text
stringlengths 222
548k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 95
values | url
stringlengths 14
1.08k
| file_path
stringlengths 110
155
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 53
113k
| score
float64 2.52
5.03
| int_score
int64 3
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Virginia Woolf, Kate Flint
Jacob’s Room is Virginia Woolf’s first truly experimental novel. It is a portrait of a young man, who is both representative and victim of the social values which led Edwardian society into war. Jacob’s life is traced from the time he is a small boy playing on the beach, through his years in Cambridge, then in artistic London, and finally making a trip to Greece, but this is no orthodox Bildungsroman. Jacob is presented in glimpses, in fragments, as Woolf
breaks down traditional ways of representing character and experience.
The novel’s composition coincided with the consolidation of Woolf’s interest in feminism, and she criticizes the privileged thoughtless smugness of patriarchy, `the other side’, `the men in clubs and Cabinets’. Her stylistic innovations are conscious attempts to realize and develop women’s writing and the novel dramatizes her interest in the ways both language and social environments shape differently the lives of men and women.
ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World’s Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford’s commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.
|
<urn:uuid:071ea333-c13e-4818-922c-3edb65c9f7e0>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-04
|
https://mrbsemporium.com/shop/books/jacobs-room/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584519757.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190124080411-20190124102411-00473.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.926874
| 303
| 2.9375
| 3
|
EU member states, and the European Union itself, are signatories to a number of international and regional agreements that are relevant to the marine environment and in this context the Community has agreed to a number of commitments. These commitments ought to be reflected in the EU's internal and external marine and fisheries policies.
At international level, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the Convention on Biological diversity (CBD), and the World Summit on Sustainable Development's (WSSD) Implementation Plan are among the most relevant bodies. Other agreements and commitments have been signed at regional level, in particular under the OSPAR Convention for the North-East Atlantic, the Helsinki Convention (HELCOM) for the Baltic Sea, the Barcelona Convention for the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea Convention.
The EU has agreed to:
- protect and preserve the marine environment (UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 1982, Article 192);
- take measures to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment, including those necessary to protect and preserve rare or fragile ecosystems as well as the habitat of depleted, threatened or endangered species and other forms of marine life (UNCLOS, Article 194);
- develop national, regional and international programmes for halting the loss of marine biodiversity, including in coral reefs and wetlands (World Summit on Sustainable Development's Implementation Plan; WSSD 2002);
- maintain the productivity and biodiversity of important and vulnerable marine and coastal areas, including in areas within and beyond national jurisdiction (WSSD);
- enhance maritime safety and protection of the marine environment from pollution by actions at all levels;
-have made every effort to achieve substantial progress to protect the marine environment from land-based activities (WSSD);
- have identified marine protected areas in the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR Convention) and in the Baltic Sea (Helsinki Convention);
- have taken action to address the under-representation of marine and inland water ecosystems in existing national and regional systems of protected areas (Convention on Biological Diversity; CBD Decision VII/28, 2004);
- have designated protected areas as identified through the national or regional gap analysis (including precise maps) and complete by […] 2012 in the marine environments the establishment of comprehensive and ecologically representative national and regional systems of protected areas (CBD Decision VII/28);
- have significantly reduced biodiversity loss;
- have encouraged the application of the ecosystem approach in marine management;
- have completed a joint network of well-managed MPAs in the OSPAR and HELCOM regions, and in the Mediterranean to protect, preserve and manage in a sustainable and environmentally sound way areas of particular natural or cultural value, notably by the establishment of Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance (SPAMIs);
- have developed marine protected areas consistent with international law and based on scientific information, including representative networks and time/area closures for the protection of nursery grounds and periods (WSSD);
- have facilitated proper coastal land use and watershed planning (WSSD);
- have maintained or restored [fish] stocks to levels that can produce the maximum sustainable yield (WSSD);
- have integrated all protected areas and protected area systems into the wider land- and seascape, and relevant sectors, by applying the ecosystem approach and taking into account ecological connectivity and the concept, where appropriate, of ecological networks (CBD Dec VII/28); and
- have achieved the cessation of inputs of hazardous substances into the Baltic, with the ultimate aim of achieving concentrations in the environment near background levels for naturally occurring substances and close to zero for man-made synthetic substances.
|
<urn:uuid:1b01abbb-eaa7-4a1e-9722-d4a91859341e>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-14
|
http://www.greenpeace.org/eu-unit/en/campaigns/oceans/the-eu-context/international-law-and-the-eu/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298020.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00118-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.916129
| 749
| 3.1875
| 3
|
The recent discovery of the oldest human jawbone in Africa has pushed the date of Homo habilis, our ancient ancestor, back another million years or so. This particular iteration is defined as ‘an extinct species of humans considered to be an ancestor of modern humans and the earliest hominid to make tools’ (American Heritage Dictionary). The most significant part of this definition is ‘the earliest hominid to make tools’. The Latin word habilis means ‘skillful’ and is derived from the verb habēre/habeō ‘have, possess’, the derivational source of Latin habitus (which is its past participle), alias our habit. The upshot of this definition amounts to the further understanding of a skill as a HABIT WITH MEANING.
The most important arena for the implementation of this idea of meaningful habit is, of course, human language. Moreover, a meaningful habit is necessarily a sign in the sense of Peirce’s theory of signs (or semeiotic). For the most part, linguists have looked on words, including their positional shapes and alternants, simply as artifacts of description which facilitate an economical, mutually consistent statement of distributional facts. But a semiotic analysis differs from this kind of accounting by resting on the fundamental assumption that all linguistic units have VALUES, which vary coherently and uniformly in alignment with contexts and their hierarchies.
The coherence of linguistic units among each other is by no means a static one, for we have incontrovertible empirical evidence that languages change over time. But the fact of change must be correctly understood as a dynamic based on teleology, where the telos is greater goodness of fit (iconicity, coherence) between underlying structure and its overt manifestation in speech. This teleology is always undergoing examination as a language changes and new speech habits come into being as patterned alterations of old ones.
Human language is a body of facts that every new speaker masters (in the absence of pathology) by becoming a member of society. The way in which linguistic units are used involves a mastery not only of the physical side (phonetics) but the notional one as well. Explanation of this mastery cannot be achieved by the prevailing self-confinement to goals that are fundamentally (if unwittingly) non-explanatory. The rule-formalism approach that has driven contemporary linguists into sterile byways (what used to be known as the transformational-generative theory of grammar) cannot ever produce explanations of language use because a theory of grammar is not a theory of knowledge but a theory of habit (in the sense of Peirce). Explanation must focus on why the data cohere as signs, and not on the mechanisms by which grammatical forms can be derived by the judicious choice and application of rules. This requirement removes predictability-via-rules from the agenda of theory. The entire recent history of linguistics shows with great clarity the feasibility of kneading data into a wide number of mutually-compatible formalized configurations (‘notational variants’). What is needed, however, is an attitude toward the object of study which matches the structure of that object. Language is a system, both in its diachronic and synchronic aspects, that is informed by a pattern of inferences, deductive and abductive. The role allotted to interpretation in language as a structure––to its very nature and function as a hermeneutic object––demands that the methods of inquiry into and the theory of language be homologous with the principles of its organization.
It is this very nature of language itself, the inherent organization of grammar as a patterned relationship between form and meaning––of meaningful habits–– that necessitates transposing the theoretical enterprise of linguistics to another dimension, one defined by the subsumption of all linguistic analysis under the rubric of meaning or hermeneutic. As Roman Jakobson put it: ‘Any linguistic item, from speech sounds and their constituents to discourse, partakes—each in its own way––in the cardinal, viz. semantic, tasks of language and must be interpreted with respect to its significative value.’
|
<urn:uuid:6224eb7c-556e-4c59-a71f-c45753a272b1>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-51
|
http://languagelore.net/2015/03/05/homo-habilis-and-language-linguistic-theory-as-a-theory-of-habit/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948616132.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218122309-20171218144309-00034.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946608
| 869
| 2.796875
| 3
|
CONTEXTCreated in the Winter 2016 Game Design class (DESMA 157), taught by Eddo Stern
MEDIUM3D Printing, laser cut acrylic, and Varathane-stained wood.
PEOPLEAustin Yu : Game Designer
45 is a 1 vs. 1 board game that uses lasers and mirrors.
Strategically position your mirrors in such a way that you can hit your opponent’s Laser Piece. Each player can obtain shields and “charge” up their laser by rolling the dice. Charges and shields determine how much damage is dealt and received. Lasers can be bounced, reflected and deflected using the mirrors. Mirror pieces that are hit in the rear white circle by an opponent’s laser must be removed from play.
A successful hit on a laser piece (whether from a fully charged laser or lack of shields from the victim) results in a victory for the attacker.
|
<urn:uuid:53e840f8-1958-4668-b607-aefb3b73ba10>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
http://games.ucla.edu/game/45-2
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949387.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330194843-20230330224843-00029.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.927827
| 193
| 2.515625
| 3
|
Special thanks to Lillian Brooks for this great article!
Lillian Brooks is the founder of learningdisabilities.info. For years, Lillian worked as a special education teacher with a focus on teaching children with learning disabilities. She created learningdisabilities.info to offer information and understanding to parents of children with learning disabilities, as well as adults who are in need of continued support in order to succeed.
How to Help Your Learning-Disabled Child Get Involved with the Arts
The late artist Keith Haring said, “Art is for everybody.” Whether we’re viewing it, making it, or even discussing it, there’s something about art that engages more than just our eyes. There’s always a sense of emotion behind it. And it’s not just paintings or drawings that can have those emotions. In fact, we can broaden Mr. Haring’s quote and state, “The arts are for everybody.” That includes music, dance, acting, literature, and film and video.
Within any of these realms of art, a child with a learning disability might be able to find a way to express feelings and learn to focus, improve communications skills, gain confidence, develop eye-hand coordination, and take pride in work. Even better, getting involved with the arts can give the child a healthy outlet for emotions and might prevent him or her from slipping into unhealthy habits such as drinking or drug abuse when they get older.
With so many art forms to choose from, your child can find one that fits his or her personality, skill level, and interest. Here are some suggestions to get you started.
What do drummer Mick Fleetwood, Cher, Adam Levine, and Ozzy Osbourne have in common? They and many other famous musicians all have learning disabilities, ranging from ADHD to dyslexia to dyspraxia, and they credit music with helping them manage their disabilities. Music is a true multisensory experience: you use touch to finger your instrument, which then produces a sound you hear, and both of those come from reading music by sight. Each one of these works different sets of skills. According to Sharlene Habermeyer writing at Attitudemag.com, music “builds and strengthens the auditory visual/spatial and motor cortices of the brain.” Plus, music helps the child learn how to focus their attention.
Painting and Drawing
It doesn’t take much: all you need are a set of colored pencils, some paper, and your child’s imagination. How does drawing help with learning disabilities? For one, it helps with problem-solving, which could be anything from figuring out how to draw a certain animal to color selection to redrawing an object. What’s more, drawing can help your child with expressing emotions instead of acting them out. Later on, you might introduce the child to painting or sketching. Like music, these art forms can help your child learn how to focus, develop confidence, and take great pride in the work that’s created.
This is another art form that can instill confidence and improve motor skills. Much like the others, it also enhances the child’s self-esteem and helps him or her learn how to make friends and trust others. Dance and movement can also allow a child to express emotions such as joy, sadness, excitement, and anger. In addition, there’s a physical aspect of dance and movement that can help your child develop a positive body image.
For any of these or others, you don’t have to immediately sign your child up for lessons to learn them. You can easily introduce these as hobbies or even just fun activities at first before you begin formal training. That way, the child can determine whether he or she likes one of them well enough to pursue it further.
No matter which one you help your child choose, involvement in any one of the various art forms enhances sensory activity, helps focus attention, improves eye-hand coordination, allows for safe emotional release, and develops confidence and self-esteem. Truly, the arts are for everybody.
Photo Credit: Pixabay.com
|
<urn:uuid:3f06c4a7-08ba-4a47-99f9-60a97c09e991>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-47
|
https://www.mcgoverndance.org/upcoming-events/how-to-help-your-learning-disabled-child-get-involved-with-the-arts/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670512.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20191120060344-20191120084344-00080.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958649
| 868
| 3.59375
| 4
|
Orthotics and Chiropractic Treatment
Everything changes when the foot hits the ground.
Truer words have never been spoken. In order to treat someone with pain effectively and most successfully, the treating chiropractor must examine their patient’s movement patterns. This begins with how they walk. Orthotics also known as insoles, orthoses or shoe inserts, are designed to correct foot posture and abnormal or irregular walking patterns.
Foot orthotics are not just “arch supports,” although this term is often used to describe them. They perform functions that make your everyday activities more comfortable and efficient, by altering the angles at which the feet strike the ground when standing, walking, jogging, running and jumping.
What Are Orthotics?
Orthotics are shaped insoles placed inside shoes with the purpose of restoring natural foot movement. This is necessary when the natural balance of our lower body has been disrupted by, for instance, over-pronation. Many common complaints such as heel pain, knee pain and lower back pain can be caused by poor foot mechanics.
Foot orthotics helps to:
- Reduce pain
- Provide support
- Prevent or halt the development of foot deformity
- Provide better positioning of the feet when they hit the ground
- Relieve pressure on a certain area of the foot
- Improve the overall biomechanical function of the foot
- Reduce lower limb torsion and stress on the knees
At Van Ness Chiropractic, we take a holistic approach to any biomechanical problem.
We understand that the problem may not always be located around the area of the body where you have pain. In some cases the problem may lie in a number of areas, such as pelvic dysfunction, leg length discrepancies, tight or poorly toned muscles as well as poor posture.
If we do not find that your problem is caused by your foot position or poor biomechanics, we will not prescribe foot orthotics.
Orthotics In Sports
Orthotics In Sports
Correction of poor foot biomechanics with orthotics can improve and prevent many types of pain conditions and symptoms such as: Achilles tendonitis, metatarsalgia (pain in the ball of the foot), sesamoiditis, toe pain, ankle pain, tibialis dysfunction, impingement syndrome, plantar fasciitis, neuroma, tendonitis, policeman’s heel, heel spur, pronation, bunions, shin pain (compartment syndrome, shin splints), knee pain (chondromalacia patellae, patello-femoral syndrome).
How Are Orthotics Different From Regular Shoe Insoles?
There is a significant difference between regular insoles and orthotics. Regular insoles are purely designed to provide a cushioning effect and shock absorption. They may feel comfortable at first, however they do not address any biomechanical problems – they are not designed to correct over-pronation. On the other hand, orthotics are a functional device, designed to correct and optimize foot function.
What is pronation?
What is pronation?
The most common form of bad foot biomechanics is over-pronation, which is the dropping of the arches and rolling inwards of the feet and ankles, causing flat feet. It is estimated that 70% of people in the western world are affected by over-pronation. This condition presents itself in varying degrees of severity, with some people over-pronating more than others.
The fact that so many of us suffer from over-pronation due to fallen arches can be contributed to the hard and flat surfaces we walk on daily. Other factors that play a role include age, weak ankles and excess body weight. As a result, over-pronation is much more prevalent in people above the age of fifty as well as those who are overweight.
Over-pronation doesn’t pose a serious problem in the short term, especially for younger people. However, abnormal foot function over a period of time can lead to serious foot problems like heel pain, heel spurs, plantar fasciitis and metatarsalgia (pain in the ball of the foot).
Foot problems can also cause pain elsewhere in the body. For example, an over-pronated foot will make the leg rotate inwards (internal rotation) which in turn may have repercussions further up your leg and lower back. As you compensate for the pronated foot you are likely to feel symptoms of aches and pains as far away as the knees, hips and the low back.
Orthotics are an effective and inexpensive solution to the over-pronation problem. Buying a pair of orthotics can be a worthwhile investment to your health as they can prevent many problems.
We’re accepting appointments today
|
<urn:uuid:521ab26b-4926-43a9-b429-152010bc71df>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-06
|
https://www.vannesschiro.com/custom-orthotics/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500758.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208092053-20230208122053-00368.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.928539
| 1,011
| 2.578125
| 3
|
Malicious hackers have an enormous trove of common passwords they can use to try and access your network. These lists demonstrate how weak common password choices tend to be. Some common examples of passwords highlight how important a password policy can be:
A small business employee has an average of 85 passwords that they will have to use at some point. Passwords must be managed in some way.
We all know that the above examples are extremely weak passwords for a variety of reasons. Yet people continue to use and reuse these poor choices. Unfortunately, for some, it all comes out publicly when a popular website gets hacked. For example, when Ashley Madison had their big hack years ago, one of the most commonly used passwords was superman123.
The historical standard (no longer recommended) has been to use a password that would be hard to guess and includes:
- Eight characters
- Upper and lowercase letters
- A mix of letters, numbers, and symbols
- Is changed every 90 days
These password standards — still widespread in the small business world are somewhat flawed and should no longer be followed for two key reasons.
Complexity requirements may have the opposite effect
Firstly, research shows that these conventional complexity requirements make passwords easier to guess. While it does help prevent the use of some extremely weak passwords, it encourages common patterns that attackers are aware of and will take advantage of. When someone is attempting to gain unauthorized access to your technology they can easily account for patterns like capitalizing the first letter of the password or adding a number on the end which is what most people will do. It truly does not add much protection.
Secondly, enforcing regular password changes tends to further weaken password choices. Users will tend to reuse their old password with small changes like incrementing the number on the end, or they will just write it down and stick it on their monitor or place it under their keyboard. Password re-use is especially risky because if one application or website is compromised, then an attacker will have access to every website and service where that password is used potentially including your network.
So, what should a business leader do?
So, what are you to do instead? We recommend that you modernize your Microsoft 365 and Active Directory environments with the following password guidelines.
First, let go of the conventional password policy and instead focus on password length. A 12-character password is only slightly harder to create and remember than the old eight-character password, but mathematically is much more difficult to guess. With that, stop enforcing complexity requirements. Complex passwords should be encouraged, but not enforced by policy.
Additionally, stop password expiration policies and instead implement a policy where passwords are changed, when necessary, like in the event of a data breach, which you should be monitoring for. If a breach occurs at your organization, then have everyone change their password at the same time.
Also, adopt a system for detecting and rejecting bad passwords. Microsoft 365 contains a feature in their Azure AD Premium P1 offering called Azure AD Password Protection where a password like “Password1234” may meet your 12-character minimum but will be rejected by the system and force the user to choose a better password. It uses a combination of factors like known password lists and things like the user’s name, your business name, or variations of those which would be easy to guess. This is exponentially more secure than conventional requirements and can also be configured to protect your local domain. If your business is not using 365 yet, you can protect Active Directory locally through tools such as Open Password Filter, although they are not as robust and require manual administration when compared to Azure AD Password Protection.
Lastly, and most importantly, a good password policy is one that is backed up by multifactor authentication (MFA). The best password in the world is no match for MFA as it significantly increases the challenge for an attacker to gain access to your environment. Consider the analogy of a locked versus unlocked car in an underground parking lot. Most break-ins take advantage of complacency or forgetfulness of the car owner- similarly, your network is no longer considered an “easy target” once MFA is implemented, and most attackers will simply move on. Using MFA can even prevent your environment from being compromised in the event of a successful phishing attempt. The compromised password is no longer enough, by itself, to gain access to your environment. There are many, many ways to implement multifactor, whether through SMS, mobile apps, a physical time code token or something like a USB token, like YubiKey. There is always a solution that will meet your business needs.
If you would like more information about password management and any other IT needs, contact us.
|
<urn:uuid:a8db010a-7ec1-40d6-90c3-c22c457394ee>
|
CC-MAIN-2024-10
|
https://www.smartdolphins.com/blog/goodpassword/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473819.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222125841-20240222155841-00543.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946597
| 963
| 3.109375
| 3
|
When a 7.0 earthquake devastated Haiti on January 12th, 2010, VOA reporters were quickly on the scene to cover the story – but soon found that they, too, were forced to seek refuge and supplies, as well as alternative ways to get their stories out. "There was a total lack of infrastructure," recalled broadcaster Bart Childs. Working without electricity, along with the limited supplies of food and water, tested the skills and ingenuity of the production teams.<!-- IMAGE -->
That experience prompted Childs and VOA colleagues to devise new reporter emergency kits for all VOA reporters in the field. They include everything from practical tools, such as first aid kits, tents, and small cook stoves, to technical devices intended to enhance the quality of news clips and enable reporters to send them out. Reporters are now able to shoot, edit, and post stories on site and send them out directly to VOA for air.
"While in Haiti, the reporters' experience was enhanced, in that they could do their work knowing it could be produced and distributed, and that they had food and lodging," explained Childs.<!-- IMAGE -->
A crucial part of the kits is the BGAN (Broadband Global Area Network) box, which is essentially a self-contained Satelite uplink providing enough bandwidth for live video Streaming, ftp (file transfer protocol and phone service. Costing several thousand dollars each, the devices allow journalists to broadcast reports from remote locations via the Internet. Without it, VOA's reporters would not have been able to get their stories out to the audience.
|
<urn:uuid:2dfc8032-6c92-4498-8cc7-864beacba271>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-06
|
https://www.insidevoa.com/a/a-13-34-2010-05-24-vj-kits-111609434/178164.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500251.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205094841-20230205124841-00860.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.976163
| 325
| 2.6875
| 3
|
When I arrived in Alaska in 1971, I stepped out of my green Volkswagen Beetle, knelt down, and pressed my palms and forehead to the ground. I was relieved at surviving 1,000 unpaved miles of the Alaska-Canada Highway but, more than that, I had fulfilled a lifelong goal, a pilgrimage to a personal Mecca. I wanted to be a wildlife biologist, and this was a land whose flora and fauna were little changed from prehistoric times.
Last summer, while I waited for my wife to finish admiring the fresh fruits and vegetables at the South Anchorage Farmer's Market, I took a good look at the ground beneath my feet. It bore no resemblance to the Alaska of my youth.
In an area little larger than the shadow of my pickup, I counted 10 invasive plants. I'm a wildlife biologist, not a botanist. But even I could identify dandelion, pineapple weed, foxtail barley, alsike clover, common timothy, yellow toadflax, narrowleaf hawksbeard, oxeye daisy, bird vetch, and common tansy.
The Last Frontier (for weeds)
Alaska's nickname, the Last Frontier, applies not just to development, or the lack thereof, but to weeds as well. Because the state is colder than most plants can tolerate, because of its relative isolation, paucity of roads, and limited areas suitable for grazing and farming, Alaska has lagged behind other states and countries in the race to replace native plants with more aggressive plants from Europe and Asia. But once started, the alien abduction of our state was fast and dirty.
Almost everyone is familiar with a few weedy species, with dandelions crowning the list. Most are unaware, however, that most invasive plant species have been introduced into Alaska since statehood. Other invasive species, already here in 1959, have grown much more widespread because nothing was done about them.
Eric Hulten documented and described Alaska's plants in his Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories: A Manual of the Vascular Plants, published in 1968. About half of Alaska's invasive plants have arrived since the publication of this monumental work.
According to the Early Detection and Distribution Mapping System website, Alaska has 223 invasive plant species, fewer than other states, especially California (582 species) and Florida (523 species). But we're catching up.
Ignorance is bliss
About eight years ago someone showed me a stalk of yellow flowers they had picked near my office that looked a lot like dandelions. But the plant had multiple yellow heads on a stiff stem, not a single bloom on a hollow, rubbery tube. It wasn't a dandelion. I shrugged and told the person I didn't recognize it either.
Several years later I realized the plant was narrowleaf hawksbeard, an invasive exotic plant. Then I noticed an invasive vine, bird vetch, covering the native flowers and shrubs along the Seward Highway in south Anchorage. Next I noticed rank growths of white sweetclover lining the streets. I was familiar with the plant from the Midwest, but had never seen it in Alaska.
Something insidious was happening. The city surrounded by wilderness was looking more and more like Los Anchorage, and despite my appreciation of natural ecosystems, I was as clueless as the next guy.
Although I had taken a class in identifying Alaska's plants at the University of Alaska Fairbanks in the early 1970s, I had forgotten most of what I had learned. I resolved to re-acquaint myself with Alaska's indigenous plants. A good place to start was in Anchorage's backyard, Chugach State Park.
Abducted by aliens
In 1986 a graduate student in the Department of Botany and Range Science at Brigham Young University completed a floristic study of Eklutna Valley, about 25 miles northeast of downtown Anchorage. Most of the valley is in Chugach State Park.
LuDean Marvin collected plants in the Eklutna Lake drainage from 1983 to 1985 and identified 372 species. Seventeen of those species were not native to Alaska: pineapple weed, common groundsel, common dandelion, shepherd's purse, pennycress, common mouse-ear chickweed, common chickweed, lamb's quarters, alsike clover, northern willow-herb, knotweed, common plantain, Iceland poppy, smooth-leaf crowfoot, Siberian wild rye, common timothy, and foxtail barley.
As a trained botanist who spent three summers in Eklutna Valley, there's no doubt Marvin was thorough. He probably didn't miss any introduced species, which often colonize disturbed ground, like the sand and gravel shoulders along Alaska's highways. I've found 8 exotic species in Eklutna Valley that Marvin couldn't have missed but didn't list: red clover, white clover, white sweetclover, yellow sweetclover, bird vetch, yellow toadflax, oxeye daisy, and narrowleaf hawksbeard. Although narrowleaf hawksbeard has spread onto the valley floor, all of these plants are most abundant along the road. That suggests that these species have colonized the Eklutna Valley since the mid-1980s.
Eklutna Valley is fortunate. I haven't found several highly invasive plants that are common in Anchorage – for example, orange hawkweed and European bird cherry – in the drainage. Marvin wasn't surprised that I'd found additional invasive species in the valley nearly 30 years after his research. Few residents live in Eklutna Valley, but increased traffic to the water treatment plant and campground area, and many more hikers and four-wheelers since the 1980s, have facilitated distribution of weedy seeds. Some weedy seeds hitch rides on tires and hiking boots.
Marvin was surprised that more weeds hadn't invaded the valley and suspected that elevation played a role. Certainly the paucity of roads and fewer disturbed areas, compared to Anchorage and the Mat-Su Valley, limits the spread of seeds.
At the opposite end of the spectrum, Anchorage, the state's transportation center, is the epicenter for the spread of invasive plants in Alaska. Anchorage leads the state with 162 reported species. The spread of exotic species is related to population and transportation networks. The heaviest infestations are in and around Alaska's largest towns, all serviced by road and ferry systems.
More remote areas are much less affected. But they aren't invulnerable. Other parts of Chugach State Park, closer to the Anchorage metropolitan area and major highways, have been hit much harder than Eklutna Valley.
Trading cottongrass for dandelions
When I arrived in Alaska, the roadside ditches were lined with cottongrass, a sedge topped with a tuft of white fluff. I'd never seen anything like it in the Lower 48 states, so cottongrass became one of the sights that made Alaska special. Now, when I drive around southcentral Alaska, I still see a disorderly rabble of white tufts in the ditches. But they are dandelions going to seed.
Dandelions are the quintessential invasive species, as ubiquitous outdoors as cockroaches in a Florida kitchen. They are also one of the first flowers to bloom in the spring. A field of dandelions beams like a classroom of happy yellow faces. Even the fragile seed heads are marvels of biological engineering. But most of the summer a ditch full of dandelions looks like a motley gathering of pale fleshy antennae.
As spring slides into summer the insurgents of one alien nation reinforce the next along our state highways. First dandelions, then white oxeye daisies, yellow hawksbeard, and bronze foxtail barley. Soon the robust spikes of white and yellow sweetclover will take over.
These days almost every plant one sees along the sides of the Glenn Highway between Anchorage and Wasilla is an invasive species. Tens of thousands of people drive the highway every day; most don't notice. They don't notice the rubbery stems of dandelions, the multiple yellow heads of hawksbeard, the head-high stands of sweetclover just now overshadowing the other roadside plants. When I drive the highway, I see millions of illegal aliens taking jobs from native wild flowers.
Every time I write a column on invasive species, a guy who works at the Alaska Division of Agriculture's Plant Materials Center sends me fan mail. Here's an example: "Dandilions [sic] aren't native to Alaska and neither are you or I. We all migrated here. A moose that eats a poisonous shrub probably has genes that the world could do without."
Here's another example: "Do you not recognize the cultural value of human's propensity for moving and culturing useful species (plants in particular) in new areas?"
Well, yes I do. I enjoy eating fruits and vegetables and smelling roses as much as the next fellow. But do you not recognize the cultural value of not turning Alaska's wild areas into a 586,412-square-mile vacant lot?
Many states are already spending millions of dollars to reduce or eradicate invasive plants that threaten livestock, agricultural crops, or wild areas. California spends $82 million every year for invasive plant control, monitoring, and outreach. Estimates of actual impacts, just in California, reach into the billions of dollars. Alaska will follow suit unless we slap some sense into some invasive plant apologists.
But it's not surprising that someone employed by the Alaska Division of Agriculture thinks the only "useful" species are those domesticated or broadcast by humans.
Ironically, it's the people who promote, sell, and cultivate domesticated plants who brought most of the invasive plants to Alaska. Farmers and other agricultural specialists tolerate low levels of weeds, which they often combat with pesticides. Of course, weeds that jump the fence are no longer their problem. Plant nurseries and gardeners import invasive weeds in the same pots as more desirable species, and some otherwise desirable flowers and ornamental plants turn out to be very invasive. Purple loosestrife and yellow toadflax have been sold in Alaska as ornamental plants, but their seeds also contaminate seed mixes.
Highways are a major vector for the spread of invasive species. Highway landscape engineers like to revegetate roadsides with plants that spread quickly to stabilize disturbed soil. Non-native plants that spread quickly are likely to become invasive. For example, white sweetclover is believed to have been brought to Alaska in imported forage or by roadside seeding projects. Reed canarygrass was still being used to revegetate roadsides in 2005.
While some invasive plants are used in folk medicines, eaten in a salad, or brewed as a tea, most were not moved to Alaska because they were "useful." They were weed seeds in grain or hay. They were a unique flower to plant in a garden to satisfy an aesthetic impulse or impress the neighbors.
Some invasive plants are inedible or even poisonous to native wildlife. Unlike the plant materials guy, I'd rather have ornamental moose than ornamental May Day trees.
Invasive is as invasive does
I guess it all depends on how one defines the term "invasive." You don't have to take my word for it. Experts with the Alaska Exotic Plants Information Clearinghouse (AKEPIC) at the University of Alaska Anchorage have ranked exotic plants by "invasiveness." In the simplest terms, they define "invasiveness" as the likelihood of a non-native species establishing itself in Alaska compounded by its adverse consequences to the natural environment.
Invasiveness is relative. Most of us have had some experience battling tenacious lawn weeds like dandelions. It's sobering to realize that AKEPIC considers dandelions and the three species of clover you're likely to find in a yard to be only modestly invasive. Chickweed, plantain, and pineapple weed, other scourges of local gardens and yards, are less invasive than dandelions.
Dandelions, clovers, and chickweeds are wimpy opponents compared to roadside weeds that have recently expanded their footholds in Alaska. According to AKEPIC, white sweetclover is one of about 20 plants that are considered extremely invasive in Alaska. Each white sweetclover plant is capable of producing up to 350,000 seeds. The plant contains coumarin, a toxic compound which presumably discourages foraging. Bird vetch is almost as bad; it's considered highly invasive by AKEPIC. Other common roadside weeds – yellow sweetclover, foxtail barley, oxeye daisy, yellow toadflax – are all more invasive than dandelions.
Invasive plants don't just remain meekly on roadsides. They spread into adjacent meadows and naturally disturbed areas like floodplains. For example, extensive infestations of white sweetclover have been found on Stikine, Tanana, and Matanuska river bars.
Some of Alaska's most invasive plants are aquatic species. These plants threaten to change the natural environment in ways roadside weeds can only dream of. I'll admit that my objection to dandelions is primarily aesthetic. But purple loosestrife and reed canarygrass can take over streams and wetland areas by forming dense stands that exclude and displace native plants and alter biogeochemical and hydrological processes.
No geese, no ducks, no terns, no swans
About a decade ago, some Alaskans started fighting back. Purple loosestrife, an invasive species long planted by local gardeners who didn't think it would spread, had jumped into Chester Creek, a small stream in midtown Anchorage that drains into Westchester Lagoon. The next step was the man-made lagoon itself. In 2005 a well-organized group of volunteers rooted the plants out of Chester Creek. But subsequent efforts have been necessary to eliminate the threat.
Michael Shephard, a plant ecologist with the U.S. Forest Service, expressed the threat of purple loosestrife in terms that most Alaskans can grasp. "This plant, if it were to get established in Potter Marsh, would absolutely cover the marsh," he said. "There would be no more geese, no ducks, no terns, no swans … and then it's just one hop away from the Kenai Peninsula" where purple loosestrife could damage salmon-spawning and rearing habitat that support world-class sport, commercial and personal use fisheries.
The best time to counterattack weedy aliens is when they first appear. Photos and other information on Alaska's invasive plants are on AKEPIC's website. Citizens Against Noxious Weeds Invading the North (CANWIN) is sponsoring Weed Smackdowns in several affected communities and is looking for volunteers.
Rick Sinnott is a former Alaska Department of Fish and Game wildlife biologist. The views expressed here are the writer's own and are not necessarily endorsed by Alaska Dispatch. Contact him at email@example.com
|
<urn:uuid:824b3ef2-2adc-4ad4-b880-2070e5ea4fe2>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-44
|
https://www.adn.com/uncategorized/article/nasty-alien-weeds-growing-threat-populated-corners-alaska/2012/07/10/?page=full
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720153.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00429-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958738
| 3,143
| 3
| 3
|
Multiple sclerosis is a diagnosis you simple do not want to get. Acupuncture for Multiple Sclerosis can help to make a person more comfortable and in control.
Acupuncture for Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis is a horrible disease of the central nervous system. It attacks a substance called myelin which sheaths the nerves. There is interference with messages and signals between the brain and the body. This results in a wide variety of symptoms depending on the nerves effected. Often the symptoms become such that the patient becomes confined to a wheel chair due to loss of balance and motor control. Loss of bladder and bowel control contributes to the emotional sense of helplessness and depression in the patients. There is no cure for Multiple Sclerosis at this time, nor is there any absolute certainty as to its cause.
Interestingly, Multiple Sclerosis was virtually unknown in China until 30 years ago. Around that time, cases began to appear in some of the larger cities. Early studies attributed the cause of the disease to the stress of modern living and the pollution common in larger cities. A careful review of available clinical studies and papers concerning Traditional Chinese Medicine’s view of the causation, prognosis, and treatment of Multiple Sclerosis, reveals that there is still some disagreement. It is clear, however, Chinese Medicine offers no claims of being able to cure the disease.
The use of acupuncture in the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis is geared toward two goals. The first is to bring as much relief of the symptoms as possible. The second goal is to enable the patient to be able to manage the disease in a way that allows them to fully experience the joy and splendor of human existence. There are many indications that these goals have a good chance of success through a combined approach of acupuncture, diet restriction, and mild exercise.
Acupuncture treatments for Multiple Sclerosis have had much success in reducing pain and decreasing spasticity. Another area of success is improved bladder and bowel control. The reduction of stress and the improved feeling of well being contribute to an improvement in quality of life. The acupuncture treatments must be given frequently in order to maintain the improvements of symptoms, but Multiple Sclerosis is known for its cycles of remission. During periods of remission, the frequency of the acupuncture treatments can be reduced.
The reaction of Western medical practitioners to the use of acupuncture in the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis is mixed. Some recognize that acupuncture tends to release endorphins and peptides that modulate the transmission of sensory information through the central nervous system. The clinical results of many patients have shown control of symptoms and stress reduction and a positive outlook are seen as important to the overall treatment. Many doctors have admitted that, at the very least, acupuncture does reduce stress and improve the sense of well being. A very few in the Western medical field stubbornly refuse to admit that acupuncture can be helpful and cite dangers from infection and the transmission of HIV through the use of needles. These concerns are extremely minimal in acupuncture when a qualified and certified acupuncturist is involved.
|
<urn:uuid:ae66a2c7-2a6d-454a-ab95-4c97d134f837>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-43
|
https://positivearticles.com/acupuncture-for-multiple-sclerosis/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587854.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026072759-20211026102759-00447.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954607
| 610
| 2.765625
| 3
|
National Religion of Korea
1. Brief History of Dae-jong Gyo
Dae-jong Gyo(大倧敎; God-Humanism), Korea's native and traditional religion, is a religion of God-man or a religion of God-Human Being. It originated more than 4,000 years ago with Dan-gun, who is the Father, Teacher and King of the Korean people, under the principle of "The greatest service for the benefit of humanity."
The object of worship in this religion is Haneol or heavenly God, the one and only being in the universe, and as the religion leads a man to worship Him and to follow His principle and way, it is also called the religion of the Way of God. The word 'Haneol' in Korean can be translated as 'theos', 'deus', Gott', or 'God' in ancient and modern western languages, but its implication is quite different from the connotion of such western words. Semantically, Haneol(Heavenly God) connotes three Gods: God-Father as the creator of the universe, God-Teacher as the mentor of universal nature and God-King as ruler of creation.
Thus the word actually means three Gods at one and the same time Father who creates, Teacher who teaches and King who rules. As such, the object of worship and cognition in Dae-jong Gyo is Haneol, the God of three Gods, therefore this religion is fundamentally different from Lao-tzu's Taoism, from Buddhism and also from Confucianism, for Taoism has to do with universal creation mainly, Buddhism with universal teaching and Confucianism with order in human society. Our Dae-jong-Gyo is thus a synthesis of these three asian religions and makes the combined essence of the three its object of worship and epistemology. A great scholar of the Silla Dynasty Choe Chi-weon(857-? A.D.), naturally wrote that Dangunism(Dae-jong-Gyo), a religious teaching indigenous to Korea, embraces the essential teachings of Taoism, Buddhism and Confucianism.
The basic tenets of faith for Dae-jong-Gyo followers are to worship Haneol, respect their ancestors and love their fellow men. In ancient times, especially up until the days of the unification of the three kingdoms in the seven century by Silla, Dae-jong-Gyo had a strong influence on the life and history of the Korean people and flourished on the form of the Hwarang(花郞), but as Buddhism spread throughout the country, The native religion came to wither year by rear and by the 15th century, when Confucianism reached the apex of its florescence due to the support of the Yi dynasty, it finally languished in almost complete neglect. Thus under the strong influence of Buddhism and Confucianism Dae-jong-Gyo was not officially recognized by the state for most of Korean history.
However, it could deeply penetrate into the life of the masses as a popular faith and thus affected their everyday life to a great extent.
Then, following the annexation of Korea by Imperial Japan in 1910, this religion peculiar to the Korean people found its way into movements for national independence and was accepted by many nationalists both within and outside the country. According to statistics compiled by the ministry of Education early this year, the number of Dae-jong-Gyo followers totals around 400,000 throughout the southern part of the country. It is said that there were about 1,000,000 Dae-jong-Gyo believers in southern Manchuria alone when Japan lost the war in 1945.
2. Dan-gun, the Founder of Dae-jong-Gyo
As mentioned at the beginning, the founder of Dae-jong-Gyo was 'Dan-gun Hanbae-geom', the Father, Teacher and King of the Korean people. His formal name is 'Dan-gun Hanbae-geom', and 'Dan' in old Korean implies bright land, 'Gun' means god and king, and 'Hanbae-geum', God-Human-king has a number of meanings such as king of heaven, the first king, the highest king and the greatest king.
Therefore, the word 'Dan-gun Hanbae-geom' implies the first, greatest and highest king among the kings of the bright land, whose status is almost like that of the king of heaven. As the ancestors of the Korean people in ancient times revered, worshiped and believed in the God of Heaven, they took their first king Dan-gun to be the king of the God-Human being and called him HanBae-Geom, which means the king of divinity, and also considered their land to be as bright as heaven, thereby calling their country 'Han Nara(Han Guk)' or Bagdal Nara(Baedal Guk)', which means the bright or heavenly land.
In Sam-Il-Sin-Go(The Discourse of the god of Three gods), the Dae-jong-Gyo bible, and in other Korean histories Dan-gun is referred to as the son of god conceived of the god of heaven and born of the god of earth, and therefore it is concluded that it is only natural that he is imbued with the virtue, the intellect and the power of God so as to be in every inch the Son of God. Being a heavenly man, he is believed to have descended on Mt.Hanbalg, the brightest and highest mountain in East Asia(presumably the Mt.Baegdu of north Korea today), so the people chose him as their first king and he, on the other hand, founded a country and ruled its people according to the principle of "The greatest Service for the benefit of humanity", the idea of service to man. He also taught the people his belief. Thus, he is considered the God-Human Being.
Since the advent of their history, the Korean people have taken Dan-gun to be the king of the God-Human Being. His divinity as king of the God-Human Being connotes the trinity―the God-Father, the God-Teacher and the God-King of the universe―and thus unitarian God, while his humanity implies the trinity of the three-fold essence in human relations―father, teacher and king - and thus the supreme man, so he is called Hanbae-Geum or the God-Human Being-King. As a result, Haneol, the divinity of Dan-gun, means the trinity of three gods, and Hanbae-Geom, the humanity of Dan-gun, means the trinity of the three-fold essence in human relations. Naturally, the ancient Korean people faithfully followed the teachings of Dan-gun and worshiped him and Haneol from the teachings of Dan-gun and worshiped him and Haneol from the bottom of their hearts. Thus, another ideal of Dae-jong-Gyo is to have every person learn and follow the teachings of Dan-gun in order to finally become a god man like Dan-gun, who is, in a sense, an immortal wizard.
According to our ancient writings, Dan-gun was born on the third day of the 10th month in the year 2457 B.C. and from that day he traveled th country teaching the people of god, of the way and of the rule of human relations until the same day of the same month in the year 2333 B.C., 125 year after his birth, when he first founded the country. Our ancestors regarded October the first among all the months and designated 3.Oct. 'World-Opening Day'. The ritual of worshiping heaven and our ancestors with preparation of various offerings has been performed in this month for thousands of years in Korea. The practice is observed by people in the rural areas of Korea to this day, and the Republic of Korea, after her liberation in 1945, adopted the calender of the Dangi era, which started from the year of national foundation by Dan-gun in B.C.2333 and its use continued until last year when the military government adopted the use of the Gregorian calendar. It is also quite natural that the people of the Republic of Korea now officially observe Oct.3, as a national holiday in commemoration of the founding of the country by Dan-gun.
After founding the country Dan-gun Hanbae-geom ruled five tribes, the Hoang, Balg, Hyeon, Jegg and Nam, taught them five teachings, the nature of the universe, the unitarian god(Haneol), the universe, the world and truth, and took responsible for five human affairs, food, order, disease, punishment and morality, thereby peacefully leading the entire country. Then on March 15, 2240 B.C., after 93 years of wise rule, he ascended to heaven from the top of Mt.Hanbalg(=Baegdu), bequeathing his throne to his first son Buru.
3. The Nature and Substance of Haneol
Concerning the nature and substance of Haneol, the supreme and unitarian object of worship in Dae-jong-Gyo, Sam-Il-Sin-Go, the bible of this native Korean religion says: "Haneol stands foremost and highest beyond which there is nothing higher, has the greatest virtue, the greatest intellect and greatest power, gives birth to the universe, commands all, creates all without omitting even the dust and is so bright and so mysterious that no one dare pronounce his name. If you pray to him with voice and heart, he will immediately disappear from your heart, therefore seek him in the sincerity of your heart, then he will appear in your mind."
That Haneol stands foremost and highest does not connote any concept of time and space but implies the absolute beginning from which all time and all space began to exist. A book entitled Sil-Ri-Dae-Jeon(The Reason of God) tell: "Haneol knows no higher place in the universe than himself, has no beginning but himself in all creation and precedes nobody but himself in the material world." This means that Haneol is the mother of all reason, of all men and of all creation, thereby giving birth to all that is in the universe. Furthermore, He is the brightest of the bright, thus he is called Hanbalg(the brightest being), besides his vastest and highest quality, and he is the most mysterious and spiritual of all that is mysterious and spiritual. Situated at the pinnacle, Haneol is the greatest of all reason and of all matter, is brighter, even than the world of the sun and more mysterious and spiritual than the heaven. His virtue is all embracing, his intellect the brightest and his power the most mysterious and most wonderful, so that these are called the three greatness of Haneol, and the nature of Haneol, also. From them accrued benevolence, intelligence and bravery, the three great achievements of Haneol's three-fold greatness. Another biblical book, the Hoe-Sam-Gyeong(會三經; The Book of Three Meetings) refers to these three achievements as follows: "The virtue bears benevolence, the intellect brings forth knowledge and the power yields bravery." Hence, Haneol, his virtue bearing benevolence, his intellect bringing forth intelligence(knowledge) and his power yielding bravery, is believed omni-benevolent, omniscient and omnipotent. This biblical work further says: "Being the supreme master of all creation, Haneol is equipped with the highest virtue, the brightest intellect and the greatest power, and he creates the universe although he himself is figureless, teaches human being although he himself is wordless, and rules the world although he himself is deedless."
With his great virtue, intellect and power, Haneol creates, teaches and rules all things in order for them to have existence, substance and movement, although he himself has no figure, no word and no deed. In other words, because of his creation with the greatest virtue the existence of nature is brought into being, because of his teaching with the brightest intellect the substance of nature is called into cognition and because of his ruling with the most vigorous power the movement of nature is put into order.
Therefore, it can be said that through Haneol's figureless figure, which is the true figure, the universe is created and exists, through Haneol's wordless word, which is the true word, the universe is taught and substantiated and through Haneol's deedless deed, which is the true deed, the universe is formed and established.
Haneol has the greatest virtue and is all-benevolent, as mentioned above, and he has the absolute freedom to give all things existence. Should his freedom in creating the universe be restricted, even in the least, the work of his creation would be restrained in so far as he lacks freedom, and as the result, he could not make all the being He actually does. Therefore, in haneol who is the father of all creation, the idea of restricted freedom can have no meaning at all, and so his freedom cannot but be absolute freedom-the one and only freedom in the universe. Haneol also has the brightest intellect and is all-wise, as discussed above, and with all-truth teaches all things. Should his truth in teaching the human being be false, even to the slightest degree, the contents of his teaching would prove truthless in so far as he lies and is in error, and consequently he could not teach man as he actually does. Therefore, in Haneol, who is the teacher of all creation, the concept of lie and falsehood can signify nothing at all, and so his truth cannot be but absolute truth-the one and only truth in the universe. And finally, Haneol has the greatest power and is bravery itself, as seen in the above, and with all-justice rules all things in perfect order. Should his justice in ruling the world be unjust and unfair, even in the narrowest sense, his rule would be corrupt as he acts unjustly of unfairly, and naturally he could not so rule the world as he actually does. Therefore, in Haneuol, who is king of all creation, the idea of anything that is not absolutely just and fair cannot have any meaning at all, and so his justice cannot be but absolute justice-the one and only justice in the universe.
So, Haneol has three greatnesses-virtue, intellect and power-from them emanate the three achievements-benevolence, intelligence and bravery-and the three principles-freedom, truth and justice. Thus, Haneol creates all things by His virtue and freedom, teaches all things by his intellect and truth and rules all things by his power and justice. As such, the fact that Haneol creates, teaches and rules all is the absolute inevitability resulting as it does from his absolute freedom, absolute truth and absolute justice, the three principles. However, although th three are essential principles in the realm of Haneol himself, they become the absolute ideas that restrains the realistic in the natural world and in human society. The creating and ruling of the universe, including the natural world and human society, by Haneol are the absolute inevitability for Haneol himself, and this inevitavility becomes what must be for the natural world and becomes what should be for human society, respectively. In other words, what is absolute in the universe is Haneol alone while what must be is the natural world and what ought to be is human society, and so the way of the natural world follows the way of Haneol and the way of human society goes his way.
As mentioned above, imbued with the greatest virtue, the brightest intellect and the strongest power, Haneol, placed at the foremost and the highest because of his being all-benevolent, all-intelligent and all-brave, he makes, teaches and rules all creation according to his principles of freedom, truth and justice, Concerning this nature of Haneol, a book entitled 'Sil-Li-Dae-Jeon(The Reason of God)' quoted earlier in this essay says: "Haneol is the trinity of three gods; Han-im(God-Father) in the position to create all things, Han-ung(God-Teacher) as teacher of all beings and Han-geom(God-King) with the rank of ruler of all beings. In the universe Haneol has nothing higher than he himself, in all creation Haneol knows nothing prior to himself.
Divided, he becomes three, and united, he becomes one, so his position can be determined by three and one simultaneously."
Thus, as the Supreme Master and the Prime Subject of the universe, Haneol acts by his virtue, intellect and power in three different directions, the virtue in creating nature, the intellect in teaching man and the power in ruling the world. Haneol is thus God-Father in respect to his part as the subject of creation, God-Teacher in relation to his part as the subject of teaching and God-King with regard to his part as the subject of ruling. Because Haneol acts upon his three greatnesses in three different directions, his position is automatically divided into three and He Himself becomes the supreme master and core of the three, God-Father, God-Teacher and God-King, which have been long called the three-and-one God. Therefore, these aspects can be no more than three determinations or the three vocations of Haneol, the only and one god of the universe.
'Sil-li-Dae-Jeon' describes the relationship between Haneol and the three gods, His three determinations, as follows: "Without the three the one becomes useless and without the one the three become formless, so the one is the body of the three and the three are the instruments of the one." Hence, the oneness of Haneol is divided into or determined by the three and the position of Haneol as the prime subject of the universe is necessarily divided into or determined by the three, each being the core of its own function respectively. Therefore, the position of Haneol is always the one of three, that is, the trinity position while Haneol himself is the God of three gods, that is three-fold God.
From the epistemological standpoint, Haneol is simply the sole God only in himself(in his intrinsic subjectivity) whereas He becomes concretely three gods-the God-Father, the God-Teacher and the God-King-for himself(in his extrinsic objectivity), especially in relation to all things other than himself. Thus, Haneol becomes three gods and they in turn become the one and only God. The concept of this three-one logic applies not to Haneol alone but also to man.
Now, let me adapt this logic to man by taking an example.
A man who is simultaneously a father, a teacher and a king is in the position of creator of his children, also in another position of teacher to his students and in still another position of ruler to his people. Therefore, a man can be a father, a teacher and a king at one and the same time when he has a variety of function in human society, but in nature and substance he is but himself, one man, forever and ever. He cannot be three different men even for a moment. As a man, when he is viewed in relation to his children, students and people, there emerge three different beings-a father, a teacher and a king. So is it with Haneol, the only god in himself, when recognized for himself in connection with the universe objective to himself.
So, the God-Father, the God-Teacher and the God-King are three gods in respect to the objective universe while father, teacher and king are three essences with regard to human relations. "The significance of the three gods in the universe and of the three essences in human society is one and the same," so says 'Sil-Li-Dae-Jeon'
4. The Three-God Belief in Korean Life and History
Since Haneol is divided into the three gods, namely, God-Father, God-Teacher and God-King. Haneol is precisely three gods and they in turn are Haneol himself. Belief in Haneol and in the three gods to the Korean people mean the one and the same religion.
Belief in Haneol and the idea of the three-god religion, therefore, had great influence on the political system of Korea or on "the land of brightness" from ancient times.
Dan-gun, as the son of Hanoul, ruled the country, enjoying the status of the sole god-human being. In the following era, there were three rulers in the country, the Great King of Jin, the first King of Ma. Then in the Silla era(57 B.C.-935 A.D.), the first king was Hyeog-geo-se, whose name in the Silla language meant the 'first and brightest king.' He was actually the father who founded the kingdom. The second king was Namhae Cha-cha-ung, Cha-cha-ung meaning a diviner(teacher), and the third king was Yure-ni-sa-geom, Nisa-geom meaning an heir-king. Viewed from the point of three-god philosophy, we can infer that the first three kings of the Silla dynasty represented the positions of God-Father, God-Teacher and God-King and also symbolized them. The ancestors of the Korean people thought of their country as the representative land of Heaven, the land imitating Heaven, and called it Baedal Nara(the country of bright land) or Han Nara(the heavenly-bright country) and also called their first king son of Haneol and the God-man. Thus, in Heaven Haneol is the three-fold god, at the beginning of Baedal nara(Korea) Dan-gun was the symbol of this trinity, in the following era of the country three kings were the representatives of this trinity and in the Silla era the first three kings were the incarnation of this trinity.
In order go have the people believe in and worship Haneol, Dan-gun established the ritual for offering prayer to Haneol and made the people strictly observe it. The ritual is to think Haneol for what he, as the creator of all things, gave to the world. This practice deeply penetrated the life of the Korean people, regardless of noble and commoner and through the ages of Buddhist and Confucian dominance, and is still reflected in many aspects of Korean life today.
The belief that the three-fold god gives birth to man is common to the modern Korean as well as to the ancient Korean.
There is an ancient story concerning the island of Jeju off the southern coast of mainland Korea that the three Sons of God, Yang-Eul-na, Go-Eul-na and Bu-Eul-na, descended from Heaven to the island where no living creature lived to first bear men and women and to first found a country. Up to today the place where, it is told, the three gods descended has been protected as a holy place by the three islanders.
According to a custom of the Korean people today, when a baby is born, a table for the three-fold god is usually prepared, with three bowls of boiled rice and soup, to thank God for his having given life to a child.
The three-fold god not only gives life to man but also protects him. The custom of letting a child, which is not developed enough to act and to protect itself, carry a pouch called "the bag of the three-fold god," is still observed by many Koreans today, can be understood as indicating the quality of the three-fold god to protect man. Besides, the three-fold god is believed by the Korean people to guide man to Heaven when he dies.
Indeed, when a man dies in Korea today, his bereaved family prepares three small straw bags to be filled with rice and three pairs of straw shoes for the three-fold god and put them in the room where the baby is laid out. The night is called the "guide's night" and the guide means the three-fold god who leads the dead to Heaven.
Before concluding, let me add one thing. Ancient Chinese people thought there must be some god-human beings or wizards among the Korean people who believed in and worshipped the three-fold god. They also thought that there must be god-mountains, herbs and medicines of immortality in Korea and made it their greatest hope to visit Korea in order to take such medicine and to meet an immortal man. According to "Shih-chi," the oldest book on Chinese history, such a trend among the Chinese people began during the Yen and Chi eras and reached its peak during the Chin and Han eras.
Shih Huang Ti(240-216 B.C.), the first emperor of Chin China, after completing the construction of the Great Wall along the northern boundaries of his empire to protect the country from the 'Huns', probably meaning the Korean people, sent thousands of his people to Korea for the medicine of immortality and Emperor Wu(159-87 B.C.) of China also sent for the Korean herb of immortality, probably ginseng which was then believed to be the elixir of life by Chinese physicians.
|
<urn:uuid:f7ef16f4-e79f-4474-b758-dd8d8a9b1a0d>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-49
|
http://www.daejonggyo.or.kr/modules/board/bd_view.html?id=qna&no=5
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400379462.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123259-00038-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96818
| 5,385
| 3.234375
| 3
|
MAMLUKS (lit. slaves), a military class which ruled
from 1250 to 1517 and
) from 1260 to 1516. Under the Mamluk sultans in Egypt and Syria, local Jews often suffered at the hands of government officials and Muslim zealots, although at times the sultan and his representatives were also a restraining influence on fanatical mobs or leaders. The Mamluks were one of the most important dynasties in the history of medieval
, gaining fame for stopping the
advance into Syria and for eradicating the Crusader presence in Palestine and elsewhere along the Syrian coast. They were great patrons of culture, and many buildings with the distinctive building style of the period are scattered throughout Israel, especially Jerusalem. Scholars divide the Mamluk era into almost two equal sub-periods: the Baḥrī period (1250–1382), when the dominant group was mainly composed of Qipchaq Turks; and, the Circassian period (1382–1517) when Mamluks from the northern Caucasus region were predominant, although Turks continued to play an important role. The latter period is often still mistakenly called the Burjī period. Most Mamluk sultans were themselves Mamluks of slave origin, although some were the sons of sultans.
Military slavery, primarily of pagan Turks brought as youngsters from the Eurasian Steppe, had existed in the heart of the Muslim world since the ninth century. Later referred to as Mamluks (pl. mamālik), these soldiers of slave origin – particularly those who became officers – played an important role in the military and political life of many Muslim states. Turks were particularly favored since they combined hardiness, horsemanship, and archery which they had begun to learn in their Central Asian milieu. These nascent skills were reinforced by years of training in military schools in which the young Mamluks were enrolled after their conversion to Islam. Generally the sons of Mamluks were excluded from this military formation: Muslim rulers had learned that the sons of Mamuks had neither the hardiness nor loyalty of their fathers and therefore there was a continual import of young Mamluks to the centers of the Muslim world. In other words, the Mamluk system was a one-generational, continually replicating military elite. On the whole, Mamluks fought in organized units of mounted archers, and were generally loyal to their patrons, be they sultans or senior officers, although there were some notable exceptions.
Mamluks were certainly important in the armies of the
sultans and princes, and, since the time of the dynasty's
founder Saladin (d. 1193), played a key role in the war against the Crusaders. In 1250, they overthrew their masters in Egypt; ten years later, in the aftermath of their victory over the Mongols at Ayn Jalut in northern Palestine, they gained control of all of Syria up to the Euphrates River, and embarked on a 60-year war against the Mongols, whom they successfully kept at bay. The Sultan Baybars I (1260–77) was the real architect of Mamluk power, expanding and strengthening the army, reforming the judicial system and generally bringing stability to the subjects of the state, in spite of his many wars against the Mongols and Crusaders. The latter culminated in the conquest of Acre in 1291. The Mamluk Sultanate was a relatively centralized state, governed from
, although most of the military activities were in Syria. Although the Mamluk regime became increasingly oppressive and rapacious over the decades, it was never seriously threatened by internal opposition. There were, however, many cases of urban disorder and riots, often over food shortages or other economic matters. The position of the
("protected people," i.e. Christians and Jews) was also a source of occasional disorder and dissatisfaction, not the least because of the many Christians (and some Jews) still employed in various government offices, some of them holding relatively high positions. Without a doubt, the Mamluk period saw an increase in anti-dhimmī feeling and the consequent decline of the position of these peoples. This appears to be a result of several factors: the militant rhetoric of the Mamluks themselves, engaged in holy war (jihād) for decades; the culmination of almost two centuries of war against the Crusaders; the apparent perception that the local Christians, while Arabic speakers, were secretly sympathetic to the enemies of the state, be they Crusaders or Mongols; the declining economic situation, which began to be felt from the mid-14th century onward, particularly after the outbreak of the Black Plague in the region in 1349; and perhaps the competition over government jobs in which members of the Muslim learned class had a particular interest. It should be noted that the lion's share of anti-dhimmī feelings were directed at the Christians of Egypt and Syria, a much larger group than the Jews and better represented in the government bureaucracy. The impression gained is that the acts and activities against the Jews were often side effects of steps taken against their Christian "colleagues." It appears that, during the Mamluk period, there was a long-term islamization process among the Sultanate's Christian population (certainly among the Copts of Egypt). It is difficult to gauge the exact long-term impact of the Mamluk period on the size of the Jewish community, but there was some demographic decline caused by conversions and perhaps emigration, although apparently not to the same degree as among the Christians.
The paucity of the
documents from the Mamluk period indicates the great change in Egyptian Jewry; whereas these archives of Cairo Jewry contain many documents from the 11th and 12th centuries, there are relatively few preserved from the subsequent period. Perhaps rather than indicating only the decline of the Jewish community in Old Cairo, it may reflect the weakening of Egypt's participation in the Mediterranean trade, which was the economic basis of this particular Jewish community. In any event, the numerous Arab chronicles and other sources for the Mamluk period contain much information on the Jews. From these and various Jewish sources we can reconstruct a picture of the main developments of the Jewish community in the main provinces of the Mamluk Sultanate. The difficulties experienced by the Jews were not only with the Muslim majority and authorities, but were also related to tensions within the community and "the depressed condition of community life" (M.R. Cohen). On the whole, we can say that during the Baḥrī period there was a series of acute outbreaks of anti-dhimmī activity and measures, which also affected the Jewish population of the Sultanate. In the Circassian period, the anti-dhimmī (and therefore anti-Jewish) measures were generally less sweeping, but the Jews (and the Christians) suffered from both chronic and temporary harassments. The terms of the so-called Covenant of
are mentioned time and again during the period as the model which the dhimmīs were expected to follow, indicating perhaps that, between the anti-dhimmī measures enacted and mentioned in the sources, the non-Muslims lived under easier conditions. On the other hand, the repeated acts took their toll.
When Damascus was reconquered from the Mongols in 1260, there were riots against the local Christians, which spilled over to the Jews; the latter were soon curtailed when it was remembered that the Jews had not cooperated with the Mongols. Five years later the Christians in Cairo were accused of arson. Thereupon Sultan Baybars I (1260–77), who had just returned from Syria and the conquest of Caesarea and Arsuf from the Crusaders, assembled many Christians and Jews and ordered that they be burned alive, but released them on condition that they pay a heavy tribute in annual installments. These were, however, sporadic measures, which show how Jews could be caught up in what was originally a mainly anti-Christian activity. One act directed only against Jews was in
in 1271. There the Sufi shaykh Khidr, a Rasputin-like figure who was the favorite of the sultan, attacked and expropriated the largest synagogue. However, this figure was known for his attacks on Christians too. It was mainly later that more concerted and widespread actions against the dhimmīs were taken, including the frequent dismissal of non-Muslim officials. One Arab chronicler, al-ʿAynī, notes that, already under Sultan Qalāwūn (1279–90), "the dhimmīs had been in a state of extreme humiliation and degradation." Arab chroniclers sometimes mention only measures taken against Christians, but they state explicitly that Jews suffered during the dismissal of the officials in 1293 under Sultan al-Malik al-Ashraf Khalīl (1290–93), which followed riots that broke out in Cairo in the aftermath of supposed overweening behavior by Christians. In 1301 the hatred of non-Muslims burst into severe persecution; riots occurred in several towns in Egypt and many Christians and Jews were compelled to adopt Islam, including all the Jews of Bilbeis, in Lower Egypt, according
to the Jewish-Egyptian chronicler of the Ottoman period,
Joseph b. Isaac *Sambari
. All churches and synagogues in Cairo were closed; in Alexandria, houses of non-Muslims which were higher than those of their Muslim neighbors were destroyed. These were unprecedented acts. Furthermore, the government decreed that henceforth Christians must wear blue turbans; Samaritans, red; and Jews, yellow. The willingness of the Mamluk authorities in this case to countenance the anti-dhimmī disorders and to enact stringent sumptuary laws may have been strengthened by the embarrassing defeat at the hands of the Mongols in Syria at the end of 1299, so that this became a way of diverting attention and demonstrating to the population the Mamluk commitment to Islam. In 1309, however, under Byzantine pressure, several churches and a synagogue were reopened, so there were occasional rays of light in this difficult period. There were again riots against Christians in Egypt, in which Jews are not mentioned, except in so far as some Christians borrowed their clothes to escape the wrath of the mob. In 1354 there was another general persecution of the non-Muslims in Egypt. There were riots during which Christians and Jews were attacked in the streets, with the rioters "throwing them into bonfires if they refused to pronounce the shahādatayn [the Muslim profession of faith]" (D.P. Little). Jewish and Coptic leaders were forced to listen to a list of the sumptuary measures which theoretically had already been in force. Non-Muslim government officials were dismissed, even those who embraced Islam. This particular set of measures seems to have had some impact on the conversion of Copts to Islam; whether it affected the Jews in the same way is unclear.
The anti-dhimmī atmosphere was not only a result of riots or repeated enactments of sumptuary laws. The early Mamluk period saw the appearance of several anti-dhimmī polemical works, such as that by al-Ghāzī b. al-Wāsiṭī, as well as the fatwas (responsa) and essays by the famous, but uncompromising, scholar Ibn Taymiyya. In addition, sometime in the first century or so of Mamluk rule, a humiliating oath which Jews had to take when appearing in Muslim courts was reintroduced after a hiatus of some 500 years (the text of the oath, from al-Umarī's Tarif, is found in Stillman, Jews of Arab Lands, 267–68).
In the second half of the 14th century restrictive laws and various vexations followed. Non-Muslim officials were dismissed in Damascus in 1356 and in 1363. At that time Jews and Christians were forbidden to ride horses and mules. They were allowed to ride donkeys only, using packsaddles and mounted so that both feet were on one side of the animal. In public baths they had to distinguish themselves by wearing little bells around the neck, and women had to wear one black and one white shoe. In 1365 Muslim zealots in Damascus searched Jewish and Christian homes for wine and poured the wine they found into the streets and rivers. Restrictive laws were again enforced; Jewish and Christian women were forbidden to frequent the public baths. Although the frequency of these ordinances proves that the discriminatory laws were not systematically kept, it is evident that their periodic enactment humiliated Jews and Christians whose communities were sizably weakened and diminished by the end of the rule of the Baḥrī Mamluks in 1382.
The image of the non-Muslim communities in the chronicles from the reign of the Circassian Mamluks (1381–1517) is somewhat different. With the end of the crusaders' principalities, the non-Muslims were no longer accused of conspiring with the enemies of the sultan; hence, general persecutions of non-Muslims in Egypt and Syria were to a degree lessened. Nevertheless, the actions of the second Mamluk dynasty were in some ways even worse than its predecessor. The frustration of the population increased and the sultans were thus often inclined to enforce the restrictive laws on the dhimmīs or extort heavy contributions from them. Under Sultan al-Malik al-Muʾayyad Shaykh (1412–19), the authorities harassed the Jews and Christians in Egypt for drinking wine. In 1417 non-Muslims were ordered to dress simply in order that they not resemble Muslim judges. Furthermore, they were forbidden to ride swift asses. Two years later non-Muslim officials were again dismissed from government posts. Al-Malik al-Ashraf Barsbāy (1422–38) readily complied with the suggestions of Muslim zealots. Immediately after his accession he dismissed non-Muslim officials, and in 1426 he again demanded distinctive signs, ordering Jews and Christians to reduce the size of their turbans and put iron rings around their necks when going to public baths. Periodically, he sent officials to search the non-Muslim quarters of Cairo for wine. In 1442, during the reign of Sultan Jaqmaq (1438–53), the dais (referred to as a minbar in Arabic) of a synagogue in Cairo was destroyed when it was thought that it contained anti-Muslim blasphemies, and several other Jewish institutions as well as Christian buildings were also in danger of being damaged or ruined. This same sultan prohibited in 1448 non-Muslim physicians from treating Muslims, and in 1450 reinforced the regulations regarding their dress. In 1463 Sultan Khushqadam (1461–67) solemnly reinforced all the restrictive laws imposed on non-Muslims, with the exception of those which forbade them to be physicians and money changers. The last Mamluk sultans did not introduce new restrictions, but periodically imposed heavy tribute. Arab historians report that Qaʾitbāy (1468–96) did this in 1488 and 1491 and that similar contributions were extorted from the Jews in 1500 and 1501. Yet, there was another side to late Mamluk attitudes towards the dhimmīs which should not be ignored, namely the occasional protection of the non-Muslims against the actions of intolerant Muslim religious figures or the mob. Thus, in 1473–75, the Mamluk authorities, eventually under the direct orders of the sultan, prevented the Muslim population of
from expropriating a synagogue, although an enraged mob had destroyed it; the Jews were permitted to restore it. This episode shows that legalistic niceties were often enforced, and, even at a time of general anti-dhimmī feelings and measures, non-Muslims "could not be abused with impunity" (D.P. Little).
The decline of the Jews' situation in the Mamluk state in the second half of the 15th century, economically and demographically, is pointed out by the traveler Felix Fabri, as it is likewise vividly depicted in the letters of Obadiah of
and his anonymous pupil, an Italian Jew who settled in Jerusalem at the end of the 15th century. In the capitals of Egypt and Syria there were still large communities, but in the other towns they had dwindled to small groups. Everywhere they were subject to legal discrimination and had to pay special taxes, e.g., on drinking wine. Their letters also stressed the general lawlessness and anarchy from which the Jews suffered (which was, however, not only the fate of the Jews, but also that of the Christians, and often the population at large). The authors of these travelogues, however, were not aware of the great change that Egyptian and Syrian Jewry had undergone under the impact of Mamluk rule. The flourishing Jewish middle class, once the mainstay of the Jewish communities, had greatly declined under the Mamluks (probably part of the general economic decline of the Sultanate, and not a result of an anti-Jewish policy) and most Jews had become poor. Social discrimination and the hostility of the upper classes caused many of the Jewish physicians and other well-situated Jews to adopt Islam. A relatively great number of biographies of these apostates appear in the writings of Arab historians of this period. On the other hand, the Mamluk sultans allowed the Jews to retain their judicial autonomy in cases of civil law, and until the end of their rule recognized the
as head of all the Jewish communities in Egypt, Palestine, and Syria. The negidim, who had deputies in Jerusalem and Damascus, represented the Jews,
, and Samaritans to the government. Until the end of the reign of the Baḥrī Mamluks, the post was held by the descendants of
. The last was David II. In the 15th century the post was filled by Jewish court physicians. The Mamluk sultans apparently did not interfere with Jewish settlement in Egypt and Syria after the expulsion from Spain in 1492. The economic decline and the overall brutalization of life in the Sultanate in the 15th century (and perhaps before) weakened the community and contributed to a worsening of relations within it, as seen by the Genizah document from 1442 published by M.R. Cohen in 1984. In general, in spite of the deterioration of the community, one can still state with a great deal of certitude that the legal conditions of the Jews in the Mamluk Sultanate were still superior to those of their fellow Jews in most of contemporary Europe. The economic, social, and demographic condition of the Jewish communities of Syria and Egypt was to improve discernibly under the
, who ended Mamluk rule and gained control over these countries in 1516 and 1517, respectively.
Ashtor, Toledot; Baron, Social, vol. 17 (19802), 154–228. ADD. BIBLIOGRAPHY: C.E. Bosworth, "Christian and Jewish Religious Dignitaries in Mamlûk Egypt and Syria: Qalqashandî's Information on Their Hierarchy, Titulature, and Appointment," in: International Journal of Middle East Studies, 3 (1972), 59–74, 199–216; idem, "'The Protected Peoples' (Christians and Jews) in Medieval Egypt and Syria," in: Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library. 62 (1979), 11–36; M.R. Cohen, "Jews in the Mamluk Environment: The Crisis of 1442 (A Geniza Study)," in: Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 47 (1984), 425–48; P.M. Holt, The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517 (1986); R. Irwin, The Middle East in the Middle Ages: The Early Mamluk Sultanate, 1250–1382 (1986); D.P. Little, "Communal Strife in Late Mamluk Jerusalem," in: Islamic Law and Society, 6 (1999), 69–96; idem, "Ḥaram Documents Related to the Jews of Late Fourteenth Century Jerusalem," in: Journal of Semitic Studies, 30 (1985), 227–64; idem, "Religion under the Mamluks," in: The Muslim World, 73 (1983), 165–81; D.S. Richards, "Dhimmi Problems in Fifteenth-Century Cairo: Reconsideration of a Court Document," in: Studies in Muslim-Jewish Relations, 1 (1993), 127–63; N.A. Stillman, Jews of the Arab Lands: A History and Source Book (1979), 67–73, 264–77; idem, "The Non-Muslim Communities: The Jewish Community," in: C.F. Petry (ed.), The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol. 1 (1998), 208–10; R. Amitai, "The Mamluk Institution: 1000 Years of Military Slavery in the Islamic World," in: P. Morgan and C. Brown (eds.), Arming Slaves (2005).
[Eliyahu Ashtor /
Reuven Amitai (2nd ed.)]
Judaica. © 2008 The Gale Group.
All Rights Reserved.
|
<urn:uuid:4c029a49-3e3a-4c39-bf11-c76daed5742b>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-22
|
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0013_0_13118.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049275412.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002115-00224-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.973863
| 4,445
| 4.15625
| 4
|
Archaeology is the scientific study of people who lived in the past through the excavation and interpretation of objects they leave behind. Archaeology is one of the few ways we can learn about people who left no written records. In North America, 95 percent of human history happened before there was writing on this continent. An archaeological site is any place where physical remnants of past human activities exist. Archaeologists excavate sites to unearth artifacts, soil features, and ecofacts that can answer questions about when, who, where, how, and why people lived and worked at a particular place and time. Fort Bragg manages approximately 450 archaeological sites that contain important information about the past. These sites reflect nearly 10,000 years of human occupation in the Sandhills.
Today in the United States most archaeological work is done to comply with the National Historic Preservation Act passed by the United States Congress in 1966. The act requires federal agencies to consider whether their work will affect important archaeological or historical resources. Federal agencies also must create cultural resources management programs to identify, evaluate, and preserve resources on federal lands.
|
<urn:uuid:e62a4175-3140-49b0-ac02-a0ded6c48fdc>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-22
|
http://www.voicesofthesandhills.com/archaeology/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928015.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00115-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945624
| 219
| 3.984375
| 4
|
From Bruce Clothier
Your correspondent Gilbert Devey makes the point that some inventions, often
attributed to NASA, were in use before NASA was created
(3 June, p 53). One of
these was Teflon which, he says, “was used in classified military electronic
equipment during the Second World War”.
It is indeed true that Teflon pre-dates NASA, but Devey has missed the real
drama of Teflon’s history. Discovered by DuPont chemists in 1939, it was just in
time to be used at Los Alamos to make the atom bomb.
The huge gaseous diffusion plant that was used to provide enriched uranium
could not …
|
<urn:uuid:106923e0-3915-4e80-b02b-d2c299ebb1e1>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-09
|
https://www.newscientist.com/letter/mg16722456-700-teflon-bomb/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247487624.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218175932-20190218201932-00368.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.955221
| 153
| 2.6875
| 3
|
As a general rule, consult a copy of Perrin (Purification of Laboratory Chemicals, 4th Ed; http://books.google.com/books?id=SYzm1tx2z3QC) for further details on how to purify your solvents. These days many laboratories will use a commercially available solvent purification system, others will distil solvents using more traditional techniques.
Tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, dimethylformamide, chloroform, acetonitrile, methanol, diethyl ether and toluene are all commonly used solvents, and in many cases they are required in anhydrous form. In some cases there are multiple ways to dry a given solvent. Here are some suggestions:
- THF (Tetrahydrofuran): distilled from sodium benzophenone ketyl. Add sodium wire and benzophenone to a volume of THF (pre-dried over calcium hydride or 4A molecular sieves), heat at reflux/under nitrogen for several hours until the solvent turns deep blue in colour. This indicates the solvent is dry, and you can distill off the volume you require. With time (weeks-maybe months if used correctly) the still will turn orange, this indicates that it is time to make a new one!
- DCM (Dichloromethane): pre-dry over calcium hydride, then distil over calcium hydride... unfortunately no colorimetric indicator to tell you when the solvent is dry.
- MeCN (Acetonitrile): pre-dry by shaking with type 4A molecular sieves, the distil over calcium hydride. Dried acetonitrile can be stored over 4A molecular sieves.
- Diethyl ether: distilled from sodium benzophenone ketyl (see THF), will turn a deep purple/blue colour when dry.
- Methanol: For most purposes, drying over 3A molecular sieves overnight followed by distillation is sufficient. Alternatively, the methanol can be dried from magnesium methoxide. Magnesium turnings (5 g) and iodine (0.5 g) are refluxed in a small (50-100 mL) quantity of dry methanol (from a previous batch) until all of the magnesium has reacted. The mixture is diluted (up to 1 L) with reagent grade methanol, refluxed for 2-3 hours then distilled under nitrogen.
- DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide): Decomposes slowly at room temperature and more rapidly at reflux, releasing dimethylamine and carbon monoxide. This decomposition is catalysed by acidic and basic impurities, and standing DMF for several hours at room temperature with basic drying agents such as calcium hydride or sodium hydroxide leads to noticeable decomposition. Dry DMF can be prepared by drying overnight over barium oxide or 4A molecular sieves, followed by decantation of the drying agent and vacuum distillation (~20 mmHg is a sufficient vacuum to lower the boiling point over DMF to a reasonable value). Dry DMF can be stored over 4A molecular sieves.
As a general precaution ethers can produce explosive peroxides, making distillation of these solvents hazardous. If one is available, use a blast guard (really thick piece of pyrex? attached to a stand), and do not use stills once they have passed their use-by date. The process of distillation also removes the stabilisers that are added to the ethers, consquently distilled ethers should not be stored for long periods of time. For directions on handling sodium etc. consult 'reagant specific hazards'.
How to quench a solvent still
Stills that use metals (THF) should be quenched by pouring any excess solvent into a large container fileld with isopropanol or tert-butanol. The reaction may become exothermic, so addition of the solvent to the alcohol must be done slowly. The remaining metal in the still can be quenched like normal.
You can reuse 4A molecular sieves from most applications, though you should discard those used in the perperation of DMF. Sieves can be regenerated by heating at 350° C for 24 hours or under vacuum. The seives should cool in a desicator or they will become saturated with moisture again.
|
<urn:uuid:e314a8b5-c41d-431f-a4c9-ddbddc07a33f>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Analytical_Chemistry/Lab_Techniques/Distillation/Drying_Solvents
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689471.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923033313-20170923053313-00247.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.879569
| 932
| 2.703125
| 3
|
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- Self-regulated; consisting of self-governing members: an epithet of those convents of the Greek Church in which each member of the community is left to regulate his own manner of life. Also written idiorhythmic.
Sorry, no etymologies found.
This may be one reason why, even among the ruling monasteries of Mount Athos, the idiorrhythmic (individualized) rule has been set aside in favor of the more deeply traditional coenobitic (community) rule -- the fathers 'lives in Christ are necessarily lives together.
|
<urn:uuid:f820f8be-dfbf-4eaa-ae7b-a3df8a2e3226>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-35
|
https://www.wordnik.com/words/idiorrhythmic
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644064517.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025424-00211-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.933353
| 131
| 2.53125
| 3
|
Look for good crops of acorns, Hickory Nuts, or whatever is the main food source in your area. In the spring Mulberry trees are awesome. Squirrels love them and they are the first trees to produce a crop. (The reason you're not seeing squirrels could be because they are seeing you first. They have very good eyesight and, like many wild animals, spot movement very well.) Besides food sources look for good den trees. Trees , usualy dead or at least somewhat hollow, with holes in the trunks. You can tell if squirrels are using it as a den because the lip of the hole will be shiny and smooth from the squirrels going in and out. When you find a likely spot just sit, listen, and keep your eyes open for movement. Not just in the trees but on the ground. Squirrels, this time of year, are stocking up on nuts for the winter. They'll be running up and down trees finding them and taking them back to their dens. They'll also often be carrying leaves back to their dens to insulate against the cold and to freshen their nests or dens. That brings up another point. Look for trees with nests. Finding them lets you know squirrels are in the area. Besides listening for them barking, while sitting listen for them cutting nuts. You'll hear the chatter of their teeth cutting into the nut and, if they're up high, you'll hear the fragments raining down. A good squirrel call can be well worth having. Get one that imitates a squirrel barking. They are very easy to use and when squirrels hear another squirrel barking they will often come out to see what he's barking at. You can also take a couple small rocks, tap them together and imitate a squirrel cutting nuts. Again, other squirrels will come out, this time looking for their share. You don't need two people to get a shot at a squirrel playing hide and seek around a tree trunk. Just toss your hat or jacket around the tree and the squirrel will run to your side. Also, squirrels like to stretch out and lay flat on limbs soaking up warmth from the sun. Look for the one thing that often gives them away, their tail flicking or blowing in the wind. Now, one more tip, if you get in a good spot and shoot a squirrel, don't just jump up and run to it. Mark it in your memory and stay put. The sound of a shot often won't spook squirrels but your getting up and moving will. By staying put you'll get more shots at more squirrels. Now, as to other game that you might hunt, that depends on your local wildlife codes and what is covered by your hunting license. I hope I've given you enough info that you can get you some tasty squirrels. Let us know how you do....Norm
Edited by Spirithawk, 06 December 2008 - 10:24 AM.
|
<urn:uuid:2eba818f-aa4a-4a48-b0ba-234f55c40746>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
http://forums.huntingresource.com/topic/5905-apalachiacola-florida/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823309.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019141046-20171019161046-00220.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.974531
| 600
| 2.71875
| 3
|
How geologists reconstruct the environment of shale formation?
Core logging and sampling are a primary geologists' responsibility during shale gas exploration. Normally, this is the only opportunity to “touch” the rocks, insofar as in the real environment they are buried in the ground, sometimes as deep as 3 to 4 km. Paleozoic shale outcrops are seldom seen in Poland, they occur only in the Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross) Mountains and the Sudetes.
The first thing to be done following the retrieval of core samples is to perform a thorough sedimentological analysis so as to interpret the environment in which the fine grained sediments, preserved to this day as shale rock, were deposited.
Sedimentologists describe in detail, in a centimeter scale precision, the lithology of core samples, sedimentary structures, their texture (grain size and grading) traces of animal activity and even the colour.
Based on this information they distinguish lithofacies, i.e. rocks that display a specific set of features which indicate that they have been deposited in a single depositional process. This makes it possible to determine, even at an early stage of investigation, the rocks with a high content of silica, clay minerals and of organic matter, that were formed in a tranquil depositional environment with a limited access to oxygen, and those having more silica but less organic matter.
Any distinguished lithofacies can be combined into distinct sets of lithofacies, and the latter into depositional systems, which in turn reflect time and space interrelations of accumulation processes. The entire environment of sediment deposition within the sedimentary basin is reconstructed in order to get an insight into the depth of deposition, sedimentation processes involved and subsequent transformations of the sediment.
Tabulated data from several drilling wells and other investigations (geophysical well logging, seismic surveys) enable the interpretation of both horizontal and vertical variability of rock lithology and characteristics. These interpretations are also made for the entire basin, for example in the form of lithofacies-paleothickness maps (Fig. 4f i 4g) which depict the distribution of particular facies and changes that have occurred in the entire basin throughout its history.
What is the origin of shale rocks and what is the influence of their origin on gas formation?
Dark shale rocks are normally referred to as marine sediments deposited on the shelf, on the continental slope or in abyssal plains. They are commonly deposited as a result of particulate falling out from the water column or the action of currents (particle rolling along the bottom). Considering shale gas and oil exploration aspects, it is important for the organic matter to be preserved in the sediment. This may happen only if oxygen deficient or anoxic conditions prevail at the bottom. In fact, non-oxidated sulfides and organic matter are behind the dark or sometimes even black colour of the rocks.
It is also important to know the distribution of facies at a local scale, especially in the context of locating the so called ”sweet spots”, i.e. places that are the best petroleum prospects. Some intervals rich in organic matter are very thick and extensive but often they display a high vertical variability, especially in terms of total organic carbon (TOC) content, a key parameter for petroleum exploration.
This vertical variability is associated with the diversity of the processes and conditions that are involved in shale rock formation. At the rock formation stage, organic matter content is controled on three processes: production, destruction and dispersion.
The intensity of particular processes vary depending on the place of deposition. For example, organic matter production is relatively high near the shore, but at the same time the rate of dispersion is equally high due to supply of material from land and so is the rate of destruction by animals living in the well oxygenated bottom of the basin. Deeper in the sea, organic matter is produced at a much slower rate, but the processes that disturb production are less intense. As a consequence, today there might be more preserved organic matter in deep sea areas comparing to shallower ones. (Fig. 4j). Locating the zone of optimal co-occurrence of organic matter production, destruction and dispersion processes is tantamount to finding rocks that today have the highest TOC content and, therefore, are the best prospects in terms of exploration for oil and gas, including unconventional hydrocarbons.
authors: Joanna Roszkowska-Remin, Teresa Podhalańska
|
<urn:uuid:2f0e33da-2075-4c21-a2e3-2b53c1ad810b>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://infolupki.pgi.gov.pl/en/gas/shale-formation-environment
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510481.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929022639-20230929052639-00003.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.939411
| 927
| 3.796875
| 4
|
Most etymologies of silhouette note that Etienne de Silhouette served as the French financial minister in 1759, during the Seven Years’ War. He famously pinched pennies — or whatever the most useless French coin was back then — in order to support the military effort. During this time, the act of cutting black paper in a person’s likeness became a cost-effective alternative to, you know, having them painted or having marble chipped until it looked like them, and the association between Silhouette’s thriftiness and this style of craft has stuck ever since.
For a moment, however, just focus on what a silhouette is, as far as a black form you might hand on the wall. Given how we think about black and white, it’s a negative space drawing — instead of the black representing a body, the white around it could represent everything outside that body. Now hold onto that, because it’s important. Etymonline gives all the standard background for silhouette but also goes a step further, into what the last name meant before it was attached to penny-pinching, shadows and those portraits you buy at Disneyland. The name comes from Basque. In fact, in its pre-Frenchified state, it may have been Zuloeta, with the -eta meaning “an abundance of” and zulo meaning “cave” or “hole.” If you focus on caves and holes essentially being voids — absences of the materials that surround them — then it’s weirdly appropriate that silhouette has come to mean what it does, because that’s exactly how a silhouette can be read: a lot of empty space.
|
<urn:uuid:d57aec43-7e32-40f3-a21a-d065c66f6551>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-13
|
http://www.backofthecerealbox.com/2012/02/thinking-negatively-about-your-body.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188926.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00415-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959194
| 358
| 3.0625
| 3
|
DO•ke•ghem (ō′kə gem′),USA pronunciation n. Jean (zhän)USA pronunciation d' or Jan van (yän vän),USA pronunciation c1430–c95, Flemish composer.Also, Ockeghem, Ockenheim.
Andand (and; unstressed ənd, ən, or, esp. after a homorganic consonant, n),USA pronunciation conj.
- (used to connect grammatically coordinate words, phrases, or clauses) along or together with;
as well as;
in addition to;
moreover: pens and pencils.
- added to;
plus: 2 and 2 are 4.
- then: He read for an hour and went to bed.
- also, at the same time: to sleep and dream.
- then again;
repeatedly: He coughed and coughed.
- (used to imply different qualities in things having the same name): There are bargains and bargains, so watch out.
- (used to introduce a sentence, implying continuation) also;
then: And then it happened.
- [Informal.]to (used between two finite verbs): Try and do it. Call and see if she's home yet.
- (used to introduce a consequence or conditional result): He felt sick and decided to lie down for a while. Say one more word about it and I'll scream.
on the contrary: He tried to run five miles and couldn't. They said they were about to leave and then stayed for two more hours.
- (used to connect alternatives): He felt that he was being forced to choose between his career and his family.
- (used to introduce a comment on the preceding clause): They don't like each other--and with good reason.
- [Archaic.]if: and you please.Cf. an2.
- and so forth, and the like;
et cetera: We discussed traveling, sightseeing, and so forth.
- and so on, and more things or others of a similar kind;
and the like: It was a summer filled with parties, picnics, and so on.
- an added condition, stipulation, detail, or particular: He accepted the job, no ands or buts about it.
- conjunction (def. 5b).
Plumbingplumb•ing (plum′ing),USA pronunciation n.
- the system of pipes and other apparatus for conveying water, liquid wastes, etc., as in a building.
- the work or trade of a plumber.
- act of a person who plumbs, as in ascertaining depth.
Hello guys, this blog post is about D And B Plumbing #2 D&B Guarantee. This photo is a image/jpeg and the resolution of this photo is 670 x 467. It's file size is just 68 KB. Wether You desired to download This picture to Your laptop, you could Click here. You may too download more pictures by clicking the following image or see more at this post: D And B Plumbing.
D And B Plumbing get to be the most significant factor in flooring to your home's option. In the event a floor your colour decide on also dim if you have a tiny residence minimalist this could create your property inside look fascinated uncomfortable and claustrophobic.
A common feeling is, calm, and comfy whenever we vary in that place. Therefore the tile floors' color could you pick should really since an error of ceramic shades will establish the wonder of the house, you take notice , nor be underestimated.
your family won't feel relaxed sitting at home so as to make your household members' bad aftereffects along with if we feel uneasy within the property, then you certainly be like to play beyond your household. You can observe the distinction when you'll find two hues with all the size of the area of the area inside the area exactly the same color of the floor however they are different.
Random Photos of D And B Plumbing #2 D&B Guarantee
- Little Red Flies In Bathroom
- Handrail Pipe Fittings
- Antique Small Bookcase
- 34 Inch Wide Bookcase
- American Hardwood Floors
- Fairplace Garage Burgess Hill
- Garden Twine
- Dining Chair Slipcovers White
- Comfort Inn Portland
- How To Build A Fire Pit With Cinder Blocks
- Glowing Stars For Ceiling
- Ec Robinson Upholstery
- Head Lamp Light
- Is The Gas In A Blue Neon Lamp Actually Neon
- Deep Cut Gardens
- Maps Garden Grove
|
<urn:uuid:34f1d431-a606-43b9-b287-8e88acb7ecc7>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-18
|
https://www.pariuripeinternet.com/d-and-b-plumbing-2-d-b-guarantee/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578529898.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420160858-20190420182858-00380.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.906923
| 998
| 2.59375
| 3
|
ha'-mor (chamor, "an ass"; Emmor): Hamor was the father of Shechem from whom Jacob bought a piece of ground on his return from Paddan-aram for one hundred pieces of silver (Ge 33:19), and the burial place of Joseph when his body was removed from Egypt to Canaan (Jos 24:32). "The men of Hamor" were inhabitants of Shechem, and suffered a great loss under Abimelech, a prince over Israel (Jg 9:22-49). Dinah, Jacob's daughter, was criminally treated by Hamor, who requested her to be given to him in marriage, in which plan he had the cooperation of his father, Shechem. The sons of Jacob rejected their proposition and laid a scheme by which the inhabitants of the city were circumcised, and in the hour of helplessness slew all the males, thus wreaking special vengeance upon Hamor and his father Shechem. It is mere conjecture to claim that Hamor and Dinah were personifications of early central Palestinian clans in sharp antagonism, and that the course of Simeon and Levi was really the treachery of primitive tribes. Because the word Hamor means "an ass" and Shechem "a shoulder," there is no reason for rejecting the terms as designations of individuals and considering the titles as mere tribal appellations.
Byron H. Dement
|
<urn:uuid:d76a3228-e7b6-48ab-b76e-fc26347d658e>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-47
|
https://www.internationalstandardbible.com/H/hamor.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039745800.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119150816-20181119172816-00133.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.979539
| 287
| 2.9375
| 3
|
Recently, Senator Tom Cotton from Arkansas and Senator David Perdue from Georgia introduced legislation aiming to reduce legal immigration to slightly more than 500,000 per year from the current rate of one million per year. The explanation given by both senators was that reducing the number of immigrants would shrink the pool of labor, thus raising wages, and hopefully encouraging some of the many Americans who have quit the labor force to return. While sounding plausible, the data does not support this position. Moreover, reduced immigration will bring the U.S. perilously close to a situation it has never seen: near-zero population growth.
“The overall economy is better off by boosting innovation and reducing prices for consumers.”Per an exhaustive study carried out by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, immigration does not drive down wages. Rather, immigration was found to have a “very small” and short-term effect on native-born workers lacking a high school degree. Another study that looked at non-European immigration into Denmark between 1991 and 2008 found that immigrants didn’t reduce wages, and instead freed natives to do more agreeable work. And when only high-tech immigration is analyzed, at worst, studies find that wages of American computer workers and scientists are depressed by up to 10 percent, but the overall economy is better off by boosting innovation and reducing prices for consumers.
While somewhat counterintuitive, these studies demonstrate that rather than taking jobs performed by natives, immigrants create new employment opportunities, and along the way, can push the natives into higher paying jobs. The mistaken belief that immigrants reduce employment opportunities for Americans is based on a false notion that there is a fixed amount of work to be done, and that job gains made by immigrants come at the expense of natives who are displaced.
In addition, immigrants often bring skills that are in great demand. For example, at present, there is a shortage of occupational and physical therapists, nurses, construction workers, engineers, metal workers, etc. However, wages in these professions do not appear to be rising substantially faster than those in occupations where labor shortages are less severe. This is because more construction and metal workers simply cannot be found, regardless of the wage offered. Thus, employers have been forced to cut back on production because of a dearth of skilled labor. This situation helps no one.
“Immigrants often bring skills that are in great demand. For example, at present, there is a shortage of occupational and physical therapists, nurses, construction workers, engineers, metal workers, etc.”Separately, ponder this: on average, the working-age population grew by 1.4 percent per year between the years 1965 and 2015, and economic growth averaged 3 percent. Assuming current fertility and immigration rates, the working-age population will grow just 0.3 percent per year between now and 2037. With only 500,000 immigrants per year, the working-age population will grow by just 0.1 percent per year. And with no immigration, the working-age population shrinks by 0.1 percent per year. Under these conditions, we will be lucky to see annual GDP growth of 1.5 percent per year, not to mention declining house prices. House prices would be expected to fall in cities in counties with declining populations, as the number of buyers would progressively decline.
While many Americans fear that immigrants — in particular illegal immigrants — threaten their employment opportunities and wages, in almost all situations that is not the case. Frequently, immigrants perform demanding physical work that Americans prefer not to do, and even when that is not so, immigrants often have skills that are in short supply.
In an economy that is rapidly aging and slowly growing, immigration is the key to population growth. That growth will allow us to avoid a host of painful problems, including declining property values and rising tax burdens that we would be wise to avoid.
Share this Post
|
<urn:uuid:a150fd61-48a8-41a9-a691-07a2d82ba0ce>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-09
|
http://www.ghba.org/immigration-economic-impacts/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247489282.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219000551-20190219022551-00070.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.961675
| 793
| 2.609375
| 3
|
What was the world's principal Christian city before it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453?
I believe Constantinople.
Constantinople.(330-1926) is correct now called Istanbul
Constantinople - the largest city and former capital of Turkey; rebuilt on the site of ancient Byzantium by Constantine I in the fourth century; renamed Constantinople by Constantine who made it the capital of the Byzantine Empire; now the seat of the Eastern Orthodox Church
Turkish name it Istanbul in 1930
That is Constantinople which was mentioned to be taken by Muslims by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and now it is known as Istabul which is situated in Turkey.
And before it was renamed Istanbul, before it was christened Constantinople (after the Roman emperor Constantine), the city was known as Byzantium.
Other people asked questions on similar topics, check out the answers they received:
Other people asked questions on various topics, and are still waiting for answer. Would be great if you can take a sec and answer them
|
<urn:uuid:faa225a4-2a1a-490b-84c5-64faa35e964b>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-11
|
http://aolanswers.com/questions/religion_spirituality_951389771727378
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463340.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00086-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.97534
| 210
| 2.828125
| 3
|
I mentioned page objects in the post about WatirSplash 2. In this post i’m gonna explain what these things exactly are and how to use them.
What Is A Page?
When it comes to automated testing then the page is really nothing else than the page user sees when visiting the website. Any meaningful page consists of different components some of which just show information (e.g. text) others allow interaction (e.g. text fields and buttons). Different pages might also have some shared content like header, search field and footer. One important thing about components is that the result of some interactions is another page.
Let me bring you a concrete example. Let’s look at the Bing’s main page (enough of Google in all examples, alright). You can think of the possible sections (Web, Images, Videos, News and More) as a header. There is also the search field and button. Search button is special since clicking on it changes the current page to results page. Makes sense? Let’s see how to convert that information into WatirSplash Page Objects.
Point Of Having Page Objects
The point of having Page Objects is to have better structured code and keep it DRY in your tests too. This all makes your tests easier to maintain. If you’re a software developer then you care about these things when it comes to production code. Why not to use these good practices in tests also? Page Objects make it all possible. Having Page Objects means that it should be easier to change your tests if the application under test (AUT) changes since you need only one place (ideally) to change. Page Objects also make it very clear where to find existing and put the new code.
Let’s Get Rockin’ With Pages And Objects
Let’s get more concrete. I assume that you have created a WatirSplash 2 project already. If not then follow the instructions in the post about WatirSplash 2 or read everything you need to know straight from the README. Let’s create the Main page first:
This command created us the Main page object and a test for it. The generated file looks like this:
And the test itself is nothing fancy yet:
Let’s add something meaningful to our Main page object like search field and button:
You can use all the familiar Watir methods directly in your Page objects! For the sake of clarity let’s also add Header functionality. To do that we’d just use Ruby’s mixin functionality - the Header module:
And make sure to include it into your page object:
We can now update our main_spec to actually test something:
I made two tests - one for the header and another for the search functionality. Since header should be on every page, i could have taken advantage of the RSpec’s Shared Examples feature, but for the sake of this post’s clarity i didn’t.
The second test is a failing test since there’s no way that Watir’s Button#click will return us a results page object. But hey, i’ve just done a little TDD here! Let’s make it work like we want it to work:
I’ve used the WatirSplash::Page::Base#modify method which takes some object as it’s first argument (here button) and a Hash as a second argument. Hash consists of method name as a key and value as Proc object. In this particular case the code above overrides this particular button’s #click method with my #click, which returns Results page object due to the usage of #redirect_to method. Since #click is already existing method on that button, then it will call the original method (e.g. performs the actual clicking) before calling the defined block. The #modify method does all that by using Ruby’s meta-programming. You can always look at the source itself if you’re more interested in the nitty-gritty details.
Let’s create ourselves a Results page object with the results method. This time, let’s be even cooler and generate more code than we did with the Main page object:
This generated us the Results class with the results method:
Let’s add the #count and # methods to our #results object by using #modify again so we could chain method invocations naturally as i’ve written in the search functionality test:
I’m invoking the #results method again to get the Watir::Ul element to execute regular Watir methods on it - in these cases #li and #lis. This neat trick hides the implementation details from the tests and makes the tests even more natural to read.
That’s it - we have created a few tests using Page Objects functionality in WatirSplash 2! Using Page Objects makes your tests (hopefully) more readable and easier to maintain. I like my implementation when compared to others because it makes your page objects to look really succinct and doesn’t add any additional complex API to learn - you can use already learnt Watir methods as you did before. And the code written to support creating and using these Page Objects is also quite clever and short. I love it! I hope you will too.
|
<urn:uuid:6fe7da6b-8119-4f13-a299-e160ef803d08>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-42
|
http://itreallymatters.net/post/12242886944/awesome-page-objects-in-testing
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507444657.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005724-00113-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.890544
| 1,120
| 2.78125
| 3
|
In his State of the Union address, President Obama announced that his administration was taking a hard look at college affordability. The next day they released a website and calculator aimed at tracking college costs. No doubt this was welcome news to the hundreds of thousands of students who in the next few weeks will learn if some of our nation’s most selective — and most expensive — colleges and universities will offer them admission.
But affordability isn’t the only consideration for students who would like to pursue an elite college education. A bigger issue is the accessibility of these schools to students who are poor, minority, or the first in their families to go to college.
Just consider the weight that Ivy League and other highly selective schools place on factors such as Advanced Placement courses, standardized tests, and high grade point averages. Even though exceptions may be made for students who are the first in their families to attend college or are from less-privileged backgrounds, given the academic rigor of our most selective schools, admissions officers are understandably hesitant to use an entirely different yardstick. This focus on academic excellence makes it far more difficult for students who don’t live in wealthy neighborhoods or attend college-preparatory high schools to gain entry to top universities. According to Caroline Hoxby, a Stanford economist, about 70% of low-income students who gain admission to elite colleges come from one of 15 large metropolitan areas, which host highly regarded public schools such as Stuyvesant in New York City or Thomas Jefferson in the Washington, D.C., area.
A recent report on Advanced Placement courses done by the College Board and reported in the Chronicle of Higher Education found that while nationally scores on Advanced Placement courses are rising, there are “distressing results” in the scores for minority students — more than 70% failed. And that’s just for the students who have access to such courses. A recent New York Times article found that Advanced Placement courses are not even offered in many poor and minority districts, according to information from the Department of Education’s Civil Rights Data Collection, making it almost impossible for poor and minority students to be competitive applicants at highly selective schools.
And of course, we have long known that black, Latino and poor students don’t score as well on standardized tests like the ACT and SAT as do wealthy, white students. Indeed, a 2012 study by a Stanford University professor published in the Center for Educational Policy Analysis showed that the gap between rich and poor students in educational achievement is wider than ever before. Yet, scores on such tests are still an important method for determining college admittance.
This is an unfortunate set of circumstances, especially because gifted minority, poor and working class students can benefit most from the educational opportunities at elite institutions. A June 2011 study from two Princeton University economists, which relied on 30 years of survey data, found that middle class, white and Asian students who had the grades and test scores to attend elite schools, but chose to enroll elsewhere faired as well economically as students who attended more selective schools. On the other hand, Latino, black, and low-income students, as well as those whose parents did not graduate from college, who could have attended an elite school but went elsewhere did not earn nearly as much over the course of their careers or rise up the corporate ladder to the heights achieved by their peers who attended elite schools.
So it seems that the students who could gain the most from opportunities offered at our nation’s premier institutions face barriers not of their own making to gaining admittance to such universities. How is that fair?
Of course schools must have selection criteria that will convince them that the students they admit are capable of doing the work. However, unless we really believe that our most selective schools should be more easily accessed by the privileged and wealthy than by other types of students, it’s up to us to propose solutions.
Perhaps our elite schools should begin recruitment and educational support programs for poor and minority students in middle school, instead of waiting until high school. Or maybe they should provide incentives for creative faculty and student research aimed at closing educational opportunity and achievement gaps. Whatever the solution, we cannot hope to level the playing field unless we first admit that it is uneven.
|
<urn:uuid:0fe0920e-5d5b-4fb9-ae26-411a7ce3a4fa>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://ideas.time.com/2013/02/27/the-biggest-barrier-to-elite-education-isnt-affordability-its-accessibility/?iid=op-article-mostpop1
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703728865/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112848-00003-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.976124
| 867
| 2.640625
| 3
|
Grow a Potato
- Cut each potato into four pieces with at least two eyes per piece.
- Have your child plant each piece eyes-up about four inches deep.
- Water the plants regularly.
- As the potatoes grow, mound soil around them to keep them covered.
- Dig up your potatoes in the fall after the stems and leaves die.
More on: Activities for Kids
Copyright © 2001 by Patricia Kuffner. Excerpted from The Children's Busy Book with permission of its publisher, Meadowbrook Press.
To order this book visit Meadowbrook Press.
|
<urn:uuid:43998282-9a6f-4119-a2d3-5c2405452432>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-22
|
http://fun.familyeducation.com/environmental-education/plants/37193.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049278091.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002118-00233-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.922251
| 124
| 3.21875
| 3
|
A pleasant atmosphere stimulates the latent talents of children. Childhood is not only an important period in life but it is also the time when the mind and the intellect is the most receptive. Whatever the child sees, it creates an indelible impression in his mind. The comforts we provide will help in molding their personality into a fuller and perfect one.
Children need more space than adults, and it makes them happy. Child psychologists say that children need environments that offer them a sense of security, so that they could be encouraged to use their imagination to the maximum possible extent. It is never too early to stimulate development, and all the elements in a child's room, like colors, shapes, forms, safety and ergonomics have to be carefully chosen.
While designing a child's room, care should be taken to ensure that it grows with the child. We should remember that in each of the stages in a child's life, the needs are different. We should provide an inspiring environment and ensure that conditions for development are created. Therefore, a child's room should have functional spaces, and it must be educational and filled with fun.
Creating a Theme
A tree house is every child's fantasy. It could be custom made, crafted from wood, ceramic or fabric. Themes like jungles, beaches, and cartoons are also immensely liked by children. Elders have to stretch their imagination, and must think like a child, painting colorful rainbows, swaying palm trees, the moon and the stars, mushrooms, red beetles, blue fish, dragons. Clowns, fairies and clouds. In fact the list of things that could make a child happy is endless.
Children are drawn to colorful, vibrant pictures and they are the best for a child's room. Pictures allow children to make up stories and build up concepts. They should also have educational value. Colors encourage creativity, while patterns and textures are vital in enriching and developing visual and tactile capabilities. Paintings could be used to enliven the walls, and also to cover up construction flaws.
Coming to beds, you will see a multitude of brands in shops and it is amazing to see the ways in which they create space. You can see bunk beds, which convert themselves into triples, beds with study areas underneath them or on the upper bunk. Some have little ladders, which excite the little ones. It can also be custom made to comfortably fit the available room. Asymmetrical shapes and bold colors help in developing creativity. Things like cupboard handles, mirrors, laminates, wardrobes and chairs could be given unconventional shapes. You can also add other fun elements like a growth chart, a crayon soft board, and a cartoon clock.
Even bathroom accessories can be made funky and colorful. If two children share a room, then it should be ensured that each one gets separate items to enjoy independently. Huge brightly painted windows are a must for children's rooms, and stained glass is a good option. If painting the walls with cartoon characters is not possible, it would be better to go for wall papers which would be easier to maintain. Colorful Storages Children should be encouraged to keep their belongings in a colorful chest of drawers made of fiber or wood. Blocks, dolls, clothes, toys, etc. can be stored in tubs or painted shoe boxes of different sizes, and racks can be labeled with words or pictures to help children in identifying them. Going for vertical storage will create more floor space for the kids to play, and you can go for colorful hooks to hang their dolls, hats, clothes or bags.
Now-a-days colorful bedroom units with a work surface, bed and storage space for books and toys are available for children, and they can be adjusted to suit a child's requirements. The room can be spruced up with posters and the paints used must be washable. Murals can be painted on the walls, and you can stick elements like growing charts on the wall, or create ripples of colors using a wet sponge. A toy hammock could be placed so that stuffed animals can be kept in it. A long painted rod with Velcro strips for sticking small stuffed animals would be a colorful choice. If there are open shelves, all knick knacks can be tucked inside them.
In the case of toddlers it would be wise to invest in a good crib with convertible features and with a head board and other options. They should be sturdy, unpainted and must not have sharp edges. This is perfect, and it also makes the child's move into an adult bed far less traumatic. The mattresses should be of high quality, while designing a child's room; care should be taken to ensure that it grows with the child. We should remember that in each of the stages in a child's life, the needs are different. Therefore, a child's room should have functional spaces, and it must be educational and filled with fun. Ergonomically correct, must be able to withstand wear and tear, and should be made of non-allergenic material. For bedding choose cent percent natural fiber. Their sides should be nonskid and must be easily washable. Furniture should be lined along the walls to provide more floor space for play.
As children are tender and sensitive, all articles for their rooms should be chosen with utmost care. The paints should be lead-free and those that are water based or acrylics and all furniture and toys must meet safety standards. All electrical sockets should have safety covers, and should be fitted high on the walls. The best idea would be to consult the kids and involve them in planning their rooms, and that would naturally make them participate in the maintenance of their room.
|
<urn:uuid:c771ef56-4cb4-4790-a7e3-ac0f15832125>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-09
|
http://bangalore5property2210.blogspot.com/2017/01/a-childs-room.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813109.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220204917-20180220224917-00732.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.955752
| 1,169
| 2.8125
| 3
|
Statistical data issued by the American Thyroid Association reveal that over 12% American adults will develop some sort of thyroid disorder during their lifetime. Thyroid dysfunction is a serious condition that affects overall health and quality of life including disrupted sleep, mood, metabolism and memory.
Fortunately, it can be effectively managed with careful planning and lifestyle changes.
Read on and see which 5 habits are detrimental for your thyroid health.
–Too Much Stress
One study, published in the journal Behavioral Brain Research, reports that stress and a thyroid condition can combine to produce symptoms like long-term memory impairment.
According to EverydayHealth.com, this is because of the way stress suppresses the thyroid and its hormone secretion – which are already under attack in patients with a form of thyroid disease.
That, in a nutshell, is why you absolutely need to take care of stress when you suffer from such a condition. Have a look at this post for a few stress-relief ideas.
According to a 1995 study, smoking increases the severity of thyroid problems mostly as a result of cyanide in tobacco smoke. The thing is cyanide is chemical that disrupts proper thyroid function by inhibiting the gland to synthesize hormones that bond to their receptors. This can particularly affect liver health.
As stopping this habit is far from easy, you can try some natural alternatives, such as stevia leaves, to reduce your cravings.
Everybody should stop eating soy – especially people with a thyroid condition. As Dr. Mercola reports, soy contains a whole host of components that negatively affect the butterfly-shaped gland. This includes goitrogens, which prevent the thyroid from synthesizing hormones and metabolizing iodine.
-Over-Consumption Of Raw Cruciferous Vegetables
A study conducted by Oregon State University found that over-consumption of some vegetables such as cabbage and turnips disrupts thyroid function in people affected with an iodine deficiency. The thing is these vegetables contain glucosinolates, which, once ingested, are converted to goitrin – a compound that affects thyroid hormone secretion.
-Not Following Doctor’s Advice
I get it – life is busy and seeing a healthcare professional isn’t always pleasant. But if you’ve got a form of thyroid disease, you need to remember that your condition can cause serious damage if not treated properly.
Seek the help of a registered naturopath or dietician who will be able to look at your condition on a personal basis and provide recommendations.
Watch the video below for more information on how to effectively manage your thyroid dysfunction.
Source: Healthy Care Group
|
<urn:uuid:0372b464-d4b2-420e-953c-872fe8d8f8f0>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
http://www.wisethinks.com/2016/10/5-bad-habits-that-make-thyroid-problems.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00183-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.934815
| 536
| 2.5625
| 3
|
OURS has been essentially a philosophical age, in fact the supreme age of philosophy. But a great practical problem has also concerned us. We have had to prepare for the task of preserving humanity during a most difficult period which was calculated to being about one hundred million years hence, but might, in certain circumstances, be sprung upon us at very short notice. Long ago the human inhabitants of Venus believed that already in their day the sun was about to enter the “white dwarf” phase, and that the time would therefore soon come when their world would be frost-bound. This calculation was unduly pessimistic; but we know now that, even allowing for the slight delay caused by the great collision, the solar collapse must begin at some date astronomically not very distant. We had planned that during the comparatively brief period of the actual shrinkage, we would move our planet steadily nearer to the sun, until finally it should settle in the narrowest possible orbit.
Man would then be comfortably placed for a very long period. But in the fullness of time there would come a far more serious crisis. The sun would continue to cool, and at last man would no longer be able to live by means of solar radiation. It would become necessary to annihilate matter to supply the deficiency. The other planets might be used for this purpose, and possibly the sun itself. Or, given the sustenance for so long a voyage, man might boldly project his planet into the neighbourhood of some younger star. Thenceforth, perhaps, he might operate upon a far grander scale. He might explore and colonize all suitable worlds in every corner of the galaxy, and organize himself as a vast community of minded worlds. Even (so we dreamed) he might achieve intercourse with other galaxies. It did not seem impossible that man himself was the germ of the world-soul, which, we still hope, is destined to awake for a while before the universal decline, and to crown the eternal cosmos with its due of knowledge and admiration, fleeting yet eternal. We dared to think that in some far distant epoch the human spirit, clad in all wisdom, power, and delight, might look back upon our primitive age with a certain respect; no doubt with pity also and amusement, but none the less with admiration for the spirit in us, still only half awake, and struggling against great disabilities. In such a mood, half pity, half admiration, we ourselves look back upon the primitive mankinds.
Our prospect has now suddenly and completely changed, for astronomers have made a startling discovery, which assigns to man a speedy end. His existence has ever been precarious. At any stage of his career he might easily have been exterminated by some slight alteration of his chemical environment, by a more than usually malignant microbe, by a radical change of climate, or by the manifold effects of his own folly. Twice already he has been almost destroyed by astronomical events. How easily might it happen that the solar system, now rushing through a somewhat more crowded region of the galaxy, should become entangled with, or actually strike, a major astronomical body, and be destroyed. But fate, as it turns out, has a more surprising end in store for man.
Not long ago an unexpected alteration was observed to be taking place in a near star. Through no discoverable cause, it began to change from white to violet, and increase in brightness. Already it has attained such extravagant brilliance that, though its actual disk remains a mere point in our sky, its dazzling purple radiance illuminates our nocturnal landscapes with hideous beauty. Our astronomers have ascertained that this is no ordinary “nova,” that it is not one of those stars addicted to paroxysms of brilliance. It is something unprecedented, a normal star suffering from a unique disease, a fantastic acceleration of its vital process, a riotous squandering of the energy which should have remained locked within its substance for aeons. At the present rate it will be reduced either to an inert cinder or to actual annihilation in a few thousand years. This extraordinary event may possibly have been produced by unwise tamperings on the part of intelligent beings in the star’s neighbourhood. But, indeed, since all matter at very high temperature is in a state of unstable equilibrium, the cause may have been merely some conjunction of natural circumstances.
The event was first regarded simply as an intriguing spectacle. But further study roused a more serious interest. Our own planet, and therefore the sun also, was suffering a continuous and increasing bombardment of ethereal vibrations, most of which were of incredibly high frequency, and of unknown potentiality. What would be their effect upon the sun? After some centuries, certain astronomical bodies in the neighbourhood of the deranged star were seen to be infected with its disorder. Their fever increased the splendour of our night sky, but it also confirmed our fears. We still hoped that the sun might prove too distant to be seriously influenced, but careful analysis now showed that this hope must be abandoned. The sun’s remoteness might cause a delay of some thousands of years before the cumulative effects of the bombardment could start the disintegration; but sooner or later the sun itself must be infected. Probably within thirty thousand years life will be impossible anywhere within a vast radius of the sun, so vast a radius that it is quite impossible to propel our planet away fast enough to escape before the storm can catch us.
The discovery of this doom kindled in us unfamiliar emotions. Hitherto humanity had seemed to be destined for a very long future, and the individual himself had been accustomed to look forward to very many thousands of years of personal life, ending in voluntary sleep. We had of course often conceived, and even savoured in imagination, the sudden destruction of our world. But now we faced it as a fact. Outwardly every one behaved with perfect serenity, but inwardly every mind was in turmoil. Not that there was any question of our falling into panic or despair, for in this crisis our native detachment stood us in good stead. But inevitably some time passed before our minds became properly adjusted to the new prospect, before we could see our fate outlined clearly and beautifully against the cosmic background.
Presently, however, we learned to contemplate the whole great saga of man as a completed work of art, and to admire it no less for its sudden and tragic end than for the promise in it which was not to be fulfilled. Grief was now transfigured wholly into ecstasy. Defeat, which had oppressed us with a sense of man’s impotence and littleness among the stars, brought us into a new sympathy and reverence for all those myriads of beings in the past out of whose obscure strivings we had been born. We saw the most brilliant of our own race and the lowliest of our prehuman forerunners as essentially spirits of equal excellence, though cast in diverse circumstances. When we looked round on the heavens, and at the violet splendour which was to destroy us, we were filled with awe and pity, awe for the inconceivable potentiality of this bright host, pity for its self-thwarting effort to fulfil itself as the universal spirit.
At this stage it seemed that there was nothing left for us to do but to crowd as much excellence as possible into our remaining life, and meet our end in the noblest manner. But now there came upon us once more the rare experience of racial mentality. For a whole Neptunian year every individual lived in an enraptured trance, in which, as the racial mind, he or she resolved many ancient mysteries and saluted many unexpected beauties. This ineffable experience, lived through under the shadow of death, was the flower of man’s whole being. But I can tell nothing of it, save that when it was over we possessed, even as individuals, a new peace, in which, strangely but harmoniously, were blended grief, exaltation, and god-like laughter.
In consequence of this racial experience we found ourselves faced with two tasks which had not before been contemplated. The one referred to the future, the other to the past.
In respect of the future, we are now setting about the forlorn task of disseminating among the stars the seeds of a new humanity. For this purpose we shall make use of the pressure of radiation from the sun, and chiefly the extravagantly potent radiation that will later be available. We are hoping to devise extremely minute electro-magnetic “wave-systems,” akin to normal protons and electrons, which will be individually capable of sailing forward upon the hurricane of solar radiation at a speed not wholly incomparable with the speed of light itself. This is a difficult task. But, further, these units must be so cunningly inter-related that, in favourable conditions, they may tend to combine to form spores of life, and to develop, not indeed into human beings, but into lowly organisms with a definite evolutionary bias toward the essentials of human nature. These objects we shall project from beyond our atmosphere in immense quantities at certain points of our planet’s orbit, so that solar radiation may carry them toward the most promising regions of the galaxy. The chance that any of them will survive to reach their destination is small, and still smaller the chance that any of them will find a suitable environment. But if any of this human seed should fall upon good ground, it will embark, we hope, upon a somewhat rapid biological evolution, and produce in due season whatever complex organic forms are possible in its environment. It will have a very real physiological bias toward the evolution of intelligence. Indeed it will have a much greater bias in that direction than occurred on the Earth in those sub-vital atomic groupings from which terrestrial life eventually sprang.
It is just conceivable, then, that by extremely good fortune man may still influence the future of this galaxy, not directly but through his creature. But in the vast music of existence the actual theme of mankind now ceases for ever. Finished, the long reiterations of man’s history; defeated, the whole proud enterprise of his maturity. The stored experience of many mankinds must sink into oblivion, and today’s wisdom must vanish.
The other task which occupies us, that which relates to the past, is one which may very well seem to you nonsensical.
We have long been able to enter into past minds and participate in their experience. Hitherto we have been passive spectators merely, but recently we have acquired the power of influencing past minds. This seems an impossibility; for a past event is what it is, and how can it conceivably be altered at a subsequent date, even in the minutest respect?
Now it is true that past events are what they are, irrevocably; but in certain cases some feature of a past event may depend on an event in the far future. The past event would never have been as it actually was (and is, eternally), if there had not been going to be a certain future event, which, though not contemporaneous with the past event, influences it directly in the sphere of eternal being. The passage of events is real, and time is the successiveness of passing events; but though events have passage, they have also eternal being. And in certain rare cases mental events far separated in time determine one another directly by way of eternity.
Our own minds have often been profoundly influenced by direct inspection of past minds; and now we find that certain events of certain past minds are determined by present events in our own present minds. No doubt there are some past mental events which are what they are by virtue of mental processes which we shall perform but have not yet performed.
Our historians and psychologists, engaged on direct inspection of past minds, had often complained of certain “singular” points in past minds, where the ordinary laws of psychology fail to give a full explanation of the course of mental events; where, in fact, some wholly unknown influence seemed to be at work. Later it was found that, in some cases at least, this disturbance of the ordinary principles of psychology corresponded with certain thoughts or desires in the mind of the observer, living in our own age. Of course, only such matters as could have significance to the past mind could influence it at all. Thoughts and desires of ours which have no meaning to the particular past individual fail to enter into his experience. New ideas and new values are only to be introduced by arranging familiar matter so that it may gain a new significance. Nevertheless we now found ourselves in possession of an amazing power of communicating with the past, and contributing to its thought and action, though of course we could not alter it.
But, it may he asked, what if, in respect of a particular “singularity” in some past mind, we do not, after all, choose to provide the necessary influence to account for it? The question is meaningless. There is no possibility that we should not choose to influence those past minds which are, as a matter of fact, dependent on our influence. For it is in the sphere of eternity (wherein alone we meet past minds), that we really make this free choice. And in the sphere of time, though the choosing has relations with our modern age, and may be said to occur in that age, it also has relations with the past mind, and may be said to have occurred also long ago.
There are in some past minds singularities which are not the product of any influence that we have exerted today. Some of these singularities, no doubt, we shall ourselves produce on some occasion before our destruction. But it may be that some are due to an influence other than ours, perhaps to beings which, by good fortune, may spring long hence from our forlorn seminal enterprise; or they may be due perhaps to the cosmic mind, whose future occurrence and eternal existence we earnestly desire. However that may be, there are a few remarkable minds, scattered up and down past ages and even in the most primitive human races, which suggest an influence other than our own. They are so “singular” in one respect or another, that we cannot give a perfectly clear psychological account of them in terms of the past only; and yet we ourselves are not the instigators of their singularity. Your Jesus, your Socrates, your Gautama, show traces of this uniqueness. But the most original of all were too eccentric to have any influence on their contemporaries. It is possible that in ourselves also there are “singularities” which cannot be accounted for wholly in terms of ordinary biological and psychological laws. If we could prove that this is the case, we should have very definite evidence of the occurrence of a high order of mentality somewhere in the future, and therefore of its eternal existence. But hitherto this problem has proved too subtle for us, even in the racial mode. It may be that the mere fact that we have succeeded in attaining racial mentality involves some remote future influence. It is even conceivable that every creative advance that any mind has ever made involves unwitting co-operation with the cosmic mind which, perhaps, will awake at some date before the End.
We have two methods of influencing the past through past individuals; for we can operate either upon minds of great originality and power, or upon any average individual whose circumstances happen to suit our purpose. In original minds we can only suggest some very vague intuition, which is then “worked up” by the individual himself into some form very different from that which we intended, but very potent as a factor in the culture of his age. Average minds, on the other hand, we can use as passive instruments for the conveyance of detailed ideas. But in such cases the individual is incapable of working up the material into a great and potent form, suited to his age.
But what is it, you may ask, that we seek to contribute to the past? We seek to afford intuitions of truth and of value, which, though easy to us from our point of vantage, would be impossible to the unaided past. We seek to help the past to make the best of itself, just as one man may help another. We seek to direct the attention of past individuals and past races to truths and beauties which, though implicit in their experience, would otherwise be overlooked.
We seek to do this for two reasons. Entering into past minds, we become perfectly acquainted with them, and cannot but love them; and so we desire to help them. By influencing selected individuals, we seek to influence indirectly great multitudes. But our second motive is very different. We see the career of Man in his successive planetary homes as a process of very great beauty. It is far indeed from the perfect; but it is very beautiful, with the beauty of tragic art. Now it turns out that this beautiful thing entails our operation at various points in the past. Therefore we will to operate.
Unfortunately our first inexperienced efforts were disastrous. Many of the fatuities which primitive minds in all ages have been prone to attribute to the influence of disembodied spirits, whether deities, fiends, or the dead, are but the gibberish which resulted from our earliest experiments. And this book, so admirable in our conception, has issued from the brain of the writer, your contemporary, in such disorder as to be mostly rubbish.
We are concerned with the past not only in so far as we make very rare contributions to it, but chiefly in two other manners.
First, we are engaged upon the great enterprise of becoming lovingly acquainted with the past, the human past, in every detail. This is, so to speak, our supreme act of filial piety. When one being comes to know and love another, a new and beautiful thing is created, namely the love. The cosmos is thus far and at that date enhanced. We seek then to know and love every past mind that we can enter. In most cases we can know them with far more understanding than they can know themselves. Not the least of them, not the worst of them, shall be left out of this great work of understanding and admiration.
There is another manner in which we are concerned with the human past. We need its help. For we, who are triumphantly reconciled to our fate, are under obligation to devote our last energies not to ecstatic contemplation but to a forlorn and most uncongenial task, the dissemination. This task is almost intolerably repugnant to us. Gladly would we spend our last days in embellishing our community and our culture, and in pious exploration of the past. But it is incumbent on us, who are by nature artists and philosophers, to direct the whole attention of our world upon the arid labour of designing an artificial human seed, producing it in immense quantities, and projecting it among the stars. If there is to be any possibility of success, we must undertake a very lengthy program of physical research, and finally organize a world-wide system of manufacture. The work will not be completed until our physical constitution is already being undermined, and the disintegration of our community has already begun. Now we could never fulfil this policy without a zealous conviction of its importance. Here it is that the past can help us. We, who have now learnt so thoroughly the supreme art of ecstatic fatalism, go humbly to the past to learn over again that other supreme achievement of the spirit, loyalty to the forces of life embattled against the forces of death. Wandering among the heroic and often forlorn ventures of the past, we are fired once more with primitive zeal. Thus, when we return to our own world, we are able, even while we preserve in our hearts the peace that passeth understanding, to struggle as though we cared only for victory.
I am speaking to you now from a period about twenty thousand terrestrial years after the date at which the whole preceding part of this book was communicated. It has become very difficult to reach you, and still more difficult to speak to you; for already the Last Men are not the men they were.
Our two great undertakings are still unfinished. Much of the human past remains imperfectly explored, and the projection of the seed is scarcely begun. That enterprise has proved far more difficult than was expected. Only within the last few years have we succeeded in designing an artificial human dust capable of being carried forward on the sun’s radiation, hardy enough to endure the conditions of a transgalactic voyage of many millions of years, and yet intricate enough to bear the potentiality of life and of spiritual development. We are now preparing to manufacture this seminal matter in great quantities, and to cast it into space at suitable points on the planet’s orbit.
Some centuries have now passed since the sun began to show the first symptoms of disintegration, namely a slight change of colour toward the blue, followed by a definite increase of brightness and heat. Today, when he pierces the ever-thickening cloud, he smites us with an intolerable steely brilliance which destroys the sight of anyone foolish enough to face it. Even in the cloudy weather which is now normal, the eye is wounded by the fierce violet glare. Eye-troubles afflict us all, in spite of the special glasses which have been designed to protect us. The mere heat, too, is already destructive. We are forcing our planet outward from its old orbit in an everwidening spiral; but, do what we will, we cannot prevent the climate from becoming more and more deadly, even at the poles. The intervening regions have already been deserted. Evaporation of the equatorial oceans has thrown the whole atmosphere into tumult, so that even at the poles we are tormented by hot wet hurricanes and incredible electric storms. These have already shattered most of our great buildings, sometimes burying a whole teeming province under an avalanche of tumbled vitreous crags.
Our two polar communities at first managed to maintain radio communication; but it is now some time since we of the south received news of the more distressed north. Even with us the situation is already desperate. We had recently established some hundreds of stations for the dissemination, but less than a score have been able to operate. This failure is due mainly to an increasing lack of personnel. The deluge of fantastic solar radiation has had disastrous effect on the human organism. Epidemics of a malignant tumour, which medical science has failed to conquer, have reduced the southern people to a mere remnant, and this in spite of the migration of the tropical races into the Antarctic. Each of us, moreover, is but the wreckage of his former self. The higher mental functions, attained only in the most developed human species, are already lost or disordered, through the breakdown of their special tissues. Not only has the racial mind vanished, but the sexual groups have lost their mental unity. Three of the sub-sexes have already been exterminated by derangement of their chemical nature. Glandular troubles, indeed, have unhinged many of us with anxieties and loathings which we cannot conquer, though we know them to be unreasonable. Even the normal power of “telepathic” communication has become so unreliable that we have been compelled to fall back upon the archaic practice of vocal symbolism. Exploration of the past is now confined to specialists, and is a dangerous profession, which may lead to disorders of temporal experience.
Degeneration of the higher neural centres has also brought about in us a far more serious and deep-seated trouble, namely a general spiritual degradation which would formerly have seemed impossible, so confident were we of our integrity. The perfectly dispassionate will had been for many millions of years universal among us, and the corner-stone of our whole society and culture. We had almost forgotten that it has a physiological basis, and that if that basis were undermined, we might no longer be capable of rational conduct. But, drenched for some thousands of years by the unique stellar radiation, we have gradually lost not only the ecstasy of dispassionate worship, but even the capacity for normal disinterested behaviour. Every one is now liable to an irrational bias in favour of himself as a private person, as against his fellows. Personal envy, uncharitableness, even murder and gratuitous cruelty, formerly unknown amongst us, are now becoming common. At first when men began to notice in themselves these archaic impulses, they crushed them with amused contempt. But as the highest nerve centres fell further into decay, the brute in us began to be ever more unruly, and the human more uncertain. Rational conduct was henceforth to be achieved only after an exhausting and degrading “moral struggle,” instead of spontaneously and fluently. Nay, worse, increasingly often the struggle ended not in victory but defeat. Imagine then, the terror and disgust that gripped us when we found ourselves one and all condemned to a desperate struggle against impulses which we had been accustomed to regard as insane. It is distressing enough to know that each one of us might at any moment, merely to help some dear individual or other, betray his supreme duty toward the dissemination; but it is harrowing to discover ourselves sometimes so far sunk as to be incapable even of common loving-kindness toward our neighbours. For a man to favour himself against his friend or beloved, even in the slightest respect, was formerly unknown. But today many of us are haunted by the look of amazed horror and pity in the eyes of an injured friend.
In the early stages of our trouble lunatic asylums were founded, but they soon became over-crowded and a burden on a stricken community. The insane were then killed. But it became clear that by former standards we were all insane. No man now can trust himself to behave reasonably.
And, of course, we cannot trust each other. Partly through the prevalent irrationality of desire, and partly through the misunderstandings which have come with the loss of “telepathic” communication, we have been plunged into all manner of discords. A political constitution and system of laws had to be devised, but they seem to have increased our troubles. Order of a kind is maintained by an over-worked police force. But this is in the hands of the professional organizers, who have now all the vices of bureaucracy. It was largely through their folly that two of the antarctic nations broke into social revolution, and are now preparing to meet the armament which an insane world-government is devising for their destruction. Meanwhile, through the break-down of the economic order, and the impossibility of reaching the food-factories on Jupiter, starvation is added to our troubles, and has afforded to certain ingenious lunatics the opportunity of trading at the expense of others.
All this folly in a doomed world, and in a community that was yesterday the very flower of a galaxy! Those of us who still care for the life of the spirit are tempted to regret that mankind did not choose decent suicide before ever the putrescence began. But indeed this could not be. The task that was undertaken had to be completed. For the Scattering of the Seed has come to be for every one of us the supreme religious duty. Even those who continually sin against it recognize this as the last office of man. It was for this that we outstayed our time, and must watch ourselves decline from spiritual estate into that brutishness from which man has so seldom freed himself.
Yet why do we persist in the forlorn effort? Even if by good luck the seed should take root somewhere and thrive, there will surely come an end to its adventure, if not swiftly in fire, then in the ultimate battle of life against encroaching frost. Our labour will at best sow for death an ampler harvest. There seems no rational defence of it, unless it be rational to carry out blindly a purpose conceived in a former and more enlightened state.
But we cannot feel sure that we really were more enlightened. We look back now at our former selves, with wonder, but also with incomprehension and misgiving. We try to recall the glory that seemed to be revealed to each of us in the racial mind, but we remember almost nothing of it. We cannot rise even to that more homely beatitude which was once within the reach of the unaided individual, that serenity which, it seemed, should be the spirit’s answer to every tragic event. It is gone from us. It is not only impossible but inconceivable. We now see our private distresses and the public calamity as merely hideous. That after so long a struggle into maturity man should be roasted alive like a trapped mouse, for the entertainment of a lunatic! How can any beauty lie in that?
But this is not our last word to you. For though we have fallen, there is still something in us left over from the time that is passed. We have become blind and weak; but the knowledge that we are so has forced us to a great effort. Those of us who have not already sunk too far have formed themselves into a brotherhood for mutual strengthening, so that the true human spirit may be maintained a little longer, until the seed has been well sown, and death be permissible. We call ourselves the Brotherhood of the Condemned. We seek to be faithful to one another, and to our common undertaking, and to the vision which is no longer revealed. We are vowed to the comforting of all distressed persons who are not yet permitted death. We are vowed also to the dissemination. And we are vowed to keep the spirit bright until the end.
Now and again we meet together in little groups or great companies to hearten ourselves with one another’s presence. Sometimes on these occasions we can but sit in silence, groping for consolation and for strength. Sometimes the spoken word flickers hither and thither amongst us, shedding a brief light but little warmth to the soul that lies freezing in a torrid world.
But there is among us one, moving from place to place and company to company, whose voice all long to hear. He is young, the last born of the Last Men; for he was the latest to be conceived before we learned man’s doom, and put an end to all conceiving. Being the latest, he is also the noblest. Not him alone, but all his generation, we salute, and look to for strength; but he, the youngest, is different from the rest. In him the spirit, which is but the flesh awakened into spirituality, has power to withstand the tempest of solar energy longer than the rest of us. It is as though the sun itself were eclipsed by this spirit’s brightness. It is as though in him at last, and for a day only, man’s promise were fulfilled. For though, like others, he suffers in the flesh, he is above his suffering. And though more than the rest of us he feels the suffering of others, he is above his pity. In his comforting there is a strange sweet raillery which can persuade the sufferer to smile at his own pain. When this youngest brother of ours contemplates with us our dying world and the frustration of all man’s striving, he is not, like us, dismayed, but quiet. In the presence of such quietness despair wakens into peace. By his reasonable speech, almost by the mere sound of his voice, our eyes are opened, and our hearts mysteriously filled with exultation. Yet often his words are grave.
Let his words, not mine, close this story:
Great are the stars, and man is of no account to them. But man is a fair spirit, whom a star conceived and a star kills. He is greater than those bright blind companies. For though in them there is incalculable potentiality, in him there is achievement, small, but actual. Too soon, seemingly, he comes to his end. But when he is done he will not be nothing, not as though he had never been; for he is eternally a beauty in the eternal form of things.
Man was winged hopefully. He had in him to go further than this short flight, now ending. He proposed even that he should become the Flower of All Things, and that he should learn to be the All–Knowing, the All–Admiring. Instead, he is to be destroyed. He is only a fledgling caught in a bush-fire. He is very small, very simple, very little capable of insight. His knowledge of the great orb of things is but a fledgling’s knowledge. His admiration is a nestling’s admiration for the things kindly to his own small nature. He delights only in food and the food-announcing call. The music of the spheres passes over him, through him, and is not heard.
Yet it has used him. And now it uses his destruction. Great, and terrible, and very beautiful is the Whole; and for man the best is that the Whole should use him.
But does it really use him? Is the beauty of the Whole really enhanced by our agony? And is the Whole really beautiful? And what is beauty?* Throughout all his existence man has been striving to hear the music of the spheres, and has seemed to himself once and again to catch some phrase of it, or even a hint of the whole form of it. Yet he can never be sure that he has truly heard it, nor even that there is any such perfect music at all to be heard. Inevitably so, for if it exists, it is not for him in his littleness.
But one thing is certain. Man himself, at the very least, is music, a brave theme that makes music also of its vast accompaniment, its matrix of storms and stars. Man himself in his degree is eternally a beauty in the eternal form of things. It is very good to have been man. And so we may go forward together with laughter in our hearts, and peace, thankful for the past, and for our own courage. For we shall make after all a fair conclusion to this brief music that is man.
This web edition published by:
The University of Adelaide Library
University of Adelaide
South Australia 5005
Last updated Monday, December 22, 2014 at 10:54
|
<urn:uuid:bc57a24b-9632-4aa6-a263-2d22204ce9ac>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-11
|
https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/stapledon/olaf/last/chapter16.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463676.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00224-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.974829
| 7,070
| 2.859375
| 3
|
This chapter reviews the behavioral ecology of aggression at the individual, population, and species levels, and identifies areas where lizards could be a suitable model system for addressing the influence of aggression on fitness more broadly. It describes aggression, patterns of aggressive behavior in lizards, and how studies of lizards have contributed to animal behavior theory more broadly. The chapter explains the mechanisms that underlie aggression and the emergence of aggression during development. It also reviews the evolutionary function of aggression in different contexts, including natural selection, sexual selection and social selection. The chapter discusses the potential implications of aggression for the ecological and evolutionary trajectory of populations. The influence of lateralization on aggression in lizards is, however, greatly understudied, and has the potential to contribute to researchers’ general understanding of lateralization more broadly. Research has demonstrated a positive association between elaborate aggressive displays and complex social structure.
|Title of host publication||Behavior of lizards|
|Subtitle of host publication||evolutionary and mechanistic perspectives|
|Editors||Vincent L. Bels, Anthony P. Russell|
|Place of Publication||Boca Raton, FL|
|Publisher||CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group|
|Number of pages||31|
|Publication status||Published - 2019|
|
<urn:uuid:00db98b2-9f73-46bd-aef3-470842edfea6>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://researchers.mq.edu.au/en/publications/behavioral-ecology-of-aggressive-behavior-in-lizards
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649348.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603233121-20230604023121-00308.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.832417
| 325
| 3.046875
| 3
|
Skip to 0 minutes and 8 secondsIn this video, we will examine the changing role of Lancaster Castle as a tourist and heritage attraction. Prior to the 20th century, visitors had flocked to the castle to view the public executions. Perhaps 6,000 at a time. But after 1868, when public executions were abolished, visitors continued to come to view the castle itself. From the 19th century, visitors could tour the castle taking in such sights as the courts and keep, the chapel, the dungeons, the drop room, the Shire Hall, Hadrian's tower, and the astounding views over the surrounding countryside from the roof. By the middle of the 20th century, nearly 45,000 adults and children visited the castle. By 1977, visitor figures had risen to over 55,000.
Skip to 1 minute and 4 secondsThis is the magnificent Shire Hall. The Shields on its walls stand as testament to the interest in capturing and representing the castle's history from its earliest records to the present day. Mr. Edward Dawson was Constable of Lancaster Castle from November 1908. He commissioned John Gilchrist to make shields for all high sheriffs, constables, and sovereigns. Indeed, the royal shields stretching back to the first known sheriff in 1129. Gilchrist continued this work until his death in 1952. His last commission was for Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. Here's an example of a more recent shield designed for Eric Jones, who was a retired electricity board engineer and Constable of Lancaster Castle from 1998 to 2004.
Skip to 2 minutes and 0 secondsIn some contexts the contrasting roles of the castle as a heritage attraction and as a functioning prison complemented each other. Following the Festival of Britain in 1951, for example, the castle was floodlit without any objections being raised. Throughout this period, tour guides had to find a balance between bringing the history to life while avoiding shocking visitors with overly graphic details of the castle's past or indeed current use. Very occasionally visitors complained of the gusto with which guides described the number of death sentences meted out at the castle. Their horror at seeing Jane Scott's chair or of being told the sordid details of current criminal cases. Christopher Tinmouth is a current tour guide here.
Skip to 2 minutes and 52 secondsWe're trying to act as a service for educating the people of all ages and all backgrounds, which enter within the four walls of this magnificent building. The Keep definitely is the most complex medieval monument, not just in the castle but I'd say in the whole of Lancashire. It's a split Keep, very much like the Tower of London. It would have taken an immense amount of men, materials, time, resources to construct. I would have to say the old prison cells are definitely one of my highlights on the tour. I kind of like the experience of locking people in an old prison cell and to put themselves into the mindset of times past.
Skip to 3 minutes and 33 secondsDespite all the changes, Lancaster Castle has been preserved to a remarkable degree. Protected, perhaps, by the fact that it was a prison for so much of its recent history. Duchy approval was required for any significant alterations, such as the addition or removal of window bars. And was clearly dependent on whether any changes were superficial and readily reversible. Nonetheless, this was and remains an expensive and challenging site to maintain. Dry rot, wet rot, unsafe areas, and modernisation of gas, electricity, or water supplies was seldom straightforward or cheap issues to address. The most recent work has shown how the castle is adaptable and full of potential.
Skip to 4 minutes and 23 secondsFormer prison cells are being transformed and major work is being carried out to restore roofs and masonry. How do you put a price on history? In 1971 the totally insured value of the castle was £403,000. But it is hard to believe that that figure comes anywhere close to reflecting the significance of the castle and what we can still learn from it.
Lancaster Castle as a tourist attraction
As we know by now, Lancaster Castle has always attracted visitors as well having diverse residents.
Watch this video to think about its identity as a tourist attraction and heritage site.
Which factors from past or present will do most to determine the future of the Castle?
© Lancaster University
|
<urn:uuid:db1306d3-107b-416b-954e-a11044fc8db2>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-35
|
https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/lancaster-castle/0/steps/56875
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317359.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822194105-20190822220105-00472.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968269
| 880
| 2.890625
| 3
|
We make errors. When we write, speak, or communicate, we make errors in communication, it is inevitable. Our errors can manifest in poor grammar choices, poor pronunciation, or poor conversations. And these errors occur rather frequently; for example, autocorrect errors have become a cultural joke because, although autocorrect can predict the correct word, it frequently chooses words unsuitable for the particular conversation. Nearly everyone has experienced an autocorrect error. Yet, despite these errors in communication, we are able to comprehend one another nonetheless. How come?
The answer, as a discourse theorist would argue, is due to a few fundamental features that characterize human social interaction. We will discuss each one at a time, starting with cohesion.
Uncles, cousins, and aunts; these all get at the essence of cohesion. That is, all three are related to one another, not just biologically, but semantically. Cohesion refers to overall relatedness. For example:
Jack shot a 3 pointer and scored, but he also tromboned the player guarding him.
Clearly, the feature that lacks cohesiveness is “trombone,” and so we assume an error has been made; indeed, some of us may have already replaced “tromboned” with “elbowed”. The discourse was evidently about basketball, so “tromboned” fails to cohere.
Cohesion not only tells us when to recognize something as an error, but it also tells us something about the types of discourses we are involved in. For example:
Speaker 1: Can you tell me my grade?
Speaker 2: 88%, well done, Jack.
Speaker 1: Great, see you, next class!
Right away, we can assign roles to the discourse agents; that is, speaker 1 is a student and speaker 2 is a teacher. The semantic properties, in addition to learning through experience, inform us of these roles because students and teachers use language in that manner. Their phrase selections cohere with certain types of roles, and their word selections within those phrases also cohere to the role. It would be odd to walk-up to a teacher and say, “can you sell me some Jade”. Primarily because the phrase lacks cohesion.
Speaker 1: Can you get that
Speaker 2: its taco Tuesday
Speaker 1: Okay
Reading this certainly seems odd, but I suspect some of you could fit this into a real-life event. That is, when we talk about coherence, which is different from cohesion, we are necessarily talking about how to fit words into concrete scenes. Some conversations, when removed from their environment, are absolutely bonkers. But, thanks to our brains, we can place them back into context.
So, if context impacts the meaning of language, then coherence would be the process of fitting language into its appropriate context. We constantly try and fit phrases into appropriate environments, and we do so not only with literal phrases but also with abstract phrases as well.
Speaker 1: Our relationship is at a dead-end
Speaker 2: So should we go our own ways?
The important difference with the abstract language, however, is that we are mapping experiential meanings onto physical environments. That is, we characterize the meaning of a relationship with the physical characteristics of something like a Journey; hence, “our love is at a dead-end”. So, when we place words into their appropriate physical environment, we do not always make literal connections.
When it comes to the linguistic content, there are evidently extra-linguistic variables involved with understanding the content; culture, psychology, and context all play an important role. However, some of these extra-linguistic variables also influence our interpretation of language far before we ever hear or read phrases.
How do you react when someone approaches you and says, “I’m going to give you an F”. Well, if you are a human being, then it depends on who uttered the phrase. If it was your relationship partner, then it might be interpreted positively. If it were a professor, then it would be interpreted negatively, I hope.
Social statuses prime us to think in a certain way about utterances. That is, social status primes influence how we filter the world. For example, in the notoriously dank meme “toucha my spaghet” , the father of the family utters “somebody touch my spaghet”. The entire family takes this utterance seriously. However, if the youngest child were to make precisely the same utterance, it has a higher probability of being dismissed or taken less seriously. By the same token, when younger monkeys make warning calls, they are taken less seriously than the older members. The logic being, the older members have proven their reliability.
Even furthermore, when we think about our own social circles, we can see the impact that status has on meaning. That is, some utterances are acceptable amongst our friends that would otherwise be unacceptable to say: namely, phrases involving cuss-words like “b*tch,” “c*nt nugget,” or, the classic, “mother f*cker”. If we were to use these phrases to denote law enforcement, like we do friends, while in a discussion with law enforcement, the meaning would be far from benign.
The Influence of Influence
The story being told by our discussion on discourse is that expectation impacts linguistic interaction rather significantly. We have begun to expect a network of words to show up when certain topics or phrases are brought up; for example, when people mention Donald Trump, words like “president,” are more relevant than words like, “spaghet”. That being because an association between “president” and “trump” has been developed through Pavlovian conditioning, whereas “Trump” and “spaghet” have yet to be semantically paired.
On top of the semantic expectation, there is a context expectation; meaning, some phrases can violate or agree with the expectations we have for certain physical contexts. Consider, if someone yelled, “throw the puck,” at a hockey game, it would be odd; only because the phrase violates the expectations for that context, and so the phrase fails to cohere.
And lastly, we can expect different utterances and phrases from those with specific social statuses, and we can have words which contain a unique meaning for certain social relationships. When I am speaking with a police officer, I’d be caught off-guard if he or she spoke in memes rather than in a professional manner. In addition, social statuses may alter the meaning of a phrase or utterance; for example, cuss-words become more benign when used with friends than with strangers.
Therefore, discourse, to some extent, can be explained by a series of compartmentalized top-down cognitions. We’ve learned to have nuanced expectations based on social status, coherence, and cohesion. This also means our language processing capacities depend on more than just linguistic devices; meaning, the perceptual-recognition process for a friend would more than likely call upon the fusiform-face-area, the recognition of cohesion would more than likely call upon the association cortex, and the recognition of coherence would more than likely call upon the para-hippocampus. Language processing, thus, cannot be localized to a few structures within the brain but instead would be distributed throughout.
🔴Social Media Accounts:
|
<urn:uuid:a62185c7-cfca-4946-afef-83ae1081f368>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-18
|
https://ideasinhat.com/2018/02/11/discourse-analysis-introduction/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527135.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419041415-20190419063415-00402.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952094
| 1,589
| 3.421875
| 3
|
Take advantage of our mailing list to get exclusive offers and notifications before the crowd.
Botanical name: Pinus tabulaeformis
Common name: Chinese red pine
Literal name translation: pine knots
Family: Pinaceae, pine family
Part used in Chinese medicine: branch nodes
Major Chinese medicine actions:
Disperses wind damp obstruction, alleviates pain
The pine tree is a favorite subject in both Chinese literature and art, and together with bamboo and the plum tree, is considered one of the “Three Friends of Winter”. It is regarded as a symbol of longevity, endurance, and dignified old age, and is therefore planted in many gardens and on temple grounds. Because the tree survives for many centuries, it is likened to a “dragon amongst lesser creatures” (Barnhart, 1972) with bark that is compared to dragon scales and roots that are like claws enabling it to grow and cling to mountain precipices.
Song Jie, translated as “pine knots”, is the wood knots or nodes of the Chinese red pine that is native to northern China, Inner Mongolia and northern Korea. In modern times it is uncommon find the tree in cultivation outside of China, and it is grown primarily in botanical gardens. It reaches 50-70 feet tall and has a very broad spreading shape, hence the scientific name tabuliformis, meaning “table-shaped”. The long horizontal limbs of these old pines can reach 30 feel long and often require support as in the first photo above.
Growing and Propagation
Pines generally grow in any well-drained soil and prefer full sun. They can be propagated by seed in containers in a cold frame through the winter, then planted in the ground in spring. The Chinese red pine is fast growing and conical-shaped when young, then slow growing and flat-topped as it gets older. Needles are gray-green and the bark is scaly, red-brown and fissured. It is hardy in USDA zones 5 to 7.
Harvesting and Preparation
The branch nodes can be collected at any time of the year, usually taken from trees that have been cut or fallen, but also from knotty pine wood at lumber yards. They are generally used without any special preparation, but may be soaked or steamed, then cut and dried in the sun. For medicinal use, the best quality Song Jie are large knots, reddish brown in color, having high oil content.
|
<urn:uuid:604dddbc-305c-4d32-90b8-0ec0d67c919c>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-31
|
https://www.jadeinstitute.com/song-jie-pinus-tabulaeformis/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154053.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731043043-20210731073043-00004.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943783
| 519
| 3.1875
| 3
|
|3dRender.com : Glossary : Fresnel Effect|
Fresnel Effect (pronounced "fre-nel," the "s" is silent) - the observation that the amount of reflectance you see on a surface depends on the viewing angle. As shown in the renders above, if you look straight down from above at a pool of water, you will not see very much reflected light on the surface of the pool, and can see down through the surface to the bottom of the pool. At a glancing angle (looking with your eye level with the water, from the edge of the water surface), you will see much more specularity and reflections on the water surface, and might not be able to see what's under the water.
Fresnel Shaders in general allow reflection, specularity, and other attributes to vary according to the viewing angle of a 3D surface. A Fresnel shader will let you specify a specular color for parts of a surface directly facing the camera, and another specular color to be seen on parts of a surface that are perpendicular to the camera. In addition to the usual specular highlights and reflectivity, parameters such as the color or transparency can also be controlled by some Fresnel shaders.
The Fresnel Effect was first documented by the French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel (1788-1827), who advanced the wave theory of light through a study of how light was transmitted and propagated by different objects. In addition to the Fresnel Effect, Augustin-Jean Fresnel is also known as the inventor of the Fresnel Lens, which is still used in lighthouses around the world, and is used in film production on a Fresnel Light.
Source: Digital Lighting & Rendering by Jeremy Birn, definition and 3D images adapted from the book by permission. This page © 2001 by Jeremy Birn.
|
<urn:uuid:15905e18-8e60-4cdc-88f1-03aee7abc68e>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-18
|
http://www.3drender.com/glossary/fresneleffect.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246654687.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045734-00086-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.932399
| 386
| 3.9375
| 4
|
Highlighted text popups only work with CSS compliant browsers like IE5 and Netscape6 (or higher).
One of the most apparent of Rome's continuing influences on today's society exists in the governmental structure and legal system in use in much of the western world. The Roman law as codified by Gaius during the Flavian emperors is today the basis for most European legal systems and laws. In this system, all laws are listed by crimes in one or more books. In England and the United States a variation of the Roman law called Common Law,is used. The judgment and punishments are based on precedent, on rulings that previous judges and juries have made. Where we see Latin influence most in the legal system of the United States is in the language of the courts.
Most early civilizations were ruled by custom or the arbitrary judgments of kings or priests Laws and the punishments for not following the laws were at the whim of the ruler. However, in 450 BC, after a revolt of plebs who felt they were entitled to know and be able to interpret the code of laws, the Twelve Tables were established. A ten-man commission with extraordinary powers, decemviri legibus scribundis, set forth the basis of law for all Roman citizens. It was a complete ius civile. These tables covered all areas of the law emphasizing the procedure that was to be followed for various crimes. They made the law open and applicable, supposedly, to all citizens but those with wealth generally found ways to escape judgment. The laws of the Twelve Tables were never repealed but some fell into disuse as the centuries passed. We, too, have some laws still on the books but not practiced. In Kentucky, for example, it is illegal to carry an ice cream cone in one's pocket!
One must keep in mind the extent of time covered by Rome's republic and empire. About 160 AD, about 600 years after the establishment of the Twelve Tables, a jurist named Gaius wrote about Roman laws. About 400 years later the Emperor Justinian engaged jurists to create a complete compilation of Roman laws. Thus we know much of what the law was, but we have limited knowledge of the application of these laws, especially with regard to women, the lower classes, or peoples outside of Rome. We know some of the application of laws to members of the upper classes but again do not know to what extent bribery and corruption altered the course of justice. This is due to the fact that most of our knowledge comes from upper class males.
Citizenship was exclusive and the Roman Empire was marked by strong class distinctions. The wealthy had control of most of the legal customs prior to the establishment of the Twelve Tables and they kept their influence in the Roman courts. Quaestiones perpetuae ("standing jury courts") basically comprised the criminal courts of the late Republic. There were several of these courts, each one dealing with a different statutory offense. The large juries were drawn from a list of upper class citizens and ruled by majority vote. The option of appeal did not become available until after Augustus's rule.
Crime, especially violent crime, increased during the Punic wars as the lower class population, forced from their small farms by the large farm owners, swelled the population there. Slaves were brought to Rome as a consequence of the wars as well, creating mass unemployment amongst the people. Idleness too led to the increase of crimes. Anyone accused of a crime could be brought in front of the praetor urbanus by his accuser. This dispute could also be settled by a junior magistrate. In either case, the punishment, we think, was severe.
Not much has been written about punishments of the lower class folk. Crimes such as false witness, adultery and counterfeiting were punished with the death penalty. Less serious crimes were punished in a policy of "an eye for an eye". The death penalty was enforced by burying alive, throwing from a cliff or burning the guilty one. Executions were even ordered for possession of weapons with criminal intent or for possession of poison. (Think how lucky Americans are to be protected by our constitution from "cruel and unusual punishment.") Such strict punishment was generally only enforced on criminals of the lower class. Members of the senatorial and equestrian classes were generally exiled for a given time (food and water forbidden within a given distance of Rome) and their property confiscated. Plebeians were scourged or sent to work in the mines. During the empire, one could also choose to be sent to the arena. Since scourging and working in the mines often meant a slow lingering death, the choice of the games seemed a kinder solution to some. There is contradictory evidence of whether a citizen could be given a death penalty but, in effect, many of the punishments that members of the lower classes received were a sentence to death. If a Roman citizen were in a province, he was not allowed to be put to death, flogged, tortured or put in chains by verdict of a court in the provinces. If accused of a crime, a citizen could petition to be sent to Rome for his trial. If a crime was significant, the accused could be sent to Rome against his will for a trial. When there seemed no way to avoid a conviction, the accused patrician would commit suicide prior to being brought to trial, thus avoiding both a conviction and the resulting ignominy.
The role of the Roman lawyer was much different than that in the United States. The individual plaintiff and defendant were largely responsible for their own representation. Throughout the proceedings, the lawyer could offer strategic advice and could give a speech on behalf of the client, but he was not allowed to be paid for his services. The lawyer was not trained in the law but in the art of speaking. During their training, they followed the speeches of others and learned of the law in this fashion. Some did record their cases of interest for which we today are grateful. They were all men of means, interested more in practical solutions than in theory, and had other interests, usually working their way up the cursus honorum.
Rules for permitting evidence seem very lax and the court considered the written work or spoken work as legally binding. While it was easy to bring suit against another there were indeed many lawsuits, many of which were frivolous as people were enticed by material rewards when a suit was won. This is one aspect of the Roman courts that unfortunately remains in place still today.
Perhaps the biggest difference between Roman and contemporary legal systems is the use of prisons. Roman prisons were not used to punish criminals. Instead they served only to hold people awaiting trial or execution. Those who disobeyed court magistrates could also be imprisoned. The wealthy were generally held in house arrest at the home of a friend who would guarantee their presence at the trial. Private prisons existed for slaves.
The procedure of a trial differed during the Republic and Empire. In the Republic, any citizen could press charges against another through a patronus as his advocate. The accused had to be present at the nominis delatio. The charge had to be in inscription, signed by the delator and subscriptores and delivered to the praetor who presided over the quaestiones. The delator and subscriptores took an oath swearing they were not bringing false witness. Penalties were assessed against the delator should he or his witnesses lie. The accuser could ask for as many as 48 subscriptores during the inquisitio, all of whom could be questioned and subjected to speeches attacking their credulity. A vote by the jury allowed the praetor to announce the verdict. If the delator won the case, he received a praemium. If he lost, it was thought he had brought a calumnia or praevaricatio and he was fined.
During the Empire professional delators were many because of the monetary rewards that awaited a winner. The senate took on the role of the quaestiones in three criminal courts presided over by the emperor, the consuls, or the prefect of the city. None of these three were subjected to the provocatio ad populum. The following procedures were followed: Postulatio; Nominis delatio by delator with supscriptiones present; consuls summoned the senate to determine whether charges should be heard as one charge or divided; inquisitio; speeches were limited by a water clock; evidence heard; debate and a vote on the verdict ensued. Praetors and propraetors published a list of principles and formulae of their practices in the form of an edict at the beginning of each term. Each could effectively alter the formulae but, in general, the list remained the same. Imagine the amount of work involved should each decide a different set of rules to be in place for only one year.
All this data invites a closer look at some of the punishments handed down:
The death penalty was assigned for crimes of violence, incendiarism, poisoning and theft, for carrying weapons with criminal intent, possession, purchase or sale of poison. If a criminal was caught red-handed or confessed the deed, punishment was inflicted without trial. If he were a reputable citizen and claimed to be not guilty, trial was held before praetor; otherwise, in front of triumvir. An advisory commission in both instances was called consilium to determine the question of guilt.
The Roman legal system indeed is different from the one we follow but we can certainly see parallels. The Latin influence today is more apparent in the vocabulary of the courts.
revised 2005 - Joan Jahnige - KET
|Copyright © 2015, KET|
|
<urn:uuid:e6966291-b41f-4685-a5bb-6ea3c45f346c>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-07
|
http://www.dl.ket.org/latin3/mores/legallatin/legal01.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701156448.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193916-00312-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.984041
| 1,985
| 3.5625
| 4
|
Prevent Inflammation, Disease, Pain without Drugs
You get a splinter in your finger, and you notice that the area where the splinter is lodged gets red, swollen and starts to throb with pain. Or you get a headache — you feel your head “pounding” and can’t think straight from the pain. Or maybe you suffer from arthritis and hate waking up with stiff, aching joints in the morning.
In all of these examples, inflammation is at work, and it’s responsible for the swelling and pain.
Inflammation is also at work in cardiovascular disease, when the blood vessels may get clogged with fats, calcium and other debris, causing them to narrow and restrict blood flow; inflammation is at work in cancers where sections of tissue are becoming injured and diseased. Indeed, inflammation is at work in a great number of chronic illnesses.
From all that, it would be easy to conclude that inflammation is a bad thing for our bodies.
But in truth, inflammation is a good thing: it’s the body’s way of repairing cells that have been damaged, so that they won’t be destroyed. When necessary, as in the case of the infected splinter site, inflammation causes fluid and white blood cells to quickly arrive at the location, surround and isolate the splinter, and kill off bacteria.
What Is Inflammation?
Inflammation is our body’s way of letting us know that a part of that body needs help. If you continually just pop pain pills, you are only masking the underlying problem that’s causing the inflammatory response and the pain, and you are not helping your body get rid of the problem that is causing the pain.
The fact is, when you take medication for pain, whether it’s over-the-counter aspirin, Motrin or Aleve, or prescription Celebrex, you are interfering with the body’s ability to repair itself.
We are by no means saying that it is wrong to ever take pain medication; but aside from possible serious side effects that long-term frequent use of these medicines can produce, it’s important to understand that it is more constructive to find ways to prevent chronic — that is, long-term — inflammation, and manage its resulting pain that way: by eliminating the pain, instead of managing it with drugs.
Doctors explain that there are two types of inflammation: primary and secondary, or chronic.
Primary inflammation has no symptoms and occurs round-the-clock; it removes waste from our cells and repairs cellular wear and tear from daily activity: walking, digesting the foods we eat, or even just breathing. When our bodies are working right, we don’t feel this primary inflammation taking place.
The problem occurs when the primary inflammation pathway is unable to get its job done, due to excessive burdens in the system, such as those caused by cigarette smoking, eating an unhealthy diet, or environmental pollution. At that point, the secondary inflammation pathway goes to work.
Secondary inflammation, more commonly called chronic inflammation, protects damaged areas in the body from fast deterioration, by causing tissues in affected areas to change and adapt to changes occurring at the site. Chronic inflammation may cause pain, swelling and even loss of function; these are all signs that there is a problem in that part of the body.
If a person doesn’t then take measures to address the underlying causes of the problem, the system may be compromised and it can result in chronic conditions such as coronary artery disease, cancer, obesity, diabetes, arthritis, allergies and others.
While taking anti-inflammatory medications may improve a person’s quality of life (such as in some autoimmune conditions where pain is often present), people should not take a casual approach to taking drugs, being that the medicines are in effect suppressing the body’s ability to repair and detoxify itself.
Further, the medications themselves now have to be removed from the body — which will divert body processes toward that toxin removal, instead of letting the body focus on repairing what was wrong with it, in the first place.
When a person is placed on prescription anti-inflammatory medication, their doctor will have them take periodic liver function blood tests. That’s because the same drugs that are preventing inflammation, and therefore reducing symptoms, are also preventing the liver from being able to detoxify itself. Liver cells can then become damaged and produce liver toxicity.
So, What Is the Solution?
If you are someone who suffers from chronic pain or has been diagnosed with cardiovascular disease or any other chronic illness, you may benefit from seeing a health professional who takes an integrative approach to medicine. This doctor may order lab tests, get information about your diet, your lifestyle habits and other environmental influences that could uncover the reason or reasons for your health problem. After all, a body doesn’t just become sick for no reason.
Our bodies are unbelievably complex and resilient; but we need to “meet them half way” — continually do things that will promote good health, and not disease. The healthiest way to eliminate inflammation, then, is not by taking medications, but by eliminating the body’s need to be in a chronic state of inflammation.
Lifestyle Habits that Will Promote Good Health and Discourage Chronic Inflammation
There are “no brainer” and less-common solutions to keeping chronic inflammation down, while promoting overall good health. These are some of the big ones:
- Maintain a healthy weight (getting your body mass index, BMI, a formula of your weight divided by height, will give you a general idea of whether or not your weight is at a healthy level
- Avoid smoking cigarettes or being exposed to secondhand smoke. Cigarette smoke has thousands of toxic chemicals and is linked to cardiovascular disease and cancer
- Don’t abuse alcohol: drink no more than 2 daily drinks for a man, 1 for a woman; that does not mean you can drink all 14 or 7 alcoholic drinks in one day, which constitutes binge-drinking and puts an undue burden on your liver, heart and other organs; a little alcohol may help protect against inflammation, but if you abuse it, it will irritate your system and produce inflammation
- Get a good night’s sleep every night — not just on weekends! Most people need 8 hours of uninterrupted sleep a night, which are necessary for the body to repair the wear and tear from the day’s demands (children need more than 8 hours). While caffeine may help you “fake it,” your body is keeping score: just one night of short sleep is enough to weaken the immune system, until you get caught up. Don’t shortchange yourself on revitalizing, important sleep
- Being physically active: unless your work involves physical activity, health authorities advise adults and children to get exercise as close to daily as possible. The American Heart Association recommends that adults get about two and a half hours a week (30 minutes a day on 5 days) of moderate exercise like brisk walking, or one hour and 15 minutes a week (15 minutes a day on 5 days) of intense physical activity. If you haven’t exercised in a while, you should consult with your doctor before starting an exercise regime, and you’ll want to start out slowly, such as taking a daily 10-minute walk
- Manage stress: whether it’s reading a novel, spending some time in nature, whatever helps you feel relaxed and recharged, take time to do it often
- Avoid too much salt or sodium in your diet (excess sodium in the body promotes inflammation)
- Limit or avoid processed foods with chemical additives; the only way to know what’s in a food is to read the ingredients’ label, or to make it yourself
- Avoid trans fats: this is one additive no one should consume. It goes by the name of “hydrogenated oil” and it’s in most store-bought cookies, cakes, pastries, margarines and some canned soups. Regular consumption of trans fats is strongly linked to cardiovascular disease and excess weight
- Limit refined sugars and/or starches in your diet. Put another way, you want to eat a balanced diet of whole foods that includes a lot of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean meats, low-fat dairy products, and other natural foods such as beans, nuts and seeds. Be sure to include some fish with heart-healthy “Omega” fats (salmon, tuna, mackerel, trout, sardines and others. In the United States, buy Pacific or Alaskan fish when available, which has lower mercury levels than Atlantic fish)
- Get to know and love spices: People in China and India have been using spices to prevent and cure diseases for millennia. Now, American scientists have taken a keen interest in the wide-ranging, powerful benefits of consuming spices, whether they’re fresh or powdered, and added to dishes and desserts, or even taken in supplements. Chief on the list are garlic, turmeric, ginger, oregano, cinnamon, cocoa and many others. Allicin, the active ingredient in garlic, is without compare as a potent antioxidant that helps keep the body’s cells healthy and clean; thus, it does more than its share to prevent many illnesses, including cancers. Curcumin, the active ingredient in turmeric, has powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties; thousands of studies have been done on it in recent times, and it’s credited with improving the health of practically every organ in the body. It helps to fight everything from breast cancer to allergies to Alzheimer’s disease. As for ginger, it, too, has strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, promotes good digestion (70 percent of our immunity is in our guts), and fights stomach upset and nausea. Another excellent spice to get in the habit of eating often, to get or stay healthy.
If you pay attention to the above recommendations, you will not only control chronic inflammation, pain and other discomfort — you will reduce the possibility of getting diseases and conditions common in our modern times, including cardiovascular diseases, many types of cancer, obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure and allergies.
By Cynthia Sanchez. A graduate of the University of Washington, Cynthia has extensive experience writing about health and wellness topics for different media.
|
<urn:uuid:be55b009-8da4-46be-875b-5aa950906377>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-51
|
http://www.natural-health-journals.com/2124/natural-ways-to-reduce-inflammation
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948583808.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216045655-20171216071655-00454.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94291
| 2,157
| 3.3125
| 3
|
Healthy for Life: Keeping Fit - Healthy for Life (Paperback)Anna Claybourne (author)
- Not available
Keeping fit is about keeping your body working well, and avoiding illnesses and injuries. Getting exercise is one of the most important ways to do this, and that's mainly what this book is about. But exercise doesn't just work on its own. There are loads of ways to look after your body, and they all work together. This book is a guide for teens on how to keep fit and healthy.
Is is part of the series Healthy for Life, which gives factual information on a range of health issues so teens can get the information they need to be healthy. The books feature fun infographic style illustrations.
Publisher: Hachette Children's Group
Number of pages: 32
Weight: 128 g
Dimensions: 250 x 191 x 3 mm
Particulary topical at the moment ... A fantastic book to educate students on the importance of improving lifestyles * School Librarian *
I would recommend this to other readers because it gives useful tips on how to keep fit and it was a colourful book to read. * Evening Echo *
You may also be interested in...
Would you like to proceed to the App store to download the Waterstones App?
Alternatively, for multiple items you may find it easier to add to basket, then pay online and collect in as little as 2 hours, subject to availability.
|
<urn:uuid:2f4da725-701f-4a79-b1c7-c84b2ff6a903>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-05
|
https://www.waterstones.com/book/9781445149738
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304915.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126041016-20220126071016-00396.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937862
| 310
| 2.59375
| 3
|
THE NCTE Executive Committee reaffirmed this guideline in November 2012.
At a 1994 conference on Opportunity-to-Learn Standards, sponsored by the National Council of Teachers of English, participants agreed that opportunity-to-learn standards provide a framework that makes it possible for all students to have equitable access to high-quality education.
Why are Opportunity-to-Learn Standards Necessary?
The opportunity to learn is the inherent right of every child in America. Educators, parents, and other members of a child’s many communities share a common interest in the educational success of each child and in the role of education in our democratic society. Full, positive participation in democracy is contingent upon every child’s access to quality education. Such access to high-quality education should not be dependent upon the specific community in which a child lives. By focusing and building upon the strengths of learners, Opportunity-to-learn standards can help ensure equitable access to high-quality education for all students in America.
What Should Opportunity-to-Learn Standards Do?
Opportunity-to-learn standards should:
- enable all students to achieve high content standards and learn to their full potential
- be directly tied to students’ learning and performance in content standards
- consider the diverse, multiple ways students learn
- enable all teachers to teach all students
- be supported by the best classroom practice and research
- include on-going professional development of educators
- be based on research on how effective schools use resources
- address necessary conditions and resources for successful learning in our schools as well as effective use of resources, including safe, secure environments free of prejudice and violence; attractive, comfortable environments that invite learning, risk taking, and problem solving; updated library media centers and technologies
- consider opportunities for preschool and beyond school learning
Opportunity-to-learn standards at their best should reflect America’s commitment to equitable access to high-quality education for all students. States and schools that meet Opportunity-to-learn standards will enable students to become lifelong learners and lead productive, rewarding lives.
Opportunity-to-learn standards should provide:
- time for students to learn and reflect
- time for teachers to plan, teach, and reflect
- appropriate learning resources
- resources from the community
NCTE Opportunity-to-Learn/Delivery Standards Conference
Embassy Row Hotel
July 29-31, 1994
- Alliance for Curriculum Reform
- Brooks Associates, Educational Consultants
- College Language Association
- International Reading Association
- Music Educators National Conference
- National Association for Bilingual Education
- National Board for Professional Teaching Standards
- National Council for Geographic Education
- National Council for the Social Studies
- National Council of Teachers of English
- National Council of Teachers of Mathematics
- National Middle School Association
- National Parent Teachers Association
- National Science Teachers Association
- Speech Communication Association
- Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages
American Association of College for Teacher Education
November 8, 1995
Dr. Miles Myers
National Council of Teachers of English
1111 W. Kenyon Road
Urbana, IL 61801
AACTE had been asked to consider support for the statement developed by NCTE concerning Opportunity-to-Learn Standards. AACTE’s Board of Directors reviewed the NCTE statement at its fall 1995 meeting, and I am pleased to inform you that our Board voted to support the statement.
Our Board and various AACTE committees have engaged in numerous discussions over the past few years concerning the issues raised by the “opportunity-to-learn” concept. We appreciate the leadership role taken by NCTE in developing this statement, and look forward to continued work with your organization and other associations in helping prepare teachers to support student learning.
David C. Imig
Chief Executive Officer
This position statement may be printed, copied, and disseminated without permission from NCTE.
|
<urn:uuid:d1aaeda5-dde6-415c-b002-44606092a28c>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-22
|
http://www2.ncte.org/statement/opptolearnstandards/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863662.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180520170536-20180520190536-00100.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.914334
| 812
| 3.515625
| 4
|
Implementing 2D Delauney Triangulation
Many mesh generation algorithms are based on the Delauney criterion, which is used to form a structure called a Delauney triangulation.
A Delauney triangulation is a certain type of mesh constructed from triangles or tetrahedra where the circumference of the shape forms a boundary for other meshing points.
A 2D Delauney triangulation can be used to examine flows along arbitrary surfaces with the goal of minimizing computation time.
Many areas of computational geometry and mathematics find practical uses in fluid dynamics, particularly in one area: mesh generation. Before a CFD problem can be solved, a mesh needs to be built to represent the system geometry, within which the main CFD equations will be converted to a numerical problem. The set of discrete points that represent a real system must be chosen such that accuracy and computation time are brought into balance, and so meshing algorithms are constructed to provide a discrete numerical representation of a real system.
A common technique used to build 2D and 3D meshes is to build a Delauney triangulation. For surfaces that must terminate along a set of static mesh points, we use a constrained Delauney triangulation. In this article, we’ll examine the structure of these triangulations and a few of their mathematical properties as well as how to use a 2D Delauney triangulation in a CFD simulation.
Delauney Triangulation Defined
Delauney triangulations are defined as a set of points in a 2D or 3D space, where triangles drawn between groups of points will obey specific geometric properties. In particular, these points must be arranged according to a maximization condition, which produces certain benefits for CFD simulations that require unstructured meshes.
The points in a Delauney triangulation must be arranged such that they satisfy specific mathematical properties. For CFD simulations and unstructured mesh generation, there are two properties that are important:
- The circumference about any triangle in the triangulation only contains those points in the triangle; it does not contain any other points. This is one condition that effectively limits mesh density for a given length scale used to build the mesh.
- The triangles/tetrahedra in a Delauney triangulation attempt to maximize the minimum angle of all the angles in the triangulation, even if the drawn triangles are not equilateral. This tends to eliminate sliver triangles that might occur at the edges of a surface or structure.
The 1st condition is implemented by enforcing the 2nd condition. The 1st condition is really the fundamental property of a Delauney triangulation, known as the Delauney criterion. In a 2D Delauney triangulation, this is sometimes called the empty circumcircle criterion. Visually, these properties can be verified by circumscribing groups of points in the generated mesh (see below for an example).
2D and 3D Delauney triangulations
Another consequence of the fundamental properties of Delauney triangulations is that the resulting triangulation is independent of the order in which points are located in the mesh. This makes it relatively easy to implement in a meshing algorithm in 2D or 3D, including in iterative techniques.
2D Delauney Triangulation vs. Other Methods
The mesh resulting from a Delauney triangulation calculation will be unstructured when applied to arbitrary surfaces, so the technique should be compared with other triangulation methods for unstructured mesh generation.
Advancing Front Methods
An advancing front refers to the generation of new unstructured mesh elements by adding them to the edges of an existing array of mesh elements. A 2D mesh is initially generated by discretizing the boundary geometry, and these edge points form the initial front where new mesh elements will be added to the system. A new element is formed along this edge by joining a new grid point to an existing edge, and this is iterated until the constructed mesh spans the entire surface.
Mesh generation is performed through recursive subdivision of elements down to a required resolution in 2D or 3D. The vertices of the resulting structure are used as mesh points. At the boundaries, elements are intended to intersect boundary surfaces, so the vertices are normally displaced within some error such that they coincide with the boundary.
Stretched Mesh Generation
These methods are aimed at solving the full Navier-Stokes equations by resolving wakes, boundary layers, and other viscous regions in high-Reynolds number flows. Fine resolution is applied in normal to streamwise flows in order to capture vortical motion with high accuracy. Therefore, it can be used to accurately model turbulent boundary layers in the transition regime.
Delauney triangulation is sometimes called a simplicial meshing method, meaning the mesh elements are all the same type of shape but they do not have the same dimensions. Non-simplicial meshes are truly unstructured and may contain many possible mesh element shapes and sizes. This can be used to reduce the connectivity of the mesh by enforcing mesh elements with more edges, such as hexahedral meshing.
Adaptive meshing is naturally useful in unstructured meshing because there is no inherent structure enforced in the mesh. All mesh points can be reconfigured in regions as needed to accommodate high flow gradients where higher accuracy is required. The goal in adaptive meshing is to determine the optimum distribution of mesh points to provide highly accurate interpolation that results in error equipartition in the simulation.
Example of adaptive meshing performed for mixing with turbulent flow. [Source]
Aside from non-simplicial meshing and adaptive meshing, a Delauney triangulation gives the designer flexibility in building a mesh for solving CFD problems, regardless of the problem to which it is applied. While we have discussed the above points in terms of 2D Delauney triangulation, the same ideas apply to 3D systems where flow in the bulk needs to be simulated. Finally, meshes generated with the above methods can be transformed into Delauney triangulations using edge and face-swapping methods, which may be advantageous for balancing accuracy and computational time.
No matter the complexity of the system you need to simulate, you can generate meshes based on 2D Delaunay triangulation using the meshing features in Pointwise from Cadence. When you’re ready to run CFD simulations for your system, use the simulation tools in Omnis. Modern numerical approaches used in aerodynamics simulations, turbulent and laminar flow simulations, reduced fluid flow models, and much more can be implemented with Cadence’s simulation tools.
Subscribe to our newsletter for the latest CFD updates or browse Cadence’s suite of CFD software, including Omnis and Pointwise, to learn more about how Cadence has the solution for you.
|
<urn:uuid:fdee9849-a8a4-4bd7-a40a-ff21ce28ba3a>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://resources.pcb.cadence.com/blog/msa2022-implementing-2d-delauney-triangulation
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649986.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604125132-20230604155132-00784.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.915934
| 1,487
| 3.53125
| 4
|
Coffee and Conservation
Life in the Amazon has changed dramatically in recent years. Since the 1950s, the population of Napo province
has been growing tremendously.
More and more people are hunting and fishing, and nowadays there are few
animals or fish left in the forest. Traditional agricultural methods is no longer viable, and
most people have turned to agriculture to survive.
As a Quichua farmer, you
still grow food for your family to eat, but now you also grow food
to sell at the market. You use this income to buy meat and other food. As
your children grow, you also need money for clothing, school supplies and
other things. You'd also like to fix up your house. You hope to buy a tin
roof to replace the grass thatch. You would also like to build a family
outhouse so you no longer need to use the community outhouse down by the
You've cleared several
more hectares of primary forest to grow cash crops to sell at the market.
You've found that freshly-cleared land produces more crops with fewer weeds.
You're tempted to clear more land each year to ensure high crop yields,
but you also want to preserve some of the primary rainforest on your land.
Primary forest is a valuable source of natural medicines. It's also an important
part of your culture.
What are you growing?
||Coffee from your fields is sold
throughout Ecuador. One hectare of land produces between 120 to 250 pounds
of coffee annually. At the market, that will bring between $85 and $200.
Coffee prices change often, so it's hard to predict exactly how much you
will earn from it.|
||Maize is the original species
of corn, native to the Americas. It has larger kernals than the corn we
usually eat. It's still an important crop for many indigenous Americans.
One hectare produces 200 pounds of maize annually. At the market, that will
bring about $140.|
||Cacao is the chocolate tree.
Cacao beans--which are actually seeds--are used to make cocoa and chocolate.
One hectare produces about 300 pounds of cacao beans annually. They'll bring
about $120 at the market|
It's time to plant for
the coming year. With a growing family, you need to expand your fields and
bring in more money. You have 15 hectares (40 acres) of land. You currently
have 1 hectare of coffee, and 1/2 hectare each of cacao and maize. These
brought in $260 last year. You want to make more money this year--over $300,
and ideally closer to $400.
Map of your 15 hectare plot of land
What do you want to plant? Think
about these things when planning your strategy:
- How much land do you want to clear and plant?
- What crops do you want to plant?
- How much primary forest do you want to clear?
| High income strategy
2 hectares of coffee on primary forest
1 hectares of cacao on primary forest
1 hectares of maize on secondary forest
| Conservation strategy
1 hectare of coffee on secondary forest
1 hectare of cacao on secondary forest
1 hectare of maize on secondary forest
|Balancing agriculture and conservation|
1 hectare of in coffee on secondary forest
1 hectare of in cacao on primary forest
1 hectare of in maize on primary forest
|
<urn:uuid:336f3fd6-efe4-44de-9fb4-6be59f65d437>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-22
|
http://eduweb.com/agriculture/comag.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607848.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524152539-20170524172539-00399.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94552
| 740
| 2.859375
| 3
|
Surrounded by an exhibition of Michael Silver’s science-themed photography at Magnet Galleries, Dr Caples officially launched National Science Week in Victoria on Friday, 10th of August. In April, Science Week Victoria Lead, Dr Renee Beale, imagined Victorians experiencing science in their everyday life, and now with over 430 events across Victoria, including exhibits, performances, public lectures, and science-themed arts and crafts, “you could hardly miss Science Week – not that you would”.
This year’s theme is Game Changers and Change Makers and to celebrate both the beginning of Science Week and the 200th anniversary of Frankenstein, geologist Dr James Driscoll, School of Earth, Atmosphere, and Environment, Monash University, explored the origins of the gothic tale and Mary Shelley’s story – a change maker in the world of science fiction.
Dr Driscoll set the scene of 1815, three years before the creation of Frankenstein and his monster: Napolean was defeated in the Battle of Waterloo in June, ending over a decade of conflict that came with the Napoleanic Wars, William Smith drew the first modern map of Great Britain, the first natural gas was discovered, and the Apothecaries Act 1815 was established, which was the beginning of regulation of the medical profession in the UK…but not all was well in 1815. You may wonder why a geologist, of all people, was chosen to present the story of Mary Shelley, and the answer lies over 11,700 kilometres away from her home in England, at the Mount Tambora volcano, east of Java, Indonesia.
Like any other volcano, Mount Tambora was formed by plate tectonics. In a mosaic-like pattern, the Earth’s crust is divided into sections of rock called tectonic plates, which resemble puzzle pieces that constantly move against each other. The friction created between two plates as they move against each other causes the rock underneath to melt and turn into magma. The molten hot magma under the surface of the Earth creates great pressure, and comes out as lava through volcanoes – geological ruptures in the Earth’s crust. Mount Tambora is a stratovolcano: formed from explosive eruptions with andesitic (highly viscous) lava with a high concentration of silica.
Volcanic eruptions are measured using the volcano explosivity index (VEI), which ranges from zero (non-explosive) to eight (catastrophically explosive) by combining the amount of material ejected with the height of the eruption column and eruption duration. In the past 10,000 years, there have been approximately eight VEI 7 eruptions, of which Mount Tambora in 1815 is the most recent[i] (around 1000 times greater than the eruption at Mount St. Helens).
Mount Tambora’s catastrophic eruption began on the 5th of April, 1815, with small tremors and pyroclastic flows (600-700°C gas and volcanic matter travelling 100-700 km/h). Five days later, a shattering blast blew the mountain apart, and the pyroclastic flows and tsunamis that followed killed over 210,000 people. The effects were not contained to the devastated Sumbawa and surrounding region, however, and influenced weather around the world. The explosion released 60 megatonnes of sulfuric acid, ash, and other rock and aerosols into the atmosphere, which blocked sunlight from reaching Earth’s surface. Temperatures around the world fell below zero, and what followed were famine, floods, and social unrest due to the ensuing crop failure and animal death. The world sank into a three-year winter before the temperature began to rise again.
The three-year winter caused by Mount Tambora set the mood of Mary Shelley (Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin at the time) in 1816, when she first invented the idea of Frankenstein’s monster. At the time, she was spending summer at Lake Geneva, Switzerland, with her partner Percy Shelley, stepsister Claire Claremont, and Lord Byron. “It proved a wet, ungenial summer, and incessant rain often confined [them] for days to the house” (Mary Shelley, 1831). To pass the time, the party wrote ghost stories, and Mary busied herself to think of a story that rivalled those told by the others, but to no avail. One night, she dreamt of a scientist who created life and was horrified by what he had made. When she told the others her terrifying nightmare, she fashioned it into a story that soon evolved into a critically-acclaimed novel. The gloomy summer vaccation also produced an array of revered poems by Lord Byron, and a sinister short story called The Vampyre, written by John Polidori and inspired by Byron, which would years later influence Bram Stoker’s Dracula.
And so it was that a catastrophic volcanic eruption in Indonesia created the cold and dreary conditions for the writing of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus by Mary Shelley on the other side of the world years later. As we celebrate the successes of science, technology, engineering and mathematics during National Science Week, we are reminded that visions that were once science-fiction are becoming realities. While perhaps we might not want to see the walking dead any time soon, we hope that Science Week inspires Game Changers and Change Makers who will produce the technologies, advances, and stories of the future.
[i] Newhall, C, Self, S, Robock, A 2018, ‘Anticipating future Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 7 eruptions and their chilling impacts’, Geosphere, 14(2): 572-603.
|
<urn:uuid:e38c1865-e70f-42ab-bacc-061b88013ecb>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-40
|
https://inspiringvictoria.org.au/2018/09/05/the-science-week-victoria-launch-was-a-blast/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334579.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925132046-20220925162046-00578.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952244
| 1,202
| 3.234375
| 3
|
Edict of Toleration for the Jews of Lower Austria
January 2, 1782
1. In the future also, the Jews in Vienna shall not constitute their own community, under their own direction; each individual family enjoys the protection of the law of the land; no public worship, no public synagogue, no press of their own for works in Hebrew, for which they must use the press in Bohemia.
2. It is also intended that the number of Jews and the conditions under which they are at present tolerated in Lower Austria and here in Vienna shall remain unaltered, and where no Jews have ever been domiciled, none shall be allowed to settle in the future.
3. Thus, as in the past, no Jew shall be free to come to Vienna from another Hereditary Land, to settle here permanently. Foreign Jews must apply for permission for this to Us personally.
4. A person applying for a permit must state the trade or occupation which he proposes to pursue, and show what are his means, and also show how he proposes to utilize the toleration granted him. The Government will then determine the amount of the protection fee, which it may fix higher or lower as it thinks right.
5. On payment of this protection fee he may reside in Vienna with his wife and minor children, and pursue the calling on his permit. If, however,
6. A son marries and sets up his own household, he must obtain a permit for himself or, if he prefers, pay for a permit to leave. Similarly, a permit is required for a son-in-law, or if the daughter has received permission to marry a foreign Jew, the leaving permit must be paid out of the dowry going abroad.
7. No Jew is permitted to settle in a rural district of Lower Austria, unless he proposes to introduce a manufacture or a useful trade, for which he must apply to the Government for a permit, when he will enjoy the same rights as in the capital. The facilities enjoyed by the Jewish religion under the present regulations, which entirely supersede the last regulations, of May 5, 1761, are, accordingly, as follows:
Since it is Our purpose to make the Jews more useful and serviceable to the State, principally through according their children better instruction and enlightenment, and by employing them in the sciences, arts, and handicrafts:
8. We permit and command the tolerated Jews, in places where they have no German schools of their own, to send their children to the Christian upper elementary schools, so that they shall learn at least reading, writing, and arithmetic, and although they have no synagogue of their own in Our capital, We yet permit them to build for their children, at their own expense, a normally equipped school, with a teaching staff of their own religion, which shall be subject to the same control as all the German schools here, the composition of the moral books being left to them.
9. In respect of higher schools, the permission enjoyed by them to attend these is herewith renewed and confirmed.
|
<urn:uuid:0439aa90-ed16-4a39-a981-22bd098c5203>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-04
|
http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=3648
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583660258.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118172438-20190118194438-00175.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.974517
| 627
| 2.859375
| 3
|
Hurriyet Daily News
Aylin Öney Tan
There is something beyond the Mediterranean Sea that bounds the countries sharing its shores: The olive. The olive tree is mentioned from the Torah to the Bible and eventually in the Quran. In the Quran it is mentioned as the “Şecere-i Tayyibe,” a beneficial fruitful tree, or functional if it can be described as such.
Olive oil is not only essential to Mediterranean cuisines but it is also a symbol of life, a source of life that creates a culture around its existence. Mediterranean kids are born to its taste, and the rest of their lives are evolved around it; olive oil is like an invisible umbilical cord that binds them together beyond ethnicity and religion. With the start of the olive harvest season, this reality was once again demonstrated in the Aegean town of Ayvalık last week, the foremost olive growing region in Turkey.
The Ayvalık International Olive Harvest Festival is an organization in its 11th year initiated by the Ayvalık Chamber of Commerce. This year the harvest days were celebrated from Nov. 6-8. This year’s title was, “If there are olives, there is life! For millennia,” emphasizing the crucial role of the olive tree in Aegean life throughout the ages. The organization has gone international in recent years with the collaboration of the International Olive Council (IOC), the Network of Mediterranean Olive Oil Towns (Re.C.O.Med. / Rete delle Città dell’Olio) and QvExtra, a Spanish-based international association for quality control. Among the guests was also the mayor of Kyrenia, Cyprus, joining the harvest festival for the first time, along with participants from Greece and France. Leaving aside conflicts and rivalry in the olive oil business, the participants shared mutual interests in expanding the culture of olive oil culture to the world, beyond the boundaries of the Mediterranean.
The panel dedicated to the cultural background of olives gave insight into the rich past of the fruitful tree.
Mediterranean history is bathed in olive oil, as German olive historian Dr. Horst Schäfer Schuchardt has shown; olive oil production was a main source of sustenance in the Roman Empire, while of course most of the earliest findings of olive oil production re found in excavations in Asia Minor, most of them yet to be recognized internationally. Enrico Lupi, the legendary former president of the International Olive Oil Council, now the founding director of Re.C.O.Med., said, Mediterranean culture can conquer the world just with olive oil. It is the common interest of all olive-growing countries to make the culture related to the golden oil globally known. Eminent Turkish historian İlber Ortaylı, as always, suggested provoking issues, stating that the olive cannot foster in every climate, like democracy, thus it is precious that we maintain our olive culture. As both Lupi and Ortaylı strongly argue, olive oil is a lifestyle for the children born to it.
One step to maintain the future of this culture was announced by Rahmi Gencer, the mayor of Ayvalık: The town will be nominated for the UNESCO Cultural Heritage List, with its culture related to olive agriculture, from gastronomy to soap-making and to the heritage of industrial archaeology. The application will run through next January and be discussed by the committee next April. Meanwhile, the municipality will be busy negotiating the site management plan with major stakeholders, including of course olive oil manufacturers. Let’s keep our fingers crossed for the application to be accepted and pray just as the mayor did:
Live long as the olive tree, be as fertile as the olive fruit, be as healthy as the olive oil and wish for a peaceful year signified by the olive branch!
Olive oil diversity promoted with project
Bringing the tastes of Anatolia to tables across the world, NAR Gourmet is implementing the Mobile Olive Oil Production Truck Project, featuring a one-of-a-kind mobile olive oil press machine that will gather olives from different provinces in Turkey. The olive oil production on wheels delivers the freshest results, while highlighting the local olive varieties grown in Mardin, Hatay, Gaziantep, Kilis, Manisa, Mersin, Antalya and Ayvalık, while traveling more than 4,000 kilometers across Turkey.
This groundbreaking initiative unveils a new tactic in creating the most high-quality, fresh olive oils throughout a diverse region. This mobile production facility is an exciting enterprise that goes directly to the groves of the Anatolia region to ensure the freshest product, processing the local varieties of olives picked in their own ecological environment within two hours of harvesting, capturing the true essence of the Mediterranean coast.
“In order to take the production facility to the grove, we aimed to design an olive oil processing facility that yields excellent olive oil that reflects the quality of the region,” said Samir Bayraktar, NAR Gourmet General Manager. “Our goal is to overcome the problems associated with the process of transforming local olives into high-quality olive oil. Through this initiative we are not only supporting the local, small producers with our mobile production truck, but providing recognition of the local intricate tastes of the Anatolian region.”
|
<urn:uuid:3f715cc9-eef9-4253-8062-e91120f64bc4>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-47
|
http://zeytininizinde.nargourmet.com/2015/11/20/the-olive-is-life/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742569.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115075207-20181115101207-00207.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947973
| 1,118
| 2.671875
| 3
|
Perhaps the most interesting and most important feature for any WPF application is Styling. Styling means defining styles for controls, and store in reusable ResourceDictionaries and hence forth, it could be used later on by calling its name. Styles in WPF could be well compared with CSS styles. They are both similar in most of the cases, while the former extends the feature allowing most of the features which WPF have. In this article I will discuss mostly how you could use Style in your WPF application to enhance the Rich experience of your UI.
WPF exposes a property Style for every Control. If you look into the object Hierarchy, the Style is basically a property which exposes an object of Style in FrameworkElement. So each object can associate it and define custom setters to manipulate the basic look and feel of a control.
Clearly, the above diagram shows the association of Style in FrameworkElement and from the object hierarchy every control somehow inherits from FrameworkElement and hence style will be available to it. Style is also a WPF object which is inherited form DispatcherObject which helps in setting different properties of your UI Element.
How Style differs from Theme ?
Before we move further into Styles lets talk about Themes. Theme is totally different from Styles. Themes are defined at OS level, or more precisely a Theme can take part of delivering styles all over the Desktop while Styles are restricted to the contextual area of a WPF window. WPF are capable of retrieving the color scheme which is defined in OS level. Say for instance, if you do not define style for your application, the elements in the screen will automatically get styles from external environment. Say for instance, in XP if you change the theme to something else you would see that the buttons, TextBox on your WPF window will change its color instantly. You can even set the Theme which the application would use programmatically from your code.
What about Templates ?
Every control defines a ControlTemplate. A ControlTemplate defines the overall structure of the control. As I have already told you, say for instance you have a Button. Button is a control that is made up of more than one control. It would have a ContentPresenter which writes the Text over the control, it would have a Rectangle which keeps the boundary of the Button etc. So Template is a special property associated with a Control which specifies how the control will look like structurally. We can easily define our Template and change the overall structure of a control.
Templates are basically of 2 types :
ControlTemplate defines the structure of the Control. It means say for instance, you define the ControlTemplate for a ComboBox. So from ControlTemplate you can easily change the Button associated with the ComboBox which opens the DropDown, you can change the structure of the TextBox, the Popup etc. So ControlTemplate allows you to change the overall structure of the Control.
Click To Read Entire Article Read Disclaimer Notice
|
<urn:uuid:1099fc32-99d6-4b38-8da9-bc093b03b37e>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-30
|
http://www.abhisheksur.com/2010/09/wpf-tutorial-styles-triggers-and.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257832942.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071032-00097-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.915489
| 606
| 3.15625
| 3
|
Rock crystal quartz, the most common gem variety of quartz crystal, is, like all quartz, formed from the two most abundant elements in the earth's crust: silicon and oxygen. For centuries early civilizations believed that these pinhead size to nearly a meter in diameter rock crystals were permanently frozen ice. Quartz's high thermo-conductivity, which makes it feel cool to the touch, may have added to this belief. Regardless of what early people may have believed, historical records show the use of rock crystal for decoration and jewelry for at least 4,000 years. Tools and weapons were made from rock crystal long before it was used for decoration and jewelry.
During the late 1980's and early 1990's, metaphysical uses and applications of rock crystal resulted in an increase in its production and processing. The metaphysical market used raw crystal in jewelry, person power and healing devices, and as charms. Additionally, spheres, sculls, pyramids, and other metaphysical objects were made from rock crystal. During the height of the trend, these uses accounted for 40% or more of the rock crystal consumed in the United States and also resulted in price increases for most of the crystals. Today, the metaphysical market has declined from its peak and appears to have stabilized at about 15% to 20% of total rock crystal consumption.
The market for rock crystal carvings, objects of art, and spheres is still strong. One piece of evidence of the demand for quality rock crystal for these types of uses is the level of sales of high quality quartz crystals from the National Defense Stockpile (NDS). During fiscal year 1994, sales of quartz crystals from the NDS totaled 313.1 metric tons valued at about $6.3 million, of this total, 96.8 metric tons valued at $3.21 million were sold during 6 days of the Tucson Gem and Mineral Show in February. During fiscal year 1993, NDS sold 176.8 metric tons of quartz valued at $1.64 million.
A gem dealer who purchased NDS quartz in Tucson shared the following information with the author: A 3,412 gram piece of quartz was purchased for about $120. The purchaser blocked out a totally flawless piece that was sent to a U.S. sphere cutting operation to be made into a flawless sphere. The sphere factory charged $48 to cut and polish a high-quality 84 millimeter, 844 gram sphere. The dealer sold the finished sphere for $1,200. This is only one dealers reported success in using NDS rock crystal and may not represent the outcome of any of the other NDS quartz sales.
Figure 8.--Rock crystal from Arkansas.
(Photo is courtesy of the author.)
Arkansas.--To many in the gemstone industry, Arkansas and rock crystal quartz are synonymous. Mount Ida, Fisher Mountain, Hot Springs, and Jessieville names mean quartz crystals to many people, but in fact, they are towns or places in the Arkansas quartz belt. Not only is Arkansas the major producer of gemstone and decorative rock crystal but it is the only producer of "lascas” the feed material used to make synthetic quartz.
The rock crystals are produced from quartz veins in sandstones and shales of the central part of the Ouachita Mountains. The quartz belt is about 240 kilometers long and 24 kilometers wide, extending southwest from near Little Rock all the way to northern Oklahoma. The crystals are beautifully formed with lustrous faces, many have water clear, colorless terminations. Commonly, they are milky in appearance because of inclusions. On large plates of crystals the crystals are often short and stubby, but in smaller crystals it is not unusual for them to have a length that are at least 6 times their diameter. Many of these slender points are used as “gem points” in making earrings and pendants.
Historically, the demand for crystals was from tourists, collectors, interior decorators, carvers, sphere makers, and certain industrial and military applications. However, in recent years the increased use of quartz crystals in the metaphysical field has greatly impacted the demand and price for Arkansas quartz. Another market for the crystals is as feed material to be irradiated to produce smoky quartz. Most smoky quartz from Arkansas is not natural, but is irradiated rock crystal. Although its not the only U.S. producer of rock crystals, Arkansas is by far the largest, its quartz crystal mining industry is measured in millions of dollars per year.
California.--Deposits in California are another source of significant amounts of quality rock crystal. For many years cobbles and round crystals have been found in streambeds in Amador and Calveras Counties. The best quality, largest, and most abundant crystals come from ancient stream channels in the Mokelumne Hill area of Calveras County. Over the years, various mines in the area have produced thousands of kilograms of rock crystal, with some of the individual crystals weighing as much as 275 kilograms and many of the crystals measuring more than 600 millimeters in length and 250 millimeters in diameter. The American Museum of Natural History has a 150 millimeter sphere cut from a Mokelumne Hill rock crystal. Additionally, the pegmatites of Hiriart Hill, San Diego County, have produced hundreds of kilograms of fine-quality rock crystal from which a number of 60 to 90 millimeter spheres have been cut.
New York.--Herkimer County, NY, is nearly as famous for its rock crystals as is Arkansas. The most productive area for "Herkimer diamonds", as the well-formed, mostly doubly-terminated rock crystals are known, is the rock outcrops and associated soils in a belt between the towns of Middleville and Herkimer, NY. The belt extends about 5 km south of Middleville. At least two other areas in the Middleville area also produce "Herkimers." Most mineral collectors feel their collection is incomplete without at least one Herkimer. The crystals are faceted, raw crystals are mounted to be used as pendants and earrings, and crystals are even bored to be strung as beads.
Currently, the crystals are not mined commercially but are collected by hobbyist and professional collectors. The crystals are found loose in the soil where they have weathered from the underlying rock or they are taken from cavities in freshly broken rock. The cavities maybe so small as to contain only a single 4 to 5 millimeter crystal or large enough to contain hundreds of crystals with some of the crystals over 100 millimeters in diameter. The smaller crystals, 4 to 12 millimeters, tend to be the best and some of the crystals contain inclusions of carbonaceous material and liquid- or gas-filled voids.
Others.--Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Georgia, Montana, Nevada, North Carolina, South Carolina,
and Washington all produce some rock crystal each year. Most of the material ends up in mineral
collections, but some are cut into stones for jewelry and a small amount is used for carving. The
market for large, fine-quality rock crystals appears to be strong and every indication is that the
strong demand will continue, because of the increased demand for carvings.
U.S. Department of the Interior
U.S. Geological Survey
988 National Center
Reston, VA 20192 USA
Maintained by: firstname.lastname@example.org
Last modification: 11-Jan-2013@16:56
|
<urn:uuid:07736681-6e48-46a6-903a-8cf3e7365775>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/gemstones/sp14-95/quartz.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00152-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.942566
| 1,531
| 2.828125
| 3
|
Submitted by: Joe Kowalewski 15/12/2011
In Australia fibre from plantation timber makes up 26% of paper industry fibre needs, regrowth natural forest 8%, sawmill residues 7%, imported pulp 11%, and recovered paper (recycled) 48% total fibre needs approx. 3.2 million tonnes.
Source: Australian Paper Industry Association (APIA) Paper . . .a fundamental part of daily living
Download moreĀ interesting facts below
|
<urn:uuid:db2875b2-1e76-4f91-baad-0ed542e7f017>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
http://twosides.org.au/AUS/In-Australia-fibre-from-plantation-timber-makes-up-26-of-paper-industry-fibre-needs-regrowth-natural-forest-8-sawmill-residues-7-imported-pulp-11-and-recovered-paper-recycled-48-total-fibre-needs-approx-3-2-million-tonnes-
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825264.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022132026-20171022152026-00142.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.819281
| 96
| 2.734375
| 3
|
The dry Colorado River may be starkly different from the green landscape and rushing rivers of County Mayo in western Ireland, but students in the county have become water ambassadors – teaching themselves, their families, and their community about the importance of water conservation efforts.
Water was a hot topic at Ireland’s National Science Week, where a panel of local, national, and global water experts (including Nat Geo Freshwater Fellow and Water Currents host Sandra Postel), came together to discuss Clean Water: 2040. The Mayo County Council’s Enterprise and Investment Unit invited Sandra and the Nat Geo team to participate in the week’s events. With the new enterprise Irish Water aiming to install water meters in all homes by 2016, Irish residents will begin receiving bills based on consumption. (See “In Ireland, Water Will No Longer Be Free.”)
Students Rally Around Water Conservation
St. Brendan’s National School in Kilmeena, a rural town in County Mayo, won Ireland’s national science competition Get Involved in Your Community for their work to raise awareness about the importance of water conservation in their community. As part of Science Week, the school invited the National Geographic team to visit and learn about their project.
The Kilmeena school teamed up with the Kilmeena Group Water Scheme and Irish TV to meet a range of objectives to raise awareness about the importance of the long-term sustainability of their water source, a nearby lake. A big motivation for the project came from Sean Corrigan, manager of the Kilmeena, Ballycroy and Killeen Group Water Schemes in County Mayo, who said that he felt a duty to start a movement to give students the tools they need to create a sustainable environment for their future, “a future where we value water and use it to our advantage and cherish it.”
The school incorporated freshwater into its curriculum, educating the students on topics ranging from where freshwater comes from to the importance of conservation and sustainability. In turn the students are now educating the community on “how water gets to your tap,” increasing knowledge of watershed protection.
“It really is amazing to see how the students are educating their families and neighbors on water,” said the school’s principal, Mickey Carney. “Many of these students have watched water meters being installed in their own homes and now monitor their family’s water usage and compare with their friends in school the next day.”
After learning how little was actually known in the community about water, the students devised a number of vehicles to catch the attention of people to get their message across.
“If You Waste It, You Pay for It”
Some 160 students, from first through sixth grade, greeted our team chanting the motto, “if you waste it, you pay for it, every drop counts.” As part of their outreach efforts, the students and a local TV company created a CSI documentary, in which the students take on the role of the crime investigators in a water waste crime. After narrowing the suspects down to Principal Carney, he promises to change his habits and stop wasting water.
This documentary was shown at an open night at the local town hall, where several hundred residents gathered to learn from the students and see their work.
The students also produced and distributed a futuristic newspaper dated 30 years from now to demonstrate the long-term benefits of the project. Sandra Postel sat down with the students to congratulate them for their hard work and to discuss the water hidden in things they use every day. Postel discussed the Change the Course campaign as a way that we in the United States are working to conserve water and invited the students and their families to participate by taking the free pledge to conserve and calculate their own water footprints using the National Geographic Freshwater Calculator.
“This is truly a special school initiative,” said Postel. “Students can help develop and spread the kind of conservation ethic we as a society need to solve our freshwater problems, as well as generating the compelling stories that are the trademark of National Geographic.”
The students plan to continue their water conservation efforts throughout the school year with more outreach to the local community.
“Water is in everything we use, not just in the faucet,” said a 6th grade student. “From my t-shirt to my desk, water is used to make everything”.
For more information on the project click here.
|
<urn:uuid:36e598fe-756c-4260-847c-de9fa476b76b>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-51
|
https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2013/11/22/youth-change-irelands-water-course/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823442.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210191406-20181210212906-00517.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960611
| 924
| 3.171875
| 3
|
Yesterday Years 4 and 6 were lucky enough to be visited by the poet Joelle Taylor. We had a fantastic assembly where we found out a bit about her and she read us some of her poems. Then some of us worked with her in our Literacy lessons. We wrote a shared poem, then had the chance to write our own on the subject of change. We laughed a lot and the workshop was really fun, but we also talked about some serious things we'd like to change in the world such as, pollution, war and poverty. Below you can read a poem that was written by Afsana and Raya in Year 4.
What if the homeless lived in palaces,
And princesses took their places,
What if babies went to university,
And adults to nursery.
What if we ate leaves,
And caterpillars ate beef,
What if adults played in the park,
And children stayed up after dark.
What if people drank blood,
And vampires gave hugs.
What if people were never bad,
And poems were always sad.
What if we changed,
What if we could make an enormous change,
Just a change...
Year 4 News Blog
|
<urn:uuid:6913d135-dc9d-47de-af11-931886119b73>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-27
|
https://www.bluegatefields-jun.towerhamlets.sch.uk/year-4-blog/archives/05-2017
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103646990.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630001553-20220630031553-00381.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.979493
| 267
| 2.59375
| 3
|
Date of Award
Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry
Jason R. Dwyer
A nanopore—typically defined as a through-hole with dimensions <100 nm in all directions that functions as the sole path between two electrolyte reservoirs—is a robust single molecule sensor element which has enjoyed a wealth of applications spanning genomics and proteomics, with fledgling contributions to glycomics over the past two decades. Two classes of nanopores exist—biological and solid state. Biological nanopores, for example, α-hemolysin, are highly reproducible and precise—with nanopore lengths and critical constriction sizes that are well known and reproducible. This is not the case with solid state nanopores. Assuming total nanopore length is equal to the nominal thickness of the membrane provided by the manufacturer is a standard practice in the nanopore field. However, given fabrication tolerances, there is some room for error, in certain instances close to 60% of the provided nominal thickness. Any error in nanopore length will couple to errors in the radius calculation. Another two key assumptions are: i) the nanopore has a cylindrical shape unless (and often even if) the shape is otherwise known and ii) a single nanopore through the membrane is formed when one is intended. These issues were addressed by developing a framework that shows errors in harboring such geometric assumptions and eventual consequences for nanopore-based sensing experiments.
The focus of nanopore-based sensing has been predominantly on DNA and protein profiling with only fledging contributions to glycomic profiling. Silicon nitride-based solid state nanopores were used to understand translocation conditions related to alginate and then to study source variability associated with alginates. The two alginates used (from two different sources) gave two distinct signal patterns. Heparin, a common anticoagulant was contaminated in 2008 with over sulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS)—a structurally similar adulterant—which lead to ~120 deaths in the United States. Nanopores, with sizes ranging from ~8.6 nm- ~13.6 nm were used to test the ability to flag the presence of OSCS in a contaminated heparin sample—all four unique nanopores used were able to flag the presence of the OSCS contaminant proving the diagnostic capability associated with nanopore sensing.
Surface modification techniques, for example, hydrosilylation, silane chemistry and electroless gold plating not only tune the size (minimum radius, �0, and total nanopore length, �) but also change the intrinsic surface chemistry. Hydrosilylation on planar silicon nitride—a less challenging and less volume-constricted environment compared to nanopore inner walls—has been shown to be possible photochemically and thermally. The photochemically driven hydrosilylation was scaled down to the nanopore level—decorating inner nanopore walls in a challenging zeptoliter volume—using a range of functional groups to potentially overcome unfavorable conditions such analyte “sticking” problem while tuning analyte residence time favorably. Choice of molecule plays a significant role—one with a reactive terminal group such as hydroxyl or amine allowed for subsequent reactions, through condensation and click reactions, respectively, which are fast and facile, thus allowing for further modification of the size and surface chemistry of the pore. We observed the residence time of λ-DNA to increase with positive charge of the pore surface at pH 7, with bare, hydroxyl terminated, and amine terminated functional pores having peak residence times of ~250 μS, ~450 μS and ~1000 μS respectively.
A carefully configured electroless plating procedure was used to deposit gold directly on silicon nitride. Since silicon nitride is an insulator, conventional electroplating would be futile—hence electroless plating. The plating was done at both 3° C and 10° C. The mean grain size of the gold grains plated at 3° C were found to be ~20 nm in radii. These nanostructured plated surfaces were also used to enhance the Raman signal of 4-nitrobenzothiol (test-molecule). The same plating method was extended to paper, nanocellulose, acrylate polymer grafted silicon nitride, nanoporous silicon nitride and Silmeco (a commercial substrate with a pillar like architecture) to create low cost surface enhance Raman active substrates. Enhancement values as high as ~106 for both acrylate polymer grafted silicon nitride and Silmeco was observed.
Patterned solution-phase gold depositions have great promise for electronics, photonics, and sensors such as nanopores as well—especially considering augmenting nanopore function with structures such as transverse electrodes. For nanopores and other fragile architectures, mechanical non-contact and cleaning ease (especially by simple rinsing) are key elements in designing modification and fabrication methods. Hydrosilylation meets these expectations as it can be guided and restricted to specific regions by manipulating the exposure of light (UV) to the surface. Hydrosylilated alkanes were used as a suppressing layer, for metal deposition in combination with electroless deposition to create spatial patterns of gold on silicon nitride. However, key modifications to the existing gold plating scheme had to be made. Key washing steps and replacement of Sn(II) chemistry with Pd(II) chemistry was done to increase the spatial selectivity of the plated patterns. Spatially selective patterns with lateral spacings as small as ~30 μm have been fabricated using this method.
Bandara, Nuwan Dhananjaya, "Profiling and Modification of Silicon Nitride Based Planar Substrates and Nanopores" (2018). Open Access Dissertations. Paper 718.
|
<urn:uuid:11003ab6-20ad-44c1-b5b4-e934445c9d3e>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-45
|
https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/oa_diss/718/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107911229.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20201030182757-20201030212757-00119.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.925611
| 1,208
| 2.703125
| 3
|
On the Nature of Social Change
by Dr. Huseyin Cakal (Lecturer in Psychology at Keele University).
Research on how to bring about a fairer, more just society has so far been dominated by the so-called “prejudice reduction path to social change”, which relies on a simple yet powerful assumption. Bringing advantaged and disadvantaged groups via social contact and invoking a superordinate identity which transforms "us" and "them" into "we" would eventually improve intergroup relations between advantaged and disadvantaged groups. Improved intergroup relations would then lead to a fairer and more equal society.
As most students of intergroup relations would know, recent research has questioned the very core of this assumption and argued that social-psychological interventions, i.e., intergroup contact and common ingroup identity, aimed at improving advantaged groups’ attitudes toward the members of the disadvantaged groups may have unintended consequences. More specifically, both intergroup contact and common ingroup identity can create illusions of equality and foster beliefs in the “meritocratic” nature of society. Much research has attested this “sedative effect” of two prominent prejudice reduction strategies in different contexts. For example, in South Africa, intergroup contact with the advantaged Whites reduced perceptions of relative deprivation and perceptions of efficacy among the impoverished Blacks (Cakal, Hewstone, Schwar, & Heath, 2011). Similarly, Israeli Arabs who have positive contact with Israeli Jews displayed less support for social change benefiting their group (Saguy, Tausch, Dovidio, & Pratto, 2009). Elsewhere, intergroup contact reduced perceptions of threat that in turn reduced willingness to engage in political action, aimed at improving or maintaining one’s group’s position (Cakal, Hewstone, Guler, & Heath, 2016). These so-called sedative effects have also been confirmed for common ingroup identity. Ufkes and his colleagues (2014) found that identifying as European (common ingroup) was associated with less support for political action in favour of one’s ethnic group. Needless to say, there is enough evidence to argue that both intergroup contact and common ingroup identity might paradoxically block social change while creating an amicable intergroup environment.
As interesting as these findings sound, it is important to recognise the pattern that underlies most of the research discussed above. Almost all of the studies on the so-called “sedative effects” of intergroup contact and common ingroup identity have investigated the role of “positive contact” between advantaged and disadvantaged groups, in societies where the boundaries between the groups are clear-cut, and the equality of groups are supported by legal, political, and social structure.
This binary approach to intergroup relations and social change belies the fact that not all societies have the same societal structure and the boundaries between the advantaged and disadvantaged groups are not always so well-defined. What is more, the societal fabric is very often made of many groups. In such contexts, the contents of sub- and super-ordinate group identities overlap and intergroup contact between members of different groups might be nuanced. For instance, there can be positive contact between members of different disadvantaged groups or sub-group, and common ingroup identities may share more similarities than differences. For one, intergroup contact might be “vertical”, between the advantaged and disadvantaged groups or “horizontal”, between two different disadvantaged groups. Latin American societies, for example, are cases in point. In these contexts, a common ingroup identity incorporates both indigenous and non-indigenous elements and a common ingroup identity that equally incorporates both could actually energise political action among the indigenous groups (Cakal, Eller, Sirlopú, & Perez, 2016). Research has also shown that positive intergroup contact between different disadvantaged groups could trigger political action by improving perceptions of solidarity and efficacy (Cakal, Dixon, Khan, Osmany, & Majumdar, 2016).
These first instances of evidence favour a more sceptical approach toward both intergroup contact and common ingroup identity and call for recognition of these contextual differences. In fact, in his closing piece to the special issue of Journal of Social Issues on the South African contributions to the to the study of intergroup relations, Pettigrew (2010) argued that, as researchers we need to acknowledge the fact that, “Social phenomena and social change in particular, are complex processes with multiple and often conflicting effects […] Some of these other effects of contact can stimulate, rather than retard, minority mobilization and their desire for change”. Research is yet to answer this call.
Cakal, H., Dixon, J., Khan, W., Osmany, M., & Majumdar, S. (2016). Solidarity across the spectrum of disadvantage: Positive effects of common ingroup identity on social change.
Cakal, H., Eller, A., Sirlopú, D., & Perez, A. (2016). Intergroup Relations in Latin America : Intergroup Contact, Common Ingroup Identity, and Activism among Indigenous Groups in Mexico and Chile. Journal of Social Issues, 72(2), 355–375. doi:10.1111/josi.12170
Cakal, H., Hewstone, M., Guler, M., & Heath, A. (2016). Predicting support for collective action in the conflict between Turks and Kurds: Perceived threat as a mediator of intergroup contact and social identity. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, xxx(xxx), xxx.
Cakal, H., Hewstone, M., Schwar, G., & Heath, A. (2011). An investigation of the social identity model of collective action and the “sedative” effect of intergroup contact among Black and White students in South Africa. British Journal of Social Psychology, 50, 606–627. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02075.x
Pettigrew, T. F. (2010). Commentary: South African contributions to the study of intergroup relations. Journal of Social Issues, 66, 417–430. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2010.01653.x
Saguy, T., Tausch, N., Dovidio, J. F., & Pratto, F. (2009). The irony of harmony. Psychological Science, 20, 114–121. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02261.x.
Ufkes, E. G., Dovidio, J. F., & Tel, G. (2014). Identity and collective action among European Kurds. The British Journal of Social Psychology. doi:10.1111/bjso.12084
|
<urn:uuid:6932cc75-b6a9-45ca-b201-5b9da11e84e9>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-47
|
https://www.ispp.org/ecc/blog/on-the-nature-of-social-change
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665726.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112175604-20191112203604-00305.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.907635
| 1,431
| 2.734375
| 3
|
My baby is 11-months-old now and weened from the breast just recently. Since age 6-months, she would take nothing but water in her sippy cup and would never accept a bottle. Since my milk production decreased, she has consumed a lot of city tap water. I just found out that fluoride is dangerous to infants.How will I know if I hurt her and when can she safely drink fluoridated tap water?
To put things in perspective, remember that it’s an excess of fluoride that is dangerous. You shouldn’t worry or suffer a lot of maternal guilt thinking that you might have endangered your baby’s health by giving her tap water to drink. For decades, mothers were advised by dentists and pediatricians to give their babies fluoridated tap water to prevent dental cavities later in life. In recent years, however, researchers have found that fluoride in infancy isn’t necessary, and if babies get too much of the mineral, it can increase the risk of a condition called fluorosis. While most cases of fluorosis are mild, causing a few white spots or patches on the teeth, more severe cases can cause a brownish mottling and weaken the tooth enamel. These cases are almost always caused by fluoride supplementation or ingestion of toothpaste, rather than just drinking city water! But because of the risk for dental fluorosis, and the lack of evidence demonstrating a true benefit to children who ingest fluoride before their teeth erupt, the American Dental Association now recommends that children under 12 months of age should not consume fluoridated water.
Again, you shouldn’t be hard on yourself, because this is a relatively new recommendation. For decades, mothers have been giving their babies fluoridated city tap water with no ill effects. Chances are excellent that when your daughter gets a mouthful of teeth, they’ll be perfectly pearly white.
|
<urn:uuid:7f1d0807-f82a-4c06-929f-8806c61d6d46>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-32
|
http://www.parents.com/app/advice/print.jsp?questionId=10050000quest&catref=AB4
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988650.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00280-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.964729
| 387
| 2.75
| 3
|
How To Get Rid Of Shortness Of Breath
Do you often find yourself gasping even after just doing a simple task? Do you always feel like you are out of breath even though you have just walked a few blocks? Shortness of breath is a common indication of frail health. The medical term for shortness of breath is dyspnea. It is a condition itself but it is also a common symptom of many health disorders. So when you feel like you are having breathing problems, then you should try to treat it as soon as possible.
The common symptoms of dyspnea are the feeling of breathlessness, chest pain due to inflammation of the lungs, occasional dry cough and wheezing. If you often experience these sensations, then you most probably have dyspnea. Dyspnea may be mild but it also may be severe. But no matter how mild or serious your condition is, you should not ignore it. Shortness of breath should not be taken lightly and it should be treated to prevent worse things from happening. If you are feeling breathless, here are some things you can do to get rid of shortness of breath.
Go to a health professional
If you are experiencing severe dyspnea symptoms, you should go to a health professional right away and have a consultation. You cannot just ignore shortness of breath as it can take its toll on your body. So if you are thinking you have problems with your cardiovascular or respiratory system, then you should set up a meeting with your doctor.
Get some rest
If you are having shortness of breath because you have just finished a daunting task, then it might just be temporary. The best thing for you to do is to sit up straight or lie on your bed. Resting your body will allow it to calm down your system so your breathing will be regulated again. In the future, avoid doing exhausting task all at once so you will not experience shortness of breath often.
Ask for prescription steroid treatment
If you have been diagnosed with asthma or dyspnea itself, then you can ask your doctor if you can undergo prescription steroid treatment. This drug has the ability to soothe your lungs so you can breathe more easily.
Water helps in distributing oxygen all over your body, so increasing your water intake will help in regulating your breathing. When you feel out of breath, drink a glass of clean water. And always remember to observe your fluid intake. You should drink at 6-8 glasses of water every day.
Do breathing exercises
Breathing exercises will greatly help in improving your health. This will strengthen your lungs and at the same time relax your body. Every day, take time to do breathing exercises. Go out to a clean and quiet place with some trees. Sit up straight, close your eyes and inhale deeply, then exhale slowly. DO this repeatedly. If you want to do advance breathing exercises, you can refer to the Internet for more details.
Get some cough medicine
If the shortness of breath you are feeling is due to excessive coughing, then you can drink some cough medicine. You can simply take a trip to the local pharmacy and ask for over-the-counter cough medicine. If you are unsure what to get, you can get a medical prescription from the doctor.
|
<urn:uuid:2b0d0722-5778-4364-aa2c-a99f11771b42>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-13
|
http://www.mygetridofguide.com/rid-of-shortness-of-breath/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190236.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00403-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956838
| 667
| 2.71875
| 3
|
Gender Roles Book List & Resources
The recommended picture books in the gender roles book list challenge gender stereotypes. They present characters who don’t fit into “normal” gender roles. They are instead true to themselves. Rebel Girls has produced great short videos on fairy tales with men in the role of the “lead” character. Their YouTube channel includes a video highlighting the “ugly truth” about female book characters, or the lack of them.
Gender Roles Book List
These resources relate to the book, author and illustrator. The number of resources varies subject to subject. Please check they are appropriate for your specific needs before using them with children. If you have any suggestions please get in touch!
Healthy Children: Gender Identity Development in Children
Novak Djokovic Foundation: Lack of Men in Early Childhood Education
Mermaids UK: Resources and information to support gender non-conforming or transgender children
British Council: How to approach teaching gender equality to boys and girls
The Guardian: Books for girls, about girls: the publishers trying to balance the bookshelves
Very Well Mind: The Importance of a Child’s Social Identity
Humanium: Understanding Children’s Right to Identity
Educational Articles and Lesson Plans
Teaching Tolerance: Groups We Belong To Learning Plan
Teaching Tolerance: Looking Inwards, Looking Outwards: An Exploration of Identity Learning Plan
Equality and Human Rights Commission: Explore a wide range of jobs and challenge preconceptions
Scholastic: I Can Do Anything Lesson Plan
National Union of Teachers: Boys’ Things and Girls’ Things
Scholastic: Staff Teacher Handout: Helping Children Develop a Sense of Identity
Teaching Tolerance: What makes me who I am? Learning Plan
Teaching Tolerance: Questioning Identity, while Respecting Diversity. Learning Plan
Equality and Human Rights Commission: Who Am I?
The British Museum: Identity classroom resources
- Amazing Resources for International Women’s Day
- Powerful Books About Remarkable Women
- Identity Picture Books & Resources
- Ruby’s Wish by Shirin Yim Bridges teaching resources
- Morris Micklewhite and the Tangerine Dress by Christine Baldacchino teaching resources
- Princess Smartypants by Babette Cole teaching resources
More Books to Explore
The Children’s Library Lady has over 450 picture books on large variety of topics. You will find specific book, author and illustrator information, as well as resources. You can also browse themed books lists and explore all the books on the website. Click on the book covers below to start exploring what the website has to offer.
Like this post? Pin it & share the love!
Africa Book List Africa Book List Africa Book List Africa Book List Africa Book List
|
<urn:uuid:ef49407a-484c-43fe-b2cb-37d94b81c356>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://childrenslibrarylady.com/gender-roles-picture-book-list/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251669967.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125041318-20200125070318-00317.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.856726
| 588
| 3
| 3
|
Spain is known for its rich culture, history, and traditions. One of the most recognizable symbols of Spain is the bull.
The bull has become an emblem of the nation and the Spanish people. It is a symbol that represents strength, power, and determination.
But why is the bull the national symbol of Spain?
The bull has been a significant part of Spanish culture since ancient times.
Bulls were first used for agricultural purposes, but later, they became a part of religious festivals and celebrations.
The bullfighting tradition in Spain dates back to the 8th century, and it has become an integral part of Spanish culture.
The bullfighting tradition has contributed to the bull’s symbolism in Spain, but it is not the only reason why the bull is the national symbol of Spain.
There are many theories about why the bull is the national symbol of Spain. One theory suggests that the bull represents the country’s strength and power.
Another theory suggests that the bull symbolizes the Spanish people’s fighting spirit and determination.
Regardless of the reason, the bull has become an iconic symbol of Spain and an integral part of its culture and traditions.
History of Bullfighting in Spain
Origins of Bullfighting in Spain
Bullfighting has been a part of Spanish culture for centuries, dating back to ancient Rome.
However, it wasn’t until the 18th century that bullfighting as we know it today began to take shape.
Experts consider that modern Spanish bullfighting started in 1726 when Francisco Romero, a significant matador from Ronda, introduced the use of the sword (estoque) and the famous red cape (muleta) into the bullfight.
After this exploit, humble people started to practice it on foot.
Evolution of Bullfighting in Spain
Over time, bullfighting became more complex and stylized, with strict rules and rituals governing every aspect of the performance.
During the reign of Philip IV (1621-65), the lance was discarded in favour of the rejoncillo (short spear), and leg armour was introduced to protect the mounted bullfighters.
For 600 years the bullfighting spectacle consisted of a mounted aristocrat armed with a lance.
Today, bullfighting is a highly controversial sport that has been banned in some parts of Spain and other countries.
Despite the controversy, it remains an important part of Spanish culture and continues to attract large crowds of spectators.
In conclusion, the history of bullfighting in Spain is a long and complex one, with its origins dating back to ancient Rome.
While the sport has evolved over time, it remains an important part of Spanish culture and continues to attract fans from around the world.
Role of the Bull in Spanish Culture
The bull has played a significant role in Spanish culture for centuries, with its symbolism and significance dating back to ancient times.
From religious rituals to modern-day bullfighting, the bull has remained an important symbol of Spain’s cultural heritage.
Religious Significance of the Bull in Spain
The bull has a long-standing religious significance in Spain, with evidence of bull worship dating back to prehistoric times.
In ancient times, the bull was regarded as a symbol of power and strength, and it was often associated with the gods.
During the Middle Ages, the bull became a symbol of the Christian faith.
The bull was used in religious festivals and processions, and it was often sacrificed in honor of the saints.
The bullfighting tradition, which began in the 18th century, was also closely linked to religious festivals and celebrations.
Symbolic Meaning of the Bull in Spanish Culture
The bull has come to symbolize many things in Spanish culture, including strength, courage, and virility.
It is often associated with the Spanish character and is seen as a representation of the country’s national identity.
The Osborne Bulls, large black silhouettes of bulls that stand along Spanish highways, have become an iconic symbol of Spain.
The bulls were originally created as advertisements for Osborne Sherry in 1956, but they have since become a national symbol that represents the spirit of Spain.
Bullfighting, also known as tauromachia, is another important aspect of Spanish culture that is closely associated with the bull.
While it remains a controversial practice, bullfighting is seen by many as an important part of Spain’s cultural heritage.
The Bull as a National Symbol
Spain’s national symbol is the bull, representing the country’s strength, power, and determination.
The bull is a symbolic figure in Spanish culture and has become an integral part of the nation’s identity.
The Bull as a Symbol of Spain’s National Identity
The bull has been a symbol of Spain’s national identity since the 12th century when it was adopted as the country’s official emblem.
The bull represents Spain’s history, culture, and traditions, and it is often associated with the country’s passion, courage, and bravery.
The bullfighting tradition is deeply rooted in Spanish culture, and it is considered an art form that showcases the bull’s strength and the matador’s skill.
The bull is also a symbol of Spain’s economic prosperity, as the country is one of the largest producers of beef in the world.
The image of the bull is often used in advertising and marketing campaigns to promote Spanish products and services.
Controversies Surrounding the Bull as a National Symbol
Despite its popularity, the bull as a national symbol has been a source of controversy in recent years.
Animal rights activists have criticized the use of the bull as a symbol of Spanish culture, arguing that bullfighting is a cruel and inhumane practice that should be banned.
The controversy has led to protests and demonstrations against bullfighting and the use of the bull as a national symbol.
In 2018, the Spanish government banned the use of live bulls and horses in bullfighting events in the Balearic Islands, a move that was hailed by animal rights activists.
However, the bull remains a powerful symbol of Spanish culture and identity, and it is unlikely that it will be replaced anytime soon.
The bull has been a symbol of Spain for centuries, representing the country’s strength, power, and determination.
It has been used in various forms of art, including paintings, sculptures, and even advertisements.
The Osborne bull, in particular, has become an iconic symbol of Spain, towering over the country’s motorways and attracting millions of tourists every year.
Despite its controversial association with bullfighting, the bull remains an important part of Spanish culture and heritage.
It represents the country’s history, traditions, and values, and is a source of pride for many Spaniards.
However, it is important to note that not all Spaniards support bullfighting, and the practice has faced increasing criticism and opposition in recent years.
Overall, the bull’s status as the national symbol of Spain is deeply rooted in the country’s history and culture.
It serves as a reminder of Spain’s past and present and continues to inspire and captivate people around the world.
|
<urn:uuid:479d29c7-7e30-4fb2-8fcf-05a5f1ad44e3>
|
CC-MAIN-2024-10
|
https://ourspanishlife.com/the-bull-spains-national-symbol/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474686.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227184934-20240227214934-00197.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.969713
| 1,491
| 3.15625
| 3
|
Nature Aids in Health and Wellness for Mind, Body and Soul, New Article Finds
Nature has several benefits that impact a person’s overall well-being, according to a new research article, NatureRx@UMD: A Review for Pursuing Green Space as a Health and Wellness Resource for the Body, Mind and Soul.
University of Maryand School of Public Health faculty members Dr. Jennifer Roberts (assistant professor, kinesiology) and Dr. Shannon Jette (associate professor, kinesiology) contributed to the American Journal of Health Promotion article, which explores three themes: “Admiration for Nature Can Save Us,” “In Nature, Nothing Is Perfect and Everything Is Perfect” and “Nature Is Always Dancing.”
“Guided by the prose of esteemed novelist and naturalist, Alice Walker, we walk through this article by outlining the growing body of research demonstrating the health benefits of human interaction with green environments and the impetus for the launch of NatureRx@UMD,” Dr. Roberts said in an email.
Admiration for Nature Can Save Us
The quoted phrase from the author and naturalist Alice Walker is a reminder that 1) By “respecting nature, we can quite literally (try to) save ourselves from endangering Earth’s natural life.” 2) People can understand Walker’s observation through encounters of “species, climate and natural resources, which ultimately impact the well-being and survival of humans for generations to come.” 3) Walker’s words offer an “impetus for the promotion and protection of nature’s longevity and diversity.”
In Nature, Nothing Is Perfect and Everything Is Perfect
According to the article, mental health is a major area of concern for college students. They often experience stress, anxiety, depression, which can result in substance abuse, and in some unfortunate cases, suicide.
Suicide was the second leading cause of death among all adults ages 18-25, according to the National Institute of Mental Health. While colleges nationwide are incorporating more accessibility of counseling services geared toward prevention, more efforts are needed, the article said.
“Coping health behavior strategies through natural environment exposures may offer a viable supplement to comprehensive evidence-based treatment for mental health concerns on college campuses," the article states.
Spending time in nature as stress management, restorative and regulatory tool for student mental health and wellness can have a positive impact.
Nature Is Always Dancing
On Earth Day 2019, the University of Maryland launched NatureRx@UMD. The program, initiated by Drs. Roberts and Jette, originated from the nonprofit ParkRxAmerica and was modeled after NatureRx@Cornell to encourage the university community to take advantage of green spaces on campus.
NatureRx@UMD will serve as a “living laboratory for the greater UMD community” by highlighting ways of how the landscape and greenery of campus can play a crucial role in preventing or addressing mental health concerns among college students, they said.
One feature of the initiative will involve prescribing therapies via health care providers at the UMD Health Center. Another will include a Communications Team and Student Club, which will be led by students who will teach other students safety for outdoor activities and how to incorporate nature into their daily life.
To read the full article and learn more about NatureRx@UMD, click the links below.
|
<urn:uuid:4a617e23-2233-411e-a9d7-69d99e363d19>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-17
|
https://sph.umd.edu/news-item/nature-aids-health-and-wellness-mind-body-and-soul-new-article-finds
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038065903.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411233715-20210412023715-00451.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.923681
| 718
| 2.96875
| 3
|
1603 in Shakespeare’s England was certainly, as Thomas Dekker noted wryly in a bestselling pamphlet, a ‘Wonderfull Yeare’. On March 24th, shockwaves reverberated through the country at the news that the iconic Elizabeth I had died. In the absence of an heir, the title was passed to James VI of Scotland. Yet this was to be no easy transition. James had barely got comfortable on his new English throne before a devastating outbreak of plague swept through London and the surrounding countryside. This was to be one of the deadliest instances of plague in England’s history, eventually claiming around a quarter of London’s population.
Among James’ first actions as English monarch was to issue a book of Orders* relating to the plague outbreak, outlining rules and procedures to be followed in an attempt to stop the spread of the disease and to aid those suffering from it. There's a fantastic copy of the Order for Plague in the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust library.
The first half of the text is dedicated to physical orders enforced to
try and control the plague in London and the surrounding areas. Houses were ‘to
be closed up’ for 6 weeks if one of the inhabitants fell ill, and the sick were
encouraged to be ‘restrained from resorting into company of others’ for fear of
spreading infection. If they did leave the house, they were to mark their
clothes so as to warn others of their disease - they could be overseen by
watchmen and breaking these orders could be punished by a spell in the stocks.
Moreover, ‘clothes, bedding and other stuffe as hath been worne and occupied by
the infected of this disease’ were collected and burnt. But James also took
measures to ensure the sick would not lose everything: he ordered that
collections should be made in order to support those who were locked in their
houses and to replace their possessions.
The focus of the book then shifts to provide an illuminating insight into Early Modern medicine. In the second half, it prints several preventative and remedial cures recommended by physicians which were designed to be put up in public, ensuring even the poorest members of society had access to them ‘without great charge or cost’. These range from correcting the humours through purging and bloodletting, to herbal remedies. There are also some more intriguing treatments. For example, pregnant women were advised to shield themselves from plague by eating toast covered in vinegar, butter, and cinnamon, whilst the poor, who may not be able to afford vinegar and cinnamon, were told they ‘may eate bread and butter alone’ because butter was seen as a ‘preservative against the Plague’. Those who were already suffering from sores could try and ease them with a warmed mixture of onions, butter and garlic, or if your cupboard was bare, you could try simply laying ‘a load of bread to it [the sore] hot as it commeth out of the oven’!
Although these cures seem bizarre to us, people believed in them and would try anything which might protect them from this dangerous disease. Even when out and about, people were advised to hold herbs in their hands (the same they were burning to clean the air in their homes, such as rosemary, juniper, bay leaves, frankincense, sage, and lavender), or breathe through a handkerchief dipped in vinegar – an early alternative to a medical face mask! Thomas Dekker described the depressing sight of London’s streets strewn with ineffective dead herbs, lying alongside the sick and dying: ‘where all the pauement should in stead of greene rushes, be strewed with blasted Rosemary: withered Hyacinthes, fatall Cipresse and Ewe, thickly mingled with heapes of dead mens bones’.
Whilst Dekker clearly wrote vividly about ‘the diseased Citie’ of London, another playwright (whom Dekker may have collaborated with on the play Sir Thomas More) was also unable to avoid writing about the pervasive plague.
In 1603 Shakespeare’s acting company, formerly named The Lord Chamberlain’s Men under Elizabeth I, became The King’s Men under James I. However their performances were infrequent – theatres had been closed for almost a year due to fears that plague would spread through the crowds. It was around this time (1603-4) that Shakespeare probably wrote Measure for Measure. The play is set in an unruly Vienna heavily afflicted with disease – perhaps inspired by the disruption Shakespeare witnessed around him in plague-sieged London.
In my next post I will be exploring the echoes of plague in some of Shakespeare’s other works.
Orders, thought meete by his Maiestie, and his Priuie Counsell, to be executed throughout the counties of this realme, in such townes, villages, and other places, as are, or may be hereafter infected with the plague, for the stay of further increase of the same. Also, an aduise set downe by the best learned in physicke within this realme, containing sundry good rules and easie medicines, without charge to the meaner sort of people, aswel for the preseruation of his good subiects from the plague before infection, as for the curing and ordering of them after they shalbe infected.
James I Orders about the Plague (1603) - in our Library 83392203, Class: SR - 97.8/
|
<urn:uuid:b5a797b4-e22d-4189-85c5-819c4e15837c>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-04
|
https://www.shakespeare.org.uk/explore-shakespeare/blogs/sovereign-and-sick-city-1603/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703522133.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20210120213234-20210121003234-00354.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.97791
| 1,165
| 3.421875
| 3
|
When designing a training programme or even evaluating another programme that you may be considering useful for your goals it is important to understand the scientific principles that guide these decisions.
Training is essentially forcing adaptation of the body to the new conditions. Your body reacts to various stimuli with a huge variety of responses and you must understand which responses are effective for your eventual goals. The resulting goals of a competitive bodybuilder may be at odds with an Olympic level strength lifter and consequently different to a professional Rugby player or martial artist.
Forcing adaptations that suit your primary goals require use of the following principles of muscular development and reaction to stress.
The following principles are not mutually exclusive but generally encompass all the factors that are known to scientifically affect muscular size, strength, speed and skill development. Every training regime, regardless of its intention or philosophy will base itself on one or more of these principles and you will understand far better why by familiarising yourself with these principles first. They will also improve your training understanding in general and aid in the future development of your own regimes and personalised plans.
In brief these 6 principles can be summarised as:
1. Overload Principle
Put simply the body adapts to stresses. The body must experience continually increasing resistance to continue adaptation. Consistent overload states that the body needs to push more to grow more.
2. Isolation Principle
Isolation suggests that in order to ensure stress is successfully aimed at all muscles and optimal development occurs it is best to isolate as much as feasible the muscle being trained to ensure that weaker units do not escape the overload principle.
3. SAID (Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands) Principle
Individual muscle groups are best seen as a collection of components that react differently to very specific forms of overload. SAID suggests that optimal development can only occur when these individual elements are treated separately and training principles applied to maximize contribution from each.
4. Stimulation Principle
In order to maintain skill forms or integration between muscle groups this principle states that various movement patterns must be forced to experience increasing resistance to enhance the motor development and neurological patterning of those skills and movements. This principle is effectively in opposition to the Isolation Principle stating that integrated movements are the priority over individual isolation.
5. Dis-inhibition Principle
This principle states that training must be aimed at focusing overload on inhibitory mechanisms in the body. With this principle muscle and skill development is seen as limited by various ‘safety’ inhibition mechanisms in the body system and that eliminating or reducing these factors allows greater muscular force to be generated.
6. Accommodation Principle
Especially in regard to finely skilled pursuits this principle states that uncoordinated muscular development or fatigue from various heavy training regimes may negatively affect those skills. In order to maintain a balance between training effect and maintaining skill sets effort must be distributed between both to accommodate both.
Using and understanding the principles:
All routines and training parameters are based to some extent on one or more of these principles from the early Weider bodybuilder programmes to the most advanced periodized plans put forward by modern authors.
Firstly the Overload Principle is virtually uniform in all muscular development programmes, although you will find various parameters to achieving this.
The Isolation Principle is more often found in bodybuilder and physique programmes that require a more symmetrical physical development with less emphasis on overall motor skills and more on developing ‘target’ muscles and weak or lagging muscle areas. These are often described in training regimes which aim to develop a particular look to the physique regardless of actual motor performance. Generally isolation exercises do not build maximal strength or overall co-ordination but do allow careful enhancement of weak muscles, following injuries or for aesthetic reasons. Isolation is often recommended for small muscle groups which are easily dominated by body shape imbalances. This can often be seen in ‘arm’ specific training where the shoulders and upper back are taken out of the equation to give weak arms more direct overload.
The SAID principle is primarily concerned with a scientific approach to maximal development of muscular size, concerning itself with the various cellular and fibre types within muscles and how to maximize these. The SAID principle is often quoted by those routine designers who prefer a background in neurological sciences and see the body as working as fibre types and cellular mechanisms than as simple muscle groups. SAID is often a philosophy behind ‘holistic’ training methods which aim to induce maximum muscle size and strength by hitting every component of muscle with different training protocols, from myofibrils to sarcoplasm. This ‘whole muscle’ approach is keen to max out genetic possibilities by understanding that ‘muscle’ is not just a simple tissue but a collection of many different cells, fibres and fluids all of which can be affected by very different stresses and stimuli.
The Stimulation principle is often a major concern for strength coaches who are attempting to maximize strength and explosive power. These lifts require a specific set of motor skills to achieve maximum results and stimulating the body in a way which develops motor patterns and as an integrated chain as opposed to in an individual muscle group. In this way this principle may also be of more importance to sports coaches. Many modern day coaches often try to teach integration between aesthetics and performance and may include routines which rely on the stimulation principle to inform their use. Although bodybuilders may not find as much use in movement specific training, many people can find less injury and better development for certain body shapes and types than in traditional bodybuilding training. Obviously sports coaches also prefer to teach resistance in the movement of most benefit to their athletes.
The Dis inhibition Principle is an attempt to understand the limitations placed on the body by its safety and inhibitory mechanisms. These are designed to limit performance or rates of change but may often be artificially limiting maximum results. Some training regimes now attempt to use this principle to train the body to remove these obstacles to achieve new levels of power, strength and size development. This principle is quite scientific and requires an understanding of complex limiting factors and genetic ties. Some coaches have found that overcoming natural limitations may be possible by teaching the body ‘new tricks’ or focusing effort into areas that appear to have feedback limitations. This is probably the least explored of the principles but may have a lot of use in expanding training options.
The Accommodation Principle seeks to find a balance between the skills necessary for a particular sport or activity and the requirements for hard training needed to make gains and adaptations by integrating time and recovery for both. Those involved in martial arts for example may require more muscle size and strength but not at the expense of learning complex skills and maintaining complex motor patterns whilst avoiding fatigue. This principle is often used to keep the fitness of competitive athletes at maximum while still improving overall performance. Accommodation would also manage the reasoning behind training for extreme fat loss whilst maintaining muscle mass. It is often difficult to train for extreme size whilst keeping recovery high enough and at the same time shredding body fat away. This may involve complex accommodations to manage both goals without causing injury or overtraining or loss of skills and necessary sports specific motor actions.
These principles are not mutually exclusive and you may find training regimes which attempt to invoke several in order to achieve maximum results in a particular area or for a particular type of athlete.
More on the General Overload Principle
Regardless of what training routine you employ or overall goals you wish to achieve the principle of overload is universal. The human body is a highly complex machine with multiple systems designed to help it adapt to stresses and stimuli in order to become more suited to survival and success. Your body generally wishes to remain in a state of homeostasis (lit. to stay the same). Building new muscle or acquiring new skills may lead to a better chance of survival or success but all of this will require an input of time, energy and require greater resources and more food and rest etc. In order to convince your body’s systems to develop a new form you must apply a stress which the body will adapt to. This is the basic principle of overload. When you lift a weight for more reps or using a higher load than previously you set in motion a chain of adaptive reactions which cause your body to undergo a training response. Presuming you have access to enough nutrients from food and enough time to rest and recover your body will adapt to this new stress by repairing the minor damage inflicted on the body and build a slightly stronger or bigger muscle or more efficient neural or hormonal response. Overload states that you must continually raise or alter the stress or stimuli on the body to achieve a new adaptation.
Simply lifting the same weight in the same way for the same amount of time will not cause an adaptive response since the body already knows how to accommodate these stimuli. Each time you train or perform your sport you will see the most development if you overload your system to some extent and see a new stress that the body must learn to accommodate.
Overload is the reason why training protocols generally increase one or more parameters. These can include the amount of weight lifted, the time taken to lift the weight, the amount of rest taken between sets, number of sets and number of reps amongst others. You can read more about these training parameters and other forms of overload in the Periodisation article. This definition of overload is not the only one used and is the broadest possible description of the principle itself.
A more definitive method of overload is often known as extension sets and protocols.
These are a number of ways to induce overload and these are often credited with originating in the bodybuilding world under the Weider principles. Although often refined and re-described it is possible to see evidence for these in almost all of today’s ‘extension’ sets and methods. As most training initially followed the limited volume and very limited exercise selection of early power training forms, many of these ‘overload’ principles were new at the time of introduction and were designed to bust through ‘plateaus’ and stop muscle development stagnating due to lack of variation.
The Weider principles include such techniques as split training where the body is broken up into muscle groups or movements and these are trained on different days or in different training sessions on the same day. These principles then became more complex and involved such programme overload designs such as supersets (two different exercises for the same body parts or antagonist body parts performed without rest in-between) giant sets (same as supersets but three or more exercises used together) and muscle confusion principles. This system predicted that constantly changing parameters would confuse the body into adapting to many various stresses and be unable to get comfortable adapting to one simple progression.
You can find a lot of these training principles and techniques described in more detail in the Glossary article.
As simply stated the Overload principle does not take into account any further aspects of training such as nutrition or the possibility of overtraining. Your body must work within the framework of its capability to recover. For further reading on these topics please see the Optimal Nutrition article.
|
<urn:uuid:d6a76950-481a-4a92-b087-c4fba934dfbd>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.bodyactive-online.co.uk/training/resistance/general/trainingPrinciples.asp
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706470784/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121430-00006-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949692
| 2,240
| 3.28125
| 3
|
OatsBotanical Name: Avena sativa (LINN.)
Family: N.O. Graminaceae
Synonyms: Groats. Oatmeal.
Part Used: Seeds.
Habitat: It is unknown when Oats were first introduced into Britain.
Description: There are about twenty-five varieties cultivated. The nutritive quality of Oats is less in a given weight than that of any other cereal grain. In the best Oats it does not exceed 75 per cent. Avena sativa, the Common Oat, has a smooth stem, growing up to 4 feet high, with linear lanceolate, veined rough leaves; loose striate sheaves; stipules lacerate; panicle equal, loose; spikelets pedunculate, pendulous, twoflowered, both perfect, lower one mostly awned; paleae cartilaginous, embracing the caryopsis; root fibrous, annual. The Naked or Pilcorn Oat differs slightly from the other: calyces three-flowered, receptacle exceeding the calyx; petals awned at the back; the third floscule awnless; and the chief difference lies in the grains, which when ripe quit the husk and fall naked. The grains as found in commerce are enclosed in their pales and these grains divested of their paleae are used for medicinal and dietary purposes; the grains when separated from their integuments are termed groats, and these when crushed are called Embden groats. Oatmeal is ground grain.
Constituents: Starch, gluten, albumen and other protein compounds, sugar, gum oil, and salts.
Medicinal Action and Uses: Nervine, stimulant, antispasmodic. Oats are made into gruel. This is prepared by boiling 1 OZ. of oatmeal or groats in 3 pints of water till reduced to 1 quart, then straining it, sugar, lemons, wine, or raisins being added as flavouring. Gruel thus is a mild nutritious aliment, of easy digestion in inflammatory cases and fevers; it is very useful after parturition, and is sometimes employed in poisoning from acid substances. It is found useful also as a demulcent enema and boiled into a thick paste makes a good emollient poultice. Oatmeal is unsoluble in alcohol, ether, and the oils, but the two first move an oleoresinous matter from it. It is to be avoided in dyspepsia accompanied with acidity of the stomach. The pericarp of Oats contains an amorphous alkaloid which acts as astimulant of the motor ganglia, increasing the excitability of the muscles, and in horses causes excitement. A tincture is made by permeating 4 OZ. of ground oatmeal to 1 pint diluted alcohol, keeping the first 5 1/2 OZ. (fluid), and evaporating the remainder down to 1/2 fluid ounce, and adding this to the first 5 1/2 fluid ounces. The extract and tincture are useful as a nerve and uterine tonic.
Dosage: Fluid extract, 10 to 30 drops in hot water. (The last dose at night should be taken in cold water instead of hot, or it may induce sleeplessness. - EDITOR.)
|
<urn:uuid:f04ca33f-2996-40be-95a3-5cc7952aa87c>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
http://medherbs.info/659.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818695066.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926051558-20170926071558-00557.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.922283
| 705
| 3.046875
| 3
|
Tulsi is a plant which is quite common in Hindu homes and it has great religious significance. It is a special plant which has served mankind with its herbal qualities for thousands of years by healing ailments and curing infections. The ritualistic worship of Tulsi is known as Tulsi Pooja or Tulsi Vivah. During the occasion of Tulsi Pooja, the plant is decorated elaborately and offerings are made to it. This occasion is also known as Tulsi Vivah as the plant is married to a Shaligram (a symbol of Lord Vishnu) on this day.
Importance Of Tulsi Pooja
According to legend, Tulsi is an earthly manifestation of Maa Mahalakshmi who represents the qualities of love, dedication, virtuousness and sorrow of women. Tulsi Pooja is thus of special significance to Hindu women of all ages. This is a pooja that greatly benefits various aspects of a person’s life, by bringing harmony to married and family life, auspicious energies into one’s home and preventing diseases and misfortune. Performing Tulsi Pooja can even absolve all a persons’s sins, both of this life and the past and nullify the effects of Vastu Dosh. The act of Tulsi Pooja always brings the grace of Lord Vishnu to devotees, as Tulsi is a consort of the Lord. The great importance of Tulsi Pooja has been highlighted time and again in several Hindu scriptures.
Advantages of Tulsi Pooja
1. Brings get prosperity to marital life
2. Improves communication between family members.
3. Prevents one from the effects of diseases and infections.
4. Brings positive vibrations to one’s home.
|
<urn:uuid:5213feea-1f99-4721-9fb0-4400404d331f>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-27
|
https://onlineprasad.com/products/puja-tulsi
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103205617.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626101442-20220626131442-00313.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962867
| 375
| 3.28125
| 3
|
Yemen is a relatively populous, mountainous country in the southern tip of the Arabian peninsula. It is the southernmost country of the Middle East, bordering Saudi Arabia in the north and Oman in the east. In the south, the over 1000 kilometres long coastline stretches along the Gulf of Aden, extending to the Arabian Sea or Indian Ocean, while to the west the narrow – yet unpredictable – Red Sea separates the country from Africa. In fact, biogeographically the western part of Yemen belongs to the Paleotropics, just as Ethiopia and Eritrea, where the same vegetation and climate are found.
Yemen resembles a rectangle, stretching 1500 kilometres from east to west and 350 kilometres from north to south. It is 528.000 square kilometres. Yemen is slightly smaller than France, Afghanistan and Somalia, and slightly larger than Iraq, Spain or Morocco. Yemen’s northern neighbour Saudi Arabia is four times as big, while its eastern neighbour, Oman, is about half its size.
Elevation and Central Habitation
Yemen’s population is concentrated in the western part of the country, where a ridge of impressive mountains rises from the Red Sea. The width of the mountain ridge variates between 100-200 kilometres, in length stretching across the whole of (western) Yemen, and extending well into the southern Saudi provinces of Jizan and Asir. The mountains are high – that of Jabal Nabi Shuayb, 3666 meters in height, being the highest of the whole Arabian peninsula, with alpine vegetation and a military base on its summit. Most mountains are about 2000 meters in height, making the ridge a large barrier to humid air blowing in from Africa and the Red Sea.
As a result, there is sufficient rain to feed a large population. The fertile mountains around Ibb – towards the south – are green all year round. Rain-fed agriculture abounds in the mountains, which are adorned with laboriously maintained ancient terraces. The largest towns are found along the spine of the mountain ridge, with capital Sana’a in the middle, third largest town Taizz in the south and many medium-sized towns inbetween and in their environs.
The mountains in the north are significantly more arid and consequently much more thinly populated. Northernmost town Sa’adah, once the capital, has roughly a mere 25.000 inhabitants. Beyond the southern end of the mountain ridge lies hot and humid Aden. Its strategic position and natural port have stimulated growth for centuries, making Aden the second town in Yemen.
Another section of the population lives in the coastal plain bordering the Red Sea, called the Tihama, which like the mountain ridge stretches well into Saudi Arabia. The Yemeni Tihama is perpetually hot and in summertime humid as well. It has fertile, semi-tropical spots centred around oases and rivers, mostly in the foothills of the mountains. In some places, the Tihama has an African atmosphere, with dark-skinned people living in straw huts. The plain hosts historic towns such as Al Mokha and Zabid. The port of Al Hudayda is the fourth largest town in Yemen.
To the east, the mountain ridge gradually descends into the arid and sparsely inhabited provinces of Al Jawf, Marib and Shabwa. With the exception of a concentration of agricultural activity and antiquities around Marib, these extensive provinces derive their economical importance mainly from oilfields beneath the semi-desert lands.
Even further to the east, the Hadhramawt suddenly arises, an isolated chain of fertile oases. Yemeni in origin, the Hadhramawt is associated with an ancient, distinct civilization. Exemplary are the towns with their splendid architecture, such as Shibam, home of the world’s first skyscrapers. Shibam has been extensively renovated by unesco. The official governorate of Hadhramawt stretches to Mukalla, a large port town on the Arabian Sea, 500 kilometres from Aden.
With Oman, Saudi Arabia and the Emirates, Yemen shares the Ruba’ Al Khali, or Empty Quarter, a vast desert that occupies a large part of the peninsula. It is one of the largest sand deserts in the world, uninhabitable for human beings. Over five thousand years ago, it was home to hunters and gatherers, feeding on wildlife sustained by numerous lakes, which are still detectable in the landscape. Nowadays, the Ruba’ Al Khali has some of the largest oilfields in the world. It presumably holds a wealth of archaeological and geological riches that are yet to be explored. The British explorer Wilfred Thesiger crossed the desert in the first quarter of the twentieth century, resulting in the famous book Arabian Sands.
Yemen has several climates. The west of Yemen benefits from monsoon rains, which fall mainly in late spring and again at the end of summer. Most rain falls in the mountains, with a maximum of an annual 1000 milimetres in the south gradually decreasing to an average of 400 milimetres in the northern mountains. Temperatures in the mountains vary according to altitude and season, with an average of 16 degrees centigrade and frosty winter nights in the higher mountains. The Tihama, by contrast, is always hot and also very humid during the rainy season, a climate similar to that across the Red Sea, in Eritrea and Somalia. The eastern desert has a dry climate, with heavy, but sporadic rains and frosty nights.
There are no railways in Yemen. A number of two-lane roads connect the cities and towns along the spine of the mountain ridge, and to the west and east of them. Many of the thousands of villages can only be reached via unpaved roads, which are often subject to landslides and degradation – thus leaving many people cut off from medical and other basic services. The large island of Soqotra (see box) and several smaller islands, mainly in the Red Sea, also belong to Yemen. Most of them are uninhabited, and serve as military bases. The island group of Hanish has a small resort for tourists interested in deep-sea diving.
Several of Yemen’s areas have on various occasions been designated as nature conservation areas. The island of Soqotra is by far the most important of them, due to its exceptional number of endemic species. The area of Autma is one of the oldest Yemeni nature reserves. The official national park of Jebel Bura preserves Arabia’s last surviving forest, which is still inhabited by baboons. With the exception of isolated Soqotra, conservation of nature reserves is not always adequate, it sometimes lacking popular support, and often lacking finance and subject to corruption.
Box: Frequently nicknamed the Galapagos of the Indian Ocean, the long-neglected island of Soqotra could possibly become one of Yemen’s jewels, and is still in competition to become one of the ‘Seven Wonders of the World’. Soqotra lies at the maritime crossroads of Africa, Asia and Arabia, 800 kilometres south-east from Aden and 250 kilometres from the tip of the Horn of Africa. Throughout history, Asians, Europeans and Africans have visited and influenced Soqotra for both commercial and military reasons, despite isolated conditions as a result of difficult seas and winds. In the 1970s, Soqotra served as a Soviet military base. The island measures about 135 by 40 kilometres. Soqotra and the three surrounding smaller islands are together home to up to 50.000 people. Soqotra is in the process of becoming a destination for environmental tourism and an important site for the conservation of ecodiversity, for much of the isolated island’s rich and remarkable flora and fauna is endemic and unique to the world.
Box: In 2007, plans were revealed to build a bridge between Yemen and Djibouti. The bridge will reconnect the Middle East and Africa, which were once united on the super continent of Gondwana but which drifted apart hundreds of millions of years ago. The bridge will connect two new cities, to be built on either side of the bridge. The bridge will span 3,5 kilometres from Yemen to the island of Perim and from there over 20 kilometres across the Red Sea to Djibouti. The first 5 kilometres will consist of approach bridges, the middle span of 10 kilometres will be supported by just three giant pylons towering more than 400 meters above the 300 meter deep sea. Heading the plan is the Dubai based Middle East Development llc, assisted by engineers of the Danish cowi company, who calculated that construction would take at least twelve years and $20 billion.
Banner: ‘In the name of God. Tree conservation is the responsibility of the government, scientists, preachers and all members of society. For the tree is God’s creation, wherefore he entrusted us with its conservation. It greatly enhances moisture and rainfall, and living conditions.’ (Fatwa, or decree by cadi (scolar) Ahmad Mohamad Zabara, mufti (religious lawmaker) of Yemen)
Banner: ‘Yemen has got a very spectacular topography ranging from majestic mountains to mysterious desert dunes, from fertile flat plains to more than 2000 kilometres of breath-taking beaches along the Arabian Sea coast in the south and the Red Sea coast in the west. (From the Saleh presidential website)
|
<urn:uuid:eb772242-863b-4498-9961-cb136c8e23a5>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-51
|
https://abumelle.org/2010/01/10/gepgraphy/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948587577.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216104016-20171216130016-00662.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948507
| 1,953
| 3.140625
| 3
|
Warning: "continue" targeting switch is equivalent to "break". Did you mean to use "continue 2"? in /usr/www/users/teachbtydz/wp-content/plugins/essential-grid/includes/item-skin.class.php on line 1041
body covering [hair; feathers; fur; pelt; hide; skin; shell; scales].
The teacher can search for animal body coverings [activities; video/ worksheets].
Complete answers on a classification table on the board.
Learner Activity 7
Before handing out Worksheet C, ask the learners if they know the meaning of the word vegetarian (someone who does not eat meat). The learners can also be asked to specify what they prefer to eat / like to eat/ dislike/ etc.
Remind remind the learners that there are also animals who prefer to eat certain plants and or animals as it had been explained in the PowerPoint presentation.
|
<urn:uuid:60615ae6-69f2-4698-8c8e-89d8c8af54fc>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-17
|
https://teachersfortechandscience.co.za/accordiontables/many-different-plants-and-animals-4/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039617701.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423101141-20210423131141-00213.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.903225
| 197
| 3.515625
| 4
|
This volume features substantive biographical essays on 97 world and American women scientists who have made significant contributions to the life sciences from antiquity to the present, with the emphasis on 20th century women. The essays go beyond the basic facts found in standard biographical dictionaries, however. Developmental influences, obstacles faced and overcome, and the efforts of these women to contribute to their chosen professions in spite of sometimes overwhelming disapproval of the establishment come alive in these portraits. Many of the living scientists profiled contributed interviews and autobiographical statements, which adds a vital and unique element to their profiles. Entries, written by 63 practicing scientists and researchers, explain the scientific work clearly in terms familiar to general readers and high school students.
Each entry provides a fact box outlining major life events, including educational and career milestones, and concludes with sources for further reading. Twenty-nine photographs complement the text. Disciplines covered include anatomy, bacteriology, biology, botany, embryology, entomology, genetics, horticulture, medicine, ornithology, pathology, pharmacology, physiology, and zoology. Subjects were selected on the basis of historical importance and recognition awards such as Blackwell, Lasker and Watermann prizes, Nobel prizes, MacArthur Foundation Genius awards, and the National Medal of Science. Seen across time and disciplines, the lives of these dedicated scientists can serve as role models for young women pursuing careers in science.
What happens when previously autonomous firms from different countries, each with their own identities, routines and capabilities, come together inside a single multinational corporation? Can a cooperative strategy be established that advances the development of the multinational as a whole, or do mutual misunderstandings and the unintended consequences of strategic interaction among the players' lead instead to endemic conflict and disintegration?
|
<urn:uuid:c9be7f8c-e4ba-4242-95c2-c5e750cfd1e0>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-30
|
http://brisbanepoloclub.com.au/topic/Notable+players
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525863.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718231656-20190719013656-00075.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.91651
| 357
| 2.8125
| 3
|
There are many electrical jobs that should always be left to a professional. Wiring a plug however is relatively straightforward and is something that you can probably do yourself. This does not mean the task should be taken lightly though. A large proportion of household electrical accidents are caused by incorrectly wired plugs. Follow these guidelines to ensure you’re doing it correctly and safely.
Inside of a plug
The diagram below shows the primary components inside a 3 pin plug.
- Cord grip on top of flex
- Neutral terminal
- Earth terminal
- Live terminal
Get the plug ready
- Using a screwdriver turn the centre screw anticlockwise, remove it and take off the front cover
- Loosen the 2 bottom screws of the cord grip
- Unscrew each of the screws from the 3 brass terminals
- Remove the fuse
Get the flex ready
- Line up the flex against the plug and cut back the outer covering to the cord grip.
- Strip about 1cm of the coloured insulation from each core to expose the wires underneath
Attach the flex to the plug
- Green/yellow wire to earth terminal (E)
- Blue wire to neutral terminal (N)
- Brown wire to live terminal (L)
- Slide the flex underneath the cord grip.
- Make sure that there are no loose wire strands by twisting the strands of each core between your thumb and forefinger
- Attach the wires to the terminals. How this is done depends on the type of terminals in the plug.
Clamp terminals: Wrap each of the cores around the correct terminal using the colour code above. Put the washer on top of the twisted wire and tighten the screws in place ensuring that the coloured insulation is not caught under the terminal clamp.
Pillar terminals: Double back the twisted, exposed wire for about 5 mm and enter it into the appropriate terminal hole. Tighten the terminal screw on the wire.
- Tighten the 2 bottom cord grip screws. Be careful that the cord grip is firmly attached to the full outer covering and not on the inner cores of the cable.
- Replace the fuse.
- Replace the cover.
|
<urn:uuid:85ffadbb-d47d-4f4c-88e4-103ece4cfdec>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-09
|
http://www.mmkelectricians.ie/how-to-wire-a-3-pin-plug/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247486480.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218114622-20190218140622-00494.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.87695
| 441
| 2.859375
| 3
|
===Story=== The story of Marcus Garvey, a controversial African American leader of the early 20th century, is thoughtfully told in this documentary, an installment in the ''American Experience'' series on PBS. Garvey, who was born in Jamaica, learned the printer's trade as a teenager, and his ability to express himself in print helped him become an advocate for black rights in his homeland. He formed the Universal Negro Improvement Association, but a financial scandal forced him to flee to New York. Before long he organized the UNIA in America, and his organization began an amazing chapter in American race relations. Garvey, after choosing the unlikely role model of evangelist Billy Sunday, became a great orator and enlisted many thousands of African Americans in his movement. Elderly people recall attending Garvey's rallies and parades with their parents 80 years ago, providing touching and fascinating insights. Newsreel footage shows Garvey, who took to wearing grandiose costumes in public, as well as the fervent crowds who flocked to him. Before long the federal government was seeking to destroy Garvey, and an obscure young Justice Department attorney named J. Edgar Hoover was writing reports denouncing him as a "notorious Negro agitator." A mail fraud charge led to Garvey's imprisonment and eventual exile in England. This intelligent film shows how Garvey, though always a controversial figure, was an important precursor to the American civil rights movement. ''--Robert J. McNamara''
- Fight Club 2 Jul 26
- The King of Comedy (1982) Jul 26
- Hollywood's Current Top Action Stars Jul 26
- What Have You Seen This Month? (July 2016 Edition) Jul 26
|
<urn:uuid:b211a56d-58a6-46b7-9aa0-7fbb2a23f9ec>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-30
|
http://www.neoseeker.com/Movies/Products/the_american_experience_marcus_garvey_look_for_me_in_the_whirlwind/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257826736.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071026-00112-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.966765
| 342
| 3.015625
| 3
|
We cannot see through the disk of the Milky Way, so how can we tell that there are not any close galaxies just on the other side of it?
You ask a good question! In fact, the most recent galaxy in the Local Group that was discovered is the Sagittarius Dwarf ( Note: scroll to the end for an update!) in the late 1990s, a tiny galaxy that is very close to the Milky Way but hidden behind it from our vantage point on Earth.
There are a few ways that astronomers deduce the presence of a small galaxy right behind the Milky Way, and they all involve looking at other wavelengths than in the optical for the reason you state: visible light doesn't get through to us from the other side of the Milky Way because it gets absorbed by the dust in the disk. However, this isn't as big a problem if you look at light at longer wavelengths which our eyes can't see but which we can detect with specially designed telescopes. In fact, the longer the wavelength of the light the less impeded you are by the dust in the Milky Way, and at radio wavelengths there is no obscuration from the Milky Way at all! So to detect galaxies on the other side of the Milky Way's disk, the first step is to use a radio telescope to detect gas whose motion is different from the Milky Way's. This doesn't work if the galaxy is too close to the Milky Way, though, because then its motion gets mixed up with the motion of the gas in our own galaxy, and it becomes difficult to tell them apart (that's why nobody saw the Sagittarius Dwarf with radio telescopes at first). Another approach is to try and detect the small galaxy's stars in the infrared (longer wavelengths than what our eyes can see but shorter than radio waves). There is some obscuration of dust at these wavelengths to worry about, but with a sensitive telescope it still may be possible to find stars in another nearby galaxy that lies behind the disk of our own.
There still may be galaxies smaller and closer than the Sagittarius Dwarf lurking just behind the Milky Way, that we haven't yet seen. Detecting them is a challenge for future, super-sensitive radio and infrared telescopes!
Update: In a press release on November 4th, 2003, astronomers announced that they have found a new galaxy lurking behind the Milky Way's disk, even closer than the Saggitarius Dwarf: Canis Major. We truly are still finding our closest extragalactic neighbors!
This page was last updated June 28, 2015.
|
<urn:uuid:b9df6c10-1416-4eff-8fe2-4103da170fd8>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/the-universe/galaxies/98-the-universe/galaxies/observing-galaxies/551-how-can-we-find-galaxies-behind-the-milky-way-intermediate
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825057.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022022540-20171022042540-00516.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956265
| 520
| 3.796875
| 4
|
Mises Daily Articles
The Inventor of the Digital Age
After he was permitted access to an Internet account at the University of Illinois as long ago as 1971, he had a mind-blowing revelation. He realized that this tool had the potential to universalize all knowledge. It could liberate ideas from their static existence on physical media and put them into a form that could be copied, copied, copied, and copied unto infinity, not just for today but forever. This was the Star Trek replicator. Amazing.
How is it possible, he wondered, that this tool exists and yet it is being kept under wraps, used only for the most superficial purposes and only by a few?
He grabbed a copy of the Declaration of Independence, typed it in, and posted it — despite being warned that this was not allowed, that he might crash the system, that there was just something wrong with letting ideas escape the small group that controlled them and allocated them to physical things only.
Bosh, he said. He would dedicate himself and his entire life to the universal distribution of anything and everything he could. Over the rest of his life, he ended up personally typing hundreds of books and distributing them.
His medium was and is called Project Gutenberg — a perfect name for his plan and agenda. Virtually alone, he saw that the Internet was the next stage. The whole history of publishing technology was about reaching ever more people with knowledge at ever-lower costs. This was the driving force at work in publishing for thousands of years, and the whole key to progress
The Internet was the next stage, even the final stage, the culmination of the efforts of every scribe, every inventor, every printer, every distributor, every teacher, every novelist, poet, intellectual, lecturer, orator, scholar.
In 1995, the year that the web browser became part of the mainstream of life and the year that the Internet began to take its current shape, he sent out a clarion call to everyone who would read:
For the first time in the entire history of the Earth, we have the ability for EVERYONE to get copies of EVERYTHING as long as it can be digitized and communicated to all of the people on the Earth, via computers [and the devices a person might need to make a PHYSICAL, rather than VIRTUAL copy of whatever it might be] …
Think about what you have just read for a moment, please, EVERYTHING FOR EVERYONE…
Hart had a mighty vision here. He grasped the magic and meaning of the power of infinite reproducibility, the earth-shaking significance of what it means to reduce the costs of duplication to near zero and to do so without any depreciation of the content itself. The invention of the printing press was a hinge of history; the Internet contained within itself the power to do the work of millions of scribes and millions of printing presses every single instant, forever and for everyone. The knowledge of 1 person could reach 7 billion and those 7 billion could all reach each other.
And so his own Project Gutenberg became his driving passion, the way he decided to gift his entire life to the whole of humanity. It began with plain text, nothing fancy. He urged that people copy these texts and publish them in whatever way possible. Today, the venture offers 36,000 books online for free, in many different formats.
It pioneered new ways to crowd source proofreaders. It inspired hundreds of thousands of volunteers. It anticipated the medium of ebooks 40 years in advance, a medium that is only this year being taken seriously by publishers and institutions.
Hart's writings reveal a man who stayed in a constant state of stunned amazement at everything that stood in the way of the dream. He gagged on institutions like copyright. He scoffed at the trillions being spent on higher education to teach the few at a time when we possess the means to school the entire globe. But he did more than just dismiss anything that stood in the way; he was himself a tireless example of how to proceed.
Hart's institutional children are everywhere today: Google Books, Kindle, Nook, Audible, Creative Commons, MIT's OpenCourseWare project, Khan Academy, Mises.org, and thousands of other sites, and not just for ebooks but also for painting, architecture, music, medical research, and every other field in art, commerce, and science. The word "knowledge" sums up the human experience; the Internet could embody that and flood the entire world.
When Gutenberg invented his press, consumers loved it. A frenzy of buying swept the German-speaking world. Psalters and bibles for everyone! But producers' guilds put up resistance. They complained of Gutenberg's rising wealth. Scribes feared the loss of their jobs. Critics complained of how people were becoming obsessed with reading instead of working.
It is no different today except that the producers' guilds and cultural worrywarts are allied with the state to stop the universal distribution of knowledge. Many rue the day that the first text was made available through the Internet, and dedicate themselves to ending the global frenzy to discover and learn. Our descendants will laugh, just as we find it funny that people tried to hobble the printing industry
Hart's life demonstrates the difference that one person's thinking can bring about in the shape of the real world. Without such thinking, the world would grind to a halt. Nothing new would ever happen. We would all do and think yesterday the same way we would think tomorrow and the next day, and history would have no direction, no guiding purpose, and life itself would be reduced to tedium and a pointless and endless rotation of hours, days, years, and generations.
But with people like Hart, people who not only imagine change but work super hard to bring it about themselves, humanity is lifted up, and the world rises ever more out of the state of nature.
He liked to quote George Bernard Shaw: "Reasonable people adapt themselves to the world. Unreasonable people attempt to adapt the world to themselves. All progress, therefore, depends on unreasonable people."
To say that Hart was unreasonable he would have regarded as the highest compliment you could ever give him.
Requiescat in pace. If you don't know what that phrase means, where it comes from, what it is used for, you can look it up in about two seconds. Hart's vision makes that possible. He certainly deserves to rest in peace knowing of his gift to the human race.
|
<urn:uuid:02c3f872-df9d-4abf-b8fe-3a0e229dd530>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-13
|
https://mises.org/library/inventor-digital-age
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187792.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00058-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96974
| 1,330
| 3.0625
| 3
|
Disclaimer: This post may contain affiliate links, meaning we get a small commission if you make a purchase through our links, at no cost to you. For more information, please visit our Disclaimer Page.
If you notice that your water well is currently delivering a low yield, one cause is that it has collapsed. The best way to address the issue is by fixing the well. Yes, you can always restore your well after it has collapsed; this is possible if the collapsed portion is right below the well casing.
What can cause domestic water wells to collapse?
Here’s what you need to know about well water
A water well is a hole drilled into the ground to reach aquifers, which holds groundwater. Today, a lot of people in America depend on well water for drinking.
According to the US Environment Protection Agency (EPA), more than 13 million households in the country use well water for various activities, including cooking and drinking.
A properly drilled and constructed domestic water well packs several different components. One of the most important parts of a well is the “well casing” – this is a tube-shaped structure that’s usually placed in the opening of the well.
A casing is usually installed on water wells to perform a couple of functions. For instance, this tube-shaped structure is responsible for keeping excess water and dirt from penetrating the well.
Furthermore, well casing also helps to prevent contaminants from having access to your well and messing up the groundwater.
Water well casing comes in different materials and lengths. Speaking of its length; most states and local agencies have laws and regulations regarding how short or long your casing should be. As for the materials; they are usually available in carbon steel, plastic, and stainless steel.
Apart from the Well casing, other essential components needed for the construction of domestic water wells include well caps, well screens, pitless adapters, submersible pumps, and jet pumps
A “well cap” is a structure that’s often placed on the casing of the well. Its primary function is to help prevent debris, insects, or even small animals from finding their way into your private well. Furthermore, caps are often installed with a vent to maintain the pressure inside the well, especially when pumping is being performed.
Well screens are used to prevent sediments from going into the well. They are often placed at the bottom of the casing. As for pitless adapters, they act as a connector, helping to maintain a sanitary and frost-proof seal of your private well.
A pump is a device that’s employed to help fetch water from the well, using suction. They are available in two types, depending on the depth of the water well. First, there’s a submersible pump – it’s mostly employed for deep domestic wells. The second type is the jet pump, which os suitable for shallow private wells.
Here’s what causes domestic wells to collapse
As earlier mentioned, “well casing” is often added to water wells to perform several different functions. In the previous section, I mentioned that the casing is responsible for keeping excess water and dirt away from going into the well. It also prevents contaminants from gaining access to your well.
One thing I didn’t mention earlier is that well casing is also the structure that’s responsible for preventing your well from collapsing. As such, it’s safe to say that casing failure is what is responsible for the collapse of most domestic wells. But what exactly causes a private well casing to fail?
Here are some of what causes private water well casing failure
Private water well casings, as effective as they are, also have their issues. A “well casing” can develop various issues, such as leaking and completely failing.
Speaking of casing leaks; one of its most common causes is cracks, which mostly occur when the ground shifts during a natural disaster, such as an earthquake.
Lightning is another common factor that makes most casing structures leak. If lightning strikes your private well, the casing will be affected, resulting in leaks.
Over time, a leaking well casing, if not attended to, could eventually cause your water well to collapse. To avoid that, you need to inspect your well regularly and check for any warning signs of casing leaks.
In case you don’t know, a decrease in the flow of water is one of the warning signs that you could get to understand that the casing is leaking.
Furthermore, if you keep noticing sands, sediments, and other contaminants in your water supply, you need to understand that this could be a sign that the casing is leaking.
Is your water appearing green, blue, red, brown, or milky? If yes, this could also be a warning sign that your private well casing is leaking and allowing contaminants into your well.
According to a study performed at the University of Stanford, casing failure, which leads to the collapse of a private well, is often caused by combined loads and contaminants in the casing or the surrounding concrete.
The bottom line is that a domestic well could collapse if the casing, which is meant to protect the well, is failing or bad. Casing failure occurs when there are combined loads and contaminants on the casing and the concrete around it.
Can a collapsed water well be fixed?
A collapsed water well can always be fixed depending on a couple of factors, such as the portion of the well that’s affected and how bad the water well is.
Earlier, in this post, I mentioned that most states and local agencies in the US and some other countries in the world have laws and regulations regarding how short or long a well casing should be.
Most times, the casing only extends down to where the loose soil layer ends. If there’s bedrock inside the well, there’s no point adding well casing on it as the rocks can also be utilized for the casing.
That said, if the collapsed portion of the well is right below the casing (on the bedrock), it’s very possible to fix the issue. In this case, all you need is to get a technician to develop the collapsed area for you.
Most likely, the water well technician will perform the job by jetting high-pressure water (in a large amount) into the well.
The water introduced will help to keep the sediments inside the well floating. After that, the water will be sucked out of the well before the development process starts on the collapsed area.
How much does it cost to fix a collapsed well?
How much it cost to fix a collapsed well depends on how badly the well is affected.
According to HomeGuide, it cost about $6 to $10 per foot to replace a well casing, which involves using PVC material.
As for stainless steel pipe casing, the replacement cost is usually between $57 to $129 per foot. If you’re looking to use galvanized steel pipe, the cost of replacement per foot is $33 to $54 or more.
|
<urn:uuid:36893eb9-55ae-4152-b3dc-ada86c158fa8>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://amarcoplumbing.com/can-you-fix-collapsed-well-2/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945030.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323065609-20230323095609-00468.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962089
| 1,455
| 2.75
| 3
|
People of the Plains
Native Americans in the Great Plains that were farmers would farm grassland.
Indians that were migrating hunters would normally would hunt Buffalo because they use buffalo for a lot of things.These Western Plains Indians all most only needed Buffalo to survive.
"By the mid- 1700s, almost all the American Indians on the Great Plains had horses." "Plains Indians valued horses so highly that wealth was measured by how many horses a person owned."
The Great Plains Indians lived peacefully and they had everything they needed. They mostly got the things they needed from buffalo. Also they farmed grassland successfully and lived in tepees. They farmed every Summer and Winter. In the mid 1700's, the Indians all had horses and the valued horses so much, that is how the measured wealth by how many horses a person owned.
|
<urn:uuid:ee4b75a2-da39-4f08-97e2-571958a4c71f>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-44
|
https://tackk.com/g6n5a3
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719286.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00024-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.985168
| 171
| 3.75
| 4
|
The World to Come
It's an individual Jew's ultimate reward, but the nature of the World to Come has always been disputed.
Excerpted and reprinted with permission from The Jewish Religion: A Companion, published by Oxford University Press.
The World to Come usually refers to one of three things: the way the world will be in the End of Days when the righteous are resurrected; a world of immortal souls that will follow the age of resurrection; or a heavenly world enjoyed by righteous souls immediately after death (i.e. prior to the End of Days). However, believing that the World to Come refers to one of these does not necessarily entail a negative belief in the others.
There is considerable ambiguity regarding the meaning of the rabbinic doctrine of the World to Come (Heb. Olam Ha‑Ba) and its relation to the resurrection of the dead. In the Middle Ages, Maimonides is alone in identifying the World to Come with the immortality of the soul [a "period" that follows the age of resurrection], while Nahmanides is emphatic that it refers to this world, which will be renewed, after the resurrection.
For instance, the Mishnah (Sanhedrin 10:1) states that one who denies the resurrection will have no share in the World to Come, upon which the Talmud (Sanhedrin 90a) comments that this severe punishment is meted out to him on the principle of measure for measure; since he denies the resurrection it is only just that he does not rise at the resurrection. In this passage, at least, the World to Come is identified with the resurrection, though it is not absolutely certain that the Mishnah itself identifies the two so closely.
In later Jewish thought the World to Come becomes a generic term for the Hereafter.
The Mishnah quoted begins with the words: "All Israel has a share in the World to Come" but then continues that some Israelites, for example, those who deny the resurrection or that the Torah is from Heaven, do not have a share in the World to Come.
In the Tosefta (Sanhedrin 13:2) there is a debate between Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Joshua on whether the World to Come is reserved for Jews or whether this blissful state is the reward of Gentiles as well. Rabbi Joshua holds that "the righteous of all peoples have a share in the World to Come" and this became the official view of Judaism.
The other‑worldly thrust is evident in the whole of Jewish thought until the modern period. Of the numerous rabbinic teachings about the World to Come, the following are typical of this thrust.
The Mishnah (Bava Metzia 2:11) rules that if a man's father and his teacher have lost something, he should first try to restore the article lost by his teacher, since a father brings his child into this world whereas a teacher of the Torah brings his students to the World to Come. In Ethics of the Fathers (4:16) it is said that this world is like a vestibule before the World to Come. "Prepare yourself in the vestibule, that you may enter into the hall of the palace."
Yet the statement of the second-century teacher, Rabbi Jacob, also in Ethics of the Fathers (4:17) acts against a too‑hasty claim that according to the Rabbis this world is only a preparation or school for the World to Come and has no intrinsic good. Rabbi Jacob's famous teaching reads: "Better is one hour of repentance and good deeds in this world than the whole life of the World to Come; and better is one hour of blissfulness of spirit in the World to Come than the whole life of this world."
Significant in this connection is the saying of Rav (relied on by Maimonides for his identification of the World to Come with spiritual bliss of the soul rather than the resurrection): "In the World to Come there is no eating nor drinking nor propagation nor business nor jealousy nor hatred nor competition, but the righteous sit with their crowns on their heads feasting on the brightness of the Shekhinah" (Berakhot 17a). Yet the Jerusalem Talmud (Kiddushin 4:12) quotes the same teacher, Rav, who is so eloquent on the purely spiritual nature of bliss in the Hereafter, as saying that in the World toCome a man will be obliged to give an account and a reckoning before the judgment seat of God for every legitimate pleasure he denied himself in this world.
Very striking, too, is the saying (Berakhot 57b) that three things afford a foretaste in miniature of the bliss of the World to Come: the Sabbath, sexual intercourse, and a sunny day, although the Gemara is doubtful whether sexual intercourse should be included since it results in weakness of the body.
In the light of the above it is difficult to give an unqualified reply to the question of whether Judaism is a this‑worldly or all other‑worldly religion. Risking a generalization, it can be said that the other‑worldly thrust predominates in times of oppression and the this‑worldly in times of prosperity.
The Purpose of This World is to Get to the Next
Moses Hayyim Luzzatto's The Path of the Upright, compiled in the eighteenth century, is typical of the other‑worldly approach. Luzzatto begins his guide to holy living with these words:
"It is the foundation of saintliness and the perfect worship of God for a man to realize what constitutes his duty in his world and to which aim he is required to direct all his endeavors throughout his life. Now our Sages, of blessed memory, have taught us that man was created only to find delight in the Lord and to bask in the radiance of His Shekhinah for this is the true happiness and the greatest of all possible delights. The real place in which such delight can be attained is the World to Come, for this has been prepared to this very purpose. But the way to attain to this desired goal is this world. This world, the Sages remark, is like a vestibule before the World to Come. The means by which man reaches this goal are the precepts God, blessed be He, has commanded us and the place in which the precepts are to be carried out is only in this world. Man is put here in order to earn with the means at his command the place that has been prepared for him in the World to Come."
Luzzatto concludes this section of his work by saying that man is tempted in this life both by prosperity and by adversity and adds: "If he is valorous and wins the battle from every side, he becomes the perfect man who will have the merit of becoming attached to his Creator. Then he will emerge from the vestibule of this world to enjoy the Light of Life."
Luzzatto here seems to identify the World to Come, partly at least, with the fate of the soul after death [i.e. heaven, Gan Eden], though it is clear from the work as a whole that Luzzatto believes in the final resurrection.
A Hasidic View
In Hasidism and the Musar movement, the World to Come is conceived of partly in terms of spiritual bliss of the soul after the death of the body. It is not that the doctrine of resurrection is denied in these movements, but it is treated as a mystery so far beyond human apprehension that speculation on it is futile. Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liady follows the intellectual thrust of the Habad movement, of which he was the founder, when he writes (at the beginning of his Likkutey Torah):
"It is well known that the concept 'the World to Come' means that souls enjoy the radiance of the Shekhinah and this delight that the soul enjoys is nothing other than comprehension of the divine. For we know from experience that there is no enjoyment and no delight whatsoever unless the thing enjoyed has been grasped in the mind. It follows that delight in the divine must first become substantial and have a separate identity in the process of the soul's enjoyment before the soul can enjoy it."
The idea is also found in Hasidic works that the saints can enjoy the bliss of the World to Come even while on earth. […]
Reform Judaism, following to some extent Philo and Maimonides, does preserve the concept [of the World to Come] but identifies the World to Come with the immortality of the soul.
Conservative Judaism, too, generally follows the Reform line, though both Reform and Conservative Judaism tend to veer towards the naturalistic understanding of the doctrine. This cannot be stated too categorically, however, and many Reform and Conservative Jews still accept the doctrine of the World to Come in its traditional formulation, at least in terms of the immortality of the soul.
Some of the Orthodox as well place the emphasis on the immortality of the soul but, if it is possible to speak of the official Orthodox position in these matters, it obviously includes the resurrection of the dead after the age of the Messiah in its doctrine of the World to Come.
Did you like this article? MyJewishLearning is a not-for-profit organization.
|
<urn:uuid:2dd10cb8-1218-437f-aa7c-aa160a86b49e>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-41
|
http://myjewishlearning.com/beliefs/Theology/Afterlife_and_Messiah/Life_After_Death/World_to_Come.shtml?p=0
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657136963.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011216-00112-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962831
| 1,910
| 2.9375
| 3
|
|part of speech:
||a group of related things that come one after another.
She read a series of articles in the newspaper.He had a series of back injuries.
- chain, sequence, string, succession
- similar words:
- battery, train
||arrangement, array, collection, group, line, list, order, program
|
<urn:uuid:f15545bb-5735-4d37-aebc-630993b55451>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-22
|
http://www.wordsmyth.net/?level=2&rid=37650
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928479.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00340-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.842041
| 75
| 2.6875
| 3
|
Gold has been a constant all throughout history.Gold was first discovered as shining, yellow nuggets and was first discovered in its natural state,in streams all over the world. Gold was the first metal known to early hominids and from very early on became a part of every human culture. Its brilliance, natural beauty, and luster, and its great malleability and resistance to tarnish made it enjoyable to work and play with.
Gold has always been powerful to the beholder. The earliest history of human interaction with gold is long lost to us, but its association with the gods, with immortality, and with wealth is common to many cultures throughout the world.
Early civilizations equated gold with gods and rulers, and gold was sought in their name and dedicated to their glorification. Humans almost intuitively placed a high value on gold, equating it with power, beauty, and the cultural elite. And since gold is widely distributed all over the globe the same applies nowadays, with selling and buying gold being a common transaction carried out in almost all cities over the world. In almost all countries you can find someone willing to give or get cash for gold.
In ancient times gold was made into shrines and idols, plates, cups, vases and vessels of all kinds, and of course, jewellery for personal adornment. Later on gold coins were created making it a currency that was commonly accepted. The first use of gold as money appeared in 700 B.C., when Lydian merchants produced the first coins.
This monetary standard made the world economy possible. The concept of money allowed the World’s economies to expand and prosper.
The history of Pawning is probably just as old as the history of gold.
The history of pawnbroking began in the earliest ages of the world. Lending money on portable security is one of the oldest professions. Pawnbrokers Essex have been around for many years.
So how does pawning work? An item is taken to the pawnbroker who lends an amount of money to the owner of the object. The item is held by the pawnbroker for a certain length of time. If the owner returns within the agreed time limit and pays back the money lent plus an agreed amount of interest, the item is returned. If the loan is not paid within the time period, the pawned item will be offered for sale by the pawnbroker.
The word pawn comes from the Latin word pignus or ‘pledge’, and the items being pawned to the broker are called pledges or pawns. Pawnbrokers came to England with the Normans and the settlement of Jews in England.
In our time even though gold as a currency has been replaced by other inexpensive metals, it still has value even in the form of jewellers or items and statues. The price of gold varies according to time and location, however, there are many who opt to get cash for gold by visiting Pawnbrokers Essex.
Due to the fact that gold has kept its value throughout the centuries allows owners facing financial difficulties to sell gold Essex. At Pawnbrokers Essex you can have your items assessed based on the quality and price of gold at the time and immediately get cash loans.
|
<urn:uuid:00a63a77-ab73-4771-93b8-0b36c5d491b9>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
https://www.goldencash.co.uk/blog/gold-and-pawnbrokers-essex/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144058.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219061325-20200219091325-00234.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.976385
| 670
| 3.421875
| 3
|
What was the 2015 nuclear agreement?
Iran and a six-nation negotiating group reached a landmark agreement known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action in July 2015, in a deal which ended 12 years of deadlock over Tehran’s nuclear programme. Struck in Vienna after nearly two years of intensive talks, the agreement limited the Iranian programme – reassuring the rest of the world that it would be unable to develop nuclear weapons – in return for sanctions relief.
At its core, the JCPOA is a straightforward bargain: Iran accepted strict limits on its nuclear programme in return for an end to sanctions that had grown up over the preceding decade. Under the deal, Iran unplugged two-thirds of its centrifuges, shipped out 98% of its enriched uranium and filled its plutonium production reactor with concrete.
All nuclear-related sanctions were lifted in January 2016, reconnecting Iran to global markets. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the UN body in the charge of policing the agreement, has verified 12 times since the agreement that Tehran has complied with its terms.
What changed with Donald Trump?
Donald Trump promised to “dismantle the disastrous deal with Iran” long before he was elected president in November 2016.
Trump believes the agreement is a bad deal, which falls short of addressing Iran’s regional behaviour or its missile programme. He is emboldened by a group of Iran hawks in his inner circle, such as the national security adviser, John Bolton, and the secretary of state, Mike Pompeo.
Critics also say it is another example of Trump dismantling Barack Obama’s legacy – the Iran deal was his signature foreign policy achievement.
Initially Trump reluctantly waived a raft of sanctions against Iran. But in May, the US withdrew from the agreement and Trump announced he would impose “the highest level of economic sanctions” on Iran, violating an international nuclear agreement and a UN resolution, and breaking decisively with US allies in Europe.
The six major powers involved in the nuclear talks with Iran were a group known as the P5+1: the UN security council’s five permanent members – China, France, Russia, the UK and the US – plus Germany. The nuclear deal is also enshrined in a UN security council resolution that incorporated it into international law. Apart from the US under Trump, all other signatories have remained adamant that the agreement is working and want to keep it.
What are the new sanctions?
Trump’s first set of sanctions were reimposed in August. Those measures hit the country’s access to the dollar, gold and precious metals and the car-making sector, amid growing street protests. They were followed by a set of additional, and even more stringent measures that came into force on Monday, including an embargo on the imports of Iranian oil and sanctions on its banking sector.
In October, The UN’s international court of justice (ICJ) reprimanded the US over its reimposition of sanctions on Iran, ordering Washington to lift restrictive measures linked to humanitarian trade, food, medicine and civil aviation.
Sanctions have returned at a critical time for Iran. A combination of factors ranging from economic grievances and lack of social and political freedoms to international pressure and sanctions has put the country under unprecedented pressure.
Europe has set up a mechanism to sidestep those measures. European diplomats hope the proposed measure – known as a special purpose vehicle (SPV) – will help persuade an increasingly reluctant Iran to stay inside the deal in the hope of rescuing its economy.
|
<urn:uuid:e23163d4-3924-4747-b8ed-efd2c046d7d3>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-39
|
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/05/why-europe-wants-to-sidestep-us-sanctions-over-iran-nuclear-might
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574665.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921211246-20190921233246-00102.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.965861
| 723
| 2.6875
| 3
|
Building Playful Schools: The Programme
In 2008, the Building Playful Schools programme began with a brief to design a sustainable, child-centred kindergarten complex that would be a blueprint accepted as a building standard in Ghana and rolled out through the government’s national school-building programme.
Throughout a nine-year partnership with international design and engineering firm Arup, we have developed, evaluated, optimised and replicated a model kindergarten complex that meets the needs of the government’s early-childhood care and development policy, which was enacted in 2007. The 14 schools already completed by the Sabre-Arup partnership have won domestic and international recognition as some of the very best kindergarten schools in Ghana, and have been profiled as exemplar projects at global conferences on quality learning environments, community based construction, and safe school construction.
Two of the schools built, were Ghana’s first Centres of Excellence Kindergarten schools, built on the campus of the two Colleges of Education (OLA College in the Central Region and Holy Child College in the Western Region) that offer the diploma in Early Childhood Education. These schools not only provide quality facilities to local children but will also showcase an optimal learning environment to support Sabre’s Transformational Teacher Training programme, exposing student teachers at the Colleges of Education to practical experience early on in their studies.
Building Playful Schools: Innovation
When you step inside a Sustainable Kindergarten Complex you truly understand the effect of the functional design, how environmental impact and sustainability has been prioritised and realise the social impact these structures are making on a communities throughout Ghana.
Our unique performance-based design for the classrooms provides a high quality learning environment in terms of day-lighting, natural ventilation, temperature and acoustics. The classrooms are complemented by external teaching areas, a staff room, toilets and kitchen. These facilities provide a self-contained, functional education complex with teaching spaces in line with international best practice. Colour, scale and layout are used to create a child centred hub of playful exploration, and promote an inspiring learning environment unprecedented among government schools in Ghana.
Each year school buildings collapse or incur significant damage due to natural disasters, resulting in deaths and injuries to teachers and children and disruption to their education. Recognising the risk of earthquakes in southern Ghana, our model school structure is designed as a modular frame to resist seismic loads.
The choice of construction typology reflects local practices and makes innovative use of local materials. As a result the kindergartens are constructed by a local workforce that includes members of the host village community. Skills training is provided to ensure the quality of construction, which also increases the livelihood opportunities for construction workers and will ensure the schools continue to be maintained in the future.
Building Playful Schools: The Future
Our ambition over the next five years is to build at least 15 schools ourselves, and upgrade at least 18 existing schools, but expect these numbers to be significantly higher when collaborations with other implementing partners are included.
Our ultimate goal is to improve access and quality of early years education in Ghana and beyond, both through our own projects and via collaborations with other partners, giving as many children as possible the best start to their education.
If you would like to support our Building Playful Schools project you can do so here, Medaase papapa (Thank you very much)
|
<urn:uuid:2e690a87-d1bb-4c2f-a845-999595df9366>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
http://sabre.education/programmes/building-playful-schools/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655896905.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708062424-20200708092424-00428.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952514
| 682
| 2.84375
| 3
|
The United Nations (UN) annually observes the International Volunteer Day for Economic and Social Development on December 5. The day, which is also known as International Volunteer Day (IVD), gives volunteers a chance to work together on projects and campaigns promoting their contributions to economic and social development at local, national and international levels.
What do people do?
This day hopes to heighten people’s and governments’ awareness of the voluntary contributions. It also focuses on stimulating people to offer their services as volunteers, both at home and abroad. Over the years, governments, businesses, nonprofit organizations, and individuals contribute the International Volunteer Day through various activities including:
Voluntary community projects.
Parades, marches, or rallies.
Award ceremonies for volunteers who made significant contributions to their communities.
“Time donation” campaigns that involve people pledging hours of voluntary service to specific projects.
Companies launching voluntary programs as part of their corporate responsibility.
Activities and events for the day help promote the impact of volunteering and the UN’s Millennium Development Goals, via volunteering to:
Help eradicate poverty.
Achieve universal primary education.
Promote gender equality and empower women.
Reduce child mortality and to improve maternal health.
Reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS, malaria and other major diseases.
Help ensure environmental sustainability.
Many people participate in many of these events through the World Volunteer Web, which the United Nations Volunteers (UNV) operates in partnership with various organizations.
International Volunteer Day is a global observance and not a public holiday. Some organizations, businesses and communities may take the time to contribute to the day through activities mentioned earlier in this article.
Each year UN General Assembly invites governments to observe the International Volunteer Day for Economic and Social Development on December 5 (A/RES/40/212 of 17 December 1985). As a result of the resolution from December 17, 1985, governments, the UN, and civil society organizations work together with volunteers around the world to celebrate the Day on December 5 each year.
In 2001, the International Year of Volunteers, the Assembly adopted a set of recommendations on ways that governments and the UN could support volunteering and asked that they be widely disseminated. The International Year of Volunteers aimed to stimulate national and international policy debate around, and to advocate for, recognizing, facilitating, networking and promoting voluntary action. The year led to a much better appreciation of the power of volunteerism in its many forms and the ways to support it.
The IVD logo is used to promote the day. The logo features two olive branches that encapsulate three Vs in a cup-like manner. Each V has bullet points at the top of each tip of the letter, so the Vs are drawn in a way to resemble simple figures of people in unity. The words “International Volunteer Day” are under the olive branches. The image, including the words, is in orange on a white background.
|
<urn:uuid:4f64a663-1f86-444b-ae12-c44e009ebbfb>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-18
|
http://scout.org/node/21728
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246657216.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045737-00132-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.939315
| 601
| 3.546875
| 4
|
Community gardens: A place to find common ground
What is a community garden? It is a collaborative open space for the purpose of growing food, herbs and flowers. Not only does a community garden provide fresh, wholesome produce, it also helps to bring people together to share all of the health benefits of gardening.
Not only is growing food a great way to get exercise, it also promotes better nutrition. Growing fresh vegetables and fruits with others allows people to share their wisdom and experience. It is a gathering place to grow new food varieties and experiment with recipes that provide for a wholesome, healthy palate. The ultimate reward of tending your own garden plot is bringing home fresh food that was harvested with your own bare hands.
Spending time in a community garden allows for people to come together and share life stories. It is a way for people to find common ground in a safe, fruitful and welcoming environment. Gardening in a collective environment helps to reduce stress and encourages a healthy, positive lifestyle. The act of growing and harvesting food bolsters confidence and self-esteem in people of all ages, both young and old.
Community gardens can happen in a variety of ways. Just a few examples of organizations that may be able to source open, unused land for the purpose of growing food are: 1) neighborhood groups, 2) homeowner associations, 3) corporations, 4) healthcare facilities, 5) government agencies, 6) religious organizations, 7) senior citizen organizations, 8) schools and 9) youth groups.
For further information about starting your own community garden, check out the following links: https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ep124
|
<urn:uuid:9a46203e-32d2-4a0b-8a34-6d34c3e32c0d>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.news-journalonline.com/story/news/news-tribune/2020/10/28/flagler-county-community-gardens-positive-development/6008604002/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653183.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606214755-20230607004755-00302.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943226
| 337
| 3.015625
| 3
|
Enjoy these money videos with activities, games and lessons.
What is a Savings Account?
MoneyAndStuff.info explains to kids what a Savings Account is, why saving money is a good idea, and the benefits of a savings Account at a bank or credit union.
Help Teens Create a Budget Worksheet
Lead teens through the process to make a simple weekly budget. This practical exercise teaches the fundamental way to track money, encourage savings, and prevent overspending. Print a detailed printable budget worksheet for teens.
Coin Roll Game Teaches Kids About Money
This fun and simple game for elementary-aged kids needs only some spare change and dice. It’s an enjoyable way to teach kids about the value of money and improve skills that help them make change. Read instructions and find more activities like this.
Fold a Dollar Bill into an Origami Shirt
A fun way to start a discussion about money, hand out allowance, or leave a unique tip at a restaurant.
What would you do with $100?
We asked fourth graders at Indianola Alternative School in Columbus what they would do with $100. What would you do?
|
<urn:uuid:0fa73658-8dec-4573-ba48-f7e2eece5707>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-49
|
http://moneyandstuff.info/videos/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362891.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203151849-20211203181849-00184.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.879844
| 243
| 3.078125
| 3
|
Day: September 14, 2017
Heating systems operate with several kinds of fuel, some of which are: natural gas, liquid petroleum or butane gas (LP), oil, electricity and solar energy.
Some appliances that run on some of the aforementioned fuels under certain circumstances can produce deadly carbon monoxide, however with proper installation and maintenance, are safe to use.
Carbon Monoxide, also known as CO, is a colorless, odorless gas produced by burning any fuel. The initial symptoms of Carbon Monoxide poisoning are flu-like and include headache, tiredness, and shortness of breath, nausea, and dizziness. Exposure to high levels of carbon monoxide can cause death.
The US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) says, “More than 150 people in the United States die each year from CO poisoning due to accidents with consumer products unrelated to fire. Among these appliances are heaters, stoves, water heaters, and fireplaces; which failed due to improper use, improper ventilation or had a defect. ”
“Never use portable generators inside the home, garage, basement or cellar. The CO of a generator can kill your family in minutes. Use them only outside and away from windows, doors and vents. ”
Hot air systems, there are two types, the forced air and gravity
Gravity systems operate by air convection. The hot air expands, becomes lighter and rises. The cooler air is dense and falls. The difference in the temperature of the air creates the convection or motivation for the movement of the air.
The forced air system is the one that uses air as its transfer medium. These systems rely on the work of ducts, vents, and air-filled spaces in the structure to facilitate distribution of air, separate from the current air conditioning and heating system. Air from the empty space carries air from many ventilation vents to a central air handler for overheating. The air supply in the empty space directs air from the central unit to the rooms for which the designed system is to be scheduled.
Hot water systems
These systems resemble the hot air system having burners, vents and tubes or channels. If visible we inspect the burners, vents, and pipes or channels in the same way we inspect hot air systems.
These systems may have pressure gauges, pressure relief valves, boundary controls, valves per zone, and expansion tanks.
The heat distribution is done in different ways, through cast iron radiators, cast iron bases, copper pipe with base convectors with aluminum fins.
These systems resemble the hot air system and the hot water system by having burners, vents, and pipes or channels. If visible we inspect the burners, vents, and pipes or channels in the same way we inspect hot air systems.
Steam heat acts like a teapot. You cannot see the steam until the water boils. Once the water is boiling, the steam rises to the supply tubes, which go towards the radiator. The steam is constantly being cooled in the tubes and radiators, turns back into water and flows back to the water heater to reheat.
These systems have pressure gauges, steam valves, low water shut off valves, steam limiting controls, automatic water feeders, pressure bleed valves.
The distribution may be one or two tubes. The tube comes from the heater and provides supply to all radiators. When the vapor condenses to become water, it descends through the same tube from which it came in the form of vapor. The important thing to remember is that the pipe should always be tilted towards the water heater.
The systems of two tubes have a supply and a return. Some of the steam may condense and return to the water heater via the supply pipe, however, a return pipe receives condensed steam and returns it to the water heater. The return pipes are always lower than the supply pipes. The returns of the hot water system go below the water heater. The steam returns used to go below, however when there was a malfunction with the return or it oxidized, it would drain the heater. This would cause the low water shut off valve to shut off the burner, and if the low water shut off valve does not operate properly, the heater could break.
Through the cooling cycle draws heat from the outside air. A spiral coolant is located on the air handler instead of the heat exchanger or element. These types of systems can also be used in cooling, just like any air conditioning system. It can be more efficient than heaters fueled with oil-based fuels (gas / oil) and electric resistance heaters. Usually these are not recommended for frozen climates, unless they are used with a (second) source of additional heat as support. Modern heat / air pumps can provide heat very well at 32 ° F, zero degrees Celsius.
A geothermal heat pump whose source of heat is the ground or is a central heating or cooling system that pumps heat from the ground or to the ground. Use the earth as your energy source, in the winter or during the summer if the heat goes down. This design takes advantage of the moderate temperature in the soil to increase efficiency and reduce the cost of operation of heating or air conditioning systems, and can be combined with solar heat to form a geo-solar system with even greater efficiency. Heat sinks with ground source are also known as “geo-thermal heat pumps” although, strictly speaking, heat does not come from the center of the earth, but from the sun.
Electric heaters for socket
The electric heaters for the socket are in two styles, 120 volts or 240 volts. 120-volt heaters are very popular because they think they cost less to use because they only use a simple circuit. However, 240-volt heaters are more efficient because they use all the power from the source and this sometimes actually reduces the power demand by half.
In order for them to work properly, electric heaters for the socket need to have a special circuit for them. Generally, electric heater for the socket requires a 20 amp circuit with a 12-gauge wire for any heater style (always refer to the manufacturer’s installation instructions). It is not acceptable to only add it to an existing circuit that is already charged, this can be a large hazard and cause a fire.
The passive solar heating design does not involve any mechanical heating devices. Instead, the passive heating floor works by absorbing heat through its built-in features when building it, and then releases the heat slowly to maintain the temperature inside the home. These building features, often referred to as thermal mass, can be large windows, floor stones, and brick walls.
In order for the passive solar energy to be effectively used there must be a means of circulating heated air throughout the house. The normal way air circulates is usually sufficient as long as the house doors are left open, however, sometimes fans are added to the design to facilitate this.
Active solar heating is similar to passive solar heating, but with a larger process and generating much more heat than the passive system. Active solar heating depends heavily on three components: a solar collector that absorbs solar energy, a solar storage system, and a heat transfer system to disperse heat to the right places in your home.
Active heating systems can be divided into two categories: air systems and liquid systems. The difference in heating systems lies in the way solar energy collects in the solar collector. Liquid systems use a liquid to collect energy in the solar collector; therefore air systems absorb energy through the air.
|
<urn:uuid:8a285a9d-d12c-4bad-bade-ac491746b0c7>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-47
|
http://savatoons.com/2017/09/14/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039747215.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121052254-20181121074254-00388.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937916
| 1,543
| 3.34375
| 3
|
northern rough-winged swallow
Smaller than a sparrow, the Northern Rough-Winged Swallow is a rather drab bird, with a dull brownish back and plain whitish front. At the throat is a dusky smudge. The bill is short and pointed and the tail is square. The “rough-wing” term refers to hooks on the edge of its primary feathers, but they are not much use for field identification since they are so small. Young birds have some rusty coloring.
This agile swallow forages in the air for insects, which comprise nearly 100 percent of its diet. The female builds a nest from materials collected on the ground, such as dried grass, roots, bark, pine needles, moss, and many other materials. The nest site is a burrow. The Rough-Winged Swallow is flexible in its burrow choice; documented sites have included not only cavities previously used by other bird species (such as kingfishers) but other cavities in vertical surfaces. These could be from crevices in a culvert or even drainpipes. One documented example was found in a Civil War cannon barrel. However, this species does not use tree cavities.
What brings it to the SBG?
Food, cover. SBG is an excellent insectivore habitat. It is not clear whether the SBG habitat provides nest sites. Groundhog burrows there are aplenty, but the burrow usually needs to be set into a vertical surface.
When can I see it?
About April to late summer. Migration is prolonged and they may be seen as late as October. Eastern birds migrate to the Gulf of Mexico coast and Central America.
|
<urn:uuid:d452e95e-4c1d-4709-94a2-5874ee35f5a6>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-13
|
http://www.snetsingerbutterflygarden.org/northern-rough-winged-swallow.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645538.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318052202-20180318072202-00241.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.957052
| 349
| 3.5
| 4
|
Poor indoor air quality can have a serious effect on our health, and seeing as the average person spends around 90% of their time indoors, good indoor air quality really is vital to form a healthy living environment. General contributors to poor indoor air quality include condensation and mould, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and allergens from house dust mites. However, there could be something far worse lurking in the background… a gas called Radon.
Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas, which can enter your home from the ground. Mainly lingering around the South West, East Midlands and other places with high levels of granite and other igneous rocks, radon penetration occurs in thousands of homes in the United Kingdom. However, it’s interesting to note that not all granitic regions are prone to high emissions of this radioactive gas known as radon; if the rock lacks pores/cracks then the gas will have no way of migrating.
As the uranium (found in most rocks and soils) begins to decay, it produces radium, which in turn produces a new radioactive element - Radon. As the radioactive gas decays it produces another radioactive element called Radon daughters. And it gets worse! The Radon daughters attach themselves to dust particles in the air and, if inhaled, they will stick to the airways of the lung. This is why Radon is particularly dangerous and damages the health of those living in a property where this gas is present. According to the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB), health studies have linked exposure to Radon to the increased risk of lung cancer.
But, not to fear – there are ways of preventing Radon from ever entering your home, let alone your airways! Thankfully, there are ways of completely eradicating Radon from your household too. Although Radon is impossible to detect by sight, smell or taste, detectors are used measure it. Scaling over a three-month period, the detectors are analysed to determine whether the level exceeds the UK Action Level for Radon, which is at or above 200Bqm-3. The levels of radiation in the household should then be controlled.
Believe it or not, preventing the dispersion of Radon is remarkably simple. All you need is proper ventilation! Proven to be effective in significantly reducing Radon levels, Positive Input Ventilation (PIV) is a concept designed to supply fresh air throughout the property. As a result, the process changes the airflow direction within the dwelling, in order to force the air contaminated by Radon out of the home. And if that wasn’t enough, you’ll be happy to hear that PIV units save on heating bills and provide whole home ventilation solutions for all year round good indoor air quality.
© EnviroVent Ltd 2023. All right reserved. Part of S&P Group.
|
<urn:uuid:091c6d01-dfbc-451e-bdc4-2a0caddb0af1>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://www.envirovent.com/blog/what-is-radon-gas-and-how-can-i-remove-it-from-my-home/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511023.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002232712-20231003022712-00112.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.924024
| 627
| 3.359375
| 3
|
Many in the media and financial world are predicting Inflation. Because the Fed is devaluing the U.S. currency, many assume that inflation will come.
What is Inflation? I am glad you asked.
Inflation is the gradual or rapid loss of purchasing power. Many of us have seen this at the grocery store or gas pump. When I first started driving, gas only cost $0.99 per gallon. I recently filled up at over $4.00 per gallon. I used to be able to buy a candy bar at the checkout counter with 2 quarters. Today it will likely cost you closer to $1.00.
In both of the examples above one dollar ($1) lost it’s ability to purchase an item. One dollar used to purchase a whole gallon of gasoline, now it only buys 1/4 of a gallon. A dollar used to buy 2 candy bars, now it only buys you one.
Inflation occurs when an abundance of money chases after scarce resources.
Effects of Inflation on Wealth
Inflation can ravage the wealth of an individual. If an individuals portfolio does not grow at a rate faster than inflation, the portfolio is actually losing the ability to buy services, food, and shelter.
In the example above a $1,000,000 portfolio used to buy 2,000,000 candy bars. Now it can only purchase 1,000,000 candy bars. If the rate of inflation remains the same, the same portfolio may only buy 500,000 candy bars in the near future.
Exchange the candy bar for bread, water, electricity, or healthcare and you can see the devastating effects that inflation can have on the wealth of an individual.
Protecting Against Inflation
Kyle Bass is the founder of Hayman Capital, a hedge fund. He made quite the fortune by short selling the sub-prime mortgage market. He spoke to a CNBC reporter after a conference about his thoughts on inflation. A link to the video is below.
In the video Mr. Bass says at the 2:05 minute mark that he expects inflation. At the 2:22 mark he suggests owning productive assets (apartment buildings). At the 2:35 minute mark he also recommends securing long-term fixed rate financing on those assets.
If you want to learn more about purchasing hard assets to protect your wealth, please contact Peter at 925.385.8798.
|
<urn:uuid:3dce5d96-a8be-449f-b6d9-51b3fbd4d1a0>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-04
|
http://www.maclennaninvestments.com/2013/02/11/commercial-real-estate-inflation/?shared=email&msg=fail
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583659340.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117204652-20190117230652-00271.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.92536
| 495
| 2.609375
| 3
|
Compare yourself to a character in the novel.
Use a black line map to show places where characters live and travel in the novel.
Prepare a short oral or written report about South Africa in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
Create a timeline showing the events in the novel.
Dear Mr. Cussler
Write or email the author and tell him what you did or did not like about the book.
Pitt's Next Adventure
Imagine what Pitt's next adventure will be and write about it.
A Cussler Novel
Read another book by Clive Cussler.
On the Scene
Imagine that you are a television reporter and do a live on-the-scene report about an incident in the novel.
Write an obituary for Patrick Fawkes.
With a group, reenact a scene from the novel.
Imagine that it is your job...
This section contains 292 words
(approx. 1 page at 300 words per page)
|
<urn:uuid:31c8daa7-bfab-46d1-8066-983b07d02c3e>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/vixen-03/funactivities.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320685.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626064746-20170626084746-00156.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.91593
| 203
| 3.25
| 3
|
Five Steps to Keeping Your Child Safe Online
Step 1 - Talk To Your Child
If you are unsure just how all this technology works, get your child to show you.
Talk to them about what they do online, why they find it so exciting and what they use it for. This is a great time to explore online with your child.
Step 2 - Start By Being Safe
Talk to your child about the importance of being responsible and safe online.
Take a look at the history button and links on your web browser. Talk to your children about what they see and do.
Remember this is about parenting, not about knowing the ins and outs of various technologies.
Consider filtering the content availible on your child's internet enabled devices
Step 3 - Set The Ground Rules
Make sure your family has some clear ground rules when using the internet. Set boundaries and time limits and encourage good behaviour online – for example:
No sharing of personal information
No arranging to meet strangers.
Useful Links and documents -
Information for Parents on Internet Safety
Know It All for Parents
Parental advice on filtering
Education against Hate - extremist and radicalisation
Your Child's Health and Safety
Advice and help on Cyberbullying aimed at parents and students
Advice for parents from Ceops - the Child Explotation and Online Protection Centre
Parents' Guide to Snapchat
Here to download
Parents' Guide to E-safety recommended by the NSPCC
Here to download
Step 4 - Guard Private Information
Keep your family information private. Think before you share personal information online and explain why it’s important to be cautious. Remember that once something goes public, it can be very difficult to undo.
Step 5 - Report Abuse
You need to be ready to act if your child feels uncomfortable with anything they experience online. Let them know they can tell you, or another trusted adult, if they are having a problem.
Ensure they know:
- How to use the 'report abuse' button on the sites they visit
- How to block Unwanted Messages
- What to do if they discover a site that makes them feel uncomfortable
- You can report abuse via the Think You Know Website
Useful links to report Abuse
The report website click here
Our aim is to ensure that all pupils can safely access the internet and its many advantages but that they are aware of the dangers, including the use of social media/chat sites. There are e-safety notices and reminders in every classroom and the issues around safe use of the internet is covered in ICT classes. Please support us on this very important topic by visiting http://www.saferinternet.org.uk/advice-and-resources .
Cyber Safety Statement
View our Cyber Safety Statement here.
Safe Use of the Internet
At the academy, we are becoming increasingly concerned about the inappropriate use of social networking sites by our pupils. We know that this is a national phenomenon and every Head Teacher has expressed similar concerns. That does not mean that we have to accept the situation.
Our main concerns at this time are:
- Children communicating with people they don’t know or who pose as celebrities;
- Sending provocative pictures of themselves to friends (who they then fall out with) or to anonymous social network site ‘friends’;
- Saying things on line to or about someone which rapidly escalates into cruel and malicious comments and sometimes threats and bullying. Regrettably, on some occasions, brothers and sisters and even parents have got involved in this upward spiral of abuse.
Hardly a week goes by without staff being involved in trying to sort out in the academy the problems which arise from the above, often dealing with very distressed young people.
In the academy, we spend a lot of time trying to educate our pupils about the dangers of the internet but for many the message(s) does not seem to be getting through. Since May 2011, in order to safeguard our children and to free staff up from having to deal with the fallout from these incidents, we have proposed a different approach. This involves home and school working more closely together.
What Parents / Guardians Can Do
We think parents are the key to solving the problem as the school ICT systems do not allow access to social networking sites. The way forward must be to try to stop problems arising rather than deal with the problems when they do. At the risk of stating the obvious, we would ask parents to do some or all of the following:
- Block access for your children to social networking sites;
If that is not an option you may want to consider the following:
- Ensure that social network sites your child may use are secure i.e. access is not open to the world;
- Access to the computer is only in a supervised or ‘family area’ of the home;
- Check your child’s social network site and monitor what is happening on it;
- Have time limits for PCs and Game machines, perhaps ensuring they are turned off in the evening at an agreed time;
- Remember that many modern phones also enable access to social networking sites – if buying your child a phone, consider whether they really need all the bells and whistles or do they just need a phone?
What The School Will Do
We need to ensure that all pupils feel safe, secure and happy in the academy; in such an environment, young people are better able to focus on their learning. We also need to ensure that staff are not having to spend hours dealing with problems associated with social networking sites: they should be focused likewise on supporting children with their learning.
We will continue our efforts to make pupils aware of the risks associated with using the internet.
There is a blanket ban on the use of mobile phones and other electronic devices in school to reinforce this and to put a stop to texting, emailing, and the taking of pictures or videos etc during the school day;
Pupils can still bring a phone or other electronic device to the academy for use after the day has finished but we do not expect to see them at any time during the academy day (this includes headphones), otherwise they will be confiscated. On the first instance, we will return the item at the end of the academy day and notify parents this has happened. For any future confiscations, we will ask parents to come and collect the item.
Also, from now on any issue brought to school which has its origins in ‘cyberspace’ will be referred to a senior staff member. Details will be noted on a proforma and a decision will be made on which of the following courses of action to take:
- To refer back to parents;
- To refer to the appropriate member of staff to take action;
- To refer to Social Services if there are Children Protection concerns;
- To refer to The Police.
In all cases, a copy of the completed proforma will be sent to parents.
We hope we have your full support in dealing with what is a growing problem not just here but across the country. We believe that what is at stake is the well-being of our children and that has always been the academy's number one priority.
Pupil Guidelines for Email and Internet Use - Acceptable Use Policy
These guidelines outline the expectations and rules surrounding the use of email and the internet by pupils at Priory Belvoir Academy, a copy is available in your child's Diary and Planner and available to download below
|
<urn:uuid:b690efef-d8e8-4185-9668-a2d2118c1d83>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-43
|
https://www.belvoiracademy.co.uk/page/?title=e-Safety&pid=42
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512750.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020121719-20181020143219-00299.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949252
| 1,542
| 3.59375
| 4
|
What is it used for?
- Relieving migraine attacks.
How does it work?
Almogran tablets contain the active ingredient almotriptan, which is a type of medicine called a serotonin (or 5HT) agonist. This type of medicine is also commonly known as a 'triptan'. It is a painkiller specifically used to relieve migraine attacks.
Although the cause of migraine attacks is not fully understood, it is thought that widening of blood vessels in the brain causes the throbbing pain of migraine headaches. Almotriptan relieves this pain by causing the blood vessels in the brain to narrow.
Almotriptan works by stimulating receptors called serotonin (or 5HT) receptors that are found in the brain. A natural substance called serotonin normally acts on these receptors, causing blood vessels in the brain to narrow. Almotriptan mimics this action of serotonin by directly stimulating the serotonin receptors in the brain. This narrows the blood vessels and so relieves the pain of migraine headaches.
The dose of almotriptan should be taken as early as possible after the migraine headache has started, though it is also effective if taken at a later stage during the migraine attack.
How do I take it?
- Almogran tablets can be taken with or without food. The tablets should be swallowed with a drink of water.
- One Almogran tablet should be taken as early as possible after the migraine headache has started, though it is also effective if taken at a later stage during the migraine attack.
- If the first dose of this medicine doesn't relieve your migraine headache then you should NOT take another dose for the same attack, as this has not been studied in clinical trials.
- If your first dose does initially relieve your migraine, but the headache then comes back, you can take a second dose. However, if you need a second dose because your migraine has returned, you should NOT take it within two hours of your first dose.
- Do not take more than two tablets in any 24 hour period.
- Do not exceed the recommended dose.
- This medicine may cause drowsiness. If affected do not drive or operate machinery.
- This medicine should not be used to prevent migraines.
- This medicine should only be used by people with a clear diagnosis of migraine from their doctor.
- Consult your doctor if your migraine doesn't go away, or if you have frequent or daily migraines. It is important not to use this medicine too frequently, because taking a painkiller for headaches or migraines too often or for too long can actually make the headaches worse.
- This medicine can cause feelings of warmth, heaviness, pressure, tightness or pain in certain parts of the body, including the chest or throat. Although sometimes very strong, these feelings usually only last a few minutes. If they continue or are particularly severe (especially chest pain), you should tell your doctor immediately, as there have been extremely rare reports of such problems being caused by a heart attack. Do NOT take any more tablets; your doctor will decide if you should stop using them.
Use with caution in
- People who are allergic to medicines from the sulphonamide group, eg the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole.
- High blood pressure (hypertension).
- People with risk factors for ischaemic heart disease, such as smoking, high cholesterol levels, diabetes, obesity, or a family history of heart disease.
- Men over 40 years.
- Postmenopausal women.
- Decreased kidney function. People with severe kidney failure should not take more than one tablet in any 24 hours. Ask your doctor for advice if you have kidney problems.
- Decreased liver function.
- History of seizures eg epilepsy, or people with conditions that increase the risk of seizures, eg head injury, alcoholism.
Not to be used in
- People who have had a heart attack.
- Heart disease caused by inadequate blood flow to the heart (ischaemic heart disease), eg angina.
- A severe form of angina pectoris, not caused by exertion (Prinzmetal's angina).
- Narrowing of blood vessels in the extremities, eg legs (peripheral vascular disease).
- History of stroke.
- History of small temporary temporary strokes (transient ischaemic attacks).
- Uncontrolled or severe high blood pressure (hypertension).
- Severely decreased liver function.
- People who have taken a monoamine-oxidase inhibitor antidepressant (MAOI) in the last 14 days.
- A form of migraine associated with paralysis of the eye muscles (ophthalmoplegic migraine).
- A form of migraine associated with temporary paralysis of one side of the body (hemiplegic migraine).
- A type of migraine where there is a disturbance in brain function which initially presents with total blindness followed by dizziness, speach disturbances, ringing in the ears and double vision (basilar migraine).
- Almogran tablets are not recommended for children or adolescents aged under 18 years, or adults aged over 65 years, as the safety and efficacy of the tablets have not been established in these age groups.
This medicine should not be used if you are allergic to any of its ingredients. Please inform your doctor or pharmacist if you have previously experienced such an allergy.
If you feel you have experienced an allergic reaction, stop using this medicine and inform your doctor or pharmacist immediately.
Pregnancy and breastfeeding
Certain medicines should not be used during pregnancy or breastfeeding. However, other medicines may be safely used in pregnancy or breastfeeding providing the benefits to the mother outweigh the risks to the unborn baby. Always inform your doctor if you are pregnant or planning a pregnancy, before using any medicine.
- The safety of this medicine for use during pregnancy has not been established. It is not recommended for use in pregnancy unless considered essential by your doctor. Seek medical advice from your doctor.
- This medicine may pass into breast milk and it should be used with caution by breastfeeding mothers. Exposure of the baby to the medicine can be minimised by not breastfeeding for 24 hours following a dose. Seek medical advice from your doctor.
Medicines and their possible side effects can affect individual people in different ways. The following are some of the side effects that are known to be associated with this medicine. Just because a side effect is stated here, it does not mean that all people using this medicine will experience that or any side effect.
Common (affect between 1 in 10 and 1 in 100 people)
- Nausea and vomiting (though these may also be due to the migraine).
Uncommon (affect between 1 in 100 and 1 in 1000 people)
- Pins and needles (paraesthesia).
- Sensation of ringing, or other noise in the ears (tinnitus).
- Awareness of your heartbeat (palpitations).
- Feeling of tightness in the throat.
- Dry mouth.
- Pain in the muscles (myalgia).
- Weakness or loss of strength (asthenia).
- Chest pain.
Very rare (affect less than 1 in 10,000 people)
- Faster than normal heart beat ( tachycardia).
- Heart attack.
The side effects listed above may not include all of the side effects reported by the medicine's manufacturer.
For more information about any other possible risks associated with this medicine, please read the information provided with the medicine or consult your doctor or pharmacist.
How can this medicine affect other medicines?
It is important to tell your doctor or pharmacist what medicines you are already taking, including those bought without a prescription and herbal medicines, before you start treatment with this medicine. Similarly, check with your doctor or pharmacist before taking any new medicines while taking this one, to make sure that the combination is safe.
This medicine must not be taken in combination with any other triptan medicines, eg zolmitriptan, eletriptan, naratriptan, sumatriptan.
This medicine must not taken within 24 hours of taking ergotamine or its derivatives, eg dihydroergotamine or methysergide. These medicines should not be taken within six hours of taking almotriptan.
If your first dose of almotriptan does not work to relieve your migraine, it is fine to take a painkiller containing aspirin, paracetamol, or a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), such as ibuprofen. However, as noted above, you should not take ergotamine, dihydroergotamine or methysergide for at least six hours after taking almotriptan.
There may be an increased risk of a rare side effect called the serotonin syndrome if almotriptan is taken in combination with other medicines that enhance the activity of serotonin in the central nervous system, such as the following:
- monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOIs), for example, the antidepressants phenelzine, tranylcypromine, isocarboxazid and moclobemide and the antibiotic linezolid (you should not take almotriptan if you have taken one of these medicines in the last 14 days)
- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants (SSRIs), such as citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine or sertraline
- serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), such as venlafaxine or duloxetine
- the herbal remedy St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum).
If you are taking any of these medicines you should let your doctor know if you experience symptoms such as confusion, agitation, tremor, muscle twitching, shivering, sweating, racing heartbeat or diarrhoea after taking almotriptan.
Other medicines containing the same active ingredient
There are currently no other medicines available in the UK that contain almotriptan as the active ingredient.
|
<urn:uuid:8c52d9c6-3556-4b95-a927-bf6c5d2b0590>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-43
|
https://www.netdoctor.co.uk/medicines/aches-pains/a8241/almogran-almotriptan/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986669546.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20191016190431-20191016213931-00016.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.911476
| 2,097
| 2.78125
| 3
|
What is AyurvedaAyurveda, an authentic medical science which originated in Asia prior to the Vedic age, is a comprehensive system of holistic health care. The term 'Ayurveda' means 'science of life'.
"It is a science which defines an ethical way of life. It differentiates the good from the bad and espouses well-being."
Charak, Father of Ayurvedic Medicine
Objective of AyurvedaAyurveda aims to achieve three main objectives:
Philosophy of AyurvedaThe integrity of Ayurveda is that it personalizes the healing process. It perceives each and every person as a unique individual, with a unique body-mind constitution (genetic composition) and a Unique set of life circumstances, all of which must be considered in determining either natural healing approaches or recommendations for daily living. The principle of Ayurvedic science is predominantly based on the 'Tridosha theory' and the 'Pancha Mahabhuta Theory'. These theories explain that the body is primarily composed of the five elements of the universe and all diseases occur due to the imbalance of the three vital forces (Doshas) of the body that are responsible for maintaining the equilibrium of health.
Ayurveda works upon mitigating this imbalance by channelizing nature's energy and resource after analysing the body constitution and advises the apt line of treatment. It offers specific guidance to each individual on lifestyle, diet, exercise and yoga, herbo-mineral therapy, panchakarma therapy, rasayana therapy and even spiritual practices to restore and maintain balance in body and mind.
Ayurvedic Treatment Principle
To remove the ailments of a diseased person and restore and maintain positive health Ayurveda uses mainly two lines of treatment to achieve this:
1. Shamana Therapy: Administering Ayurvedic Herbo-Mineral Preparations
2. Shodhana Therapy: Purificatory methods using Panchakarma therapies
|
<urn:uuid:32e5bb12-e7ba-4cce-87ca-a7a6bc42b3d2>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
https://www.drashokayurveda.co.uk/ayurveda.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347389309.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525161346-20200525191346-00538.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.894645
| 419
| 3.203125
| 3
|
Have you ever tried breaking a hollow branch of a tree?
It was easy right? you just caught both the ends and bent it at the middle. It broke in seconds. But what about a tree branch that isn’t hollow? Will it be that easy to break it? Of course, No. You will need to spend a bit more time to break it with an axe.
This is also equally applicable to your body. If your body is well-nourished and well postured, stiff and rigid, will it be easy for the outside attackers to harm you?
Which is why you may find yourself in a situation where, how much you work out, it isn’t visible. It feels so irritating.
So, then what is the hurdle, why isn’t your daily workout taking shape?
the reason is the imbalance between your workout routine and your dietary needs
What Is Balancing Workout and Nutrition?
Balancing workout and nutrition mean keeping a watch or control over both and making them function in coordination with each other. Ideally, food and exercise go hand in hand as both their end goal is your fitness.
It considers different aspects like what you eat, how you eat, what time you eat and whether it’s in coordination with when you work out, how you work out, and how long you work out.
Well-balanced coordination between the two is key to a healthy version of you. A healthy diet is needed to supply the essential nutrients like proteins to fuel up your energy to maintain a consistent, thorough workout system.
Why Is Balancing Proper Nutrition and Exercise Important?
When associated with a consistent exercise plan, a healthy nutritious diet keeps your physical and mental health strong and active. In fact, both of them are equally essential for your well-being.
With this ultimate balance, you ensure your body gets the perfect posture, neither too lean nor too bulging.
It not only ensures good health and body but also improved sleep and stabilized mood.
How Does Exercise Change Nutrition Requirements?
Low nutritional diet affects your health adversely. It can lead to health problems like dehydration, weakness, poor health, fatigue, which are the most culpable factors in damaging your workout routine.
Unfortunately, diet is one of the essential human needs that gets heavily ignored. Most of us prefer the taste and presentation of the food instead of its nutritious value, making it easy for deficiencies to make themselves comfortable in your body. The problem starts here!
That’s why fueling up your body with the right nutrition is extremely important to stay fit and healthy
another aspect of a nutrition-exercise combo. As you start losing weight with a regular workout, your energy needs start changing, thus changing your food habits. Carbohydrates being the body’s primary source of energy, your diet needs to include proper amounts of carbs, proteins, amino acids, minerals to maintain and repair your muscle tissues.
How to Balance Workout and Nutrition?
In this section, we will check out some easily doable tips to balance workout and nutrition. These tips if followed thoroughly will start showing results in a few days. Most of the tips are planned out as per the USDA recommendations for diet and exercise.
USDA Recommended Guidelines
Under these guidelines, USDA recommends a daily intake of proteins, fruits & veggies, whole grains, and dairy. These guidelines are considered to be the best to plan out your diet. Even if you try to follow at least the minimum daily serving, it will help you get into a habit to step by step reduce calories from specific portions of your diet rather than omitting it suddenly from your diet.
This way, your metabolism stays active, and you can keep up your energy level for a routine workout.
Split Your Meals
If you split your three times daily meals into six to seven small meals throughout the day, you can stimulate your metabolism all day long. It also helps you lose weight. Planning a short meal right before or after your workout will benefit you even more. It advised splitting carbs for before workout meal and proteins for after workout meals.
Consult an Expert
It is always better to consult an expert dietician or nutritionist to schedule your diet according to your workout goals and health needs. For instance, your workout goal can be gaining weight or losing weight, or neither of them, but to get into shape. With every workout plan, a specific dietary plan can be linked by the nutritionist. Any other health conditions should also be taken into consideration before trying out anything new.
Increase Your Fluid Intake
You need to take a lot of fluids throughout the day. Juices, energy drinks or even plain water will also help as a big miracle.
The only care you need to take is the timing. It would be best if you were particular about the specific intervals between two meals or fluids intake. This encourages cell productions and metabolism boost during these intervals.
Daily Calorie Intake Levels
you need to keep a check on your calorie intake while planning out the short meals.
Schedule an Exercise Plan
schedule a daily workout routine plan of different activities to be designed in a doable manner, and a way that will motivate you to keep going. You are advised to plan a different activity each day to avoid getting bored. The activities can be running, swimming etc.
It would be best if you fixed a specific time for your workout activities. Be it early morning or evening, whatever you are comfortable with.
This will also include planning short workout sessions instead of longer heavy sessions that usually result in fatigue.
Hence, both the diet and workout plans need not be a drastic change, but you have to plan the changes slowly according to your hitherto routine. Both the short interval workouts and split number of meals will balance each other, ensuring a perfect blend of exercise and diet.
Few more tips would be,
Including a lot of cardiovascular exercises to lose weight
Increase intake of dietary supplements like BCAAs
A diet low in carbohydrates and sugar to break down excess fat
Focus on weight training and resistance exercises
So, when are you scheduling a meeting with your nutritionist? Try it now!
|
<urn:uuid:05d7fee6-39dc-4df8-8703-dd53a82bd062>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-49
|
https://fitreign.com/how-to-balance-workout-and-nutrition/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710409.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127141808-20221127171808-00179.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947522
| 1,264
| 2.578125
| 3
|
Two examples of landforms created by rivers are river terraces and valleys. Landforms created by rivers are classified into two types: depositional and erosional. Depositional landforms include river terraces, deltas, floodplains and alluvial fans; erosional landforms include valleys, canyons and badlands.
Rivers create landforms when their waters move over the Earth's surface. Landforms are found in a variety of climates, including humid, very wet, semiarid and subhumid. Studying and monitoring how water shapes and affects the Earth is important for many practical applications, including flood management and river conservation, as well as in the creation of infrastructure, such as railways and highways.
|
<urn:uuid:1582b3bd-8b59-4bae-b0d7-1d087d702811>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-43
|
https://www.reference.com/science/two-landforms-created-rivers-b4da82641683181
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986675316.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20191017122657-20191017150157-00351.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.967816
| 151
| 3.828125
| 4
|
|Join Our Mailing List|
Barnes, Harry Elmer
Harry Elmer Barnes (1889-1968), historian and sociologist, was one of the most influential American scholars of the twentieth century. He was a major figure in developing the school of history writing known as "revisionism,” that is, the critical, scholarly examination of official or orthodox history, especially of the origins and consequences of the two world wars.
Revisionism, Barnes wrote in a 1958 essay, “implies an honest search for historical truth and the discrediting of misleading myths that are a barrier to peace and goodwill among nations. In the minds of anti-Revisionists, the term savors of malice, vindictiveness, and an unholy desire to smear the saviors of mankind. Actually, Revisionism means nothing more or less than the effort to correct the historical record in the light of a more complete collection of historical facts, a more calm political atmosphere, and a more objective attitude.”
He taught economics, sociology and history at various institutions of higher learning, including the New School for Social Research, Smith College , and Columbia University. His output of books, essays, reviews and lectures was prodigious. His consistently clear, effective and knowledgeable prose earned him the appreciation of the educated public as well as praise from scholars.
Of Barnes The Columbia Encyclopedia notes: “His wide interests generally centered about the main themes of the development of Western thought and culture. His ability to synthesize information from various fields into an intelligible pattern showing human development profoundly affected the teaching of history.”
During the 1920s Barnes played a leading role in debunking the propaganda myth of sole or primary German responsibility for the First World War. He remained true to his principles even after World War II when the American intellectual climate became markedly more restricted and conformist. His skeptical view of the official history of that great conflict, and particularly its origins and the US role in it, along with his outspoken criticism of conformist “court historians,” made him an ever more marginalized figure during his final 20 years.
Throughout his career he did much to encourage other scholars. For example, he helped to produce and publish his detailed revisionist study of the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939. (Hoggan’s book, first published in German in 1961, finally appeared in English in 1989 under the title The Forced War.)
Shortly after Barnes’ death on August 25, 1968, historian and economist Murray Rothbard wrote a tribute that appeared in Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought (Vol. IV, 1968):
“…. Harry Elmer Barnes was the last of the truly erudite historians. In a field of accelerating narrowness and specialization where the expert on France in the 1830s is likely to know next to nothing about what happened in France in the 1840s, Harry Barnes ranged over the entire field of historical study and vision. He was the Compleat Historian, and it was the historical approach that informed his work in all the other social science disciplines in which he was so remarkably productive: sociology, criminology, religion, economics, current affairs, and social thought. Surely his scholarly output was and will continue to remain unparalleled, as even a glance at a bibliography of his writings will show.
… He was that rarity among scholars, a passionately committed man. It was not enough for Harry to discover and set forth the truth; he must also work actively and whole-heartedly in the world on behalf of that truth… He believed, properly but increasingly alone, that it was the ultimate function of the vast and growing scholarly apparatus to bring about a better life for mankind…
It was Harry’s passionate commitment to truth that lost for him the applause of scholars and multituee alike and cast him, for the last two decades of his life, in outer darkness. …Other men might grow more conservative and timid and accommodating to the powers-that-be as they grew older and more settled; but never Harry Elmer Barnes. That was to be his great burden during the remaining years of his life; but that as also to be his undying glory.”
|
<urn:uuid:eb32d3cc-ef54-44e0-b505-d6adf420efd0>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
https://codoh.com/library/categories/1099/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688208.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922041015-20170922061015-00188.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.975767
| 861
| 3.078125
| 3
|
The century : America's time. 5, 1936-1941: over the edge /
Safely watching Europe from across the Atlantic Ocean, many Americans observed the messianic popularity of Hitler and Mussolini and the subsequent outbreak of World War II with dismany. This program explores the six years preceding America's involvement in the war and explores the question: Cou...
|Corporate Authors:||, , |
Princeton, N.J. :
Films for the Humanities & Sciences,
|Series:||Century, decades of change ;
[no. 5]. |
|
<urn:uuid:98eabd43-5ff0-4ffc-9053-2e8a1898a912>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://catalog.library.tamu.edu/Record/in00001517872
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100164.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130031610-20231130061610-00048.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.719959
| 122
| 2.546875
| 3
|
Cleft Lip and Palate
For a child, a cleft lip or palate can interfere with speech, eating, and breathing. For parents, it can be heartbreaking.
However, children born with a split in their upper lip or the roof of their mouths can undergo surgery to close the gap.
What does this condition mean for your child?
Understanding the Basics of Cleft Lips and Palates
Cleft LipWhile cleft lips and palates are often seen together, they can occur separately. A cleft lip can involve not just the lip, but the nose and portions of the upper jaw, as well. Statistically, it is more common in boys.
Seen more often in girls, this opening can extend the full length of the roof of the mouth. It creates a direct connection between the mouth and nasal passages, often interfering with breathing, eating, drinking, and speaking.
Cleft Lips and Palates are One of the Most Common Birth Defects in the U.S.
Getting a Diagnosis
In most cases, it is extremely difficult to predict whether your child will have an orofacial defect before birth, even with an ultrasound. However, a genetic counselor can sometimes identify the possibility and provide advice during a consultation.
While the presence of a cleft lip or palate is usually obvious once a child is born, a plastic surgeon or craniofacial surgeon can diagnose their specific skeletal and soft tissue abnormalities. Based on this examination, they can begin to coordinate treatment with other specialists.
Understanding the Risk Factors
While some experts have suggested that there is a genetic component to having a cleft lip or palate, others suspect that exposure to certain medications during pregnancy plays a more significant role. Diabetes and smoking can also interfere with a baby's development.
Understanding Your Control Over the Risk of a Cleft Lip or Palate
No GuaranteesBecause the cause of a cleft lip and palate is still unknown, there is no certain way to prevent the condition.
Discuss Your Meds with Your Doctor
If a doctor prescribes medication while you are pregnant, be sure to discuss the potential risks and impact it can have upon your child with both that doctor and your OB-GYN.
Avoid Tobacco Products
Avoiding smoking and other tobacco products during pregnancy may also reduce the risk.
With treatment, most children with orofacial clefts do well and lead a healthy life. Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Treatment Is a Long and In-Depth Process
Depending on the severity of the defects, treatment can involve a series of surgical procedures starting soon after birth and continuing throughout childhood and into early adulthood.
However, because the condition affects the bone, soft tissue, and teeth, the American Cleft Palate – Craniofacial Association recommends that a special interdisciplinary group of healthcare providers take responsibility for coordinating the treatment of children suffering from these defects.
These cleft and craniofacial teams typically include surgeons, orthodontists, prosthodontists, speech pathologists, and auditory specialists who work together to provide treatment. They are located throughout the United States and internationally.
Those interested in finding and contacting the nearest team are encouraged to visit the Cleft and Craniofacial Teams and Centers website for more information.
The Results of Treatment Will Leave Only a Faint Scar
Life after Treatment
Most children who receive appropriate treatment for their cleft lip and cleft palate recover from the physical and psychological problems and lead happy and productive lives. However, it is a long and difficult road for both the child and the parents. Affected families are encouraged to seek out support groups.
Speak to a Professional as Soon as Possible
Immediate treatment is essential to helping your child overcome the many challenges posed by a cleft lip or palate. Reach out today to schedule a consultation with a specialist and discuss your situation.
|
<urn:uuid:d55fc420-3229-4d0e-ad2e-f8bfb47959e5>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-34
|
https://www.advancedoralsurgerytampa.com/conditions/cleft-lip-and-palate
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738351.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200808194923-20200808224923-00080.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945973
| 795
| 3.140625
| 3
|
The first Habsburg on the throne of the Holy Roman Empire, Rudolf I, had already endeavoured to retain the crown for his family and found a ruling dynasty. Nevertheless, several attempts were necessary before the Swabian counts could transform themselves into the Austrian imperial dynasty.
The newly acquired Austrian lands were intended to serve as a geopolitical basis for a permanent linkage of the crown to the House of Habsburg. However, the continuation of this plan was thwarted by the murder of Albrecht I, the energetic and able son and successor of Rudolf as overlord of the realm. Rudolf’s grandson, Frederick the Fair, was no longer able to assert himself against his rivals for the imperial crown.
The empire was shaped in the fourteenth century by the dominant position of the House of Luxembourg. The Habsburg family’s imperial ambitions experienced a further setback when they were excluded from the circle of electoral princes in the Golden Bull of Emperor Charles IV of the House of Luxembourg. Duke Rudolf IV tried to compensate for this by forging documents and insisting – at first unsuccessfully – on the title of Archduke of Austria.
It took over a hundred years, until Duke Albrecht V, for a Habsburg to assume sovereignty in the empire once again: Albrecht, as King Albrecht II, furthermore assumed the crowns of Bohemia and Hungary, the Luxembourg inheritance of his father-in-law Emperor Siegmund. However, before he was able to exploit the potential of this constellation he died prematurely in 1439, only a year after his coronation.
Despite all setbacks, among them the renunciation of his claim to Bohemia and Hungary, his successor Frederick III from the Styrian line of the Habsburgs succeeded in securing the imperial crown for himself. From then on the crown was to remain in the House of Habsburg until the end of the empire in 1806 (with the exception of the period 1740 to 1745). Subsequently the concerns of the empire increasingly overlapped with Habsburg dynastic power politics. Although the Holy Roman Empire was an elective monarchy (the electors continued to elect the emperor), we can de facto observe a certain element of heredity in the imperial title in the House of Habsburg: for instance, the Habsburgs saw to it that their successors were elected and crowned while still alive (‘vivente imperatore’). Under the title of ‘Roman King’ a successor automatically assumed power after the death of the emperor without having to stand in a new election.
Habsburg imperial politics were always based on the Austrian patrimonial lands, the basis of Habsburg dynastic power. The dynasty had increasingly identified itself since the fourteenth century with these lands, so it was now referred to as ‘Haus Österreich’ – the ‘House of Austria’ (Latin ‘Domus Austriae’). This was also an attempt to safeguard the unity of the House in the face of the numerous different branches within the dynasty. Even after the Habsburgs had risen to become a European great power after 1500, their connection with their Austrian roots remained, as demonstrated by the fact that the Spanish Habsburgs were generally designated as the ‘Casa d’Austria’.
As the impossibility of achieving universal imperial power in the empire in the sixteenth century became more and more obvious, the focus of Habsburg politics shifted to efforts to unify the territories ruled by the dynasty – with all their various legal and constitutional traditions – under the overall regency of the Habsburg monarchy. The ‘patchwork state’ of the Monarchia Austriaca emerged by stages from the empire, a development that finally found its culmination in the founding of the Empire of Austria in 1804.
|
<urn:uuid:31d5e7cd-8aa2-4c49-b109-5eb265ea322f>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-09
|
https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/house-austria-habsburgs-and-empire?language=de
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247479159.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20190215204316-20190215230316-00144.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971898
| 795
| 3.625
| 4
|
Monday, May 6, 2013
Strong Safety Culture
The American Chemical Society recently published a report of their Safety Culture Task force, outlining the importance of establishing a good safety culture in laboratories as well as how to do this. The report was prompted by the number of high-profile university-related lab accidents which have occurred in the US over the past few years. A poor safety culture was implicated in a number of these accidents.
I would like, over the next few months, to present some of the information from this report, for you all to read and consider. EH&S, with the support of University management, will be working on strengthening our safety culture here at Carnegie Mellon.
The Task Force defined a Safety Culture as “an organization’s collective commitment, by leaders and individuals, to emphasize safety as an overriding priority to competing goals and other considerations to ensure protection of people and the environment.”
They further identify nine traits of a good safety culture; I hope to look at each of these points over the next several months.
- Leaders demonstrate a commitment to safety in their decisions and behaviors
- Problem identification and resolution
- All individuals take personal responsibility for safety
- The process of planning and controlling work activities is implemented, so safety is maintained
- Continuous Learning
- Positive, non-punitive environment for raising safety concerns
- Effective safety communication
- Respectful work environment
- Questioning attitude
Why are we dealing with safety culture? Well there are a number of reasons:
- It offers a safer environment for all of our people
- It saves time and money, both of which are precious
- It is one of the jobs of our University to prepare its students for positions in the business world.
By: Mark Banister, markb2, 412-268-5616
|
<urn:uuid:1f10d536-7e40-4b7f-9196-36a809ff7861>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://www.cmu.edu/ehs/newsletters/lab-safety/Strong-Safety-Culture.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500836108.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021356-00353-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.955364
| 374
| 2.5625
| 3
|
THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER LIMB
The bones of the lower extremity are connected with the trunk by means of the pelvic girdle. The lower extremity consists of thirty-one bones each side : (Left-Right side)
- 1 Inominate Bone
- 1 Femur
- 1 Tibia
- 1 Fibula
- 1 Patella
- 7 Tarsal Bones
- 5 Metatarsal Bones
- 14 Phalanges
The Inominate Bone
The innominate bone or os innominatum helps to form the pelvic girdle. Situated one on each side, uniting in front at the symphysis pubis, the two bones form a considerable part of the bony pelvis.
The innominate bone is an irregular flat bone formed by the union of three bones at the acetabulum, which is a cupshaped cavity on the external surface of the bone which receives the head of the femur in the formation of the hip joint.
The uppermost of the three bones which unite here is the ilium, the front one the pubis, and the most posterior the ischium.
The Ilium presents two surfaces, a crest, and an articulating surface for the sacrum.
The crest of the ilium is curved and surmounts the bone. It gives attachment to many muscles, including the abdominal muscles and latissimus dorsi. It terminates in front at a point called the anterior superior iliac spine, to which the inguinal ligament (Poupart’s) is attached, and posteriorly in the posterior superior iliac spine. Below these spines are two other prominences, the anterior and posterior inferior spines. The surface between the two posterior spines forms the articulating surface for the sacrum. Below this articulation lies the greater sciatic notch, through which the sciatic nerve passes from the pelvis to the thigh.
The Pubis consists of a body and two rami. The body is square in shape and is surmounted by the crest of the pubis. The pubic bones unite in front of the symphysis pubis.
The Ischium is the thickest and strongest portion of the bone. The tuberosity of the ischium lies at its lowest point, and on this, the trunk rests when sitting. A pointed eminence, the spine of the ischium, arises from the back of the bone and marks the lowest part of the sciatic notch.
The Obturator Forameu is a large oval foramen lying below, the acetabulum bounded by- the pubis and ischium. It is filled in with membrane, and at its upper part, the obturator vessels and nerves pass from the pelvis into the thigh.
The Acetabulum is a deep, cup-shaped cavity formed by the union of the three bones; the pubis forms the front part, the
The femur is the longest bone in the body. It articulates with the acetabulum in the formation of the hip joint, and from here the bone inclines medially to the knee, where it articulates with the tibia. It is a long bone with a shaft and two extremities.
The Upper Extremity presents a head that forms two-thirds of a sphere; at the summit of this is an ovoid depression, a roughened pit, for the attachment of the ligamentum teres. Below the head is the neck, which is long and flattened. Where the neck joins the shaft the greater trochanter lies to the outer side, and the lesser trochanter to the back and inner side.
At the base of the neck of the bone, two lines unite the greater and lesser trochanters, the intertrochanteric line in front, and the intertrochanteric crest at the back. The latter is marked by a tubercle of bone, the quadrate tubercle halfway along its length.
The Shaft of the Femur is cylindrical, smooth, and rounded in front, and at the sides. It curves forwards and has a very well marked ridge behind, called the linea aspera, to which a number of muscles are attached, amongst them the adductors of the thigh.
The Lower Extremity is wide and presents two condyles, an intercondylar notch, a popliteal surface, and a patellar surface. The condyles are very prominent; the medial one is lower than the lateral one. They both enter into the formation of the knee joint.
The intercondylar notch separates the condyles behind. The surfaces of this notch give attachment to the cruciate ligaments of the knee joint. The condyles are separated in front by the patellar surface which extends over the anterior aspect of both condyles; on this surface, the patella rests. The tibial surface of the femoral condyles lies below and rests on the upper articulating surface of the condyles of the tibia. This surface is divided into two areas by the deep intercondylar notch. The popliteal surface of the bone lies above the condyles at the back.
It is a lozenge-shaped surface on which the popliteal vessels lie It forms the floor of the popliteal space.
The femur articulates with three bones, the innominate bone the tibia, and the patella, but it does not articulate with the fibula.
The patella is a sesamoid bone developed in the tendon of the quadriceps extensor muscle. The apex of the patella points downwards. The anterior surface of the bone is rough. The posterior surface is smooth and articulates with the patellar surface of the lower extremity of the femur. It lies in front of but does not enter into the knee joint
The tibia or shin bone forms the main skeleton of the leg and lies medial to the fibula; it is a long bone with a shaft and two extremities.
The Upper Extremity presents medial and lateral condyles. The condyles form the upper and most expanded portion of the bone. The superior surface of these presents the two plateaulike articulating surfaces for the femur in the formation of the knee joint. These surfaces are smooth, and on their flat surfaces lie the semilunar cartilages, which deepen the articulating surfaces for the reception of the femoral condyles.
The lateral condyle presents a facet posteriorly for articulation with the head of the fibula at the superior tibiofibular joint. The condyles are separated behind by the popliteal notch.
The tubercle of the tibia lies just below the condyles in front. The upper part gives attachment to the patellar tendon, which is the tendon of insertion of the quadriceps extensor muscle. The lower part of the tubercle is subcutaneous, it receives the weight of the trunk in kneeling.#
The Lower Extremity enters into the formation of the ankle joint. It is slightly expanded and is prolonged downwards on the medial side as the medial malleolus. The front of the tibia is smooth, and tendons passing to the foot glide over it. The lateral surface of the lower extremity articulates with the fibula at the inferior tibiofibular joint. The tibia articulates with three bones, the femur, fibula, and talus.
The fibula is the lateral bone of the leg. It is a long bone with a shaft and two extremities.
The Upper Extremity forms the head, and articulates with the back of the outer condyle of the tibia, but does not enter into the formation of the knee joint.
The Shaft is slender and deeply embedded in the muscles of the leg, to which it gives numerous attachments.
The Lower Extremity is prolonged downwards as the lateral malleolus.
BONES OF THE FOOT
The Tarsal Bones. There are seven bones known collectively as the tarsus. They are short bones, made up of cancellous bone tissue, with a covering of compact tissue. These bones support the weight of the body in standing.
The Calcaneum or Os Calcis is the largest bone of the foot. It lies at the back of the foot forming the heel, transmitting the weight of the body to the ground posteriorly. It gives attachment to the large muscles of the calf through the tendon of Achilles or tendo calcaneus. Above, it articulates with the talus and in front with the cuboid.
The Talus forms the central and highest point of the foot. It supports the tibia and articulates with the malleoli at each side, and with the calcaneum below.
The Navicular, a boat-shaped bone, lies on the medial aspect of the foot, between the talus at the back and the three cuneiform bones in front.
The three Cuneiform Bones articulate with the navicular posteriorly and with the three inner metatarsal bones anteriorly.
The Cuboid is at the lateral aspect of the foot. It articulates with the calcaneum posteriorly and in front with the two lateral metatarsal bones.
The Metatarsal Bones – There are five metatarsal bones. These are long bones with a shaft and two extremities, the proximal or tarsal extremity articulating with the tarsal bones, and the distal or phalangeal extremity with the base of the proximal phalanges.
The first metatarsal is thick and short, and the second metatarsal is the longest. ‘
The Phalanges are similar to those of the fingers but much shorter.
The Arches of the foot.
The medial or internal longitudinal arch, which is formed from back to front by the calcaneum, the posterior support of the arch; the talus, the summit of the arch; the navicular- three cuneiform bones; and the heads of the three inner metatarsals, forming the anterior support of the arch.
The lateral or outer longitudinal arch is formed by the calcaneum, the cuboid, and the two outer metatarsal bones.
The transverse arches, of which there are two the transverse tarsal arch formed by the tarsal bones, and the transverse metatarsal arch, commonly known as the posterior transverse metatarsal arch, formed by the heads of these bones, the
The bones of the arches of the foot are held together by ligaments and supported by muscles. These arches are maintained:
- By the close adaptation of the bones.
- By the ligaments of the foot, which are strong.
- By muscular action, particularly by the muscles attached to the front and back of the tibia.
|
<urn:uuid:6e795815-d758-4ab0-a158-ddb192994b09>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-40
|
https://nursingexampaper.com/2019/02/the-lower-limb-skeleton-system-described-detail.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400279782.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927121105-20200927151105-00192.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.900502
| 2,284
| 3.578125
| 4
|
Grove’s Vision for History
At Grove, we aim to give children an opportunity to learn about Britain’s past and how it relates to the wider world. Through our history topics, we hope to inspire children’s curiosity for the past.
The history curriculum gives children an experience of Britain’s past, as well as exploring the contributions of ancient societies throughout the world. We aim to do this by teaching children skills in various types of fieldwork as well as research and analysis of primary and secondary sources. Wherever possible, we will make visits to historical sites and museums.
History will be a driving force to inspire other lessons in a cross-curricular fashion. We will use technical vocabulary and allow historical concepts to seep through in our writing and maths topics, where appropriate.
Overview of the curriculum
Learning begins in the Foundation Stage where children are encouraged to gain a sense of understanding of where they have come from, and of changes and developments over time. In Key Stage One pupils are taught key historical skills in order to develop knowledge about the history of our local area and of important events of the past within living memory. They also study significant British individuals who have had a key influence on our history. In Key Stage Two this knowledge is widened to British history beyond living memory and then to World history. They are taught how to use and understand subject-specific vocabulary in relation to history and to develop skills to enhance their knowledge and understanding of the chronology of local, British and World history and of how another society’s history compares with ours. The children are also taught to develop historical skills through first-hand observations and trips where possible/ appropriate.
|
<urn:uuid:9220f92f-3d30-4657-967c-c74638c8a68c>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-09
|
http://www.groveprimaryschool.org/history/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247494125.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220003821-20190220025821-00073.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951232
| 342
| 3.609375
| 4
|
Thursday October 7, 1999
THE WALL STREET JOURNAL
Heart-Disease Sleuths Identify Prime Suspect: Inflammation of Artery.
The Body’s Efforts to Repair Irritated Lining of Vessel Can Backfire Disastrously Plaques Burst Like Popcorn
By RON WINSLOW
The mechanism of most heart attacks, in the popular view, is pretty clear. A coronary artery is gradually narrowed by a buildup of crud as in a corroded pipe, until finally, when the artery is, say, 80% closed, a small clot gets stuck in it and shuts off blood flow to the heart. The more the artery is narrowed, the greater the risk from a clot.
But the popular view is wrong.
In fact, about 70% of heart attacks are caused by much smaller obstructions, which narrow the artery by perhaps only a third or so — too small to cause symptoms or to be detected by an X-ray angiogram. This is one reason for a dismayingly common phenomenon: Someone comes out of a heart checkup with a clean bill of health, and soon afterward has a severe or fatal heart attack.
Now, in a flurry of new discoveries, some just emerging from academic and corporate laboratories, researchers are beginning to explain why this happens. In the process, they are unlocking secrets about the biological forces that ravage the coronary arteries and producing new insights that could eventually transform treatment of the West’s deadliest disease.
“Our entire understanding of what causes coronary atherosclerosis is changing right before our eyes,” says Paul Ridker at Harvard Medical School.
The hypotheses from these scientists are startling, and none more so than this: The body’s defense system — there to protect it from harm — is a key culprit in heart attacks. It can cause small arterial deposits to suddenly rupture like popcorn kernels, choking off the blood supply to the heart.
How this could be so involves a concept that is at the center of the new research: inflammation. Researchers believe that coronary-artery disease is an inflammatory process, characterized by a decades-long cycle of irritation, injury, healing and reinjury to the inside of the blood vessels.
Under certain circumstances, “the body’s defense mechanism turns into a betrayal,” says Valentin Fuster, director of cardiovascular research at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York.
Not Just Sludge
These notions have propelled research into the biology of atherosclerosis, as heart scientists try to understand what makes plaques rupture and find ways to identify and treat them before they do. It “isn’t just sludge caking up on the vessel wall,” says Peter Libby, chief of cardiovascular medicine at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital. “There is an inflammatory response,” he says, that “alters the biology of the artery wall and can make the plaque susceptible to rupture.”
The new research doesn’t detract from well-known risk factors. On the contrary, it bolsters arguments for controlling blood pressure and cholesterol, avoiding smoking and adopting a healthier lifestyle. But the inflammation thesis is opening up tantalizing new approaches to prevention and targets for treatment.
More approaches would certainly be welcome. For all the progress that has been made, heart disease kills nearly a million Americans every year, far more than any other disease. About 1.5 million suffer heart attacks. Bypass surgery and artery-opening technology such as angioplasty balloons and stents — anchors of a $200 billion industry to treat heart disease — are very effective in relieving its chief symptom, the severe chest pain called angina. But they do almost nothing to arrest the disease itself.
In the past decade, cholesterol-lowering drugs called statins have emerged as a powerful weapon, with proven ability to prevent heart attacks, reduce the need for bypass surgery and angioplasty, and save lives. But statins don’t save everyone. And in terms of knowing who is most at risk, a cholesterol test, though a strong predictor, is far from perfect: Half of the people who suffer heart attacks have “normal” cholesterol. In fact, up to one-third don’t seem to have any of the accepted risk factors.
The new research could help. Dr. Ridker’s work, for instance, suggests that a test for signs of inflammation, if added to routine cholesterol screenings, would greatly improve doctors’ ability to detect heart disease well before it reaches harmful advanced stages.
To be sure, it’s a long way from insight to proven hypothesis in medicine. And while inflammation is the hot topic in cardiology, what it means is the subject of contentious debate. One key question: Does the presence of inflammation truly point to new treatment targets, or just reflect the effects of such already-known risks as high cholesterol and smoking?
Some researchers wonder if more benefit might be gained by investigating causes of the arterial injury rather than the body’s response. In addition to cholesterol, smoking and high blood pressure, potential culprits include certain bacteria, viruses and high levels of a protein constituent called homocysteine.
But the inflammation hypothesis is gaining influential converts. The pharmaceutical industry is hunting for agents that might attack key steps in the body’s inflammatory response to artery irritation. And in just the past few months, doctors at the renowned Cleveland Clinic have begun checking some heart patients more aggressively for markers of inflammation that may indicate heightened risk of more trouble.
Those most prominent in making the case for inflammation include teams led by Harvard’s Dr. Libby, Mount Sinai’s Dr. Fuster, and Russell Ross, a researcher at the University of Washington in Seattle, who was a longtime champion of the concept until his death early this year.
The picture that emerges from their labs as well as others is of a disease that begins as early as adolescence with an initial irritation to the artery’s inner wall, called the endothelium. This sets off alarms summoning the immune system and the broader inflammatory response, dispatching cellular soldiers to fight the invaders and fix the damage.
If the injury is a one-time event, this is no problem. The immune-system players retreat, and the inflammatory response that accompanied their efforts recedes as well. But over decades, with persistent irritation such as from high blood cholesterol or exposure to cigarette smoke, this becomes chronic, and the body’s repair machinery begins to run amok.
“It’s a smoldering process,” says Dr. Libby. As it proceeds, “the normal defense mechanisms get turned against you.” For instance, an irritated cell in the lining produces molecules that act like flypaper to attract the beneficial repair crews. But over time, these stuck molecules become the seedbed for eventual cholesterol deposits called plaques.
Most plaques grow slowly, probably through a helter-skelter series of small fissures that rupture and heal over again and again. They amount to scar tissue on the artery wall. And they house pools of cholesterol, which become covered by a fibrous cap.
Eventually, as these plaques mature, they may fill 70% or more of the blood vessel. Obstructions this extensive are readily detected on an angiogram, and the restricted blood flow may cause angina. But these plaques typically stabilize and pose little risk of a major rupture.
The Dangerous Ones
By contrast, younger plaques are soft, covered by a thinner fibrous cap and contain a particularly rich lode of cholesterol, making them volatile. They may narrow the artery by only 30% or 40%, and cause no symptoms. Because the vessel wall often accommodates them by expanding outward, they also may go unnoticed on an angiogram.
If they rupture, however, they trigger massive, sudden clots that can fill up the entire artery and cause a life-threatening heart attack. For patients, says Dr. Ridker, the issue boils down to this: “Everyone has atherosclerosis. The question is, do you have an unstable plaque?”
Here, inflammation comes in again. One function of the body’s repair system is to clear cholesterol from the cells lining the artery wall, a role that falls to cellular garbage trucks called macrophages. They swoop in and suck up the cholesterol from the plaque and haul it away.
But in a particularly fatty plaque, the immune-system macrophages can become engorged with so much cholesterol that they can’t do their job. They turn into what scientists call foam cells — because they become so laden with fat they are squishy.
Unable to perform their duties, they die. As they die, they add their contents to the cauldron of plaque bubbling under the fibrous cap. And they release toxic substances that lay the groundwork for the plaque to rupture.
Eroding the Structure
One of the toxic culprits they release, identified by Dr. Libby and his colleagues, is a group of enzymes that attack the fibrous cap covering the plaque, chewing up structural components and destabilizing it. That appears to make it vulnerable to some other event — like a stressful argument or strenuous snow-shoveling — that raises blood pressure and causes the plaque to break open, spilling its clot-causing contents into the blood stream.
At Mount Sinai, Dr. Fuster and his colleagues found that macrophages can do even more damage. It turns out that they release another toxic substance in their death throes, called tissue factor, which increases the tendency of blood to clot.
He teamed up with Juan Jose Badimon, another scientist in his lab, who invented a chamber that mimics conditions in which blood flows through diseased arteries. When they used it to expose blood to plaque specimens that were rich in tissue factor, they found the blood was hyper-susceptible to clotting. Then they added to the blood an agent designed to neutralize the tissue factor and ran it through the chamber again. “The clot didn’t take place,” Dr. Fuster says.
The results point to one of many targets that research into inflammation is identifying for potential treatment to avoid heart attacks. They also underscore a daunting challenge: Any new drugs will have to attack the harmful effects of inflammation while preserving its important benefits.
All of this offers a provocative hypothesis for how 70% of heart attacks happen. But what about the other 30%?
In the past two years, Dr. Fuster’s group has devoted some of their attention to this problem, and they are investigating whether inflammation is at work here as well.
Scientists know that the high velocity of blood squeezing through narrowed arteries can strip away the artery’s lining, leaving nothing but hard tissue. For a clot to form there, Dr. Fuster reasoned, the problem has to be in the blood itself, not the vessel wall.
In 1997, he heard a report from Renu Virmani of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology in Washington, who had found that most victims of fatal heart attacks not involving a ruptured plaque either were smokers or had high cholesterol. Dr. Fuster decided to check whether cholesterol or smoke in the bloodstream could prompt clotting. His team ran blood from patients with high cholesterol through the Badimon chamber. “It began to clot in 10 seconds,” Dr. Fuster says.
Dr. Fuster thinks some interaction between certain cells that are present in inflammation and the blood from these patients switches on a clotting mechanism. As the blood moving through the artery hits the section narrowed by a mature and stable plaque, it backs up and a clot forms, causing the heart attack.
Interestingly, he and his colleagues found, when blood from the same patients was tested again after they had taken statin drugs, very little clotting occurred.
The problem for both doctors and patients is that all of this action takes place beginning years before symptoms appear. “The Holy Grail of this field is to prevent the first heart attack from occurring at all,” says Harvard’s Dr. Ridker. He and his colleagues set out to use the inflammation research to find new indicators that might widen the net for patients at risk.
The problem for both doctors and patients is that a lot of this action takes place beginning years before symptoms appear. “The Holy Grail of this field is to prevent the first heart attack from occurring,” says Harvard’s Dr. Ridker. He and his colleagues set out to use the inflammation research to find new indicators that might widen the net for patients at risk.
A way to answer this question resided in a basement underneath a Thai restaurant on Boston’s Commonwealth Avenue. There, stored in 60 stainless-steel cylinders at 170 degrees below zero Fahrenheit, were blood samples taken in the early 1980s from more than 22,000 doctors. This “Physicians’ Health Study” had already produced a landmark finding: that a low daily dose of aspirin greatly reduced one’s risk of a heart attack.
Now, the preserved blood samples enabled Dr. Ridker and his colleagues to travel back in medical time. They checked samples from 543 doctors who they knew eventually had heart attacks or strokes, to see what their levels of C-reactive protein had been about eight years earlier. Another 543 were picked as controls.
Using a test much more sensitive than those currently on the market, they found that men whose levels had been in the highest 25% when the study began were nearly three times as likely to have a heart attack as those who had the lowest levels. Moreover, those with high levels who also were taking aspirin — which happens to be an anti-inflammatory drug — benefited more from this aspirin than did men whose blood showed less sign of inflammation.
That raised new questions: Can C-reactive protein be lowered with treatment, and would lowering it mean that inflammation and heart-attack risk had also been lowered?
Once again Dr. Ridker looked to frozen samples, this time from a study Bristol-Myers Squibb did to find out whether its statin drug, Pravachol, reduced heart attacks and heart-related deaths (it did). Dr. Ridker found that C-reactive protein declined 38% over five years in people given Pravachol. And those who started with the highest levels of the protein showed the biggest reduction in heart attack risk.
This effect was independent of any changes in cholesterol, suggesting that statins have an anti-inflammatory effect that is protective, over and above their role in lowering cholesterol.
Dr. Ridker says his work suggests that by combining a sensitive test for C-reactive protein with standard cholesterol screening, “you could do a very good job predicting over the next 10 years who is going to have a stroke or heart attack.” Maybe, he adds, “there is a rationale for much more aggressive primary prevention based on evidence of inflammation.”
There are doubters. Thomas Kottke of the Mayo Clinic warns against thinking that just because certain patients have nice low levels of C-reactive protein, they are less vulnerable to high cholesterol, smoking, lack of exercise and a poor diet. “Those behaviors are associated with death — I don’t care what their C-reactive protein is,” Dr. Kottke says.
Nonetheless, Merck & Co., which sells two statin drugs, is so intrigued that it has put an expert on inflammation in charge of its quest to find the next big heart drug. And Bristol-Myers, in seeking ways to broaden use of its own statin drug, is looking at arterial inflammation and at C-reactive protein as a sign of it.
Many heart patients at the Cleveland Clinic are tested for the protein now. “Once we started looking for it, we couldn’t get over how frequent it was,” says Eric Topol, chairman of cardiology. “We have all these patients with angiograms that look benign and cholesterols that are normal. But they have high inflammation.”
Dr. Topol is trying to persuade the makers of the hot new class of arthritis drugs called COX-2 inhibitors to test them in heart patients. The drugs — Celebrex from Monsanto Co.’s Searle unit, and Vioxx from Merck — are anti-inflammatory drugs that behave somewhat like aspirin but in a more targeted way. Officials at Searle and Merck are interested but say that not enough is known yet to warrant a trial.
Many other questions about inflammation need answers as well, and finding them is likely to be a dominant theme of heart research for years to come. The case for inflammation is “not fully proven,” Dr. Topol says. “But there’s nothing more promising and exciting as the next frontier in cardiology than this.”
Copyright © 1999 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
|
<urn:uuid:7144f249-c27c-4256-91af-571cb5f59234>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
http://www.drkaslow.com/html/arterial_inflammation.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424610.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723202459-20170723222459-00244.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956494
| 3,549
| 3.046875
| 3
|
How Rapid Creek in the Black Hills links to Rapid City's water supply - and why we must protect it from destructive mining.
Featured on South Dakota Standard - Dr. Lilias Jarding writes:
Mniluzahan (Rapid Creek) is the source of Rapid City’s and Ellsworth Air Force Base’s water supply. It also supplies water for reservations, rural areas, and irrigation systems along its route to the Cheyenne River and eventually the Missouri River. Rapid Creek is critical to the economy, health, and very survival of South Dakota’s second-largest city and other western South Dakota communities.
Some of the water that Rapid City uses flows directly down the Creek and into a City water treatment plant. At the plant, it receives treatment and is piped out to the community. Other water takes a detour – it comes down the Creek as far as Dark Canyon, just west of town. It then drops through the open rock layers at the bottom of the Creek and flows into underground aquifers. (Think of an aquifer as a giant underground lake that flows.) The two aquifers the water flows into are called the Madison aquifer and the Minnelusa aquifer. The City has wells drilled into these aquifers, which then pump the water back to the surface for residents to use. (See Drawing above)
Read more on SDStandardnow.com
Your comment will be posted after it is approved.
Leave a Reply.
Taking Action to create a recreation area in the Rapid Creek Watershed for us now and future generations to come.
|
<urn:uuid:50d072ab-aced-4b2d-adf9-788e112cd03f>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.rapidcreekwatershed.org/news/how-rapid-creek-in-the-black-hills-links-to-rapid-citys-water-supply
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653071.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606182640-20230606212640-00722.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.92972
| 357
| 3.28125
| 3
|
Sepsis sufferers could miss out on life-saving treatment if Scotland doesn’t explore technology being used in England, according to Angus MP Kirstene Hair.
The blood poisoning is thought to kill about 50,000 people a year in the UK.
Research by Kirstene Hair last year found the number of Tayside sepsis cases had risen to a high of 904 in 2017/18, against 788 the year before.
NHS England now say trials of a digital alert technology have already saved hundreds of lives.
And Ms Hair has urged the SNP’s health secretary to “step up” and cooperate with UK health chiefs or risk causing disparity between sufferers north and south of the border.
Jeane Freeman’s predecessor, Shona Robison, refused to back a nationwide education in 2017, despite the advice of Holyrood’s petitions committee.
The Scottish Conservative MP writes to Mr Freeman:
“I am sure you have read about the fantastic work being done in NHS England to obtain a vital early diagnosis in the majority of suspected cases, with three sites being developed.
“Early detection is key to survival with this terrible illness.
“The sooner someone is given antibiotics, the better a chance they have of recovery.
“So you will agree it is time to investigate working with partners in NHS England, and using your links with the UK Government’s Department of Health, to set up a similar scheme.
“In NHS Tayside, the board which covers my constituency of Angus, the sepsis rate reached a five-year high in the last financial year.
“Your predecessor Shona Robison did not seem to think that necessitates action but I would join campaign groups in refuting that position.”
The condition claimed the life of Angus nurse Laura Balfour in 2017.
She died at the age of 35 after contracting a foot infection that led to sepsis.
Early symptoms of sepsis include fast breathing or a fast heartbeat, high or low temperature, chills and shivering. Sufferers may or may not have a fever.
Severe symptoms can develop soon afterwards and include blood pressure falling low, dizziness, disorientation, slurred speech, mottled skin, nausea and vomiting.
|
<urn:uuid:fae785b3-443b-4b85-bc3c-e3e04731e21e>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://www.kirstenehair.co.uk/news/sepsis-diagnosis
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657172545.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200716153247-20200716183247-00090.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946545
| 481
| 2.59375
| 3
|
Sainte Anne was born in Bethlehem and married Joachim from Nazareth in Galilee. Joachim was a shepherd given the task of supplying the temple of Jerusalem with sheep for sacrifices. After 20 years of marriage Anne and Joachim had no children.
How old was St Anne when Mary was born?
Anne was 18 when she married Joachim and they lived in her father’s home for seven years. It was here that her first, little known daughter was born. She was called Mary Heli. After 7 years Anne and Joachim moved into a home of their own.
Why did Saint Anne became a saint?
Saint Anne is significant because by giving of herself, she blessed the world with Our Lady and Queen Mother who gave birth to Jesus Christ Our Savior. “She was no ordinary woman; by virtue of being faithful, she became extraordinary.”
What are 3 facts about St Anne?
According to these non-scriptural sources, Anne (Hebrew: Ḥannah) was born in Bethlehem in Judaea. She married Joachim, and they shared a wealthy and devout life at Nazareth. Grieved by her barrenness, Anne promised God that she would dedicate her firstborn child to the Lord’s service.
Where was Saint Anne born? – Related Questions
Is Jesus a saint?
Jesus is also revered in other religions. In Islam, Jesus (often referred to by his Quranic name ʿĪsā) is considered the penultimate prophet of God and the messiah.
|The Christ Pantocrator of Saint Catherine’s Monastery at Mount Sinai, 6th century AD
||c. 4 BC Herodian Kingdom of Judea, Roman Empire
What do you pray to St. Anne for?
We ask for Saint Anne’s intercession in all things regarding motherhood and household as she is the patron saint of housekeepers and mothers. Ann is the mother of Our Blessed Mother Mary and the grandmother of Jesus Christ.
What is St. Anne most known for?
During the High Middle Ages, Saint Anne became increasingly identified as a maritime saint, protecting sailors and fisherman, and invoked against storms. Two well-known shrines to St. Anne are that of Ste-Anne-d’Auray in Brittany, France; and that of Ste-Anne-de-Beaupré near the city of Québec.
What are Saint Anne miracles?
She eventually become Jesus’s mother through imaculate conception. Saint Anne does not have any miracles but she is considered a saint for giving up her child for the Lord. Her feast day is July 26.
Where is St. Anne buried?
Anne’s precious remains were taken for safekeeping to the city of Apta Julia, which in our own times is the city of Apt, France. In those stormy days of persecution, it was necessary to hide the relics of the Martyrs and Saints. Consequently, the body of St. Anne was buried in an underground church or crypt.
Did Saint Anne perform any miracles?
Saint Anne is known for healing and there are many cases of people that were healed after praying to Saint Anne who was the mother of Mary and who is the patron saint of Quebec. In 1658, a few acres was donated to the church for a chapel. Miracles started happening while the chapel was being built and continued.
Is St. Anne in the Bible?
Anne’s story isn’t recorded in the Bible, oral tradition and extra-biblical writings attest to her great faith. DETROIT — St. Anne is revered as the mother of the Blessed Virgin Mary and grandmother of Christ, and was officially recognized in 2011 as patroness of the Archdiocese of Detroit by the Vatican.
Is Saint Anne the grandmother of Jesus?
Saint Anne is the grandmother of Jesus. Her feast day is shared with her husband Joachim on July 26. As grandmother of Christ and mother of Mary, Saint Anne soon became the patron of married women, and for childless couples a special aid in obtaining children.
|
<urn:uuid:60f29f29-077e-48ed-9fbb-cfa1f64ab456>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://thefamouscelebrity.com/where-was-saint-anne-born/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948867.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328135732-20230328165732-00648.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.980383
| 867
| 2.59375
| 3
|
A sketch (not to scale) shows axions (blue) streaming out from the Sun, converting in the Earth's magnetic field (red) into X-rays (orange), which are then detected by the XMM-Newton observatory. (Image: University of Leicester)
As first author Professor George Fraser, who sadly died in March of this year, wrote: "The direct detection of dark matter has preoccupied Physics for over thirty years." Dark Matter, a kind of invisible mass of unknown origin, cannot be seen directly with telescopes, but is instead inferred from its gravitational effects on ordinary matter and on light. Dark Matter is believed to make up 85% of the matter of the Universe.
"The X-ray background - the sky, after the bright X-ray sources are removed - appears to be unchanged whenever you look at it," explained Dr. Andy Read, also from the University of Leicester Department of Physics and Astronomy and now leading the paper. "However, we have discovered a seasonal signal in this X-ray background, which has no conventional explanation, but is consistent with the discovery of axions."
This result was found through an extensive study of almost the entire archive of data from the European Space Agency's X-ray observatory, XMM-Newton, which will celebrate its 15th year in orbit this December. Previous searches for axions, notably at CERN, and with other spacecraft in Earth orbit, have so far proved unsuccessful.
As Professor Fraser explains in the paper: "It appears plausible that axions – Dark Matter particle candidates - are indeed produced in the core of the Sun and do indeed convert to X-rays in the magnetic field of the Earth." It is predicted that the X-ray signal due to axions will be greatest when looking through the sunward side of the magnetic field because this is where the field is strongest.
Dr. Read concludes: "These exciting discoveries, in George's final paper, could be truly ground-breaking, potentially opening a window to new physics, and could have huge implications, not only for our understanding of the true X-ray sky, but also for identifying the Dark Matter that dominates the mass content of the cosmos."
President of the Royal Astronomical Society Professor Martin Barstow, who is Pro-Vice-Chancellor, Head of the College of Science & Engineering and Professor of Astrophysics & Space Science at the University of Leicester said: "This is an amazing result. If confirmed, it will be first direct detection and identification of the elusive dark matter particles and will have a fundamental impact on our theories of the Universe."
|
<urn:uuid:d2d116e8-c60a-4ebb-aff4-e60e84bda1fe>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.nanowerk.com/news2/space/newsid=37762.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319902.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622201826-20170622221826-00092.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945345
| 534
| 3.21875
| 3
|
Saying somebody is angry
There are many things in the UK today that make people angry. So we have lots of phrases for describing people when they are in a bad temper. Here are ten of them.
10 expressions to Use In Speaking And Writing:
- (A bit) annoyed.
- (A bit) peeved.
- Wound up.
- None too pleased.
- In a foul mood. / In a temper
- (Absolutely) furious / fuming
- Go through the roof / Go ballistic
- Be on the warpath
- Storm out
- See red
How To Use These Phrases In Your English:
- Phrases 1, 2 and 3 are not very strong. They mean that the person is unhappy with the situation but not shouting or getting violent. If we use 'A bit' they are even weaker.
- Phrase 4 is quite formal and a little old-fashioned. This phrase is suitable for formal letters and letters of complaint.
- In phrase 5, a 'foul mood' is much stronger than a 'temper'.
- Phrase 6 is very strong. If a person is furious or fuming, they are probably shouting or complaining a lot.
- Phrase 7 means that the person suddenly becomes angry as a result of something that has happened.
- Phrase 8 means that somebody is very angry and may verbally or physically attack somebody if they annoy him / her an more.
- In phrase 9, if somebody 'storms out', they leave a room or meeting suddenly because something has made them very angry.
- Phrase 10 means that somebody becomes extremely angry as a result of seeing or hearing something.
|
<urn:uuid:8e6bd524-1e1e-4e5c-abb3-e2be37080fdb>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-35
|
https://www.ihbristol.com/useful-english-expressions/example/saying-somebody-angry-1
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027319915.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824063359-20190824085359-00546.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.942082
| 351
| 3
| 3
|
Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Conversi
Lay brothers in a religious order. The term was originally applied to those who, in adult life, voluntarily renounced the world and entered a religious order to do penance and to lead a life of greater perfection. The renouncing of the world was known as the conversio a sæculo, which had as its object a reform or change of life, the conversio morum, hence conversi or the "converted". The conversi were thus distinguished from the oblati or those who, as children, were presented or offered (oblati) by their parents to the religious life and were placed in a monastery to receive proper religious instruction and to be educated in profane knowledge. In the eleventh century St. John Gualbert, founder of the Benedictine congregation known as the Vallisumbrosani, introduced for the first time a distinction between the fratres conversi, or lay brothers, and priests, or choir religious. For among the conversi there were not seldom those who were either entirely illiterate, or who in the world had led a life of public scandal, or had been notorious criminals, and while on the one hand it was unjust that such should be debarred from the means of doing penance in the cloister and from the other benefits of the religious life, they were at the same time hardly to be considered fit subjects for the reception of Sacred orders. They were thus received into the order for the purpose of engaging in manual labour and occasionally for directing the temporal affairs of the monastery. In modern canonical usage the term conversus is synonymous, or nearly so, with that of lay brother. What has been said of religious orders of men can, in general, be applied equally to those of women, though the distinction between conversæ, or lay sisters, and choir religious does not appear to have been introduced before the twelfth century. As a rule, the conversi wear a habit different from that of the choir religious; but the essential obligations of the vows and of the monastic life in general are alike for all. (See LAY BROTHER and OBLATI.)
KAULEN in Kirchenlex., s. v. For the large share of these conversi, or lay brothers, in the development of medieval agriculture, monastic administration, etc. see HOFFMANN, Das Konverseninstitut des Cisterzienserordens (Freiburg, Switzerland, 1905).
STEPHEN M. DONOVAN
|
<urn:uuid:6b240d07-565d-4376-8c98-f9bfe05faa16>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-35
|
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Conversi
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645340161.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031540-00071-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.974252
| 521
| 2.953125
| 3
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.