issue16/State_in_Islamic_Legal_Political_Discourse.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202506.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321072128-20190321094128-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.952453 | 1,617 | 3.25 | 3 |
Labor market transitions for female workers in Japan: The role of global competition
Date of this Version
Extract: Japan has only recently turned the corner on a dismally long decade of stagnant economic growth and unprecedented high levels of post-war unemployment. The labor market woes were coincident with the contraction of manufacturing industries. Manufacturing employment declined due to a variety of factors, for example, the protracted economic slump, financial and bad loan-related problems as well as deindustrialization and the structural shift to service sector industries. Another commonly perceived culprit has been globalization, more generally; and outsourcing, more specifically. In Japan, globalization is commonly thought to be driving the 'hollowing-out' of manufacturing industry.
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This document has been peer reviewed. | <urn:uuid:4ab28823-ccdd-46cb-87df-41f8a23730f3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://epublications.bond.edu.au/business_pubs/373/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00043-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93925 | 160 | 2.546875 | 3 |
When a woman in a remote region of Queensland went to have her eyes tested at a world-first, high-tech facility that had rolled into town in a semi-trailer, she knew it might save her sight but never imagined that within days it would have saved her life.
The iconic IDEAS Van has rumbled across 250,000 kilometres over the past four years, transporting $1 million worth of state-of-the-art technology into areas with little access to specialist services.
A mobile, three-room ophthalmology and optometry specialist treatment centre, it is blazing a gap-closing trail as it heads into rural and remote communities, sparing Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders from preventable diabetes-related blindness.
Spearheaded by Lyndall De Marco, Executive Director of the Diamond Jubilee Trust, with the support of Queensland Health, the IDEAS Van’s screening program saw retinal cameras distributed to Aboriginal Medical Services where health workers are trained to screen patients.
The images are uploaded into a secure platform and assessed primarily in Sydney by Professor Paul Mitchell, a world-renowned medical retinal specialist and Director of Ophthalmology for the Sydney West Area Health Service.
With the eyes a window into the body’s endocrine system, the IDEAS Van has also been able to go beyond sight to showcase life-saving benefits.
“One evening Professor Mitchell called me to say that he had been reviewing a patient’s retinal images and found that one lady might have a problem with her carotid artery,” De Marco told Healthcare IT News Australia to mark NAIDOC Week.
“He asked if we could find that patient quickly and get her to the IDEAS Van for an ultrasound which revealed that the lady had carotid artery thrombus. She was sent immediately to Brisbane for two operations and came back to tell us that IDEAS had saved her life.”
The world’s first mobile ophthalmic treatment vehicle journeys throughout the outback with its sensitive equipment on board and has reached more than 5500 people from 47 communities. Of those, over 4600 have been Indigenous and more than 3300 needed further treatment.
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders aged over 40 are six to 10 times more likely to suffer blindness than other Australians, yet 94 per cent of Indigenous vision loss is preventable or treatable.
De Marco said since the success of the IDEAS Van, a Queensland Heart Van and Lions Outback Van in Western Australia had been established, but there is untapped potential for improving Indigenous health in a vast country via cutting-edge clinics on wheels.
“Everything that has been used in the IDEAS model could be replicated and the gap could be closed very quickly.”
With the stakes so high and the potential gains so great, she called on the medical profession to provide more support for remote models of care.
“There are many medical disciplines that could utilise this model and it would save the government billions of dollars and many lives,” she said.
“Telehealth has such potential but has met with a lot of resistance by the medical field. Australia invented the School of the Air – what happened?”
The IDEAS Van, which was developed with a $5 million Close the Gap grant, also allows endocrinologists to conduct consultations through a clinical grade telehealth system, and offers OCT imaging, fluorescein angiography, diagnostic ultrasound and indocyanine green angiography, retinal laser, intravitreal injections, YAG laser capsulotomy and SLT laser.
A bespoke EMR donated by Extensia was created in consultation with the Indigenous community and clinicians.
"Remote communities have fewer health providers and a high turnover, making care coordination a major challenge,” Extensia CEO Emma Hossack said.
“Extensia's platform has a privacy-by-design platform so consumers who wish to share their information can do so in real time with their selected providers. In the case of the IDEAS Van, access to real-time information has not only saved sight but also at least one life."
Diabetes is a significant cause of chronic disease in Indigenous communities with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders almost four times more likely than non-Indigenous Australians to have diabetes or be pre-diabetic.
Retinopathy is an important biomarker of the risk of other complications from the condition, including kidney disease, peripheral neuropathy, stroke and myocardial infarction.
For De Marco, though, despite the lifesaving possibilities of this pioneering rig, there is also real meaning in being able to save the sight of someone who would otherwise have been needlessly blind.
“It is extraordinary and I expect every ophthalmologist feels that way when their patient can see again. I cannot imagine what it would be like to live somewhere where there is no one who can help you from going blind. I am proud of the people who have worked together to put the IDEAS Van on the road and give these people hope.”
To share tips, news or announcements, contact the HITNA editor on firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:168e77c6-fd3b-49ca-b218-94b2f25d56ac> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.healthcareit.com.au/article/high-tech-truck-bridging-distance-and-closing-gap-world-first-queensland-diabetes-service | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589536.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716232549-20180717012549-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.959059 | 1,079 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The only eastern hummer seen regularly in the summer, the Ruby-Throated Hummingbird is often easily overlooked due to its small size and is often found around the forest edges, in parks and buzzing around gardens. Most winter in the tropics, so summer is your best bet for spotting one. Adult males have an iridescent ruby throat, which may almost appear black in certain lights with a white chest, green sides and a small tail. Females are mostly green with white chest, minus the ruby throat of their male counterpart. Hummingbirds hover at flowers sipping nectar and will readily feast at hummingbird feeders, often defending their favorite ones with vigor and bravado!
Unlike most birds that may prefer different types of seeds, hummingbirds prefer one thing and one thing only – sweet nectar. Natural sources include flowering plants such as Delphinium, Savlia, Bee Balm, Columbine and Trumpet Vine. If planting’s not your thing, Wild bird Center’s Pure Hummer Sugar is the perfect balance of sweetness, sure to attract these beautiful and tiny birds to your backyard hummer feeders. Simply add water, mix and pour into your feeder.
Hummingbirds not only consume half their weight in food each day, they also need to feed five to eight times an hour to get their fill. Wild Bird Centers carry a large and diverse stock of hummingbird feeders. Looking to attract several hummers? Try hanging more than one feeder (hummers are drawn to the color red) in your yard but make sure they are not too close together. Hummingbirds are territorial and will defend their favorite feeder. You may seem them ‘battling’ it out with their sporadic zig zag movements and mouse-like, twittering squeaks. Beautiful, functional or whimsical, hummingbird feeders add great color and fun to your backyard in their various shapes, sizes and materials. Hang a bunch of different ones and see who stops in for a visit. A note on cleaning: as hummingbird feeders are glass or plastic and filled with nectar, it’s important to clean them every few days to keep the sugar water fresh.
Hummingbird nests are not much bigger than a ping pong ball. The female makes the nest of tiny bits of leafy material and weaves it all together with spider silk. A hummingbird will not use a bird house but they will forage for nesting materials. We carry a nice selection to cushion the nest and provide warmth and comfort for baby hummers. Hang these objects in nearby trees and watch as they may sweep in and grab some. Ruby-throated Hummingbirds typically lay two white eggs that are incubated in 11-16 days. The first flight typically occurs around the 20-22 day mark for the babies.
Did You Know?
The Ruby-throated Hummingbird is the only hummer east of the Plains.
Ants love sugar just as much as hummingbirds. Install an ant moat above your feeder to catch these pesky critters and keeps your feeders ant-free. | <urn:uuid:57fe247b-824e-4f2d-b2f7-f2d095db7cf5> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.wildbird.com/backyard-birds/eastern-birds/ruby-throated-hummingbird/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038078900.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20210414215842-20210415005842-00581.warc.gz | en | 0.950143 | 645 | 2.6875 | 3 |
I want to know how native speakers use "as" in a sentence. Because there're lots of meaning in "as" like "because ", "when".... so one more question is how do you recognise the meaning of "as"?
And second question is a difference between "so" and "so that" . What is the difference between them? Please tell me.
if you find any grammar mistakes please correct them. Thank you
We know from the context.
Whereas foreign learners approach English sentences as a sequence of individual words, native speakers group words together into meaningful phrases. For example:
"As I was saying,..."
"Just as I was leaving the house.."
"That's the same as mine."
"As your best friend, I think I should tell you..."
No native speaker would say to themselves "Now, which meaning of 'as' am I using here? Is it "when" or "because"?'. It doesn't matter - we don't need to distinguish the meaning of individual little words. We never say to ourselves "What does that mean?" - we just use the word that is needed in the context. And it really isn't a problem for us there are many different contexts where the correct word happens to be 'as'.
Learning a language not as easy as I thought as + ___ +as
As I already said , I think we need to change our focus. like, similar to
As it is already 11:00 p.m., why don't we stop here and discuss this more tomorrow. because
Q: Can I choose this one? A: As you like. According to (very formal)
As an expert in his field, he knows a lot more than most people about this. In his role as a
As a musician he is quite brilliant but as a music teacher he is terrible. In his role as a
Question 2 : I feel that "so" and "so that" can be used equally but sometimes there are exceptions
I study English so I can get a better job
I study English so that I can communicate with foreigners.
I don't really know how to explain this. I think "as" meaning is more to "like" as what you say when something resembles something.
Answering "so" and "so that",
for example, let's say:
1. I'll do my homework first so I have to go home early.
2. I'll do my homework first so that I can have more free time later.
From the sentences above, I believe "so" means something that you need to do before you can do the first action, while "so that" is more to something that you expect to happen if you do the first action.
We know the meaning of "as" from context. It's unusual that more than one meaning of "as" can make sense in any given situation.
a) So that = conjunction of purpose
e.g. I will give you £2 so [that] you can buy yourself an ice-cream.
This money must be used for a specified purpose. You can drop "that", especially in conversation. You must keep "that" in formal writing. I recommend that you keep "that" in all your writing until you are confident.
b) So = conjunction of consequence
e.g. My father gave me £2, (and) so I decided to spend it on an ice-cream.
The purchase of the ice-cream was a consequence of being given £2.
In formal writing, it is common to add "and" before "so".
c) So = filler
We often use "so" as a filler e.g. So, what shall we do now? I know, let's have some ice-cream!
"So" has no real meaning here. You could replace it with any number of other words like "well", "anyway", etc. | <urn:uuid:a0708fa1-f110-4c64-9344-526d38eabfbd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.italki.com/post/discussion-143309 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00547.warc.gz | en | 0.978315 | 825 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Anthracnose Foliar Blight and Basal Rot
Acervuli of Colletotrichum cereale on annual
Anthracnose can occur both as a foliar blight and a rot of the crown, stem base, and roots (basal rot). Anthracnose foliar blight typically occurs during mid-summer and attacks the leaves and stems of most cool-season turfgrass species. Particularly severe cases can develop on annual bluegrass fairways on golf courses. Anthracnose basal rot can occur during spring, summer, and fall and develops in the crowns, stem bases, and roots of annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass, usually on golf course putting greens.
Symptoms and signs
Anthracnose foliar blight appears as irregular yellow or bronze patches of diseased turf. Symptoms on individual plants first appear as yellow or red lesions on the oldest (outermost) leaves, then progress to a blighting of younger leaves and shoots. Occasionally, fungal fruiting structures called acervuli can be observed with a good quality hand lens on diseased leaves and stems. Acervuli resemble small, black pin cushions and are the site of spore production.
Anthracnose basal rot symptoms on annual bluegrass putting green.
Rot of stem bases and crowns on annual bluegrass affected by anthracnose basal rot.
Anthracnose basal rot symptoms vary depending on the grass species affected. On annual bluegrass, symptoms appear as a bright yellowing of the turf in irregular patches. Affected bentgrass turf typically appears as irregular red or bronze patches and rarely appears yellow. On individual plants affected with anthracnose basal rot, a dark brown or black color is present at the base of the plant. As the disease worsens, the darkening (rotting) progresses up the stem and acervuli can be observed with a hand lens on stem and leaf tissue.
The causal fungus, Colletotrichum cereale, survives the winter as dormant resting structures called sclerotia and as dormant mycelium in infected plant debris. During early spring outbreaks of anthracnose basal rot, the fungus, which may have overwintered in the plant, initiates infection at the base of the plant. Outbreaks of anthracnose foliar blight and/or basal rot can result when spores produced in acervuli are dispersed by splashing water or tracked by mowing equipment from one area to another. These spores then germinate and cause new infections on other plants. Anthracnose is likely to occur when plants are growing slowly (during periods of hot and cold temperatures), during overcast periods, and in high humidity conditions.
Proper fertilization and maintaining good soil physical conditions are the most effective cultural approaches to managing anthracnose. If your turf is underfertilized, increase the rate and/or frequency of nitrogen fertilizer applications. This will improve resistance to the disease and aid in turf recovery. Add potassium and phosphorus if your soil test report indicates a need. Improved drainage and a regular core aeration program will reduce excess soil moisture, alleviate compaction, and improve root growth, creating conditions that are less favorable for anthracnose.
On golf courses in Pennsylvania and other northeastern states, annual bluegrass is very susceptible to anthracnose, while creeping bentgrass is usually quite resistant. Any management practice that encourages creeping bentgrass populations over annual bluegrass will aid in reducing severity of this disease.
Fungicides are only used to control anthracnose on golf courses. Preventative (before the disease occurs) applications of fungicides are generally more effective in controlling anthracnose foliar blight and basal rot than curative (after the disease appears) applications. Application timing will vary from one region to another and possibly from year to year at the same location. The best way to time your applications is to keep records for several seasons of the environmental conditions under which the disease occurred on your course, then apply fungicides when conditions are conducive for disease development. | <urn:uuid:61ebc801-14da-4afd-b666-b6ac790762b6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://plantscience.psu.edu/research/centers/turf/extension/factsheets/managing-diseases/anthracnose | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00560-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918762 | 834 | 3.4375 | 3 |
WITH THE growing number and influence of independent and small-party MPs in Australian parliaments from the mid 1980s, an important new ingredient emerged in state and territory politics: charters negotiated between independent MPs (or, in one case, the Greens) and the major parties as a precondition for supporting a minority government.
These charters usually committed the governing party to a range of parliamentary initiatives to promote executive accountability and honesty; in return, the independents undertook not to bring down the government by voting against supply or confidence motions. The independents reserved their right to consider all other legislation on its merits and to vote accordingly. Sometimes the charters imposed policy demands on the government; improved rural infrastructure and services, and environmental protection are recurrent themes. Seven of these charters involved independent MPs – in Tasmania, New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, South Australia and the Northern Territory. An eighth agreement, this time between two political parties – the Greens and Labor in the Australian Capital Territory – was examined by Inside Story’s Norman Abjorensen in this article published last November.
The trailblazer, the 1989 Tasmanian Parliamentary Accord, was a little different from most of those that followed. The independent signatories, who called themselves the Green independents, could also be regarded as a political party; and, more importantly, the accord was dominated by very prescriptive environmental policy demands. Each of the charters discussed in this article was the product of the local political circumstances in which the major parties had to deal with minorities to secure parliamentary support to form government. In Tasmania’s case the Liberal government of Robin Gray had lost its absolute majority at the election of May 1989 and five Green independents held the balance of power. The Greens were reluctant to support Gray because of his environmental record, but the premier refused to resign and intimated that he might call a second election. His resolve was not weakened by the publication of the Labor–Green accord on 29 May 1989 and he insisted on his right to meet the parliament as premier. When an attempt to bribe a Labor member to cross the floor – and save Gray’s government – was exposed, the political atmosphere became superheated. Gray lost a confidence motion on 29 June, resigned, and was replaced by Michael Field.
Field himself was to lose office in 1991 because of the collapse of the accord and the withdrawal of Green support. In hindsight, the accord contained the seeds of its own destruction by being too detailed and prescriptive. The Greens demanded too much and Labor was naive to believe it could deliver on those demands. The agreement was a product of Labor’s keenness to return to office after seven years in opposition and the Greens’ eagerness to lock in as many conservation goals as they could as quickly as possible. Of the accord’s seventeen discrete clauses only one dealt exclusively with parliamentary reform. Ten clauses made very specific environmental demands; Section 9, for example, stated that “the state export woodchip quota will not exceed 2.8889 million tonnes per annum.” Other sections dealt with independents’ access to ministers and public servants which, while reasonable in themselves, were presented in an uncompromising tone. Some demands, such as the one that called for the “abolition of subsidised liquor to ministers,” were relatively trivial. De facto independent leader Bob Brown was correct to state in the foreword to the accord that the Greens had gained “access to and influence on the whole range of government decisions” but, by being so concerned with detail, the document betrayed a lack of necessary trust between the parties.
After a term of majority Liberal government, a minority Liberal administration supported by the Greens suffered the same fate in 1998 as Field’s government had seven years earlier. Stung by these experiences, the major parties combined to reduce the size of the Legislative Assembly from thirty-five to twenty-five members which, under Tasmania’s proportional voting system, disadvantaged minor parties by raising the required quota for election from 12.5 per cent to 16.7 per cent. Despite achieving some policy outcomes favourable to the Greens, the Tasmanian accord came to be associated with political instability; its foundering provided a pretext for the major parties to entrench their dominance – until last weekend’s election, that is, when the question of a Green–major party accord became a live one again.
SEEMINGLY dominant, too, was Nick Greiner’s Liberal–National government in New South Wales as it faced an election in May 1991, but here the result would also give independents considerable leverage. The 1988 state election result had been disastrous for Labor and few doubted that Greiner would be re-elected at the 1991 poll. Yet the election produced a lower house in which the Coalition held forty-nine seats to the Labor Party’s forty-six, with four independents. Although one of the independents, Tony Windsor, declared himself in support of the government, the Liberal Party then lost a court-ordered by-election, robbing the government of its majority. Premier Greiner entered into lengthy negotiations with the other three independents (John Hatton, Clover Moore and Peter Macdonald) about the terms on which they might support the government. The result was a memorandum of understanding, signed on 31 October 1991. Like Tasmania’s accord, this was a very detailed and specific document. But almost all of its nineteen pages sought to enhance accountability of the government to parliament and people; it was policy-prescriptive only in the legal and constitutional areas of freedom of information, the powers of the ombudsman and the auditor-general, defamation laws and whistleblower protection. Significantly the memo had nothing to say about regional and rural New South Wales, reflecting the fact that Moore and Macdonald held Sydney seats and Hatton, while he represented a regional constituency, had made his parliamentary reputation as an anti-corruption campaigner.
Somewhat ironically, corruption was to terminate Greiner’s premiership. In October 1991 the former education minister Terry Metherell, who had not been included in the new cabinet, resigned from the Liberal Party to sit as an independent. He later accepted an unadvertised position with the Environment Protection Authority, precipitating a by-election that was won easily by the Liberal candidate. Greiner was accused of subverting normal public-service recruitment procedures to induce Metherell’s resignation and improve the government’s position in parliament. The independents insisted on referring the matter to ICAC, the Independent Commission Against Corruption, and threatened to support a no-confidence motion if the premier did not stand aside. For its part, ICAC ruled Greiner’s behaviour to be “corrupt” (a finding that was later overturned by the NSW Supreme Court) and he was forced to resign; his successor, John Fahey, presided over a minority government supported by the independents until the Coalition narrowly lost the 1995 election.
The circumstances of the 1995 election revealed the level of hostility towards the independents in both major parties. Greiner (now out of parliament) wrote personally to all voters in the electorates of Manly, Bligh and South Coast urging them not to support the independents, describing the trio as the power “alcoholics” of NSW politics. “Dirty tricks” campaigns were alleged to have taken place in Bligh and Manly, and Clover Moore described the campaign as the “nastiest” she had experienced. With the election result in the balance (Labor eventually won by one seat), the major parties seriously considered contriving another election rather than dealing with the independents.
The amount of vitriol heaped on the independents by the major parties and sections of the media suggests that they might well have achieved their accountability objectives. Certainly the success of the referendums on four-year parliaments and judicial independence put at the 1995 election indicates this was the case. The referendums were part of the independents’ agenda and, despite a distinct lack of enthusiasm from the major parties, they secured Yes votes of 66 per cent and 76 per cent respectively. Nevertheless, Clover Moore lamented that as soon as majority government returned to New South Wales after 1995 “most of the parliamentary reforms we achieved have been watered down or effectively set aside.” She explained that, while the independents hoped their reforms would change the “culture of the parliament,” their impact was overwhelmed by the “more powerful culture of the major parties, especially the Labor Party…”
IF THERE were devils to be found in the detail of the Tasmanian and NSW agreements, the same could not be said of the 1996 compact between the independent member for the Queensland seat of Gladstone, Liz Cunningham, and the leader of the National–Liberal Coalition, Rob Borbidge – for the simple reason that the agreement contained almost no detail. In fact it was hardly an “agreement” at all, for Cunningham declared her support for a minority Coalition government by way of a two-page statement read to the media from under a tree near her electorate office.
The circumstances leading to this arrangement were unusual and controversial. With the collapse of the Bjelke-Petersen regime in the wake of a royal commission into corruption, the Labor Party won the 1989 election in a landslide – its first victory since 1956. The 1989 result was replicated by Premier Wayne Goss and his colleagues in 1992. But at the July 1995 election, partly as a consequence of alienating environmentalists by planning a freeway through an ecologically sensitive corridor, Labor lost nine seats. The government emerged with a bare one-seat majority over the Coalition and the newly elected independent, Liz Cunningham. Then the Liberal Party successfully challenged the result in the seat of Mundingburra, which Labor had won by fourteen votes, and the Liberal candidate Frank Tanti won the seat at the subsequent by-election.
The result in Mundingburra robbed Labor of its parliamentary majority and handed the balance of power to Cunningham. In her statement declaring support for Borbidge as premier, Cunningham pledged her vote on confidence motions and supply but reserved her right to vote on all other legislation as she saw fit. Significantly, she did not demand accountability or policy commitments from the Coalition in return for her support, though she did receive additional staffing entitlements. Instead she defended her decision on the grounds that another election was best avoided, that the Coalition had polled over 53 per cent of the two-party-preferred vote (and voters had confirmed this result in Mundingburra) and that she believed the agreement between herself and the government was “best for my local electorate and for the state as a whole…” In expanding on the last point she cited such existing problems as a leaking roof at a local hospital. Unlike the Tasmanian Greens, who had Labor over a barrel and knew it, Cunningham installed a Coalition government largely because she sympathised with its conservative social agenda and was prepared to hand it an executive blank cheque.
The Borbidge government proved controversial and cavalier in its notions of accountability. When the parliament passed a no-confidence vote in the attorney-general in August 1997, for example, the premier backed his colleague’s refusal to resign. Despite numerous gaffes and controversies the parliament ran full term, but the 1998 state election was to prove one of the most dramatic in modern Australian politics. In the best debut electoral performance by any party since Labor began entering the colonial parliaments in the 1890s, the newly formed Pauline Hanson’s One Nation won eleven seats – five from the National Party and six from Labor. By winning six seats from the Liberals, the Labor Party, now led by Peter Beattie, emerged with forty-four seats to the Coalition’s thirty-two. Two independents were returned: Cunningham, again, and first-timer Peter Wellington, who won Nicklin from the Nationals and with whom Beattie began negotiations to form a minority government. These discussions culminated in a six-page letter of understanding from Beattie to Wellington dated 25 June 1998.
In contrast to the Cunningham compact, this agreement required Beattie to pledge the government to reform parliament, maintain a budget surplus and, reflecting recent scandals, issue and enforce detailed guidelines for ministerial credit cards, travel and expenses. Beattie did not agree to Wellington’s desire to implement citizen-initiated referendums, however, promising instead to hold regular “community cabinet meetings.” Despite this disagreement, sufficient mutual trust had been established that on the same day he received Beattie’s letter, Wellington agreed to support a Labor minority government on the usual terms, though Cunningham complained that Wellington had “jumped the gun” in sealing the contract with Beattie before exhausting all other options.
PARLIAMENTARY reforms were also the key to the agreement between Peter Lewis and the Labor Party in South Australia after the February 2002 state election produced a House of Assembly of twenty-three Labor members, twenty Liberals and four independents. Labor needed the support of just one of the independents to turn out the Liberal government of Premier Rob Kerin. When parliament resumed on 5 March Kerin nominated independent Rory McEwen as Speaker, and opposition leader Mike Rann nominated independent Peter Lewis. Lewis won in a secret ballot twenty-five votes to twenty-two.
Peter Lewis had been a Liberal member of parliament for over twenty years. Since the 1970s he had been a gadfly within his party, advocating parliamentary reform and various rural and irrigation policies. Eventually – on 5 July 2000 – he was expelled from the party room, and he resigned from the party in October. Lewis contested his seat of Hammond at the 2002 election under the banner of the Community Leadership Independence Coalition and defeated the Liberal candidate by 822 votes. Prior to the poll Lewis gave contradictory indications of which party he might support in a hung parliament. An article in the Adelaide Advertiser on 28 January 2002 reported that he “would support a Labor government if its major priority was parliamentary reform,” yet when asked by a reporter from the same paper two days before the poll whether he was intending to support the Labor Party, Lewis replied: “You can quote me. That’s bullshit… clear, unequivocal, hot, green, sloppy, fresh bullshit. I’m not into forming government with Labor.” Nevertheless he listed the Labor candidate second on his how-to-vote card. In a later civil case in which the Liberal Party tried unsuccessfully to have his election voided on the grounds that he misled voters, a Supreme Court judge described Lewis as “a man of high principle... at times impetuous and single minded. I must treat his evidence with caution...”
On 13 February 2002 Lewis announced that he would support a Labor government. He defended this “extraordinarily painful decision” in a statement to parliament subsequent to his election as Speaker. He highlighted his desire to provide stability and certainty of government but also said that he was angered by the Liberal Party’s “arrogant” assumption that he would automatically support its bid to continue in power. He also expressed concern at “the lack of ministerial accountability and parliamentary standards” and the spread of the “parasitic weed broomrape” over pasture land. Following Lewis’s statement the Liberal government lost a confidence vote twenty-three to twenty-two; Lewis did not vote.
Between polling day and the first meeting of the new parliament, Peter Lewis negotiated a Compact for Good Government with the Labor Party. The compact drew heavily on agreements in other states and included mechanisms to improve ministerial accountability, reform parliament and assist rural South Australia. What was different in Lewis’s compact was his insistence that the government “pass an Act of Parliament and make other such arrangements as deemed necessary by the Speaker [Lewis] to meet such costs and facilitating such processes as may be involved in any aspects of the work related to the establishment of a Constitutional Convention...” The convention was held in August 2003 and made a number of recommendations to be considered by the state parliament.
OF THE AGREEMENTS between independents and governing parties, the best-documented is the charter that brought to an end the colourful, controversial Kennett era in Victorian politics. Drawing on earlier agreements but heavily influenced by the specifics of the impact of Kennett’s government during the 1990s, the 1999 Independents’ Charter Victoria unexpectedly handed government to Labor under its new leader, Steve Bracks.
A Liberal–National Coalition led by Jeff Kennett had won the 1992 Victorian state election in a landslide following an unprecedented decade of Labor government. The 1992 result was confirmed in 1996, but at that election there were early signs of the shift in voter support that would take place in 1999. In the north-western rural seat of Mildura, Russell Savage became the first independent member elected to the Legislative Assembly since 1976, and independent candidates in other rural and regional electorates performed strongly. The following year another independent, Susan Davies, won a by-election in rural West Gippsland. But the Kennett government went to the polls in September 1999 in a seemingly invincible position. As in New South Wales in 1995, the election result was a cliffhanger. Strong swings to Labor in country Victoria and the election of a third independent, Craig Ingram, in Gippsland East produced a hung parliament, the Coalition securing forty-three seats to Labor’s forty-one, with the three independents holding the balance of power. The inconclusive result was complicated by the fact that the sitting Liberal member for Frankston East had died on polling day, triggering a supplementary election four weeks after the poll.
The month between polling day and the Frankston East “deferred election” was tense and dramatic. Susan Davies set the tone two days after the election when she told Kennett he should resign. Had her advice been accepted, the Coalition may well have retained government because Kennett’s aggressive political style was unsuited to negotiating with the independents. On the advice of a former premier of Victoria, Joan Kirner, Davies contacted the Queensland premier Peter Beattie and independent Peter Wellington to obtain a copy of their 1998 agreement, which served as a template for what became the Independents’ Charter Victoria. This document went through a number of drafts but, like its Queensland model, emphasised principles rather than details. Accountability of government, parliamentary reform and the social and economic rejuvenation of rural Victoria were the main themes.
For the three independent MPs, drafting the charter was easier than negotiating with the major parties and deciding which of them they would install in government. Premier Kennett wasted no time in putting pressure on them by telling the high-rating radio station 3AW on 23 September that they should support him because they held “conservative” electorates. Tension between the Coalition parties was evident when Kennett insisted on meeting with the independents without the National Party leader, Pat McNamara. Kennett’s negotiating tactic was to try to separate the newly elected Ingram from the other two. He offered the speakership to each of them and then later only to Savage and Ingram. In the midst of the negotiations Kennett also offered the speakership to a member of the National Party. Meetings were held between the independents and the party leaders before Labor and the Coalition were presented with the draft charter on 27 September, when the outcomes in several seats were still uncertain.
None of the participants in the negotiations expected the 1999 election to produce such a fluid political environment. The Liberal Party was in shock; Labor had not anticipated forming government; the independents were in the unexpected (and perhaps unwelcome) position of having to decide the next government. There was no shortage of unofficial advisers to the independents as a myriad of groups and individuals put forward interested and disinterested suggestions. Rating agency Standard & Poor’s (an enthusiastic supporter of the Kennett government’s neoliberal economic policies) issued a news release on 28 September that, while not overtly supporting either major party, warned against future temptation “to turn to pork-barrel politics to address the concerns of rural voters... and the independents...” The agency also observed: “A Labor minority government would also have to contend with a coalition majority in the Upper House.”
Upper house reform soon emerged as a critical issue in the negotiations between the independents and the party leaders. Lawyers and constitutional experts convinced the independents that they could best achieve and sustain their accountability objectives by altering the structure of the Legislative Council with a Senate-type proportional voting system. This presented the independents with a dilemma: the Labor Party had long supported electoral reform to the upper house, but a Labor government could not achieve it because of its minority position in the Council; whereas the Liberal Party, and especially Kennett, was on record as opposing proportional voting but had the upper house majority needed to deliver it. As Susan Davies later said, had Kennett given way on upper house reform the independents would have been under great pressure to support a minority Coalition government.
Kennett was maladroit in his detailed negotiations over the contents of the draft charter. His major problem was that accepting much of what the independents demanded, such as restoring the powers of the auditor-general, would mean repudiating policies he had vigorously advocated over the previous seven years. Labor was advantaged by the fact that most of the contents of the charter was settled Labor policy. Kennett’s strong, decisive but non-consultative leadership style proved wanting when he was required to negotiate and compromise with the independents. He restricted his negotiating team to a group of four – himself, deputy premier Pat McNamara and the two deputy party leaders – and as late as 30 September had not shown the draft of the charter to his party room.
Throughout the negotiations Kennett regularly contacted Savage and Ingram but not Davies, whereas Bracks left all three to their own deliberations. Kennett seriously misread the allegiances of the independents – believing, wrongly, that Davies was a lost cause for the Coalition, and underestimating Savage’s hostility. When Savage was first elected in 1996, the premier had directed Coalition members not to socialise with him and in a later parliamentary exchange called him a “fuckwit.” Kennett made the mistake of trying to alter individual clauses of the charter rather than, as the independents insisted, responding to the document as a whole. The formal Coalition response delivered on 12 October was a detailed document of eighteen pages with a further twelve pages of attachments. Kennett committed to the establishment of a Constitutional Commission to report on possible parliamentary reform, but did not commit to acting on its recommendations. Indeed he stated that “the Coalition is of the view that the options for parliamentary change [in relation to the Legislative Council] put forward by the ALP are fundamentally flawed...,” thereby rejecting a key plank of the independents’ reform agenda. On the other key issue, rural reconstruction, much of the response was given over to a tendentious defence of past Coalition policies.
The independents could be forgiven for concluding that Kennett would rather have gone into opposition than accept the constraints of minority government. Or perhaps he was so confident that Savage and perhaps Ingram would not be prepared to alienate their conservative rural constituencies by installing Labor that he believed he could afford to be obdurate on some points and secure a freer hand in government.
The opposition leader, Steve Bracks, also responded to the independents on 12 October. “I support the Charter in its entirety...” he told them, going on to detail how a Labor government would implement its terms. Having received the responses of the government and the opposition, the independents announced that they would give their decision at 11am on Monday 18 October, two days after the Frankston East supplementary election. On 13 October the Labor Party sent a memorandum of understanding to the independents which sought to establish a formal relationship between them. Davies and Ingram had a meeting with Bracks and his deputy John Thwaites at Parliament House on the eve of the Frankston East election at which Ingram, who had kept his own counsel up to this point, said he would support Labor if it won the next day’s poll. Susan Davies recalls what transpired after the meeting ended:
Labor won Frankston East decisively. On the following day Bracks’s senior adviser flew by light plane to Newhaven airport, where Davies signed the memorandum. The adviser then flew on to Mildura and collected Savage’s signature and then back to Frankston where Bracks, who was attending a celebratory barbecue, affixed his signature. It had been a month of unprecedented high drama which concluded with the installation of the first minority Labor government in Victoria since 1947.
I was half-way down Victoria Parade when I got a call from Bracks on the mobile. He said he wanted me to come back to parliament. He was pretty pushy. He didn’t usually sound like that. I went back.
Bracks and Thwaites had a memorandum of understanding which they wanted Craig to sign there and then. Craig was going to be out of reach up the Snowy [River] over the weekend. He didn’t want to leave them with a signed document which was only going to be relevant if they won Frankston East and they wanted a signed document as early as possible if that was the outcome.
I took it. I drove home with the memorandum of understanding in my glovebox. It was a very strange feeling. I wasn’t going to sign it until I knew what was happening in Frankston East, and said I would only sign then if there was a clear indisputable result. Craig told me to keep it safe and rip it up if the result went the other way.
THE LATEST of the agreements involving independent MPs and large parties involves Gerry Wood MP and the governing Labor Party in the Northern Territory. Struck in August last year after the resignation of Alison Anderson from Labor, it shares a potentially fatal flaw with the first case we discussed, the Green–Labor agreement in Tasmania in 1989. It is overly detailed (thirty-seven projects, many in Mr Wood’s electorate, are listed) and is likely to suffer the same fate as its predecessor.
The majority of the charters we’ve discussed were intended – by the independent signatories, at least – to increase the accountability of executive government. Did they achieve that objective? Alas, Clover Moore’s pessimistic appraisal of New South Wales after the return of majority government in 1995 holds true for the other jurisdictions as well. “Accountability independents” discovered that changing parliamentary cultures, especially in the lower houses, was to prove much more difficult than changing governments. Why? As the author of a recent study of the House of Lords explains, “even true democrats [once] in government will find it hard to prioritise a parliamentary reform which will involve their work being scrutinised more closely.”
This is not to suggest that the various independent charters did not bring about important reforms – most notably in Victoria, where the upper house was thoroughly renovated in 2003. The difficulty lies in making the reforms durable when governments regain parliamentary majorities and no longer need to accommodate minorities. The further development of an “accountability culture” in upper houses presents the best option for durable reform. The independents may come to be seen as “pathfinders” in putting issues and reforms like these on the political agenda, to be pursued and entrenched by those who follow. • | <urn:uuid:3b7bab30-ad0d-4684-bf29-0674aac66363> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://insidestory.org.au/re-entering-chartered-waters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00264-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975702 | 5,653 | 2.53125 | 3 |
During the 1951-1963 period of testing at the Nevada Test Site, nearly 100 nuclear weapons tests were conducted above ground (DOE 1994), and another dozen or so were conducted underground at depths from which some atmospheric release of radioactive material was possible. Well before the Nevada tests began, the United States had the world's first test of a nuclear weapon at Alamogordo, New Mexico in July 1945. Soon thereafter, U.S. bombers dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki as part of a strategy to end World War II.
Following the war's end in 1945, the United States began testing nuclear weapons in the Pacific. From 1946 to 1958, 66 nuclear tests were conducted in the Marshall Islands, 12 near Johnson Atoll and 24 near Christmas Island (Simon and Robison 1997). All were atmospheric tests, except for four that were detonated underwater. After the first five Pacific tests, the United States began nuclear testing in Nevada.
Because testing in the Pacific was logistically complex and expensive, the government eventually moved all tests to the Nevada Test Site (NTS), which is located northwest of Las Vegas. This location was selected on the basis of such factors as safety, climate, geology, security, population density, and transportation. A few tests were also conducted at other locations in Nevada, New Mexico, Colorado, Mississippi, and Alaska. In addition to the U.S. testing during the 1950s, the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom also conducted atmospheric and other tests that produced a global fallout of radioactive materials. Subsequently, other nations including France, China, India, and, most recently, Pakistan conducted tests (the latter two involved underground tests only). This later testing has not added greatly to the exposure of the American public, but the additional testing in the 1950s (including a large program of American tests in the Pacific) has complicated efforts to estimate both the fallout of radioactive materials from the Nevada tests and the health consequences of that fallout. In addition to nuclear weapons tests, the backdrop for current concerns about exposure to I-131 includes the 1986 nuclear accident at Chernobyl and its aftermath, which includes many cases of thyroid cancer in exposed children.
Concern about radioactive fallout north and east of the Nevada Test Site began to emerge soon after weapons testing began. During the earliest years—before 1954—surveillance offsite of the NTS was performed by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and the U.S. Army. The U.S. Public Health Service continued the offsite monitoring during the years 1954 through 1970. After 1970, monitoring activities offsite of the NTS became the responsibility of the Environmental Protection Agency under interagency agreements. Monitoring techniques included exposure-rate measurements along the roads in the counties surrounding the NTS, a fallout collection program using gummed-film devices in nearly every state, aerial monitoring by aircraft (begun in 1963), and other types of air and precipitation measurement (EPA 1984). Systematic studies of fallout patterns | <urn:uuid:ed2c1617-5f3a-4e62-89a1-cd9ea7ef75ff> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6283&page=11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609523265.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005203-00595-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968137 | 596 | 3.71875 | 4 |
With the advancement of corporate world and professionalism, experiential team bonding activities have become a widely spoken phenomenon.
Experiential team building is professional development programs designed to challenge participants in a fun and interactive way using various type of group activities.
These customised programs aim to develop your workforce through teamwork and leadership skills, and there are also many team building packages are available to choose from.
The members of the team, faced with active, problem-solving initiatives that require team collaboration and communication skills.
This exercise highlights common issues including leadership, team building, conflict management, and the impact of diversity on the team.
Team building is very crucial in companies, workplaces and industries where people from different background and mentalities work together for a common goal to achieve.
Only a perfect and balance use of the team bonding process can help to grow a high performing corporation.
There are few ways to achieve team cohesiveness. Sometimes people who have been working together have more understanding of division of labour.
The education system all over the world is embracing interactive learning method, and that is synonymous to customised learning workshops. Assignments given to the participants are completed collectively and by the effort of the team as a whole. It helps them to learn and take decisions.
In offices or workplaces sometimes the team building process is undertaken through the internship where new joiners from different background learn to work together in the leadership management program.
Modern workplaces are designed to enhance team collaboration to improve the speed and efficiency of tasks handled.
For creating better understanding and relationship among the members, different team building events can be arranged. Through interactive behaviour, the members of the team become more co-operative and focused.
There are few objectives of experiential team bonding. The core principle is to make teamwork fruitful and productive. For a cooperative workplace, team cooperation is critical.
Collaboration defines the interdependent components of performance required to coordinate the performance of multiple individuals effectively.
Through communication, coordination, the balance of member contributions, mutual support, effort, and cohesion the mutual respect and effectiveness of the teamwork increases.
A single brain can’t solve a problem like a multiple human can do.
Discussion and contribution of each member ensures the use of overall potentials. The basic purpose of team building is to create leadership.
Quality of leadership creates the difference between past and future of any enterprise.
Through our program, leadership qualities are induced to the team. Different people have different qualities and potentials to contribute to the society. While building group experience each gains leadership qualities in his respective area. And that makes the team effort great.
In the present competitive world we live in, there is no alternative to our team bonding workshops. It is the virtue of teamwork that made human being great.
Realising the importance and implementing experiential team building will create our future workplace better than ever before.
Drop us a business inquiry and our trainer will contact you to craft out a customised workshop for your team. | <urn:uuid:009e03ba-8722-4174-8958-bfd99f92fb3c> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.experiential-training.com/team-building/experiential-teambuilding/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823284.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019122155-20171019142155-00089.warc.gz | en | 0.949004 | 612 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Published on August 19th, 2016 | By: Stephanie Liverani3
Transparent wood windows could be key to better energy efficiencyPublished on August 19th, 2016 | By: Stephanie Liverani
[Image above] Credit: Rachel Titiriga; Flickr CC BY 2.0
Harnessing the power of the sun to efficiently heat and cool our homes and buildings is paramount as the U.S. aims to transition to a cleaner energy grid.
And the U.S. is taking this goal seriously. According to the latest Solar Energy Industries Association U.S. Solar Market Insight report, solar power accounted for 64% of new electric capacity additions in early 2016—and that number is expected to spike to 94% through 2016.
In the past year, we’ve reported on how windows-turned-solar-cells could revolutionize energy-efficient buildings; how the key to large-scale solar power storage could be rusting before our eyes; and how perovskites might be the answer to highly efficient, low-cost solar fuel cells.
But what if the next superstar solar energy harnessing material defies traditional logic?
Windows and solar panels of the future could be made from one of the best—and cheapest—construction materials in existence: wood.
In April, we reported that researchers at Stockholm’s KTH Royal Institute of Technology have developed a new transparent wood material that can be used for large-scale solar cell production.
“Transparent wood is a good material for solar cells, since it’s a low-cost, readily available, and renewable resource,” Lars Berglund, professor at Wallenberg Wood Science Center at KTH, explains in a KTH press release. “This becomes particularly important in covering large surfaces with solar cells.”
This week, engineers at the A. James Clark School of Engineering at the University of Maryland (UMD) say that windows made of transparent wood might provide more even and consistent natural lighting and better energy efficiency compared to glass.
In a new study, the team showed that their transparent wood “provides better thermal insulation and lets in nearly as much light as glass, while eliminating glare and providing uniform and consistent indoor lighting,” according to a UMD press release.
Although the transparent wood lets through a little bit less light than glass, it lets in much less heat, explains Tian Li, lead author of the study.
“It is very transparent, but still allows for a little bit of privacy because it is not completely see-through. We also learned that the channels in the wood transmit light with wavelengths around the range of the wavelengths of visible light, but that it blocks the wavelengths that carry mostly heat,” says Li.
To measure the efficacy of the transparent wood, the team tested the material on a tiny model house with a transparent wood panel in the ceiling. “The channels in the wood direct visible light straight through the material, but the cell structure that still remains bounces the light around just a little bit, a property called haze. This means the light does not shine directly into your eyes, making it more comfortable to look at,” the release explains.
As the sun moves across the sky over houses with glass windows, the angle at which light shines through the glass creeps across the room depending on the sun’s location. Transparent wood, on the other hand, diffuses that sunlight so the room is always evenly distributed.
“This means your cat would not have to get up out of its nice patch of sunlight every few minutes and move over,” Li says. “The sunlight would stay in the same place. Also, the room would be more equally lighted at all times.”
The researchers recently patented their process for making transparent wood. First, they bleach the wood to remove all of the lignin—a component that gives wood its brown color and strength. Then they soak the wood in epoxy to fortify it and give it its transparency. The wood can be fabricated to accommodate any size necessary.
Another benefit of working with the transparent wood, the team says, is that the material is waterproof thanks to its polymer component, but it also resists shattering—a quality that could give glass a run for its money.
The study, published in Advanced Energy Materials, is “Wood composite as an energy efficient building material: Guided sunlight transmittance and effective thermal insulation” (DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201601122).
Back to Previous Page | <urn:uuid:9238e564-4bc9-47af-a4b2-0f1ff655c23b> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://ceramics.org/ceramic-tech-today/transparent-wood-windows-could-be-key-to-better-energy-efficiency | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823605.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020010834-20171020030834-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.933057 | 942 | 3.125 | 3 |
IMPACT OF ONLINE AND OFFLINE ACTIVISM ON SOCIAL SKILLS
1 Instituto Superior Miguel Torga (PORTUGAL)
2 Instituto Superior Miguel Torga/Centro de Estudos de Comunicação e Sociedade/Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa (PORTUGAL)
About this paper:
Conference name: 11th International Technology, Education and Development Conference
Dates: 6-8 March, 2017
Location: Valencia, Spain
Abstract:Activism, as a concept of Psychology, can be understood as a set of actions and attitudes that intend to effect social changes in several areas of a certain society (Baptista, Pereira and Costa, 2006). Social skills are social behaviours in an individual's repertoire that help him deal with situations arising in the interpersonal relationships he establishes (Del Prette and Del Prette, 2001). Studies on the direct relationship between activism (online and / or offline) and social skills are scarce. However, it is known that individuals who actively participate in the help of social causes tend to develop and acquire skills that help them to change, thus enabling them to have more satisfying lives (CIVICUS, IAVE and UNV, 2008).
The evolution of Information and Communication Technologies has allowed that the activism has also migrated to digital space, resulting in online activism, digital activism or cyber-activism (terms in this study adopted as synonyms), thus providing a new tool for activist practices through the formation and performance of social movements (Diniz and Caleiro, 2011).
This paper aims to relate activism (online and / or offline) with social skills, in order to understand whether those who support social causes (online and / or offline) have a higher degree of social skills. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to describe the social activist through the data collected from a sample and to relate social activism (online and/or offline) with other variables, such as social support and social skills. The main goal is to verify if active support in social causes, provided by the general population whether online and/or offline (regardless of the cause), has an impact on the satisfaction of the individual with regard to the relationships they establish in their daily life, as well as the existence or not of a greater degree of social skills.
The sample involved 210 participants, aged between 15 and 73 years. The majority are women (73.3%), unmarried (63.80%) and college (72.40%). A socio-demographic questionnaire was used, a questionnaire on social activism and the Social Skills Inventory.
The results allow us to infer that activists tend to develop a more spontaneous form of social communication, since they tend to follow their beliefs and feelings in order to effect social change. We also found that activists are willing to face everything and everyone to defend the cause in which they believe, but even if they know what they want to defend, the action automatically puts them in unforeseen situations, new and unknown, showing that they are able to deal with adversity themselves from human society.
The results reveal that those who support social causes offline (n = 134) present greater ability in the self-exposure factor to unknown or new situations. Those who support online causes (n = 96), as well as better ability in the aforementioned factor, also show a better ability in conversation and social skills. Analysing the group that supports online social causes (n = 96) and the group that does not support online social causes (n = 114) were found statistically significant differences that may reveal that individuals who support online causes, as well as better ability to approach online causes Unknown people, exhibited even better ability in the factor corresponding to conversation and social skills.
Keywords: Online activism, social skills, social support. | <urn:uuid:cc8e208e-0ac2-4da6-a51f-035d1da4ab4b> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://library.iated.org/view/ARRIAGA2017IMP | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500365.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206212647-20230207002647-00542.warc.gz | en | 0.94544 | 781 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The Composition of the Federal Council
The reasons for the existence of a second chamber differ: Some people hold that it improves the quality of legislation, while others see its function in the representation of certain interests. The idea is that a democratic system needs checks and balances.
Unlike the National Council, the Federal Council is not elected by direct popular vote. Its members are delegated by the Provincial Diets in proportion to the relative strengths of the parties in the Diets. The number of members delegated by a Federal Province depends on the population figure of that Province. The most populous Province delegates twelve, the smallest at least three members.
When there is a change in the population of a Province, the number of seats in the Federal Council will change accordingly. Seats are reallocated every ten years. The Federal President passes a resolution determining the number of members to be delegated to the Federal Council by each Province. The total number of members is therefore variable.
Currently the Federal Council has 60 members. They are elected by the Provincial Diets for the duration of the legislative period of the Province concerned. The composition of the Federal Council may thus change after every Provincial Diet election.
Accordingly, the Federal Council has no legislative period of its own but has been continuously in session since 1945. | <urn:uuid:cf2c476a-f966-475f-87ba-9b3419d25de9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.parlament.gv.at/en/explore/members-and-entities/the-federal-council/responsibilities | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00754.warc.gz | en | 0.961333 | 259 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Our towns and cities are growing and one of the flow on effects from that is that our day-to-day living is having greater effects on the environment we live in. Stormwater runoff is a major cause of water pollution in urban areas.
When rain falls on our roofs, streets, and car parks the water cannot soak into the ground as it should. Instead, stormwater is directed to drain through gutters, stormwater pipes, and other engineered collection systems, eventually being discharged into nearby water bodies.
The stormwater runoff carries rubbish, bacteria, heavy metals, and other pollutants from the urban landscape to those water bodies. Higher flows resulting from heavy rains can also cause erosion and flooding in urban streams, damaging habitat, property, and infrastructure (which can be expensive and disruptive).
On the flipside, when rain falls in natural, undeveloped areas, the water is absorbed and filtered by soil and plants. Stormwater runoff is cleaner and less of a problem in those environments. Experts all over the world have realised that there are better, more efficient and more natural ways of treating our stormwater. In New Zealand, this is generally referred to as ‘Low Impact Design’ or ‘Low Impact Development’.
Learn more about Low Impact Design and how you can use such methods on your own property by clicking on the links below. | <urn:uuid:8aeddc3c-d8e4-4400-868f-2ee878c23ddf> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.waikatodistrict.govt.nz/services-facilities/water/water-sensitive-design---low-impact-development | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178347321.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210224194337-20210224224337-00230.warc.gz | en | 0.958789 | 276 | 3.5 | 4 |
The Effects of Water Quality on the Growth Rate of Freshwater Mussels, Margaritifera falcata
Type of Entry:
Notes for teacher:
This project is best suited for middle and high school students and can be adapted from a research project into an exploratory exercise. The viewfinders are easy to make using a 5 gallon plastic bucket with the bottom cut out. Plexiglas can be cut to fit and sealed with silicon cement. The viewfinders can also be used for viewing other aquatic macroinvertebrates. Additional materials that I found helpful in preparing this project were Field manual for Water Quality Monitoring by Mark K. Mitchell & William B. Stapp, and Aquatic Entomology, the Fisherman's and Ecologist's Illustrated Guide to Insects and Their Relatives by W. Patrick McCafferty.
- After receiving instruction, students will be able to conduct field research, document
and process research data using the scientific method.
- After receiving instructions on field test procedures, students will be able to use portable
water test kits to conduct a series of water quality tests including dissolved oxygen,
fecal coliform, BOD, nitrate, total phosphate, turbidity, total solids, pH, temperature
and other related tests.
- After conducting field research, students will be able to determine the best habitat
requirements for optimal growth of freshwater mussels, Margaritifera falcata.
Preparation/Classroom Time needed:
In preparation for this field research, the students receive approximately two to four weeks of classroom instruction and training on stream ecology and mussel anatomy and physiology. They engage in water quality testing using samples from local streams. They also practice identifying various aquatic macroinvertebrates using taxonomic keys prior to going out in the field.
Students will participate in a field and laboratory study to determine if local freshwater mussels are environmentally stressed. Students will test the water quality of local streams/rivers using proper field techniques to determine the effects of water pollutants on the growth rate of freshwater mussels, margaritifera falcata. Freshwater mussels serve as our most sensitive indicators of water quality and ecosystem health and are considered to be among the most endangered animals. The student's research will be documented and forwarded to biologists and agencies involved in mussel studies in the Northwest.
Materials & Equipment:
- Portable Water Analysis Kits
- Portable View Finders: 5 gal. bucket, Plexiglas, silicon cement
- Tagging Equipment: Mesh/fish net bags, numerical tags, waterproof glue, knives
- Collecting jars/70% Alcohol
- D-Frame Nets/Kick Screen
- Life Jackets
- Data sheets for mussel observation and water analysis/macroinvertebrates
- Miscellaneous: Plastic rulers, clipboards, pencils
- First Aid Kit
- Students will be introduced to the research project and the relationship between mussels
and water quality, including basic anatomy and physiology of mussels, with special
attention to methods of determining growth rate and life span. The students will also be
introduced to the survey techniques used in testing water quality.
- Students will construct a portable view finder for field research.
- Students will be instructed in the use of topographical maps to research and evaluate
what stream/river sites ought to be surveyed for mussel locale.
- Students will travel to potential mussel sites for mussels using their portable view
finders. Once sites have been located, students will perform the following tasks.
- Students will record information about the site on their mussel observation data sheet
including location, drainage, description of water, and other relevant data.
- Students will make direct observations of mussels and record on mussel data sheet:
description of mussel habitat, number of mussels in bed, individual coloration, size,
etc., including sketches. Some older shells will be collected and their growth patterns
analyzed at the lab under a stereoscope.
- Students will use their water analysis kits to conduct a series of tests for determining water quality of the sites. They will record the findings of the following tests on their water quality data sheet: dissolved oxygen, fecal coliform BOD, nitrate, total phosphate, tubidity, total solids, pH, temperature and other related test.
- Students will use their D-Frame nets and collecting jars to collect samples benthic macroinvertebrates for additional water quality assessment.
- Students will return to the sites during the semester and perform the same tests. Data collected will be documented and forwarded to biologists and other agencies involved in mussel studies in the Northwest.
Method of Evaluation:
Evaluation of field research and techniques will be accomplished through direct observation. In addition, each student will document their research and compile their data, complete with tables, graphs, and their own conclusions. They will assemble this information into a portfolio for evaluation of their work project. | <urn:uuid:1dd09ffc-4426-4c2b-86cb-8bd5570fd9cb> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/AEF/1995/hashimoto_mussels.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929012.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00224-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901712 | 1,029 | 3.859375 | 4 |
person can collect energy from several different levels of vibrations–including
color–that are utilized in various parts of the body. Throughout our body we have main energy centers, which are connected to major organs or glands that govern other body parts. Each of these main energy centers are referred to as chakra–chakra is a Sanskrit word which means
wheel. A chakra is a wheel-like spinning vortex that whirls in a circular
motion forming a vacuum in the center that draws in anything it encounters
on its particular vibratory level.
It is said that our body contains hundred of chakras that are the key to the operation of our being. These “spinning wheels” draw-in
coded information from our surroundings. Coded information can be anything
from a color vibration to ultra-violet ray to a radio or micro wave to
another person’s aura. In essence our chakras receive the health
of our environment, including the people we are in contact with (that’s
why other people’s moods have an affect on us!). As well our chakras
also radiate an energy of vibration.
It is also believed that we have seven main chakra centers and that each
main center is connected to our being on several different levels: physical,
emotional, mental and spiritual. On the physical level each chakra governs
a main organ or gland, which is then connected to other body parts that
resonate the same frequency.
Every organ, gland and body system is connected to a chakra and each chakra is connected to a color vibrational frequency. For example, the heart chakra governs the thymus gland and it is also in charge of the functioning of the heart organ, lungs, bronchia system, lymph glands, secondary circulatory system, immune system as well as the arm and hands. And the heart chakra resonates to the color green.
The seven main chakra centers are aligned along the spinal column. If
there are disturbances on any level, this shows in the chakra’s
vitality level. Also each of the seven main chakras is their own intelligence
center. This means that each chakra is not only associated with our physical
health but also controls aspects connected to our emotional, mental and
To help balance a chakra–whether on an emotional, intellectual,
physical or spiritual level–we need to bring in the chakra (color)
vibration, which resonates at the same frequency.
In the study of the anatomy of the aura it is important to understand the significance of the chakra system and the language of colors expressed in the aura.
The names of the seven main chakras and the master organ that each one governs is as follows:
When one part of a chakra center is out of sync it may eventually effect its other parts and possibly its neighboring chakra. When a chakra center is out of balance it generally means that it is over-active or under-active, or possibly congested or blocked. If this happens it is usually felt on a mental, emotional or physical level.
What is Energy & Why does It Affect Our Chakras?
Sunlight is our main source and provider of light, heat and energy. Not only does sunlight sustain all life on Earth, but also it sustains the Earth itself. It provides plants with the energy for photosynthesis, which in turn sustains the lives of all animals and humans. Sunlight consists of energies in the form of the electromagnetic waves and part of this electromagnetic energy includes cosmic rays, gamma rays, x-rays, visible light rays, infrared rays, micro waves and short and long waves (radio waves). We utilize many of these energies in our daily lives; however, we seem not to put much emphasis on the visible light rays. We refer to them as the visible light rays because of all the energies mentioned above we can see visually see light rays. By holding a prism towards the sun, we can break down the visible spectrum of light rays into seven different beams of color. Light consists of the seven color energies: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. We can see these seven colors in a rainbow, drop of rain or dew and even in a snowflake.
Color and light are inseparable. Each color of the visible light rays has a different wavelength and vibrational frequency, which affects us differently. Red has the longest wavelength and the slowest vibrational frequency, which we innately recognize as warm and stimulating. Whereas, violet has the shortest wavelength and the fastest frequency that we recognize as a cool and calming energy. We receive light and color information through our eyes, which then stimulates the retina and its cells, rods and cones. These impulses, which travel through the optic nerve to the visual cortex of the brain via the pituitary, trigger other glands and their hormone secretion to various parts of the body. Many body functions are stimulated or retarded by light and the different colors of light and thus affect our chakra system.
Since light and its colors physically affect glands and hormones, they will also have a marked influence on our moods and feelings. Science has proven that certain colors can calm the mind while others stimulate mental activity. We need light energy for nourishing our brain, our emotions and our physical body as well as our light bodies and especially our chakras. Light can also enter through our skin and our breath. As well, we can receive additional color energy through a balance of various colored foods, herbs, vitamins, aromatherapy, sound, minerals, clothing, decor and color bathing (see Chakra Energy: Ways to Energize Your Chakras).
Importance of Our Chakra System
In reality little is known and understood about the human psyche and its intricate systems. However, medical science has proven that toxins and other impurities, which include negative thoughts, chemical enhancements in our food and other poor environmental factors, influence our body. Constant forms of pollution can cause chakra imbalances to manifest, which may eventually affect us on a physical level. Since traditional health care systems at this time are unable to naturally or totally alleviate symptoms or cure our problems, this means it is up to each individual to improve their health conditions. We also have to consider that we may be our own best doctor. So understanding the chakra system is more about how you can help improve your own state of health and all levels of your being.
The benefit of learning about your own chakra system is for you to understand on a whole (whole = body, mind and spirit in harmony) that when all parts of you (all of your seven chakra centers) are communicating equally and working in alliance with each other, you will have little or no energy disorders. For example, if the mental part of you is powerful and so are the physical, emotional and spiritual parts of you equally as strong, it is then that you feel at your optimum level.
Nowadays, we live in a fast world and often forget about our whole. We put too much emphasis on independence and very little on interdependence. Our chakras are interdependent on each other for harmony and balance.
The emphasize of this website is to educate you on your complete chakra system so you can take control of your life and become the best you possibly can in this lifetime. No one else is totally responsible for you... except you!
Your mind alone cannot nurture your whole being, nor can a proper food diet solve all your problems. It is important to understand that all of you has to be understood in order to keep your house in order.
If there is a disturbance on any level, this shows in a chakras vitality level. And each of the seven main chakras has its own innate intelligence and function. Similar to how your body functions automatically, your chakra centers also operate automatically. If you are to understand your chakra system then you must learn what each chakras function is and how it represents a part of your whole. | <urn:uuid:7483cc0c-c116-467a-971e-35d5edf00340> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.chakraenergy.com/intro.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121644.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00583-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948606 | 1,663 | 3 | 3 |
Mary Hamilton. Kentucky Folktales: Revealing Stories, Truths, and Outright Lies. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2012. 219 pp. $29.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-8131-3600-4.
Reviewed by John T. Becker (Texas Tech University)
Published on H-Kentucky (April, 2013)
Commissioned by Richard C. Smoot
Containing twenty-seven stories, Kentucky Folktales is the latest book by Mary Hamilton, a professional storyteller from Frankfort, Kentucky. She is a prolific writer, storyteller (since 1983), and educator, who has traveled and recorded her stories widely. Despite the title, not all of the entries have a Kentucky storyline connection. Hamilton’s criteria for inclusion in this book are that the story is clearly about Kentucky or that she collected the story in the Bluegrass State. She gathered the vast majority of her Kentucky stories in eastern Kentucky, where people still practice the ancient art of storytelling. Hamilton also made good use of the Southern Appalachian Archives, located at Berea College, in Berea, Kentucky, which has an extensive folklore collection, including manuscripts of stories and audio reproductions.
The stories, divided into five chapters, fall into three categories: scary stories, folktales, and personal remembrances. Although the scary stories (“Haunts, Frights, and Creepy Tales”) are entertaining, they are unnecessarily gruesome in a book geared toward children. In these stories a great many children are killed, some by their parents. Readers will have to determine if this chapter is appropriate for children.
Storytelling, to Hamilton, contains three elements: the story, the teller, and the audience. The same story is never told the same way twice, because good storytellers interact with their audience and no two audiences are the same. Storytellers change their stories according to an audience’s mood, knowledge of the story, and other factors. This analysis alone, found in the introduction, will make the book valuable to most historians. If Hamilton is correct, in that most storytellers do not even attempt to retell their stories word for word over time, what does that say about oral history, religious or cultural documents that started life orally, or stories told in family gatherings?
Hamilton’s stories are geared to a young audience, and are arranged with a young audience in mind, written in the language that Hamilton uses to tell her own stories. This is not surprising since she has a background in education and elementary librarianship. Some stories are written in a distinctive regional dialect, which is entertaining to read and must be fun to hear. Hamilton states that many stories “change” when they are listened to, after having first read them. A good storyteller can breathe life into an otherwise dull story.
A commentary follows every story and the stories are footnoted as well. A bibliography and index are found at the end of the book. The commentaries are filled with Hamilton’s experiences from her Kentucky childhood, travels, and life as a storyteller. Also included in the commentaries are, in some cases, different versions of a story, the story’s collectors, and its origins. Some stories included in her book have over fifty variants and are found all over the world. In one revealing narrative concerning the storyteller’s art, Hamilton describes how she “built” a story by making changes to fit a new location (Indiana, not Kentucky); performed historical research to add important facts to the story; and conducted some interviews with local people to add local color to her story. Somehow through all of the changes and additions the basic elements of the story remained the same.
In the commentary following the story “The Open Grave,” Hamilton explains how she changes the ending to fit her audience and their reactions. Another story that has many variants is “The Enormous Bear” with eight different versions listed, all from eastern Kentucky informants. Although collected in the same area and over the same time period as “The Open Grave,” the characters, action, and ending vary widely. Most readers will find Hamilton’s commentary on “Little Ripen Pear” intriguing, which includes a chart of ten variants of her story. Most of the versions come from eastern Kentucky (eight out of ten) and were collected between 1949 and 1956. For a short time period and small geographical location the stories vary a great deal, while the main elements of the story remain the same.
Hamilton uses the Aarne-Thompson-Uther (ATU) system of tale typing and she explains why its use is important to storytellers. Readers who are not familiar with story types or motifs will appreciate her explanation. The ATU system, created by Finnish folklorist Antti Aarne (1910), revised by American folklorist Stith Thompson (1932-37), and updated again by Hans-Jorg Uther (2004), organizes stories by type or motif. Thus storytellers can find a story in which they are interested by its classification in the ATU system, and can find variants of the story, some of which have international motifs. “Reading multiple variants often provides me with more insight into a story than I can glean from any single version,” Hamilton writes (p. 196). The ATU organizes the folktales into broad categories that are further subdivided.
What can historians learn from Kentucky Folktales? Besides being the “the traditional knowledge of a culture,” folklore can add flavor and emotion to an otherwise dry and humorless historical prose. But caution should be used, both by historians and folklorists, in that there is a strong possibility, which storytellers will be the first to admit, to improvise history in order to preserve the core veracity of a tale.
One small quibble about this otherwise charming and useful book requires mention. In the story “The Princess Who Could Not Cry,” Hamilton pitches her opinion of the Affordable Health Care Act, which is only tangentially connected to the story. Although skillfully done, her concern for something as current as the national health care debate seems to this reviewer as a very strange discussion to find in a book of folktales. Perhaps its inclusion is one of the differences between historians and folklorists.
: Revealing Stories, Truths and Outright Lies,
Kentucky Folktales is her most recent offering and contains 27 stories,
a Kentucky folktale
, and one wonders if they are suitable for young children
But it will remain for the r
And because of the audience, t
. The reason is
So a s
seem to be
She collected the vast majority of her Kentucky stories in Eastern Kentucky, where people obviously still practice the ancient art of story telling. Hamilton made good use of the Southern Appalachian Archives, Berea College, Berea, Kentucky, which has an extensive folklore collection including manuscripts of stories and audio reproductions.
ed the story
where it originated
of the story
(Tall Tales and Outright Lies)
(40 and 196).
he or she is
and within each category, while folktale types
that being a tendency
took the opportunity to
If there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the list discussion logs at: http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl.
John T. Becker. Review of Hamilton, Mary, Kentucky Folktales: Revealing Stories, Truths, and Outright Lies.
H-Kentucky, H-Net Reviews.
|This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License.| | <urn:uuid:73dfad57-7520-4c6d-8238-8605fc95dd5f> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=38234 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443738006497.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001222006-00248-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933468 | 1,630 | 2.703125 | 3 |
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5 rows·Nov 04,2020·ASTM A240 304L stainless steel plate uses Manufacturer.ASTM A240 304L stainless steel | <urn:uuid:5fbcf139-f065-4d33-97be-4589b52e953b> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | http://www.italpark.es/news/cf3846fd2839725.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358560.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128134516-20211128164516-00436.warc.gz | en | 0.835186 | 3,046 | 2.515625 | 3 |
How farmers are introducing another 'crop' into their rice fields - small, indigenous fish
For families struggling to deal with the global food crisis, hunger and subsequent poor nutrition is a clear issue.
Practical Action has been working with small scale farmers on a technique called rice-fish culture. This technique is good for both the fish and the rice. Safely hidden from birds, the fish thrive in the dense rice plants, while they in turn provide a source of fertiliser with their droppings, eat insect pests and help to circulate oxygen around the rice field. Farmers tell us that keeping fish in rice fields can increase rice yields by up to 10% – plus they have the additional supplies of fish.
A diet of fish is an excellent source of protein and so improves people’s health. Extra rice yields, meanwhile, not only put meals on tables but enable families to sell surplus food at market.
Firstly, Practical Action works with a farmer to identify a suitable site: one that is less likely to be washed away should a flood occur. Together we then build a dyke approximately 60cm high around the outskirts of the field. This has a dual purpose – to keep the fish in the rice fields and enable vegetable cultivation around the field. The next step is digging a ditch for the fish to live in during the dry season – this is something the whole family can get involved in.
Planting and stocking
The farmer plants the rice in rows that are roughly 35cm apart, then fills 50% of the ditch with water. The water is purified with a small quantity of lime, and a little organic fertiliser is added. Then, when the rice starts to shoot, the water level across the field is increased to 12–15cm, and small fish or ‘fingerlings’ are released into the ditch. As soon as they have acclimatised to the rice field water, the farmer releases them into the field and raises the water level as both the fish and rice grow.
Come the first harvest, approximately 4–5 months later, the farmer will harvest the rice first, and then drain the rice field to collect the fish into the ditch where they can easily be caught. In areas where Practical Action has helped people to develop rice-fish culture, farmers have reported a 10% increase in rice yields, plus enough fish to provide regular, high-protein meals for their families.
Every year, Kamrul Barik’s family was faced with starvation, but thanks to rice-fish culture he has been able to turn their lives around. Once he could only produce enough food to last two thirds of the year, now he’s able to grow more food for his family to eat and some to sell at the local market.
“My name is Kamrul Barik and I live in a village in the Jamalpur Sadar district of Bangladesh. It’s a small village and I have very little land to live on or to farm – my home is just 15 square metres with 48 square metres of rice fields. I have two sons and one daughter, and my parents are old so they live with us too. In the past it was very hard to grow enough food to feed us all. I could grow enough rice for perhaps 8 months, but the other months I struggled to find food. I had to scrape together money by borrowing from money lenders at a very high interest. I could not afford to send my children to school and we often went hungry for days. Things were very bad.
“Then in 2006 Practical Action taught me all about rice-fish culture. I learnt how to choose rice that was more resistant to floods. I also learnt how to protect the fish in my fields. Soon I was able to grow more rice and fish and earn money from selling them – 26,200 tk (£195) from my fish and 18,000 tk (£135) from my rice. Practical Action also showed me how I could farm bananas and vegetables on the dykes, which meant I was able to earn another 10,200 tk (£75).
“The extra money has made a very big difference. We can now buy fruit and vegetables at the market so my family can eat better – and of course the fish also give us important nutrients and vitamins. My children are now going to school and I hope they will now be able to find good jobs. I have been able to install a new latrine in our home and I hope to lease another piece of land to start rice-fish culture in another plot. Now the future looks much brighter.”
There are thousands of farmers who desperately need a way out of the global food crisis – and rice-fish culture could be the answer they are looking for. Please give what you can to support our food security work. Thank you.
You can download further information on farming fish and aquaculture from Practical Answers, the technical information service of Practical Action, or you can ask a technical enquiry to the Practical Action staff via the online form.
This Technical Brief describes small-scale fish farming in Bangladesh: techniques involved and benefits that can be realised.
This document describes fish culture methods such as using fish cages. | <urn:uuid:c98486df-357e-401d-bd77-6b1f07add87e> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://practicalaction.org/rice-fish-culture-3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700014987/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102654-00076-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97187 | 1,072 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Earth has bestowed a bounty of non-renewable resources on humankind, but they won't last forever. The three R's – Reduce, Reuse and Recycle – represent the best strategy for conserving non-renewable oil, coal and natural gas. The United States Environmental Protection Agency champions this approach, which was popularized by environmental conservationists in the late 20th century. Increasing the reliance on renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind and geothermal generators, can also help conserve the dwindling supplies of fossil fuels that remain in the ground.
Non-Renewables Are a Mixed Blessing
Fossil fuels are the remnants of millennia of organic decomposition. They formed about 350 million years ago during the Carboniferous Period, a name that evokes their predominant component – the element carbon. These fuels kept humans warm, and they powered the Industrial Revolution, but at a cost. Burning coal, petroleum and natural gas to create heat and electricity releases carbon into the atmosphere, mostly in the form of carbon dioxide. Scientists largely agree that carbon dioxide acts as a greenhouse gas to warm the atmosphere, and they have documented that it acidifies the oceans. Conserving fossil fuels reduces the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and few scientists doubt that's good for the environment.
The First R: Reduce
Nearly 200 countries signed onto a treaty in Paris in 2015 that addressed reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The strategy for doing this includes reducing reliance on fossil fuels. Partly in an effort to meet treaty goals, many countries incorporated renewable energy into their infrastructures in the form of wind and solar energy generators, electric vehicles, passive solar architecture and other innovations.
On an individual level, homeowners can take advantage of renewable energy as it becomes increasingly more available. They can install solar generators on their houses and choose energy providers that use renewable methods of generation. In communities that still rely heavily on fossil fuels, individuals can reduce their need for heat and electricity by properly insulating and leak-proofing their homes, turning off lights whenever possible and using energy-efficient appliances.
The Second R: Reuse
It takes energy to manufacture items that people use every day, such as clothing, personal appliances and electronic gadgets. You can minimize the energy used by the manufacturing sector by reusing things around the house, and you'll save money in the process. Here are a few ways to do it:
- Donate used clothing and buy used when possible.
- Repair your electronic equipment, car and appliances instead of replacing them with new products.
- Donate used or unwanted building materials and tools to a charity, such as Habitat for Humanity, instead of taking them to the dump.
The Third R: Recycle
Recycling is a means of processing unwanted items and materials into new products instead of discarding them. This reduces the need for raw materials and the energy needed to produce them. On a global scale, many large manufacturers make a point of using recycled materials. Individuals can get in the game in many ways, including:
- Upcycling used home furnishings, which involves adapting them to serve different purposes or giving them fresh new appearances.
- Discarding recyclable materials properly so they can be used to make new products. Such materials include objects made of plastic, glass, ceramic, metal and paper. Many waste management companies provide bins for this purpose to each household.
- Buying products made with recycled materials.
- Composting leftover food and using the compost to grow more food. The more food you grow yourself, the less you have to buy. Food producers won't have to make as much, and they'll end up using less energy.
Into the Future
As a conservation strategy, Reduce, Reuse and Recycle works for large-scale manufacturers and global distributors as well as it does for individual householders. Even so, this strategy doesn't guarantee a limitless supply of fossil fuels. In the long term, a shift to renewable energy resources is necessary to ensure a comfortable and bountiful existence for each person on the planet. | <urn:uuid:bf857c68-55b5-4fe1-b056-1eb17b837aa0> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://sciencing.com/three-ways-conserving-nonrenewable-energy-resources-20189.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676596204.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723090751-20180723110751-00563.warc.gz | en | 0.942878 | 836 | 3.796875 | 4 |
- A condition that must be fulfilled before other things can happen or be done: a precondition for peaceMore example sentences
- It would appear to us that a concern for the fate of humanity - including how and under what physical and mental conditions masses of people live - must be a precondition for advanced art today.
- At the top of his to-do list is stabilizing the Philadelphia school district's chronically unstable finances, which he describes as the essential precondition for all other reforms.
- The necessary precondition for a functioning democracy is not just minimal outright poverty, but a reasonable degree of similarity between the life and life prospects of the citizens.
verb[with object] Back to top
- 1.1Condition or influence (a person or animal) by exposing them to stimuli or information prior to the relevant behavioural situation: [with object and infinitive]: the anthropologist is not preconditioned to interact with those he studies (as noun preconditioning) the protective effect of preconditioningMore example sentences
- We are preconditioned to believe that a photograph tells the truth.
- It is not easy to break free from the grip of anarchophilia because we are preconditioned to think of the international system in anarchic terms.
- I was preconditioned to detest him when he came to office.
- 2Bring (something) into the desired state for use: (as adjective preconditioned) preconditioned paperMore example sentences
- Elsewhere, external deficit financing is facing the axe due to loan preconditions the government cannot meet on time.
- For surely such intimacy preconditions the viewer's response and makes it more difficult to assess the work objectively.
- You know, what he is doing is preconditioning the potential jurors, or in really simple English, he's tainting the jury pool. | <urn:uuid:ed6a65ea-ae21-4378-be96-bb558593eac2> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/precondition | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223201753.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032001-00358-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926104 | 397 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The water jet propulsion system is widely used primarily for high-speed vessels, because based on studies that have been conducted, it was showed that the water jet propulsion system has a feature that has nothing to do with its propulsive efficiency
. Some of the features that the water jet propulsion system possesses are described below:
The development of a third stream provides an extra source of air flow to improve propulsive efficiency
and lower fuel burn, or to deliver additional air flow through the core for higher thrust and cooling air.
Considering the relationship between the performance in swimming and the kinematic variables (FBr, DBr, VN and IB), significant correlations found in this study were with the FBR and is an important component of NV and one of the indicators of the propulsive efficiency
. A significant correlation between FBr and the VN was observed in the search results.
This increases propulsive efficiency
because of a larger total fan area while maintaining a moderate increase in fan diameter and weight.
MT-FAST is a fuel-saving device fitted to the submerged part of a vessel's hull to maximize the vessel's propulsive efficiency
, thus resulting in fuel savings.
The deal applied to the complete line-up of Mitsubishi Advanced Propellers (MAP) designed by MHI-MME, including the Mark-W, an advanced model delivering outstanding propulsive efficiency
She said that the two concepts have a propulsive efficiency
; in other words, the energy generated by the core engine can be efficiently converted into thrust.
In contrast, the 737MAX not only has an optimised LEAP-1B engine that needs far less engineering penalties because there is no other engine option, it's lighter weight on the 737MAX itself lends itself to better propulsive efficiency
, aerodynamics, performance while delivering better redundancy and increased reliability given the robust but less complex engine design through proven carbon ceramic matrix composites -- components that have high durability to allow high cycle operations.
Fan propulsive efficiency
being higher than that of conventional helicopter configuration, at cruise speed induced power is 20% less, while AVX also states that ducted fans are more efficient than tilt rotors.
(2010a) have noted strong dependencies, a little bit weaker than in our research (Table 3), between the indices characterizing swimming style such as stroke length, stroke index and propulsive efficiency
, despite the fact the indices were calculated in different ways.
For subsonic flight, the propulsive efficiency
, [[eta].sub.p] of a turbofan is also higher than that of a turbojet. | <urn:uuid:b2c653e6-7ce8-497e-bc2a-6f5b60f0a061> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/propulsive+efficiency | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588284.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028100619-20211028130619-00416.warc.gz | en | 0.954827 | 534 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Beauty can be a curse. That's the case for the critically endangered ploughshare tortoise. This lovely little diamond-backed tortoise lives on Madagascar, and poaching—mostly for the pet trade but also for traditional Chinese medicine—has reduced its numbers to a mere 300 individuals in the wild. Annother 360 or so live in captivity. At this rate, conservationists estimate, the species will be extinct within 10 to 15 years.
So conservationists are getting more creative in their methods. Marring the tortoises' intricate shells, they figured, might decrease the chance the tortoises would be abducted. Here's the Los Angeles Times on the efforts:
"It's heartbreaking that it's come to this, but it's the right thing to do," Paul Gibbons, managing director of the nonprofit Turtle Conservancy's Behler Chelonian Center in Ventura County, said as he gently placed a 30-pound adult female ploughshare tortoise on a small table.
With a steady hand and an electric engraving tool, he carved an identification code on the high, rounded shell as the creature with weary eyes and gleaming carapace peered calmly into the distance. The tortoise was branded for life, which in her case would be roughly 160 years.
"We've blemished her natural beauty, so she's just a number in a system now," Gibbons said. "No. 7001 MG." The 2-inch- by-1 1/2 -inch block figures were placed at the top of the turtle's back, a location chosen to avoid interfering with the expansion of the shell, which grows at the edges.
Just two turtles were branded last week, the LA Times reports. But the goal is to mark every last one of the species' surviving members, both in the wild and in captivity. Chelonian keepers are taking this approach for other species, too, in the hopes of both reducing tracking and identifying the individuals that do turn up on the black market, where rare tortoises such as ploughshares sell for anywhere from thousands to tens of thousands of dollars, according to the LA Times. | <urn:uuid:d785915a-887d-4926-98da-c9ef0d12bfdc> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/deter-poachers-conservationists-are-making-engravings-shells-rarest-tortoises-world-180949394/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125654.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00593-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95414 | 440 | 2.859375 | 3 |
“Imitation, Assimilation, Innovation”
Those are the words of the immortal jazz trumpeter Clark Terry on learning jazz improvisation.
Imitate your favorite players. Copying their licks, transcribing their solos. Emulating their sound.
Assimilate their articulations, phrasing and ornamentation and let it become a part of your style.
Innovate what you have learned by making it personal. Change the licks. Experiment with them. Make something new out of them.
These are necessary techniques and study in order to learn to improvise in any genre.
As I studied with saxophonist Steve Grossman many years ago, he told me that he concentrated mainly on copying John Coltrane in his younger years. He had definitely learned to take what he learned to another level. After a while, he commenced to do the same intensive study of Sonny Rollins in order bring yet another totally different element into his playing.
A few years back, I did an interview with saxophonist Greg Osby. He concentrated on transcribing piano solos! He went on to say that he altered every lick little by little until it bore practically no resemblance to the original.
These are the ways many artists learn, transform and innovate their craft.
The use of patterns book has not been without some criticism. I’ve encountered student who didn’t want to learn patterns out of fear that they would limit their creativity or even make them sound like everybody else. Many jazz instructors and artists also share this opinion.
Nothing could be farther from the truth! But there are some prerequisites for using patterns.
I’ve witness over the past years that many students of jazz, whether solo (learning independently) or in college, have embarked on studying jazz or “jazz and pop music”, tend to look for the shortcut to learning jazz.
Many just buy The Real Book and try to learn the tunes (although many tunes in the book have incorrect chord changes and melodies), and they buy patterns books and just practice the licks, but leave the MOST IMPORTANT INGREDIENT out. Many of these students DON’T EVEN LISTEN TO JAZZ!
How could that be? Why are they studying to get their degree in Jazz and don’t even LISTEN to the music? How do they expect that to work?
Answer: It can’t!
In order to imitate, you have to listen to someone! In order to assimilate, you have to have listened to someone. In order to innovate, the first two steps have to have been accomplished!
Jazz Patterns are merely a tool to train the technique and ears of the player. In all honesty, most of what we first learn to play/improvise is learned by rote. It is handiwork. Once the material is assimilated and harmonically and stylistically understood, can we begin to innovate, and avoid what many fear as “sounding like everybody else”.
As a comparison, just because you know the alphabet doesn’t guarantee that you can become a poet or writer. Learning the alphabet and learning to read is just the beginning.
Just because you’ve learned all the notes on your instrument won’t guarantee that you’ll become a proficient player. Learning the noted is just the beginning.
With jazz improvisation, listening and having an affinity to the music is just the beginning of being in a position to start learning how to improvise. Patterns are merely, sentences, phrases, and idioms just like learning a language.
But learning the phrase alone won’t get you to your goal. You have to purposely use them in a context. Just as one cannot really learn to speak Spanish just by studying out of a book. You have to purposefully go out and try out your skills with other human beings in order to learn better, be corrected, add nuances and build confidence.
With my improvisation students, I use what I call “Improv Etudes“. Improv Etudes are a type of study using the jazz patterns in a context that is realistically closer to an actual improvising situation. Learning a lick in a vacuum (i.e., practicing just the lick) may get it under your fingers, but you mostly likely won’t get to use that lick in the heat of the situation as you would hope. Practicing the lick in context, a framework of some chord changes in a tune, will help you hear and understand the lick better, and therefore learn it quicker!
Do you have to learn tons of licks to be a proficient improviser? No. Again, patterns are an aid, but shouldn’t be a crutch. The more you understand melody and hear, and have a burning drive to experiment with your knowledge, you’ll be able to create more.
Be sure to check out my book “250 Jazz Patterns” here at the shop page on this site. There you will also find other books and products. | <urn:uuid:84735fe8-870d-45d5-88ca-da1ef8e7b4b7> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://evantatemusic.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931007150.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155647-00180-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957405 | 1,050 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Titanic’s hidden victims
Around 100 Jews died when the ship sank in 1912, many of them poor migrants whose stories have never been told
The JC report of the disaster — and its wealthier victims — in April 1912
There is an old Jewish music hall joke: "Did you know that the Jews were responsible for the sinking of the Titanic?"
"No they weren't, it was the iceberg."
"Oy, already. Iceberg, Goldberg? What's the difference?"
There is also the old chestnut about the over-enthusiastic student writing an essay on "The Elephant and the Jewish Question" - not everything, he has to be reminded, has a Jewish angle.
And yet as we commemorate the 100th anniversary of the sinking of the Titanic, there are many Jewish connections that remain unrecognised. When the ship sank on 14/15 April 1912, it was very much a Jewish as it was a general tragedy, and it had Jewish links in almost every aspect.
Millionaire Benjamin Guggenheim, with his wife Florette. He refused a place on a lifeboat
First, the ship was built in Belfast by the company Harland and Wolff. Gustave Wolff was a German-Jewish immigrant industrialist and a major figure in the local community.
Second, those on board in all three classes included many Jews - up to 100 (and possibly more) of the 1,500 victims were Jewish.
Third, there were Jewish crew, including Herbert Klein, one of the barbers on the ship, who originated from Leeds.
Fourth, Jews were prominent in raising funds for the relief of victims' families and some Jewish survivors, such as Joseph Hyman of Manchester, gave evidence in the New York enquiry into the sinking.
Fifth, Jews have been part of the vibrant afterlife of the Titanic in the form of cultural representation. As Lew Grade quipped after his epic box-office failure, Raise the Titanic, in the end it would have been cheaper to lower the Atlantic.
Slowly there has been recognition of the impact of the tragedy not just on the world's rich and famous but also on the less prominent and wealthy. Southampton's Sea City Museum opens this anniversary week and is partly designed to spread awareness of the 500 deaths among the 700 crew who came from this port, the devastation of which was felt for generations.
Of the 12 villagers from the parish of Addergoole in County Mayo, Ireland, who boarded the Titanic, only three survived. Indeed, in the world of immigrant diasporas more generally - Finnish, Italian, Lebanese and many others - the tragedy was felt very keenly. The Titanic, it is often forgotten, was built as an immigrant ship and was legally defined as such by the American authorities. The loss of life was exceptionally heavy and disproportionate among the steerage passengers because they had to be kept physically separate from those in first- and second-class in order to avoid medical contamination.
Popular discourse at the time presented these steerage passengers as cowardly and unmanly and accused them of panicking on the Titanic - they were dismissed as "mostly low-class continentals". The reality was very different but few contemporary commentators had the vision of journalist Filson Young who wrote after the disaster that those immigrants on board were "united by nothing except poverty and the fact that they were in a transition stage of their existence, leaving behind them for the most part a life of failure and hopelessness, and looking forward to a new life of success and hope: Jews, Christians, and Mohammedans, missionaries and heathen, Russians, Poles, Greeks, Roumanians, Germans, Italians, Chinese, Finns, Spaniards, English and French - with a strong contingent of Irish".
The hostility to the steerage passengers reflected the wider wave of xenophobia that was growing in the western world at the turn of the 20th century. But such racism and antisemitism went beyond that aimed at poor Jews and others escaping from oppression and economic misery on the continent of Europe. Isador and Ida Straus and Benjamin Guggenheim in first class had to endure the "rich Jew" antisemitism that permeated elite American circles.
In the aftermath of the Titanic, those writing about the traumatic event took heart that under adversity the "Anglo-Saxon" virtues of chivalry and bravery had come to the fore. The poem Be British, penned in honour of Captain Smith's (alleged) last words, and recorded to raise money for the victims' families, contained the following lines:
What a glorious thing it is to know,
That the breed is just the same,
As it was when the Anglo-Saxon race
First gain'd immortal fame…
In this atmosphere of suspicion and antipathy towards those regarded as essentially alien and degenerate, it is not surprising that both on board and in the reporting of the tragedy, Jews would try to present themselves as equally deserving of pity and respect.
On the Titanic itself, Ida Straus refused to abandon her husband Abraham - owner of the famous Macy's department store - and they both died as the ship went down. A witness recorded how "the aged couple stood arm in arm on the deck of the first cabin, very peaceful and calm amidst all the uproar and strife of the struggling hundreds at the boats". Refusing the offer of a lifeboat, "these two old persons stood calmly awaiting death which was inevitable". As the lifeboats drew away, the witness "could see the pair together still arm in arm, Straus bending towards the partner of his declining years, giving her a farewell kiss. It was an inspiring picture".
Millionaire banker Benjamin Guggenheim was equally stoical - according to the report of the disaster in the JC, he also refused a place in a lifeboat. "I will not go. No woman shall remain unsaved because I was a coward", he is quoted as saying. The paper added that, having "assisted the officers nobly in getting the women in the boats", he died "with a jest upon his lips".
With some relief an editorial in the JC commented that: "The whole incident shows that the Jewish race, after centuries of trampling under foot, retains its capacity for throwing up great types, and that even Jewish millionaires - the sport, sometimes, of so much idle and senseless declamation - may be numbered with the noblest breeds of men".
It is a sad reflection of the times a century ago, as Richard Davenport-Hines has suggested in his Titanic Lives (2012), that in such actions "Guggenheim, like Straus, wished to belie the antisemites".
Also reflecting the contemporary mores, the JC devoted little space to the ordinary Jews travelling steerage who perished in great numbers. Some names were given but little else. But Jewish bravery was certainly not confined to first-class, and it was reported in detail by rival newspaper, the Jewish World, in relation to a young man, Gershon Cohen, born in Whitechapel in 1892. A former member of the Brady Club, he had trained as a compositor but had saved up for a third-class ticket to join his uncle in Brooklyn with the hope of opening a haberdashery business.
The paper reproduced his letter to his parents written on board the Carpathia as it awaited entry into New York. A mixture of Boy's Own adventure and British imperial understatement, Gershon related how he jumped into the sea, managing to swim to a lifeboat. Although injured, he was one of only three men in the boat and he helped row it away from the swell of the fast-sinking Titanic. Five hours later, they were picked up by the Carpathia.
His "adventurous" life was far from over. At the start of the war he came back to Britain to join the army where he was wounded twice and left blinded. In the Second World War he survived the Blitz and died at a ripe old age in Southend. Not surprisingly, his nickname was "the cat". Certainly his optimism radiates from his letter back home - despite the horrors he had witnessed. In his section of steerage there were 42 Jews and "five only remained - one man, two married women, one single and myself, so I must be considered lucky".
Another of the survivors - Joseph Hyman (a distant relative of the author of this piece) - while traumatised by the disaster, turned his experiences to good use. He spent many months in America and was inspired by the New York Jewish delicatessens to open a shop in Manchester. In spite of slurs against his reputation - he was accused of dressing up as a woman to gain a place in the lifeboat - he rebuilt his life. Hyman used his Titanic compensation money to launch a company that still proudly uses his photograph and the image of the infamous ship in publicity for what is still a family-owned business.
Hyman and Cohen were among the small percentage of men from steerage who survived the Titanic. Scores of others left widowed families across the Jewish world. This was, however, far from the only maritime disaster affecting Jewish migrants before 1914. Eight years earlier the Norge had sank off Rockall - roughly one third of its 635 victims were Russian Jews. The abuses that were exposed in the Titanic such as the lack of lifeboats were present also with the Norge. No action, however, had been taken in the intermediate period. Shipping companies were scrimping in what was the cut-throat business of international migration and where the profits came from those travelling steerage.
In a powerful editorial on the Titanic the JC noted that "the journey across the Atlantic is a familiar one enough to many Jews. The vessel rode to its doom along a track over which Jewry has been impelled by destiny to pass in increasing numbers". The paper warned of the dangers of nature at its most ferocious and of man's continuing impotence against it even in the modern age.
Indeed, the loss of life earlier this year on the cruise ship Costa Concordia shows the power of the elements over humankind. It is a reminder of the bravery of the millions of men, women and children who, in spite of the perils of the sea, made the decision to leave behind the world of east European Jewry before 1914.
It is thus not only the Guggenheims and the Strauses whom we should be remembering at this sad anniversary. Consideration should also be given to those such as Selmon Slocovski and Leah Gilievsky - ordinary Russian Jews - who perished on the Titanic. They and many others from steerage were symbolic of the wider mass of migrants, who transformed the Jewish world.
Tony Kushner is director of the Parkes Institute, University of Southampton. He is the author of the forthcoming 'The Battle of Britishness: Migrant Journeys, 1685 to the Present' (Manchester University Press) | <urn:uuid:95794e52-6fdd-405a-adaa-44c521eed97e> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-features/66367/titanic%e2%80%99s-hidden-victims | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701157012.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193917-00089-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98272 | 2,266 | 3.328125 | 3 |
In English and Scottish the surname Porter was an occupational name for a doorkeeper of a castle, monastery, or other such large 'house', or a gatekeeper of a walled city. This position often gave the person accommodations and other privileges. Sometimes the position was carried down through generations, especially for gatekeepers in castles. Porter also has origins from the occupation for a man who carried loads for a living, thus we get the word 'porter' for someone who carries our bags in a hotel, railway station, etc. In Dutch it can also mean a freeman of a seaport (modern Dutch poorter). *
The meaning 'to carry' is what I always associated my surname with as I was growing up.
From Ancestry.Com I found the following stats:
In 1840 there were 224-445 Porter families living in Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Maine, and Massachusetts; 75-223 living in Connecticut, Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, and Illinois; 1-74 living in New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Delaware, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa Territory, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, and North Carolina.
In 1880 the heaviest concentration of Porter families remains in Ohio, New York, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania. More Porter families have moved into Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, Illinois, and Iowa.
In 1920 the heaviest concentration of Porter families again remains in Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and Massachusetts, and Illinois. But now more have moved into Missouri, Texas, Georgia, and California.
Are the above statistics important to my research? In some ways yes ... if I'm having a difficult time finding a family after a certain period of time I might use these stats to throw a wider net in my research.
This same area within Ancestry.Com gives me the top places of origin for those with the surname Porter. Of course this information comes only from Ancestry's New York Passenger Lists, so it is not all inclusive but can give one a start. From the Porter Family Facts' Top Places of Origin for Porter I can see that the majority of Porters listed in the New York Passenger Lists came from England and Ireland. I was told that my Porters are English; however, it is interesting to see that quite a few came from Ireland also.
If you don't have a subscription to Ancestry.Com, you can still find a lot of information on your surname. I input the search phrase "origins porter surname statistics" into Google and found many free websites. Also just try "origins surname" as a search; this returns a lot of good websites on surname origins.
Disclaimer: I have no association with Ancestry other than as a subscriber to their services.
* Information on the meaning of the surname PORTER is from the Dictionary of American Family Names, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-508137-4 | <urn:uuid:c2bdd682-98d2-4a20-b60c-0727bcb9a125> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://doorkeepergenealogy.blogspot.com/2011/03/surname-saturday-porter.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00160-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932676 | 606 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Hi. Welcome to Redeem the Commute. I’m Ryan, your host of the daily challenges. Today is Tuesday, the day we study the Bible together. This week we’re going to study a dream from the Book of Daniel. Daniel was a faithful young Jewish man working for the Babylonian government. We studied a story from this time period last week, about three similar young men who were attacked by those in power for not worshipping a golden statue, and maybe you’ve heard the story of Daniel and the Lions Den – about a time when Daniel met and survived a similar fate. You can probably tell, these were times of fear and uncertainty for the Jewish people as they’d lost all they held dear.
God used prophets, like Daniel, to both challenge and encourage his people to remain faithful in these difficult times. He wanted them to trust in him, and that he would some day return them to their own land, with their own rulers, and the freedom to worship their own God.
In the dream Daniel had, which is described in very poetic and dramatic language, there were terrifying beasts, predators given authority and power. This might have sounded like Daniel’s world – all kinds of monstrous dictators were competing for territory and resources, and the people of Israel seemed to be like pawns. But then, his dream continued with this hopeful news:
“As I looked,
thrones were placed,
and the Ancient of Days took his seat;
his clothing was white as snow,
and the hair of his head like pure wool;
his throne was fiery flames;
its wheels were burning fire.
A stream of fire issued
and came out from before him;
a thousand thousands served him,
and ten thousand times ten thousand stood before him;
the court sat in judgment,
and the books were opened.
“I looked then because of the sound of the great words that the horn was speaking. And as I looked, the beast was killed, and its body destroyed and given over to be burned with fire. As for the rest of the beasts, their dominion was taken away, but their lives were prolonged for a season and a time. (Daniel 7:9-11 ESV)
Daniel saw a set of rulers’ thrones, and one he describes as the Ancient of Days rules there. This sounds like God – the one who existed before any of us, the most ancient and wise one possible. You can see how much popular imagery of God this dream has informed – the idea of God as an old white bearded man dressed in white is all over.
He’s surrounded by thousands of attendants, and demonstrates his power with fire. And, he destroys one of the beasts, and takes away the others’ power.
Question: What parts of this dream gave hope to a terrified, oppressed, and exiled people who felt they’d lost everything? What parts do you not understand? | <urn:uuid:b51bfcef-365e-40e3-8e55-bb7eff8ea559> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.redeemthecommute.com/2015/06/23/epic-son-of-man-tuesday/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703514046.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20210117235743-20210118025743-00362.warc.gz | en | 0.98473 | 612 | 2.640625 | 3 |
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