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A significant percentage of privately insured adolescents and young adults who were prescribed opioids in 2015 received those prescriptions from a dentist, according to a study published Dec. 3 in JAMA Internal Medicine.
About 31 percent of these patients—adolescents and young adults ages 16 to 25—received their opioid prescription from a dental provider. And among those who received a prescription from a dentist, nearly 6 percent were diagnosed with opioid use disorder within a year, according to the study.
The authors compared patients who received opioid prescriptions with a control group and found that exposure to opioids through a dental clinician was associated with more opioid misuse than among those who were not similarly exposed. Nearly 7 percent of those who had been prescribed opioids experienced some form of opioid misuse, compared with just 0.1 percent among the control group.
Widespread misuse of opioids affects millions of Americans every year. In 2017, 2 million people misused these medications for the first time.
An earlier JAMA study showed that dentists in 2009 were the main source of opioid prescriptions for patients ages 10 to 19. According to separate data from the American Dental Association, the percentage of opioid prescriptions written by dentists for all age groups declined from 1998 to 2012, from 15.5 percent to 6.4 percent. However, the rate of prescriptions for those ages 11 to 19 increased by two-thirds from 2010 to 2015, from 99.7 per 1,000 dental patients to 165.9 per 1,000.
Dentists frequently prescribe opioids to adolescents and young adults to ease the pain caused by third molar, or wisdom, tooth extractions. These findings, however, suggest that this initial exposure may be linked with subsequent opioid misuse.
Jane Koppelman is a research manager and Allison Corr is an officer with The Pew Charitable Trusts’ dental campaign.
|
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CC-MAIN-2022-40
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https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/articles/2018/12/17/study-shows-young-people-often-prescribed-opioids-by-dentists
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Elizabethkingia is a genus of bacteria commonly found in the environment worldwide and has been detected in soil, river water and reservoirs. However, it rarely makes people sick.
Cases are diagnosed through culture of body fluids, most often blood testing. Elizabethkingia has mostly caused meningitis in newborn babies and meningitis or bloodstream and respiratory infections in people with weakened immune systems.
About 5-10 cases per state per year are reported in the United States, with a few small, localized outbreaks reported in both the US and other countries, usually in healthcare settings.
- Wisconsin Department of Health Services Elizabethkingia anophelis outbreak pageExternal
- Wisconsin Department of Health Services press releaseExternal
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services press releaseExternal
- Illinois Department of Public Health press releaseExternal
- Medscape Expert CommentaryExternal
|
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https://www.cdc.gov/elizabethkingia/about/index.html
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Promoting nutrition requires more than just providing food. It also involves education and outreach. Food bank clients have a diversity of knowledge, skills, and experiences with food that may vary by region, culture, or family. It is important to understand the needs of the people you are trying to serve before developing educational programming.
Consider establishing a Nutrition Education Planning Committee comprised of clients, volunteers, and staff members to facilitate the planning necessary to develop nutrition education programs or curriculum based upon client needs and evidence-based solutions. The first step of this committee should be to conduct a needs assessment by reviewing the literature to identify best practices, explore the need for nutrition education at your organization, and assess the possibility of establishing partnerships with other community organizations already providing nutrition education locally. Taking the time to assess the needs of the community you intend to serve and reviewing other programs that have implemented similar projects is critical to developing educational tools that meet the needs of your clients.
Gleaning opportunities will often involve harvesting not-so-common crops such as Japanese turnips, Russian kale or different varieties of winter squash. Providing information to everyone involved with distribution will help food bank clients make the most out of a food bank’s offerings. Language appropriate labels, recipes, samples and conducting classes are a great way to help the community develop an understanding and appreciation of new foods.
Many recipes were sampled to food bank clients earlier in the growing season. Classes, however, provide more information, hands-on experience and engagement. Cooking Matters is a nation-wide program that facilitates cooking classes for low-income families and individuals. It is free, veggie friendly and the classes can often accommodate participants whose first language is not English. The Harvest VISTA organized a Cooking Matters series for food bank families and requested a Spanish-speaking instructor. After five classes, six families graduated from the program and feedback from the participants was very positive. Adults enjoyed trying new foods, taking home a bag of ingredients after each class, and preparing and eating a healthy meal with their family.
A blackberry jam class was also organized by the VISTA and was free to food bank clients and the local senior center members. Two recipes were taught; a sugar-free freezer jam and a reduced-sugar traditional canning method. Again, there was a translator present for Spanish speaking participants. This class was another success and solidified the need for language appropriate educational opportunities as a majority of participants in both classes were native Spanish speakers. Volunteers at the food bank are a great resource for finding translators. Additionally, the American Red Cross Language Bank offers free translating and interpreting services to non-profit organizations with the help of volunteers.
Other possible educational resources for the community:
Since 1971, Hopelink has served homeless and low income families, children, seniors and people with disabilities. Hopelink's mission is to promote self-sufficiency for all members of our community by helping people make lasting change. Hopelink has five emergency service centers located in Bellevue, Kirkland/Northshore, Redmond, Shoreline and Sno-Valley. See areas of service here.
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Australian and overseas birding resources
|Eastern Osprey © L. Sulakatku|
The web sites of the following birding resources may be linked via their headings.
Australian Bird Image Database (ABID) is operated by Tom and Marie Tarrant and contains images from many photographers of a wide range of birds from Australia and surrounding countries.
Avibase is an extensive database information system about all birds of the world, containing over 4.5 million records about 10,000 species and 22,000 subspecies of birds, including distribution information, taxonomy, synonyms in several languages, and more.
Birdata is a Birds Australia site which provides detailed atlas information on distribution of bird species Australia by month.
Birding Aus is an on-line blog for everyone with an interest in Australia's wild birds, their conservation and behaviour.
Birdwatching in and near Cooktown provides information about North Queensland birdwatching locations, accommodation, tours and links to other birding resources.
Birdphotos Greg Holland and Leon Keasey provide images of hundreds of species of Australia birds with informative notes.
Birds in Backyards is a research, education and conservation program focusing on the birds that live where people live. It provides notes on a wide range of bird species, and identification aids.
Birdway contains Ian Montgomery’s photographs of a wide range of Australian and overseas birds.
BOCA maps provides Google maps of Australia with many birding areas marked.
Broome Bird Observatory established by Birds Australia, is dedicated to the conservation of migratory shorebirds.
Cooloola Birding – For information on birding at Cooloola Mountains to Shore.
Ecology Centre, University of Queensland (Director – Prof Hugh Possingham) conducts a range of environmental teaching and research. The Spatial Ecology Lab provides useful information on Oxley Creek Common and Sherwood Forest Park.
Department of Environment and Resource Management (DERM) provides detailed information on and maps of parks and forests throughout Queensland, including any current alerts.
Eremea provides information on sightings and other information about birds and birding. It provides information on rare or unusual bird sightings outside their normal range, unusually high or low numbers, early or late departures of migratory species, and interesting bird behaviour. It covers the following areas in Australia, as well as overseas sites:
- Birdline North Queensland
- Birdline Central and Southern Queensland
- Birdline New South Wales
- Birdline Northern Territory
- Birdline Tasmania
- Birdline Victoria
Fatbirder provides information about birds, birding and birdwatching for birders anywhere in the world.
Frodocam provides information from the Brisbane Courier Mail on Peregrine Falcons in inner Brisbane.
Girraween National Park. Vanessa and Chris Ryan’s website dedicated to Girraween National Park, Queensland, providing comprehensive information and photographs of the park’s natural resources.
Graeme Chapman has images of most Australian bird species on his website.
Natural Samsonvale is Tom and Marie Tarrant’s website and provides information on biding in south-eastern and south-west Queensland.
Ornithological Worldwide Literature (OWL) provides a search facility for worldwide scientific literature on birds. It is a joint effort between the American Ornithologists' Union, the British Ornithologists' Union and Birds Australia. The database is hosted by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, based in Ithaca, New York, USA.
Shorebirds 2020 provides information on waders and their migration, and some hints on identification.
Wild Sound in an Australian Broadcasting Corporation site which provides recordings of the calls of a range of Australian birds.
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CC-MAIN-2015-18
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Preschool can be beneficial for most of the children, so it is a great idea to consider letting your kid attend a preschool before they enter kindergarten. Although preschool is a necessity for children before joining the kindergarten.
Most of the teachers expect that children have been in preschool before they join their regular class. They tend to concentrate on academic skills rather than introducing the children to the classroom atmosphere and helping them to develop proper behaviors for school.
Preschool can prepare the children for kindergarten. They can help them to develop academic and social skills, self-confidence and the ability to follow rules and behave properly in a classroom atmosphere.
Children will be able to enjoy the programs and facilities that you may not be able to give them at home. Some preschools also offer music lessons and dance classes. You can check out http://www.lemanmanhattan.org/ to get the detailed knowledge about the preschool.
You have to make sure that your kid is ready for the preschool. They should be mature enough to play well with other kids and independent enough to cope with the environment of the preschool. They should be mentally prepared to spend a major part of their day without you.
If you think your kid is not ready for preschool, you can join some classes that you and your child can attend together. Preschools also have different acceptance procedures as regards the age of your kid, with some accepting children as young as two and others concentrate on older kids, up to the age of five. If you are looking for the top preschools then you can search online.
Children mature at different speeds, so you should consider your kid’s personality and readiness when choosing a preschool, and not just their age. The academic aspects of preschool will help your kid to prepare for the kindergarten and to get used to working in the classroom atmosphere. To get more information about preschool you can also check over here.
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CC-MAIN-2019-30
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http://www.absolutesitetraffic.com/2017/11/
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Disposable filtering face piece respirators (FFR), more commonly called dust masks, are the respiratory protection most used by employees in the workplace. Disposable FFRs are not intended for repeated or extensive use; yet, for reasons of expense, convenience, and supply, they often are. At what point does a disposal FFR begin to fail to protect the worker wearing it? The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has studied the issue and offers several guidelines.
When Reuse Is Safe
NIOSH states that it is not always necessary to dispose of the FFR the first time it is removed. In most workplace situations, an FFR can be reused as part of an employer’s respiratory protection program. Safe FFR reuse is affected by a number of variables that impact respirator function and contamination over time, says NIOSH. Unless the respirator manufacturer identifies a specified duration of use—for example, single use only, or the employer’s respiratory protection program excludes reuse—users can wear an FFR until it is damaged, soiled, or causing noticeably increased breathing resistance.
However, there are limitations for reuse. Perhaps most importantly, the FFR should be used and reused only by the same wearer. Also, between uses, the FFR should be stored in a way that protects it from damage, dust, contamination, sunlight, extreme temperatures, excessive moisture, and damaging chemicals. In addition, since most disposable FFRs do not have solid frames, they should be stored in ways that prevent deformation of the face piece, straps, and exhalation valve, if present.
Generally, reuse must stop at the point when the FFR begins to lose its protective qualities.
But deciding when to stop using an FFR may not be simple. NIOSH notes that there is “no way of determining the maximum possible number of safe respirator reuses as a generic number to be applied in all cases.” Assuming that the FFR retains its physical integrity, the decision on when to continue or discontinue using an FFR should be based on a number of factors. According to NIOSH:
- Continuous FFR use—that is, use without removal—of several hours or more is common in many industries. In general, an employee can safely wear the same FFR until it is damaged, soiled, or causing noticeably increased breathing resistance.
- The maximum length of continuous use in nondusty workplaces is typically dictated by hygienic concerns (e.g., the respirator was discarded because it became contaminated) or practical considerations that call for automatic removal (e.g., need to use the restroom, meal breaks), rather than a predetermined number of hours.
- In dusty workplaces that could result in high filter loading (e.g., 200 milligrams (mg) of material captured by the filter), service time for N-series filters (such as the commonly used N95) should be limited to 8 hours of use (continuous or intermittent).
- FFRs should not be reused in biosafety and animal biosafety levels 2 and 3 laboratories. Pathogens can remain on the respirator surface for extended periods of time and can potentially be transferred by touch to the wearer’s hands and, thus, risk causing infection through subsequent touching of the mucous membranes of the face (i.e., self-inoculation).
“The key consideration for safe extended use is that the respirator must maintain its fit and function,” states NIOSH.
A NIOSH FAQ on FFRs is at https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2018-128/pdfs/2018-128.pdf.
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What are the three main obstacles to effective communication?
Common Barriers to Effective Communication:
- The use of jargon.
- Emotional barriers and taboos.
- Lack of attention, interest, distractions, or irrelevance to the receiver.
- Differences in perception and viewpoint.
- Physical disabilities such as hearing problems or speech difficulties.
How can culture be a barrier to communication?
Values and Beliefs: The differences in values and beliefs in cultures also create a barrier in communication. so the differences in their values and beliefs are also an example of cultural barriers. Body language and gestures: Body language and gestures are another elements of the cultural barrier.
How does culture affect conflict resolution?
Psychologists have taken several approaches to modeling how culture influences the ways individuals negotiate interpersonal conflict. Most common has been the approach of searching for cultural traits-general, stable value-orientations that predict a variety of culturally typical conflict resolution behaviors.
How does culture create conflict?
Conflict is triggered when there are cultural differences between individuals within an organization or through general interaction with one another. This often leads to cross-cultural conflict which generally occurs in the context that individuals are not willing to understand each other’s diversity in cultures.
What are the four components of cultural patterns?
The major elements of culture are symbols, language, norms, values, and artifacts. Language makes effective social interaction possible and influences how people conceive of concepts and objects.
How does culture affect workplace?
Workplace culture in an important factor to all workplaces. It determines how pleasant or toxic your work environment is. It has a direct influence on how your employee fits into the organisation and your organisation’s ability to attract and retain employees because it shapes the environment that they work in.
Why is poor lighting a barrier to communication?
A physical environment that is noisy, uncomfortable, has poor lighting or that lacks privacy reduces people’s ability to communicate effectively with each other. Poor lighting can affect our ability to notice non- verbal communication and could reduce a hearing-impaired person’s ability to lip read.
How can you reconcile the conflicts of culture?
The best way to resolve or handle cultural conflict is by learning about other cultures. Organizations work in diverse environments. This gives people the opportunity to interact regardless of culture (Wang, 2018).
How much does culture affect communication?
The culture in which individuals are socialized influences the way they communicate, and the way individuals communicate can change the culture. Culture provides its members with an implicit knowledge about how to behave in different situations and how to interpret others’ behavior in such situations.
What are the strategies to become an effective communication?
Strategies for effective verbal communication
- Focus on the issue, not the person.
- Be genuine rather than manipulative.
- Empathize rather than remain detached.
- Be flexible towards others.
- Value yourself and your own experiences.
- Use affirming responses.
What are some examples of cultural conflicts?
An example of cultural conflict is the debate over abortion. Ethnic cleansing is another extreme example of cultural conflict. Wars can also be a result of a cultural conflict; for example the differing views on slavery were one of the reasons for the American civil war.
How do you overcome lack of space in communication?
They way in which lack of space can be overcome is by making more space, widen doorways, installing ramps and put signs low down so that anyone can read them. Some people cannot receive or pass on information because one or more of their senses are impaired.
Why is knowledge of one’s culture important in effective communication?
In a context where this is the norm, being aware of the social norm and acting in a corresponding manner can show understanding while also communicating respect. These subtle actions can make a lasting, positive impression and provide the recipient a feeling of acceptance and ease.
What kind of communication barrier is poor lighting?
Physical Barriers: Staff shortage is another factor which frequently causes communication problems for the organisation. Distractions like background noise, poor lighting, too hot or too cold environment can affect concentration and interfere with effective communication.
How do you adapt to cultural differences in the workplace?
5 Ways to Overcome Cultural Barriers at Work
- Learn a few key phrases. Because clear communication is essential for effective functioning, it is necessary that each of your employees understand what your clients and customers need.
- Learn your client’s culture.
- Promote appreciation of cultural differences.
- Be open to trying new things.
- Be accommodating.
Do cultural differences cause problems?
In a study, two-thirds of 200 U.S. business executives said that miscommunication arising from cultural differences has caused problems. Cultural differences are one of the biggest reasons why offshore outsourcing deals fail or run into problems, according to new research.
How do cultural patterns affect communication?
How do cultural patterns affect communication in a fundamental way? a. Cultural patterns are visible signals used by nonmembers to understand a specific culture. Cultural patterns are the basis for interpreting symbols used in communication.
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State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2010 - Namibia
|Publisher||Minority Rights Group International|
|Publication Date||1 July 2010|
|Cite as||Minority Rights Group International, State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2010 - Namibia, 1 July 2010, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/4c33310ec.html [accessed 24 July 2014]|
|Disclaimer||This is not a UNHCR publication. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. Any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of UNHCR, the United Nations or its Member States.|
In November 2009, Namibia held its fourth multi-party elections since the end of South Africa's domination two decades ago. While the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) won a comfortable majority, there is increasing pressure for it to carry out bold programmes of land reform, Reuters news agency reported.
Namibia is a predominantly Christian country. Ten per cent of its 2.1 million citizens practise indigenous beliefs. The Legatum Institute (a UK-based think-tank) ranked Namibia 63rd out of 104 countries in its Prosperity Index in 2009. However, the relative prosperity of Namibian individuals did not seem to favourably influence state and non-state treatment of minorities in 2009. While the conservancy system in Namibia allows communities to manage rural areas as 'protected areas', where they are still allowed to carry out traditional economic activities including hunting and gathering, this has not necessarily improved the lot of minorities. The Indigenous Peoples of Africa Co-ordinating Committee (IPACC) reported in 2009 that, for instance, Khwe, a San-speaking community, are not recognized as an ethnic group by the central government and hence lack political representation in government. The absence of a singular traditional authority is the reason given for this denial of the right to representation. While the Constitution of Namibia as implemented through the Communal Land Reform Act of 2002 grants traditional chiefs unfettered authority over communal land, it denies San people recognition of their traditional authority, hence by implication curtailing their land rights. The result is often conflict with other communities. A July report in daily newspaper The Namibian said that conflict arose in Nyae Nyae between cattle farmers wishing to use the conservancy land and Ju/'hoansi who are preserving and conserving the area – and who depend on it for their survival. The situation continued to seriously threaten the livelihoods of Ju/'hoansi San people in their ancestral land as well as the diverse wildlife found in the area, including a number of endangered species, the report said.
In August 2009, The Namibian reported that the Legal Assistance Centre (LAC), a Namibian community organization, condemned the exploitation of the Himba minority by a Swedish reality TV show, whose depiction of the community was condemned as 'derogatory' and in contravention of the principles of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (UNDRIP)
In 2008, the UN Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) expressed concern about the high incidence of rape of San women by members of other communities, and recommended the launch of investigations. The Namibian state has yet to carry out any proper investigations to address gender-based violence perpetrated against San women.
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Heap (data structure)
||This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (November 2013)|
In computer science, a heap is a specialized tree-based data structure that satisfies the heap property: If A is a parent node of B then the key of node A is ordered with respect to the key of node B with the same ordering applying across the heap. Either the keys of parent nodes are always greater than or equal to those of the children and the highest key is in the root node (this kind of heap is called max heap) or the keys of parent nodes are less than or equal to those of the children and the lowest key is in the root node (min heap). Heaps are crucial in several efficient graph algorithms such as Dijkstra's algorithm, and in the sorting algorithm heapsort. A common implementation of a heap is the binary heap, in which the tree is a complete binary tree (see figure).
In a heap the highest (or lowest) priority element is always stored at the root, hence the name heap. A heap is not a sorted structure and can be regarded as partially ordered. As visible from the Heap-diagram, there is no particular relationship among nodes on any given level, even among the siblings. When a heap is a complete binary tree, it has a smallest possible height—a heap with N nodes always has O(log N) height. A heap is a useful data structure when you need to remove the object with the highest (or lowest) priority.
Note that, as shown in the graphic, there is no implied ordering between siblings or cousins and no implied sequence for an in-order traversal (as there would be in, e.g., a binary search tree). The heap relation mentioned above applies only between nodes and their parents, grandparents, etc. The maximum number of children each node can have depends on the type of heap, but in many types it is at most two, which is known as a binary heap.
The heap is one maximally efficient implementation of an abstract data type called a priority queue, and in fact priority queues are often referred to as "heaps", regardless of how they may be implemented. Note that despite the similarity of the name "heap" to "stack" and "queue", the latter two are abstract data types, while a heap is a specific data structure, and "priority queue" is the proper term for the abstract data type.
A heap data structure should not be confused with the heap which is a common name for the pool of memory from which dynamically allocated memory is allocated. The term was originally used only for the data structure.
Implementation and operations
Heaps are usually implemented in an array, and do not require pointers between elements.
Full and almost full binary heaps may be represented in a very space-efficient way using an array alone. The first (or last) element will contain the root. The next two elements of the array contain its children. The next four contain the four children of the two child nodes, etc. Thus the children of the node at position n would be at positions 2n and 2n+1 in a one-based array, or 2n+1 and 2n+2 in a zero-based array. This allows moving up or down the tree by doing simple index computations. Balancing a heap is done by swapping elements which are out of order. As we can build a heap from an array without requiring extra memory (for the nodes, for example), heapsort can be used to sort an array in-place.
The operations commonly performed with a heap are:
- create-heap: create an empty heap
- heapify: create a heap out of given array of elements
- find-max or find-min: find the maximum item of a max-heap or a minimum item of a min-heap (aka, peek)
- delete-max or delete-min: removing the root node of a max- or min-heap, respectively
- increase-key or decrease-key: updating a key within a max- or min-heap, respectively
- insert: adding a new key to the heap
- merge: joining two heaps to form a valid new heap containing all the elements of both.
- meld(h1,h2): Return the heap formed by taking the union of the item-disjoint heaps h1 and h2. Melding destroys h1 and h2.
- size: return the number of items in the heap.
- isEmpty(): returns true if the heap is empty, false otherwise.
- ExtractMin() [or ExtractMax()]: Returns the node of minimum value from a min heap [or maximum value from a max heap] after removing it from the heap
- Union(): Creates a new heap by joining two heaps given as input.
- Shift-up: Move a node up in the tree, as long as needed (depending on the heap condition: min-heap or max-heap)
- Shift-down: Move a node down in the tree, similar to Shift-up
Different types of heaps implement the operations in different ways, but notably, insertion is often done by adding the new element at the end of the heap in the first available free space. This will tend to violate the heap property, and so the elements are then reordered until the heap property has been reestablished. Construction of a binary (or d-ary) heap out of a given array of elements may be performed faster than a sequence of consecutive insertions into an originally empty heap using the classic Floyd algorithm, with the worst-case number of comparisons equal to 2N − 2s2(N) − e2(N) (for a binary heap), where s2(N) is the sum of all digits of the binary representation of N and e2(N) is the exponent of 2 in the prime factorization of N.
- 2–3 heap
- Binary heap
- Binomial heap
- Brodal queue
- d-ary heap
- Fibonacci heap
- Leftist heap
- Pairing heap
- Skew heap
- Soft heap
- Weak heap
- Leaf heap
- Radix heap
- Randomized meldable heap
- Ternary heap
Comparison of theoretic bounds for variants
|delete-min||Θ(log n)||Θ(log n)||O(log n)[b]||O(log n)[b]||O(log n)||O(log n)[b]||O(log n)|
|decrease-key||Θ(log n)||Θ(log n)||Θ(1)[b]||o(log n)[b][c]||Θ(1)||Θ(1)[b]||Θ(1)|
|merge||Θ(m log(n+m))[d]||O(log n)[e]||Θ(1)||Θ(1)||Θ(1)||Θ(1)||Θ(1)|
- Brodal and Okasaki later describe a persistent variant with the same bounds except for decrease-key, which is not supported. Heaps with n elements can be constructed bottom-up in O(n).
- Amortized time.
- Bounded by
- n is the size of the larger heap and m is the size of the smaller heap.
- n is the size of the larger heap.
The heap data structure has many applications.
- Heapsort: One of the best sorting methods being in-place and with no quadratic worst-case scenarios.
- Selection algorithms: A heap allows access to the min or max element in constant time, and other selections (such as median or kth-element) can be done in sub-linear time on data that is in a heap.
- Graph algorithms: By using heaps as internal traversal data structures, run time will be reduced by polynomial order. Examples of such problems are Prim's minimal-spanning-tree algorithm and Dijkstra's shortest-path algorithm.
- Priority Queue: A priority queue is an abstract concept like "a list" or "a map"; just as a list can be implemented with a linked list or an array, a priority queue can be implemented with a heap or a variety of other methods.
- Order statistics: The Heap data structure can be used to efficiently find the kth smallest (or largest) element in an array.
- The C++ Standard Template Library provides the make_heap, push_heap and pop_heap algorithms for heaps (usually implemented as binary heaps), which operate on arbitrary random access iterators. It treats the iterators as a reference to an array, and uses the array-to-heap conversion. It also provides the container adaptor priority_queue, which wraps these facilities in a container-like class. However, there is no standard support for the decrease/increase-key operation.
- The Boost C++ libraries include a heaps library. Unlike the STL it supports decrease and increase operations, and supports additional types of heap: specifically, it supports d-ary, binomial, Fibonacci, pairing and skew heaps.
- The Java 2 platform (since version 1.5) provides the binary heap implementation with class java.util.PriorityQueue<E> in Java Collections Framework.
- Python has a heapq module that implements a priority queue using a binary heap.
- PHP has both max-heap (SplMaxHeap) and min-heap (SplMinHeap) as of version 5.3 in the Standard PHP Library.
- Perl has implementations of binary, binomial, and Fibonacci heaps in the Heap distribution available on CPAN.
- The Go language contains a heap package with heap algorithms that operate on an arbitrary type that satisfy a given interface.
- Apple's Core Foundation library contains a CFBinaryHeap structure.
- Sorting algorithm
- Stack (abstract data type)
- Queue (abstract data type)
- Tree (data structure)
- Treap, a form of binary search tree based on heap-ordered trees
- Suchenek, Marek A. (2012), Elementary Yet Precise Worst-Case Analysis of Floyd's Heap-Construction Program, Fundamenta Informaticae (IOS Press) 120 (1): 75–92, doi:10.3233/FI-2012-751.
- Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest (1990): Introduction to algorithms. MIT Press / McGraw-Hill.
- Iacono, John (2000), "Improved upper bounds for pairing heaps", Proc. 7th Scandinavian Workshop on Algorithm Theory, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1851, Springer-Verlag, pp. 63–77, doi:10.1007/3-540-44985-X_5
- Proc. 7th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, pages 52-58, 1996
- Goodrich, Michael T.; Tamassia, Roberto (2004). "7.3.6. Bottom-Up Heap Construction". Data Structures and Algorithms in Java (3rd ed.). pp. 338–341.
- Haeupler, Bernhard; Sen, Siddhartha; Tarjan, Robert E. (2009). "Rank-pairing heaps". SIAM J. Computing: 1463–1485.
- Brodal, G. S. L.; Lagogiannis, G.; Tarjan, R. E. (2012). "Strict Fibonacci heaps". "Proceedings of the 44th symposium on Theory of Computing - STOC '12". p. 1177. doi:10.1145/2213977.2214082. ISBN 9781450312455.
- Fredman, Michael Lawrence; Tarjan, Robert E. (1987). "Fibonacci heaps and their uses in improved network optimization algorithms" (PDF). Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery 34 (3): 596–615. doi:10.1145/28869.28874.
- Pettie, Seth (2005). "Towards a Final Analysis of Pairing Heaps". Max Planck Institut für Informatik.
- Frederickson, Greg N. (1993), "An Optimal Algorithm for Selection in a Min-Heap", Information and Computation 104 (2), Academic Press, pp. 197–214, doi:10.1006/inco.1993.1030
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heaps.|
|The Wikibook Data Structures has a page on the topic of: Min and Max Heaps|
- Heap at Wolfram MathWorld
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Contributors. Preface. 1. Arsenic Thermodynamic Data and Environmental Geochemistry; D.K. Nordstrom, D.G. Archer. 2. Spectroscopic Investigations of Arsenic Species in Solid Phases; A.L. Foster. 3. Geochemical Processes Controlling Transport of Arsenic in Groundwater: A Review of Adsorption; K.G. Stollenwerk. 4. Geothermal Arsenic; J.G. Webster, D.K. Nordstrom. 5. Role of Large-Scale Fluid Flow in Subsurface Arsenic Enrichment; M.B. Goldhaber, et al. 6. Arsenic in Groundwater Used for Drinking Water in the United States; S.J. Ryker. 7. Arsenic in Groundwater: South and East Asia; P.L. Smedley. 8.The Scale and Causes of the Groundwater Arsenic Problem in Bangladesh; D.G. Kinniburgh, et al. 9. Mechanisms of Arsenic Release to Water from Naturally Occurring Sources, Eastern Wisconsin; 10. Arsenic in Southeastern Michigan; A. Kolker, et al. 11. Occurrence of Arsenic in Ground Water of the Middle Rio Grande Basin, Central New Mexico; L.M. Bexfield, I.N. Plummer. 12. Arsenic Contamination in the Water Supply of Milltown, Montana; J.N. Moore, W.W. Woessner. 13. Natural Remediation Potential of Arsenic-Contaminated Ground Water; K.G. Stollenwerk, J.A. Coleman. 14. Modeling In Situ Iron Removal from Groundwater with Trace Elements Such as As; C.A.J. Appelo, W.W.J.M. de Vet. 15. In Situ Arsenic Remediation in a Fractured Alkaline Aquifer; A.H. Welch, et al. References Cited. Index.
Interest in arsenic in ground water has greatly increased in the past decade because of the increased awareness of human health effects and the costs of avoidance or treatment of ground water supplies used for consumption. The goal of this book is to provide a description of the basic processes that affect arsenic occurrence and transport by providing sufficient background information on arsenic geochemistry and descriptions of hi- arsenic ground water, both affected and unaffected by human activity. An understanding of thermodynamics, adsorption, and the speciation of arsenic in solid phases, which are described in first three chapters, is needed to predict the fate of arsenic in ground water systems. Large-scale and deep movement of ground water can and has redistributed arsenic in the near surface environment, as described in the next two chapters. These large-scale systems can affect large volumes of both ground water and surface water, such as in the Yellowstone system, and can produce mineralised zones that subsequently release arsenic to ground water supplies. Regional identification of high-arsenic ground water and its consumption as described in the next three chapters clearly demonstrates a need for increased wat- quality monitoring, particularly in south and southeast Asia. Chapters 9-11 provide examples of high arsenic ground water associated with sulfide mineral oxidation and alkaline conditions. Finally, smaller scale studies of the effects of human activities that have produced high-arsenic ground water and methods for attenuation of ground water are presented.
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During my first year as a second-grade teacher, I struggled with classroom management. I am a soft-spoken person by nature and habit. I didn't have the experience to help me set up great rules and procedures for my students. My classroom was noisy and chaotic. I think you could hear us all around the school.
A well-meaning colleague stopped me one day after school and offered, "Trevor, you need to find your teacher voice. Most of the children at our school won't listen to you unless you yell at them. You need to show them who's boss."
After five years of teaching, I agree that it is important to find your teacher voice. I disagree, however, that your teacher voice needs to be mean and bossy. I found my voice. It’s nurturing and supportive and one that students can internalize for positive growth and change.
I thought about this teacher voice when I met 7-year-old Maria. On her first day in reading intervention classroom, she made a mistake on a skill sheet. She asked for an eraser but I said, "Don't worry if you make a mistake. You don't have to erase it. Just cross it out and fix it. I'll never be angry with you if you make a mistake. I just want you to try to fix it."
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Language is an important aspect of our cultural identity. As immigrants, being able to keep our native languages alive by passing them on to our children is a source of great pride. It is also a way for some of us to demonstrate that despite our physical displacement, we remain culturally grounded in our communities of origin. However, sometimes our children are not ready or willing to speak our languages. In this case, there is no greater source of frustration for the immigrant parent. Because I work in the educational field, I often have these conversations with students whose parents are immigrants from different parts of the world, and many acknowledge that they refrain from speaking their parents’ native languages in public because they do not want to come across as different to their peers. This is the reason why some children may be comfortable speaking their parents’ native language at home, but in public, would respond to their parents in English only. I have seen this in the Senegalese immigrant communities I have interacted with. I have also observed that some parents, because they are eager to claim the American experience, or fear that their children will speak English with a foreign accent, choose to not teach their mother tongue to their children. I belong in the first group.
I enjoy speaking Wolof to my children, especially in public because I want them to have a sense of pride in their cultural identity. I also think that it is very important to know more than one language. Before I had children, I imagined them to be trilingual like their parents, speaking Wolof, French and English. But it turns out that on a daily basis, we use only English and Wolof in our household. In an earlier post, I have shared how I don’t care much for the French language. Since relocating to the US, my usage of French is mostly limited to reading and the occasional conversation. Of course, there are some words I only say in French because they have been adopted into the Wolof language. For example we still use “ça va?” to greet each other. But teaching French to my children was not an imminent goal. I however was determined that my children would be fluent in Wolof. I spent a considerable amount of time researching multiple strategies that would make it possible for us to raise bilingual children. While there are several studies on how to teach children multiple languages, they all agree that the best way is that each parent would exclusively speak one language to the child. For example if parents wanted to teach their children Wolof, French, and English. One parent would speak only Wolof to the child while the other would speak only French. Then when parents are speaking between themselves, they would use English. I have seen this work out great for a family that I know.
In my case, I set out to speak only Wolof to my children but I did not realize how hard it would be to stick to it. I switched languages throughout my life going to school in French and English and then speaking Wolof at home. Doing the same with my children turned out to be a challenge. I spoke mostly Wolof to my first child and it worked out ok. She understands pretty much everything and with few trips to Senegal, manages to express herself in the language, most times. She also is curious about expressions she does not know and often takes the initiative to speak Wolof. I was not as lucky with my second child. Although he often undertands what I mean, he doesn’t attempt to speak, unless he wants to make fun of me by repeating everything I say to him. This frustrates me because I know it is my fault that he is not as fluent as his sister. I must have changed my approach and spoke predominantly English to him. It could also be that he went to daycare earlier than his sister and was therefore exposed to an English-only environment at a critical moment in language acquisition. In any case, something different happened in the ways languages were introduced to the two of them. Knowing this, I decided to speak only Wolof to my third child. Although I could tell that he understood most of what I said, I could not see any signs of him speaking the language, mainly because he is still very young to have an elaborate speech. But since he’s been going to daycare, I noticed that he was trying to utter English words in his babbling. I was getting alarmed that my linguistic efforts were vain. So one can imagine how thrilled I was few days ago, when he started telling people: “Kaay, kaay!” [Come here, come here!], gesturing with his fingers in the manner one would summon a person!
Some linguists argue that when children are taught multiple languages simultaneously, they tend to take longer speaking because they are trying to process and separate them before beginning to talk in either language. Maybe this is what is happening with my third child. Other experts suggest that there are three windows when the child’s mind is more open to learning a second, third, or even fourth language. The optimal window is at the time when the child is learning their first language, which is from birth to three years of age. The second window is between ages two and seven, and the last window is between ten and thirteen. This gives me hope that all is not lost for my second child, provided I break my habit of speaking English to him.
Please share your experiences and tips.
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What makes a good leader a good leader takes the lead, has personality, courage, clear vision, ambition to succeed a good leader encourages optimum performance and. Learn about what makes an effective leader in this topic from the free management library. An essay about great leadership contains examples of excellent leaders and how their most prominent traits led to their social, political or economic success when. As well, good leaders competent appear patently in solving problems that occur in tough and embracing times the good leader, please correct this essay. Oliver smithc3290685 leadership essayintroductionin this essay will be research and discussion leadership essay this allows for the leader to develop good. How personal ethics produce effective leaders 2 abstract with over 200 definitions of leadership, the question has evolved from ‘what is. Effective leaders never make excuses they take the blame when things go wrong, and direct the praise to those thirteen traits of effective leaders.
How to become a good leader – short essay how to become a good leader leaders are needed at every level and in every venue leadership is the quality of. Database of free leadership essays qualities of the effective leader in every form of community, there is always one person or a group of people who manages or. Essay tips: 7 tips on writing an effective essay essays can be crucial to admissions and scholarship decisions leadership skills and organization skills. What is a true leader many of our leaders are effective makes it possible for people far away from new york to be part of the meaningful life center.
What makes a leader daniel goleman from the january 2004 issue if there is one trait that virtually all effective leaders have, it is motivation. The many faces of leadership effective teacher leaders are open-minded and respectful of found herself troubled by her students' responses to tests and papers. How to write a scholarship essay on leadership maybe you are more interested in the fact that good leaders are knowledgeable of their mission and have.
What makes a great leader patricia selfless goal—one that is backed with good intentions and doesn’t aim to hurt or if you enjoyed this essay. Leadership essay 1 leadership essay ed 730 may 2 effective leaders establish and maintain several vital components leadership essay 3. The eight qualities of successful school leaders author jeremy sutcliffe interviewed the uk's best headteachers to find out what makes a good leader. What qualities made george washington an effective military leader what makes a good military leader activity 3 the essay life before the presidency on.
You can become an unforgettable -- and remarkably effective -- leader by consistently doing a few things. Professional essay writing company, original academic papers in shadowing, observe what makes this leader effective, his or her strengths. Macbeth essay - leadership in macbeth there are many characters in positions of power that may or may not withhold the qualities of a good leader.
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Example admissions essay on one's unique qualities you can also make up a few qualities as long as they aren't like special talents that i need to prove i can do. Essay on what makes for an effective leader 954 words | 4 pages the mystery of what makes one an effective leader has fascinated people for thousands of years. The 21 indispensable qualities of a leader: even good leaders don’t display it all the time “no man will make a great leader who wants to do. All business owners and executives have varying experiences and perspectives on the approach and qualities necessary for effective leadership and not all.
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Making a Turkey
This video is a step-by-step guide to creating a turkey from construction paper. Verbal cues/instructions are included.
Note: This video may not work for every child. It should be modified to meet the individual’s needs.
- Glue stick
- 1 orange feather
- 2 yellow feathers
- 2 red feathers
- 2 green feathers
- 1 brown circle (with turkey’s face on it)
- 1 larger brown circle (turkey’s body)
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Calciphylaxis is a rare, but serious, kidney complication. The condition causes calcium to build up inside the blood vessels of the fat and skin. Calciphylaxis is also called calcific uremic arteriolopathy. It’s most often seen in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (end-stage renal disease), or people with kidney failure who are on dialysis or have had a kidney transplant. In dialysis, a machine filters and purifies the blood because the kidneys are unable to do so on their own.
Calciphylaxis results in the formation of very painful skin lesions. It often causes serious infections that can be fatal.
The main symptom of calciphylaxis includes skin lesions on the lower limbs or areas with higher fat content, such as the breasts, buttocks, and abdomen. The lesions eventually progress to extremely painful ulcers or nodules. These lesions are very difficult to heal.
A person with calciphylaxis may have higher than normal levels of calcium (hypercalcemia) and phosphate (hyperphosphatemia) in the blood. They may also have symptoms of hyperparathyroidism. Hyperparathyroidism occurs when the parathyroid glands make too much parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH helps regulate the levels of calcium, vitamin D, and phosphorus in your bones and blood.
Symptoms of calciphylaxis include:
- body aches
Calciphylaxis occurs from a buildup of calcium inside the blood vessels. The exact cause for this buildup isn’t clear. There are likely multiple processes at play. One contributing factor may be problems with the metabolism of minerals and hormones, including:
- parathyroid hormone (PTH)
PTH is responsible for normalizing the levels of calcium, vitamin D, and phosphorus in the bones and blood.
The disruption in mineral metabolism is thought to be a result of kidney disease, but the exact mechanism isn’t truly understood. This is especially true since the condition can occur in people with normal kidney function. More research is needed to better understand the condition.
People with advanced kidney disease are at the highest risk of having calciphylaxis. According to a study published by São Paulo State University, calciphylaxis occurs in roughly 1 to 4.5 percent of people on dialysis. It’s considered a rare condition, but it may become more common as the number of people on dialysis increases.
Calciphylaxis is more commonly reported in people receiving dialysis who also:
- are obese
- are taking systemic corticosteroids
- are taking warfarin (Coumadin) to treat or prevent blood clots
- are using calcium supplements containing phosphate binders
- have liver disease
- have diabetes
Although calciphylaxis is mostly reported in people with advanced kidney disease, it’s sometimes diagnosed in people with normal kidney function who have the following conditions:
- inflammatory bowel disease
- primary hyperparathyroidism
- autoimmune conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), Crohn’s disease, or rheumatoid arthritis
- hypercoagulable conditions such as protein C and protein S deficiency
- alcoholic liver disease
Calciphylaxis is most commonly reported in people over the age of 50. And, according to a study published by the American Journal of Kidney Diseases, calciphylaxis occurs twice as frequently in women than in men.
A doctor might suspect calciphylaxis based on the presence of painful skin lesions and your medical history. They will typically run several tests in order to confirm a diagnosis and rule out other complications of chronic kidney disease. Some of these diagnostic tests may include:
- a skin biopsy
- blood tests for levels of calcium, phosphorous, alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D
- liver function blood tests
- kidney function tests
- tests to evaluate infections, such as a complete blood count and blood culture tests
At the moment, there isn’t an effective treatment available for calciphylaxis. Current treatment is focused on caring for the skin lesions, preventing infections, and correcting the calcium and phosphorous concentrations in the blood.
Treating the wounds and lesions might include:
- enzymatic debriding agents
- hydrocolloid or hydrogel dressings
- systemic antibiotics
- hyperbaric oxygen therapy
Medications may be prescribed to treat the wounds and to correct abnormal calcium and phosphorus concentration in the blood. These may include:
- intravenous sodium thiosulfate, a chelating agent for calcium and iron
- cinacalcet (Sensipar), a drug used to treat high levels of calcium in the blood of people with certain parathyroid gland problems or chronic kidney disease
A clinical trial by Massachusetts General Hospital is currently evaluating whether vitamin K supplements can be used to treat calciphylaxis.
If your calcium and phosphorous levels can’t be controlled with medication, you may need surgery to remove one or more parathyroid glands. This surgery is called parathyroidectomy. Your doctor may also recommend increasing your dialysis sessions.
Since calciphylaxis is often debilitating, you may also need nutritional and psychological support and pain management.
Calciphylaxis is often a fatal condition. According to a study published by the American Journal of Kidney Diseases, people with Calciphylaxis have a one-year survival rate of less than 46 percent. Death is usually a result of complications, such as infections and sepsis. Sepsis is a life-threatening infection of the blood.
Recovery is possible, and early diagnosis and treatment can lead to better outcomes. The survival rate is expected to improve as more is learned about the condition.
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Learn how the Wyss Institute’s technologies are inspired by Nature
At the Wyss Institute, we look to Nature for inspiration to develop disruptive technologies that will make our world healthier and more sustainable. Through our commitment to
biologically inspired engineering, we’re applying our ever-deepening insights into the way that living systems form and function to create new engineering solutions for healthcare, energy, architecture, robotics, and manufacturing.
1/15 The RoboBee is inspired by a bee’s biology; it has “smart” sensors and control electronics that mimic the eyes and antennae of a bee and can sense and respond dynamically to the environment. Like bees, RoboBees can one day be used for pollination, amongst other applications. 2/15 Certain 4D-printed hydrogel composites are inspired by the way that flowers go through dynamic shape changes in response to changes in their environments. Swelling and stiffness properties can be patterned into the hydrogel’s structure, making it programmable. 3/15 Metamorpho is inspired by the way a tadpole swims – first with its tail alone while its legs receive a feedback signal that tells them to move, then with the help of its legs. 4/15 SLIPS is inspired by the pitcher plant’s ability to repel almost every type of liquid and solid. SLIPS technology creates slick, exceptionally repellent and robust self-cleaning surfaces which repel almost any fouling challenge a surface may face. 5/15 The TERMES robots are inspired by termites’ ability to perform a complicated task, such as building an 8-foot soil mound, as a group without supervision and to communicate implicitly by observing each other’s changes to the environment and acting accordingly. 6/15 Tough gel adhesives are inspired by the mucus secreted by a Dusky Arion slug. This adhesive is biocompatible, flexible, and can stick to dynamically moving tissues even in the presence of blood. 7/15 The kirigami robot is inspired by snakes’ scales, which help them move without legs. As the robot elongates, the flat surface is altered into a textured one, which grips the ground like the scales of snakes. 8/15 The Lung-on-a-Chip is inspired by the human lung in that it mimics the tissue present in the human lung, complete with a supporting blood vessel in a device the size of a microchip. It is used to model lung diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cigarette-induced pathologies, and to find new disease biomarkers and therapeutics. 9/15 MORPH is inspired by the peacock spider, a millimeter-sized creature that exhibits a dramatic mating display through movement and color. The completely soft robot contains networks of microfluidic actuators that can be filled with water to drive its movement and colors to change its appearance, and its underlying technology will hopefully one day enable devices that can be safely operated inside the human body. 10/15 Liquid Gated Membranes are inspired by stomata, which are tight openings in the leaves and stems of plants that enable gas exchange. Similarly, Liquid Gated Membranes have been engineered to allow the precise separation of liquids, gases, and solids without clogging and with significant energy savings. 11/15 Kilobots are inspired by animals’ ability to swarm, or engage in collective behaviors in order to form complex structures or achieve remarkable feats. Kilobots are a robotic system for advancing the development of robot swarms, which could enable new approaches for search and rescue missions, construction efforts, environmental remediation, and medical applications. 12/15 Research at the Wyss Institute aims to develop new ways to translate digital information into DNA sequence information . DNA is at least 1000-fold denser than the most compact solid-state hard drives and at least 300-fold more durable than the most stable magnetic tapes. 13/15 The Octobot is inspired by octopuses, animals that can perform incredible feats of strength and dexterity despite not having an internal skeleton. The Octobot is also entirely soft, and powered without electronics. 14/15 The virus-inspired nano-bots take cues from viruses, whose DNA is protected by a lipid membrane, in that they are engineered with a similar membrane surrounding their central DNA nanostructure, which extends the lifetime and availability of disease-specific deliverables. In the future, these nano-devices could help detect and treat diseases. 15/15 The Wyss Institute’s BIND technology harnesses bacteria’s ability to congregate and produce “biofilms” around them that can be customized with different capabilities. It has widespread applications, ranging from pollution remediation to manufacturing pharmaceuticals and other products in a more environmentally friendly manner.
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Treatment Of Erectile Dysfunction
Treatment Of Male Sexual Problems
Skin Care Treatment
Treatment of Migraine Treatment
Treatment of Neurological Problems
Weight Management Treatment
Piles Treatment (Non Surgical)
Sexually Transmitted Disease (Std) Treatment
Cysts Removal Procedure
Treatment Of Pregnancy Problems
Well Woman Healthcheck
Thyroid Problems Treatment
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Patient Review Highlights
i was feeling pain in my knee both and finding difficulty in walking and performing daily works then i was refered about Dr Das and consulted him.i got relief from the very ist dose of his medicine and now can perform my daily wostk without any ease. thanks Dr Das
Breast cancer is a malignant tumor (a collection of cancer cells) arising from the cells of the breast. Although breast cancer predominantly occurs in women, it can also effect men.
After skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women. Breast cancer can occur in both men and women, but it's far more common in women.
Substantial support for breast cancer awareness and research funding has helped improve the screening and diagnosis and advances in the treatment of breast cancer. Breast cancer survival rates have increased, and the number of deaths steadily has been declining, which is largely due to a number of factors such as earlier detection, a new personalized approach to treatment and a better understanding of the disease.
Causes--it's not clear what causes breast cancer.
- Doctors know that breast cancer occurs when some breast cells begin growing abnormally. These cells divide more rapidly than healthy cells do and continue to accumulate, forming a lump or mass. The cells may spread (metastasize) through your breast to your lymph nodes or to other parts of your body.
- Breast cancer most often begins with cells in the milk-producing ducts (invasive ductal carcinoma). Breast cancer may also begin in the glandular tissue called lobules (invasive lobular carcinoma) or in other cells or tissue within the breast.
- Researchers have identified hormonal, lifestyle and environmental factors that may increase your risk of breast cancer. But it's not clear why some people who have no risk factors develop cancer, yet other people with risk factors never do. It's likely that breast cancer is caused by a complex interaction of your genetic makeup and your environment.
Inherited breast cancer
- Doctors estimate that about 5 to 10 percent of breast cancers are linked to gene mutations passed through generations of a family.
- A number of inherited mutated genes that can increase the likelihood of breast cancer have been identified. The most common are breast cancer gene 1 (brca1) and breast cancer gene 2 (brca2), both of which significantly increase the risk of both breast and ovarian cancer.
- If you have a strong family history of breast cancer or other cancers, your doctor may recommend a blood test to help identify specific mutations in brca or other genes that are being passed through your family.
- Consider asking your doctor for a referral to a genetic counselor, who can review your family health history. A genetic counselor can also discuss the benefits, risks and limitations of genetic testing with you and guide you on appropriate genetic testing.
Symptoms--signs and symptoms of breast cancer may include:
- A breast lump or thickening that feels different from the surrounding tissue
- Change in the size, shape or appearance of a breast
- Changes to the skin over the breast, such as dimpling
- A newly inverted nipple
- Peeling, scaling or flaking of the pigmented area of skin surrounding the nipple (areola) or breast skin
- Redness or pitting of the skin over your breast, like the skin of an orange
Risk factors-a breast cancer risk factor is anything that makes it more likely you'll get breast cancer. But having one or even several breast cancer risk factors doesn't necessarily mean you'll develop breast cancer. Many women who develop breast cancer have no known risk factors other than simply being women.
Factors that are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer include:
- Being female.Women are much more likely than men are to develop breast cancer.
- Increasing age. Your risk of breast cancer increases as you age.
- A personal history of breast cancer. If you've had breast cancer in one breast, you have an increased risk of developing cancer in the other breast.
- A family history of breast cancer. If your mother, sister or daughter was diagnosed with breast cancer, particularly at a young age, your risk of breast cancer is increased. Still, the majority of people diagnosed with breast cancer have no family history of the disease.
- Inherited genes that increase cancer risk. Certain gene mutations that increase the risk of breast cancer can be passed from parents to children. The most common gene mutations are referred to as brca1 and brca2. These genes can greatly increase your risk of breast cancer and other cancers, but they don't make cancer inevitable.
- Radiation exposure. If you received radiation treatments to your chest as a child or young adult, your risk of breast cancer is increased.
- Obesity. Being obese increases your risk of breast cancer.
- Beginning your period at a younger age. Beginning your period before age 12 increases your risk of breast cancer.
- Beginning menopause at an older age. If you began menopause at an older age, you're more likely to develop breast cancer.
- Having your first child at an older age. Women who give birth to their first child after age 30 may have an increased risk of breast cancer.
- Having never been pregnant. Women who have never been pregnant have a greater risk of breast cancer than do women who have had one or more pregnancies.
- Postmenopausal hormone therapy. Women who take hormone therapy medications that combine estrogen and progesterone to treat the signs and symptoms of menopause have an increased risk of breast cancer. The risk of breast cancer decreases when women stop taking these medications.
- Drinking alcohol. Drinking alcohol increases the risk of breast cancer.
Homoeopathy today is a rapidly growing system and is being practiced all over the world. Its strength lies in its evident effectiveness as it takes a holistic approach towards the sick individual through promotion of inner balance at mental, emotional, spiritual and physical levels. When breast cancer is concerned there are many effective medicines are available in homoeopathy, but the selection depends upon the individuality of the patient, considering the mental and physical symptoms.
- Phytolacca decandra 200- phytolacca dec is an excellent remedy for breast cancer where the breast is hard, painful and of purple hue. Hard nodes in breast with enlarged axillary glands. Nipples cracked, very sensitive and inverted. Bloody watery discharge from breasts.
- Conium maculatum 3c- conium maculatum is also effective for breast cancer with hard tumor. Hard tumors in breasts with stitches or piercing pain. Stitches in breasts and nipples, on taking deep breath or walking. Conium mac is suitable to old maids and bachelors.
- Carcinosin 30- start treatment with this remedy.
- Htdrastis canadensis 3c-hydrastis canadensis is another excellent remedy for breast cancer with pains like knives thrust into part. With cancer the nipples retracted. The glands in the axilla enlarged and painful. Cachectic appearance – excessive emaciation and weakness along with breast cancer.
- Asterias rubens 3c- asterias rubens is effective for breast cancer even in ulcerative stage. There is acute sharp pain. Nodes and induration of breast gland, dull, aching neuralgic pain in this region. Breasts swell, especially left and nipple retracted. Left breast feels as if pulled inward and pain extends over inner arm to end of little finger. Numbness of hands and fingers of left side.
- Arsenicum album 200-arsenic alb is effective in aggressive open ulcer with offensive discharge. Ulcers with burning, cutting pain and bloody offensive discharge. There is great anguish and restlessness. The person thinks it is useless to take medicine, fear of death and disease.
- Antimonium crudum 200- antimonium crudum is also effective for open ulcer with offensive discharge. There is burning and itching worse at night. Digestion of the patient is easily disordered in antimonium crude.
- Psorinum 200- psorinum is effective for breast cancer with open ulcers. Offensive discharge from the ulcer. The breast is swollen with red nipples. Burning and itching around nipples.
- Thuja occidentalis 3c- thuja occidentalis is best for breast cancer with retracted nipples.
- Malandrinum cm- malandrinum is effective to remove cancerous deposits and remission of primary cancer and shrinkage of mass.
Hi Due to excessive masturbation 2 times in a day regularly for 5 years my testis hanging down losely. A large gap formed these. They become very lose. So due to this reason and by hearing in my surrounding that excessive masturbation can lead to become a man fatherless. So I decided to leave mu this habit completely from now So can I know that will I be able to produce a healthy baby. And by what things or medicines my testis become good as before.
Take homoeopathy and put your diabetes under control.
Homoeopathy works miracle which can drop down insulin level or help the patients to get rid of a numerous medicines you are taking in order to put your diabetes under control.
- For proper treatment it needs a thorough case analysis to prescribe correct medicines but still I am sharing some medicines which probes very significant in decreasing the blood sugar level effectively.
- Apart from medicines some lifestyle management is necessary which I can suggest on demand through consultations.
- Medicines effective for controlling diabetes are as follows:
- Abroma augusta: one of the best homeopathic medicines for diabetes with loss of flesh and weakness
Abroma augusta is the top natural homeopathic medicine to treat diabetes mellitus. Its use is highly recommended in those patients who are losing flesh and suffer from extreme weakness due to diabetes mellitus. The patients who can greatly benefit from this homeopathic medicine have an increased thirst with dryness of mouth. They also have an increased appetite and the urination is very frequent day and night. Excessive weakness is felt after urination. Homeopathic medicine abroma augusta is also of great help in treating sleeplessness in a person with diabetes. Another sphere in which this homeopathic remedy yields good results is skin complaints like boils and carbuncles in a diabetic patient. Burning sensation in the whole body is a prominent general symptom that can be found in persons requiring abroma augusta.
Phosphorus- one of the best homeopathic medicines for diabetes with weakness in vision
Phosphorus is a natural homeopathic medicine of great help for treating diabetes mellitus, though its use depends completely on the constitutional symptoms of the patient. Homeopathic medicine phosphorus is a remedy of great help for weakness of vision in a diabetic patient.
Syzygium jambolanum: top homeopathic medicines for reducing sugar levels
Syzygium jambolanum is among the best natural homeopathic remedies for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. It acts promptly and efficiently in decreasing the sugar levels. Excessive thirst and excessive urination are always present in the patient. Homeopathic medicine syzygium jambolanum also gives wonderful results in treatment of long-standing ulcers in a diabetic patient.
Phosphoric acid: one of the homeopathic medicines for diabetes with extreme weakness
Phosphoric acid is an excellent natural homeopathic remedy for extreme weakness, either mental or physical, in a diabetic patient. Such patients feel exhausted all the time. They have a weak memory and are forgetful. Some sort of history of grief may be found in patients requiring this homeopathic medicine. For numbness of feet in patients of diabetes mellitus, phosphoric acid is the best homeopathic remedy.
Gymnema sylvestre: homeopathic treatment for diabetes mellitus with weight loss
Gymnema sylvestre is a natural homeopathic medicine of great help for patients of diabetes mellitus who are losing weight with weakness and exhaustion. In such patients, this homeopathic remedy works as a tonic resulting in improvement of overall health. With homeopathic medicine gymnema sylvestre, the patient puts on weight and feels energetic.
Chemotherapy - The answer to cancer is now outdated. It is said that chemotherapy is affecting the immunity of the cancer pts and causing more problems for thee patients with its highly effective side effects.
So there is an answer to cancer is homoeopathy.
Homoeopathy can manage the cancer pts well enough if proper medications with dosage and repetations is done.
So dnt be hopeless. We have a lot more to do for the patients suffering from cancer.
Cure can be achieved by thorough homoeopathy treatment without side effect.
My wife is undergoing chemotherapy sessions towards treatment of breast cancer. Her appetite and sleep are severely affected. She has spasms at the base of the spine and thigh muscles. Unable to sleep at all on her back. Is there any ayurvedic treatment that can bring her relief concurrently with chemotherapy.
Do prefer homoeopathy in any diseases which are either refered to as surgical cases or incurable by modern medicines.
Homoeopathy has a great potential to keep patients good with very minute doses and side effects.
Good evening, please how good is it for young girls and older women to take watermelon after menstrual period. Also, are there other fruits best after menstruation.
Hi, I'm a woman of 23, in my father's side hereditary all of my aunts have been affected by cancer. Want to know if this hereditary would affect me? have heard that only mother's side hereditary will be followed to children. In this cancer disease how is the hereditary plays a role? looking forward for valuable response. Thanks.
2.carrot rich in carotene
3.Red and yellow pepper rich in vit C
4.pumpkin seeds rich in vit E and zinc
Six cracked brazil nuts will give you your daily selenium; 100 to 200 mcgs is the goal. Selenium is a very potent anti-cancer agent. Eight slices of wholemeal bread, an organic egg, or a large chicken breast will also be enough.
Tuna, onions, broccoli and tomatoes contain selenium too.
People who eat nuts every day (try almonds and walnuts) live longer according to research in Cancer
There´s an enormous body of research evidence now that shows how ´medicinal´ mushrooms (Shiitake, Maiitake, cordyceps etc) boost the immune system and fight cancer. Even the button mushroom has cancer fighting ingredients. We have a great review on medicinal mushrooms (Click Here)
Seven to ten helpings per week, especially cooked.
According to Harvard research 7-10 helpings a week cuts prostate symptoms by 40% and has an influence on many cancers e.g.: lung; colon; cervix; breast. Lycopene is the prime active ingredient, and 25 - 40 mgs the desired daily dose.
It is also found in strawberries, peppers, carrots and peaches, but one tin of tomato soup has 65 mgs alone. Lycopene helps reduce ´bad´ fat levels in the blood stream and is a strong antioxidant.
8: Green leafy vegetables
Along with avocado, beans, carrots, apricots, pumpkins, and egg yolk green vegetables will give you folic acid.
This will help your DNA to replicate properly and protect it during radiotherapy.
400 micrograms is a recommended amount. Folate, biotin, niacin and vitamin B6 are all B vitamins that help in the cancer fight. Egg yolk, greens and whole grains are the best sources.
It doesn´t just stop there. Green vegetables and sprouting seeds are a source of sulforaphanes which have strong epigenetic (cancer correcting) benefits and have been shown to aid survival from colorectal cancer.
A diet rich in greens will help alkalyse your body. A slightly alkaline body is important as it improves the performance of your immune system and research shows it stops new metastases.
Like other green cruciferous vegetables (e.g. cabbage, kale, Brussels sprouts), broccoli contains fibre which helps eliminate toxins
Moreover, the fibre is rich in galactose, which binds to damaging agents in the intestine, and is one of the favourite foods of good, helpful gut bacteria (as are carrots, apples, chicory and onions).
Broccoli also contains indoles, and especially indole3carbinol which, along with its metabolite DIM, modifies and diminishes aggressive oestrogen action, can modify cellular oestrogen receptor sites, and aids in fighting oestrogen-driven cancers like some breast, prostate, brain and colorectal cancers.
I3C and DIM were also found to have action in non-oestrogen driven cancers as they can also affect the p27 cancer pathway.
It is a truly wonderful food. Active ingredients like allicin seem to act to stop the spread of cancer in a number of ways, for example by stopping blood supply forming for tumours.
Garlic also kills microbes and yeasts - after taking drugs and antibiotics the body is often susceptible to these. Garlic is also anti-inflamatory in the body. It has a number of active ingredients. It contains selenium, tryptophan and sulphur-based active agents that attack cancer cells.
Two or three raw cloves of garlic raw per day will ward off more than vampires.
And cherries, aubergines, plums, red grapes - indeed any purple coloured fruits and vegeatables. They contain anthocyanins (and sometimes also resveratrol). Anthocyanins have been shown to kill cancer cells; Resveratrrol has research supporting its role in fighting certain cancers like blood and brain cancers too.
Lentils, chickpeas, beans and even soya etc. are a great source of fibre and protein without the animal fat.
Eat pulses every two days.
2. Take a daily Probiotic
3. Do not touch added sugar - glucose or High Fructose Corn Syrup
4. Avoid mass market cows´ dairy (unpasteurised milk from grass fed cattle does, however, have advantages)
Homoeopathy can cure some problems without going to surgery like
2. Ganglion, cyst
3. Benign tumours
4. Piles and haemorrhages
5. Sexual problems
6. Hormonal issues
7. Menstrual problems
8. Skin problems
9. Renal stones (upto a certain limit)
10. Gastric problems
Moreover now a days homoeopathy is used widely in our country and abroad like france, uk, germany etc for getting a palliation and controlling the cancer without highly side effective medications.
So try homoeopathy once before taking the ultimate decision about your body.
Health is wealth so preserve it not ruin it.
LONDON (Reuters) July 15, 2002 - More than half of all cancer patients are using complementary therapies to cope with the side effects of hospital-based therapies, according to a report published Sunday. Market consultant Datamonitor said as many as 60% of cancer patients in certain European countries, and 80% in the United States, used special diets, vitamin supplements, herbal remedies or acupuncture. It said European use of complementary and alternative medicines appeared highest in Germany where products such as mistletoe had become established folk remedies.
Datamonitor estimated the global market for complementary and alternative medicines used by cancer patients could be as high as $18 billion annually, rivaling the sales of many traditional pharmaceutical approaches.
The report warned that information published on Web sites about herbal remedies was not always accurate and advised patients to consult a physician before using them. "Some herbal products or diets can affect how prescription cancer drugs are absorbed, or can increase certain side effects of mainstream cancer therapies," according to the report.
"Patients taking complementary medicines need to share their use of these products with their oncologist, for the patients' safety and for the patients' best chance of fighting cancer," it added.
The report forecast that increased scientific studies of alternative medicines could lead to the discovery of new
drugs. Complementary medicine and pharmaceutical drug development could move closer to each other, perhaps resulting in novel therapies, new manufacturing companies and commercially successful partnerships.
Enzyme may Help Curb Disease
Jul. 19, 2002 (Ivanhoe Newswire) -- New research shows an enzyme that corrects mutations in genes could be a key factor in reducing a person's susceptibility to diseases such as hemophilia, cancer and cystic fibrosis.
Researchers from Cardiff University in Wales and the University of Edinburgh in Scotland have found the MBD4 enzyme could protect people from gene mutations that can lead to diseases.
Different combinations of genes are expressed in different cells. For example, a different combination of genes is expressed in heart cells as compared to liver cells. Researchers say mutations in these genes can lead to serious diseases, such as cancer. They say, although factors such as cigarette smoke and dietary habits may trigger genetic mutations, a lot of gene damage is caused simply by the natural chemistry that goes on in the human body. When a mutation occurs, the genes stop doing their "jobs" effectively.
Researchers say one in three genetic changes or mutations that causes disease in people can be attributed to methyl-groups. Methyl-groups work to shut down genes, but in doing so significantly increase the risk of genetic mutation. Researchers have found the MBD4 enzyme attempts to repair the damage caused by methyl-groups before they cause harm.
Alan Clarke, a researcher from Cardiff University, says, "It is very likely the MBD4 is a key defense against self-inflicted gene damage in humans." In this study of lab animals, Professor Clarke and fellow researchers found mice lacking the MBD4 enzyme are up to three times more likely to have genetic mutations. Authors of the study conclude, "These findings suggest that human MBD4 plays a similarly important role in reducing inherited disease and cancer."
A recent study published in the International Journal of Oncology has demonstrated the beneficial effects of homeopathic medicines on breast cancer cells.
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By now it’s a given: if we’re to help our ELLs and SELs access the rigorous demands of today’s content standards, we must cultivate the “code” that drives school success: academic language. Look no further for assistance than this much-anticipated series from Ivannia Soto, in which she invites field authorities Jeff Zwiers, David and Yvonne Freeman, Margarita Calderon, and Noma LeMoine to share every teacher’s need-to-know strategies on the four essential components of academic language.
The subject of this volume is vocabulary. Here, Margarita Calderon reveals how vocabulary is best taught as a tool for completing and constructing more complex messages. With this book as your roadmap, you’ll learn how to:
- Teach high-frequency academic words and discipline-specific vocabulary across content areas
- Utilize strategies for teaching academic vocabulary, moving students from Tier 1 to Tiers 2 and 3 words and selecting appropriate words to teach
- Assess vocabulary growth as you go
Our vocabulary instruction must come from the texts our ELLs and SELs are about to read, not from a set of activities that teach words in isolation. This guidebook will help you get started as early as tomorrow. Better yet, read all four volumes in the series and put in place an all-in-one instructional plan for closing the achievement gap.
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By shannon sutherland smith
November 15, 2011
As the khaki-clad Tony Rinaudo kneels down and begins to aggressively rip and tear at the tender tree shoots sprouting out of the sun-baked soil in Humbo, Ethiopia, he looks more like an unruly grade-schooler bent on destruction than a natural resources advisor and forestry expert with a major international non-governmental organization (NGO).
But Rinaudo is no destroyer. He is a restorer—and a very authoritative pruner. “It’s too easy.” That’s what he likes to say as the Ethiopian farmers gather around whatever stump it is he happens to be passionately pruning with nothing but his hands and some unbridled enthusiasm for his work. Indeed, it seems to be “too easy,” and his frantic work begs the question of what could possibly come from teaching African farmers to fuss over some tree stumps and sad-looking seedlings.
It’s called farmer-managed natural regeneration (FMNR), and in terms of supporting community development, the World Vision program is accomplishing some remarkable results by teaching farmers to prune and protect stumps and seedlings so they can grow back into healthy, productive trees. Trees improve soil productivity, prevent erosion and are a source of shade and food for livestock and people.
“When my family and I moved to Niger in 1980, the people’s living conditions were unimaginable,” Rinaudo says. “There were practically no trees as far as one could travel, air temperatures were regularly above 40 C [104 F] and wind speeds could pass 60 kph [37 mph], bringing with them dust and illness. Millet, the staple crop, regularly failed due to drought, insects or disease, and livestock struggled to survive and often didn’t. Women walked for long distances—10 to 15 km [six to nine miles] in order to find wood. Millet stalks and manure, which should have been left on the field to protect the soil and fertilize it, were used as fuel substitutes. Not surprisingly, even in ‘good’ years, people went hungry and in bad years they simply starved.”
This situation might seem to scream for food aid, and aid is definitely a need in an emergency situation. But aid isn’t sustainable, and in many cases, it isn’t even a solution at all—food aid doesn’t reach the most vulnerable due to civil unrest, the remote locations of those in need or, frankly, the human tendency of the strong to steal from the weak. Sometimes problems, especially problems with many sources, have to be traced back to their origins. In this case, deforestation was negatively impacting the food supply in many African countries. So Rinaudo looked to the stump. And he taught others how to do the same. Soon farmers were teaching neighbors, neighbors were teaching visiting uncles and uncles were taking the techniques back to their communities.
Over just 20 years in Niger, 5 million hectares (12 million acres) have been reforested through FMNR, and Niger is the only African country experiencing net afforestation. “The significant positive impact of this one simple activity was totally unimaginable in Niger,” Rinaudo says. “There is now shade and protection from strong wind—in fact, the incidence of severe dust storms is greatly reduced. Crops growing in, trees no longer get buried or sand-blasted by strong winds. Millet yields have generally doubled, and livestock have fodder—tree leaves and pods—even in the height of the eight-month-long dry season. Incomes have doubled. In the Maradi district alone, one assessment put the total figure at $17 to $23 million. My estimate is far higher. Resilience has increased, thus when drought or locust plague come, farmers do not starve because their animals are healthy, they have wood and non-timber forest products to sell and their chances of getting at least something from their millet crops is far greater than for crops growing in the open.”
Rinaudo says “good stories” are now coming from other countries as well, such as Ethiopia and Ghana where wildlife is returning, children have access to wild fruits, erosion has been greatly reduced, water tables recharged and fodder now grows where before animals had to walk long distances to find grass.
FMNR and programs like it are built on a model of community development and are meant to offer sustainable, long-term solutions that continuous food aid just can’t. The United Nations defines community development as a process of social action where people get organized, clarify needs, execute a plan and develop economically and socially viable communities that improve the quality of life for residents. The FMNR is a grassroots community development initiative based on an approach Steve Corbett, co-author of When Helping Hurts: How to Alleviate Poverty Without Hurting the Poor … and Yourself, identifies as “asset-based community development.” Corbett describes this approach as one that focuses on what the poor have available to them and how it can be developed for their advantage. In this case, what the poor had were trees—well, tree stumps at least. And they had people—eager, able-bodied people who wanted to transform their land.
“Empowering locals is the most sustainable approach to fighting poverty.” — Barry Slauenwhite
Rinaudo doesn’t travel the countryside of Ethiopia pruning all by his lonesome. He and staff conduct meetings for men, women, herders, farmers, youth, government agencies and NGOs, telling the Niger story and showing what might be possible in their region. In some cases, cooperatives are formed or chiefs are enlisted to disseminate information. In other cases, each person works on their own land, and when the benefits become evident, word spreads quicker than a savannah grass fire. This, Corbett says, is the role foreign workers and those who want to support international community development need to be taking instead of simply winging in for a week or two to drop off aid, build houses or schools and run summer camps.
Corbett, who is an assistant professor of community development at Covenant College in Georgia, says students often spend spring break in Peru feeding the hungry, fly off to Haiti to care for the orphans at Christmas and plant trees in Tanzania over the summer. And they spend thousands of dollars to do so. Corbett is careful not to talk disparagingly about the people who participate in the plethora of short-term missions because he knows motives, for the most part, are pure. But he is quick to point out that short-term missions are supply-driven rather than demand-driven. “Let’s just tell the truth,” he says. “You’re not going to change the world, and not even a community, in a two-week mission.”
Corbett wants people to consider the impact on the local father who watches the youth group from Virginia parade out on to the local school ground in Guatemala and dump a dozen soccer balls, which he could not buy for his own son, on to the field. And he wants people to understand putting a laptop into the hands of every Nepalese fifth-grader is not going to create a wealthy and employable generation. He says supporting true community development may come at a cost. “We have to preach dying to self,” Corbett says. “And part of that might mean dying to the feeling you get when you go to these places. Instead, maybe we need to be investing in our brothers and sisters who are there and who know what the needs are and who are committed to being there for the long term.”
This is precisely the reason Compassion International uses expatriates very little in its field operations, says Barry Slauenwhite, president and CEO of Compassion Canada. “Compassion’s policy is to invest locally,” Slauenwhite says. “We are a completely nationalized NGO. All our staff—some 30,000—are nationals serving their own people in their own context. It would be very rare to encounter an expatriate Compassion worker anywhere we work. Investing in and empowering locals is the most sustainable approach to fighting poverty.”
Slauenwhite insists paternalism is the enemy of development. “We are wrong to assume we know best what the needs of a developing community are and the best solutions,” Slauenwhite says. “It is arrogant to think we Westerners have all the answers. Compassion has learned God has created intelligent people in and of all races.”
The West may have some answers and should be willing to share them—which the model of FMNR demonstrates—but community development led by, managed by and run by the community itself is simply more sustainable. Corbett says this is why he believes the most successful form of microfinance is the savings and credit association that does not require donor money. This is the type of model employed by what are called “people’s institutions” in Bangladesh in a program supported by the Christian Reformed World Relief Committee (CRWRC). Group members in Bangladesh contribute a set amount each week at their community meeting.
As the savings pool grows, group members are permitted to take out small loans they can then invest in their businesses. They repay the loans at a low interest rate back to the group. “The groups all have savings funds, which they use for income generation and their projects,” says Kohima Daring, country team leader for CRWRC in Bangladesh and India. “They also have health funds so they can give out interest-free loans for emergency health needs. Because the savings are generated by them and managed by them, they gain capacity to have bank accounts and manage their money. The money doesn’t come from outside. It is also not kept outside, and their money grows by their own savings.”
One young woman in Bangladesh, Parul Aktar, was married at the age of 15 and soon after, her new husband’s rickshaws were stolen and they had no way to earn a living. Thanks to the group’s savings fund, the couple was able to take out a loan, rebuild the business, and they now have four employees and sons who are attending school.
Community development doesn’t often provide instant gratification, although it just might produce infinite gratification. Those carefully tended tree stumps may take a few months or even years to stand up like real, bona fide trees. And a father who has lived his entire life immersed in extreme poverty who at long last earns rather than receives will often stand a little taller in a few short months or years as well.
A short two-week trip to Costa Rica will help you see the needs of a community and learn about a culture. But to really invest in the work of long-term community development, it takes years of partnership, prayer, empowerment and patience.
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- > We Should All Go Home From Work Early, Says Science
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While there is some bias in these documents toward individuals who are higher ranking than the social level the SCA is trying to reconstruct, many of the people mentioned are sailors and merchants. Therefore, many of the names represent the gentry, which is the sort of people that interest us.
Many individuals were mentioned multiple times; I have only recorded each once. However, I assume that people with different bynames (when those differences are not simple spelling changes) were distinct individuals (i.e. that <Alvaro Mendez> is not the same individual as <Alvaro Mendez de Vasconcellos>) unless the text of the letter makes it clear that they were the same person. Likewise, if the same name is mentioned after a gap of 5 years or more, I have assumed that they are different people, unless textual evidence suggests that they are the same individual.
Because individuals may be mentioned many times using several different spellings, I have made no attempt to quantify the occurrence of different spellings of names. Instead I simply list the variations in spelling for each name in a rough order from most frequent to least frequent.
Women's names were for the most part absent from these letters. For example, neither João's wife Catalina, nor his stepmother, Leonor, is mentioned by name, but only by title. (Both of these are modern spellings; they would probably have been <Catalina> and <Lionor> respectively.)
Reflecting the close relationship between Portugal and Spain, Portuguese names in the sixteenth century were quite similar to Spanish names, though distinctly Portuguese forms were evident. Portuguese names were roughly similar in complexity to Spanish names at the same time: no one mentioned here had a second given (middle) name, and only 15% have a surname with two elements.
A tilde (~) marks a nasalized vowel. Certain vowels (e, i, y) are marked with tildes in this data, though they are not used in modern Portuguese; these vowels are followed by tildes in the data. In such names as <Fernam>/<Fernão>, <-am>, <-ã>, and <-ão> are all used interchangeably. The pronunciation marked by <-ão> (similar to the modern Portuguese form, e.g. <São Paulo>, which is pronounced rather like <ow> in English). It is not clear whether the spelling ending in <-am> reflects an alternate pronunciation for the name, or whether it is simply an archaic spelling, not yet replaced by a form that more accurately reflects the 16th century pronunciation.
The top men's names are (in order of frequency):
|also Joham, João, Johão, Jõ, Ioham|
|also Amtonio, Amtonyo, Anthonio, Antonyo|
|also Françisco, Françisquo, Francisquo|
|also Pedro, Pere, Pedre|
|also Dioguo, Diego, Dieguo, Dyogo|
|also Manoel, Manoell, Manuell|
|also Fernã, Fernão, Fermão|
|also Simão, Symaão, Symãoo, Syman|
|also Afonso, Afomso, Affomso|
|also Lluis, Luys|
|also Viçente, Vicemte, Vincente, Vice~te|
|also Marti~, Martym, Martin, Martinho, Martino, Marty~, Martynho|
|also Baltasar, Baltesar, Balltesar|
|also Llopo, Lope|
|also Andre, Andres|
|also Bernalldo, Bernalldim|
|also Paull, Pallos, Palos, Pellas, Pelas|
The following names were borne by three individuals: Bellchior (also Belchior, Belchyor); Christovam (Christovão, Christão); Cosme (also Cossme); Eytor; Fernando; Garcia; Tome (also Thome, Tomaas, Tomee)
The following names were borne by two individuals: Ayres (Aires); Bastiam; Bertollameu (Bertolameu); Denis (Denys); Domingos (Domi~gos); Estevam (Estavã); Gomez; Goterre (Gotera); Inacio; Leonel (Leon); Llucas (Lucas, Luquas); Miguel; Nicollao (Nicolaao, Nycolaa, Nicolao, Nicalao, Niolaao); Tristam (Tristão); Vasco
Structurally, Portuguese surnames were similar to Spanish surnames at the same time. Textual evidence suggests that these names were mostly inherited surnames, rather than a descriptive particular to an individual. Thus, the son of <Fernam Allvarez> would be known as <Joham Allvarez> (an inherited surname), rather than <Joham Fenandez> (a true patronymic).
Of the 424 men, 6% (25) were mentioned without a surname. A few of them were described in the text (not as part of their names) in terms of their relationship to another person (e.g., "Afonso who is the brother of Joham de Castro"). However, an overwhelming majority (79%) of the people mentioned had a single element surname. Of these names, there were more locative surnames (31%) than any other type, though patronymic surnames were also frequently found. A significant minority of individuals mentioned (15%) had a two element surname, mostly one of the non-locative elements also found in single element surnames (either a patronymic or one of the "other" unidentified elements) followed by a locative element.
Common patronymic surnames include:
|Paes (from Pelayo)||Perez||Rodrigo||Suarez||Vaaz (from Vasco)|
Common locative surnames include:
|d'Alboquerque||d'Allmeida||d'Atayde||da Cunha||da Costa|
|da Silva||de Barros||de Briho||de Castro||de Crasto|
|de lima||de Loronha||de Mello||de Menesses||de Mota|
|de Paiva||de Sousa|
Other common surnames include:
|Single element surname||
|Locative: <de (placename)>||
|Patronymic ending in <-ez>||
|Other one element||
|Two element surname||
|Patronym in <ez> +locative||
|Uninflected patronymic + locative||
|Other two element||
A complete list of all men's names as they appear in the letters is also available.
Only a few women's names can be identified in this text. All the names are also well documented as Spanish names. However, this list is significantly different than the list of names of Portuguese women from the 15th century. Presumably this is a factor of the small sample size from the two lists, since names from each list are attested throughout the Middle Ages and Renaissance in Spain.
Women's surnames were somewhat less complex than men's bynames. One woman had no surname mentioned, because royalty are generally not given surnames in Portuguese sources. The rest had single element surnames. None had a two-element byname. One woman used a simple locative surname while her brother used a two-element surname containing both a patronymic and locative element.
Layout, editting, and publishing Arval Benicoeur.
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Fair housing in the US has been the object of much controversy, mainly due to the “Affirmative Action”Civil Rights” agenda that permeates American society at present. For those who are unaware, this is nothing more than a government-sponsored initiative to give certain disadvantaged groups an equal chance in getting hired in different areas of life (including housing). Apart, from the fact that it is an initiative based on racial discrimination, there are other issues involved which is why this type of initiative is not as widely accepted in the USA.
Fair Housing in America started as a reaction against the legalized racial discrimination in the Jim Crow era, generally as a result of the abolition of slavery. With the passage of civil rights legislation and other governmental initiatives, people were now given the right to get employment, access to credit, etc. However, this process of “racial equality” also meant that there were now two classes of citizens in America. The “Equal Opportunity Society” included the people belonging to the same race as the other; while the “Discriminated Society” consisted of people belonging to the “Disadvantaged Class” or the different races.
In the early years of this “Affirmative Action” program, there were some notable successes, but these soon ran out. As a result, many US states enacted similar legislation to combat the situation. Unfortunately, these laws are considered to be discriminatory by international law, and therefore they have been ruled invalid in recent years.
Nevertheless, the Fair Housing Policy Act of 1967 continues to serve as the foundation for the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This legislation, by law, requires US states to ensure that all individuals are given an equal opportunity to get a job, purchase homes, etc.
As of right now, the US Justice Department is still actively enforcing the Fair Housing Act in several cases. However, the federal administration is usually unable to successfully get its way when local courts are forced to enforce it.
Despite this setback, the Fair Housing Policy is still the most significant piece of legislation in ensuring equal opportunities for all minorities. In fact, in some cities, the policy has been used to defend the rights of the gay community.
Because of its importance, there are many organizations around the US that support the Fair Housing Policy. The National Organization for Women (NOW) is one such organization, along with the Center for Law & Social Change (CLSC), the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights (LCCR), and the Urban League.
While the FHA is the main law to protect minority groups, there are other pieces of legislation that can serve the same purpose. For example, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) provides additional protection for minorities who have problems accessing public facilities, and for individuals with physical handicaps.
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Where Does Raccoon Live
Where Do Raccoons Live?
- 1 Where Do Raccoons Live?
- 2 Where Do Raccoons Live? Raccoon Range and Raccoon Habitat
- 3 Where Do Raccoons Live in the World – Raccoon Range
- 4 Raccoon Habitat
- 5 What biome does a raccoon live in ?
- 6 Raccoon Facts
- 7 SHARE:
- 8 General Raccoon Facts
- 9 Raccoon Geography
- 10 Raccoon Habitat
- 11 Raccoon Diet
- 12 Raccoon Behavior
- 13 Identify Raccoon Damage
- 14 Raccoon Diseases
- 15 Fun Facts
- 16 Where Do Raccoons Live?
- 17 Where Do Raccoons Sleep?
- 18 Do Raccoons Live in Trees?
- 19 What to Do If You Find a Raccoon in Your Backyard
- 20 Need Advice?
- 21 Where Raccoons Live
- 22 Where Raccoons Live
- 23 In Which Countries Do Raccoons Live?
- 24 What Does A Typical Raccoon Habitat Look Like?
- 25 Where Do Raccoons Live In Urban Areas?
- 26 How Can You Peacefully Cohabit With Raccoons?
- 27 What If Raccoons Live In My Neighborhood?
Generally speaking, raccoons tend to favor wooded areas close to water, often making their dens in trees and logs. However, they can also be found in a variety of other habitats, from prairies to marshes and even cities, wherever there is a ready source of food.
Raccoons are common throughout the United States, although they are rare in the desert regions of Nevada, Utah and Arizona as well as some parts of the Rocky Mountains. They can also be found in Mexico, Central America and southern parts of Canada.
Unless the mother raccoon is caring for her young, raccoons tend to be solitary creatures, living and hunting alone.
Where Do Raccoons Live? Raccoon Range and Raccoon Habitat
Raccoons are found throughout most parts of the United States and southern Canada. They also occur in South America i.e. from Mexico to its northern areas. Apart from the U.S., they were also introduced in various other continents i.e. Europe and Asia. Now let’s take a deep dive into the animal’s range and habitat and find out where do raccoons live in United States, Canada, Europe and other parts of the world.
Where Do Raccoons Live in the World – Raccoon Range
Raccoons are native to the United States. They are normally found throughout the continent, except for few states. Apart from Procyon lotor (North American or Common raccoon), the remaining six species occur all over Central, South and North America. Besides, they are also found in the Caribbean Islands. The common raccoon is found from Canada to Panama.
Raccoons in Europe
Outside the United States, raccoons were introduced in various countries across the world. In the 1930s, the Soviet Union and Germany imported these mammals. Some of the other European countries where they occur today include West Germany, France, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.
Today, the largest number of raccoons in the world (outside the U.S.) exists in Germany. In Europe, the German city called Kassel (at the northern Hasse) holds the densest population of raccoons i.e. every square kilometer hosts 50 to 150 raccoons. Likewise, they are also present in good numbers in northern France.
In Asia, they were successfully introduced in Japan as well.
Image copyright Wayne Wetherbee
Where Do Raccoons Live in Canada
In Canada, raccoons live throughout the country, except Labrador and Newfoundland. With time, as more and more area is cleared, the range of these mammals expand toward the north.
Raccoons do not restrict themselves to any specific habitat. Instead, they often occupy variety of habitats thanks to their ability to adapt perfectly to the surroundings. Since raccoons are extremely adaptable animals, they tend to occur in grasslands as well as tropical areas. Moreover, they are one of the few animals that also thrive on urban settings, including farmlands and suburbans.
These mammals inhabit swamps, forested areas and agricultural lands. Normally, they den in abandoned holes of trees and attic of urban houses. But they are mostly found living near ponds in moist woodlands.
Like us, they also require water, shelter and food sources to occupy any habitat. However, they usually prefer living in floodplain forests, marshes and hardwood swamps. They can also thrive on prairies and farmlands.
The range of these animals expands with the availability of food as well as growing number of people in a particular area. In winter when the food is in short supply, they move back to their dens and sleep for longer periods to conserve energy.
Image copyright Richard T.
The specific kind of habitat also determines raccoon population in a certain area. In agricultural areas, there are almost 5 to 10 raccoons in every square kilometer. On the contrary, each square kilometer in urban areas holds up to 100 raccoons.
Generally, raccoons do not prefer living in the open terrain. The winter denning of these mammals occurs mostly on hollow trees and logs. In places where such dens are unavailable, raccoons live in abandoned burrows of other mammals.
They seem to have little fear of humans which is why they usually settle in urban areas. In Canada and the U.S., they are present in suburbs like Toronto, Washington and Chicago. They are also found in Albuquerque, a city in the state of New Mexico. In the cities, the denning sites of raccoons occur in the nearby forested areas.
Since raccoons are nocturnal animals, they are rarely visible in daytime. For that reason, most people are curious about where do raccoons go during the day? Do they go to sleep in daylight hours or remain active and search for food all day long?
What biome does a raccoon live in ?
October 31, 2015 8:25PM
Raccoons are very adaptable and are found in deciduous forests,
pine forests, rain forests, swamps, grasslands, savannas and even
in deserts. They are found in North, Central and South America and
Raccoons are highly intelligent and curious creatures, but they can also be a nuisance to any homeowner. These nocturnal mammals can destroy gardens, make a mess by tipping over garbage cans, and can cause structural damage in search of food. On this page, you will learn general raccoon facts and how to identify raccoon damage.
General Raccoon Facts
Scientific Name: Procyon lotor
Average Size: 12″ tall; 24-38″ long; 14-23 lbs.
Average Lifespan in the Wild: 2-3 years
Identifying Features: Gray fur with a black mask and 4-7 black rings around its tail; pointy snout with a black nose; dexterous front paws.
Raccoons are natively found throughout most of North America. Recently, raccoons have emerged in parts of Europe and Japan.
Traditionally, raccoons prefer heavily wooded areas with access to trees, water and abundant vegetation. There, they make their dens in the hollow parts of trees as well as abandoned burrows, traveling up to 18 miles to forage for food.
Raccoons are extremely adaptable. They are often found in suburban and urban areas, making their homes in man-made structures like attics, sewers, barns and sheds. In urban areas, raccoons tend to stay closer to their dens with a range of only about 1 mile, depending on their age and sex.
Raccoons are omnivores with an opportunistic diet; eating almost anything they can get their paws on. In urban areas, where wildlife and fresh vegetation are limited, raccoons will be more likely to eat human food and invade trashcans. The majority of their diet consists of sweet foods like fruits and invertebrates.
Some favorite foods include:
Activity: Nocturnal in nature, raccoons are mostly active at nighttime. They are most active in spring, summer and fall, and will sleep in their dens for most of the winter.
Reproduction: Reproduction begins in late winter. Females, or sows, usually give birth to 1-6 baby kits in April or May. Mothers are very protective of their young until they separate after about a year.
Social Interaction: Raccoons are independent after 12-14 months of age. Adults live in loose knit communities of 4 — 5 raccoons for better protection against predators.
Communication: Raccoons communicate with each other using over 200 different sounds and 12-15 different calls.
Skills: Raccoons possess amazing dexterity that gives them the ability to open doors, jars, bottles and latches. They are also great climbers, which allows them to better access food and shelter.
Identify Raccoon Damage
Raccoons can be extremely destructive due to their curiosity, intelligence, dexterity and climbing skills.
Here are some signs to help identify a raccoon problem:
- tipped trash cans
- raided bird feeders
- pilfered gardens
- damaged crops (ex. chewed sweet corn, hollowed out watermelons)
- uncapped chimneys
- torn shingles
- raccoon tracks: five long toes and fingers resembling human hands
Raccoons can carry several bacterial diseases and parasites that can be transmitted to humans and pets through a bite or the ingestion of raccoon waste.
Some diseases that can affect humans and pets include:
- roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis)
Although raccoons are notorious for carrying rabies, there has only been one recorded human death from raccoon rabies in the United States. Some signs that a raccoon may have rabies include aggressiveness, unusual vocalization, and excessive drool or foam from the mouth. If you think you may have identified a rabid raccoon, call your local animal control authority immediately.
A raccoon will rinse its food in water prior to eating it. When there is no water close by, a raccoon will still rub its food to remove debris.
Some hypothesize that the purpose of a raccoon’s black mask is to reduce glare, helping it to see better in the dark.
A group of raccoons is called a nursery.
Although raccoons only live 2-3 years in the wild, a raccoon can live up to 20 years in captivity.
Where Do Raccoons Live?
Raccoons may look cute and cuddly, but behind those friendly faces are destructive creatures that can ruin gardens and crops, cause damage to home and property and potentially be a danger to pets and children. Raccoons are savage fighters with sharp teeth and piercing claws, and they will eat just about anything they can find. If you spot a raccoon wandering around your suburban town or even an urban city neighborhood, you may find yourself wondering, exactly where do raccoons live in the city? After all, these invaders are surely not pet raccoons who just happen to have given their owners the slip in order to do some nightly foraging.
Inside the city limits may not seem like an optimal place for a raccoon to live, but they certainly don’t seem to mind it. Raccoons typically look for places to call home near bodies of water and prefer areas that have lots of trees to use as dens. However, with the spread of urban and suburban areas, raccoons have adapted well to city life. They will often live just outside city limits and travel through storm drains and sewers to find trash cans and dumpsters that provide easy meals.
Because of the variety of foods that a raccoon will eat, they are found just about everywhere in North America. Raccoons don’t discriminate in the types of fare they feast on. They will eat aquatic animals such as frogs and crayfish from streams and ponds, fruits and vegetables from gardens and farms and scraps from trash cans and city dumpsters.
Where Do Raccoons Sleep?
Raccoons are opportunistic creatures when it comes to where they sleep. Most raccoons seem to prefer sleeping in large holes in trees or hollow parts of fallen logs. They also find shelter in abandoned cars, attics, crawl spaces, barns, and sheds.
Raccoons change dens frequently, sometimes moving on to a new den every night. A raccoon may live in a tree one night and relocate to a cozy spot in your attic the next night. During breeding season and harsh winter conditions, however, they will opt to remain hunkered down in their den for more extended stays.
Do Raccoons Live in Trees?
Raccoons are excellent climbers, making tree dens an optimal location. Mothers who are raising their young will typically find a high tree hole away from predators. Juvenile raccoons live in trees for a few months with their mother until they can forage for food on their own.
What to Do If You Find a Raccoon in Your Backyard
The arrival of spring means the emergence of raccoons from wintering locations and into many backyards across North America. Raccoons eat incessantly during the spring and summer months in order to store body fat for the winter, when food sources may not be as abundant. If you spot raccoons in your area, it may be necessary to remove all potential food sources from your property:
- Move trash inside or lock trash can lids securely in place.
- Protect your garden by placing raccoon repellent around your garden perimeter.
- Seal or barricade any holes or crevices in your house that could possibly lead raccoons to find shelter in your attic, basement or shed.
Raccoons are very persistent animals, so they may need to be humanely removed from your property and relocated out of the area using a raccoon trap.
Are you having issues with invading raccoons on your property? Contact our customer service center at 1-855-5-HAVAHART or ask online for advice on keeping your attic, trash cans and garden free of destructive raccoons. You can also find more tips and tricks on our Havahart® Facebook page. We would love for you to share your own experiences with our community.
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Where Raccoons Live
Where Raccoons Live
- By : admin
- Prevent Raccoon Infestation
- Comment: 0
There is a broad range of habitats where raccoons live and can make themselves comfortable, but one thing’s for sure: You don’t want a raccoon to make himself at home in your home. If you learn a little about where raccoons live, you will get to know the animals better and as a result, you will be able to live in the same area as raccoons without any inconvenience. Most important, understanding raccoon habitat preferences will help you to determine whether your house is at risk and how to protect your property from the critters in a humane way.
Raccoons have become a familiar sight in most of the U.S. There are only a few states where raccoons are not present , and their distribution is constantly changing and expanding. As you will read below, the fact that raccoons are present in so many states, and probably in your neighborhood, is a clear indicator of the raccoon’s amazing ability to adapt.
In Which Countries Do Raccoons Live?
Raccoons live all over North America. Several sources confirm that raccoons are actually native to this part of the world. Today, the biggest raccoon population is found in Canada and the United States. The only region where raccoons are not present is in some southwestern states, like Utah, Nevada and Arizona.
Raccoons can also be found in Mexico and in the northern part of South America. Moreover, during the 20th century, raccoons were subject to human intervention that brought them to different parts of the world . Following the growing fur trade and the demand for raccoons as pets, the animals were taken to European countries like Germany and Russia, as well as Japan in Asia.
In time, the fur trade practically stopped; however, many people who had adopted raccoons as pets released them. Once the raccoons grew up and lost their puppy-like cuteness, their owners were confronted with the difficulties of raising raccoons as pets and quickly got rid of the problem by releasing the animals into the wild. As a consequence, these countries now have thriving raccoon communities.
The fact that raccoons can be found in such diverse countries and environments should give you a real clue as to their amazing capability to adapt to different situations. Later we will explain why their adaptability needs to be taken into consideration if you have raccoons in your area.
What Does A Typical Raccoon Habitat Look Like?
Just as raccoons can live in different countries with different climates, their habitats too can be extremely diverse.
Raccoons prefer to live in the forest or wooded areas with rivers, streams, lakes or other sources of water close by. If in the vicinity there are corn fields or other cultivated farm crops, then you have a perfect raccoon habitat.
If you do not live in a place that meets these criteria, don’t think you’ll never have a chance to meet one of these funny creatures. Through the years, raccoons have moved to areas that do not represent their typical habitat . For example, you can now find raccoons in coastal marshes and mountainous areas. The Rocky Mountains were long uninhabited by raccoons, but now the critters are present in the western Rockies too. In new habitats like this, raccoons have been able to survive and thrive.
Apart from the geological configuration of the territory, there a few things that are essential for raccoons to establish and survive in a particular area. They need to have adequate protection from predators, easy denning options and plenty of food and water nearby.
This is why wooded areas, generally speaking, are the preferred raccoon habitat. Vertical structures, like trees, make raccoons feel safe. Whenever a raccoon feels threatened, he will climb the tree or another tall structure that can keep him away from his enemies. This compelling need to feel safe is one of the reasons raccoons do not live in open areas . They even avoid places with a lot of beech trees, which cannot bear the raccoons’ weight when they try to climb. From the raccoons’ perspective, these environments are too unsafe, so the animals tend to avoid such areas altogether.
When it comes to raccoon dens they become really lazy bums. You may be familiar with images of raccoons busily exploring, touching things with their hands and washing their food. Raccoons are truly active creatures. But when it comes to finding shelter for the night, raccoons display an entirely different personality. They don’t even think about building their own dens , becoming opportunists instead.
Try to imagine you’re in the forest at dusk, observing raccoons as they come out of their dens to look for food. You would be surprised to see them popping up from all manner of places, such as hollow trees, burrows of other animals, caves, nests abandoned by squirrels, rock clefts, groundhog holes or any other spot that can offer some shelter. During the hottest season, they can even sleep in the forks of trees or simply on the ground. Therefore an area that offers easy options to spend the night is a must for lazy raccoons.
When it comes to food, raccoons need to have plenty of resources within a short distance. This is one of the overriding reasons that raccoons choose one location over another. They are omnivorous, so they can eat anything from insects, rodents, frogs, eggs and fish to fruit, berries, vegetables or whatever else they can find. They don’t care what kind of food is available — it just needs to be easy to find without traveling a long distance.
While appropriate protection, raccoon den options and food sources are important factors in determining a raccoon habitat, weather is not a consideration . Raccoons don’t mind cold or hot weather. Instead, yet again, they show their incredible ability to adjust to any environment, including the weather conditions.
If the weather gets cold in the wintertime, raccoons know how to protect themselves. To survive the coldest months, they can spend weeks sleeping in their dens without going out at all. During this period, raccoons even accumulate fat in their tails that, once wrapped around their bodies, will keep them warm enough to survive. At the same time, the colder the weather, the thicker their fur will become, offering additional protection.
On the other hand, when raccoons live in an area that’s not so cold, they don’t have to worry about those protections, and they continue their activities as usual during the winter. These guys are really flexible creatures.
Where Do Raccoons Live In Urban Areas?
All the above information about where raccoons live leads to questions about how close they can get to humans.
There is no doubt that the raccoon population in the U.S. is constantly growing, and this is so for several reasons. As farming started to expand in the 19th century, new readily available sources of food became easily accessible to raccoons. Hunting and trapping of raccoons, commonly practiced at one time, were restricted or even prohibited, creating favorable conditions for raccoons to expand their range. In many cases, human expansion caused the elimination of common raccoon predators. This alteration of the natural food chain resulted in the overpopulation of raccoons.
All these favorable conditions paved the way for what came next: raccoons making urban areas their habitat . The first official raccoon sighting in an urban area dates back to the 1920s in Cincinnati. Back then, the sighting made the news. Not so today. Nowadays, raccoons are a very familiar sight in urban developments.
If you put together everything you now know about how raccoons choose a habitat, then it’s not difficult to understand why urban areas are perfect places for raccoons to live. First, they can find plenty of food. Think about how much food they could collect just from your own trash can. This is only one of the many food options raccoons have in an urban area. Wherever they go in the city, they can easily find something to eat.
Not to mention that raccoon den spots are widely available in a metropolitan area. Raccoons can choose from barns, crawl spaces underneath houses, abandoned buildings and abandoned cars, or they can break right into a house and use the attic, chimney, garage or walls as a den. The options are practically limitless.
Another plus of urban areas is the lack of natural predators . While raccoons can feel at home in an urban environment, this is not the case for other wild animals. They prefer to keep their distance and don’t even think about coming closer just to hunt raccoons. Domestic animals, on the other hand, don’t pose any real threat to raccoons.
Overall, our cities make for good raccoon habitat. They are safe places for the critters, who can find plenty of food and easily claim a hole to spend the night.
That’s why, as the raccoon population keeps expanding, it is more and more common to find raccoons not only living close to urban areas but right in the middle of bustling metropolises.
How Can You Peacefully Cohabit With Raccoons?
That leads to our last consideration about where raccoons live. This is the piece of information that should interest you the most if you do not want to bump into problems with raccoons.
If you think about what makes a perfect raccoon habitat, you will quickly become aware that your own house could be at risk of a raccoon’s intrusion.
Raccoons need to feel safe from natural enemies like coyotes and foxes, and you’re less likely to have those on your property. Even if, for whatever reason, a raccoon feels threatened in your yard, your house has plenty of vertical structures he can climb to find refuge: trees, drainpipes, poles, even crawl spaces.
What about food? The human environment provides plenty of food sources . We already mentioned the trash can, but raccoons are also attracted to bird feeders, pet food left outside during the night, fruit trees, berry bushes, fish in your pond, grubs in the soil and so on. Anything edible around your house is like a neon sign to a raccoon.
The same is true when it comes to raccoon dens. Can a raccoon find a spot to spend the night on your property? The answer is probably yes. In fact, your house may have several ready-to-use dens , such as the crawl space underneath your house or deck, or even your woodpile.
What if a raccoon can find a way to enter your house , maybe from a poorly protected vent hole? What about your chimney or your garage? If a raccoon can find a way into your house, or if he is given an opportunity to create his own entry hole, then your house has become a dream den. Inside your attic, chimney or any other suitable spot, a raccoon will find perfect conditions for his den : dark, safe and warm enough in wintertime. Moreover, when it is time to give birth to baby raccoons, there are plenty of spots in your home where a mother raccoon can hide the litter to raise the newborn babies safely. What more could a raccoon family ask for?
What If Raccoons Live In My Neighborhood?
There is no doubt that your house is an extremely appealing place for a raccoon. You should take advantage of what you now know about raccoon habitat to keep raccoons away from your house and yard .
In many areas around the U.S., people have to learn to live with raccoons. But their presence should not become a cause of excessive distress. You just need to be cautious and know what to do to stay away from raccoon trouble. What you want to avoid at all costs is letting a raccoon make a den in your house or take up residence in your yard. The damage a raccoon can cause to your property can be pretty severe and the related risks to human health must be steered clear of.
Now that you know where raccoons live and the features of an ideal raccoon habitat, you need to make sure raccoons cannot find these conditions in your house or yard. You must take preventive steps to wildlife-proof your property .
Keeping raccoons away from your house is not difficult if you do it before the animals become too attached. It’s not even super expensive . First, you have to eliminate any sources of food or water. Then leave the raccoons without any den options by securing your chimney, vent holes and any other possible access points to your house. If raccoons can’t find food or shelter on your property, it is game over . In no time, they will realize they cannot live there and move on. To assist you in protecting your house, we’ve prepared an easy-to-use guide with detailed instructions for keeping raccoons away from your property .
Raccoons are wild animals but their adaptability has made them brave enough to live next door to humans. For our part, we’ve done a good job of giving them many reasons to come too close. This cohabitation is so often the cause of problems, complaints and bitter feelings toward the animals. But if you understand raccoons, their behavior and the ideal raccoon habitat, it is entirely possible to enjoy their presence around your neighborhood and yet keep them far enough away to avoid complications.
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“A given college may be a heterogeneous archipelago. But most of its students spend the bulk of their time on one of many homogeneous islands” – Frank Bruni
Source: The New York Times (December 12, 2015)
Check out this interesting piece by Frank Bruni from 2015. Bruni suggests that many colleges and universities don’t do enough to ensure students have meaningful interactions with people from different backgrounds. Without nudges to stimulate these interactions, “students will default to sameness” says Ronald Shaiko, a senior fellow at Dartmouth College’s Nelson A. Rockefeller Center.
The research is clear: students learn the most when they interact with each other and their instructors. At least, students who are interacting with each other have the potential to learn more. But this potential is only realized if students have the so-called “soft skills” needed to interact constructively with each other. “Soft skills” is a pejorative term that suggests these skills are not important and are easy to acquire, neither of which is true. It’s best to refer to them as interpersonal competencies, since these two words tell us that we’re talking about the knowledge, abilities and skills required for two or more people to communicate and work together effectively. Regardless of what we call them, it is critical that students come to understand that interpersonal competencies can be developed through deliberate practice, and are critical to their success as engineers.
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Direct reports—or subordinates—are the people working directly below a more senior employee, such as an executive, manager, team leader, or supervisor. These senior employees are responsible for delegating tasks to their direct reports, as well as overseeing their performance and mentoring them. They can also be involved in the recruitment of their direct reports.
Identifying direct reporting relationships between your employees is one way of structuring your organizational chart. It helps provide a clear line of authority and direct the flow of information and communication, which can lead to improved efficiencies within a business.
The number of subordinates under a manager—referred to as the span of control—depends on a range of factors specific to an organization and its employees.
Difference Between Direct and Indirect Reports
A direct report is once removed from a senior employee, and an indirect report is twice removed. An indirect report is someone who reports to a senior employee’s direct report.
In this scenario, a senior employee typically oversees the general performance of indirect reports but isn’t involved in their day-to-day management.
The HR Manager’s direct reports are the Training Officer, Employee Relations Manager, and Workplace Health and Safety Officer.
The HR Assistant is the direct report of the Employee Relations Manager and Workplace Health and Safety Officer.
The HR Assistant is the HR Manager’s indirect report.
Direct Reports—The Manager’s Role
A manager or supervisor has a range of responsibilities concerning their direct reports.
- Delegating work. Managers know who they can give tasks to and who has the capacity to take on a task. This is an especially important function for large organizations with many employees.
- Overseeing work. This includes ensuring the quality of work, answering any questions their team may have, and providing help when needed.
- Mentoring team members—especially junior ones—and assisting with career development.
- Performance management—for example, providing feedback and regular performance evaluations.
How Many Direct Reports Should a Manager Have?
There’s no magic number when it comes to direct reports. The range varies between organizations and depends on various factors.
Size of the organization
The number of employees in an organization often guides the allocation of direct reports. Managers in larger organizations with a hierarchical or vertical structure typically have a narrow span of control—i.e. fewer people working under them. Smaller organizations may have a flatter, more horizontal structure where managers have a larger number of direct reports.
The complexity of the work
If your employees’ work involves repetitive, standardized tasks within a formalized structure, employees may not need as much supervision and managers can be assigned more employees working under them.
As the complexity of work increases, the more time and energy a manager will need to spend with their direct reports, and their span of control should be smaller.
Experience level of direct reports
The newer or less experienced the employee, the more supervision and mentorship they will likely need. In this case, it’s better to assign fewer subordinates to each manager. More experienced employees will likely be more independent and so require less supervision—allowing managers to take on more people under them.
Experience level of manager or supervisor
Someone with experience balancing managerial responsibilities may be comfortable having a larger span of control. It’s also worth taking into account a manager’s other responsibilities before assigning them more direct reports.
Organizational and departmental goals
A Manager’s span of control should take into account and support broader organizational and departmental goals.
Organizational culture may also influence the number of employees assigned to a manager. For example, if your organization prioritizes flexibility, managers may have more direct reports to encourage independent work.
Allocating the right number of direct reports involves balancing all these factors. If a manager has too many people working directly under them, deadlines may be missed, communication can be negatively affected, and employees may feel unsupported or undervalued.
How To Build Relationships With Your Direct Reports
The key to successfully managing subordinates is to build strong professional relationships with them based on trust and mutual respect. Here are some tips for how you can do this.
- Get to know your direct reports at an individual level.
This helps you understand their management and communication style, and ensures they feel valued. It also helps with mentoring and career development, which are key management responsibilities.
- Have regular one-to-ones with them.
Catching up with employees allows them to raise any concerns or questions and provide an update on their work. This has a direct impact on employee engagement. A recent report found that one-to-ones can increase the odds that an employee will be highly engaged by 430%.
- Practice open and honest communication.
A good way to do this is to encourage participation by everyone during team meetings. Also ensure your direct reports have access to a range of ways to communicate with you and their colleagues—including email, phone, and chat apps.
- Provide effective feedback.
Be direct, specific, and empathetic in how you give feedback to your reports. Identify how you can help them address any areas of concern. Don’t forget that feedback is a two-way street—you also need to take on board constructive feedback from your direct reports.
- Involve direct reports in decision-making.
Aside from the opportunities for innovation this offers, it also demonstrates that you value your direct report’s opinion and helps them create a sense of ownership over their work.
Direct reports are the employees who are directly managed by a more senior staff member—typically a manager, supervisor, or team leader. Managers are responsible for delegating tasks to their direct reports, mentoring them, and managing their performance.
Deciding on the number of direct reports to assign to a manager varies between organizations. It also depends on factors including the size of the organization, organizational culture, and the complexity of the work.
Manage All of Your Business Operations with One Simple & Powerful Tool
Create optimal employee schedules, record work hours with complete accuracy, manage daily tasks, and more with Connecteam.
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Good Old English Oak
Just as the days of William and Mary, and Queen Anne became known as "The Age of Walnut " in the furniture trade, so oakógood old English oakócut from the heart of the tree from the branches down to the rootsócontinued to be used in Tudor days as it had been in early times, and became the Age of Oak, that is to say, the oak so beautifully carved and wrought so decoratively in architectural wood-work, like the panels of the linen-fold.
When bluff King Hal reigned the makers of furniture used the best possible oak for panelling, for chairs and benches, and for tables and four-post bedsteads, as their ancestors had chosen the best English oak for beams and architectural work in the days before much furniture was made. In early Tudor times, and even more so in late Tudor or Elizabethan days, the wood-carver was of paramount importance. The furniture, roughly cut and none too well smoothed, although strong and very substantial, needed the embellishment of the chisel and the carving tool to give it that imposing grandeur which makes " old oak " so attractive to the collector and the connoisseur.
Reference has been made to the strength and beauty of oak furniture in mediaeval days, and in those later times when the Continental Renaissance was making itself felt in England. Now the admirers of old English furniture are invited to study some of the characteristics of Tudor oak, which will help them to identify any family relics they may possess. As this period is the one par excellence when oak shone (literally as well as figuratively) and its rich brown colour and its markings enhanced its beauty, it is easy to understand that its use was general, and that Tudor architects made use of it to add to the appearance of what up till then were plain looking Tudor buildings. Such houses must not be confused with the mediaeval castles and strong-holds which remained until after the Civil War. They were the houses and manors contemporary with the later castles, but not intended as places of defence, many of them being merely moated for protection. It is the old moated granges of the Tudor, and still more so of the late Tudor or Elizabethan period, that furnish object lessons of the caskets which once contained the richly carved oak furniture which home connoisseurs treasure.
As it has already been suggested, the wood-work of the builder and the craftsmanship of those men who gave us decorated furniture cannot well be separated, and in discussing the style of the furniture of any one period it is almost necessary to consider the house in which it was used, and for which it was eminently suited ó this affinity between the two was especially close during the Tudor period and the years which followed immediately afterwards.
( Originally Published Early 1900's )
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A food craving has a way of throwing your healthy eating efforts a major curve ball. While you may interpret your need to binge on cookie dough ice cream and pepperoni pizza as weaknesses in willpower, it’s more likely your body’s way of telling you what it needs.
Your body is built to operate on specific whole food-based nutrients to perform and function at its best. If you’re running low on a vitamin or mineral, the body lets you know by pining for something very specific. So when a craving seemingly comes out of the blue, it might actually be your body sending up a flare that it’s deficient in something.
Ready to interpret what your body needs? Here’s a list that helps to breaks down the mind-body communication barrier.
Food Craving: Chocolate
Eat: Dark Chocolate
In addition to simply tasting good, chocolate is high in magnesium. Adding in more magnesium-rich foods, such as dark leafy greens, fish, bananas, and beans, may help to curb your chocolate cravings. However, sometimes you just REALLY want chocolate and nothing else will do. When that happens, go for a piece or two of dark chocolate.
Food Craving: Sugar
Eat: Fresh Fruit
If cookies, cupcakes, and candy are what you crave, your blood sugar may be a bit out of whack. Since filling up on sugar-laden treats could cause levels to spike and then later crash–all while providing little to no nutritional benefit–your better bet is to satisfy a sweet tooth with fresh fruit instead. You’ll get a bit of glucose and fructose (both natural forms of sugar) while also taking in vitamins and antioxidants your body needs. The fruit swap can also help if sugary foods has simply become a snacking addiction, meaning your brain needs it more than your body does.
Food Craving: Salty Snacks
The average American consumes 3,4000 mg of sodium per day, which is higher than the 2,300 mg the FDA recommends. Salt and sodium are lurking in all kinds of processed foods, which is why the intake is often off the charts. The problem is that it’s the wrong kind of salt that the body needs, and often craves. Instead it wants chloride, which is found in table salt and sea salt as sodium chloride. But you can ditch the sodium portion by eating foods such as olives, celery, tomatoes, and seaweed.
Food Craving: Pizza
Fish might not seem like a great replacement for the pie loaded with your favorite toppings, but filled with healthy fatty acids (we’re looking at your Omega-3s) it might be just what your body needs. If fish isn’t your thing, that’s no excuse to dive face first into a few slices. Instead try snacking on walnuts or adding chia seeds to a smoothie
Food Craving: Pasta
Wanting to nosh a big bowl of mac ‘n’ cheese may mean your body needs more fiber. There are lots of foods rich in fiber, including beans, artichokes, berries and avocados, but when you’re looking to find a replacement for pasta in recipes, quinoa–a seed that eats similar to grain–is high in fiber as well as protein.
What foods do you crave the most? Share them with us in the comments!
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Zu dieser ISBN ist aktuell kein Angebot verfügbar.Alle Exemplare der Ausgabe mit dieser ISBN anzeigen:
Physical description; xiii, 462 pages : maps ; 24 cm. Summary; "It comforts us to believe that the Holocaust was a unique event. But, as Timothy Snyder shows, we have missed basic lessons of the history of the Holocaust, and some of our beliefs are frighteningly close to the ecological panic that Hitler expressed in the 1920s. As ideological and environmental challenges to the world order mount, our societies might be more vulnerable than we would like to think." Subjects; Jews - Persecutions - History - 20th century. National socialism - Social aspects.
Die Inhaltsangabe kann sich auf eine andere Ausgabe dieses Titels beziehen.
"Timothy Snyder's bold new approach to the Holocaust links Hitler's racial worldview to the destruction of states and the quest for land and food. This insight leads to thought-provoking and disturbing conclusions for today's world. Black Earth uses the recent past's terrible inhumanity to underline an urgent need to rethink our own future" (Ian Kershaw)
"A wholly readable and utterly persuasive attempt to get us to look at the Holocaust in a different light. I read it twice, aghast but gripped by the moral abyss into which I was plunged on each page" (Observer)
"Black Earth is provocative, challenging, and an important addition to our understanding of the Holocaust. As he did in Bloodlands, Timothy Snyder makes us rethink those things we were sure we already knew" (Deborah Lipstadt)
"Part history, part political theory, Black Earth is a learned and challenging reinterpretation" (Henry A. Kissinger)
"In this unusual and innovative book, Timothy Snyder takes a fresh look at the intellectual origins of the Holocaust, placing Hitler's genocide firmly in the politics and diplomacy of 1930s Europe. Black Earth is required reading for anyone who cares about this difficult period of history" (Anne Applebaum)
"Timothy Snyder’s Black Earth is not only a powerful exposure of the horrors of the Holocaust but also a compelling dissection of the Holocaust’s continuing threat" (Zbigniew Brzezinski)
"Timothy Snyder is now our most distinguished historian of evil. Black Earth casts new light on old darkness. It demonstrates once and for all that the destruction of the Jews was premised on the destruction of states and the institutions of politics.I know of no other historical work on the Holocaust that is so deeply alarmed by its repercussions for the human future. This is a haunted and haunting book―erudite, provocative, and unforgettable" (Leon Wieseltier)
"Timothy Snyder argues, eloquently and convincingly, that the world is still susceptible to the inhuman impulses that brought about the Final Solution. This book should be read as admonition by presidents, prime ministers, and in particular by anyone who believes that the past is somehow behind us" (Jeffrey Goldberg)
"Always readable, highly sophisticated, and strikingly original" (Bernard Wasserstein Jewish Chronicle)
"Black Earth is mesmerizing" (Edward Rothstein Wall Street Journal (Europe))
LONGLISTED FOR THE 2015 SAMUEL JOHNSON PRIZE
The essential new book by the author of Bloodlands – ‘The most important work of history for years’, Antony Beevor
A radical reframing of the Holocaust that challenges prevailing myths and draws disturbing parallels with the present.
We have come to see the Holocaust as a factory of death, organised by bureaucrats. Yet by the time the gas chambers became operation more than a million European Jews were already dead: shot at close range over pits and ravines. They had been murdered in the lawless killing zones created by the German colonial war in the East, many on the fertile black earth that the Nazis believed would feed the German people.
It comforts us to believe that the Holocaust was a unique event. But as Timothy Snyder shows, we have missed basic lessons of the history of the Holocaust, and some of our beliefs are frighteningly close to the ecological panic that Hitler expressed in the 1920s. As ideological and environmental challenges to the world order mount, our societies might be more vulnerable than we would like to think.
Timothy Snyder’s Bloodlands was an acclaimed exploration of what happened in eastern Europe between 1933 and 1945, when Nazi and Soviet policy brought death to some 14 million people. Black Earth is a deep exploration of the ideas and politics that enabled the worst of these policies, the Nazi extermination of the Jews. Its pioneering treatment of this unprecedented crime makes the Holocaust intelligible, and thus all the more terrifying.
For more reading on how 'Hitler's World May Not Be So Far Away' (Guardian) http://bit.ly/1KfRB2c
„Über diesen Titel“ kann sich auf eine andere Ausgabe dieses Titels beziehen.
Buchbeschreibung Hardcover. Zustand: Very Good. Hardcover in unclipped dust jacket. Inner jacket flap has light edgewear, otherwise like new condition. AD. Used. Artikel-Nr. 518579
Buchbeschreibung 1st edn 1st printing. 8vo. Original silver lettered maroon cloth (tiny indentation on fore edge - otherwise near Fine), dustwrapper (Fine in protective cover, not price clipped). Pp. xiii + 462, illus with pictorial endpapers and b&w maps (no inscriptions). Artikel-Nr. 149376
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Factoftheday: Spain’s failure to work on memory of its past is paving the way for fascist behaviours
Last Sunday marked the 41st anniversary of the death of General Francisco Franco which ended his violent dictatorship over Spain. The country has since successfully managed its transition towards democracy. Yet, this kind of anniversary shows that old wounds have not completely healed; the country is still polarised, notably regarding the interpretation of its history. Statues of Franco are still present in parts of the city, and thousands still praise Franco’s legacy. Emilio Silva, a political scientist and journalist likewise wonders “Can you imagine a church in Germany where the priest prays for the soul of Hitler? Can you imagine a square in Italy that is named after Mussolini?”
The Dictatorship 1936 – 1975
Franco was one of the generals who led the military rebellion that overthrew Spain’s democratic republic in the Spanish Civil War (1936—39). After his camp won the civil war, he established a brutal dictatorship that ended with his death in 1975. Under this dictatorship, all those who had supported the democratic Republic were demonized as ‘anti-Spain’. To legitimize this rhetoric Franco used an ultra-conservative reading of Spanish history based on the myth of a monolithic Spanish ‘nation’ born thanks to the Catholic Kings in the 15th century. In his reading of Spain’s history, hierarchy and cultural homogeneity were the source of Spain’s imperial greatness and had been safeguarded by integrist Catholicism.
Franco hence promised to “make Spain great again” by fighting the Republic’s ‘sins’ of modernity, notably enlightenment and a tolerance of cultural heterogeneity. In order to purify the nation from the the Republicans, Franco claimed that they carried the germ of ‘anti-nation’ which had to be cleansed to avoid the contamination of the healthy body of Spain. Purification and purging through extrajudicial murders and humiliation hence became the norm in the Spain in the 50’s. Children of the Republicans were removed from their parents and adopted by regime families or sent to state institutions since Republicans were unfit to raise them.
This brutal exclusion has often been compared to what happened under Hitler’s Nazi Germany. Comparably, outgroups were designed to discipline the nation. This discipline worked through collaboration and denunciation which led to the imprisonment and killing of thousands and which completely polarized the society. Yet, unlike the German case, Franco’s dictatorship was not overthrown at the end of the second world war. While he closely identified politically to the Nazis, he had not aligned militarily with the German-Italian Axis. Franco’s dictatorship was hence left in place by Western powers who were notably convinced by his commitment to the fight against Communism.
The beginning of the collective amnesty
The death of Franco in 1975 led to the return of democracy. However, unlike countries such as Chile or Argentina that have also suffered from military dictatorships, no “truth commissions” were set up to help the reconstruction of democracy and collective memory. The Francoist elites allowed the democratic transition in return for a de facto political amnesty, based on the ‘pact of silence’. Through this Amnesty Act of the 15th of October 1977, the new government ruled out any future legal inquiries into “crimes committed by public servants violating human rights”. They interpreted those events as a “type of collective madness” (Casanaova, 2014) where crimes had been comitted in both camps, because of the fear imposed by the dictatorship.
Until the end of the 20th century, victims hence had to silently accept that there would be no public recognition of their past and move on. Yet, from the years 2000’s onwards, more and more civil society groups started to research the truth on their relatives’ history. Most notably, the Association for the Recuperation of Historical Memory (ARMH) petitioned for the exhumation of those extra-judicially murdered in order to identify them and give the chance of family and friends to rebury them.
‘Forgetting is a strategy that enables life to go on, although some of us keep our finger on the trigger of memory, just in case.’
So far the government has not publicly recognised Franco’s atrocities. ‘Forgetting is a strategy that enables life to go on, although some of us keep our finger on the trigger of memory, just in case.’ wrote Juan Marse, one of Spain’s post-war trauma great novelist. This quote summarizes the tension between the need to move on and the need to achieve collective reparation. Yet, public remembrance is needed in order to start a process of private forgetting that many families still need to go through. Democracy cannot be constructed on a unacknowledged history where violent actions are left for individuals to be interpreted.
The complicated process of “public remembrance”
That public remembrance work slowly started in 2006 with the arrival of a socialist government under José Luís Rodríguez Zapater. At the end of July 2006, his government introduced a bill called the Ley de Memoria Histórica (The Historical Memory Act). The act notably called for the removal of Francoist symbols from public spaces, yet, it went unenforced in many places and was often criticized, notably by right wing parties as an unnecessary opening of old wounds.
« Spain’s problem is not the act of forgetting, it is obstruction so that the crimes committed during the civil war and Franco regime are never subject to probes, neither in or outside the country ».
For Amnesty Spain chief Esteban Beltran: « Spain’s problem is not the act of forgetting, it is obstruction so that the crimes committed during the civil war and Franco regime are never subject to probes, neither in or outside the country ». He explains that the court still refuses to probe victims’ family claims of torture, forced disappearances and extra-judicial killings. Because Spanish courts are still unable to act properly on those issues, judges from other countries have stepped in. Likewise, in 2014, Maria Servini, an Argentine judge, issued arrest warrants for 19 former Spanish officials, to face justice in Argentina for alleged crimes against humanity. Unfortunately, Spain rejected them as past incidents were too old and tacitly pardoned. Yet, for Ignacio Jovtis, an other Amnesty researcher, « these arguments go completely against international law. »
A society still polarised
Check the video of one of the gatherings: https://ruptly.tv/vod/20161120-039
Because this memory work has never been done, the polarisation of society is still very much felt. Likewise, on Sunday morning hundreds of far right supporters, nostalgic of the dictatorship took to the streets of the capital. Commemorations were organised by far-right organisations, notably Fuerza Nueva and the Falange. As shown in the video, most supporters were raising their right arm in the fascist salute and were carrying banners with the slogan “Make Spain Great Again” referring to Franco’s but also Donald Trump’s recent campaign moto. Also shown in the video, during the protest, a group of men started to beat up a homeless protestor holding a sign where “Franco asesino” (Franco murderer) was written. Masses were also organised by the Francisco Franco Foundation in a dozen of churches throughout the country, while hundreds of Franco’s sympathisers took part in a commemoration march which ended at the Valley of the Fallen (Valle de los Caídos), where lays the memorial and tomb of Franco.
Those events are important because there illustrate two trends. The first one, mentioned above, is the polarisation within the Spanish society. Likewise, while hundreds were joining this fascist march, others protesters also came to the Valley on Saturday demanding for the site to be converted into a memorial site for the anti-fascist struggle . Many Historical Memory Associations were also protesting in Madrid asking the government to finally withdraw all public symbols and names honouring those associated with the Franco regime from public places.
The second trend is the illustration of the danger in the manipulation of facts and history to get public support. It is what Franco did and it is what extreme right European parties sometimes do. Franco’s regime was a violent dictatorship and referring to this period as “great” is an insult for all of the victims. Using the “outgroup”/”in-group” to make citizens feel superior is a danger which European history painfully reminds us. Spain needs to deal with its history in order for its wounds to heal but mainly to learn from it and never do the same mistakes again. We all need to learn from history and not let fascist speeches left unanswered.
For more information:
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The subjects you take at A-level can have a major impact on your future direction so before embarking on two years’ hard work it’s well worth doing your research. Here’s our five-point guide to making your choices.
1. Ability and enjoyment
Thinking about the subjects you are good at, like and enjoy is a useful starting point.
If you enjoy your studies, you are likely to be more motivated. Similarly, having a natural ability in your chosen subjects can increase your chances of success. For this reason you often need a certain grade at GCSE to study a subject at A-level, so you’ll need to check what subjects are open to you.
But beware, there can be significant differences from studying subjects at GCSE to A-level, so it doesn’t always follow that choosing a subject you enjoyed before will be a safe bet. It still pays to do your research, even if you feel you’re on familiar ground.
2. New subjects
Your school or college may offer A-levels in subjects that you’ve not studied before.
If any new subjects appeal to you, it’s worth taking some time to find out what’s involved to avoid disappointment later.
Keep a balance in mind. Choosing a couple of familiar subjects alongside one new one for example, can help leave your options open.
If you want to study certain subjects at university, it is not always necessary – or indeed helpful – to have studied them at A-level. This generally applies to new subjects at A-level, such as law or business studies (whereas for more traditional subjects an A-level in that subject is usually essential for university study). See section 5 for more details.
3. Subject combinations
Some schools or colleges have restrictions on certain subject combinations, so you will need to check your options.
Similarly, some universities discourage students from taking certain combinations of A-level subjects, especially where there may be an overlap in content, such as with business studies and economics.
The issue of subject combinations can be particularly important if you’re studying science subjects – see Choosing STEM subject combinations for further information.
4. Course content, assessment and workload
You may find it helpful to look at your course syllabus, sometimes called the specifications, which sets out course content and requirements.
Find out which exam board your school or college uses for your chosen subject, as both the content of the course (modules or topics) and the way it is marked (ratio of coursework to exams, amount of exams) can vary. Popular A-level exam boards in the UK include AQA and OCR and you can download the relevant syllabus from their websites.
You may also want to think about the likely workload of your choices. Find out what’s required in terms of essay writing, independent reading or extended projects and consider what this may mean in terms of your chosen subjects.
5. Future plans
If you have a particular career in mind, you may need to choose certain A-levels in order to meet entry requirements for degree courses or further study.
If you don’t yet have any career ideas, then keeping your options open can be just as important.
Top universities usually require three academic A-levels, not including general studies or critical thinking. The Russell Group, which represents 24 leading UK universities, has produced a guide which sets out how the subjects you study at A-level can determine which degree courses will be open to you in future. Whatever your plans, it’s well worth a read – see Informed Choices for full details.
You can also check entry requirements for university courses on UCAS.
Changing your mind
Making decision about the unknown is difficult. Whilst things often don’t turn out how you expect, it’s worth noting you can be surprised in a positive way – modules with the least appeal at the outset can end up being the most enjoyable.
There’s no failsafe solution here but if you do feel you’ve made the wrong decision after starting your course, speak to your tutor as it’s often possible to change subjects.
Speak to your current school teachers, A-level subject teachers, and current course students to get an idea of what the course involves and what’s likely to suit you.
Your parents, family and friends can help shape your views but remember you are the one who will be doing the work, and it’s your future that will be affected, so it’s important to be happy with the choices you make.
You can also speak to a careers advisor for help – visit the National Careers Service for contact information.
Find out more
Searching icould videos by subject will give you real-life examples of how people have used certain subjects in their careers or if you’ve hit a particular stumbling block try searching videos by life event for inspiration.
The Which? University Guide has information on how A-level choices can affect university applications.
What next after your GCSEs? sets out different pathways open to you after year 11.
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1. Scientists from A*STAR's Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and KK Women's and Children's Hospital (KKH) in Singapore have discovered that a fetus's immune system is established as early as the second trimester of pregnancy, and may be able to initiate immune responses independently of the mother's immune system.
2. These findings debunk commonly-held assumptions about fetal immunity, including the idea that the fetus's immune system develops much later in the pregnancy cycle, and is unable to mount an independent immune response, being dependent on the mother's immune system to defend itself against external pathogens.
3. The scientists also found that an unborn baby's immune system contains a unique mechanism to prevent rejection of the mother's cells, even as it develops independently. This mechanism is mediated by dendritic cells expressing the protein Arginase-2.
4. These findings represent a landmark shift in our understanding of human immune development, and also provide insights into the immune mechanisms involved in some pregnancy-related illnesses and developmental diseases. 5. The findings of this study have been published in the scientific journal Nature on 14 June 2017.
6. Dendritic cells are immune cells that act as the sentinels of the body's immune system. They detect and assess the threats posed by foreign pathogens to the body and decide whether to initiate an immune response.
7. A major finding of the study is that as early as the second trimester of pregnancy, the human fetus has developed a network of dendritic cells that is similar to that of mature adults. These fetal dendritic cells are able to perform key functions associated with adult dendritic cells.
8. However, the scientists also uncovered a key difference between fetal and adult dendritic cells - the former expresses high levels of a protein called Arginase-2, which dampens the immune system response. This mechanism of immunosuppression promoted by fetal dendritic cells helps to ensure that the fetus does not reject the mother's cells even as it begins to develop its own immune defences.
9. Furthermore, Arginase-2 regulates the ability of immune cells to secrete a key inflammatory signaling protein called TNFα. This prevents the fetus's immune system from overreacting, and initiating unwanted inflammatory immune responses that could impact the baby's ongoing development in the womb.
10. The dysregulation of TNFα production in the fetal immune system has been implicated in various pregnancy-related conditions and developmental diseases, such as gestational diabetes mellitus, recurrent spontenous miscarriage, and necrotising enterocolitis. Hence, in expressing Arginase-2, fetal dendritic cells play a critical role in fetal immune tolerance, and ensuring the overall healthy development of the fetus in the mother's womb.
About the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)
The Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) is Singapore's lead public sector agency that spearheads economic oriented research to advance scientific discovery and develop innovative technology. Through open innovation, we collaborate with our partners in both the public and private sectors to benefit society.
As a Science and Technology Organisation, A*STAR bridges the gap between academia and industry. Our research creates economic growth and jobs for Singapore, and enhances lives by contributing to societal benefits such as improving outcomes in healthcare, urban living, and sustainability. We play a key role in nurturing and developing a diversity of talent and leaders in our Agency and Research Institutes, the wider research community and industry. A*STAR oversees 18 biomedical sciences and physical sciences and engineering research entities primarily located in Biopolis and Fusionopolis.
For more information on A*STAR, please visit http://www.
About A*STAR's Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN)
The Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), officially inaugurated on 10 February 2006, is a research consortium under the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)'s Biomedical Research Council. The mandate of SIgN is to advance human immunology research and participate in international efforts to combat major health problems. Since its launch, SIgN has grown rapidly and currently includes 200 scientists from 25 different countries around the world working under 18 renowned Principal Investigators. At SIgN, researchers investigate immunity during infection and various inflammatory conditions including cancer and are supported by cutting edge technological research platforms and core services. Through this, SIgN aims to build a strong platform in basic human immunology research for better translation of research findings into clinical applications. SIgN also sets out to establish productive links with local and international institutions, and encourage the exchange of ideas and expertise between academic, industrial and clinical partners and thus contribute to a vibrant research environment in Singapore.
For more information about SIgN, please visit http://www.
About KK Women's and Children's Hospital (KKH)
KK Women's and Children's Hospital (KKH) is a recognised leader and Singapore's largest tertiary referral centre for Obstetrics, Gynaecology, Paediatrics and Neonatology. Founded in 1858, the 830-bed academic medical institution leads in patient-centred management of high risk conditions in women and children. More than 500 specialists adopt a compassionate, multi-disciplinary and holistic approach to treatment, and harness medical innovations and technology to deliver the best medical care possible. Accredited as an Academic Medical Centre, KKH is a major teaching hospital for all three medical schools in Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine. The Hospital also runs the largest specialist training programme for Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Paediatrics in the country. Both programmes are accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education International (ACGME-I), and are highly rated for the high quality of clinical teaching and the commitment to translational research. For more information, please visit http://www.
ANNEX A: Quotes from Spokespersons:
Quote from Dr Florent Ginhoux, Senior Principal Investigator at SIgN, A*STAR, and joint-senior author of the study: "We are excited by the prospects this discovery holds for the growing field of research into fetal immunity, and the insights it provides into the very beginnings of the human immune system. Moving forward, we plan to expand our characterisation of the human fetal immune system beyond dendritic cells, to incorporate other key immune cells like B-cells or T-cells. Our eventual goal is to build an atlas of the fetal immune system. Hopefully, this will allow us to discover additional mechanisms of fetal tolerance, and identify gene signatures so that we can better evaluate fetal fitness and immunity."
Quote from Associate Professor Jerry Chan, Senior Consultant, Department of Reproductive Medicine, at KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, and joint-senior author of the study: "We have known for a long time that maternal cells cross into the baby's blood stream, but are not rejected by the fetal immune system. It had been long thought that the fetal immune system does not reject these semi-foreign cells due to its immaturity. The discovery of a fully functional dendritic cell network by the second trimester of pregnancy challenges this belief, and the high expression of Arginase-2 by fetal dendritic cells may contribute to the ability of the fetus to tolerate the mother's cells. This new insight lays the foundation for future immune-directed therapies, and contributes to our knowledge of the fetal origins of certain pregnancy-associated conditions, such as pre-eclampsia."
Notes for Editor:
The research findings described in this media fact sheet can be found in the 14th June 2017 online issue of the scientific journal Nature, under the title, "Human fetal dendritic cells promote pre-natal T cell immune-suppression through arginase-2" by Naomi McGovern1, Amanda Shin1,2, Gillian Low1, Donovan Low1, Kaibo Duan1, Leong Jing
Yao3, Rasha Msallam1, Ivy Low1, Nurhidaya Binte Shadan1, Hermi R Sumatoh1, Erin Soon1, Josephine Lum1, Esther Mok1, Sandra Hubert1, Peter See1, Edwin Huang Kunxiang4, Yie Hou Lee5,6, Baptiste Janela1, Mahesh Choolani7,8, Citra Nurfarah Zaini Mattar7,8, Yiping Fan4,8, Tony Kiat Hon Lim9, Dedrick Kok Hong9, Ker-Kan Tan10,11, John Kit Chung Tam11, Christopher Schuster12, Adelheid Elbe-Bürger12, Xiao-nong Wang13, Venetia Bigley13, Matthew Collin13, Muzlifah Haniffa13, Andreas Schlitzer1,14,15, Michael Poidinger1, Salvatore Albani3, Anis Larbi1, Evan W Newell1, Jerry Kok Yen Chan1,4,8,16 and Florent Ginhoux1.
1 Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 3 and 4, Singapore
2 Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
3 SingHealth Translational Immunology and Inflammation Centre (STIIC), 20 College Road, the Academia, Level 8 Discovery Tower, Singapore
4 Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
5 KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore
6 OBGYN-Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore
7 epartment of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore
8 Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
9 Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Singapore
10 Division of Colorectal Surgery, University Surgical Cluster, National University Health System,Singapore
11 Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore
12 Department of Dermatology, DIAID, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
13 Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
14 Myeloid Cell Biology, Life and Medical Science Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn Germany
15 Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics Unit at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the University of Bonn, 53175 Bonn,
Germany 16 Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
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Course Hero. "Henry VIII Study Guide." Course Hero. 13 Mar. 2017. Web. 28 May 2023. <https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Henry-VIII/>.
Course Hero. (2017, March 13). Henry VIII Study Guide. In Course Hero. Retrieved May 28, 2023, from https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Henry-VIII/
(Course Hero, 2017)
Course Hero. "Henry VIII Study Guide." March 13, 2017. Accessed May 28, 2023. https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Henry-VIII/.
Course Hero, "Henry VIII Study Guide," March 13, 2017, accessed May 28, 2023, https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Henry-VIII/.
My surveyor is false. The o'ergreat cardinal/Hath showed him gold. My life is spanned already./I am the shadow of poor Buckingham,/Whose figure even this instant this cloud puts on/By dark'ning my clear sun.
Shortly after Buckingham is arrested, he already seems like a "shadow" of his former self. Just a few lines earlier, he was denouncing Cardinal Wolsey as a traitor for his involvement in the failure of a treaty between the French and English. Now he is accepting defeat without much fight. He gives in to his fate so quickly, it appears his death is willed by God, or he is actually guilty.
Go with me, like good angels, to my end./And as the long divorce of steel falls on me,/Make of your prayers one sweet sacrifice,/And lift my soul to heaven.
Both Buckingham and, later, Katherine are targeted by Cardinal Wolsey's scheming, and both seem more religious than the clergyman. Here, Buckingham prays sincerely before his death. Later, Katherine and other characters will question Wolsey's holiness.
Sir Thomas Lovell, I as free forgive you/as I would be forgiven. I forgive all./There cannot be those numberless offences/'Gainst me, that I cannot take peace with. No black envy/Shall make my grave.
When Lovell asks for forgiveness before Vaux takes Buckingham away, Buckingham freely gives it. Lovell's plea for forgiveness may indicate his understanding that Buckingham is innocent of the charges, in which case Buckingham's gracious attitude is saintlike. Buckingham's forgiving attitude is also part of an important pattern in the play: as each fallen character approaches death, they make peace with their lives either by seeking or granting forgiveness.
How holily he works in all his business,/And with what zeal! For, now he has cracked the league/Between us and the Emperor, the Queen's great-nephew,/He dives into the King's soul and there scatters/Dangers, doubts, wringing of the conscience,/Fears and despairs—and all these for his marriage.
It seems everyone but the king knows how corrupt Wolsey is. Norfolk sarcastically calls Wolsey holy and criticizes the corrupt and damaging influence of the cardinal on Henry VIII, when a clergyman's influence should bring people closer to God.
You, that have so fair parts of woman on you,/Have too a woman's heart, which ever yet/Affected eminence, wealth, sovereignty;/Which, to say sooth, are blessings; and which gifts,/Saving your mincing, the capacity/Of your soft cheveril conscience would receive/If you might please to stretch it.
The old lady speaks in frank terms to Anne Bullen, saying women really want wealth and power, and Anne should "stretch" her conscience to accept these things if they come to her by way of the king.
Sir, I desire you do me right and justice,/And to bestow your pity on me ... In what have I offended you? What cause/Hath my behavior given to your displeasure/That thus you should proceed to put me off/And take your good grace from me? Heaven witness/I have been to you a true and humble wife.
In a moving defense of her character and her marriage, Katherine pleads her case herself before the court. She asks for pity and justice, in seeming disbelief that she will now be repaid for her years of faithfulness by being cast aside. She calls upon heaven as her witness. However, despite her pleas and her faultless behavior, she receives neither justice nor pity from the king.
The more shame for you! Holy men I thought you,/Upon my soul, two reverend cardinal virtues;/But cardinal sins and hollow hearts I fear you/Mend 'em, for shame, my lords. Is this your comfort?
Katherine expresses her doubts about the morality and spirituality of Cardinal Campeius and Cardinal Wolsey. Her pointed pun—cardinal sins instead of cardinal virtues—shows her way with words and her tendency to speak the blatant truth without fear.
At length her Grace rose, and with modest paces/Came to the altar, where she kneeled and saintlike/Cast her fair eyes to heaven and prayed devoutly,/Then rose again and bowed her to the people.
The third gentleman waxes on about Anne's beauty and virtues, calling her saintlike. Making sure Anne is seen as exceptional in beauty, character, and piety is important to painting Elizabeth I, Anne's daughter, in an almost Christlike manner. This characterization would have pleased the reigning king at the time of the play's writing, James I, who was from the same family as Elizabeth I, and her successor.
So may he rest. His faults lie gently on him!/Yet thus far, Griffith, give me leave to speak him,/And yet with charity. He was a man/Of an unbounded stomach, ever ranking/Himself with princes; one that, by suggestion/Tied all the kingdom.
The three fallen characters—Buckingham, Wolsey, and Katherine—all engage the topic of forgiveness in some way before they die. Katherine seems to have the most difficulty with it, however. Here, she seems inclined to be forgiving of Cardinal Wolsey, moved by Griffith's description of Wolsey's final days. Yet she can't help but mention once again his greed and arrogance.
This royal infant—heaven still move about her!—/Though in her cradle, yet now promises/Upon this land a thousand thousand blessings,/Which time shall bring to ripeness ... And all that shall succeed ... When heaven shall call her from this cloud of darkness,/Who from the sacred ashes of her honor/Shall starlike rise as great in fame as she was/And so stand fixed. Peace, plenty, love, truth, terror,/That were the servants to this chosen infant.
As Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, christens the infant Elizabeth I, he prophesies she will be a great ruler, and her successor will also "starlike rise as great in fame as she was." This unbounded flattery of both Elizabeth I and her heir, James I, is woven throughout the play.
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Encapsulation works by enclosing equipment in special potting compound so keeping the potentially explosive atmosphere away from the source of ignition. There are however, several drawbacks with this type of protection.
- The testing part of the certification process takes at least five weeks and the outcome is by no means certain.
- The encapsulated product is subjected to high temperature conditioning for four weeks and, with the differences of thermal expansion of internal parts, can lead to cracking and splitting of the encapsulant.
- Accessibility and serviceability of the product is sacrificed, since the potting should cover all parts of the circuit.
On the plus side however there is not much restriction to the design of the circuit, although some modification may be needed because a single fault has to be applied to the circuit without damaging the potting.
Thermal fuses can provide this protection either built in or as a ‘piggy back’ board.
Important Design Parameters
- Breakdown strength
- Low water absorption
- Resistance to various influences
- Potting must be of stipulated thickness all round
- Cavities are only permitted to a limited extent
- Potting is only penetrated by cable entries
- Load on components is limited or reduced.
- Increased clearance between live parts.
Static coils in ballast, solenoid valves or motors, relays and other control gear of limited power, and complete PCBs with electronic circuits.
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When asking what makes a structure more or less stable, we find that a high or a small makes a structure less stable. In these cases a small is need in order to move the center of gravity outside the area of support. Structures with a low center of gravity compared to the size of the support area are more stable. One way to visualize stability is to imagine of the center of gravity caused by placing the object on a slope. For example, a 10° displacement angle might displace the center of gravity of a toddler beyond the support base formed by its feet, while an adult would still be in equilibrium.
The of a person’s body is above the in the hips, which is relatively high compared to the size of the formed by the feet, so must be quickly controlled. This control is a function that is developed when we learn to hold our bodies erect as infants. For increased stability while standing, the feet should be spread apart, giving a larger base of support. Stability is also increased by bending the knees, which lowers the center of gravity toward the base of support. A cane, a crutch, or a walker increases the stability of the user by widening the base of support. Due to their disproportionately large heads, young children have their center of gravity between the shoulders, rather than down near the hips, which decreases their stability and increases the likelihood of reaching a .
- " A man and toddler take a leisurely walk on a boardwalk" by Steve Hillebrand, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Wikimedia Commons, is in the Public Domain ↵
- OpenStax, College Physics. OpenStax CNX. Aug 3, 2018 http://firstname.lastname@example.org. ↵
- "Drowning Child Warning" by GodsMoon, Wikimedia Commons is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 ↵
a point at which the force of gravity on body or system (weight) may be considered to act. In uniform gravity it is the same as the center of mass.
region defined by lines connecting points of contact with the supporting surface
change in position, typically in reference to a change away from an equilibrium position or a change occurring over a specified time interval
the central point, pin, or shaft on which a mechanism turns or oscillates
the network of nerve cells and fibers which transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body
the point at which an object is displaced from a region of stable equilibrium
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Icebreaker: What would you bring as a gift for the baby Jesus in Bethlehem?
Read Matthew 2:1-6. Why was it important that Jesus be born in Bethlehem? Since the Magi were pagan astrologers, why would they leave everything in order to follow the star? Why do you suppose the Magi were the only ones who followed the star to Bethlehem? Why do you think Herod was so concerned that the baby be found?
Read Matthew 2:7-12. Look at the responses of the Magi upon seeing Jesus. How was their response similar to when you met Jesus for the first time? How was it different? What do the star, the Magi, and the gifts teach about the nature and significance of Jesus?
In your journey toward God, how are you like the Magi? Have you had to leave anything to follow Jesus? Have you had to make sacrifices?
How can we pray for each other?
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Parks & Greenbelt Turned Flowing River
While seasonal monsoon storms commonly bring heavy downpours, unusually prolonged rainfall can cause dramatic flooding through Indian Bend Wash. In this case, a Pacific hurricane to the south combined with the remnants of an Atlantic tropical storm from the east brought moisture and storm activity to much of the Southwest. After heavy overnight rainfall across most of the metro-Phoenix area, the normally dry greenbelt was transformed into a flowing river.
Part of an extensive 11-mile corridor of parks, multi-use paths, lakes, golf courses, athletic facilities and greenspace, Indian Bend Wash collects and drains surface runoff from central Scottsdale south to Tempe Town Lake on the Salt River. The many small bridges that commonly act as underpasses for the greenbelt bike path also allow water to flow under crossing roadways during flash floods. The storm runoff turns low park areas into shallow lakes and existing lakes into bigger lakes, but the bridges and other more confined channels create powerful flows, dramatically illustrating just how much water moves through the wash.
Although planning first began in the 1960s, development of Indian Bend Wash became more immediate after a major storm in 1970 caused significant damage to the wash area and intersecting roads. The infrastructure of the wash and greenbelt was completed in the mid-1980s and while heavy rains can exercise its limits, Indian Bend Wash has been carrying storm runoff safely through the heart of Scottsdale ever since.
Even after big rains the wash flows for just a day or so and particularly in the hotter, drier weather, remaining pools and puddles soak in and dry up in a few days. Summer monsoon storms are always a welcome break from the generally predictable weather of the Southwest and this kind of unusually heavy rain is a remarkable reminder of how dynamic the desert climate can be.More Adventures
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Pemetrexed is a cancer medication that interferes with the growth and spread of cancer cells in the body.
Pemetrexed is used to treat non-small cell lung cancer after other cancer medications have been tried without successful treatment.
Pemetrexed is also used with another medication called cisplatin to treat mesothelioma, a form of lung cancer associated with exposure to asbestos.
Pemetrexed may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
Follow all directions on your medicine label and package. Tell each of your healthcare providers about all your medical conditions, allergies, and all medicines you use.
You should not receive this medication if you are allergic to pemetrexed.
To make sure pemetrexed is safe for you, tell your doctor if you have:
FDA pregnancy category D. Do not use pemetrexed if you are pregnant. It could harm the unborn baby. Use effective birth control to avoid pregnancy during your treatment with pemetrexed. Follow your doctor's instructions about how long to prevent pregnancy after your treatment ends.
It is not known whether pemetrexed passes into breast milk or if it could harm a nursing baby. You should not breast-feed while you are using pemetrexed.
Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.
Call your doctor at once if you have:
Common side effects may include:
This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
Avoid being near people who are sick or have infections. Tell your doctor at once if you develop signs of infection.
Avoid activities that may increase your risk of bleeding or injury. Use extra care to prevent bleeding while shaving or brushing your teeth.
Do not receive a "live" vaccine while using pemetrexed, and avoid coming into contact with anyone who has recently received a live vaccine. There is a chance that the virus could be passed on to you. Live vaccines include measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), rotavirus, typhoid, yellow fever, varicella (chickenpox), zoster (shingles), and nasal flu (influenza) vaccine.
This medicine can pass into body fluids (including urine, feces, vomit, semen, vaginal fluid). For at least 48 hours after you receive a dose, avoid allowing your body fluids to come into contact with your hands or other surfaces. Patients and caregivers should wear rubber gloves while cleaning up body fluids, handling contaminated trash or laundry or changing diapers. Wash hands before and after removing gloves. Wash soiled clothing and linens separately from other laundry.
Body fluids should not be handled by a woman who is pregnant or who may become pregnant. Use condoms during sexual activity to avoid exposure to body fluids.
Pemetrexed can harm your kidneys. This effect is increased when you also use certain other medicines, including: antivirals, chemotherapy, injected antibiotics, medicine for bowel disorders, medicine to prevent organ transplant rejection, injectable osteoporosis medication, and some pain or arthritis medicines (including aspirin, Tylenol, Advil, and Aleve).
This list is not complete. Other drugs may interact with pemetrexed, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Not all possible interactions are listed in this medication guide.
Pemetrexed is injected into a vein through an IV. A healthcare provider will give you this injection.
Pemetrexed is usually given every 3 weeks. Your doctor will determine how many treatment cycles you should receive.
To prevent certain side effects of pemetrexed, you will need to take folic acid supplements and receive vitamin B12 injections (starting 7 days before your first dose of pemetrexed). Take only the amount of folic acid that your doctor has prescribed.
Your doctor may also prescribe steroid medication to reduce certain side effects of pemetrexed. Follow your doctor's dosing instructions very carefully.
Pemetrexed can lower blood cells that help your body fight infections and help your blood to clot. Your blood will need to be tested often. Your cancer treatments may be delayed based on the results of these tests.
Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222.
Call your doctor for instructions if you miss an appointment for your pemetrexed injection.
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The word diabetes (/ˌdaɪ.əˈbiːtiːz/ or /ˌdaɪ.əˈbiːtɪs/) comes from Latin diabētēs, which in turn comes from Ancient Greek διαβήτης (diabētēs), which literally means "a passer through; a siphon". Ancient Greek physician Aretaeus of Cappadocia (fl. 1st century CE) used that word, with the intended meaning "excessive discharge of urine", as the name for the disease. Ultimately, the word comes from Greek διαβαίνειν (diabainein), meaning "to pass through," which is composed of δια- (dia-), meaning "through" and βαίνειν (bainein), meaning "to go". The word "diabetes" is first recorded in English, in the form diabete, in a medical text written around 1425.
You will work with your provider to come up with a treatment plan. It may include only the lifestyle changes. These changes, such as heart-healthy eating and exercise, can be very effective. But sometimes the changes do not control or lower your high blood pressure. Then you may need to take medicine. There are different types of blood pressure medicines. Some people need to take more than one type. https://www.healthshare.com.au/storage/avatars/grey_background.jpg.60x60_q85_box-0,48,400,448.jpg
On physical examination, hypertension may be associated with the presence of changes in the optic fundus seen by ophthalmoscopy. The severity of the changes typical of hypertensive retinopathy is graded from I to IV; grades I and II may be difficult to differentiate. The severity of the retinopathy correlates roughly with the duration or the severity of the hypertension.
The tuberculosis skin test is based on the fact that infection with M. tuberculosis produces a delayed-type hypersensitivity skin reaction to certain components of the bacterium. The standard recommended tuberculin test is administered by injecting 0.1mL of 5 TU (tuberculin units) PPD into the top layers of skin of the forearm. "Reading" the skin test means detecting a raised, thickened local area of skin reaction, referred to as induration. The area of induration (palpable, raised, hardened area) around the site of injection is the reaction to tuberculin.
While the lipid abnormalities seen with metabolic syndrome (low HDL, high LDL, and high triglycerides) respond nicely to weight loss and exercise, drug therapy is often required. Treatment should be aimed primarily at reducing LDL levels according to specific recommendations. Once reduced LDL targets are reached, efforts at reducing triglyceride levels and raising HDL levels should be made. Successful drug treatment usually requires treatment with a statin, a fibrate drug, or a combination of a statin with either niacin or a fibrate.
According to guidelines from the American Heart Association (AHA) and the American College of Cardiology (ACC), a reading below 120/80 mm Hg is classified as normal blood pressure. Those with a blood pressure reading anywhere from 120/80 up to 129/80 are classified within a category called elevated blood pressure. Hypertension is defined as a reading of 130/80 or higher.
Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a rare autosomal dominant inherited form of diabetes, due to one of several single-gene mutations causing defects in insulin production. It is significantly less common than the three main types. The name of this disease refers to early hypotheses as to its nature. Being due to a defective gene, this disease varies in age at presentation and in severity according to the specific gene defect; thus there are at least 13 subtypes of MODY. People with MODY often can control it without using insulin.
Secondary hypertension can be caused by kidney disease; sleep apnea; coarctation of the aorta; disease of the blood vessels supplying the kidneys; various endocrine gland disorders; the use of oral contraceptives; smoking; alcohol intake of more than two drinks per day; chronic use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); and antidepressant use.
Many of you at this point know my story, for the entirety of my life I had tried diet after diet. I was active, I ate well, yet no one would believe that because I was obese. Indeed, my poor mother dragged me from doctor to doctor trying to figure out what was going on with me. She was desperately trying to help me understand why nothing I did worked and why year after year I gained more and more weight and felt less at home in my body. I know that I am not alone in this as so many of you have reached out to tell me that they are struggling with weight loss. This phenomenon, that I have titled weight loss resistance, is a huge concern to me! This was part of the reason I became a Naturopathic Doctor. In the days when no one could help me shed the extra 80lbs of body fat I had, I had to do my own research, I had to blaze my own trail and now I am compelled to share that!
Ariana Shakibinia decided to study public health in large part because she lives with T1D. She had always been interested in public policy, but she says living with this disease has made her more vested in the healthcare conversation. “I am living with what is essentially a pre-existing condition. I’m fortunate enough to have good health insurance, but it makes the potential financial burden of T1D management much more visible and relatable.”
Hypertension occurs in around 0.2 to 3% of newborns; however, blood pressure is not measured routinely in healthy newborns. Hypertension is more common in high risk newborns. A variety of factors, such as gestational age, postconceptional age and birth weight needs to be taken into account when deciding if a blood pressure is normal in a newborn.
For an accurate diagnosis of hypertension to be made, it is essential for proper blood pressure measurement technique to be used. Improper measurement of blood pressure is common and can change the blood pressure reading by up to 10 mmHg, which can lead to misdiagnosis and misclassification of hypertension. Correct blood pressure measurement technique involves several steps. Proper blood pressure measurement requires the person whose blood pressure is being measured to sit quietly for at least five minutes which is then followed by application of a properly fitted blood pressure cuff to a bare upper arm. The person should be seated with their back supported, feet flat on the floor, and with their legs uncrossed. The person whose blood pressure is being measured should avoid talking or moving during this process. The arm being measured should be supported on a flat surface at the level of the heart. Blood pressure measurement should be done in a quiet room so the medical professional checking the blood pressure can hear the Korotkoff sounds while listening to the brachial artery with a stethoscope for accurate blood pressure measurements. The blood pressure cuff should be deflated slowly (2-3 mmHg per second) while listening for the Korotkoff sounds. The bladder should be emptied before a person's blood pressure is measured since this can increase blood pressure by up to 15/10 mmHg. Multiple blood pressure readings (at least two) spaced 1–2 minutes apart should be obtained to ensure accuracy. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring over 12 to 24 hours is the most accurate method to confirm the diagnosis.
Insulin is a fat storage hormone, it works to shuttle the sugar from your blood stream into your fat cells to store for later. Insulin has a number of other reproductive functions and has effects on skin health, cravings and the like. Insulin levels naturally increase after eating a meal that contains carbohydrates, dairy or protein. If you are insulin resistant then you can have an elevated level of insulin when you are fasting, or you can experience too much insulin release in response to those foods. This can trap your body in fat storage mode and inhibit fat loss.
Although metabolic syndrome is a serious condition, you can reduce your risks significantly by reducing your weight; increasing your physical activity; eating a heart-healthy diet that's rich in whole grains, fruits, vegetables and fish; and working with your healthcare provider to monitor and manage blood glucose, blood cholesterol, and blood pressure.
The AHA/ASA recommends a diet that is low in sodium, is high in potassium, and promotes the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products for reducing BP and lowering the risk of stroke. Other recommendations include increasing physical activity (30 minutes or more of moderate intensity activity on a daily basis) and losing weight (for overweight and obese persons).
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1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
There is underlying complexity of the factors affecting the performance of students in education attainment and this is what has prompted the current study. Despite the complexity of factors influencing students’ achievement, a number of studies are pointing to the evidence that institutional factors are associated with academic performance though mainly in other subjects rather than accounting. Accounting is one of the subjects needed by every individual irrespective of the person’s profession. For any business to thrive, the knowledge of accounting is necessary. Accounting is concerned with the acquisition of knowledge for recording, analyzing, interpreting and summarizing the financial data of an organization or enterprise (Ndinechi & Obidile, 2013). Unfortunately students’ performance in the subject has not been encouraging especially at the post basic education level (secondary schools). Post primary education level is the level between the basic and tertiary level where systematic and organized education is offered. It is believed that at this level of education, desired attitude, skill and knowledge could be obtained by the recipients. Information gathered from post primary school service commission (PPSSC), showed a decline in the performance rate of students in accounting in external examination from 2013 -2015 as 40%, 36% and 32% respectively. Academic performance according to Eze, Ezenwafor and Obidile (2016) is the outcome of students’ effort in examinations. It was observed from the literature that students’ academic performance is determined by a number of factors.
A number of studies have been carried out to identify and analyse the numerous factors that affect academic performance in various levels of educational attainment. Their findings identified change of school, family break up, teacher absence, parent illness and death of a family member, student’s illness, learning disability caused by visual or hearing impairment and student’s attitude towards learning as causes of poor academic performance (Browny & Sunniya, 2012). Others include shortage of well-trained teachers, inadequacy of teaching facilities, lack of funds to purchase necessary equipment, poor quality textbooks, large classes, poorly motivated teachers, lack of laboratories and libraries, poorly coordinated supervisory activities, interference of the school system by the civil service, incessant transfers of teachers and principals and automatic promotion of pupils (Vundla, 2012). Mbugua, Kibet, Muthaa and Nkonke (2012) listed factors as under staffing, inadequate teaching/learning materials, lack of motivation and poor attitude by both teachers and students as factors influencing academic performance of students.
Igwe and Ikatule (2011) attributed poor academic performance of students to deficiency in teaching method(s) used by teachers. According to Tshabalala and Ncube (2013) lack of materials, bad teacher behavior, poor grounding in the subject area at lower levels, poor teaching methods as well as fear of the subject are factors affecting academic performance of students. Enu, Agyman and Nkum (2015) listed the causes of academic performance to include inadequate teaching and learning materials, method of instruction, teachers and students’ self-motivation. Specifically, in accounting, academic performances of students are influenced by related factors such as negative attitude of students towards accounting as a difficult subject, students’ academic aptitude, previous and recent academic performances, insufficient effort and poor motivation (Atieh, 2013). Also teachers’ qualification and experience affect academic performance of students in accounting (Omotayo, 2014).
According to Okon (2012) poor application of teaching methods, lack of fund, inadequate teaching experience, lack of teaching aids, lack of qualified teachers and wrong methods of teaching could influence students’ interest in accounting. Igberi (1999) mentioned unavailability of current text-books in accounting as one of the causes of poor academic performance of students in accounting. Corroborating, Ezeagba (2014) listed inadequate instructional materials and ineffective/poor teaching method as causes of poor students’ academic performance in accounting. Ward, Wilson and Ward (2014) attributed causes of students’ poor academic performance in accounting to lack of study, inability to apply the material covered, the speed of coverage of the material, the method used by the instructor, among others. However most of these studies were conducted in different environment rather than the environment of the present study, hence the need to identify the factors influencing students’ academic performance in principles of accounts in post primary institution in Nigeria.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Previous research work on students’ success factors in accounting, such as Tailab (2013), Uyor and Gungornus (2011) and Adeleke, Binyuomote and Adoyinka (2013), examined the two extreme factors (students-related and teachers-related) with little or no consideration given to the factor that brings the symbolism between teachers and students (institutional factors). More so, although the high rate of students’ failure in Accounting Education in Nigerian is clearly observable, to the best of our knowledge, there are scanty empirical studies in Nigerian that have examined factors responsible for this poor students’ performance.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The study sought to know the factors that lead to student poor performance in principles of accounts in post primary institution. Specifically, the study sought to;
i. examine the institutional factors that affect students’ academic performance in accounts in post primary institution.
ii. identify parental social economic factors affecting students’ academic performance in accounting subjects in post primary institution.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
i. What are the institutional factors that affect students’ academic performance in accounts in post primary institution?
ii. What are the parental social economic factors affecting students’ academic performance in accounting subjects in post primary institution?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
Ho1: There are no institutional factors affecting students’ academic performance in principles of accounts in post primary institution.
Ho2: There are no parental social economic factors affecting students’ academic performance in accounting subjects in post primary institution.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
1.7 SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This study is on factors that lead to students’ poor performance in principles of accounts in post primary institution.
Limitations of study
Financial constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Students: A student is primarily a person enrolled in a school or other educational institution who attends classes in a course to attain the appropriate level of mastery of a subject under the guidance of an instructor and who devotes time outside class to do whatever activities the instructor assigns that are necessary either for class preparation or to submit evidence of progress towards that mastery.
Poor performance of students: According to Okoye (2012) poor academic performance in students or candidates in a learning situation refers to one who fails to attain a set standard performance in a given evaluation exercise such as test, examination or series of continuous assessment.
Principles of account: refers to the broad underlying concepts which guide accountant when preparing financial statements. Principles of accounting can also mean generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).
Post primary institution: The post-primary education sector comprises secondary, vocational, community and comprehensive schools.
Atieh, S. H. (2013). Student perceptions of the causes of low performance in principles of accounting: A case study in Saudi Arabia. JKAU: Economics and Administration, 10, 35-50.
Browny, E. B. & Sunniya, S. L. (2012). Social-emotional facts affecting achievement outcomes using disadvantaged students: Closing the achievement gap. Educational Psychology, 15, 28-36.
Enu, J, Agyman, O. K., & Nkum D. (2015). Factors influencing students’ mathematics performance in some selected colleges of education in Ghana. International Journal of Education Learning and Development, 3(3), 68-74.
Eze, Ezenwafor & Obidile (2016). Effects of problem-based teaching method on students academic performance and retention in financial accounting in technical colleges in Anambra State. Online Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(6A), 634-639.
Ezeagba, C. E. (2014). Problems in the teaching and learning of accounting as a vocational subject in Nigeria secondary schools. International Journal of Science and Technology, 3(2), 208-226.
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They looked amazing! Dressed in their most professional attire, all 32 senior nursing students were ready to present their virtual research posters in our final ZOOM meeting for the semester. The excitement was palpable; they were days away from graduating as new nurses. After setting up the timeframe and virtual environment presentation criteria, my colleague, Dr. Walker, and I split the group into two breakout rooms, with one professor in each room. For the next 90 minutes, students presented their virtual posters before a peer audience and guests. The presentations were excellent; the students asked engaging, probing questions; and the time flew by. Although we could not meet face to face in our large lecture hall in the nursing building, we still had a wonderful time and learned much. At the end of the session, all the students returned to the main ZOOM room. Suddenly, one of them counted to three, and immediately large posters with the words “Thank you, Dr. Walker & Dr. Aka!” filled every screen. I could not contain my smile and happiness for their success.
The pandemic prompted rapid agility and adaptation in education environments and virtual learning spaces. Many teachers discovered highly effective ways of transforming validated teaching and learning approaches into new and exciting methods. Virtual platforms provided innovative opportunities for connecting with students. One such method, the scholarly virtual poster presentation, offers many benefits.
Why Use Scholarly Virtual Presentations?
While in-person poster presentations offer opportunities for networking and one-on-one conversations, virtual poster presentations have several advantages over in-person events. Virtual posters can be created at little to no cost and easily edited or modified. Poster presentations can be live or pre-recorded, making presentations more accessible to a larger audience. Virtual posters can be displayed in a virtual space 24/7 over one or more days and can be shared with a broad audience with just a click of a mouse.
In addition, because the “reach” of virtual posters may extend beyond a traditional in-person event, there is an opportunity to reduce research redundancy within disciplines and create synergy between student groups, researchers, or organizations. Virtual poster presentations may even foster future opportunities for collaborative research across the globe, reinforcing a “learning culture” within participating organizations.
What Is a Virtual Poster?
A virtual poster has the same components as a printed poster. The researcher must create a pleasing display of a large amount of content using simple texts and images. Posters can be built using PowerPoint presentations, WORD, Google slides, or other programs. Depending on the poster criteria and the virtual platform used for poster display, features of posters may include a title, purpose statement, keywords, introduction, literature review, research methods, findings, recommendations, summary, and suggestions for future research (see Box 1).
Posters should be constructed with the same care as a printed poster. When developing the poster, use 16-font letter-size or bigger; keep images and text simple and clean; allow for empty space appropriately; ensure that spelling, grammar, and punctuation are correct; and provide references as necessary. Creating, editing, receiving feedback, and final preparation of virtual posters can be done easily online. Depending on the poster presentation digital platform and the volume of posters to be displayed, the researcher may want to brand his or her virtual poster with the sponsoring entity’s logo.
Unlike hard-copy posters, virtual poster presentation platforms may also have media and communication features that allow researchers to provide more in-depth information than in-person events. For example, virtual posters can contain embedded videos, links to websites, or downloadable documents. In addition, some digital platforms may allow for real-time question-and-answer sessions or space for visitors to type in questions and researchers to respond.
What Are the Benefits?
The digital environment is flexible and accessible. It allows for scalability and is eco-friendly. Virtual posters can maximize these elements and extend the “reach” to a broader audience, creating multiple connecting points with attendees, topic experts, and organizations through enhanced media-rich content, well beyond the traditional poster. Virtual poster presentations may even provide an avenue for Adventist entities worldwide to collectively present and share research and innovation.
The 2022 General Conference Virtual Exhibition Experience
The 2022 General Conference (GC) Virtual Exhibition Experience will occur during the GC Session, June 6-11, 2022. This first-of-a-kind event will host a poster hall, where Adventist organizations and academic entities from around the globe will display research posters and provide presentations (see Boxes 2 and 3 for examples and additional resources).
The General Conference Education Department is offering a Research Award of US$50 paid directly to the GC Virtual Exhibition to cover the submission fee for a maximum of 20 selected awards. This is a unique professional opportunity for graduate students, educators, and educational researchers to connect with a global audience, engage in professional development, and grow global professional networks. For guidelines and examples of virtual posters, visit https://www.gcsession.org/virtualexhibits/sample-page/boothdesign/poster-presentations-why-what-how-and-benefit-to-exhibitors/. For more information about the Research Award, visit https://www.adventist.education/wp-content/uploads/Request-for-Proposals_final.pdf.
We can’t wait to see you there!
Sharon Aka, “The Virtual Poster Presentation: An Innovative Way to Connect and Share,” The Journal of Adventist Education (2022). Available at https://jae.adventist.org/en/2021.83.3.10.
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Neb. woman uses knowledge of livestock reproduction to impregnate elephants
The road that began in Creston, Neb., for reproductive physiologist Dr. Kari Morfeld, has led to the Smithsonian, numerous times to Africa, and right back to Nebraska. She is now using her knowledge of reproduction, learned in the context of cattle and hogs, to work toward a successful pregnancy in a female elephant in a zoo.
Morfeld earned her undergraduate degree at Nebraska Wesleyan, went on to earn her master’s degree at the University of Nebraska Lincoln. She made the decision to leave Nebraska briefly to earn her Ph.D from George Mason University in Washington D.C. The program is in collaboration with the Smithsonian, where she was able to take her Nebraska-borne knowledge of biology and reproduction and apply it to elephants. A two-year post-doctorate, also at the Smithsonian, in endocrinology allowed her further expertise.
“It hasn’t been the straight and narrow path by any means but that was kind of the point, to pave the trails for others,” she said. “There are a lot of people with similar interests to mine but there’s the roadblock that the path doesn’t exist.”
Paving the way, she said, is about ensuring that people don’t have to leave Nebraska to follow a less traditional calling. She values Nebraska for the people and places, the things they hold dear, and as a place to raise her two young daughters. Being able to contribute to elephants from her home state is priceless. She’s now in the process of establishing a graduate program, making the path even more accessible, especially with scholarships, tuition waivers and agreements with universities.
Morfeld said the parallels between elephants and cattle exist and the technology can be adapted to work for elephants. The basic processes, like assessing semen quality, are the same although sample size differs with cattle samples at about 5 mLs and elephants bulls at 30 to 300 mLs with a sperm count of one million per mL. Collection on the 10,000-pound elephant bulls is accomplished using manual rectal massage, which can take up to an hour and multiple people to make the collection. Samples are checked throughout the process and samples must be extended within 15 minutes to conserve motility.
“I do everything I’ve learned for cattle, equine, and swine and tried those methods on elephants to see if it works,” she said. “That’s in terms of specific semen extenders and that sort of thing. The thing that’s the same is the process, the basic characteristics are the same, it gets different when you look at the details.”
The major adaptation she must make is in terms of scale, to accommodate the much larger size of elephants. For comparison, a heifer’s cervix is about 4 inches long and the size of a man’s finger, whereas an elephant cow’s cervix is about 15 cm but the tract is about 4 meters long, making reaching the cervix a challenge.
Many companies have been happy to help design larger equipment for her from ultrasound machines better able to penetrate the thick skin of an elephant, endoscopes, collection tubes and other equipment.
The companies willing to do this, she said, are gracious to do so since she is the product’s only potential market so they are typically excited to play a role in her work.
Part of the challenge facing elephants is flatliners, cows who should be but aren’t cycling in zoos without a bull present. About half of cows in zoos are flatliners and much of her initial research was aimed at this problem. Cows don’t need a bull to cycle but she said the main factors in a zoo that determine whether or not a cow will cycle include social standing among females in the herd and body condition. Not all zoos have bulls on site and the transportation of bulls from one zoo to another is time consuming and expensive. Artificial insemination, where much of Morfeld’s research lies, isn’t yet perfected.
Body condition score, long a standard in the cattle industry, is something she was able to define for elephants and her scale is now used by zoos across the country. She used ultrasound measures of fat to put metrics behind the scores to give scientific meaning to the differences.
“That was taken directly from the livestock industry even so much as the ideas of where elephants put on body fat,” she said. “I utilize the livestock industry all the time because there’s no need to reinvent the wheel.”
Morfeld said the body condition of an elephant in the wild fluctuates through the seasons and she’s now trying to promote a seasonal change in feeding for zoo elephants knowing its importance to the reproductive health of an elephant. Convincing zoos to allow their elephants to shed body weight for a few months and then regain it as the seasons change is a tough sell but is key to triggering reproductive hormones.
The last factor that plays an important role in reproduction in zoo elephants is the females’ mental and physical engagement within their zoo habitat.
“We’ve found that zoos that have a more enriching environment, one where they’re not just fed hay or pellets on the ground, but the hay is in hanging hay nets or puzzle feeders and the elephants have to work for their food like they would in the wild, promotes an elephant to have a normal reproductive cycle,” she said.
In the wild, elephants eat about 20 hours per day, but the old school method of feeding zoo elephants relied on a zookeeper’s schedule of twice per day. Implementing automatic feeders has helped eliminate this challenge without increasing the volume of feed, only the time during which it is accessible. The automatic feeders deliver feed throughout the night but the timers must be programmed differently each day to mimic a more natural environment.
This speaks volumes, she said, to just how complicated elephants are and how significant a role a diverse exhibit design in terms of feeding mechanism and a social herd are in reproductive health. Social standing in elephants, she said, mirrors the same role in hogs, another aspect parallel to livestock.
In the end, it’s a careful balancing act to combine technology with the natural history of elephants in Africa.
“The contacts I made here 20 years ago growing up are still the contacts I use to help elephants which is fantastic,” she said. “It’s fun to have that close and it shows the willingness of people in Nebraska to support something that’s new and unique and not necessarily benefitting their industries.” ❖
— Gabel is an assistant editor and reporter for The Fence Post. She can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org or (970) 392-4410.
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Composites and Fastening Challenges
Each day manufacturers face fastening challenges. Some of those challenges that have been increasingly present are those surrounding composite materials. As composite materials grow both in range and volume of applications, so do the challenges to find the right fastening solutions.
To understand what problems arise in these types of situations, we must first examine composites. Composites are materials engineered from two or more constituent materials with different physical or chemical properties. Composites are made up of two components: the matrix and reinforcement. Examples of matrices are resins, ceramics, polymers or cements. Reinforcements are typically fibers, sandwich cores or aggregate. The matrix material surrounds and supports the reinforcement material and the reinforcement material imparts its special mechanical and physical properties to enhance the matrix properties.
Composite materials are formed into a shape during their manufacturing process, typically in a mold cavity or on a mold surface. During this process, the synergy created between the two materials results in a composite material with properties that cannot be achieved when using either material alone.
The ability to combine different constituent materials to create superior new composite materials allows engineers to target improvements in cost, weight, strength and handling as their product applications and manufacturing processes demand.
Growth of Composite Use
Over time, composites and plastics have started to replace traditional materials such as wood and metal. Modern composite materials are lighter, stronger, versatile and more mechanically stable than traditional materials in many cases. The debate between lighter composite materials and traditional heavier metals in the automotive industry is still ongoing. More than ever, major car makers are introducing carbon fiber into their luxury models and many are examining the ways to replace structural elements traditionally made in heavier metal.
Fastening Challenges of Composites
The expansion of lightweight composite materials presents challenges as well as opportunities. One of the key challenges is how to securely fasten to such materials. Traditional fastening systems designed for sheet metal such as rivets, bolts and clinched fixings designed for metal are often incompatible with composites or require too many compromises to work. Design and process engineers often run into the problem of being limited by fastening solutions when working with composite materials.
To learn more about composites, contact Bossard at ProvenProductivity@bossard.com.
Composites and Fastening Challenges by Bossard
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The name Mesopotamia, aka ‘The land between the rivers’ rings the name of several great leaders like Hammurabi, Ur-Nammu and Sargon of Akkad in our minds. These great personalities with their remarkable leadership paved the way for the foundation of many great empires and also encouraged several advancements and inventions in various fields that include literature, medicine, art, language, science, technology and irrigation.
The Mesopotamians invented many a thing that we-the modern human beings use and are still awestruck by them. Mesopotamia is known as the cradle of civilization and the people of this great civilization were far ahead of their times. People in ancient Mesopotamia lived in urban settings and used many technologies that were unheard of during ancient times. These people started the concept of school and library, invented the wheel and basically taught the future civilization the technique and art of living. Today, let’s discuss about some of the greatest Mesopotamia achievements and inventions that will leave you awestruck!
Before the Sumerians, the concept of counting never existed. These people invented this concept that became a tool for carrying on trade and barter. Also, the Sumerians developed sexagesimal which is also called base 60. This paved for the development of concepts like the 12 month year and 360 degree circle. Some historians claim that the Babylonians invented the concept of zero, much before other civilizations. By the time, the Babylonian society grew, people had already started comprehending the concept of possessing nothing. It is then that they developed the zero concept. However, this claim is argued by many scholars who believe that it was invented in India.
Ancient Mesopotamia is considered the ‘cradle of all civilizations’ for nothing. It was on this land that many inventions and discoveries took place. As far as agriculture was concerned, the farmers of Mesopotamia found out the way of controlling water flow from the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, and also the technique of using that water to cultivate and irrigate crops like barley, cucumbers and wheat. These people, therefore, could be called ‘the fathers of agriculture’ as they taught us how to regulate water for growing crops.
Another great addition in this list of amazing Mesopotamia inventions was the invention in astronomy and astrology. It were the Sumerians that first developed the concept of Astrology as these ancient people had belief in spiritual stuff. According to Sumerians, everything in the world happened for a reason, whether good or bad. They believed that planetary movements had an effect on deeds. The early Sumerian astrologers helped and advised people holding high positions.
It were the Sumerians and Babylonians that first observed and then developed the concept of astronomy. They found out about the existence of Capricorn, Sagittarius and Leo, thereby inventing the concept of constellation. People used the constellations for a number of activities like harvesting and sowing of crops, marking seasons and forecasting celestial events.
Making a list of Mesopotamia achievements is a tough job as there is not one, not even three, but a hoard of great inventions that popped out from its kitty! One such great invention was the chariot that first made its appearance in Mesopotamia in 3200 BC. These ancient people used two wheeled chariots in battles that were made out of wood and skin. These ancient chariots had a heavy built and included two strong wheels. This is not a legend but a corroborated fact gathered from the monuments in Ur and Tutub.
Do you know that the concept of law wasn’t invented in modern times? Well, you would be surprised to find that it were the Sumerians that first invented the system of law codes called Ur-Nammu Law Code. This is the oldest known law code that was written some 300 years before Hammurabi’s law code. This code was basically used as a system to resolve conflicts and to meet out punishments through a legalized channel of authority. This legal authority was known as the law.
The Ur-Nammu law code consisted of 57 codes, each covering punishments for various crimes like robbery, murder, rape, sorcery, kidnapping, adultery, rudeness and lying. These codes were poor friendly and were established for protecting them from the rich classes. All kinds of disputes and conflicts were settled by the respective codes.
Ancient Mesopotamia was the birthplace of many inventions that paved the way for the development of other civilizations. The system of schooling was first introduced by the Sumerians in southern Mesopotamia. These people started the world’s first school called edubbas with the emergence of the concept of writing that was invented in the middle of the 4th millennium BC. Initially, writing was pictorial that later developed into what was known as cuneiform. It were the temples that founded the first schools and were used to educate boys who would go on to become priests. They were taught poems, hymns and stories in these schools.
In this long and awesome list of Mesopotamia achievements and inventions is the invention of time. The Mesopotamians developed their own concept of time wherein time units were divided into 60 parts. This later on developed into the concept of 60 second minute and 60 minute hour.
The first wheel was invented in ancient Mesopotamia around 3500 or 4000 BC and it wasn’t used for transportation. Instead, it was used for serving as a potter’s wheels for pottery making. But, later on, it graduated to being used in irrigation as well as in milling. The rich used the wheels for transportation. The chariot was also invented by Mesopotamians after they discovered the wheel.
This Mesopotamian inventions list will be incomplete if we do not write about its contribution towards discovering world’s first monarchy. Yes, the Sumerians developed the first system of monarchy in which the first states were ruled by a priest king. The king was the monarch who was the head of administration and the military. As the ruling head, he also settled disputes and took part in many of the religious ceremonies. The priest king headed a chain of bureaucrats who took care of all administrative chores. Therefore, this system of monarchy was first put to use by the Sumerians, and later on adopted by the other civilizations.
Among a host of Mesopotamia inventions was the sailboat, a means of water transportation. The Sumerians invented a primitively designed sailboat that they used for navigating in water as traveling on road was exhaustive. At first, the sailboat was used only for transportation, but later on it helped in furthering trade and business with outside world. The Sumerians also used sailboats for exploration of regions across the Tigris and Euphrates rivers as well as for fishing. The ancient sailboat was square shaped with a sail made of cloth.
It was here that the first human settlement was made, when these people, for the very first time, started the concept of urbanization. They had a full fledged city administrated by monarchy, and where economy flourished through trade and agriculture. The citizens paid taxes and houses were made out of sun dried brick, also invented by the Mesopotamians around 3200 BC. The city walls were built by the Mesopotamian king Gilgamesh, the fifth in the series of Uruk kings.
Since trade and commerce started to flourish massively in ancient Mesopotamia, it became essential for maintaining the business records. It was this necessity that motivated Mesopotamians (Sumerians) to invent the first form of writing called Cuneiform. Using this pictorial form of writing, traders and merchants recorded every little trade detail on clay tablets. Learning Cuneiform took 12 years and was considered very difficult. As such, a handful of people actually could write and read it. Later on, the Sumerians started using it for maintaining records on religious rituals, and sending letters.
The ARD or the plow was another important invention made in ancient Mesopotamia when these people first started to harness the ox, the first step towards domesticating animals. They created the first plow using wood and was pretty heavy. However, the plow didn’t work on dense grass which forced the hunters to gather their food from farming and not hunting.
14. The invention of Prisons and the concept of Imprisonment
The concept of prison and imprisonment also forms a part of Mesopotamia achievements and inventions. Prisons were used by ancient people for confining anti social people who had committed wrong deeds and these originated in 1st millennium BC in regions of Mesopotamia and Egypt. The Mesopotamians built underground prisons to detain criminals who were either given death sentence or were ordered to become slaves. There are a few evidences that tell us that prisons actually existed in ancient Mesopotamia. For example, there is mention of imprisonment in Ur-Nammu Law Code, the oldest law code of the world.
Checkers is a very popular board game but it originated in ancient Mesopotamia. In Europe, it is called Drafts and is one among the oldest forms of games to have survived till today. Historians came to know of its existence in ancient Mesopotamia, thanks to an archaeological excavation that was carried out in the city of Ur in which excavators discovered remnants of this game. Most likely, the game discovered dated back to 3000 BC.
The above 15 Mesopotamia achievements and inventions weren’t the only ones. Mesopotamians contributed immensely to medicine, invented the dome and the arch, the Pythagoras theorem, and also the seven week calendar. They were the architects of modern world and we must thank them!
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Most cars are, well, under-used. Consider cars used for commuting to work. During the work week, the majority of vehicles are driven to work (or to a mass-transit site), sit there during the entire work day, then are driven back home….where often they sit until the next work day. Those that are used during the workday are often just used to go to lunch. Regardless, many millions of vehicles are parked at a given location rather than in motion.
The cost of owning and operating cars, vans, trucks, and hybrids continues to grow, sometimes explosively (e.g., gas prices). Another major expense, besides gas, maintenance, and repairs, is car insurance. The latter expense is quite similar to car loan payments; it's scarcely affected by how much you use the vehicle. Ridesharing is a method being tried as a way to mitigate these problems.
Essentially, ride-sharing consists of a group arrangement consisting of:
• vehicle owners (and lessees)
• an operating area that is underserved by affordable public transport
• an insurance source
• persons who do NOT have their own vehicles
• a program administrator
Initial arrangements allowed persons who needed, but who didn't own, vehicles to have temporary access to vehicles that were idle during the workday. Both vehicle owners and interested drivers would have to register in a program and then be permitted to share a pool of vehicles – on an appointment basis. The vehicle owners would be paid an established hourly use rate and the program administrator would receive either a flat amount (from drivers and users) or, more commonly, a portion of the hourly rates.
The above situation describes early attempts to create viable rideshare arrangements. However, the landscape has changed dramatically in just the last couple of years. Initial ride-sharing arrangements were fairly inefficient and non-viable due, mostly, to the inability to draw sufficient participants. That issue has largely disappeared. The focus and administration of ride-sharing programs have substantially changed.
Today, several ridesharing companies are operating in locations around the world and their territories are expanding. The key to making these programs viable has been mobile phone technology. Several companies have created mobile phone applications that act as a ride-share administrator.
The process involves an individual using a smartphone to download a ride-share app, then agree to the company's user terms. The terms may vary, including stipulating to a certain proficiency in driving, having a certain amount of insurance coverage in effect, agreeing to maintain coverage, the absence of serious driving and/or criminal violations, and other requirements. Once the app is in place and the terms are agreed to, the ride share driver can turn on the application, respond to ride requests, accept passengers, and take them to their destination and, either go on to another ride request or turn off the application.
So far, such programs have been set-up in different cities. Since there are many millions of vehicle owners with smartphones, there now exists a way to draw in millions of participants. Several companies have become billion-dollar operations that connect vehicle owner/operators with persons needing temporary
The largest companies have steered clear of using the term, "ride-sharing," replacing it with "Transportation Networking Companies" or TNCs. Initially, these companies performed the following services:
• Provided and maintained the mobile application and processes
• Recruited vehicle owner/operators
• Monitored transactions
• Established and maintained service price-tiers
As soon as the use of TNCs became significant, complaints arose from taxi operators and from transportation regulators. Taxi operators complained that such services acted in the same manner that they did and severely undercut their prices. Regulators had concerns about service operations as well as compliance with
transportation requirements and oversight of vehicle operators. Another source of complaint was insurance companies.
Insurance companies immediately recognized that protection was needed whenever vehicles were used in TNCs. In the beginning, TNCs depended upon the
coverage carried by its participating vehicle owners/drivers.
Insurance company premiums do not take ride-sharing situations into consideration. Their policy language treats ride-sharing arrangements of TNCs as a business use and such use is excluded. Increasingly insurers have begun to respond to the need of TNC participants. Insurers have clarified that the coverage gap exists specifically during the times that vehicle operators accept requests for rides through the time that they turn off the mobile phone applications and are no longer available to respond to requests.
Therefore, coverage is provided by personal auto insurance when the vehicle owners are NOT using the TNC application. While such drivers are providing PNC service, commercial coverage must be provided on a blanket basis by the TNC. Such coverage must, at a minimum, meet the financial responsibility requirements of the jurisdiction where the participants operate. TNC practices are to license their service on a city-by-city basis.
Regulators in many jurisdictions are grappling with decisions such as, whether to permit TNCs to operate in their area, what rules should be used to oversee them,
whether participants conform to whatever rules are established and, when, if applicable, to issue cease and desist orders.
• California regulators have recently devised a number of rules which involve the following:
• Criminal background checks.
• Driver training
• Minimum of $1 million in insurance
• Required TNC driver licenses
• Vehicle inspections
• Zero tolerance policy regarding use of drugs and alcohol, and
These rules may become models for other jurisdictions that are either dealing with existing TNCs or which are considering the entry of such companies.
If you are participating in, or are considering participation in a ride-sharing arrangement, immediately contact an insurance professional to make sure you are not sacrificing your coverage.
Source - ©The Rough Notes Company, Inc.
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The rolling dunes, sand for miles, a barren desert landscape. These are the images many associate with Saudi Arabia.
Harsh as its environment is in many places, Saudi Arabia does host plants and wildlife. In spring the desert blooms, and could support many more trees than exist there today. However, much of the natural flora has been lost to agriculture, industrialization, and the urbanization of this rapidly growing country.
This brings us to Al-Ghat, where we are working with a private date farmer to restore the area’s natural landscape. To bring this nature back, we are working with local partners to plant the Moringa tree (Moringa peregrina). The Moringa tree comes from the same family as the Moringa oleifera, which has been designated a “Super Tree” due to its rich proteins and the medicinal value of natural antibiotics found in its seeds.
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Alex, the world’s most famous African Grey parrot, died September 6, 2007, and the world is a sadder place for it.
You may be wondering why a column about dog behavior would begin with a memorial to a parrot, but there is an important connection between Alex’s behavior and that of your dog. It was Alex, and his human, Irene Pepperberg, who stretched our understanding of what goes on in the minds of nonhuman animals, including the furry best friend lying at your feet.
When, in 1977, Pepperberg began teaching Alex to use words to communicate, the consensus was that animals could be taught to associate sounds with objects (“Go get your ball,”) but not concepts. Concepts are abstractions that live only inside your brain. For example, try picking up a “bigger,” or giving someone a “different” as a birthday present.
The argument used to be that nonhuman animals could only respond to something directly in front of them, and weren’t capable of the kind of cognitive gymnastics that abstractions require. However, Pepperberg’s research taught us that not only could Alex use words to label an object’s shape, form and color (“Alex, pick up the blue triangle out of all the other objects on the tray.”), he had little trouble grasping concepts like “different” and “bigger” (“Alex, what color is the object that is shaped differently from all the rest?”).
Alex’s thought processes, and the way he communicated them, went far beyond answering questions put to him during his training sessions. One day, while looking in the mirror, Alex said, “What color?” Mind you, Alex had been trained to answer questions, not ask them. When the surprised trainers answered, “grey,” Alex was then able to identify other grey objects.
That wasn’t the only time Alex surprised his handlers. I am still amused by a video I saw of Alex working with an impatient trainer. After several interactions, clearly frustrating for person and parrot alike, Alex belted out, in a startlingly clear Bronx accent, “Go away!” But the bird’s most compelling vocalization took place when Pepperberg had to leave him alone, for the first time, at a veterinary clinic. As she walked away, Alex said in a soft and quiet voice, “I’m sorry. I love you. I’m sorry.” (This knowledge has made leaving my dogs at a vet clinic a hundred times harder for me, and I pass it along to you with my own soft and quiet, “I’m sorry.” Ignorance indeed can be bliss.)
When Pepperberg first began working with Alex, there were suggestions that certain other animals could understand simple concepts, but it’s only been during the last 20 years that this issue has gotten the attention it deserves. We’ve found that many animals—including rats, pigeons and a surprising star in cognitive research, the octopus (honest)—can functionally use concepts like “different” and “bigger.”
But what about our dogs? If an octopus can understand the concept “different,” surely our dogs can too. Or can they? Until very recently, research on our best friends has lagged behind that on primates and laboratory rats; apparently, “familiarity breeds contempt” in science as well as in the rest of life. But dogs are finally becoming hot topics in cognitive research—check out, for example, recent issues of the Journal of Comparative Psychology.
Here’s a little about what we’ve learned so far. Research confirms that dogs can also functionally use concepts like “larger” and “different.”* What’s more, in certain contexts, they can also be taught a more complicated procedure called “delayed non-matching to sample.” Here’s how the experiment works: The dog is presented with an object that has a piece of food underneath. He’s allowed to move the object and get the food. Then, after a delay of a varying amount of time, say, 10 seconds, the dog is presented with two objects. One item is the same as before, the other is different. The “right” choice is the different object.
When researchers first conducted the study, the dogs failed miserably. After hundreds of trials, the dogs were still unable to identify the different object. In comparison, rhesus monkeys figured it out pretty quickly. But when the researchers changed the procedure and asked the dogs to choose an object in a different location, our best friends turned into academic stars, getting the answer right 90 percent of the time—even after waiting 20 seconds between presentations.
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Protectionism is anything that creates a “protection” from or safe harbor from the impact of international competition.
One very interesting aspect of protectionism is that it usually bestows large benefits to a small number of firms that can be spread out as costs to a large number of households.
That is interesting because it shows that the politics might favor the legislation or implementation of various kinds of protectionism. Consider the vigor and enthusiasm and resources that a local steel mill might have to devote to the passage of a high tariff on imported steel. These few companies might exert considerable pressure on government to obtain this end. Consider also that while this tariff might increase the price of steel in the home country, the extra amount that each household or each voter might have to pay could be a few bucks – perhaps not even enough to notice. If government can convince the voters that the cost to each person is negligible and the gain to a local industry is worth millions of dollars and could save jobs – then the chances are it will be able to pass this legislation. This underscores how the politics do not necessarily stand in the way of growing protectionism. It also emphasizes how difficult it is to stop it. The discussion above about why free trade is to be desired is pretty complicated and not always easy to explain.
So there is always some pressure to produce more protectionism. How does a nation protect itself against international competition? The answer is that there are both subtle and obvious ways to protect domestic producers from outside competition. The most obvious ways have been the use of tariffs and quotas. A high tariff on an imported item gives a local producer a great advantage. An option to a tariff is a quota. This is a quantity constraint that says that a particular country can import only so many bananas, pounds of sugar, or textile garments. Thus while this does not add to the price of the imported good, it does leave the domestic producer with a larger share of the market.
According to an article published by the Cato Institute, because of US protection of the sugar industry, Americans paid double the world price from 1985 to 1998 and the gap has gotten worse since then. They cite a US International Trade Commission estimate that by abolishing US sugar protection would create a net annual welfare gain of $1 billion per year. See the full article.
Anti-dumping and safeguards are other obvious forms of protectionism. Anti-dumping duties are levied against countries that violate the spirit of fair trade by taking what they cannot sell at home and selling it at lower-than-bargain-basement prices in other countries – that is, they sell them at prices that are below their costs of production. This seems logical from the standpoint of the dumping company – why let goods collect dust in a local warehouse when you could sell them for a penny more than transportation costs to another country? But what is logical is not always deemed fair – especially if your company has to compete against a foreign company that is dumping. Let them dump it and disrupt their own country!
This seems pretty clear – countries ought to be able to react against such unfair practices. But it is hardly ever so clear. The problem is that it isn’t always easy to calculate if a foreign company is selling below its costs. It might just be selling at a very low price at home and everywhere. Since costs of production are usually private affairs within companies – it takes a lot of work to determine if dumping is occurring. Most countries know that and they can at least temporarily fend off competition by using dumping duties.
Safeguards differ from anti-dumping duties. Safeguards allow a country to protect itself from any kind of significant but largely unpredictable wave of new imports that threatens a particular industry. The perpetrator need not be dumping. The safeguards give the local industry some time to adjust to the new competition. More is said about the steel safeguards below.
Other forms of protectionism may derive in conjunction with some very legitimate goals of government that relate to public health, safety, information, certification, and environment. This makes them subtle forms of protection. One recent example has to do with GMOs – or genetically modified organisms. U.S. farms had a considerable first-mover advantage. U.S. companies found that by genetically modifying seeds, they could make them more resistant to disease. There have been no studies to link any specific health hazards to GMO corn or other products, but we all share some concern that something negative could occur in the longer term. The U.S. is studying these problems but is allowing GMO products to be sold. Some other countries, however, do not want GMO corn sold in their country and prohibit it on the grounds of health issues. Is this a legitimate health issue – or is this simply a way to protect local corn producers from U.S. corn?
Varied customs duties among the 25 countries of the European Union were viewed as a trade barrier by the U.S. in 2004.
Dealing with up to 25 different tariff regimes raised the knowledge requirement and costs for foreign companies wanting to export to various parts of the EU. This is an interesting case. Notice that the U.S. was not lodging a similar complaint against the countries of S. America or Africa. Why? The answer is that these continents do not advertise or have goals to create a common and free economic space. It might be a free unimpeded market place for the 25 countries within the EU – but having to deal with up to 25 different trade regimes for everyone else could be considered unfair. The EU reacted by saying that if the U.S. had a problem with Europe, they should have brought it directly to them. This raises the question of whether trade problems should be dealt with bilaterally – or by the whole world.
Is protectionism bad?
Paul Krugman, in The Age of Diminished Expectations, said that the negative aspects of protectionism are exaggerated. While Krugman does not argue that protectionism is a good thing – he does explain why he thinks that the case against protectionism is less clear than most economists are willing to admit. Consider some of Krugman’s points.
- While some economists point to the Smoot Hawley tariffs as contributing to the severity of the Great Depression, Krugman comments that Smoot-Hawley didn’t cause the Great Depression. These tariffs designed to help U.S. farmers in 1930 by Herbert Hoover, led to retaliation by other countries. In the end, world trade decreased by about 66% between 1929 and 1934. While Krugman is right that these tariffs didn’t cause the Great Depression, not many economists ever said they did. But they did, no doubt, have a very negative impact on most countries during a very bad time. It is correct to worry that protectionism can bring harmful retaliation and is therefore a threat to economic wellbeing.
Krugman’s better point is that neither trade deficits nor protectionism hurts a country’s job situation. His logic is that employment is determined by supply-side factors – not by the composition of demand. He likens protectionism to something that would simply divert foreign demand to domestic demand. But adding a protective tariff to an imported good – especially an input like a part or capital good – simply increases the cost of production. This kind of negative impact on jobs became very apparent with the steel safeguards in the U.S. Some economists noted that the protection for any one steel job in the U.S. put in jeopardy a multiple of jobs for workers in the steel-using industries.
|Industrial Application: The Steel Safeguards and Employment
Gary Hufbauer and Ben Goodrich of the Institute for International Economics commented on these job losses in the steel-using industries. While the press bandied about estimates as high as 200,000 jobs lost, Haufbauer and Goodrich conclude their analysis with the following quote, “These figures (meaning estimates in the range of 15,000 to 25,000 jobs lost) are in the range of an earlier CITAC estimate of 15,000 jobs dislocated in steel-using industries (narrowly defined) as a result of proposed tariff remedies. Whether steel-using firms discharged 15,000 or 26,000 workers or 52,000 workers on account of safeguard tariffs, a lot of unnecessary misery was created. The misery is especially hard to justify when there was little pickup in employment among steel-producing firms.”
Why did President Bush adopt these “safeguards” for steel? Safeguards, unlike dumping cases, do not require a proof of below cost pricing – they simply require a large harm to an important industry that needs temporary protection. Bush explained the safeguards in a speech announcing their end as follows: “Today, I signed a proclamation ending the temporary steel safeguard measures I put in place in March 2002. Prior to that time, steel prices were at 20-year lows, and the U.S. International Trade Commission found that a surge in imports to the U.S. market was causing serious injury to our domestic steel industry. I took action to give the industry a chance to adjust to the surge in foreign imports and to give relief to the workers and communities that depend on steel for their jobs and livelihoods. These safeguard measures have now achieved their purpose, and as a result of changed economic circumstances it is time to lift them.”
An interesting sidelight of the steel “safeguards” is that President Bush withdrew them shortly before countries could retaliate against them. The WTO found that the U.S. “safeguards” were illegal. “Safeguards” are available to countries as a means to legally protect their companies and workers in specific cases – after unpredictable import surges that caused direct harm. The WTO panel disputed the facts in the U.S. steel case. As a result, President Bush withdrew the “safeguards” shortly before other countries would have been able to legally retaliate. While the President noted that the “safeguards” gave steel producers some time to reorganize and adjust, one cannot come away from this experience with a good feeling about the benefits of protectionism.
- Krugman says that the “real harm” from protectionism is really very small. He acknowledges that protectionism causes inefficiency and loss of opportunities of scale, but then says that these losses are estimated to be less than 0.5% of GDP. He says the U.S. Savings & Loan crisis loss was much bigger. That might be true, but the S&L crisis was a very big problem that thankfully does not come along every year. But protectionism is with us every year. This GDP loss – 0.5% ⎯ continues each year. If this loss can be translated into dollars ⎯ it means roughly $50 billion per year. If a job averages $40,000 per year, then that is equivalent to more than 1 million jobs per year.
- Krugman says that some people see protectionism as a bargaining tool to pry open foreign markets for exports. Krugman says this won’t work. U.S. goods aren’t kept out of markets by government policies in large amounts (except agricultural products) and even if they were, most governments have protectionist polices for very strong domestic political reasons. Bullying won’t get very far.
Krugman says there is a case to be made for protectionism ⎯ the New View. While much trade is formed on the basis of comparative advantage of nations, much is also done because of historical accident or first-mover advantage that led to scale economies. In short, why can’t countries without comparative advantage create their own “historical accident” by subsidizing or investing in industries that could become trade champions (with government help and protection). One example is high-tech high-value-added industry development. Krugman’s most persuasive argument is that other countries are heavily involved with subsidies aimed at developing new industries. If they can create first-mover advantages by offsetting very large fixed costs, it is possible that a temporary subsidy could go a long way. The potential for technology developments that have spillovers into other industries broadens the appeal of these subsidies. If the U.S. doesn’t play at this game, then we might lose out. The problem with this line of reasoning is that it leaves out the risk involved with “picking winners”. There are plenty of examples of government attempts to subsidize industries that didn’t succeed. Looking at this in a planning sense, how do governments make good decisions about which promising new developments are worth subsidizing and which ones are not? What if the government had spent billions developing 8-track music players in the 1970s just around the time that people decided they preferred the cassette technology? How many of these kinds of “duds” can a government afford? How many failures can be justified for each blockbuster?
- Krugman might be correct on some facts, but he isn’t correct enough if one interprets his meaning to imply that increased protectionism would be a good thing. One final lament of those who would seek more protectionism is that small or low income countries simply cannot and never will be able to survive and compete. A look at a country like Haiti might draw sympathy for this worry, but even for impoverished Haiti opening the country to foreign trade makes sense. Consider the words of the World Bank (quotes come from an editorial “Growing pains,” Financial Times, Sept 29, 2004, page 12,
As the Peruvian development expert, Hernando de Soto has persuasively argued, the lack of effectively enforced property rights in poor countries, together with opaque and inefficient legal and judicial systems, prevents the extension of credit and economic growth. Moreover, excessive bureaucracy is a recipe for corruption by allowing unscrupulous officials to exact tribute from businesses wishing to transverse the passes of regulation they guard so closely…Many of the policies that are needed do not require a lot of money to implement….improving the climate for doing business is, as the bank’s report says, a marathon rather than a sprint….a process rather than an event….nor is it one size fits all…policies must fit local conditions. But the overall direction of policy is clear. Poor countries’ economies are strangled by red tape and blinded by uncertainty. They should be freed from both.
|Industrial Application: Job Loss and the Outsourcing of Jobs
Outsourcing of service jobs has attracted much attention and concern for U.S. employment. For many years we have dealt with manufacturing plants moving abroad to take advantage of being closer to foreign markets, lower wages, and other benefits. More recently, however, we find U.S. companies outsourcing many services to foreign countries. A lot of attention has been paid to Indian call centers, but we are finding that more and more business services can be outsourced to foreign countries.
Why business services? Largely because technology now makes it easier to do business. Faster computers with better software hooked up to the Internet mean it is possible that a trained draftsman half-way around the globe can be working on architectural drawings for a U.S. architect as the latter sleeps and dreams about lower costs. Bookkeepers, consultants, tax specialists, and many other workers abroad can learn the U.S. system and provide rapid, higher quality, and low cost services.
Whereas the threat to even high paid U.S. jobs seems obvious, the truth is that not many U.S. jobs have been replaced by these kinds of outsourcing. C. Alan Garner studied the phenomenon and reported his conclusions in, “Offshoring in the Service Sector: Economic Impact and Policy Issues, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Economic Review, Third Quarter 2004, pages 5-37. He concludes that (page 29), “….offshoring should not permanently lower the nation’s employment or production. It is likely to improve the average living standard if displaced workers are retrained and moved into new jobs with higher value added.” He then focuses on national policy, “Laws protecting a particular service industry will likely raise the costs of services to consumers and other businesses, hurting overall welfare. Instead policymakers should ease the movement of resources from sectors that are losing to international competition towards sectors that are gaining. Improved educational systems, better trade adjustment programs, and international negotiations to open foreign markets and guarantee intellectual property right can improve national welfare.”
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12th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
|12th Infantry Division
12th Volksgrenadier Division
|Active||1 October 1934 – July 1944
September 1944 – 18 April 1945
The 12th Infantry Division (German: "12. Infanteriedivision") – later known as the 12th Volksgrenadier Division – was a German military unit that fought during World War II. The division was formed in 1934. It participated in the invasion of Poland at the start of the Second World War and took part in the 1940 assault on France and the Low Countries. In the Soviet Union, the division joined Operation Barbarossa. Subsequently, the division took part in Operation Bagration, where the entire division was captured by the Soviets. The division was re-activated in September 1944, where it was sent to the newly created Western Front.
History and organisation
The division was formed in 1934 from Pomerania's Mecklenburger population, with its home station being in Schwerin. In order to hide Germany's remilitarisation – a breaking of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles – the unit was codenamed Infanterieführer II to disguise its size. It did not assume its bona-fide designation until the creation of the Wehrmacht was announced in October 1935, where it was redesignated as the 12th Infantry Division. Alongside the name change, Lieutenant General Wilhelm Ulex was placed in charge of the division, before being replaced by Major General Albrecht Schubert the following October. Schubert was promoted to Lieutenant General in March 1938. In November, the command over the 89th Infantry Regiment's 1st Battalion was given to Helmuth Beukemann. In July 1939, the division was moved to Koenigsburg, East Prussia as Germany prepared for the upcoming invasion of Poland, ordered into the 1st Army's I Army Corps.
The 12th Infantry took part in the invasion of Poland to a distinguished capacity at the start of the Second World War. Entering from Tannenberg, the division crossed both the Narew and Bug rivers and into eastern Poland. Because of his skill in command, Helmuth Beukemann was made the commander of a regiment of the 164th Infantry Division in January 1940.
During the 1940 assault on France and the Low Countries, the division helped beat back an Anglo-French assault on an associated Panzer column in the hopes of relieving troops besieged in Belgium during their full-on retreat. Following the campaign, the division remained stationed in the region until May 1941 in an occupational capacity, when it was ordered to return to East Prussia.
Actions in the Soviet Union
In June 1941 the division joined Operation Barbarossa under Army Group North as an element of the 16th Army. It took part in Army Group North's capture of the Latvian city of Daugavpils ("Dvinsk", in Russian), sweeping north-eastward to Leningrad where it was finally stopped in its tracks during the siege effort. During the early months of 1942, the II Army Corps was subject to a Soviet counteroffensive to relieve Leningrad, resulting in five army divisions (the 12th, included) and the SS-Totenkopf division being encircled along with several other elements of the 16th Army in the Demyansk Pocket. With support from Hermann Göring, planes containing supplies were flown in to aid the divisions while they were in the pocket for some 81 days between 8 February and 20 March. Göring would later gloat about his success in freeing the pocket during the Battle of Stalingrad later that year, when a similar airlift concept was applied. While liberated, the 12th Infantry had left the pocket in a much-weakened state, and was in dire need of reconstitution.
In 1943, with the German Army on the retreat, the division fought in the Belarussian city of Vitebsk, where Captain Siegfried Moldenhauer was awarded a Close Combat Clasp for his services as acting-commander of the 48th Grenadier Regiment's (the 4th and 89th Infantry Regiments were redesignated "Grenadier" regiments in the course of the year, while the 27th became a "Fusilier Regiment") 1st Battalion. In January 1944, Moldenhauer became the commander of the regiment's 2nd Battalion, and was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross by Major General von Lützow. Soon after, fighting near Mogilew led to the death of 1st Battalion's commander, Major Kurt Klinger – another Knights Cross recipient. Moldenhauer subsequently assumed command of that battalion as well.
In June, it found itself facing the Soviet offensive in the Belorussian SSR, Operation Bagration. After an effective defence of the road into Mogilev, the 1st Battalion's commander, Major Kurt Klinger – another Knight's Cross recipient – was killed by enemy fire. Moldenhauer subsequently assumed command of that battalion as well. With the Soviet 49th Army crossing the Dnieper, the division was ordered to withdraw into the town, which it was to hold at all costs, and subsequently suffered catastrophic casualties in its defence, leading to a successful Soviet occupation on 28 June. The men under Moldenhauer's command managed to escape the encirclement through a small corridor to the east. The men under the command of Wilhelm Osterhold held the 2nd Battalion's rear to aide in its escape.
The long, drawn out campaign took its toll on the 12 Infantry, with its grenadier regiments consisting of two battalions, each. This deterioration of effectiveness led to its capitulation during the Soviets' Summer Offensive in July 1944, soon after Army Group Centre's collapse in Operation Bagration. None of the division's men escaped capture; its commanding officer Lieutenant General Rudolf Bamler, who had only been in command for a few weeks, was also captured, but later chose to work for the Soviets.
The division was re-activated in September 1944, where it was sent to the newly created Western Front. Again placed under the command of Colonel Gerhard Engel, the division – at some point being redesignated the "12th Volksgrenadier Division" (German: 12. Volksgrenadier-division) – was at a strength of some 12,800 men. With Allied forces approaching the Siegfried Line, the division was made a line division against the Siegfried Line near Aachen. On September 15, elements of the division arrived at the command post of LXXXI Corps where; in the evening they were given orders by the 7th Army to continue the defence of Aachen and to launch a counterattack on the building Allied forces crossing the Ruhr, by first staging near Eschweiler. The following day, elements of the 9th Panzer Division were added to the 12th Volksgrenadier, which was now well-equipped – at least in comparison to other, starving divisions. It then proceeded to take command of the immediate area around Düren. A meeting between chiefs of staff of the 12th Volksgrenadier and the 9th Panzer Divisions took place on the evening to decide on how to plan their joint-attack on the river Mausbach set for the following day.
The division later saw action in the Western Front in the Ardennes as part of the 6th Panzer Army's I SS-Panzer Corps, where it took part in the Battle of the Hurtgen Forest. On January 1, Lieutenant General Engel was seriously wounded by Allied forces, and Colonel Rudolf Langhaeuser assumed temporary command until Engel's return in February. When the offensive failed, the 6th Panzer Army left for Hungary, leaving the division behind to fight off the approaching Americans. The division was encircled near Wuppertal with Army Group B within the Ruhr Pocket. On April 12, Major General Koenig assumed command of the division, having also assumed command of the 272nd Volksgrenadier Division. As the Pocket collapsed, Koenig was captured at Wuppertal on April 18.
- Lieutenant General Wilhelm Ulex (1 October 1935 – 11 October 1936)
- Lieutenant General Albrecht Schubert (12 October 1936)
- Major General Ludwig von der Leyen (1 September 1939)
- Lieutenant General Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach (10 March 1940)
- Colonel Karl Hernekamp (1 January 1942)
- Lieutenant General Kurt-Jürgen Freiherr von Lützow (1 March 1942)
- Colonel Gerhard Müller (1 June 1942)
- Colonel Wilhelm Lorenz (11 July 1942)
- Lieutenant General Kurt-Jürgen Freiherr von Lützow (20 July 1942)
- Lieutenant General Curt Jahn (25 May 1944)
- Lieutenant General Rudolf Bamler (4 June 1944)
- Major General Gerhard Engel (28 June 1944 – January 1, 1945)
- Colonel Rudolf Langhaeuser (January – February 1945)
- Lieutenant General Gerhard Engel (February – April 1945)
- Major General Koenig (12–18 April 1945)
- Other notable soldiers
- Heinz-Georg Lemm
- Siegfried Hauptmann – Knights Cross recipient
- Helmuth Beukemann
- Kurt Klinger – Knights Cross recipient
- Walter Knirsch – Knights Cross recipient ( III./Gren.Rgt. 89) ( 21.12.1944 )
- 12th Artillery Regiment
- 12th Reconnaissance Battalion
- 12th Anti-Tank Battalion
- 12th Engineer Battalion
- 12th Signal Battalion
- 12th Field Replacement Battalion
- 12th Divisional Supply Troops
- 27th Fusilier Regiment
- 48th Infantry Regiment
- 89th Infantry Regiment
- Mitcham, Samuel W. (2007). German Order of Battle: 1st-290th Infantry divisions in World War II. Stackpole Books. pp. 50–53.
- Kurowski, Franz (Aug 2010). Panzergrenadier Aces: German Mechanized Infantrymen in World War II. Stackpole Books. pp. 19–20.
- Berger, Florian (June 2011). The Face of Courage: The 98 Men Who Received the Knight's Cross and the Close-Combat Clasp in Gold. Stackpole Books. pp. 364–365.
- Mitcham, Samuel W. (2007). The German Defeat in the East, 1944-45. Stackpole Books. p. 39.
- Haasler, Timm (2011). Hold the Westwall: The History of Panzer Brigade 105, September 1944. Stackpole Books. pp. 77, 275, 301–302.
- Volksgrenadier, Infantry
- Division (military), Military unit
- Heer, Wehrmacht, List of German divisions in World War II
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Born: c. 1502 BC
Died: c. 1458 BC
Location of death: Egypt
Cause of death: Infection
Remains: Mummified, Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt
Race or Ethnicity: Middle Eastern
Nationality: Ancient Egypt
Executive summary: Female Pharaoh of Egypt
Hatshepsut was a daughter of Pharaoh Thutmose I, and the half-sister and wife of Pharaoh Thutmose II. When he died the crown passed to his son by a lesser wife, Thutmose III. But the Third Thutmose was only an infant, so Hatshepsut acted as his guardian, made all royal decisions, and actually had herself declared Pharaoh and co-regent. Only the title was shared, however -- for almost twenty-one years, the power was hers.
She was the fifth Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt's Eighteenth Dynasty, and launched brief and successful military campaigns near the Euphrates River (in present-day Iraq), and in Nubia (Sudan). Her reign was generally peaceful, however, with a foreign policy encouraging trade and eschewing warfare, which led to the accumulation of enormous wealth and funded hundreds of construction projects in both Upper and Lower Egypt.
She wore the traditional garb of Pharaohs, including men's clothing and a false beard, but made no serious effort to pass herself off as a man. She was the third woman to hold the title of Pharaoh, and is generally considered to have been the most powerful and successful of the few female Pharaohs. In the last years of her reign, she allowed Thutmose III to assume some actual control over policy decisions. He ruled for 33 years after Hatshepsut's death, and sought to have her name removed from all historical records.
The mummified remains of Pharaoh Hatshepsut were discovered by archaeologist Howard Carter in Egypt's Valley of the Kings in 1902, but were not conclusively identified until 2007.
Father: Thutmose I (Pharaoh)
Mother: Ahmose (consort)
Brother: Wadjmose (half-brother, mother was Mutnofret)
Brother: Amenose (half-brother, mother was Mutnofret)
Husband: Thutmose II (half-brother, mother was Mutnofret)
Risk Factors: Diabetes
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If your Crock-Pot or other brand of slow cooker has developed a layer or film of mold, or repeatedly grows mold on the foods inside of it, several problems may be responsible for this situation. While Crock-Pots have been approved as safe for cooking by the United States Department of Agriculture, the care, cleaning and storage techniques used may cause harmful molds to grow.
Moisture builds inside of the Crock-Pot as it cooks the foods. This is because the heat from the pot causes the water content, which is present in all foods, to evaporate as steam. That steam escapes if the pot is open, but many recipes call for a closed lid. Once the heat element is shut off, the moisture sits in the pot with the food, creating the perfect environment for mold to grow. Avoid this by removing the lid once the food is cooked and serving the food while it is still hot.
Leftovers that are stored in a Crock-Pot rather than an airtight container may develop mold more quickly than those stored properly. Also, leftovers that are left longer than the shelf life of the prepared meal, even if refrigerated, grow mold when they begin to decompose. Refrigerators inhibit the growth of mold during the shelf-life of the food, only when the food is properly contained, but refrigerators are dark and damp, which provides a breeding ground for mold on any foods that begin decomposition. That same moisture present from cooking in the Crock-Pot stays with the food if the entire device, with food, is placed in the refrigerator, which could enhance the potential for moldy food.
When you have finished cooking and serving foods that you prepared in your Crock-Pot, you need to wash the inner stoneware basin thoroughly with hot, soapy water. Failure to remove the traces of foods, meat juices and sauces can lead to mold growth; especially when you store the crock pot in a dark cupboard with food still on it. Even on your counter top, mold can grow over foods that you leave out for the night when the heating element is not on. This process happens more quickly during summer months, as warm air can speed the growth of mold.
If you store your Crock-Pot when it is not in use for long periods of time, location is key to preventing mold growth. A dry cupboard or storage closet will keep it clean and dry as long as you have washed and dried it before storing it. A damp area, such as a basement or utility room, can expose the pot to added moisture and cause water to accumulate and develop mold.
Get rid of mold in the cookware by first cleaning inside the stoneware vessel with warm, soapy water. Let the water sit for 10 or 15 minutes to loosen stubborn debris, then wipe it away with a sponge. Rinse it out. After the Crock-Pot stoneware portion is washed, sanitize it with a mixture of 1 teaspoon of bleach mixed into a gallon of water. Fill the crock with the solution and let it sit for several minutes, then dump the liquid out. Rinse the pot and allow it to air dry completely before storing it.
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Exercise Discovery Could Save Lives of Sickest Patients
Source: University of Virginia
Summary: In a new discovery researchers have found that how exercise protects us from diseases among the sickest patients and most gravely injured.
People who suffer from severe trauma or sepsis (full body infection) often develop multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). It’s as if the immune system instead of attacking the infection, turns against the patient and attacks the vital organs. In intensive care units, MODS is considered to be the primary cause of death and killing almost 80% of the people who develop it. In a new discovery, researchers at the University of Virginia School of Medicine have found that how exercise protects from diseases among the sickest patients and most gravely injured. The findings were published in the journal Free Radical Biology & Medicine.
Researchers suggest that skeletal muscles in our body naturally make an antioxidant which helps to get rid of excessive free radicals. The antioxidant, EcSOD is one of the mechanisms by which exercise protects the body against diseases. The antioxidant helps by acting as the first line of defense and prevents inflammatory cells from accumulating inside the vital organs. More clear understanding of the mechanism will help the researchers to strategically design better pharmacological and genetic interventions. Clinically this has huge implications which indicate the importance of regular exercise in keeping us more resistant to many disease conditions.
Zhen Yan said, “In the condition of sepsis and severe trauma, our defense system becomes exaggerated to the point that [the body’s immune defenses] misunderstand the signal, so that they begin to attack the organs”, “Our body is mistakenly thinking there is a danger signal coming from the organs themselves.”
More Information: Jarrod A. Call et al. “Muscle-derived extracellular superoxide dismutase inhibits endothelial activation and protects against multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in mice”, Free Radical Biology & Medicine (2017).
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The looming flu season is shaping up to be among the worst in 15 years, according to health officials who say an unforeseen mutation in this season’s dominant flu strain could mean more severe illnesses, hospitalizations and even deaths. The most common virus detected since October has been influenza A H3N2, the foremost strain in the three deadliest flu seasons since 2000, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
To make matters worse, health experts warn that the flu vaccine developed for the 2014-2015 flu season will not protect against so-called drift viruses – versions of H3N2 that are slightly genetically different from the main virus – meaning the vaccine may not be as effective a shield as hoped. Half of the H3N2 viruses confirmed so far by the health agency were drift viruses.
“Whenever we have a season with the H3N2 virus we see a lot of hospitalizations,” Mary DiOrio, medical director of the Ohio Department of Health, told The Blade. “It’s too early to say what role the drift will play in the whole season but it’s definitely concerning.”
The virus’ ability to mutate and the difficulty in predicting those mutations are largely the reason health experts expect a more severe 2014-2015 flu season. Flu viruses are characteristically different each year in part because every time the virus replicates there’s a chance for it to change, whether slightly or in a big way. “Antigenic drift is when these changes happen slowly over time,” according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Because these changes occur regularly, human immune systems cannot recognize the virus from one year to the next. Developing an annual flu vaccine at the onset of a flu season involves following seasonal trends and field tests, but also a bit of guess work, health officials have said. Sometimes, it’s simply not a good match.
"We can't always predict why there is more flu one year and why it may be more severe," Lieske Giese, director of the Eau Claire City-County Health Department in Wisconsin, told WEAU. "We know that now this H3N2 version is slightly different than what the vaccine is protecting against. So there is likelihood that we are seeing more flu partly because the vaccine isn't fully protected this year."
Health officials still “strongly” recommend getting vaccinated, Joseph Bresee, head of the CDC’s influenza department, said in a statement. “Vaccination has been found to provide some protection against drifted viruses in past seasons. Also, vaccination will offer protection against other flu viruses that may become more common later in the season.” Flu seasons typically start in November and end in May.
Influenza is directly linked to hundreds of deaths and thousands of hospitalizations in the U.S. every year, according to the CDC. People 65 years and older are particularly vulnerable to the virus, with about 90 percent of seasonal flu deaths occurring in that age group.
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The shores of Appledore Island, Maine -- just six miles from the New Hampshire coast -- are being invaded by an aggressive red algae that can foul popular tourist beaches and damage vital local fisheries.
The seaweed, Heterosiphonia japonica, is a native to Japan and has not been reported elsewhere in Maine to date. The brownish-red stringy plant was first spotted underwater on Appledore in 2011 by undergraduates in the Shoals Marine Lab Underwater Research class. By this summer most of the studied intertidal transects on the island -- permanent sites between the high- and low-tide lines -- contained Heterosiphonia.
The alga grows in the water along the shoreline, then detaches and creates vast, decaying piles in the intertidal zone along the shore. In some locations along the Atlantic coast, Heterosiphonia has covered beaches and threatened tourism with its foul odor. Biologists are also concerned that this seaweed may out-compete native plants, overwhelming local ecosystems and the commercial fisheries they support.
Researchers believe this species was transported to the Atlantic Coast on boat hulls or by shellfish aquaculture. It was first discovered in southern New England on Rhode Island's eastern seaboard in 2009.
So far, experts at the Lab -- which is jointly supported by Cornell University and the University of New Hampshire -- are cautious and say the impact of the red algae this far north has yet to be fully felt.
"It is currently present in large enough amounts in limited areas of Appledore's shoreline to impact the intertidal zone. We don't know what those impacts will be," said Robin Hadlock Seeley, Shoals senior research associate. "Other than reports from lobster fishermen about clogged traps and troublesome piles of the seaweed on swimming beaches, we don't yet know the impacts of this seaweed invasion on the coast. But it's moving fast."
The Shoals Intertidal Transect Project, begun 40 years ago when the Shoals Marine Lab was established, details the distribution and abundance of organisms in exposed and protected rocky intertidal habitats on Appledore Island. Through this annual survey of the biota of Appledore Island, Shoals Marine Lab, located in the Gulf of Maine, acts as a sentinel for invasive species expanding from the warmer waters of southern New England.
Cite This Page:
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Advantages Of Direct Constant-Voltage Operation In Crown Power Amps
Electric-power companies have a good idea which has been applied to audio engineering. When they run power through miles of cable, they minimize resistive power loss by running the power as high voltage and low current. To do this, they use a step-up transformer at the power station and a step-down transformer at each customer's location. This reduces power loss due to the I2R heating of the power cables.
The same solution can be applied to audio communications in the form of a constant-voltage system (typically 70 volts). Such a system is often used when a single power amplifier drives many loudspeakers through long cable runs (over 50 feet). Some examples of this condition are distributed speaker systems for P.A., paging, or low-SPL background music.
What is constant voltage? The label "constant voltage" has been confusing because the voltage is really not constant in an audio program. A better term might be "high voltage."
Figure 1 shows a typical high-voltage system. A transformer at the power-amplifier output steps up the voltage to approximately 70 volts at full power. Each speaker has a step-down transformer that matches the 70V line to each speaker's impedance. The primaries of all the speaker transformers are paralleled across the transformer secondary on the power amplifier.
Figure 1. A constant-voltage (high-voltage) audio system.
The signal line to the loudspeakers is high voltage, low current, and usually high impedance. Typical line values for a 100-watt amplifier are 70V, 1.41 amperes, and 50 ohms.
How did the 70V line get its name? The intention was to have 100V peak on the line, which is 70.7V rms. The technically correct value is 70.7V rms, but "70V" is the common term. There are 70 volts on the line at maximum amplifier output with a sine wave signal. The actual voltage depnds on the power-amplifier wattage rating and the step-up ratio of the transformer. The audio program voltage in a 70V system might not even reach 70V. Conversely, peaks in the audio program might exceed 70V.
Various voltages have been tried such as 25, 35, 50, 70, 100, 140, and 200 volts, but the 70V system has become the most widespread. Although rare, the 200V system has been used for cable length exceeding one mile.
Advantages of high-voltage operation
As stated before, a high-voltage line reduces power loss due to cable heating. That's because the speaker cable carries the audio signal as a low current. Consequently you can use smaller-gauge speaker cable, or very long cable runs, without losing excessive power.
Another advantage of high-voltage operation is that you can more easily provide the amplifier with a matching load. Suppose you're connecting dozens of speakers to a single 8-ohm amplifier output. It can be difficult to wire the speakers in a series-parallel combination having a total impedance of 8 ohms. Also it's bad practice to run speakers in series because if one speaker fails, all the speakers in series are lost. This changes the load impedance seen by the power amplifier.
With a high-voltage system you can hang hundreds of speakers in parallel on a single amplifier output, if you provide a matching load. In addition, a high-voltage distributed system is relatively easy to design, and allows flexibility in power settings due to multiple taps on the speaker transformers.
An external step-up transformer is not the only way to get high voltage from the amplifier. Some amplifiers have built-in step-up transformers, while others provide a high-voltage, transformerless (direct) output.
Overcoming the flaws of step-up transformers
One disadvantage of transformers is that they add expense. Particulary if you use large transformers for extended low-frequency response, the cost per transformer may run $70 to $200. Another disadvantage is that transformers can degrade the frequency response and add distortion - both at the amplifier end and the loudspeaker end.
Half of this problem was solved in 1967 When Crown International introduced the DC-300. It was most likely the first high-powered, low-distortion, solid-state power amplifier capable of directly driving a 70V line without a step-up transformer. And in June 1987, the Macro-Tech 2400 was introduced with the capability of directly driving a 100V line. Com-Tech and CTs power amps also have this ability. Thus, today only the loudspeakers need transformers to step down the voltage.
The direct high-voltage advantage
As stated earlier, there are three power-amplifier options that provide a high-voltage output. The amplifier might have
- an external step-up transformer
- a built-in step-up transformer
- a high-voltage, transformerless output
Many high-power amplifiers can drive 70V lines directly without an output transformer, simply because they provide a high output voltage. For example, a Crown DC-300 provides 35 volts per channel loaded, or 70 volts in bridge-mono mode. A 1000-watt amplifier driving a total load of 4 ohms provides 63 volts.
The direct high-voltage approach eliminates the drawbacks of transformers:
- limited bandwidth
- core saturation at low frequencies
Let's look at the core-saturation problem in more detail. Sound systems can generate unwanted low frequencies, due to, say, a dropped microphone or a phantom-powered mic pulled out of its connector. Low frequencies at high power tend to saturate the core of a transformer. The less the amount of iron in the transformer, the more likely it is to saturate.
Saturation reduces the impedance of the transformer, which in turn may cause the amplifier to go into current limiting. When this occurs, negative voltage spikes are generated in the transformer that travel back to the amplifier -- a phenomenon called flyback. The spikes cause a raspy, distorted sound. In addition, the extreme low-impedance load might cause the power amplifier to fail.
Crown amplifiers are designed with high-current capability to tolerate these low-frequency stresses. Production amplifiers are given a "torture test". Each amplifier must deliver a 15-Hz signal at full power into a saturated DCA Power transformer for 1 second without developing a hernia!
Many transformers are reactive, so their impedance varies with frequency. Some 8-ohm transformers measure as low as 1 ohm at low frequencies. That's another reason for specifying an amplifier with high current capability.
Recent models with direct constant-voltage ability
The Crown Com-Tech Series was the first to offer independent selection of high- and low-impedance operation for a specific channel, and CDi and CTs Series amplifiers continue that tradition, with power levels and features carefully chosen to integrate into fixed-install designs.
The Crown CDi Series provides 70V (dual mode) and 140V (bridge mode) as well as low-impedance (2/4/8 ohm) operation. CTs Series amplifiers provide direct constant-voltage (70V/100V/140V/200V) or low-impedance (2/4/8 ohm) operation. In Dual Mode, the CTs 600/1200 can power 25/50/70V lines; the CTs 2000/3000 can power 25/50/70/100V lines. In Bridge-Mono mode, the CTs 600/1200 can power 140V lines; the CTs 2000/3000 can power 140V and 200V lines.
With CDi Series and CTs Series amplifiers, one channel can drive low-impedance loudspeakers, while another channel drives loudspeakers with 70V transformers. This makes it easy to set up a system with large, low-Z speakers for local coverage and distributed 70V speakers for distant rooms -- all with a single amplifier.
If you have a conventional amplifier with low-Z outputs only, and you want 70V or 100V operation, Crown has the needed accessories. The TP-170V is a panel with four built-in autoformers that convert four low-Z outputs to high-Z. The T-170V is a single autoformer for the same purpose.
For additional assistance with constant-voltage system design, please visit Crown's Design Tools. There youll find a calculator that can help you either test what you have learned in this article, or set up your next constant voltage system.
Considering the many advantages of direct constant-voltage operation, we suggest that you specify Crown power amps in your next distributed-speaker installation.
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The Cnidaria are generally considered the second most primitive animals after the sponges. Like sponges, cnidarians have a very simple construction but they differ in that they have evolved some internal organs and a primitive neural system.
Cnidarians exist in many sizes but basically only in two shapes: benthic polyps (for instance, anemones) that look like flowers and pelagic medusa (such as jellyfish) that look like parachutes. Many species go through both of these stages during their life.
Despite their rather innocent appearance, cnidarians are all predators that eat whatever they can catch and swallow. The tentacles are covered with cells, called nematocytes or cnidocytes, that are used in the trapping and killing of prey, defense against predators and sometimes in the construction of a tube in which the animal lives. Stinging nematocytes—also called penetrant nematocytes—inject venom into prey or potential predators.
Adhesive nematocytes—called ptychocysts—fire a sticky filament that traps prey and, in the case of burrowing anemones, allows the animal to attach itself to the inside of the tube in which it lives. Other nematocytes—volvent nematocytes—contain a looped filament shaped used like a lasso and is used to snare prey.
Cnidarians should therefore be handled with care. Icelandic species do not kill people but some can cause rashes or even burns on the skin. Some species in warmer waters of the world can be lethal.
Probably, the best known cnidarians are the jellyfish. They start their life cycle as benthic polyps, then they mature and enter a pelagic medusa stage. This usually happens in late summer and autumn.
Other well know cnidarian groups are corals, sea anemones and hydrozoans. Corals and sea anemones are closely related, but differ, mainly because corals are colonies of very small individuals, while sea anemones are usually solitary individuals. Corals are usually associated with the tropics, but coral reefs also occur in deep waters in colder areas of the oceans, including Icelandic waters. Soft corals that do not form reefs are found in northern Icelandic waters but cold water coral reefs are not found there.
Sea anemones are common on hard substrate throughout Eyjafjörður, some even live commensally on snails or hermit crabs. This arrangement is beneficial to both animals as the anemone gets food in the form of particles broken off or stirred up by the animal it attaches to and the snail or crab gains the benefit of the anemone’s stinging cells that potentially keeps away predators.
Hydrozoans are common both as polyps and small medusa. The polyps form colonies similar to those of coral. But the hydrozoan colonies are relatively soft and look like vegetation growing on hard surfaces, even other animals or kelp. These are of course animals, not plants.
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The Spectacled Caiman (Caiman crocodilus) is seen here with its head nearly above the water. A well-camouflaged semi-aquatic predator, but also a common one seen frequently in Kabalebo.
The Spectacled Caiman can reach a length of at least 2.5 meters. This makes this reptile one of the largest caimans in South-America (the largest one is the Black Caiman). Their habitat range from Mexico and Central America, Peru, Argentina, Columbia, Venezuela, Brazil, the Guyana's (British-Guyana, Suriname and French-Guyana) and even in Trinidad & Tobago.
They are active during both day- and nighttime, hunting on a wide variety of food: insects, fish, frogs, water birds and small mammals. In the pictures below you can see Spectacled Caimans showing off their trophies: a toad and a fish.
They are well-camouflaged semi-aquatic predators as they stay very quiet for a long time on the river banks and open areas…. often mistaken for logs. This is usually their strategy to catch off-guard birds thinking it is a safe spot to land on.
The Spectacled Caiman is the only species with a curved bony ridge, resembling the bridge of eye glasses. When they are heading into the water only their eyes and the top of their snout are visible above the water. Even though they are common caimans it is always a spectacular experience to spot them in the wild.
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Vitamin B-6 is a water-soluble vitamin that must be obtained through dietary sources, according to the Linus Pauling Institute. Recommendations are made for vitamin B-6 and other vitamins to ensure adequate intake. Seek a registered dietitian for the best food sources that contain adequate amounts of vitamin B-6.
Vitamin B-6 is involved in many vital functions in the body, so a recommended dietary allowance, or RDA, is established to prevent deficiencies. The National Institutes of Health reports that the RDA for vitamin B-6 is 1.3 milligrams to 1.7 milligrams for men and women. Pregnant and lactating women are required to get 1.9 to 2 milligrams of vitamin B-6, according to the NIH.
Deficiencies of vitamin B-6 are not common in the typical American diet, but alcoholics are considered to be the most at risk because of their poor nutrition and impaired metabolism due to the effects of alcohol, reports the Linus Pauling Institute. The NIH reports that older adults and people with limited diets also might be at risk for deficiency. Symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency include depression, confusion and ulcers of the mouth, according to the LPI.
The National Institutes of Health reports that vitamin B-6 is necessary for the function of more than 100 enzymes involved in the metabolism of protein. Vitamin B-6 also is required for a wide range of roles, such as healthy nervous system and immune system functioning. Red blood cells require vitamin B-6 for the production of hemoglobin in order to transport oxygen throughout tissues, reports the NIH. The Linus Pauling Institute reports that vitamin B-6 also is needed for the conversion of tryptophan to niacin, another vital B vitamin.
Vitamin B-6 is found in the highest concentrations in foods such as bananas, chickpeas, tuna and squash reports the National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Other dietary sources of include cabbage, asparagus, kale, broccoli, mushrooms and cauliflower. Fish such as salmon and cod also provide good amounts of the vitamin. Fortified food products such as cereals and grains contain traces of vitamin B-6 as well. Vitamin B-6 is available as a dietary supplement in the form of pyridoxine hydrocholoride, reports Drugs.com.
The Linus Pauling Institute reports that side effects have been reported from dietary supplements. High intakes of vitamin B-6 supplements are associated with nerve damage and can be reversible once supplementation is ceased, according to the National Institutes of Health. The tolerable upper intake level of vitamin B6 for adults is 100 milligrams per day, according to the LPI.
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The idea of insurance has been around for quite some time. There are two types of economies in society: non-monetary economies (think of nomadic civilizations who use barter and trade) and monetary economies (with tools like currency and financial instruments). And what about life insurance? What about protecting our assets?
Imagine, it’s 600 BC. Florists are putting the final touches on the lush hanging gardens of Nebuchadnezzar. Athens is experiencing crippling economic debt as Hellenistic culture flees to greener pastures on Italian shores in Pompeii and Milan. So, amid all this change and turmoil of history and awakening of consciousness, the Greeks and Romans introduced the earliest blossoms of what is today’s health and life insurance when they created guilds called “benevolent societies.” Together, members of the guild covered funeral expenses (the toll to eternity was not cheap!). In the middle ages, guilds continued a similar practice.
Fast forward a few hundred years and meet the Amicable Society for a Perpetual Assurance Office. Founded in 1706 by Bishop William Talbot in London, this is considered the first life insurance company in the world. How did it work? The Amicable Society started with two-thousand members. Each member paid a fixed annual payment per share, from one to three shares considering the age of the members being 12 to 55. Then, a portion of this “amicable” payment was divided among the family of deceased members in proportion to the amount of shares the heirs owned.
As industrialization took hold of the modern word, business insurance developed to benefit companies who were threatened by fires and floods. Life Insurance developed in the U.S. as a continuation to relieve the stress and economic disenfranchisement of widows in the 18th and 19th centuries. It was a way to treat members fairly and reflected many of the ideals of the popular reform movements of the time.
Life insurance is proud to honor its long legacy. Protect your assets, your family, and your future today!
What does life insurance mean to you?
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How’s this for an unintended consequence of the U.S. Federal government shutdown: Just a few weeks after crossing a major threshold in achieving nuclear fusion, researchers at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) in Livermore, CA, were furloughed.
To achieve fusion, the NIF sends 192 beams from a powerful laser (delivering a pulse of energy 1,000 times stronger than the entire generating capacity of the all of the power plants in the U.S.) to heat a pellet of hydrogen fuel. The September experiment was the first time any facility in the world had passed the break-even point on energy creation. The next step would be to reach what is known as the ignition point, when fusion produces as much energy as that supplied to the lasers.
If NIF is able to achieve ignition, it could pave the way for a new approach to nuclear power, although a number of obstacles still remain. Among those obstacles are the instability of the capsule holding the hydrogen fuel, and inefficiencies in the laser delivery system.
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This is an inventory of all the German American Heritage Sites that highlight America’s German culture and history across the country. From the original settlement of Germantown (Philadelphia) founded in 1683 until today, the Deutschamerikaner has played a huge role in our nation’s history. A huge belt of German settlement runs across the northern tier of our entire country from the east coast to the west coast. Within the “German Triangle” created by the cities of Cincinnati, St. Louis and Milwaukee lies the largest amount of German settlements begun in the Nineteenth century . “With an estimated size of approximately 46 million in 2014, German Americans are the largest of the ancestry groups reported by the US Census Bureau in its American Community Survey.” The group accounts for about 1⁄3 of the total ethnic German population in the world.
The German American Heritage Survey will assemble the past and present influence of the German heritage in the United States. An inventory of sites, prominent people and institutions, settlements, culinary memories, conflicts, scenic byways, migration routes, religious influences, agricultural influences, maps, prints, and images, and music, art, and architecture, along with a list of current organizations with whom to collaborate will be gathered. From this survey, we will use GIS mapping information to share these sites and stories across the country. We will also assemble an interactive website and app, allowing access to our nation’s rich German Heritage. Project Director, Dorris Keeven-Franke, has assembled a team who will assist in coordinating this project.
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Calf muscle tear
Pain experienced in the calf muscle, which is the lower part of the leg, is often the cause of a torn or pulled calf muscle. A torn calf muscles has similarities to an Achilles tendon tear or rupture, although it occurs higher up the back of the leg.
Causes of a calf muscle tear
Changes in direction or acceleration can be the cause of calf muscle tears. Though, there have also been cases of calf muscles being torn simply from walking. Calf muscles can be minor or severe, with a specialist grading the injury from one to three.
Symptoms of a calf muscle tear
A sign of a pulled or torn calf muscle may feel like you have been hit in the leg because there is sudden pain at the back of the calf. You will then experience bruising, pain and swelling in the calf muscle, which can make walking and standing on your toes difficult.
Grade one: When the muscle is stretched causing small micro tears in the muscle fibres. Depending on your compliance, recovery takes approximately 2-3 weeks.
Grade two: When there is partial tearing of muscle fibres. With good rehabilitation, full recovery takes approximately 4-8 weeks.
Grade three: This is the most severe grade of calf strain. This grade is when there is a complete tearing or rupture of muscle fibres in the lower leg. In some severe cases, surgery may be needed, though if not, full recovery can take 3-4 months.
Treatment of a calf muscle tear
Calf muscles are very common, occurring when people return to sport too quickly and have not completed their rehabilitation program. Research has established that there are six phases in the rehabilitation process to treat and prevent these injuries.
Stage one – Early Injury Protection: Pain reduction and anti-inflammatory phase
As with most soft tissue injuries the initial treatment is RICE – Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation.
Your calf muscle is a strong set of powerful muscles that produces force to hop, run and jump. In the early phases, you’ll be able to walk without a limp, so your calf needs some rest from weight-bearing loads. It’s important to note that when crutches or a walking boot are the most suitable forms of treatment, you may need to be non or partial weight-bearing.
Ice: A simple and easily accessible way to reduce your pain and inflammation is by applying ice. Apply ice for 20-30 minutes every 2-4 hours when you first notice the injury becoming warm or hot.
Compression: To stop the blood from pooling in your foot, use a compression bandage or kinesiology supportive tape.
Elevation: Elevating your foot above your heart will reduce excessive swelling around your calf and lower leg.
Stage two: Regain full range of motion
If protected properly, your injured calf will successfully reattach. Mature scar formation takes at least six weeks. To prevent the scar tissue from re-tearing in the future, you should aim to optimally remould it.
Massage and muscle stretches will help hear your scar tissue. Signs that it is healed is when you can walk without a limp and can perform calf stretches with a similar end of range stretch feeling.
Stage three: Restore concentric muscle strength
The restoring process of the calf muscle is a gradual progression from non-weight bear to partial and then eventually full weight bear and resistance-loaded exercises. On assessment findings, your chiropractor or physiotherapist may also advise that you require strengthening for other leg, lower core muscles and gluteal.
Stage four: Restore eccentric muscle strength
Calf muscles work in two directions by pushing you up (concentric) and control you down (eccentric). Most calf muscle tears occur during the controlled lengthening phase. As and when your injury healing allows, your chiropractor or physiotherapist will guide you on calf strengthening programs.
Stage five: Restore high speed, power, proprioception and agility
Calf muscles injuries often occur during high-speed activities that place pressure on your body. To prevent a recurrence as you return to sport, your chiropractor or physiotherapust will guide your recovery with exercises of rehabilitation to improve your sporting performance and prevent a recurrence.
Your chiropractor or physiotherapist, to prepare you for light sport-specific training, will develop an agility, speed, power, and proprioception program for you.
Stage six: Return to sport
To return to sport safely and injury-free, you will require specific sport related exercises and a customised training regime.
Depending on the demands of your sport, your chiropractor or physiotherapist will discuss timeframes, goals and training schedules with you to support your return to sport with the main objective being a full agility, speed, power and function with increased knowledge on how to minimise any further injuries.
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MAYWOOD, IL - Patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can, in rare cases, experience bleeding on the brain that causes a type of stroke called intracerebral hemorrhage.
A Loyola University Medical Center case study demonstrates that a virus called varicella-zoster can cause inflammation of blood vessels in the brain. This inflammation, known as cerebral vasculitis, can cause both hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic strokes.
The study by Daniel Vela Duarte MD, David Pasquale, MD, and senior author Murray Flaster, MD, PhD, was presented during a meeting of the American Academy of Neurology 2015 annual meeting in Washington, D.C.
Varicella-zoster virus causes chickenpox in children and shingles in older adults. The virus typically remains dormant in patients with healthy immune systems, but can reactivate if the immune system is compromised.
Researchers reported the case of a 48-year-old man with HIV/AIDS. Doctors had prescribed a combination of HIV/AIDS drugs called highly active antiretroviral therapy, but for the previous seven years, the patient had not taken his medications. The patient presented with a very high HIV load and very low CD4 count. (CD4s are white blood cells that fight infections.)
The man experienced a sudden weakness on the right side and difficulty speaking and understanding speech. Imaging scans showed he had suffered a hemorrhagic stroke, with bleeding directly into the substance of the brain. The researchers were able to demonstrate that the varicella-zoster virus was actively replicating within the patient's brain.
Although rare, the condition may be more common in patients with compromised immune systems. However, it can be treated successfully when recognized.
The patient made an excellent recovery after receiving appropriate treatment -- a medication for varicella-zoster virus, along with highly active antiretroviral therapy.
The case illustrates three points:
- Physicians who treat patients with suppressed immune systems should take into account the possibility of infection by the varicella-zoster virus.
- In rare cases, varicella-zoster virus can cause strokes in children and adults with compromised immune systems.
- On imaging scans, lesions caused by varicella-zoster virus can mimic lesions caused by a different virus, called JC, that also becomes active in patients with compromised immune systems.
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Box hedges are under threat from a fungal disease that has flourished during the wettest winter on record.
The tightly clipped hedges seen in traditional English gardens are at risk of box blight, which turns leaves brown and usually means that the plant has to be removed.
John David, the Royal Horticultural Society’s chief scientist, said there had been more inquiries about box blight so far in 2014 than in the same period last year. There are fears that many more plants could suffer in the summer, when the warmer weather allows the fungal spores to grow.
“We believe this
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CC-MAIN-2015-18
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http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/life/property/gardens/article4035432.ece
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One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
A carnivorous bipedal dinosaur of a late Cretaceous family which included deinonychus and the velociraptors. They had a large slashing claw on each hind foot.
Family Dromaeosauridae, suborder Theropoda, order Saurischia
- ‘Yes, there was a group of animals called dromaeosaurs which included animals such as Velociraptor.’
- ‘This southern radiation parallels the spread of small theropods such as the dromaeosaurids, or ‘raptors,’ through the Northern Hemisphere during the same time period.’
- ‘We know that it is a dromaeosaur, a theropod and relative of Velociraptor.’
- ‘Popular Science reviews the discovery of a well-preserved fossil of the ‘feathered’ dinosaur known as a dromaeosaur.’
- ‘There are also asymmetric flight feathers preserved on the wing and near the hind limbs of a dromaeosaurid.’
1970s: from modern Latin Dromaeosauridae, based on Greek dromaios ‘swift-running’ + sauros ‘lizard’.
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV.
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CC-MAIN-2018-26
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https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/dromaeosaurid
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Kerlin, S., W. Carlsen, G. Kelly, and E. Goehring. Online 2012, print 2013. Journal of Science Education and Technology 22(4):475–487.
The conception of Global Learning Communities (GLCs) was researched to discover potential benefits of the use of online technologies that facilitated communication and scientific data sharing outside of the normal classroom setting. 1,419 students in 635 student groups began the instructional unit. Students represented the classrooms of 33 teachers from the USA, 6 from Thailand, 7 from Australia, and 4 from Germany. Data from an international environmental education project were analyzed to describe grades 7–9 student scientific writing in domestic US versus international–US classroom online partnerships. The development of an argument analytic and a research model of exploratory data analysis followed by statistical testing were used to discover and highlight different ways students used evidence to support their scientific claims about temperature variation at school sites and deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Findings show modest gains in the use of some evidentiary discourse components by US students in international online class partnerships compared to their US counterparts in domestic US partnerships. The analytic, research model, and online collaborative learning tools may be used in other large-scale studies and learning communities. Results provide insights about the benefits of using online technologies and promote the establishment of GLCs.
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://stroudcenter.org/pre-tenure-publication/global-learning-communities-comparison-online-domestic-international-science-class-partnerships/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945333.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325130029-20230325160029-00713.warc.gz
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Biography of Japanese Painter
Hishida Shunso (1874 - 1911)
Shunso was born in Iida of Nagano Prefecture.
His given name was Mioji.
In 1890, Shunso entered the Tokyo School of Fine Arts (Tokyo Bijutsu
Gakko) and received lessons from Hashimoto Gaho.
Shunso was one year Yokoyama Taikan and Shimomura Kanzan's junior.
They were influenced a great deal by Okakura Tenshin, the head teacher of the school at that time.
However, as Tenshin was radical reformer of Japanese painting, there are not a few opponents in the school.
In 1898, Tenshin resigned the position cause of action of the opponents.
Taikan, Kanzan and Shunso were working for the school as teachers around that time, they also left their jobs and got into line with Tenshin.
Shunso took part in the establishment of the Japan Art Institute (Nihon Bijutsu-In) with Tenshin, Taikan and Kanzan.
In 1903, Shunso went to India with Taikan.
In 1904, Shunso took off a two-year journey to America and European countries with Tenshin and Taikan.
In 1906, they moved to Izura of Ibaraki Prefecture accompanied with the replacement of the Nihon Bijutsu-In to that place.
Though, Shunso got eye trouble so that he moved to Tokyo for treatment in 1908.
Driven by fear of blindness, he painted frantically.
Finally, he became blind and died on September 16 of 1911.
The conventional Japanese painting style was to draw outlines of objects.
From around 1900, Taikan and Shunso started making paintings without such line drawings.
The new painting method without line drawings is called "Mourou-tai".
Though, their Mourou-tai painting method was beyond all apprehension and was severely criticized by art critics at first.
Shunso sent his work "Kenshu Bosatsu" depicted with the Mourou-tai method to the first Bunten Exhibition in 1907, however, the adjudicators could not understand its value at all.
Later, the Mourou-tai method was recognized.
Yokoyama Taikan said that Shunso was much superior painter to him.
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CC-MAIN-2023-06
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https://jyuluck-do.com/profile_hishida_shunso.html
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Investigating Sustainable Solutions for Gasoline-Powered Leaf Blowers (#GBLs)
An educational campaign aimed at bringing awareness on the adverse impacts that using a two-stroke gas leaf blower (GLB) has on the environment and broader society.
The purpose of this education campaign is to bring awareness to not only the City of Toronto, but also the public, on the adverse impacts that using a two-stroke gas leaf blower (GLB) has on the environment and broader society. It is our utmost hope that this educational resource provides motive to stop the use of GLBs, as well as provoke the public to hold municipal leaders accountable for banning year-round use of such a detrimental tool. To further investigate the adverse effects of GLBs, this campaign critically analyzes the effects of this tool through not only the three lenses of sustainability, but also the applicable critical infrastructures and SDGs, to make sustainable recommendations to mitigate the effects of GLBs.
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://ecologicaldesignlab.ca/project/investigating-sustainable-solutions-for-gasoline-powered-leaf-blowers-gbls/
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en
| 0.950679
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Replacing dollars could save dollars
December 25, 2012 - Updated: 1:30 a.m.
A dollar is a dollar is a dollar.
But the traditional $1 bill could soon go the way of the eight-track, incandescent light bulbs and handwritten letters.
A proposal to wean Americans from the $1 bill – and instead rely on $1 coins – is circulating through congressional corridors as a way to save up to $4.4 billion over the next three decades.
“We may be moving to a completely paperless society for monetary transactions, so small coins may be all that is left for the few of us who still shy away from the electronic world,” said Allan Saxe, an associate political science professor at the University of Texas at Arlington.
In the face of the “fiscal cliff,” federal officials recently talked about saving billions of dollars by switching from $1 bills to $1 coins – even though Americans haven’t seemed to embrace the coins.
Coins last longer than bills, so the replacement costs drop.
Similar currency changes have saved money and worked in other countries, such as Canada.
“We realize that replacing the $1 note with the $1 coin is controversial,” Lorelei St. James, a director for the U.S. Government Accountability Office, said during congressional testimony last month.
But, she said, “we continue to believe that the government would receive a financial benefit from making the replacement.”
The proposal, made recently by the GAO to a House subcommittee, could have a bigger-than-expected impact in Fort Worth, Texas, home of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing’s Western Currency Facility.
The facility, one of two places in the world where U.S. paper money is designed, engraved and printed, is scheduled to print 1.5 billion $1 bills in fiscal 2013, according to federal officials.
Workers have been printing money there since 1991.
And workers at the Bureau of Engraving and Printing in Washington, D.C., have been printing currency since 1862.
Coins of all denominations – along with commemorative coins, gold and silver bullion coins, and more – are produced at a handful of U.S. Mint facilities, including in Denver, Philadelphia, San Francisco and West Point, N.Y.
Late last month, lawmakers on the House Subcommittee on Domestic Monetary Policy and Technology heard a report on the benefits of replacing dollar bills with dollar coins.
They learned that:
• Dollar bills last about 4.7 years. Dollar coins last around 30 years.
• Six times in the past 22 years, the GAO has recommended replacing dollar bills with dollar coins to save money.
• Replacing dollar bills with coins could provide $4.4 billion in savings over 30 years.
• To replace every $1 bill now in circulation, the government would need to make 1.6 dollar coins (because coins might be stored in jars, drawers and – inadvertently – couch cushions, temporarily removing them from circulation).
• About 1.4 billion dollar coins were stored in the Federal Reserve as of late September 2011.
• Officials would need a four-year transition for the U.S. Mint to produce enough coins to replace the dollar bills now in circulation – and potentially $8 million to explain the switch in a massive public relations campaign.
St. James said a nationwide poll in 2002 showed that people weren’t using the dollar coin because they “were familiar with the $1 note, the $1 coin was not widely available and people did not want to carry more coins.”
“However, when respondents were told that such a replacement would save the government about half a billion dollars a year (our 2000 estimate), the proportion who said they opposed elimination of the note dropped from 64 percent to 37 percent.”
A 2006 Gallup poll, however, showed that 79 percent of respondents didn’t want to replace dollar bills with dollar coins.
“We have noted in past reports that efforts to increase the circulation and public acceptance of the $1 coins – such as changes to the color of the $1 coin and new coin designs – have not succeeded, in part, because the $1 note has remained in circulation,” St. James said.
U.S. Rep. Kay Granger, R-Texas, said she does not support eliminating the $1 bill.
“The costs of switching entirely to dollar coins would be large in production, transport and implementation,” she said. “Not to mention, people don’t want to carry around a pocketful of gold coins. Most importantly, we’d be losing good jobs in Fort Worth.”
Countries including Canada, France, Japan, Russia and Spain have replaced lower-denomination bills with coins over the past 50 years.
Officials from many of those nations said the rationale was lower production costs.
In Canada, for instance, officials introduced a $1 coin known as a “loonie” in 1987, saving about $450 million.
The switch to dollar coins went so well that in 1996, Canadian officials introduced a $2 coin known as a “toonie.”
A key to having consumers accept and broadly use the coins is stopping production of the paper money, according to the GAO report.
Within a few years in Canada, at least, “the $1 and $2 coins were the most popular coins in circulation and were heavily used by businesses and the public,” St. James said.
U.S. officials have issued a variety of dollar coins through the years – from the Eisenhower dollars to the Susan B. Anthony coins to Sacagawea coins – that never seemed to catch on.
Each year, the two U.S. printing facilities create about 4 billion $1 bills. At the same time, more than 3 billion aging $1 bills are removed from circulation.
By the numbers
4.7: Number of years dollar bills last
30: Approximate number of years dollar coins would last
$4.4 billion: Estimated savings over 30 years from switching to dollar coins
$8 million: Esimated cost of a campaign to explain the switch to dollar coins
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The <q> element represents some phrasing content quoted from another source.
- Content inside a q element must be quoted from another source. If it has address, a cite attribute should present. [Example B]
- The use of q elements to mark up quotations is entirely optional; using explicit quotation punctuation without q elements is just as correct. [Example C]
cite= valid URL potentially surrounded by spaces
Specifies the address in the quotation source. [Example B]
See also global attributes.
<p>The man said <q>The quote is input here</q>.</p>
With the cite attribute [try it]:
<p>The man said <q cite="http://www.quote.com/sample.html">The quote is input here</q>.</p>
In the following example, quotation marks are used instead of the q element [try it]:
<p>The man said "The quote is input here".</p>
The HTML5 specification defines the <q> element in 4.6.7 The q element.
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CC-MAIN-2019-18
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https://www.w3.org/html/wiki/Elements/q
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| 0.719955
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|
For developing countries all around the world, the clock is running out on a set of key goals to be met by 2015. A new report finds that some nations have made admirable progress, while others are lagging behind.
These Millennium Development Goals, or MDGs, have become the preeminent yardstick by which development professionals, domestic governments and NGOs measure progress in countries all around the world. In September 2000, representatives of 189 countries met at the United Nations in New York City to outline this framework for developmental progress. They came up with a list of eight goals that include halving extreme poverty, promoting gender equality, ensuring environmental sustainability and halting the spread of diseases including HIV/AIDS.
A recent report from One, a grassroots advocacy organization dedicated to the global fight against poverty, focused mostly on Africa and found that MDG progress depended heavily on governments’ allocations of funds. The data, most of which was compiled by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, suggests that a failure to meet financing commitments has been a major stumbling block for some of Africa’s poorest countries.
Overall, the news is good; countries around the world, and especially in Africa specifically, are showing positive development growth on average. Among sub-Saharan African countries, Mali and Rwanda tied for first place when it came to the pace of progress.
That will be surprising to some, since Rwanda is best known for a 1994 genocide that pitted ethnic groups against each other and killed more than half a million people, while Mali has recently suffered civil unrest, a military coup and ongoing battles against armed insurgents in the north. But Rwanda has actually recovered well economically over the past two decades, and governance has been stable. As for Mali, the report simply notes that current turmoil hasn't yet had an impact on the development ratings. But it's safe to assume that residents of the country’s northern communities, many of whom have long chafed at central government control, might disagree with the rosy outlook painted by OECD data.
Therein lies one of the most serious obstacles to MDG progress – the rising tide doesn’t lift all boats. To fix that, African government expenditures – which account for nearly 80 percent of development resources across the continent – will have to be channeled toward the right sectors: agriculture, education and health. Most governments have already made these commitments, but only a few have actually followed through so far. Malawi, Rwanda and Burkina Faso have done well, but a few countries including Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of the Congo appear to have reneged on promises made.
It will come as no surprise to development experts that at this late stage, most countries will fail to meet all of their goals according to the MDG guidelines. But progress is evident, and the African continent’s success stories can serve as a case study for those that haven’t yet worked out a way forward.
“Further progress will require sustaining or increasing resources for development from all sources,” said the report. “Development assistance from donors remains critical, but developing countries’ own resources dwarf aid resources in many cases, and the domestic political decisions that governments make about how to channel these resources have the biggest effect on development outcomes.”
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http://www.ibtimes.com/africa-pursues-development-goals-some-countries-lag-while-others-lead-1289671
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535922871.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014522-00049-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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|
How Cats Can Protect Newborns Against Asthma
A new study conducted by scientists at the Copenhagen Studies on Asthma in Childhood Research Center in Denmark has revealed a way that cats may help protect newborns from developing asthma. According to the investigation, cats may also prevent babies from developing bronchitis and pneumonia. The researchers did not find, however, that dogs have the same impact.
Research on how pets affect the likelihood of developing allergies and asthma has produced mixed data. Some disorders appear to be more likely for those who grow up with certain pets, whereas others appear to be less likely.
A specific gene, called TT, has been implicated in the relationship between pets and the development of allergies. People with a certain genetic variant of TT have been shown to be twice as likely to develop conditions referred to as atopy conditions, which include asthma.
In this recent Danish study, the scientists studied 377 children from Denmark whose mothers had a history of asthma. The researchers analyzed the children's genes, as well as allergens collected from their beds. About 1/3 of the children carried the TT genetic variant that should have increased their risk for developing asthma.
Of these children who were genetically more susceptible to asthma, those who had a cat at home were less likely to actually develop asthma. The study did not clarify why having a cat reduces the likelihood of developing asthma, but scientists speculate that something about exposure to the cat prevents the TT gene in these children from becoming activated. Future research will likely help us understand the circumstances in which pets can protect children against allergic diseases and how exactly those pets confer their health benefits.
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<urn:uuid:6ea8b1b5-2566-46a1-9e62-ea45a703a4a6>
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CC-MAIN-2018-51
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https://www.premierallergyohio.com/doctors-blog/how-cats-can-protect-newborns-against-asthma
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- The Crusaders became the military arm of the Church, and used force to restore Christianity. The Papacy suffered badly over the Crusades, as did all Christendom.
- The Babylonian Captivity was the moving of the Papacy to Avignon in France from 1305 - 1378. This split the Church and divided the leadership as there were two Popes at the same time. The illegitimate or unrecognised Pope is called an Antipope. This lead to schism.
- The Great Schism (sometimes called the Western Schism related to the Popes in Avignon and the Popes in Rome. By its end, three men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope. Driven by politics rather than any real theological disagreement, the schism was ended by the Council of Constance (1414–1418). The simultaneous claims to the papal chair of three different men hurt the reputation of the office.
- The Black Death (Bubonic plague) affect Europe as a pandemic which peaked between 1348 and 1350. Pope Innocent sat between cauldrons of fire, thus killing all the fleas and germs in his audience. That is how the Pope survived.
The Black Death is estimated to have killed 30% to 60% of Europe's population, reducing the world's population from an estimated 450 million to between 350 and 375 million in 1400. This has been seen as creating a series of religious, social and economic upheavals which had profound effects on the course of European history.
|Includes CC-BY-SA content from Wikipedia's Black_Death article (authors)|
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CC-MAIN-2014-15
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http://religion.answers.wikia.com/wiki/How_did_the_Crusaders,_Babylonian_Captivity,_The_Great_Schism,_and_Black_Death_affect_the_Catholic_Church
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| 0.967534
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|Baader-Meinhof gang insignia|
"Suicide is a hallmark of rebellion against the divine order" by Anthony OzimicComments on this blog? Email them to firstname.lastname@example.org
May 2011 marked the 25th anniversary of the suicide of Ulrike Meinhof, one of the leaders of German communist group the Baader-Meinhof gang. Meinhof, along with the group’s other leaders, had been convicted and jailed for a series of terrorist acts which had outraged West Germany. Increasingly isolated by her fellow leaders, Meinhof descended into self-neglect, culminating in her hanging from a bedsheet. The other three revolutionaries killed themselves two years later following a failed attempt by terrorists to free them.
That anniversary highlights the close association between the acceptance of suicide and a failure of resignation to life’s visissitudes. In some pagan societies, such as ancient Rome or medieval Japan, suicide was seen as a way of avoiding a perceived indignity, such as defeat in battle. St Augustine, in "The City of God", gives an unfavourable verdict on such suicides when compared with the patient suffering of the early Christians. For St Augustine, suicide is a cowardly flight from life’s misfortunes. And for St Thomas Aquinas, suicide is a rebellion against the providence of the benevolent God.
In the context of modern terrorism, suicide appears to be being justified, by at least some Islamist groups, with reference to 'martyrdom operations'. Cherie Blair famously tried to explain the self-destructive bombings of Palestinians in the context of despair among the youth of the Occupied Territories. The organisers of 9/11 bolstered the terrorists’ resolve by assuring them that their self-wrought deaths would deliver them from this life into a paradise of bodily comforts. Here again we see an association between the rebellion of revolution and a rebellion against life’s realities. Self-destructive terrorists have refused to accept that less violent yet more difficult means are the nobler ways to achieve their political goals.
How are the suicides of Stoics, the samurai and some modern terrorists relevant to the current debate about assisted suicides for terminally-ill modern Westerners? Are not the proposals of Lords Joffe and Falconer, of Margo MacDonald and Debbie Purdy framed in terms of respect for law, order and civilised standards? Yet it is this very respectability which hides the objective reality of suicide. Suicide in Nazi Germany (whether for the ill or of Nazi officers) was commonly practised within a State which was anxious to give (at least outside) respect to legal forms and administrative efficiency. Yet Nazism was at its heart a revolutionary movement which totally rejected the sanctity of human life. There is a greater Judge, Who forbids His creatures to disobey His higher law protecting life from the insurrection of suicide.
It has been quite fashionable for modern commentators to describe our Lord as one of the first revolutionaries. One peer even claimed in a parliamentary debate that the Crucifixion was an assisted suicide. Yet, as St Paul tells us, “Christ was made obedient for us unto death, even death upon a cross.” His submission was the very antithesis of the despair and rebellion in the face of failure and suffering which marks so many suicides throughout history. It was not for nothing that on the Cross He said: “My God, my God, why hast Thou forsaken me?”; for the psalm He was reciting (Ps. 22) continues: “He hath not slighted nor despised the supplication of the poor man”, and ends: “My soul shall live.”
To recognise that suicide is a hallmark of rebellion against the divine order is not, however, to refuse compassion to those tempted to commit suicide for whatever reason. Rather, that recognition serves as a basis upon which we can explain that suicide is not part of God’s loving plan for His children in this vale of tears. Our lives are always worth living, not least because the Author of life “hath borne our infirmities and carried our sorrows” (Is.53.4) By His example on the Cross, Jesus the suffering servant proved Himself to be the King of love. We must pray that all those who feel indignity, resentment, suffering or misplaced revolutionary zeal will exchange the rebellion of suicide for a hope-filled, life-affirming humility.
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<urn:uuid:2575aae0-4ef7-4fd1-8bde-0082263f1148>
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CC-MAIN-2018-22
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http://spuc-director.blogspot.com/2011/07/spucs-anthony-ozimic-reflects-on.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794872114.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180528072218-20180528092218-00048.warc.gz
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| 0.957357
| 982
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|
LATIN AMERICA is in its own class as a victim of neoliberal policies. Every attempt at regional integration has been tarnished by neoliberalism. Commercial and financial liberalisation measures have allowed United States and European corporations to seize control of the internal markets of Latin American nations, while accentuating the economies’ dependence on external markets.
There have been attempts at regional integration. As western Europe and North America moved towards ever closer collaboration through the 1980s and 1990s, Latin American, particularly South American, nations tried to set up similar institutions. Their aim was to offer the regional economies at least some protection, however minimal, from the negative consequences of globalisation. So the Common Market of the South (Mercosur), covering Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay (1), emerged in opposition to the North American Free Trade Agreement (Nafta) between Canada, the United States and Mexico.
Washington’s ambition was gradually to extend Nafta to cover the whole of the western hemisphere. But just as this plan was being formalised, with Chile next to join, the Mexican economic crisis of 1994 stopped it. As a result of that, the US Congress refused to allow President Bill Clinton to fast-track Chile’s application. The fast-track mechanism allows the president to negotiate trade deals with other countries and then submit them to Congress for approval without amendment.
With Nafta on hold, the US government revived an older project: the Free Trade Area of the Americas (Ftaa, or Alca in Spanish and Portuguese). Two projects were in competition, one hemisphere-wide, the other limited to Latin America. The big difference was that Alca included Washington. With 70% of the area’s gross domestic product, the US was in a position to dominate Alca, and to see it not as a process of integration, but as a tool for consolidating its own hegemony.
A new leftwing agenda
But at the (...)
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CC-MAIN-2018-13
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https://mondediplo.com/2006/02/10altbolivia
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| 0.956008
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| 3.015625
| 3
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Newspaper Page Text
A Household Article for Universal
For Scarlet and
I Typhoid Fevers,
I Pox, Measles, and
all Contagions Disease. Persons wailing on
the Sick ihuuld use it freely. Scarlet Fever ha
never been known to spread where the F luid was
used. Yellow Kever has been cured with it after
black vomit had taken place. The worst
Cases of Diphtheria yield to il.
Feveredand Kick Per.
nous refreshed and
lied SoroH prevent
ed by bathing with
Impure Air made
harmless and pitrifi d.
For More Throat it is a
J or Fronted 1 eel,
PITTING of Small
Pox PUEVEM El)
A member of my fam
ily was taken with)
Small pox. I used the
Fluids the patient wa
nt delirious, was not
pitted, and was about
the house again in three
weeks, and no other
had it. -J. W. Park.
Hoft White Complex
ion secured by its use.
Ship Fever prevented.
To purify the Itreath,
Cleanse the Teeth,
it can't be surpassed.
Catarrh relieved and
Wound healed rapidly.
An Antidote for Animal
or Vegetable Poisons,
I used the Fluid during
our present affliction with
Scarlet lever with de
cided advantage. It it
indispensable to the sick
room. Wm. F. Sad
Dan, Eyrie, Ala.
The physician here
use Dsrbys Fluid very
successfully in the treat
ment of Diphtheria.
Tetter dried up.
I holera prevented.
I leer purified and
In ease of Death it
should be used about
the corpse it will
prevent any unpleas
The eminent Phv
KIMS, M. D New
York, says: "1 am
convinced Prof Darby
Prophylactic Fluid is a
Vanderbilt I'nlventlty, Nashville, Tenn.
I testify to the most excellent qualities of Prof.
Darbys Prophylactic Fluid. As a disinfectant and
detergent it is both theoretically and practically
superior to any preparation with which I am ao
tj.iainted. N. T. Lupton, Prof. Chemistry.
Darby Fluid i( Recommended by
Hon. Alexander H. Stiphsns, of Georgia;
kev. Ciias. F. Dkbms, b.U., Church of the
Strangers, N. Y.;
t'M. I.iCiikti, Columbia. Prof .University, S.C.
Jvev. A. J. lUrTLi, Prof, Mercer University;
kev. Gao. F. Puxci, bishop M. E. Church.
imikiknsaiii.k to every home.
Perfectly harmless. Used internally or
externally for Man or Keast.
The Fluid has been thoroughly tested, and we
have abundant evidence that it has done everything
here claimed, l or fuller information get of your
lnigist a pamphlet or tend to the proprietors,
J. II. ZKIIJ.V CO..
Manufacturing Chemists. PHILADELPHIA.
CAIRO OPERA HOUSE.
Ono Night Only.
FRIDAY, FEHKUARY 22.
The Popnlar Yonm Aelor,
Mr. James O'lSTeill,
aa "Edmund Daotee," with Mr. Jdo. Stetson'
Originally orsratiiz'd under Mr. Rtct-
sous manijjeiii 'ut rir rsooms
Theatre, .New York.
Damn' Great Play of
With tlie fo'lowiaj Stars Cast:
Mr. Fred DoBillcvllle,
Mr. Geo. C UJ iitaci.
Mr. James Taylor,
Mr. Horace Lewie,
Mr. J. Swinburne,
Mlaa Annln Kmldinot.
Mr Forrest Robinson.
Mr. J. V. Molton,
Mr J. W. Shannon,
Mr. J. L. Carhart,
Misa Eugenie Blair,
Mia bmna Smith,
Mint Carrie Not es.
Mia Marjorla Bonner,
-rr. a t . C3n.a.w ns1ntj.it bv Wm
Vwirtlln and Jos. 'Mare. fiinnorlT artists of
Booth's Thi-atre. rSTQrand Rea'istic Effects and
correct Appointment. .jim
Reserved Seats at Budnr's Jewelry store. Doom
open at 7. 1'ommence at I no preriseij.
136 &138 Oom'l Ave.
have received a full and complete line
ol new Fill and Winter
Cloaks, Dolmans, Notions, Etc.
A heavy Mock of Body Brussels, Tspor
trica and Ingrain
A full stock of Oil Cloths, all alios and prices
ClatMng & Genls Furnis!
A fall and complete stock It now
closed oat at great bargains.
A-U Coodsj at Bottom Prloeat
Bi A i If?. ' T ' J II I , .-5. ;:
BRUTAL BLOWS .
Delivered for Uie Delectation of Brntieh
Two Men Butler 1Mb Other's Mnga
Out of Nhape At rordlug to the
Rale, Etc. QB
Nkw York, Feb. 21. Three hundred
men witnessed the fight between Tom Hen.
rv and Jem Murray, tbo celebrated light
weights, yesterday morning Id Westcbcsti-r
county. The battle was arranged six
weeks ago, and was for $1,000. The agree
ment wag that they shoul.l tlht according
to the Marquis of Qucensury rules, with
hard gloves, until one or the other was
knocked out. Knuckle covers, which the
aw allows to be called gloves, were used.
Eca man was to have thirty friends pres
ent, who were to pay $10 each for the priv
ilege, and the winner was to take all the
stakes and gato money, which it was calcu
lated would amount to $1,600. The men
are both widely known. When the match
was artanged by Mike Coburn for Henry
and J. J. Flvnn for Murray the men at
once went Into training. Murray was
trained by Mike Henry and Jtck Mac-
Maulers. Henry was looked after by Mike
Oary. The flsrliting ground was on the
l'elham bridge road between Bartow and
Westclioster, near a hotel that U not muun
frequented at this time of the year. Among
WHO WKKK PRESENT
were Barry Wall, the king of dudes; John
ny Murphy, Oabe Case, a couple of mem
bers of the Gentlemen's Driving Associa
tion, Ed. Stub s, a celebrated blllard play
ing bookmaker and a magnate
of Wall street, whose case
balance foots up sis figures,
and every pugilist of note tn the country.
It was intended to have tbe battle take
place on a dancing platform at the rear of
tbe hotel, but tbe number of spectators
canst d a change to be made and stakes and
ropes were erected in a carriage shed be
tween S and 7 o'clock in tbe morning. The
ring was 18x10 feet. Four or five lanterns
were p'aced about and their flickering In
tbe gloom gave a yellow tinge to tbe hag
gard face of tbe men surrounding tbe
ring. "Rockie" Moore, an old-time
fighter, but now a wealthy contractor, was
referee, and when everything was ready,
be ordered tbe men Into the ring. Murray
FIRST OVKR THK ROPES.
Henry was right after bim. Murray was
accompanied by ISirney Aaron and Mike
Cofttcllo, who weie his ttecond and bottle
holder. Murray wore white trunk! and
was stripped to the waist. Henry wore
blue trunks and was also stripped to the
waist. His second wan Mike C'leary and
his bottle bolder was Bob Farrell. Cleury
won the toss for choice of corners and chose
ihi easterly one. The umpires were then
selected. Johnny ltoach for Murray and
Andy Ilanley for Henry. Billy Bennett
The betting was 1100 to $80 on Murray,
who, hearing tbe cries of tbe betters, ad
vanced with a smile. After a preliminary
spar for an opening, Henry lauded hit
left on Murray's breast and bis right on bis
Jaw, getting away without a ref irn. Mur
ray was short in his lead and Henry got
borne on tbe nose. Then there were ex
changes at close quarters, at which effec
tive work was done by both. Henry got
bis left borne on Murray's face, and time
ij called. Tbe round lasted nearly 3
minutes and 30 seconds. Henry had the
bet of it, but Murray was the favorite at
Henry was first on his feet, and met Mur
ray with a crushing left-bander on tbe eye.
They struggled to the ropes, pounding
away at a great rate, and Murray half
throttled Henry. Crias of "foul" were
beard. Henry got bis right borne on Mur
ray's face and then jabbed bis left on the
swollen eye, almost closing it. Henry
swung Ins right home on the Jaw and Mur
ray went to the floor; He lay there thirty
five seconds, and nits assisted to bis corner
two violations of the rules that hou!d
have lost bim tbe light. Cleary claimed tbe
battle for Henry, but the referee would not
allow It, and ordered tbe men to tight on.
Murray waa bleeding freely from the mouth
and nose, and first blood and first knock
down were awarded to Henry. When tbe
battle was renewed Henry bit Murray on
tbe face and tbey closed and struggled to
the ropes. Murray got In on Henry's left
eye. The round lasted nearly four min
utes and Murray as before was still tbe
nenry led, but was wide of the mark,
and Murray hit him on tbe Jaw, but the
blow lacked force. Henry got home on tbe
faoe, head, ear and nose several times be
fore Murray got home Id turn. Then Mur
ray hit him on the face, and Henry stag
gered bis antagonist by a right cross
counter, liapid exchanges followed, and
Murray In the break away cleverly bit
Henry on tbe ear. Both got borne on each
other's face and tbe round ended greatly
in favor of Murray, and long odds were of
fered that be would win.
Henry went at Murray savagely and after
a short spar found an opening for his rieht
nst. it laiib.a on Murray's Jaw and the
American went to tlio floor like a log.
When the round was renewed it was with
the most vicious work. Neither man at
tempted to stop bis opponent's blows, but
sought to do tbe greatest possible damage
In tbe shortest possible time. In a rush
made simultaneously Henry cross -con n
tered Murray's lead. The blows sounded
like pistol cracks and both bodies were ter
ribly bruised and Murray was bleeding
from the eyes, nose and mouth, while the
hard flooring bad scraped tbe skin from his
back and he was bleeding from those
also. His chest and ribs were black and
blue and nenry's chest was scraped to the
raw flesh. Henry bad one eye closed and
Murray's faoe was badly disfigured. Hen
ry was now a favorite in betting at $100 to
Murray was very groggy at the start, but
.led at Henry, who rushed bim to the ropes
and rapid hitting was Induldged in. Tbey
broke away and Murray led, Heury dodged
tbe blow, and countered with his right.
Tbe fist landed between the point of the
Jaw and under lip and Murray was knocked
senseless to the floor. He failed to respond
to tbe call of time, and Henry was awarded
tbe fight. Murray was raised to bis feet,
but could not stand, and was carried away
by his friends. The last round lasted two
minutes and fifteen seconds and tbe time of
fighting was twenty-two minutes and fif
teen seconds. When Murray retained
power of speech, he cried in nuud In
tonest "I ain't knocked out-let me at
him." but by that time the spectators of
ibo fight were nearly at their homes. When
Uu ecDtitaU bad lotlrei to their rsoxa .
CA1KU, 1LI11NUI3, FRIDAY
Sheriff Horton of Westchester suddenly ap
TOOK THEM INTO CUSTODY.
Some of tkelr friends wars anxious to at
tempt a rescue, but the fihsrifl told them be
would have tbe mcu regardless of come
quences. Sheriff Ilortoa took tbe prisoners
to wblte Plains, where a formal complaint
was made against them, and thsr wero held
In $1,000 ball. Sheriff Horton badintended
to atop tbe fight, but bis carriage broke
down on the road, as the carriages of many
of the spectators bad done on tbe way out.
New York, Emll Uoilendsr, who shot
and killed Johu Itodemacher some time ago
and who was recently convicted of man
slaughter in the first degree, was to-day
arraigned before tbe court and sentenced.
Judge Barrett In passing tbe sentence said:
"The prisoner li a victim of false a convic
tion. He has exercised a eltlzen's rights of
self defense. There bas been no evidence
to show that he was a wlckd man." Tbe
court would Impose tbe lowest sentence tbe
law allowed In such cases, five years in tbe
State prison, but would use bis Influence to
have the Governor commute tbe sontence.
Counsel for defendant then applied for a
writ of error, and a stay of proceedings was
New York, Feb. 27. The remains of
Lieut. -Commander DcLong and bs com
panions of tbe Jeanette expedition were re
moved from tbe steamship Frisla to the
dock to-day, where tbey remain under tbe
guard of marines until tbey are placed In
tbe navy yard tug to-morrow morning and
taken to tbe battery, where they will be in
terred. Pressing applications for tickets
to the cathedral on Saturday morning have
been m ide on Chairman Collins, who bas
already distributed a large number. Mr.
Collins says tbe funeral services will take
place from the Cbureh of the Holy Trinity.
Kane KnonKh to Be Hanged.
Cincinnati, Feb. 20. Judge Matson, of
tbe probate court, this morning decided
tbe question of Patrick Uarlnet's sanity,
and bas turned him over to tbe police au
thorities for trial, according to law. It
will be remembered that Uartnet murdered
bis wife on January 31st In a Jealous frenzy
In tbe presence of bis six children, and then
ball concealed the body under tbe floor of
Tbe Fool and III Honey.
St. Joseph, Mo., Feb. 21. J. C. Wood,
claiming to be a stock man from Kentucky,
arrived here last nlgbt aud began taking in
thesight9. He bad lots of money and a
fine gold watch worth 200. He hasn't got
ihem to-day. His big roll of $20 and $50
bills got separated from bim somewhere in
the course of big revels.
( hrls. Differ a Marrow Escape.
St. Joseph, Mo., Feb. 21. Two
horses and a wagon loaded with sand
broke through the ice on the Missouri river
here and disappeared. Chris. Digel,
who was driving the team, bad a narrow
Oold Doing- Abroad.
Sew York, Feb. 21. Oold will be ex
ported from bere to-diy in consequence of
the high rates of foreign exchange. The
steamship Wleland ttkes out two hundred
thousand dollars in double eagles.
Harder and Suicide.
BoaZ, Wis., Feb. 21. -B. F. Barnes cut
his own and bis wife's throats last night.
The man is dying. Ill health and poverty
are attributed as the causes.
Washington, Feb. 21. In the Senate
this morning on the motion of Anthony it
was agreed to adjourn over until Monday
so that Washington's birthday could be
appropriately celebrated. Tbe bill providing
for the punlshmeut of persous falsely per
sonating officers in tbe employ of the
United States was passed. Tbe penalty is
a fine of not more than $1,000 or imprison
me nt not longer than thirty years or both
at ihe Discretion Court.
A bill to provide for the removal of
obstructions for the free navigation of the
navigable rivors of the United States
At 1 o'clock the consideration of tbe bill
relating to national bank circulation was
resumed. Morgan spoke at length to his
amendment to tbe effect that state bonds
be deposited to secure circulation when
Uuited States bonds so deposited are called
Washington, Feb. 21. On motion of
Mr. Uopkin tbe committee was authorized
to have the testimony taken before them
printed. Tbe House went Into Committee
of the Whole on tbe Military Academy bill
with Bland, of Missouri, In the chair.
Washington, Fob. 21. Before Keifer
lioyntoQ investigation committee, W. 6.
Furnay, a Journalist, of Columbus, O.,
testified that two weeks after tbe adjourn
ment of the last Congress, he
had an interview with Keif
er. Keifer's council attempted to
prove by witness that Keifer detailed to
witness at tbe Interview referred to the al
leged conversation respecting the McGar
rahan claim. The interrogations were
ruled out by the committee. The witness
subsequently testified that Boynton's
reputation was regarded as good in tbe
community In which he lived. He had
hourd it stated that the General was a man
of strong prejudices, likes and dislikes,
and that Hnynton bad made severe news
paper attacks upon certain public men with
out foundation. Colemau attempted to ex
amine the witness respecting the publica
tion of articles written by Boynton reflect
ing upon General Sherman.
Huled out as Incompetent. Keifer de
sired a further postponement of tbe inves
tigation until Saturday In order that cortaln
witnessesiivingat adlstancs might have op
portunity to appear. Chairman Hopkln.1
thought sufficient time had been given the
gentlemen interested to have their witnes
Department of Justice Investigation.
Washington, Feb. 21. Ralph Ballln,
Spocial Examiner, was before tbe House
Committee on Expenditures of tbe Depart
ment of Justice, and examined In regard to
the Investigations of tbe accounts of the
United States Marshal, Blytbe, of South
Carolina. lie said Blytbe kept no books
nor cash accounts In his office; that the
business was conducted In a.mauner wholly
Gen. Longstrest, United States marshal
of Georgia, was expected by the committee
to appear and defend blmielf against tbo
charges made, but he did not report.
To-day the House Committee on Faotfio
Railroads agreed to report a substitute to
ail bllli on the aubjeot Of requiring land
MORNING FEBRUARY 22,
grant railroad com panics te pay the cost of
surveying their lines within 60 days after
tbe passage of the ast, and upon failure to
comply with the terms of tbe act, directs
the Attorney General to bring suit to com
pel them to do so.
WaSIIINGTOV. V.h. 51 Thfl Kousa
Committee on Foreign Affairs agreed to ask
the House for authority to call for persons
and papers and investigate Abraham S.
Hewitt's course in relation to the O'Dun
nell resolution. Representative Bruram,
of Pennsylvania, was before tbe committee
anu ueciareu that it could be proven that
Hewitt bad apologized to the British Min
ister for bis action in introducing bis reso
lution calling for information relating to
O'Donnell's trial, and that Hewitt was
guilty of duplicity.
Investigation ol the Danville Riot Con
tinned. Washington, Feb. 21. -In the Dan
ville Investigation J. D. Blackwell, attor
ney, Judge of the Corporation court at
Danville, testified that wben tbe trouble
began he was seated in his law office on tbe
second floor of tbe building on tbe oppo
site. He said that tbe charge at Danville
was in tbe control of office of tbe slaves of
the federal Government, was a political
canard. Two councilman of tbe town
ought to be In tbe peniten
tlary. One has been accused of icductlon,
and tbe other committed forgery. Tbe
witness charged the grand Jury to Inquire
especially into the shootinr and who did it
and to prosecute to the fullest extent those
found guilty of a violation of law. Tbe
witness further said be didn't think tbe
Congressional Committee bad anything to
do with the mutter. He thought any one
could bare voted in Danville at tbe late
election without fear of assault. Ho didn't
believs the riot was premeditated for tbe
purpose of Intimidating the colu-ed voteri.
THE GERMAN ' HOG.
He Expresses Himself Freely on the
Why Prince Bismarck Refused to Houor
the Resolutions ol the Amer
Berlin, Feb. 21. Tbe Xorth German
Gazntte (Bismarck's organ) repels the at
tack of the opposition newspapers on tbe
decree of Bismarck relative to the Lasker
resolution. It says tbey do not express tbe
slightest indignation at the attempt of a
foreign body to lnterfero in tbe internal
affairs of Germany. Tbe request addressed
to Bismarck by Minister Sargent was of
such a remarkable character that it
could only be explained by his Igno
rance of diplomatic usage. It
amounted to nothing less than asking the
Emperor to Indorse tbe vote of a foreign
body and band it vised to tbe Reichstag,
for Bismarck's duty is simply to execnte
tbe command of the Emperor. Bismarck
is not In the employ of an international
Democracy, but the German Emperor. In
tbe some way that the Americau Congreis
had attempted to cause the glorification of
the late leader of tbe Secessionists by the
Emperor, so could any foreign Progreslisi
body seek to give a vote of confidence in
Herr Richter, or a Socialist body a similar
vote In Herr Bebel.
the national gazkttb says:
"Bismarck's decree is deprived of all
stlnz for Congress and tbe American peo
ple, because the whole affair is made en
tirely a matter of Internal German
THE BERLINER TAGEBLATT
says the revolution of the American Con
gress which Bismarck is unwilling to im
part to tbe Reichstag was long ago oon
veyed to lLa whole nation through tbe
press. Indeed, tbe publication of tbe
resolution in tbe Official Gazette shows
Bismarck himself arranged to give the
German people what be refused to trans
mit to the Reichstag, namely a demon
stration of respect to Kerr Lasker by tbe
people upon tbe other side of the ocean.
Paris, Feb. 21. The difficulty between
Meissonier and Meyer,"the art critic of tbe
Gaulois, bas boon settled by retractions
from tbe painter.
Paris, Feb. 21. Four thousand miners
struck atAuzin, in the Department of
MEMBERS OK THE ACADEMY. J
Paris, Feb. 21. M. Frances Coppee
and M. de Lesseps bave been elected mem
bers of the Academic Francaise.
London, Feb. 21. A dispatch to the
Times from Khartoum, says: "Gen. Gor
don opened two new gates through tbe
fortress, so the people can pass freely. Has
abolished octroi and market duties.
Suakiv, Feb. 21. Firing was heard
here early this morning in the direction of
Trlnkltal. Gen.Grahara, Commander-in-Chief
of tbe Tokar relief expedition will
arrive here to-night.
Ottawa, Feb. 21. The bill granting
nearly $30, 000,000 to the Canadian Paclflo
railway passed tbe House of Commons.
Dallas, Tex., Feb. 21. The wife of
the late Judge Burgess, of Henrietta, who
about two years ago killed It. M. Donley,
a prominent young lawyer of tbat place,
and who was afterwards himself killed by
W. It. Curtis, sued tbe latter for $00,000
damages, be having been acquitted on a
trial for murder. Tbe damage case was
disposed of night before last at Weather
ford, tbe Jury finding a verdict In favor of
A FIGHT WITH INDIANS.
Two of is Party In Pnranlt ol Fleeing;
. Ilorse-Thleves Killed.
Chicago, Feb. 21. A special from
Billings, Montana, sayt: "Five Piegan
Indians left their reservation, crossed tbe
Yollowstone at Clark's fork of the river,
to the Crow reservation and stole fifty
three ponies. Four Crows accompanied
by Joseph Gate, Cbancey Ames, Philip
Slddle, Lee M. Owens and throe other
white men, followed their trail, and had a
fU'ht with the Plegans at Hailstone Basin,
forty miles northwest of Billings. Cbancey
Ames and Joseph Gate were klllod, and
Owens and Side) te wounded. Four of the
Plestans ware killed, and tbe horses recap
tured. The bodies of Ames and Gate were
taken to Park City. Doth were well-to-do
BATTLE TOR LIFE.
The Story of Thomtva H. Beaton's
Successful Fight Against
I once said to Mrs. Fremont that It was
fortunate she was the possessor of such prime
health, as it had enabled her to be of so much
help first to her father, then to her husband.
"No, you mistake me," she replied "Un
fortunately I bave no secure health. I be
long to a consumptive family and Inherit
strong pulmonary tendencies. In fact, I
have bled at the lungs myself and saved my
life only by a fight of years."
As I expressed much surprise, she said:
"Yes; my father was a man of tremendous
energy and resolution, and people generally
suppose him to have bson robust. He never
was. He belonged to a family of eight chil
dren, 'it whom five died of consumption be
fore thay were 21."
I askixl her how Col Benton got out of "the
line of promotion."
"When be was 3 years old his father died
of consumption, and wbon bis brotbeis fol
lowed, one after another, It set my father to
thinking. He was studying law iu Tennessee,
practising, erhap. by that time. Tbe doc
tor told him that be bad consumption of a
fatal variety, and must die. He rebelled
against this destiny, aud said he never would
perish in that Ignoble manner; he would die
on the battle-field. Bo he raised a company
(it was in the war of 1813) and started with a
detachment for New Orleans to join Jack
son. In tbe march from Memphis to New
Orleans he walkedmost of the way, landing
his horse to others. He marched in the
rain. He wailed streams. He lay down in
bis wet clothes and slept, and marched on.
He ate like a bear. Ha gained in strength.
His hemorrhages diminished in number and
finally ceased altogether. He always at
tributed his escape to out-door air and ex
posure. "Well, after I was married, my life waa
despaired of, too, and the doctor intimated
that my time bad come. I quit civilized
life at once and went and Joined the general
on the plabis. That kept me alive undoubt
edly. ''So it was with our youngest boy, Frank.
He went into law, and had much ambition In
its study, but suddenly the old symptoms
came upon him, and the doctor told bim he
must quit the law office if he would live,
lteluclantly be took the hint, and went into
the army, where be can live out of doors aa
much as he likes,"
1 said tbat Col. Benton was such an inces
sant aud profound scholar along certain lines
tbat I had supposed tbat his life must have
been mostly sedentary, especially during the
years when he was editor of Tbe Missouri
"He always kept up the habit of free ex
ercise in tbe air," said Mrs. Fremont, "but it
tnle him comparatively strong, so tbat he
rould pursue long studies. I remember read
ing through to him in French, the sixteen
volumes of the 'Causes Celebres of France,
while he made an abstract of the cases."
I reflected that, perchance, the multitudi
nous duels that "Old Bullion" felt compelled
to fight in those good old days, when it was
considered the proper thing for any man to
kill an editor, must have given him a good
deal of exercise, and may have had some in
fluence in keeping him alive. I asked Gen.
Fremont the other day if John Bigelow's al
lusion to his duels in the "Campaign Life of
'50" repelled tbe Quakers from him, and he
said: "Not at all, I am sure. The Quakers are
sensible people. When I gathered tbat fine
army of (50,000 around me in Missouri, several
of the foremost young Quakers of Pennsyl
vania Joined me, and put on the uniform and
took up the sword at the risk of expulsion
from their church. Probably some of them
actually were expelled."
"I remember," 1 said, "when we thought it
was rather hard for you to be relieved of
your command in Missouri for taking the
very same attitude of hostility to slavery
that Lincoln himself was compelled shortly
"I don't allow myself to talk much about
my old disappointments," said the general
A Steamboat Caught lu the Storm.
Pink Blufe, Ark., Feb. 21. -The
steamboat Joe Peters arrived here yester
day morning in a very dilapidated condi
tion. Wbile tied up at tbe bank Tuesday a
violent windstorm came on which broke
the lines aud sent the boat adrift. Steam
was up, but tbe wind tossed tbe boat
about like a toy, and for a time Capt. Wil
liams thought a wreck Inevitable. To es
cape destruction sho was beaded for a lake
near by, which she finally reached In
safety, but not until tossed against the
bank, and guards, derricks and Jackstaff
demolished. The damage is estimated at
Sr. Louis, Feb. 21. Isaac Gatewood
was released from custody on representa
tions by the Coroner tbat be was in no way
responsible for tbe death of his wife
Mollie. She died of a hemorrhage,
: FEBRUARY 21.
Wheat March $1 OSX; April $1 lOTsT ;
May $113; June $114S; February
Coks February G2K; Maroh C2bj
May C5X; April 03V; Juno OiX.
Cattle Receipts 5,003; firm,
exports $0 2j!dl 2.'i; good to choice
$6 loM 10.
Hoos Receipts 14,000; opened weaker,
light $0 40(31190; rough pack
ing $C50ra0 90; heavy packing and
hipping 7 00(37 50.
Wukat Februarv 92'; March 02 V;
May 08'f; Juno 1 00; April
93 S; July il 01X.
Mav 5SH; June
Maroh 63 V;
April 53V; July
; March 82 V: Mav
30V; April 32V; June 30V; ear 39V.
Pohk February $17 73; Maroh
$17 75; May $18 02V; June $18 12 V.
LARD-February 9.0-V, March 9.65;
May 9.87087V; June 9.02V.
Cattlk Receipts 1,15 head; market
about steady at unchanged prlo s.
Hooa-Kccolpt 6,703 bead; 6,000 held
over, market firm; CfSlOo higher, soiling
$6 25(30 W; bulk sales at $6 40(30 70.
Wheat and corn arrived
dull. Wheat to arrivo dull t corn
to arrive dull. Country markets steady
Msrk Lane Wheat and corn dull.
Spot wboat dull. No. I spring Ts
lid. western wlntur 8s Sd. Mixed
Western corn dull at to SWd.
Demand from United Jpngdoa
And Continent dull for wheat ud ton
AniLonioRoa u a novel word to moat
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ATHLoraouoa is the first and only
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In the power of their oppressors.
ArnxoraoBos has entered the arena, en
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rictory. As tbe competitors In the Grecian
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Usui and Neuralgia.
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ATHLOrnoRos la put up with consummate
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Now, do you want to suffer on and on!
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If you cannot get Athlophoros of your drug
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ATHLOPHOROS CO., 112 WALL ST., NEW YORK,
when you come to think of it, it is not
odd that literary people prefer a pipe to a
cigar. It is handier to smoke wben they
are writing, and ever so much cleaner.
And then It give them the true essence
and flavor of the tobacco.
The moat fastidious smokers among all
nations and aU classes of men agree that
the tobacco grown on the Golden Tobacco
Belt of North Carolina is tbe most delic
ious and refined in tho world. Lighter
than Turkish, more fragrant than Havana,
freer from nitrate anil nicotine Uian any
other, it is Just what the connoiaseiir
praise and the habitual smoker demami.
The very choicest tobacco grown
on this Belt 1 bought by Black-
well' Durham Tobacco Co., anil
appear in their celebrated Bull
Durham Smoking Tobacco. It is
known the world over.
Oet the genuine. with Bull
trade mark, then you will
be sure of having abso
lutely pure tobacco.
pj E. INCE,
Manufacturer and Dealer In
8th Street, between Com'l Ave. Mid Levco.
CnOKE BORING A SPECIALTY
ALL KISU8 OF AMC.MTION.
"infos Repaired, All Kinds ol Keys Made.
IAS. B. SM1TU.
ROBERT A. SMITU.
Grand Central Store.
OlliO. - - ILL,.
The Kegnlar Cairo & ratlucah Daily
Str. GUS FOWLER.
ITENTtY E. TAYLOR, Master.
UEOKUB JOBEa, Clerk.
Leaves Psducsh forCsIro dully (Sundays except
ed) at 8 a. m ., and Mound CitV at 1 p. m. Hettiru
Ing, loaves Cairo st 4 p.m. ; Moanil City at & p.m.
Nashville, Paducah & Cairo U. S. Mail
For rsduoah, Smlthlanfl, Dyiwhum, Kddjvllle,
Canton, Dover, Clarksvllle aud Nashville,
B. S. RHEA.
J.8. 1TNKU m. Master.
Leaves every Monday morning at 10 o'clock a.m.
W. H. CHERRY.
WM. 8TWWO M-stor.
FELIX URASTV , ..-.-.-..Clerk.
L avis every Fr dsy morning st 10 o'clof, tns.
titffclo connections st Nashville with tho L. a)
IS R. It. and N. O.K. K. for all points tooth,
with the Upper Cumberland Packet Co., for all
points for ths Upper Oomhsrlsnd. For freight or
pais, epply on boat 4 o to W, F. LaoibUlo,
ill 1 1
I 1 Ml
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I t has been quite long time that I haven’t updated with the blog. During this break I have come up with lot of new resource and I will be soon uploading them soon. Here is the first resource on Sight Words in form of Play Dough Mat with sentence reading. This will help children to learn new words which will enhance their skill in building sentence. I am sure that this resources will have help you and children learning the words easily with fun. The full version have approximately 40 words with sentence.
Click the below image to get it.
Click the below link to get full version
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A NEW GREEN HISTORY OF THE WORLD
THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE COLLAPSE OF GREAT CIVILISATIONS
VINTAGE BOOKS 2007
Chapter 11: The Weight of Numbers (Cont.)
Agriculture and the environment
The huge increase in the amount of land under cultivation, the extension of pasture land into new areas and the intensification of agriculture have all led to increased environmental degradation. Natural ecosystems have been destroyed through deforestation, the ploughing up of grasslands, and the extension of the cultivated area on to marginal land and steep slopes with the consequent increase of soil erosion, degradation and desertification. The increasing use of irrigation has led to a huge increase in the demand for water and often the building of dams that have themselves further damaged ecosystems and many human communities.
Even in the long-established agricultural systems of the industrialized world where there has been no expansion in the amount of agricultural land (in Britain in the early 21st century it covered the same amount of land as in 1860) there was considerable environmental destruction in the second half of the 20th century. During that period in Britain almost all its lowland meadows, two-thirds of its lowland heaths, half its ancient lowland woods, bogs and wetlands and a quarter of its hedgerows (amounting to about 225,000 kilometres) were destroyed. Elsewhere the drainage of wetlands to provide agricultural land led to a steady loss in natural ecosystems – in the last century the United States lost half its wetlands. The biggest loss was in the Florida Everglades where drainage started in 1883, partly to provide land for urban development (the population of the area has risen from 11,000 to over 4 million) but mainly for sugar cane cultivation. Rivers were dredged, new canals dug and the natural drainage of the area was destroyed. The result was that sea water flowed in, the main lake was affected by eutrophication (lack of oxygen leading to the death of animal life), the peat dried out and the level of the land fell by a third of a metre a year. Most of the wildlife, including 90% of the two and a half million wading birds, died out.
The clearing of natural forest has been a continuous process throughout human history as the easiest way of obtaining new agricultural land. Before agriculture about 45% of the earth’s surface was covered by forest – about a third of all those forests have been destroyed in the last 10,000 years. In many places this has been a long, slow, steady process as for example in the Mediterranean. In China too natural forests originally covered about three quarters of the land – by the early 20th century forests were restricted to the inaccessible and mountainous areas and by the end of the 20th century covered no more than 5% of the land. In India what is now the Thar desert in Rajasthan and Punjab was still impenetrable jungle 2000 years ago. What is clear, however, is that the pace of destruction accelerated after 1700 and increased still further in the second half of the 20th century.
- European settlement of the new lands of the Americas and Australasia triggered off forest destruction on a vast scale.
- In the eastern United States and Canada half of all the forests were cleared in the 300 years after European settlement.
- Australia was only settled at the end of the 18th century but half of the original forests no longer exist and three-quarters of the rain forest has been destroyed.
- In the 20th century a clear pattern of destruction emerged. In the 19th century industry and the railways of the United States were fuelled by timber – it was cheaper and easier to use than coal.
- Timber use per head peaked in 1907 and it was replaced by new forms of domestic heating and in industry and construction by iron, steel and plastics.
- Forest clearance in the industrial world is now primarily for logging and not for agricultural land.
- The increase in the forest area across the industrialized world (it grew by 36 million hectares in the 1990s alone) has been achieved through the importation of timber from the developing world – for furniture and as pulp for paper.
The impact of demands from the rich world, combined with the pressure for agricultural land from a rapidly rising population, have produced a swath of destruction in the tropical forests of the world since 1950. Overall the area covered by tropical forests has fallen by almost half – from 2.8 billion hectares to 1.5 billion in the last half century. Some of the earliest destruction took place in the Philippines and Indonesia (mainly to meet Japanese demands) so that in the former country only 3% of the original forest cover is now left. Overall in Asia about nine-tenths of the original forests have been destroyed. The scale of destruction in west Africa was even faster with clearance rates of around 15% a year in some countries. In Ivory Coast only a fortieth of the original forests still survive and in Nigeria only a seventh are left.
- From the 1970s much of the destruction was concentrated in Amazonia, which contains about 40% of the remaining tropical forest in the world.
- It was a way of defusing social tensions by giving land to landless labourers – it was ‘a land without men for men without land’.
- Roads were built into the forests (the population along the Brasilia-Belem road rose from 200,000 when it was opened in 1960 to two million within a decade) so that logging could begin and land be cleared for settlement and plantations.
- In tropical forests most of the nutrients are held not in the soil (which is poor) but in the trees and plants. The land is usually cleared by peasant farmers and the burning of the forest cover helps provide nutrients for a few years.
- The soil is soon exhausted and the peasants sell out to large landowners and move on to new land.
- The large landowners create large cattle ranches on the poor grassland which is all the soil will then support.
- Nearly all the ranches established in the Amazon area before 1978 had been abandoned by the mid-1980s.
- By the early 21st century at least a fifth of the original forest had disappeared.
- A satellite survey published in Nature in late 2005 suggested that because ‘selective logging’ (the removal of a few key trees such as mahogany) badly degraded the surrounding area the level of destruction each year could be twice that previously estimated.
Overall the rate of tropical forest destruction across the world in the early 21st century was estimated to be on average 86,000 hectares a day (an area larger than New York City) or 31 million hectares a year (an area larger than Poland). At this rate the world’s tropical forests will be destroyed by the middle of the century at the latest. Tropical forest clearance involves the destruction of an entire ecosystem and these forests contain about half of all the plant and animal species on the planet (about 30 million different species). The actual rate of species loss is unknown but the best estimate would suggest about 50,000 a year, most of whom were unknown to science when they became extinct. Tropical forest destruction can also have a significant impact on the climate. When vegetation cover is removed, solar energy, instead of being partly absorbed by the trees, is reflected from the nearly bare ground, increasing temperatures, drying the soil, creating dust in the atmosphere and helping to stop rain clouds forming. Estimates suggest that about 260,000 square kilometers of forest needs to be cleared before these effects are noticeable on a significant scale. In the last century about four times this area has been cleared in west Africa and the consequences have become apparent. Rainfall in the Sahel and parts of sub-Saharan Africa is now a third less than it was a century ago, with over three-quarters of the years being highly arid. Similar effects are now being felt across Amazonia.
- Since the 1980s there have been a number of attempts to control deforestation but they have been almost totally unsuccessful.
- The fundamental problem is that for many countries timber exports are one of their few sources of export earnings in a world trade system that is already structured against them.
- Effective monitoring of logging is difficult – about a third of Britain’s timber imports come from illegal logging.
- Even when it is claimed that ‘sustainable’ logging takes place (where one tree is replanted for every tree cut down) the richness of a tropical forest is usually replaced by a monoculture of quick-growing trees such as eucalyptus.
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There’s no question that broadly speaking, big brains are smart. Take humans, for instance: our brains weigh in at about 3 pounds on average, nearly four times the size of the brains of chimpanzees (whose brains weigh in at less than a pound apiece).
What’s less clear is why. There are a number of theories: maybe intelligence evolved to give us a competitive edge in foraging, or maybe it helped us keep track of increasingly complex social interactions. Ideally, we’d like a theory to explain the evolution of intelligence broadly, so researchers have tried to these hypotheses across multiple species (for instance, comparing relative brain size and social group size among hoofed mammals like horses and deer1).
But brain size alone – even when scaled as a proportion of overall body size – is not an ideal measure of intelligence. The trouble is that small animals often have considerably higher brain-to-body mass ratios – ant brains, for instance, can weigh nearly 15% of their total body mass (the equivalent of a 20 pound human head!), and mice have about the same brain-to-body mass ratio as we do. So how can we study brain evolution, when even primates span a 3000-fold difference in body size (comparing a gray mouse lemur and a gorilla)?
Enter the encephalization quotient, or EQ, a measure of brain size relative to what we would predict, given that there is a curved relationship between brain size and body size (allometry is the technical term for this). It’s the best yardstick we have for the evolution of intelligence. Until now, that is.
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Definitions of melt
n. - See 2d Milt. 2
v. - To reduce from a solid to a liquid state, as by heat; to liquefy; as, to melt wax, tallow, or lead; to melt ice or snow. 2
v. - Hence: To soften, as by a warming or kindly influence; to relax; to render gentle or susceptible to mild influences; sometimes, in a bad sense, to take away the firmness of; to weaken. 2
v. i. - To be changed from a solid to a liquid state under the influence of heat; as, butter and wax melt at moderate temperatures. 2
v. i. - To dissolve; as, sugar melts in the mouth. 2
v. i. - Hence: To be softened; to become tender, mild, or gentle; also, to be weakened or subdued, as by fear. 2
v. i. - To lose distinct form or outline; to blend. 2
v. i. - To disappear by being dispersed or dissipated; as, the fog melts away. 2
The word "melt" uses 4 letters: E L M T.
No direct anagrams for melt found in this word list.
List shorter words within melt, sorted by length
All words formed from melt by changing one letter
Browse words starting with melt by next letter
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Q: My ferret is fixed and about 6 years old. I noticed she has a very enlarged vulva but doesn’t seem to have hair loss. She eats normal and seems happy. What is causing her vulva to be enlarged?
A: Unfortunately, your ferret more than likely has an extremely common disease called adrenal gland disease. Some female ferrets with this disease have only an enlarged vulva. Some have hair loss and an enlarged vulva. And some have just hair loss.
This is such a common disease that some believe more than half of the pet ferrets will come down with this disease if they live long enough. There is a lot of information about this disease.
You should visit a veterinarian that is familiar with ferrets. He or she will be able to give you an abundance of information on adrenal gland disease. It is relatively easy to diagnose, it can be frustrating to treat, but the prognosis is not always bad.
Treatment includes surgery or medication. Medication can be given orally, by long-acting injection or by implants under the skin. The prognosis for this disease depends on many factors, but treatment can give your ferret an excellent quality of life for an extended period of time.
The two most important things I need to emphasize are:
1. Do your homework before you visit your veterinarian so you can ask questions.
2. Go to a veterinarian who is familiar with adrenal gland disease and has treated many ferrets with it.
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Anger is an almost universal emotion. If you’re reading this, chances are you’ve been angry at some point, and kids are no exception. Kids get angry for any variety of reasons.
- It could be family related turmoil – like when their parents divorce. In fact, it is one of the most universal reactions we see in kids when they experience any sort of family transitions. When visitation arrangements change, kids get mad. When dad doesn’t pick them up for his time with them, they get angry. When mom starts dating some new guy, they begin to boil. When they have to move, change schools, deal with new siblings, listen to one parent bash another, and on and on and on, they get angry.
- It could be a reaction to stress – from school or family or sports or just not having time to be kids. Kids today are more stressed than ever, and anger is a typical reaction to stress.
- It could be in response to fear – about what is going to happen in the future, how a family situation is going to turn out, how the kids at school will react, feeling embarrassed or any number of other things.
The list is endless, and teaching kids how to deal with anger and coping mechanisms they can safely use as they move from irritated to annoyed to angry to enraged is critical to helping them move past the anger and deal with other underlying emotions.
This craft from the website Home Stories A to Z is an awesome tool for helping kids both to deal with anger they are currently feeling and to deal with future bouts with anger. The instructions are simple (and included on the template):
- Download the template from this site.
- Color the various triangles on the sheet. If you want the colors to match as you use the anger catcher, color the number and coping mechanism the same color as is printed in the triangle between them. We didn’t do this as we were making our anger catchers, and it doesn’t make a difference in its use.
- Fold each corner towards the center of the page so that the numbers and color names are facing you.
- Turn over the anger catcher
- Fold each corner into the center so that only the color names are visible.
- Fold the anger catcher in half so that the color names touch and the numbers are on the outside.
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Even a thunderstorm is often enough to knock out electrical power in some places. And a major storm is much worse. In 2012, Hurricane Sandy knocked out the lights for 8.5 million people on the East Coast, and a month after the storm, roughly 36,000 people in New York and New Jersey still were without electricity [source: Scott].
But the problem of storm-related power outages could be lessened if utility companies replaced the present antiquated electrical transmission system with "smart" grids, equipped with a vast array of computerized sensing and control devices to monitor power demand and system performance to distribute electricity more efficiently. The "grid" refers to the electrical wires, substations and transformers that help generate electricity, and much like a smartphone has a computer built in, a smart grid has everything associated with the electrical network computerized with two-way digital technology [source: Dept. of Energy]. Instead of relying exclusively upon central power plants and transmission lines, smart grids can also tap into local sources of electricity, such as solar panels and wind turbines.
Because of their sensing abilities, smart grids enable utility companies to spot and repair damage after storms more quickly. They also allow decentralized storage and power generation, so that local neighborhoods cut off from the main lines can still have some access to electricity. Several cities and states in the U.S. are already implementing smart grids or seeking funding to do so [source: Hardesty, Kingsbury].
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Study: Some brain injury patients misdiagnosed
WASHINGTON (BP) -- Brain injury victims considered to be in a persistent vegetative state are sometimes being diagnosed inaccurately, according to a recent report.
"A population of patients exists who meet all the behavioural [sic] criteria for the vegetative state, but nevertheless retain a level of covert awareness that cannot be detected by thorough behavioural assessment," said the report in The Lancet, a British medical journal.
The study raises the likelihood that many misdiagnosed patients have been starved to death, pro-life advocates said.
A group of doctors in Europe performed electroencephalography (EEG) on 12 control subjects and 16 patients who had been diagnosed to be in a persistent vegetative state (PVS). After attaching electrodes to the patients' heads to measure brain activity, the researchers instructed the patients to imagine they were making a fist and wiggling their toes. Three of the 16 patients produced EEG responses similar to those of conscious controls.
While the patients were unable to produce physical responses, the report cited the cognitive functions that were demanded of them. Sustained attention of 90-second blocks, response selection between the two imagery tasks, language comprehension of the instructions and working memory to recall which task to do were all successfully performed by the three patients.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which utilizes a magnetic field and radio frequency pulses to produce pictures of internal body organs, has been relied upon in the past for diagnosis, but researchers from this study concluded EEG is a more efficient tool for that purpose. According to the report, EEG is better suited for evaluating patients for various reasons: It is portable, cheaper than existing methods of clinical assessment and can be used with patients who have metal implants.
In response to the study, Burke Balch, director of the National Right to Life Committee's Robert Powell Center for Medical Ethics, expressed concern that the lives of many who were wrongly diagnosed as being in a vegetative state have been taken.
"Many patients, probably thousands, have had their food and fluids cut off and died, based on what we now know may well have been mistaken assumptions that they had lost all capacity for consciousness," Balch said. "The Lancet EEG study, together with earlier functional MRI studies, holds out the hope that we may develop ways to communicate with aware patients who have routinely been diagnosed as 'vegetative,' much as today eye movements and blinks are used to communicate with some patients with paraplegia. That would certainly be a positive alternative to starving them to death."
The starvation death of Terri Schiavo in 2005 is probably the most noteworthy battle to date over the fate of a person diagnosed as being in a vegetative state. Schiavo, 41, who had suffered brain damage, passed away two weeks after the removal of her feeding tube. Schiavo's husband won a legal fight with her pro-life parents and siblings to cut off food and liquids for his wife.
Bobby Schindler, Terri Schiavo's brother, said in an email to The Washington Post after the Nov. 9 report of the study, "Regrettably, Terri was never afforded these types of exams. Such testing could not have hurt Terri but could have helped her."
He said the study's results "only reinforce our family's contention that the PVS diagnosis needs to be eliminated -- particularly given the fact that it not only dehumanizes the cognitively disabled, but it is being used in some instances to decide whether or not a person should live or die, as it was used in Terri's case. None of us deserves to be deprived of food and water."
Holly Naylor is an intern with the Washington bureau of Baptist Press.
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Oglethorpe University is committed to providing a comprehensive liberal education for all of its students. The University aims to produce graduates who are broadly educated in the fundamental fields of knowledge and who know how to integrate knowledge in meaningful ways. The Core curriculum is the clearest expression of this commitment. As an interdisciplinary and common learning experience spread over four years, the Core provides for students a model for integrating information and gaining knowledge throughout their academic careers. These courses feature the reading of a number of primary texts common to all sections of the courses and intensive discussion and frequent writing assignments. The program is a true curriculum in which each course in the sequence builds upon the body of themes and skills studied and cultivated in the previous courses. The arts (fine arts, music and theatre) and mathematics complement the course of study. The sequencing of the Core courses means that all Oglethorpe students take the same Core courses at the same point in their college careers, thereby providing an opportunity for students to discuss important themes both inside and outside the classroom. In this way, the Core aims to create a community of learners at Oglethorpe. The program explicitly invites students to integrate the knowledge gained from their Core studies with their chosen major.
The Core curriculum provides a model for integrative learning and a forum for the investigation of significant and enduring questions.
Staffed by faculty from a wide variety of disciplines, this interdisciplinary program promotes the development of the following aptitudes and skills:12
- Knowledge of human cultures, intellectual history, the arts, mathematics, and the natural world, including
- Study in the sciences and mathematics, social sciences, humanities, histories, and the arts
- Intellectual and practical skills, Including
- Inquiry and analysis
- Critical and creative thinking
- Written and oral communication
- Information literacy
- Problem solving
- Integrative and applied learning, Including
- Synthesis and accomplishment across general and specialized studies
At the heart of the Core are seven integrated and sequenced courses in the humanities and sciences: COR 101, COR 102, COR 201, COR 202, COR 301, COR 302, and COR 400. In addition, students take two courses (COR 314 and one course from among the following: COR 103, COR 104 or COR 105) that have been designed to help them develop an appreciation and understanding of mathematics and the arts.
Core requirements are as follows:
Completion of all of the following courses:
COR 101 Narratives of the Self I
COR 102 Narratives of the Self II
COR 201 Human Nature and the Social Order I
CORE 202 Human Nature and the Social Order II
COR 301 Historical Perspectives on the Social Order I
COR 302 Historical Perspectives on the Social Order II
COR 314 Mathematics and Human Nature13
COR 400 Science and Human Nature
Completion of one of the following courses:
COR 103 Music and Culture
COR 104 Art and Culture
COR 105 Theatre and Culture
Additional requirements and things to note:
- Freshmen must take COR 101, COR 102 Narratives of the Self I, II their first two regular semesters at Oglethorpe.
- Students can take COR 103 Music and Culture, COR 104 Art and Culture, COR 105 Theatre and Culture, and COR 314 Mathematics and Human Nature at any time during their tenure at Oglethorpe.
- A minimum of sophomore standing is required for enrollment in COR 201, COR 202 Human Nature and the Social Order I, II.
- A minimum of junior standing is required for enrollment in COR 301, COR 302 Historical Perspectives on the Social Order I, II.
- Junior or senior standing, along with completion of the Core curriculum at least through COR 202, is required for enrollment in COR 400 Science and Human Nature.
- Core classes are numbered in a way that typically indicates what year in a student’s Oglethorpe career he/she ought to take the class. This is consistent with the cohort model we adopt for students working their way through the program. The reader should consult Sec. 18.104.22.168. for further details.
12 Modeled, in part, on the LEAP Essential Learning Outcomes (http://www.aacu.org/leap/vision.cfm)
13 Note: Effective in the fall of 2017, COR 314 is the only course which necessarily satisfies the TU Core mathematics requirement. TU students who enter Oglethorpe during the fall 2017 semester or thereafter must take COR 314. In particular, they cannot take the previous Core mathematics course, COR 203 Great Ideas of Modern Mathematics. However, students who attended Oglethorpe in a degree program prior to the fall of 2017 may satisfy their Core mathematics requirement by taking either COR 203 or COR 314, although there are consequences of each choice. Students are strongly advised to consult knowledgeable personnel in the HUB in order to make informed choices in this matter.
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en
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What is the Orange County Charter?
Orange County has what is called a home rule or charter form of government.
The Charter is a constitution that sets up the county’s local government structure and function.
The Charter Amendment questions and links to more information follow:
Orange County Charter/Amendment 1
Local Method Filling Vacancies in Office of Commissioner and Mayor When Authorized Under Florida Law
Orange County Charter/Amendment 2
County Charter Amendment Changing Due Date of Charter Review Commission’s Report
Orange County Charter/Amendment 3
Effect Within Municipalities of County Ordinances Concerning Simulated Gambling or Gambling
Orange County Charter/Amendment 4
County Charter Amendment Authorizing Designation of Unincorporated Villages and Creation of Village Advisory Boards
Requiring County and Municipal Approval of Zoning or Comprehensive Plan Amendments Affecting Overcrowded Public Schools
About the Orange County Charter Amendments and Special Referendum
Who reviews the Charter?
A 15-member board of Orange County citizens, appointed by the Board of County Commissioners, solicits public input in reviewing the Charter for proposed updates or improvements. A new review of the Charter is conducted every four years.
How many proposed amendments are there this year?
Four (4) , plus a special referendum. The first four are from the Charter Review Commission. The fifth is from the Board of County Commissioners.
Who determines if a proposal becomes part of the Charter?
You, the voters, do. Proposals will become part of the Charter only if they are approved by a majority of Orange County voters.
Where will the proposals and special referendum be on the ballot?
They follow the proposed amendments to the state Constitution and are identified as Question #1, Question #2, Question #3, Question #4 and Special Referendum.
Note: This page pertains to Orange County Charter Amendments and Special Referendum.
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The Art of Observation and How to Master the Crucial Difference Between Observation and Intuition by Maria Popova
"In the field of observation," legendary disease prevention pioneer Louis Pasteur famously proclaimed in 1854, "chan
"In the field of observation," legendary disease prevention pioneer Louis Pasteur famously proclaimed in 1854, "chance favors only the prepared mind." "Knowledge comes form noticing resemblances and recurrences in the events that happen around us," neuroscience godfather Wilfred Trotter asserted. That keen observation is what transmutes information into knowledge is indisputable — look no further than Sherlock Holmes and his exquisite mindfulness for a proof — but how, exactly, does one cultivate that critical faculty?
From The Art of Scientific Investigation (public library; public domain) by Cambridge University animal pathology professor W. I. B. Beveridge — the same fantastic 1957 compendium that explored the role of the intuition and imagination in science and how serendipity and "chance opportunism" fuel discovery — comes a timeless meditation on the art of observation, which he insists "is not passively watching but is an active mental process," and the importance of distinguishing it from what we call intuition.
Though a number of celebrated minds favored intuition over rationality, and even Beveridge himself extolled the merits of the intuitive in science, he sides with modern-day admonitions about our tendency to mislabel other cognitive processes as "intuition" and advises:
It is important to realize that observation is much more than merely seeing something; it also involves a mental process. In all observations there are two elements : (a) the sense-perceptual element (usually visual) and (b) the mental, which, as we have seen, may be partly conscious and partly unconscious. Where the sense-perceptual element is relatively unimportant, it is often difficult to distinguish between an observation and an ordinary intuition. For example, this sort of thing is usually referred to as an observation: "I have noticed that I get hay fever whenever I go near horses." The hay fever and the horses are perfectly obvious, it is the connection between the two that may require astuteness to notice at first, and this is a mental process not distinguishable from an intuition. Sometimes it is possible to draw a line between the noticing and the intuition, e.g. Aristotle commented that on observing that the bright side of the moon is always toward the sun, it may suddenly occur to the observer that the explanation is that the moon shines by the light of the sun.
For the practical applications of observation, Beveridge turns to French physiologist Claude Bernard's model, pointing out the connection-making necessary for creativity:
Claude Bernard distinguished two types of observation: (a) spontaneous or passive observations which are unexpected; and (b) induced or active observations which are deliberately sought, usually on account of an hypothesis. … Effective spontaneous observation involves firstly noticing some object or event. The thing noticed will only become significant if the mind of the observer either consciously or unconsciously relates it to some relevant knowledge or past experience, or if in pondering on it subsequently he arrives at some hypothesis. In the last section attention was called to the fact that the mind is particularly sensitive to changes or differences. This is of use in scientific observation, but what is more important and more difficult is to observe (in this instance mainly a mental process) resemblances or correlations between things that on the surface appeared quite unrelated.
Echoing Jean Jacques Rousseau's timeless words that "real wisdom is not the knowledge of everything, but the knowledge of which things in life are necessary, which are less necessary, and which are completely unnecessary to know" and Noam Chomsky's similar assertion centuries later, Beveridge cautions:
One cannot observe everything closely, therefore one must discriminate and try to select the significant. When practicing a branch of science, the 'trained' observer deliberately looks for specific things which his training has taught him are significant, but in research he often has to rely on his own discrimination, guided only by his general scientific knowledge, judgment and perhaps an hypothesis which he entertains.
He cites Alan Gregg, the then-director of Medical Sciences for the Rockefeller Foundation:
Most of the knowledge and much of the genius of the research worker lie behind his selection of what is worth observing. It is a crucial choice, often determining the success or failure of months of work, often differentiating the brilliant discoverer from the … plodder.
Observation, like all virtuous habits worth acquiring, can be cultivated with deliberate practice — a skill that Beveridge argues, as E. O. Wilson advised young scientists and social scientists have corroborated, is superior to mindlessly stored knowledge:
Powers of observation can be developed by cultivating the habit of watching things with an active, enquiring mind. It is no exaggeration to say that well developed habits of observation are more important in research than large accumulations of academic learning.
Ultimately, Beveridge argues that the art of observation depends on developing the capacity for pattern-recognition, which in turn relies on a broad pool of networked knowledge that allows you to spot the piece that doesn't fit:
In carrying out any observation you look deliberately for each characteristic you know may be there, for any unusual feature, and especially for any suggestive associations or relationships among the things you see, or between them and what you know. … Most of the relationships observed are due to chance and have no significance, but occasionally one will lead to a fruitful idea.
Training in observation follows the same principles as training in any activity. At first one must do things consciously and laboriously, but with practice the activities gradually become automatic and unconscious and a habit is established. Effective scientific observation also requires a good background, for only by being familiar with the usual can we notice something as being unusual or unexplained.
It seems, then, that Steven Johnson was right in augmenting Pasteur's famous words to "chance favors the connected mind."
Despite its title, The Art of Scientific Investigation is a priceless treasure trove of insight on creativity in all domains — highly recommended. This article was illustrated with gender-gap-defying public domain images of women in science courtesy of the ever-wonderful Flickr Commons archive.
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Birth Anniversary of Bharathiyar
Chinnaswami Subramania Bharati (11 December 1882 – 11 September 1921) was an Indian writer, poet, journalist, Indian independence activist and social reformer from Tamil Nadu. Popularly known as “Mahakavi Bharati”, he was a pioneer of modern Tamil poetry and is considered one of the greatest Tamil literary figures of all time. His numerous works were fiery songs kindling patriotism and nationalism during the Indian Independence movement
134th Birth Anniversary of Mahakavi Subramaniya Bharathiyar was celebrated.
Rich tributes were paid to the legendary poet Subramania Bharathiar on the occasion of his birth anniversary by the inspired speech given by our Tamil faculty.
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Bimanual Interference: An Overview
Humans are capable of performing complex motor tasks through the use of their hands. This ability is especially evident in bimanual tasks, where two hands work together to complete a single task. While both hands can work independently and simultaneously, they can also work in opposition to one another, creating an interference phenomenon known as bimanual interference. This review will provide an overview of the underlying causes and effects of bimanual interference.
Bimanual interference is a phenomenon where the performance of one hand impairs the performance of the other. This interference can occur when the hands are performing the same task, when the hands are performing different tasks, or even when the hands are just touching one another. In the first case, interference occurs when two hands are performing the same task with similar parameters, such as speed or force. In the second case, interference occurs when two hands are performing different tasks, such as when one hand is gripping an object while the other is manipulating it. In the third case, interference occurs when the hands are just touching one another, such as when two people are holding hands.
The complexity of bimanual interference can be attributed to several factors. First, bimanual interference is affected by the degree of task compatibility. If two tasks are too similar, the hands may interfere with one another. If the tasks are too dissimilar, the hands may not interfere with one another. Second, the amount of interference is affected by the degree of task difficulty. Tasks that are more difficult require more coordination between the hands and are more likely to produce interference. Finally, bimanual interference is affected by the level of attentional control. If the participant is paying close attention to both tasks, interference is more likely to occur.
The effects of bimanual interference on performance can be both positive and negative. In some cases, interference can actually improve performance, as it forces the participant to focus on both tasks simultaneously. In other cases, interference can lead to a decrease in performance, as the participant is unable to keep track of both tasks simultaneously. In either case, bimanual interference can have a significant impact on the overall performance of a task.
In conclusion, bimanual interference is a complex phenomenon that can have both positive and negative effects on performance. The degree of interference is affected by the degree of task compatibility, the degree of task difficulty, and the level of attentional control. Understanding the underlying causes and effects of bimanual interference can help to optimize task performance in various contexts.
Gobel, D. W., & Frey, S. H. (2005). Bimanual interference: The effects of task compatibility and practice. Human Movement Science, 24(4), 607–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2005.04.006
Karni, A., Meyer, G., Jezzard, P., Adams, M. M., Turner, R., & Ungerleider, L. G. (1995). Functional MRI evidence for adult motor cortex plasticity during motor skill learning. Nature, 377(6545), 155–158. https://doi.org/10.1038/377155a0
Kornysheva, K., & Schack, T. (2013). Bimanual coordination: The interplay of attention and interference. Experimental Brain Research, 229(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-013-3489-y
Wenderoth, N., & van der Kamp, J. (2008). Bimanual interference: Effects of task complexity, task compatibility, and attentional control. Human Movement Science, 27(5), 678–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2007.12.003
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Using century-old Native farming techniques helps build soil
TOPEKA—Lacey Cannon has farming in her blood. Generations ago, her German ancestors moved to the Ukraine to farm. From there, they headed to Kansas and settled in Topeka, farming wheat and other grains.
Three generations later, Lacey followed her husband Paul Cannon, a member of Kumeyaay-Ipai from the San Pasqual Indian reservation, back to his home, where they decided to build a large teaching garden for the San Pasqual Band of Mission Indians reservation.
Wanting to use Native practices, the couple founded Indigenous Regeneration, a non-profit organization that consists of a garden, a medicine path and a food forest. Along with growing herbs and produce, the organization teaches Native cultural and farming practices. More than 100 community volunteers take part in farming on this Southern California reservation.
“I wanted to reconnect to the land,” Lacey Cannon said.
By inspiring Native Communities nationwide on regenerative farming practices, Indigenous Regeneration, which began three years ago, hopes to connect people back to the land and reconnect with ancient, proven farming practices. In addition to traditional and contemporary food cultivation, the farm focuses on the environment, traditional plants and cultural awareness. Through regenerative agricultural concepts, like keeping beds covered in living roots and rotation, and sustainable building techniques, the group helps to teach other tribes this ancient wisdom.
“There are challenges living where we live,” Lacey Cannon said. “It’s (the garden) been a real positive thing for the community.”
She said members of the tribe are gathering together and learning from elders about planting and harvesting. The farm gives away whatever they grow to the community.
“We grow all of the traditional medicinal plants, including mugwort, willow and river sage,” Cannon said.
In addition, Indeginous Regeneration raises produce, including lettuce and tomatoes.
Many of the traditions of the native cultures were lost or forgotten, said Kansas-based author Dale Strickler, who wrote “Managing Pasture” and “The Drought Resilient Farm.”
“There were so many brilliant agricultural traditions,” he said. “They had a system of agriculture that completely fit their landscape to a tea – hand in glove.”
Both Cannon and Strickler said what has been done to the soil nationwide is destructive.
“In our arrogance, we completely destroyed very intelligent farming practices that could have been enhanced,” Strickler said. “We took the crops, but we didn’t take the systems.”
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A good wheel is made of pure natural rubber. It is extremely elastic and has a good shock absorption effect. At the same time, you must choose a high-density bearing universal wheel, which can rotate smoothly in 360 degrees without dead angles to ensure silence.
The trolley case generally uses universal wheels. There are many materials for manufacturing universal wheels. The most common materials are nylon, polyurethane, rubber, cast iron and other materials. Among them, the rubber wheels have low running sound, low noise and stable machinery. They have the functions of supporting the body, buffering external impacts, reducing vibration and lowering temperature, and are deeply loved by users.
1. Detect the visible wear degree of the tire surface. The "flat spots" on the tire surface can indicate the accumulation of foreign matter. Check whether the wheel bearings are damaged. If the parts are not damaged, they can be reassembled and used again. If the wheel is often entangled with debris, it is recommended to install an anti-wrap cover to avoid .
2. Loose casters or stuck wheels can also cause "flat points". Proper maintenance and inspection, especially checking the tightness of bolts, the amount of lubricating oil, and replacing damaged casters can enhance the rolling performance and rotation flexibility of the equipment.
3. Severe damage or loosening of rubber tires may cause unstable rolling, abnormal load, and damage to the bottom plate.
4. After checking and repairing the wheels, determine whether the bolts and nuts are tightened. Use lock washers or lock nuts on all bolts as much as possible. If the bolt is loose, tighten it immediately.
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Japanese Art Gallery
This gallery gathers public domain works.
※ Works that passed the copyright protection period after the death of the author are posted.
|ito jakuchu （伊藤若冲） 1716 - 1800|
Ito Jakuchu (伊藤 若冲, 2 March 1716 ? 27 October 1800) was a Japanese painter of the mid-Edo period when Japan had closed its doors to the outside world. Many of his paintings concern traditionally Japanese subjects, particularly chickens and other birds. Many of his otherwise traditional works display a great degree of experimentation with perspective, and with other very modern stylistic elements.
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Paasselkä devils (Finnish "Päässelän pirut") are stories about balls of light at lake Paasselkä, Finland. Local people say that bright balls sometimes move above lake Paasselkä or near the lake in the forest. This kinds of lights are said to appear around the world. They are sometimes called ghost lights or will o' the wisps. Scientists does not know what ghost lights or will o' wisps are.
People have told these stories for a long time, so it is a part of folklore there. People thought that balls of light are devils. Some still believe that balls are alive or have mind, because they seem to act like that. Ball can follow fishermans boat of go to hide if you use your torch.
Related pages[change | change source]
Video[change | change source]
You can see the balls from this website
Book[change | change source]
- Sulo Strömberg: Kerimäen ja Savonrannan kyliä kiertämässä. Tarinoita Paasveen piruista ja pohuista (2006)
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PUBLIC HEALTH ASSESSMENT
SAVAGE MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY
MILFORD, HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE
- Based on the information reviewed, ATSDR considers this site a public health hazard because humans were probably exposed to hazardous substances at concentrations that may result in adverse health effects. Human exposure to VOCs and metals may occur or may be occurring (and probably occurred in the past) via ingestion of drinking water and via dermal absorption and inhalation of contaminants from vapors and aerosols from contaminated groundwater. At present, all drinking water is supplied by municipal sources and current human exposure to contaminated water supplies is not a concern. However, past exposure to contaminated groundwater from municipal and private water supply wells is of public health hazard, as the consumers of these water supplies may have been exposed to a variety of carcinogenic (tetrachloroethylene) and noncarcinogenic (1,2-dichloro-ethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane) VOCs for a number of years.
- Soils both on- and off-site have been contaminated with VOCs, PCBs, and heavy metals. Potential exists for exposure by area residents and on-site workers to contaminants present in on- and off-site soils via incidental ingestion, direct contact, and inhalation of fugitive dusts.
- Sediment samples have been found to contain low levels of VOCs and elevated levels of heavy metals, PCBs, and PAHs. Potential exists for recreational users of waterways and area residents to be exposed to contaminated sediments by incidental ingestion and direct contact exists.
- Surface water samples, mainly from the Hitchiner-Hendrix discharge stream, which flows into the Souhegan River, have shown the presence of VOCs at elevated concentrations. Area residents and recreational users of area waterways could be potentially exposed to contaminants by incidental ingestion, direct contact, and inhalation of vapors from contaminated surface water.
- Continued monitoring of groundwater on a regular basis, is recommended both on- and off-site, to determine the extent of contaminant migration from the site. This should include routine sampling of all area drinking water supplies (especially along North River Road) and monitoring wells on and off-site. Additional sampling of residential water supply wells for metals should also be considered. The concentrations of contaminants remaining in area groundwater should eventually be reduced to levels which are protective of human health.
- The levels of contaminants in surface soils in and around the site should continue to be monitored. This should include periodic sampling for fugitive dusts in ambient air. If appropriate, speciation of chromium in soil samples for the trivalent and hexavalent forms should also be conducted, as the hexavalent form is a human carcinogen by the inhalation route of exposure. Additional soil sampling for PCBs is also needed in order to verify and characterize the extent of off-site PCB contamination, as only two off-site soil samples were analyzed for PCBs, with a high level being detected in one sample. The removal and proper disposal of soils with high concentrations of contaminants should be conducted if the presence of these soils is determined to pose a threat to human health. Fencing or other restrictive measures should also be considered in such areas to limit access by the public.
- Sediment samples in area waterways, both on- and off-site, should continue to be taken periodically, in order to monitor levels of contaminants present in this media.
- Area surface waters should continue to be monitored routinely for contaminants which are migrating or being discharged off-site. Process waste waters from the Hitchiner facility, that are discharging into the discharge stream, should be sampled on a regular basis, in accordance with their NPDES permit.
- The Savage Municipal Water Supply Site, Milford, NH, has been evaluated by ATSDR's Health Activities Recommendation Panel for appropriate follow-up with respect to health activities. Although there are indications that past exposure to drinking water containing contaminants at levels of public health concern has occurred, this site is not being considered for follow-up health activities at this time. The Panel, however, recommended that a dose reconstruction analysis be performed by ATSDR to better characterize the duration and levels of exposure. Once the dose reconstruction is complete, the site will be reevaluated by HARP for appropriate follow-up health activities.
This interim public health assessment was prepared by the New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services under a cooperative agreement with the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). It is in accordance with approved methodology and procedures existing at the time the public health assessment was initiated.
Gregory V. Ulirsch
Technical Project Officer, SPS, RPB, DHAC
The Division of Health Assessment and Consultation (DHAC), ATSDR, has reviewed this public health assessment and concurs with its findings.
Robert C. Williams, PE, DEE
Director, DHAC, ATSDR
NH Division of Public Health Services
John L. Guty
Environmental Health Specialist
Ellen G. Cavalier, MPH
Supervisor, Risk Assessment Program
Bridget A. Whalen
Word Processor Operator
ATSDR REGIONAL REPRESENTATIVE
Louise A. House
TECHNICAL PROJECT OFFICER
Gregory V. Ulirsch
Environmental Health Engineer
Division of Health Assessment and Consultation
- Draft Remedial Investigation, Savage Well Site, Milford, New Hampshire, Prepared by HMM Associates, Inc., Concord, MA for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Region I, Boston MA. November 1989.
- Preliminary Health Assessment, Savage Municipal Well Site, Milford, New Hampshire, Prepared by New Hampshire Division of Public Health Services, Concord, NH for Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA. January 1990.
- Memo from R. Geohlert, Environmental Protection Agency, to T. Bazenas, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. December 13, 1991.
- Hydrogeological Investigation of the Savage Well Site, Milford, New Hampshire, Volumes I and II, Prepared by Hydrogeological Investigation Unit-New Hampshire Water Supply and Pollution Control Commission, Concord, NH. June 1985.
- Memo from Sharon A. Yergeau, NH Bureau of Hazardous Waste Management, to the Hendrix Wire and Cable file. February 25, 1983.
- Memo from James B. Zeppieri, NH Waste Management Division, to John Guty, NH Division of Public Health Services. May 23, 1990.
- RCRA Inspection List by Ken Marschner, NH Bureau of Hazardous Waste Management. February 24, 1983.
- Letter from William A. Healy, NH Water Supply and Pollution Control Commission, to the Hitchiner Manufacturing Company. June 27, 1980.
- Letter from Michael J. Deazy, New England Steel Fabricators, Inc., to Sharon A. Yergeau, NH Bureau of Hazardous Waste Management. September 28, 1983.
- Memo from Arthur J. Cunningham, to Lynn A. Woodard, NH Water Supply and Pollution Control Commission. February 17, 1983.
- Letter from William A. Healy and Brian C. Strohm, NH Bureau of Hazardous Waste Management, to Thomas Hollis, Jr., OK Tool Company, Inc. June 6, 1983.
- Record of Decision, Savage Municipal Water Supply Superfund site, Milford, New Hampshire. Prepared by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency September 27, 1991.
- Personal Communication from Dr. Donald Fritz, Veterinarian, Peterborough, NH. January 16, 1991.
- Personal Communication from Michael Lynch, Milford Town Health Officer. April 26, 1990.
- Draft Baseline Health Risk Assessment Report, Savage Well NPL Site, Milford, New Hampshire, Prepared by Environmental Science & Engineering, Inc., Amherst, NH for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-Region I, Boston, MA. July 1990.
- Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, Draft for Public Comment; ATSDR, U.S. Public Health Service, November 1987.
- Toxicological Profile for Cadmium; ATSDR, U.S. Public Health Service, March 1989.
- Toxicological Profile for Chromium, Draft for Public Comment; ATSDR, U.S. Public Health Service, October 1987.
- Toxicological Profile for Selected PCBs, Draft for Public Comment; ATSDR, U.S. Public Health Service, November 1987.
- Toxicological Profile for Nickel; ATSDR, U.S. Public Health Service, December 1988.
- New Hampshire Vital Statistics - 1988 Annual Report, Prepared by the NH Division of Public Health Services, Bureau of Vital Records and Health Statistics, Concord, NH. April 1990.
- Personal Communication from Marie Kiely, NH Division of Public Health Services, Bureau of Disease Control. April 25, 1990.
- Toxicological Profile for Lead; ATSDR, U.S. Public Health Service, June 1990.
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Screaming is a super-duper temper tantrum unleashed by a child with exceptional vocal cords and lungs. A child is likely to repeat this behavior because it usually works. The child’s screaming either gets the parent to surrender unconditionally or it causes the parent to scream back.
How do I cope with screaming?
Clarify the rule for your child: “We don’t scream in this family. Either talk in a calm voice or go to your room.”
If your child continues screaming, take her to her bedroom for a brief time-out. Don’t try to ignore this disruptive tantrum. Close the door to your child’s room. Every 4 or 5 minutes, open the door and tell your child, “I hope you feel good enough to come out now.” Offer your child many chances to rejoin the family, but if she comes out screaming, return her to her room.
Make sure none of the adults who care for your child yells or screams. A child is a marvelous copycat.
Written by Barton D. Schmitt, MD, author of “My Child Is Sick,†American Academy of Pediatrics Books.
Pediatric Advisor 2015.1 published by RelayHealth. Last modified: 2008-06-12 Last reviewed: 2014-06-10
This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information is intended to inform and educate and is not a replacement for medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.
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A diverse place
From each side of the water reservoir, an open colonnade leads to two museums which face a cascade on the city side, and a large garden on the park side. The site location was a central point for the European Capital of Culture title awarded to Marseille in 2013.
Once the monument was inaugurated in 1869, several sculptors were selected to decorate the ‘Palais Longchamp’ with their artwork. Lions and tigres’ sculptures from the animal sculptor Antoine Louis Bayre adorn the entrance, while a magnificent and imposing fountain at the center created by Jules Cavelier symbolises the arrival of the Durance river’s water.
The museums of the ‘Palais Longchamp’
On the left-wing, the Museum of Fine Arts displays 17th and 18th century paintings, drawings, and sculptures. Founded in 1801, it is the oldest museum in Marseille.
On the right-wing, the Natural History Museum gathers several collections of curiosity displays from the 18th century given by the city and the state. It was rewarded with the title of first-class museum in 1967 together with nine other major museums, thanks to its exhibitions.
The ‘Palais Longchamp’ is not only a must-see monument. Behind its majestic facade stands a park very popular with the people of Marseille. The garden used to host a zoo, the remains of which can still be seen today.
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What is Bladder infection?
Bladder Infection is the term used to describe a contamination within the Urinary Tract. When contaminants enter the Urinary tract they multiply in the urine, and cause a urinary tract infection (UTI). Both men and women may become infected with a UTI, a man is as prone as a woman, despite popular belief to the contrary. It should be noted though, that a UTI cannot be caught from someone else. It can be transmitted by having oral sex, since the germs are able to leave the genital area, and travel through the mouth of another, this will later travel to the Urinary Tract, and infect the urethra. What the infection does is very simple; it causes a discomfort in the genital area, which may affect the kidneys eventually, if it is not treated immediately.
What are the symptoms of Bladder Infection?
One of the most common symptoms of bladder infection, is discomfort during urination. This discomfort is felt because the urinary tract has become inflamed. The inflammation is as result of multiple germs that are present in the urine. Once a UTI is detected it is imperative that you make your way to a doctor’s office immediately. If you are unable to meet with a doctor, a solution of Potassium Citrate can be purchased over the counter, and used until you are able to do so. The Potassium Citrate contains acids which can be used to kill the bacteria that are in the Urinary Tract.
Another common symptom of bladder infection is frequent visits to the bathroom. This is sometimes referred to as an overactive bladder problem, but it should be recognized, that it is actually an infection of the Urinary Tract. Sometimes an individual will make frequent visits to the bathroom based on the temperature, during cold weather conditions, in a case like this the infection may remain undetected, and this is not good.
If a Urinary Tract infection remains untreated it can develop into a yeast infection. This means that the germs in the urethra have been given time to travel, and find the location of the yeast in the body. The germs will then contaminate the yeast. A yeast infection is the most common of all symptoms of a bladder infection, as it is noticeable, since the infected yeast is usually released through the genitals. The discharged yeast may vary from a mild white discharge, to a thick, yellow, cottage cheese-like substance, which may sometimes carry a foul smell. At this stage it is even more important that medical assistance is sought.
Tips on how to prevent Bladder Infection
- Drink cranberry juice at least three times per week.
- Drink at least eight glasses of water per day.
- Avoid having unprotected sex.
- Drink one tablespoon of Potassium Citrate every three days.
- Keep the genital area clean.
- Avoid touching the genital area with dirty hands.
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Tel Aviv University Study Shows Recycling Is As Old As Mankind
You may believe that recycling is a modern quirk invented by leftist ecologists, but there is mounting evidence to suggest our prehistoric ancestors learned to recycle the objects they used in their daily lives.
At a recent conference on the origins of recycling at Tel Aviv University, Professor Ran Barkai said that just as today we recycle materials such as paper and plastic to manufacture new items, early hominids would collect discarded or broken tools made of flint, bone and other materials to create new utensils.
This behavior appeared at different times, in different places, and with different methods, depending on the context and the availability of raw materials. “For the first time we are revealing the extent of this phenomenon, both in terms of the amount of recycling that went on and the different methods used,” said Barkai.
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Our ancestors were also green
Recycling was widespread not only among early humans but among our evolutionary predecessors such as Homo erectus, Neanderthals and other species of hominids that have not yet even been named, according to Prof. Barkai.
Professor Avi Gopher, a fellow TAU archeologist, said the early appearance of recycling highlights its role as a basic survival strategy. While they may not have been driven by concerns over pollution and the environment, hominids shared some of our motivations.
“Why do we recycle plastic? To conserve energy and raw materials,” Gopher said. “In the same way, if you recycled flint you didn’t have to go all the way to the quarry to get more, so you conserved your energy and saved on the material.”
A habit of recycling
At Qesem cave, a site near Tel Aviv dating back to between 200,000 and 420,000 years ago, Gopher and Barkai discovered flint chips that had been reshaped into small blades to cut meat — an early version of cutlery.
Some 10 percent of the tools found at the site were recycled in some way, Prof. Gopher said. “It was not an occasional behavior; it was part of the way they did things, part of their way of life,” he said.
He said scientists have various ways to determine if a tool was recycled. They can find direct evidence of retouching and reuse, or they can look at the object’s patina — a progressive discoloration that occurs once stone is exposed to the elements. Differences in the patina indicate that a fresh layer of material was exposed hundreds or thousands of years after the tool’s first incarnation.
Barkai, an archaeologist from the Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archeology, was one of the organizers of the four-day conference, which gathered over 50 researchers from 10 countries around the world.
Photo: Ancient people against the evening landscape by Bigstock
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The strawberry is an easy-to-grow fruit-bearing plant that is productive during the first two years. After two years the plant will weaken and have an increased susceptibility to disease. The Alabama Cooperative Extension recommends growing the early-bearing strawberry varieties Cardinal and Earligrow for best results. Alabama strawberry plants should be set in the ground in the months of September or October so they become established before the spring growing season.
Select a planting location for the strawberries that has well-draining soil with a high organic content. Work 3 to 4 inches of organic compost into the soil with a tiller to a depth of 10 inches.
Test the soil pH of the planting area to verify it is 6.0 to 6.8. Work ground rock sulfur into the soil to lower the pH number if needed. Water the soil well and let the soil rest for at least 2 weeks before planting.
Apply an 8-8-8 fertilizer over the prepared planting area and work it into the soil to a depth of 6 inches. Plant the strawberry plants so their crowns are just above ground level. Space the plants 18 to 30 inches apart in rows that are 3 feet apart.
Apply clean pine or wheat straw mulch around the plants to limit weed growth and retain soil moisture. Supply irrigation to the strawberry plants when the weekly rainfall is less than one inch.
Remove plant blossoms in the first year of growth to promote plant runner development. This will increase the fruit production in the following years.
Renovate the strawberry plants after harvest is complete. Mow off the foliage to one inch above the crown. Use caution to not damage the crowns. Narrow the rows to 12 inches with a tiller and remove plants to create a 6-inch space between plants. Place one inch of mulch around the plants and apply a 10-10-10 fertilizer.
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Smartphone app can measure blood oxygen levels with 80% accuracy
No oximeter? Do not worry! Smartphone app can measure blood oxygen levels with 80% accuracy by shining the phone’s flash through your finger, study finds
- Blood oxygen levels are currently measured with a pulse oximeter
- But this makes it difficult to test blood oxygen levels on the go
- Scientists have developed an app that uses the phone’s camera and flash
- In tests, it was shown to detect low oxygen levels in the blood with an accuracy of 80%
From asthma to Covid-19, a variety of conditions can require regular blood oxygen measurements.
Currently, these measurements are taken with a pulse oximeter — a device that clips onto your fingertip or ear — although this can make testing on the go tricky.
Hoping to make the process easier, scientists have developed a smartphone app that uses the device’s camera and flash to measure blood oxygen levels.
During testing, researchers from the University of Washington and the University of California at San Diego showed that a smartphone can detect blood oxygen saturation up to 70 percent — the lowest value pulse oximeters should be able to measure.
Scientists have developed a smartphone app that uses the device’s camera and flash to measure blood oxygen levels
What is a pulse oximeter?
A pulse oximeter measures how much light is absorbed by your blood.
This tells us how much oxygen your blood contains.
The pulse oximeter shines 2 lights through your fingertip or earlobe: a red light and an infrared light.
Blood with a lot of oxygen absorbs more infrared light and lets more red light through.
Blood without enough oxygen absorbs more red light and lets more infrared light through.
If your blood cells don’t have enough oxygen, they will appear bluer.
The system involves the user placing their finger on the smartphone’s camera and flashing it before a video is captured.
An in-depth learning algorithm can then decipher the oxygen levels in the blood based on the images.
To put it to the test, the researchers recruited six participants, ages 20 to 34.
Each participant wore a standard pulse oximeter on one finger and then placed another finger on the same hand over a smartphone’s camera and flash.
“The camera records a video: every time your heart beats, fresh blood flows through the part illuminated by the flash,” says senior author Edward Wang.
‘The camera registers how much that blood absorbs the light from the flash in each of the three color channels it measures: red, green and blue.
‘Then we can enter those intensity measurements into our deep learning model.’
Over the course of 15 minutes, each participant breathed in a controlled mix of oxygen and nitrogen to slowly lower their oxygen levels.
The results showed that the smartphone correctly predicted 80 percent of the time whether the subject had low oxygen levels in the blood.
The researchers hope to continue the research by testing the algorithm on more people.
Each participant wore a standard pulse oximeter on one finger, then placed another finger on the same hand over a smartphone’s camera and flash.
Huawei unveils a £400 wearable device that can take your blood pressure by inflating around your wrist
Huawei has launched a smartwatch that inflates on the wrist to take accurate blood pressure readings, much like a cuff on the arm at a doctor’s office.
The Huawei Watch D has an airbag on the inside of the band that slowly inflates around your wrist.
Blood pressure is a critical indicator of overall health, but when taken by the doctor it can be altered by something known as the ‘white coat’ effect, where the blood pressure rises slightly when we are at the doctor.
“One of our subjects had thick calluses on their fingers, which made it more difficult for our algorithm to accurately determine the oxygen level in their blood,” said Jason Hoffman, co-lead author of the study.
‘If we expanded this study to more subjects, we would probably see more people with calluses and more people with different skin colors.
‘Then we may have an algorithm with sufficient complexity to better model all those differences.’
The researchers emphasize how almost everyone has a smartphone these days.
“This way you can take multiple measurements with your own device, for free or at a low cost,” said Dr Matthew Thompson, co-author of the study.
‘In an ideal world, this information could be passed on seamlessly to a doctor’s office.
“For telemedicine appointments or for triage nurses, this would be very useful to quickly determine whether patients need to go to the emergency room or whether they can rest at home and make an appointment with their GP later.”
The study comes shortly after Huawei launched a smartwatch that inflates on the wrist to take accurate blood pressure readings, much like a cuff on the arm at a doctor’s office.
The new Huawei Watch D has an airbag on the inside of the band that slowly inflates around your wrist.
Blood pressure is a critical indicator of overall health, but when taken by the doctor it can be altered by something known as the “white coat” effect.
This is where the blood pressure rises slightly when we are at the doctor, because of the slight increase in anxiety from being in a clinical setting.
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Potential Science with JWST
In the course of working on the development of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), the Science Working Group and other scientists have written a variety of white papers describing science programs that might be accomplished with JWST. Several of these are listed below. Astronomers interested in learning more will find these papers a good place to start.
These white papers reflect the thoughts and advice of the Science Working Group (SWG) and other project scientists on the capabilities to build into the JWST system. They do not imply what science must be carried out with JWST, since nearly all of the observing time on the observatory will be subject to open competitions. There are, of course, many other discussions of potential JWST science in the refereed literature.
Subscribe to the JWST Observer News Mailing List
Get the latest news delivered directly to your inbox.
For technical assistance, please contact the JWST Help Desk.
The NASA James Webb Space Telescope, developed in partnership with ESA and CSA, is operated by AURA’s Space Telescope Science Institute.
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A tremor can be defined as a shaking movement. It mainly manifests through your arms although it can affect other parts of the body such as the voice box and the head. They can happen to anyone even though they are common among the elderly. We all have some tremor when we move our hands. Tremors can be worsened through fear, caffeine intake, smoking, anger, fatigue and stress. In some occasions, tremors are normal. However prolonged tremors could be a result of a medical problem and therefore, we should learn how to stop tremors.
Types of Tremor
Resting or Action Tremors
Resting tremors take place while sitting or lying statically mainly affecting the fingers and hands. It goes away when you start to move around.
Action tremors take place while moving the affected part of the body. These include intention tremors in targeted movement, a postural tremor when holding somewhere against gravity, task-specific tremors during a certain activity like writing, kinetic tremor while moving a part of the body and isometric tremors especially during voluntary muscle contraction without a real muscle movement.
Tremors Based on Appearance and Cause
Essential tremors are postural- or purpose-kind of tremors that start gradually on one side and then affects the rest in a few years. They are linked with hearing disability and walking difficulty.
Parkinsonian tremor is a resting tremor normally being the initial sign of Parkinson’s disease caused by the damaging of brain parts that control movement. It starts with one limb and then one body side.
Dystonic tremors happen irregularly though can easily be relived through enough rest. They are noticeable in people affected by dystonia; a movement complication through involuntary contraction of muscles causing twist and unusual postures and motions.
Cerebellar tremor is an intention tremor that results from lesions or attacks on the cerebellum from a tumor, diseases or stroke. It could also result from excess alcoholism and the medicine overdose.
Psychogenic tremor could present as any kind of tremor. It is noticeable through an abrupt start and remission, variation in tremor direction and the affected part of the body causing a decreased activity when a person gets distracted.
Orthostatic tremors are drastic, rhythmic contraction of muscles that take place suddenly after standing, often seen as unsteadiness.
Physiologic tremors usually come with a response to particular drugs, medical conditions or withdrawal from alcohol and medical situations such as hypoglycemia or stemming from an overactive thyroid gland. An enhanced physiologic tremor would require the intervention of a medical doctor.
How to Stop Tremors with Home Remedies
Don’t Use Caffeine
Reduce your intake of caffeine to low quantities or stop it completely. Caffeine is a stimulant of the central nervous system and therefore could be one of the basic causes of tremors. In some acute conditions, caffeine may induce anxiety, heart palpitations, dizziness and headaches.
Stop Smoking & Alcohol Intake
Excess nicotine and alcohol can lead to body tremors or make the situation worse by increasing existing tremors more. Stopping smoking and reduced alcohol intake can therefore stop tremors. Alcohol affects the central nervous system and could lead to more and rapid tremors.
Control Your Blood Sugar Levels
A decreased level of blood sugar leaves your body without enough energy hence causing tremors. Again, the consumption of sugary foods leads to a drastic increase in sugar levels that can also drop quickly causing tremors, irritability and weakness. Take in slowly digested carbohydrates like fruits and sweet cereals to avoid this.
Sleep Well and Relax to Avoid Stress
Speaking of how to stop tremors, take good care of yourself! Anxiety and fear are a common cause of tremors. Therefore, make sure you relax to remove life tension and stress. Relaxation can be realized through yoga, breathing and meditation which can benefit your nervous system greatly. These should be accompanied with enough sleep.
Eat Enough Vitamins
Minerals and vitamins are very useful in reducing tremors. The lack of these nutrients can lead to serious health complications of tremors. Therefore, it is important to incorporate them in the diet and taken in dietary supplements that have such. The doctor’s advice should be sought before any vitamin supplement can be used.
For healthy nerves, you need Vitamin B12 to prevent tremors. Vitamin B1 also protects and nourishes nerves hence preventing tremors. Low Vitamin B1 levels cause confusion and a lack of coordination. Vitamin B6 supports nervous system functions while Vitamin E promotes general health of the nervous system.
Take In Sufficient Minerals
Minerals are very useful in the transmission of nerve impulses to muscles. A depletion of electrolytes will certainly cause tremors. The lack of enough magnesium leads to convulsion and muscle spasms which in turn may lead to tremors.
Potassium is useful in controlling muscle and nerve cell activities hence its deficiency results in tremors. Calcium is mainly important for your teeth and bones and some part of it in blood that makes muscles contract well, enhance blood clotting and enhance the transmission of messages by nerves around the body. Calcium deficiency can cause regular tremors.
How to Stop Tremors with Medical Treatments
Treating the condition causing tremors may be sufficient to address it. All the same, the tremor can be treated using medications. Some of the common medications for tremors are listed below:
Beta-blockers are prescribed for people with high blood pressure conditions and also useful in reducing tremors for certain individuals.
Tranquilizers like Xanax could be given to relieve tremors as a result of anxiety.
Anti-seizure medication is usually provided as an alternative for people who cannot use beta-blockers.
Botox injections are chemical injections that are usually given to individuals suffering from tremors affecting the head and face.
Physical therapy may be done to help people strengthen their muscles and enhance their body coordination. Wrist weights along with adaptive devices like heavier utensils can also help in treating tremors.
Brain stimulation involves a surgery that could be the only choice for people with debilitating tremors. In such an operation, the surgeon puts an electrical probe in a part of your brain in control of the tremors. After the placement of the probe, a wire is connected from the probe into the chest, below the skin. A small device is then placed on the chest and is connected to the wire to send pulses directly to the prop to stop the production of the tremors.
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