Caliŋa nu kaSiw

wood ear, semicircular edible fungus which grows on tree trunks


Caŋelaj

elephant grass, miscanthus grass: Themeda gigantea


Ceked

to rest, take a break from work or other activity


Cinakaw

what is stolen, stolen goods; was stolen (past tense of direct passive)


CinaliS

was made into rope; what was made into rope


Cu

2pl deixis and spatio-temporal reference: that; there, then


CuqelaN

condylar bone; bone of fauna exclusive of fish


Nutud

join two things to give added length (rope, bamboo, etc.)


Reken

coiled base on which hot cooking pots are set


RiNaS

long feathers used for personal adornment


RiNuk

the Japanese raspberry: Rubus parvifolius (Linn.), Rubus taiwanianus (Matsum.)


Ritu

loquat tree and fruit: Eriobotrya deflexa


Sabit

long cloth wrapped around body and used for carrying


SakuC

transport piecemeal; tranport through repeated trips


Samaq

a plant: Lactuca indica Linn., and Sonchus oleraceus Linn.


Si

verbal prefix marking instrumental or benefactive voice


SuRas

wash body parts, cooking or eating utensils (but not clothes)


aNak

child, offspring; son, daughter; interest on a loan


aNay

insect of the order Isoptera: termite, white ant


ai

interjection, exclamation of surprise, incredulity, etc.


ami

1pl. excl. nominative pronoun, we (exclusive)


an

verbal suffix marking locative voice; nominal suffix marking location


aya

exclamation of annoyance, surprise, etc.


baRija

weaver's sword (lath used to beat in and tighten the woof)


baSaw

cold, of leftover food; leftovers from a meal


baba

carry a person pick-a-back; ride pick-a-back


babaw

upper surface, top; highlands; on, upon, over, above


balbal

beating stick; to hit, beat (esp. clothes in washing them)


bales

to answer, retaliate; reciprocate good or evil


baŋaw

paddy bug, foul-smelling insect that preys on rice in the field


baŋun

the Japanese cypress: Chamaecyparis obtusa


beCeŋ

millet sp., probably foxtail millet: Setaria italica


beRas

rice between harvesting and cooking; husked rice


bejbej

wrap around repeatedly, bind by wrapping; bundle of wrapped material


bekuC

to bend over, bend down (of a person); hunchbacked


benan

deer of the genus Cervus, either the sika deer or sambar deer


besuR

satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated


betik

snap the fingers; flick with the finger, fillip


betuŋ

bamboo of very large diameter, probably Dendrocalamus sp.


biRaq

wild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro, Alocasia spp.


bukij

mountain; forested inland mountain areas


bulaR

cataract of the eye; hazy or blurred vision


buleS

a tree, the Chinese or Philippine mahogany: Shorea albus Foxw.


buluq

type of slender bamboo; Schizostachyum spp.


da

locative case marker (probably for plural personal names; cf. *di, *du)


dakeS

a tree: the camphor laurel: Cinnamomum spp.


daqu

soapberry: Sapindus mukrossi, S. saponaria


di

locative case marker (probably for singular personal names; cf. *da, *du)


en

verbal suffix marking patient or undergoer voice; nominal suffix marking product of an action or thing affected by an action


garaŋ

fierce, intense, as of appetite or temper


guSam

a fungal disease of the oral tract: thrush


gurgur

sound of boiling water, splashing rain, etc.


huRaC

artery, blood vessel, blood vein; muscle; nerve; sinew; tendon


i-nu

place which is unknown or cannot be remembered: where?


i-ti

1p deixis and spatial reference: this; here


ia

3sg. personal pronoun: he, she; him, her, it


iná-q

mother, mother's sister (address, vocative)


isi

flesh (of humans, animals, fruits, tubers); contents; blade of a knife; inhabitants, residents


k-ami

1pl. excl. nominative pronoun, we (exclusive)


ka-zalan-an

improvised trail, trail made by passing through?


kaNawaS

a small tree bearing round, green fruit: Ehretia spp.


kaSkaS

scratch up the soil, as a chicken looking for food


kalih

a hole in the ground; to dig up, excavate, as tubers


karuSkuS

scrape, scratch something from a surface


kaway

net bag used by men for carrying things on back


kawayan

bamboo, Bambusa spp., probably Bambusa spinosa


keNa

be ensnared, caught in a trap; suffer, undergo, be struck by something; be entrapped or deceived; hit the mark, be ‘on target’, correct, right, true


keRet

cut something slender or soft; reap crops


ki

prefixed to a noun means ‘to get, obtain, collect, gather’ (noun)


kilala

to know (a person), recognize, be acquainted with; to feel, perceive


kinuja

what has been said/done (to cause someone to react)?


kiwkiw

to wave, wag (tail); to stir (people) up


ku

1sg genitive (marker of non-subject agency and possession; my; by me)


kuŋkuŋ

deep resounding sound; slit-gong, hollowed tree trunk used to send messages


labeR

roam freely, of domesticated animals that are untethered


lebleb

foggy, misty, overcast, gloomy, of weather preceding rain


lecik

fly off, of solid bits or water droplets


lipuC

disappear behind something that envelops or blocks the view


luCuŋ

the Formosan rock monkey: Macaca cyclopis


lutuk

the Formosan hare: Lepus sinensis formosus


ma-baSaw

cooled off, as cooked food that has been left to sit too long


ma-ŋilu

painful, as of teeth on edge from eating something very sour


maCa

eye, focal point, center or most prominent part


maka-enem

six times (frequentative multiplicative)


maka-walu

eight times (frequentative, multiplicative)


mi

prefix marking possession of some object


mi-da-duSa

do something with someone else, perform an action together


mumu

Formosan blind mole: Talpa micrura insularis (Swinhoe)


ni

proximal spatio-temporal deixis: this, here; now


pa

still, yet, til now, first (before doing something else)


pa-litlit

to make something wind around something else


pa-susu-en

to nurse, give a child the breast (to be sucked)


paCak

spotted, speckled, as the skin of an animal


pacek

wooden nail, dowel; drive in, as a wooden nail or dowel


paheku

bracken, edible fern that grows by rivers: Athyrium esculentum


paliSi

taboo, ritual restriction; purifying rite


paliq

an internal organ, probably spleen or pancreas


palu-palu

hammer, mallet, instrument for pounding or hammering


panaq

throw something at a target; shoot with bow and arrow


pasaqaN

shoulder pole; carry with a shoulder pole


pasek

wooden pin, stake; wedge; drive in a stake


paŋa

fork of a branch; any forked structure; bifurcation


peRes

squeeze out juice, extract liquid by squeezing


peceq

break into several large pieces, as a hatched egg


piRaS-an

be laden with roe, of a fish or crustacean


pijax

interrogative of quantity: how much?, how many?; adjective of indefinite quantity: some, several, a few


piluk

crippled; bent or twisted, of the leg or foot


pitpit

pinch, squeeze, press between two surfaces; pluck, pick off


puŋuN

bunch, cluster (of grain, fruit, areca nuts, etc.)


qaNuaŋ

large ruminant species: carabao, water buffalo (?)


qali

prefix for words with a sensitive reference to the spirit world (cf. *kali-)


qaluR

current, deep channel in the middle of a river


qapiC

tongs, anything used to hold things together by pinching


qazi

no, not; negator of verbs and adjectives (cf *buken, *dian, *wada)


qañud

drift on a current, carried away by flowing water


qaŋeRu

stench of spoiled or souring organic matter


qenuR-an

animal haunt, place frequented by animals


qia

exclamation (probably of affirmation or confirmation)


qipit

pincer of crustaceans; tongs; press together, pinch, squeeze


reken

coiled base on which hot cooking pots are set


sa

nominative case marker for plural personal names


sabsab

slurp up food or water, eat like a pig or dog; gulp down


sapay

drape over the shoulder or from a line, as a cloth


saput

to pick up with something to avoid getting dirty or burned


saqsaq

bamboo which has been split and flattened


sebuS

douse a fire, extinguish a fire with water; to hiss, as water on fire’


selem

sink, immerse oneself in water, dive into the water; to set, of the sun


si

nominative case marker for singular personal names or kin terms used as personal names


sipit

tongs, pincers, claw of a crab or lobster; to pinch or squeeze


sipiŋ

supernumerary, as an extra finger or toe


sumebuS

to hiss or steam, of water touching a fire


taNiud

mulberry tree and fruit: Morus formosensis (Hotta)


taR

prefix marking spontaneous or involuntary action


taRuqan

field hut; temporary shelter used when working for extended periods in fields far from the village


tabaN

head trophy, trophy taken in headhunting (?)


taktak

to fall, of many things at once; to dislodge the contents of a container by knocking it against something


tama

appropriate, suitable, right; fit together; hit the mark


tata

collateral consanguine of the first ascending generation


tektek

chopping to pieces, cutting up, as meat or vegetables


tektek-en

be chopped into pieces, be minced, as meat or vegetables; what is chopped up or minced


tepeŋ

to measure quantities, as amounts of grain


tepuk

hit, sound of hitting, clapping, thumping


ti

1p deixis and spatial reference: this; here


tik

sound of tapping or flicking (of finger, small implement, etc.) against something


tiktik

to tap, strike lightly on a hard surface


tubah

a plant with roots that are pounded and put in rivers to stun fish: Derris elliptica


tuduq

to leak, drip, as a leaky roof; a drop of water


tumuzuq

to point at, point out, lecture or instruct, give advice


tuqaS

old, of people; primary forest, old forest


tuquN

an evergreen tree, probably Acacia confusa


uNay

sliver, splinter, foreign body embedded in the flesh


wiŋawiŋ

wag, shake, move repeatedly from side to side


ya

nominative case marker for singular common nouns


zalan

path, made by a human as opposed to an animal; way or means to do something


ŋawŋaw

sound produced by an animal; unintelligible muttering of a person


ŋilu

painful sensation in teeth, as from eating something sour


bagiǵaʔ

reed of loom ([Li 1981:287](Source#cldf:li1981))


Rapus

to bind, tie the hands or feet, as a person in detention, or an animal to be slaughtered; restraining rope


Ripit

squeeze between; pinch, take between fingers


X + qatay

(lit. 'big liver') brave, courageous; proud, arrogant


a-tu

away, outward, forward, onward; towards the hearer


aRak

walk single-file; be positioned one behind the other


abaŋ

ambush, block the way; obstacle, hindrance


aluten

burning brand; charred or smoldering wood


anak

child, offspring; son, daughter; brother's child (man speaking), sister's child (woman speaking); young animal or plant; young; small (for its kind); dependent or component part of something larger; native, resident, inhabitant; interest on a loan


anak a qulu

first-born, eldest child (lit. 'head child')


anak i banua

fellow villager, fellow community-member


apeled

taste of unripe banana; slightly bitter or astringent taste


añuliŋ

a fruit-bearing plant: Pisonia umbellifera


aŋkup

scoop up with both hands; a double handful


baRi

beginning to spoil, tainted (of food left uneaten too long)


babaq

lower surface, bottom; short, low; below, beneath, under


balay

public building, community house, guest house


balu

a plant yielding useful fibers: Thespesia populnea


balun

bind, bundle, wrap in cloth; death shroud; cloth(ing)


balunuR

a tree with edible fruit, and medicinal uses, probably Buchanania arborescens


banaRu

the Indian tulip tree: Thespesia populnea


bandaŋan

goat hair decoration on a spear or staff


bantun

pull up, as out of a pit or out of water


banua

inhabited land, territory supporting the life of a community


baqagi

share, portion, inheritance; to allot, divide property


baqeRu

new, fresh; recent(ly); youth, bachelor; beautiful, in one's prime


baraŋ

marker of indefiniteness: if, perhaps, hopefully; or; any


baruk

fungus that grows on the sugar palm; tinder


bataŋ

tree trunk, fallen tree, log; stem of a plant; body; corpse; self; bridge of the nose; most important or preeminent thing; main course of a river; mushroom or bracket fungus that grows on tree trunks or decaying logs


beReqat

weight, heaviness, weightiness; difficult; pregnant


bekaR

to open, as a fist; to blossom, of flowers; split open, break up, dismantle, demolish


bekaŋ

spread apart, as the legs, or an unbent fishhook


bekelaj

spread out, unroll (mats, etc.), open out, unfold (as the hand); wide


bekut

to bend over, bend down (of a person); hunchbacked


belak

crack, split open (as the stomach of a fish)


belbel

hydropoesia, bodily swelling caused by water retention


bentas

hack a passage through vegetation, blaze a trail


benteŋ

extended, stretched taut, put under tension


ber

onomatopoetic for sound of fluttering, flying


betas

tear, rip open (as cloth or stitches), snap (as string)


betem

millet sp., probably foxtail millet: Setaria italica


beŋat

split, torn; opening or water passage between two capes of land


bikaq

open forcibly, force apart (as the eyelids with the fingers)


bilu-bilu

a large marine fish, the jackfish or trevally


biluk

to wind, curve, turn to the side; to tack, sail into the wind


binehiq

seed set aside for the next planting (esp. rice)


bities

lower leg (below the knee); calf of the leg


bitik

snare, noose trap; spring up suddenly, jerk up (as a fishing line or noose trap)


biŋku

coil, curve, bend, fold; to coil, to curve, to bend, to fold


biŋkuŋ

implement with curved blade: adze; hammerhead shark


buRah

spray water from the mouth; spray a mixture of saliva and masticated medicinal herbs on an ailing body part in curing


bubuŋ

ridge of the roof; ridge of a mountain, peak; deck of a boat; cover the ridgepole with thatch


budaq

foam, bubbles, lather, scum, froth; bubble up


buhat

do, make, create, perform; to work; to wager: deed; thing; creation; behavior, conduct, performance; work; a bet; because, on account of, through the action of; need, use for something; necessary; for (benefactive)


buku

node (as in bamboo or sugarcane); joint; knuckle; knot in wood; knot in string or rope; Mons veneris


bulan-bulan

a white fish, the tarpon: Megalops cyprinoides


bulat

open the eyes wide, stare with round eyes


bulati

roundworm, ascaris, intestinal worm; also earthworm?


bulit

caulk, fill up a hole or crack with viscous material


bulu

body hair; fur; feather; down; antenna of insect or crustacean; spikes of sea urchin; floss on plant skins, color; type, kind


bulu bulu

hairy; hair-like growths; plants with hair-like growths


bulu ni babuy

pig bristles; type of sea urchin with thin black spines


bunat

a plant used to stun fish: Derris elliptica


bunbun

fill a hole with earth; cover something with a heap of earth


buqaR

kind of tree the leaves of which are used as poultices for boils


buqbuq

pour, pour out, as water or grain from a container


busbus

leak, spill through, stream out from a hole in a container


buteŋ

short-tempered, hot-headed, quick to fight


butu

group, crowd, flock, school, bunch, cluster


buŋas

first of anything; first fruits; prime, new, untainted, virgin


buŋkul

swelling; lump or bump under the skin; wad of something


dalikan

trivet, arrangement of three stones on which the cooking pot is placed


dapdap

a tree with dense clusters of red flowers, the Indian coral tree, Erythrina indica


dapet

to place in contact with one another, come in contact, space closely


daun

leaf; head hair; classifier used in counting certain types of objects


deRes

swiftly flowing, of water; heavy, of rain


deReŋ

sound of groaning, moaning, roaring, etc.


deket

paste, adhesive (probably made of overcooked rice)


depdep

tree with dense clusters of red flowers, the Indian coral tree, Erythrina indica


diqdiq

to bubble, as liquid that is starting to boil; to boil, of water


ebun

heap, pile, swarm, flock; to swarm, assemble, gather


empu

grandparent/grandchild (recipr.); ancestor; lord, master, owner


empu-q

grandfather, grandmother; ancestor (vocative)


eseŋ

blow the nose by pinching off one nostril


garis

to brush past, rub or scrape against; draw a line


gatgat

to bite something off, to chew something up; to mince


gaway

tentacles of octopus, squid, jellyfish, etc.


gayam

a tree: Inocarpus spp., possibly the Tahitian chestnut: Inocarpus edulis


gemi

suckerfish, remora: Echineis naucrates; hold on by biting’


hapin

liner, layer, insulation, padding; sleeping mat


hapit

press together, press between two surfaces; part of the loom


hateD

accompany, escort, conduct, convey; send; return; escort the bride to her husband; gift of food at a wedding; send bridewealth payments


hipaR

sibling-in-law (probably of the same sex only)


hipun

tiny sea fish that ascends rivers in huge numbers to spawn


huRas

wash body parts, cooking or eating utensils (but not clothes)


huRuŋ

roar of a current, crashing waves, etc.; moan, groan (as in pain or when near death)


huaji-q

younger sibling of the same sex (vocative); younger parallel cousin of the same sex (vocative)


huluR

lower or let down, as on a rope; pay out fishline; launch a boat


huni

chirp, tweet, crow, produce sound (of birds)


huy

exclamation to express surprise, call to a friend, respond to a distant call, etc.


huyuŋ

shake, sway, as the ground in an earthquake


iaqi

demonstrative marker of uncertain meaning


ibeR

saliva in the mouth; drool; desire, crave, lust for


ikuR ikuR ni asu

a plant with flowers the shape of a dog's tail, used to treat abscesses


iná-i

mother, mother's sister (address, vocative)


iŋat

to note, remember; care, attention, caution


kamiu

2pl. nominate and genitive; you all, your


kanari

tree with edible nut, the Canarium almond: Canarium commune


kanaŋa

a tree with fragrant flowers: Cananga odorata


kapak

beat the wings, flap the wings; sound of flapping


kasaw

rafter, diagonal bamboo poles to which thatch panels are lashed


katadu

large green hairless stinging caterpillar


katik

high-pitched sound of striking against something hard but not resonant


keRteŋ

kind of striped or spotted marine fish, grouper: Epinephelus spp.


kebit

touch or tap so as to draw someone's attention


kemi

suckerfish, remora: Echineis naucrates; hold on by biting’


kiₐ

oblique case marker for singular personal nouns


kuRapu

a fish, the sea perch, giant rock cod, giant grouper: Epinephelus spp.


kuliliŋ

round about, around, in one’s surroundings; go around


kuman

tiny parasite on the body, itch mite, chicken louse


kusu

rub two things together, create friction, as sticks to make fire, or the hands


kutu

head louse; sparks from a fire; water striker (insect that walks on water)


lajaq

pepper; to sting, of a wound or spices in food


laji

tree with poisonous sap, (probably Antiaris toxicaria)


lalu

more (intensive), even more, moreso; surplus; to worsen (as an illness)


lapuk

decayed, rotten, moldy, mildewed (of wood)


lesles

to wring, squeeze out by twisting or wringing


licaw

shiny (of a smooth and polished surface)


liput

surround, encircle, as in attacking someone


luaq

spit out (food, substances alien to the body), to spew


luqepit

press between two flat surfaces; to press down, crush


m-atay m-atay

die in throngs; be on the verge of death


m-udi

last, come after or behind; late, later; future; stern of a boat; youngest child; west; young; outside


ma-buRuk

rotten, as meat; addled, as eggs; bad, of character


ma-qasiq

to pity, have mercy on, feel compassion for


ma-qudip

living, alive; grow, flourish; fresh; heal, cure, revive, recover; vital principle, soul, spirit; flame


ma-tuqah

old, of people; very, extremely; to die, dead (euphemism)


malaw

paper mulberry tree: Brousonnetia papyrifera, used to make bark cloth; men’s loincloth made from this material


males

become soft or weak (of things or people)


mama

parent’s younger sibling, junior uncle; a young child’s term of address for his father, vocative of *ama


mamaq

chew without intending to swallow, as betel nut; premasticate food to give to an infant; premasticated food


mata

eye, face, focal point, center or most prominent part; hole, aperture; doorway, window; budding part of plant; ‘eye’ of coconut; knot in wood; sun; core of a boil; blade of a knife; to awaken; operculum of a snail; mesh of a net; eye of a needle; noose of a trap; hearth; direction of the wind; head of a river; spring, source; lid, cover


mata nu haŋin

point of the compass, direction of the wind


mata nu zalan

middle of the road, most trodden part of a path or road; guide who shows the way


mata-mata

spy, scout, one who looks for possible danger ahead


maŋ-qezen

bear down, press out, as in defecation or childbirth


mimis

new shoots of cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica)


misik

sucking noise made as a signal to another person


muda

young (of fruits); immature; light (of colors)


musaŋ

civet cat and similar small predatory mammals of the family Viverridae


namaw

sheltered water: deep place in a river; cove, harbor, lagoon


namut

an evergreen tree with decorative flowers: Cynometra ramiflora L.


natad

cleared area around house, cleared ground in village


nilu

intense sensation in teeth when eating sour fruit; for teeth to be on edge


niniq

plant sp.: Donax canniformis, used as material for making baskets


pa-laRiw

run away, flee; flight, escape; fugitive


pa-salaq

to blame, accuse of error or fault; to punish


pa-siku

knock someone or something with the elbow


pa-taRuq

something given to another for safekeeping


paRih manuk

large rayfish, probably manta or eagle ray


pagal

neck shackle to prevent an animal from passing through fences


pager

enclosure; palisade around a village; fence around a planted tree or cultivated field


pahuq

mango tree and its fruit, probably Mangifera altissima


panaw

fungus infection which produces light patches on the skin: Tinea flava or Pityriasis


pandak

short in height, squat and compact in build, of a person


paya

kind of small fish, probably sardine or anchovy


pikaŋ

spread wide apart, as the legs or any two things joined at a point


pilu

a large marine fish, the jackfish or trevally


pipis

to crush or mash between two hard surfaces


piut

relative of the third or fourth ascending or descending generation


pulut

birdlime, sticky sap of breadfruit, etc.


puqun

base of a tree; cause; source, origin; beginning; foot of a hill or mountain; first wife; model or example (to be copied); expression for the mother’s brother


puqun nu laŋit

horizon (lit. ‘foundation/beginning of the sky’); stranger, foreigner


pusej

navel, umbilicus; mid-point or center of something


pusuq

heart of a person or animal; purple heart-shaped inflorescence of banana plant


puŋu

bunch, cluster (of grain, fruit, areca nuts, etc.)


qalap qatay

(lit. 'fetch the liver') capture someone's fancy


qambat

ambush, block the way; obstacle, hindrance


qanitu

ghost, ancestral spirit; nature spirit; corpse; owl; various plants


qapelas

tree with leaves like sandpaper: Ficus spp.


qapit

tongs, anything used to hold things together by pinching


qasu qasu

give off smoke continuously, pour out smoke


qatay

liver; seat of the emotions, inner self: core, mind, will, desire, feeling, intelligence, understanding; to want or wish; hollow of the palm of the hand or sole of the foot; pith, as of bamboo


qatuR

stack up; in a row, lined up; to order, arrange


qatulay

a fish: the big-eyed scad Trachurops crumenophthalmus


qawas

fish sp.: mullet sp., Neomyxus chaptalii


qezen

bearing down, pressing out, as in defecation or childbirth


qeŋkem

enclose; hold something inside the mouth


qi

exclamation of pain, fear, excitement, etc.


qila

any natural mark on human skin: birthmark, freckle, mole


qilaŋ

lose, disappear, be lost (as possessions)


qina

exclamation of astonishment, fright, etc.


qipil

a hardwood tree: Intsia bijuga, Afzelia bijuga


qulej qulej

lots of worms; crawling with worms, extremely wormy


qulu

head; top part; leader, chief; headwaters; handle of a bladed implement; prow of a boat; first, first-born; hair of the head


qulun-an

place where one rests the head: wooden headrest


qunej

pith of plants or trees; core or middle of something


qutan

small, wild herbaceous plants; scrub-land, bush


quzuŋ

mountain peak, cape of land; tip of anything


repuk

fragile, brittle, easily broken, of wood


rintik

steady dripping, as of sweat or drizzling rain


sabaŋ

estuary, shore near the mouth of a river


sabuR

to sow, scatter; scattered about; splash water on something


sagu

processed sago, prepared starch from the sago palm


sakil

rest the foot on; touch or knock with the foot


salaq

wrong, in error (of behavior); miss (a target); mistake, error, fault


sampay-an

clothesline, place to hang washed clothing


sanu

person whose name is avoided or cannot be remembered: So-and-so


sapak

crack, split, break; sound of cracking, splitting, breaking


saruk

scoop up in a net; fetch water by scooping up


saŋelaR

to stir-fry, cook in a frying pan without oil


sebuh

douse a fire, extinguish a fire with water; to hiss, as water on fire’


sekaŋ

crossbar, strut, something to hold things apart


selu

fish with a thin, elongated body: long tom


seŋkar

transverse beams that support the roof of a house; thwart or ribs of a boat


siDsiD

sail along the coast, follow the coast in voyaging


siksik

scale of fish, lizard or snake; shell of turtle or tortoise


simpaŋ

side path, branch or fork in path or stream; take a side path or way; crossroads


suja

pitfall or trail spikes made of sharpened bamboo


suku

one quarter; designation for a division of society, probably a lineage


sulsul

follow the edge of a body of water, as in going upstream


sumaŋed

soul of a living being; soul of the rice plant


suŋkit

pierce, as wth a needle; extract by piercing


ta-umpu

grandparent/grandchild (referential term used reciprocally)


taRum

indigo plant and dye: Indigofera suffruticosa (Mill.) and Indigofera tinctoria L.


taRuq

to store, put away for safekeeping, hide valuables; to place a bet in gambling; lay an egg


tada

natural cockspur (cf *tazi, artificial cockspur)


talisay

a shore tree with edible nuts: Terminalia catappa


tamaq

appropriate, suitable; fit together; hit the mark


taneq tumbuq

anthill, termite mound (lit, ‘growing earth’)


taqi nu haŋin

wind-driven fragments of cloud, light scudding clouds


taŋiRi

Spanish mackerel, kingfish: Scomberomorini spp.


taŋis-i

to cry for, cry over, mourn, bewail, weep for the dead


teRas

heartwood of a tree, hard, durable core of wood; ironwood tree


teReb

soaked, saturated, full of liquid; crowded or filled to overflowing


tebiq

split, divide, break off; section of a betel nut


tegel

unyielding, obstinate, inflexible, stubborn


teka

to come, arrive; reach as far as; reach a destination; to complete


tekas

come to rest in a definite place, settle down, as birds on a tree


teŋeR

kind of mangrove, Ceriops spp., with bark used for dyeing


timba

vessel for fetching water from a well, objects from a pit, etc


tuhuR

stringing of beads, skewering of fish, etc.


tulak

push something away, shove, repel; push off, as a boat leaving shore or being poled through shallow water


tulus

straightaway, immediately; get done at once; continue on, lasting


uRat

artery, blood vessel, blood vein; muscle; nerve; sinew; tendon; fiber; vein of a leaf; grain of wood; strand (of thread, rope); fishing line; root


uaq

parents’ elder sibling: FeB, FeZ, MeB, MeZ


unah

precede, go or be first; earlier, former


usuk

press into, penetrate; enter crouching; drive in stakes


uy

exclamation to express surprise, call attention, etc.


wa-tu

away, outward, forward, onward; towards the hearer


wada

be, exist, have; wealthy; not exist, not have


waji

younger sibling of the same sex; younger parallel cousin of the same sex


zelay

a cereal grass with edible seeds that are also used as beads, Job’s tears: Coix lachryma-jobi L.


ñatuq

hardwood tree with edible fruit and valuable timber: Palaquium spp.


ñəñu

tree with white fruit and roots that yield a useful dye: Morinda citrifolia


kelen

groin, inner thigh where it joins the trunk


usi

relative of the third ascending or descending generation


gimukuDo

soul, spirit (usually of a good person, a parent or a sibling)


βutiti

kind of small fish whose stomach inflates


ca

1pl. incl. possessive pronoun; of us, our


faa

(expected **/fafa/) under, underneath; the bottom


natu

child; classifier for cherished possessions


palai

wild, bitter, common yam: Dioscorea bulbifera


pili-pili

Euphorbia: spurge (milky sap herb used medicinally)


pwuku-a

joint, knee, protuberance; cape; knot in wood


balulaŋ

skin, hide (scar of wound; callus; thick hide of various animals)


səbu

foam, froth; extinguish fire; cool with water


tembir

edge, side, bank (Also 'sew, esp. the seam')


tiŋa

food caught between teeth; pick the teeth


a-nu

thing whose name is unknown, avoided, or cannot be remembered: what?


aten

1p plural absolute possessive pronoun: ours (incl.)


baRiw

beginning to spoil, tainted (of food left uneaten too long)


bahaw

cold, of leftover food; leftovers from a meal


balija

weaver's sword (lath used to beat in and tighten the woof)


bukuh

node (as in bamboo or sugarcane); joint; knuckle; knot in wood; knot in string or rope


bulah

a tree, the Chinese or Philippine mahogany: Shorea albus Foxw.


cepqak

crack, split, break; sound of cracking, splitting, breaking


dahun

leaf; blade of paddle or oar; ‘table’ for eating


daₐ

locative case marker for plural personal names


duha duha

two by two, two at a time; two each; both


guham

a fungal disease of the oral tract: thrush


habit

long cloth wrapped around body and used for carrying


hakut

transport piecemeal; transport through repeated trips


heŋaw

exude or escape, of air, gases or similar substances (?)


huaji

younger sibling of the same sex; younger parallel cousin of the same sex


kanawah

a small tree bearing round, green fruit: Ehretia spp.


kuDkuD

to scrape, rasp, grate, as in grating coconuts


kumkum

fold the arms; fold the wings (of a bird)


lambeR

roam freely, of domesticated animals that are untethered


lekuʔ

bend, fold; folding part of the body; curl up


luglug

shake something in the water; shake something with water in it


m-atay

die; dead; sick; tired (of); faint, lose consciousness; eclipse; new moon; extinguished; blocked (path); paralyzed; numb, asleep (limbs); die down (wind); waterless (springs, rivers); dry up (plants); beaten (in a game); fixed (price); terminate a matter, reach an agreement; disaster; intensive, superlative; desire intensely, be deeply in love


maR-kaban

to be friends with, to be a companion of


ni-ku

1sg genitive (marker of non-subject agency and possession; my; by me)


nihawa

breath; life force, breath soul; to breathe; breathe easily, feel comfort, be at ease, have ‘breathing room’; to rest, take a break


paRih

skate, stingray (generic); a constellation


piRah-an

be laden with roe, of a fish or crustacean


qanuaŋ

large ruminant species: carabao, water buffalo (?)


qasiq

pity, compassion, affection, love, sympathy, forgiveness


taban

booty, war captive; what is taken in war; elopement, captured bride


taliŋa nu kahiw

wood ear, semicircular edible fungus which grows on tree trunks


taŋelaj

elephant grass, miscanthus grass: Themeda gigantea


tinalih

was made into rope; what was made into rope


tuqelan

condylar bone; bone of fauna exclusive of fish


udehi

last; come after or behind; late, later; future; stern of a boat; youngest child


ñilu

painful sensation in teeth, as from eating something sour


ane

insect of the order Isoptera: termite, white ant


babaR

side of the face, cheek; side planks of a canoe


bebe

butterfly; butterfly fish: Chaetodon spp.


bolo bolo

small dark surgeonfish, possibly Ctenochaetus


bosuR

satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated


buRat

a tree with sweet-smelling flowers: Fagraea berteroana


bua bua

species of climber used for decorative purposes


bual bual

species of palm used for making spears and bows; palm-wood spear or bow


buku-buku

node, joint; knuckle; swelling under the skin


buliŋ

turn over, roll over; transform; upside down


gurat

a tree with roots that furnish a red dye: Morinda citrifolia


inum-inum

to drink (repetitive, frequentative, etc.)


ipoR

saliva in the mouth; drool; desire, crave, lust for


jila

yardarm, sheet of a sail, sticks used to turn the sail


kabe

a jointed creeper which yields fiber used to make cordage and fishnets


kadik

large black ant with painful sting, probably bulldog ant


kamaRi

a fish, the rainbow runner: Elagatis bipinnulata


kanawe

kind of white sea bird, probably gull sp.


karat

a small stinging plant, perhaps Laportea interrupta


kasi

to scrape; scraper or grater made from circular bivalve shell: Asaphis spp.


katae

free side of canoe, opposite the outrigger


kawe

tentacles of octopus, squid, jellyfish, etc.; rays of the sun


kaŋaRi

tree with edible nut, the Canarium almond: Canarium commune


kiRe

a pandanus, Pandanus odoratissimus; a mat made from the leaves of this plant


kili

to turn over, to dig by turning over, as rocks


kitoŋ

Rabbitfish: Siganus punctatus (family siganidae)


kiwiwi

shore bird: sandpiper, Pacific Golden Plover


kojom

sharp pointed stick used in planting crops and in husking coconuts; digging stick, coconut husking stick


kojom-i

to dig with a digging stick, to husk coconuts with a husking stick


korit

scrape, grate, as coconut preparatory to cooking


kukur

mussel sp. or spp. used as food grater or scraper


kurat

the dye produced from the Morinda citrifolia


lau

a fish, the banded sweetlips, Plectorhinchus spp.


lio-lio

brown triggerfish: Pseudobalistes fuscus


masuR

satiatiated, full (of the stomach after eating); fertile, bring forth plentifully, abundance of food


matuqa

old, older person, elder; old stand forest


muri

after, behind; the outside of an object; stern of a canoe


mwaña

pandanus sp., probably Pandanus conoideus


oe

interjection or exclamation to call attention or answer a call


paRu

Hibiscus tiliaceus, a tree the bark of which provides a fiber much used in making cordage; to lash, tie, bind


paka-aŋin-aŋin

refresh oneself, go out for some fresh air


patoto

sticks that connect the float to the booms of an outrigger canoe


paŋan-i

pet animal, animal that is tamed by humans feeding it


piRaq

wild taro, elephant-ear or itching taro, Alocasia spp.


pijo

kind of reed or cane, including Saccharum spontaneum


pintik

snare, noose trap; spring up suddenly, jerk up (as a fishing line or noose trap)


piri

pithy ball inside sprouted coconut, coconut endosperm


piri-piri

twine round and round; thing made by braiding


pisi

entangle, snarl, tie up, wind around, wrap


piso

kind of wild cane with edible flower head


pitik-pitik

jump repeatedly; knock or fillip repeatedly


poRos

squeeze out juice, extract liquid by squeezing


pokaŋ

spread apart, as the legs, or an unbent fishhook


poli

value, price; marriage prestations, brideprice; purchase


ponor

formal gathering, as of chiefs, with possible connections to announcing temporary taboos


popol

hydropoesia, bodily swelling caused by water retention


posaq

break into several large pieces; to hatch, of an egg


pu-pulan

a white fish, the tarpon: Megalops cyprinoides


puRa

spray water from the mouth; spray a mixture of saliva and masticated medicinal herbs on an ailing body part in curing


puRe

be lifted up or deposited on the beach by tide or current


puRuk

to spray spittle, etc. from the mouth for magical purposes


puaq

fruit; seed; blossom; egg; nut; testicle; numeral classifier for roundish objects; to fruit, bear fruit; show first signs of pregnancy; to swell, of the sea


pulaR

cataract of the eye; hazy or blurred vision


punat

a plant used to stun fish: Derris elliptica


pupus

leak, pour out; loose or crumbling; crumble and fall


puput-i

pull out, uproot (as plants); pluck (as hair or feathers)


pusa

originate; related by common origin; be born


putu, butu

group, crowd, flock, school, bunch, cluster


puŋao

affines of the first ascending or zero generation


pwatika

potato yam, aerial yam: Dioscorea bulbifera


qait

copulate; copulation, sexual intercourse


ralom

insides, area within, inner part of something; between; below, under; deep; mind, feelings


rarap

a tree with dense clusters of red flowers, the Indian coral tree, Erythrina indica


raun

leaf; head hair; classifier used in counting certain types of objects


ropeq

to string a bow, set a sail, bend in a curve


roŋoR

to hear; what is heard, news; to perceive by any sense other than sight


sala

sharp-pointed object, possibly sea urchin


siba

cut, slice into pieces, as breadfruit or taro


sisit

to attract someone’s attention by hissing


soRa

friend, partner; one of a pair; trading partner?


sokar

transverse beams that support the roof of a house


solos

interior hill country, hilly or mountainous part of island


suca

pitfall or trail spikes made of sharpened bamboo


taci

younger sibling of the same sex; younger parallel cousin of the same sex


talise

a shore tree with edible nuts: Terminalia catappa


tanoq tubuq

anthill, termite mound (lit, ‘growing earth’)


taŋop

take hold of, grasp, touch with the hand


toRas

various hardwood trees; heartwood of a tree


tokon

bamboo punting pole; to pole a boat in shallow water


tuRi

to string (beads, fish, etc.); to skewer (candlenuts, etc.)


wawo

to weed; weed; uncultivated land' (Milke 1968)


ña

3sg. possessor of inalienable possessed nouns


ñoñu

tree with inedible white fruit and root that yields a useful dye: Morinda citrifolia L.


Rapuq

branches carried along and deposited by water


Riduq

to shake, as the ground in an earthquake


abuyu

to boil sugarcane to make sugarcane wine


abála

to bother, disturb, annoy or inconvenience someone


agpáŋ

rattan or bamboo strip used to measure, when weaving nets or baskets


aluyun

mutual aid, as in farm work or house-building


aláw

to catch someone or something that has escaped


amuluŋ

type of wild vine used to blacken the teeth


amuma

to entertain guests, look after visitors


amuŋ

dispute resolution; to resolve a dispute


andurug

share space or feelings with s.o, put oneself in another’s place


apat

lie in wait, set an ambush in hunting game


apatut

small tree, probably Morinda citrifolia Linn.


aplag

lying flat (of something that is usually upright, or in some other position)


apu-en

regard as a grandparent or grandchild (?)


apu-q

grandparent, ancestor, lord, master, owner (voc.)


atá

expression, as of displeasure or surprise


aŋkás

to ride together with someone else, ride tandem


baRubu

a tree with edible fruit: Diplodiscus paniculatus Turz.


balalaŋ

long-legged shore-bird, the sandpiper or snipe


balaqih

co-parent-in-law, the relationship between parents of spouses


balinu

creeping vine that grows on sandy beaches, the beach morning glory: Ipomoea pes-caprae


balát

edible marine invertebrate - probably sea cucumber


bara-bara

move arms in a flailing motion, as in freestyle swimming


bawaŋ

for water to run downhill, as in artificial irrigation on terraced hillsides


bayáq

to leave things or people alone; to abandon


baŋil

wedge, shim, piece inserted to prevent movement


beRták

to hit, strike, or hard objects colliding


bekeR-an

to choke on something swallowed, as a fishbone


bihaR-en

allowed to live, given life; made captive


bilas

relationship between spouses of siblings


buRtúŋ

only child; alone, by onself; go it alone


buaŋ

to release something pent-up, let something go


bugris

flow through a small opening, of rushing water


buktút

bulge, as the belly of a pregnant woman, a hunchback


bulig-an

carry on a pole between two persons; help someone carry a load


bulug

uncastrated male animal, stud, male breeding animal


bulág

cataract of the eye; hazy or blurred vision


bunut-an

remove coconut husk; scrub with coconut husk


bunuŋ

to distribute, pass out shares (as of food)


butbut-en

be pulled out, be plucked; what is pulled or plucked out


báhiq

the hard outer wood of a palm trunk, used in making bows


bákal

spear used in warfare; throw a spear at someone


báqug

spoiled, gone to waste; never realized, of potential for fertility


daRit

bird of prey; to swoop down and seize prey (of raptorial birds)


dapdáp

cut chips or bits from something, scrape off


daplis

to graze, brush against, strike at an angle


dapu

be attracted to, swarm around, as ants do on finding food


darás

quick, fast, of speech or actions; often, frequently


dayap

a small tree with leaves used as medicine: Citrus aurantifolia


denden

to move aside; make room for, as by moving a little


dikén

pad placed under cooking pots, loads to carry on the head, etc.


duyuR

coconut shell receptacle for food or water


dágus

continue on with doing something, do immediately, without hesitation


dákit

ford a river, cross to the other side (of a river, street, etc.)


dápat

to place in contact with one another, come in contact, space closely


dítaq

snake venom; plant poison used on tips of arrows


epis

fibrous material at base of coconut frond


gala

the almasiga tree: Agathis celebica (Koord.)


garaw-en

to move or touch in an agitated or compulsive fashion


giniliŋ

what is ground up, what is produced by twisting around or grinding


gáyat

to slice into thin strips, as meat or vegetables


gúguq

a tree with bark that can be used as a shampoo: Ganphyllum falcatum Bl.


gúyud-an

sled or board used for dragging materials (?)


hapin-an

to line, as a shelf or box, provide a lining for


hilek

a sea fish, the rudderfish: Kyphosus cinerascens


hinuR

ripe, ripen, of fruit; reach a ‘ripe’ stage, of a head cold, a boil, etc.


hipes

to fall silent; keep quiet about something; keep a secret


hátaR

to divide into shares, give out portions


hátuŋ

fuel for fire, anything used to start a fire


húnus

a tithe, share given for help in harvesting the crops


i-saqebít

to hang on a hook, suspend from something


idal

to fuss, complain; to rebel, cause a disturbance


ipa

verb prefix: third-party causative-command


itíp

hard crust of rice that adheres to the bottom of the cooking pot


iwas

avoid, evade (as people one does not wish to be with)


kabatíti

a vine with gourd or cucumber-like fruit, probably Luffa sp.


kabliŋ

kind of aromatic herb: Pogostemon cablin


kablít

touch someone lightly, as to get attention


kabuR

to be agitated, of water, as when fish swarm


kabuRaw

kind of wild lemon tree, possibly Citrus hystrix


kalug

to shake something, as an egg or coconut


kamaguŋ

large forest tree with edible brown, hairy fruits: Diospyros discolor


kamansi

the seeded breadfruit tree: Artocarpus camansi


kanúmay

kind of ebony or persimmon tree with fruits that are pounded and used to stupefy fish: Diospyros spp.


kapus

to run out of supplies, lack something needed


kasíli

kind of water bird, the Oriental darter: Anhinga melanogaster


katana

the castor bean plant: Ricinus communis L.


kebá

for the chest to tighten in excitement or fear; for the heart to pound


kedked

to bind, tie tightly, probably of tying one thing which is moveable to another which is fixed


kilít

to carry at the side or on the hip, pressed under the arm


kimkím

to pick at one’s food, show little interest in eating


kisaw

sound of swishing, as of hand passing through water


kitáŋ

long fishing line with many hooks; to fish with such a line


kulili

fire saw; tie a tool around the hand or some other fixture


kuskus-an

to scrape or scrub out, remove by scraping


kápuy

weakness, debility; feeble, unable to perform


káti

domestic fowl used as a decoy or lure to capture wild fowl


kúpit

pilfering, filching, stealing small amounts


kútib

move the lips rapidly, as in gnawing or nibbling on something


labas

pass by, overlook something when searching; to pass by (of time)


labid

intertwine, braid, as strands to make rope


labnáw

thin, of liquids such as soup; to dilute


ladlád

spread out, as a net or clothes on the ground to dry


lahús

to pass through or by something, esp. after stopping


lambanug

fermented drink made from coconut juice, palm juice, etc.


lanéb

lard, fat, greasy scum on the surface of liquids


layláy

to wilt, wither, droop, as plants; dangling, hanging loosely


libtúŋ

deep place in river; pool of water left when a stream dries up


libák

attack from concealment, criticize from a distance


liméd

concealed, secret; to deny, hide something


lipay

kind of vine that causes swelling and itching


lipeŋ

to feel light-headed; to faint, lose consciousness momentarily


liqbeR

murkiness, turbidity, of water that has been stirred up


liwag

put off, delay, postpone, break one’s promise


liŋiq

turn one’s head to the side to look back


liŋát

look quickly here and there, look hastily in all directions


ludeg

wrestle, seize and throw a person to the ground


lugmúk

fall in a heap (of a person whose legs collapse)


lumaja

to plait, weave by hand, of baskets or mats


lunek

solid residue left after squeezing to remove coconut oil, etc.


lupes

infertile rice grain, husk without grain inside


lupiŋ

nick or dent on the cutting edge of a blade


lusiq

prepuce, foreskin; pull back the prepuce


luá

interjection used to halt a carabao in the fields


luŋbúy

a tree and its fruit, the Java plum: Syzygium cumini


lánut

abaca fiber; fiber-yielding plant; kind of tree with bark that yields a vine-like fiber


láyug

tall, of trees (especially coconut palms)


lúbid

string, rope, cordage made by twining fibers


lúnus

to become soft or overripe, as fruits that are kept too long


ma-liqebR

murky, turbid, of water that has been stirred up


ma-nuRaŋ

affinal relative, probably son-in-law and daughter-in-law


ma-tagtág

to be shaken (as from having a rough ride in transport)


maki

social prefix, indicating action together with another


man

particle expressing solidarity, concession, qualification, or emphasis


mapa-susu

breastfeed, give the breast to a young child


maŋ-bunut

remove coconut husk; scrub with coconut husk


máya

rice bird, small bird found in rice fields


nanaw

look over a wide area, search for something with the eyes while standing in place


nau

to teach, show someone how to do something


nawnáw

to dissolve something in water; swish around in water


nákem

will; intellect; reasoning, intention, mental presence, mind


pa-ŋátiq

domestic chicken used as a decoy to attract a wild fowl into a trap


padpád

be cast adrift, cast ashore after going adrift


palpál

hit, beat with hand or club in order to kill


paypáy

to wave the hand, as in beckoning someone or in fanning oneself


perper

complete an activity, see through to completion


piaŋa

a tree: Ganua obovatifolia.(Merr.), Sapotaceae


pintuq

loft in house where unmarried girls reside


pintás

curse, hex; to bewitch; to criticize, find fault with


piŋkíq

strike two hard objects together to produce a spark


pulaw

stay awake all night, as in a vigil for the dead


puyat-en

to keep someone awake, not let them sleep


puŋan

to rest the head against something; pillow


pílit

to insist; to force, compel someone to do something


qaRutay

a plant in the banana family, probably Musa textilis


qabqab

to eat or drink voraciously (derogatory)


qaliaw

be startled or frightened, as by violent action


qalibun

a plant with medicinal value, probably Blumea spp.


qasud-án

pound together, place of pounding together


rakrak

to lap up water, like a dog; to guzzle, drink insatiably


rubaŋ

to plant cuttings or transplant seedlings


ráwis

a long slender point, as of land jutting into the sea


rúnut

wear out through overuse, as fabric or a rope


saRked

to block passage, oppose movement; come to a temporary stop


sabat-en

to meet or greet someone who is arriving, or who one encounters by surprise


sagisí

wild palm tree with fruit similar to areca nut: Heterospathe elata


sagút

to answer (a call, a question); to assume responsibility for, be answerable for


saiŋ

stand or be placed near to someone or something


sakab

to seize prey in the water, as a crocodile


sakmál

snatch with the mouth, as a dog seizing something in its mouth and running away with it


saliŋsíŋ

to prune a tree; new growth from pruning


salugsúg

get a splinter or sliver under the skin or nail


salúkub

cover something to protect it or oneself


salúp

small basket; a unit of measure for dry goods


salúyut

a shrub, the Jew’s mallow: Corchorus spp., fam. Malvaceae


sambut

take advantage of a situation or opportunity, exploit an advantage


samsám

to seize, take by force, snatch from another’s hands; pillage


santik

click or clink together, as stones in making fire


sapuq

allotment of meat after butchering an animal


sapád-en

to detach a hand, or bunch of bananas from the stalk


sapín

lining, insulation, padding; underlayer, as of clothing


saqŋit

snag, be snagged, caught in something that prevents it from falling


sarijsij

approach or strike from the side or at an oblique angle


saŋkap

well-equipped, having what one needs to do live or do a job


saŋqát

to put something in a high place or reach a high place by climbing


saŋsáŋ

to confront one another, as in a dispute


sensén

press together, make compact, as the threads or leaves in weaving


si-nu

person whose name is unknown, avoided or cannot be remembered: who?


sidáq

protein side-dish eaten with rice (typically fish)


sikil

contend with others, compete for something


sikát

sunrise, rising sun; to show off, be ostentatious, parade one’s talents, possessions, etc.


sintík

knock two things together with a clicking sound


sipsíp

to cut grass or weeds, as in preparing a field for planting


sipíq

break off a component piece of something, as twigs or branches from a tree, a banana from a bunch, a section from a fruit, etc.


sublaR

to bypass, miss contact with another person


sublíq

to pass one another while going in different directions


sudsud

tool for cutting with a forward digging motion


suháq

a fruit tree, the pomelo: Citrus decumana


sukit-en

to pick, as fruit from a tree using a pole with a hook


sukáy

to part the hair, as when searching for lice


sumaweqaq

to cloy, satiate, do something to excess and so lose interest


sumpuŋ

whim, caprice, sudden change of mood; moodiness


sunúg-en

to burn or set a fire under to smoke out


suqlút

to wear, as clothes; to get dressed, slip into


suŋáw

to evaporate, as vapor rising from the ground after rain


síkad

push with the feet; press feet against, set feet firmly to prevent being moved


súbuq

put something into or through an opening


tabayaR

kind of edible squash or gourd: Lagenaria leucantha


taga

prefix indicating place of origin (for ethnic groups)


tagtag

to be jolted or knocked around on a rough ride


takbá

embrace from behind, copulate by mounting from behind (of animals, or coarsely of humans)


taliŋu

to cheat, lead astray, get someone into trouble


taluluŋ

a vine with red flower clusters, the Chinese honeysuckle, Quisqualis indica


talátal

to sway, stagger, turn this way and that


talínum

plant with leaves used as a vegetable: Talinum paniculatum or Talinum triangulare


tambaŋ-an

to lie in wait for an enemy or wild game


tapiq

board, lumber, beam in house construction


taptap

to move the lips or tongue in chewing or lapping up


tarús

to understand, grasp something intellectually


tastas-en

to undo stitches, pull out tying material


taŋkuŋ

an edible plant, swamp cabbage: Ipomoea aquatica


taŋtáŋ

clanging sound; to clang, as in beating metals


tebug

mud puddle, wallow for wild pig or carabao


tekeb

to attack, as an animal attacking its prey


tinduk

large cooking banana or plantain variety


tinelu

made of three parts, as triple-strand rope


tiqad

to bend backward, as when standing on tiptoes


tisaq

tree with bright yellow fruit that has dry flesh: Lucuma nervosa


tiwtiw

a bird and its call, probably the tailor bird: Orthotomus atrogularis


tiŋal

to force apart, at with a wedge; force something into someone’s mouth


tuRsúk

skewer something so as to pick it up without touching it


tugtug-én

to knock on something, play a musical instrument


tukab-án

for force something open or out of its position


tukaq

beak, bill; to peck, of birds, to bite, of a snake


tulay-an

to bridge or span, build a bridge across something


tulduq

to point, indicate; to point out, instruct


tulúd

push something to start it moving; accompany someone to help them start a journey


tuntún

to lower, let something down, as with a rope


tuqmaw

suddenly appear, come into view suddenly or partially


tuyuq

point at, aim for; intend to do something; do something intentionally


tájip

to peel, pare, as fruit or yam; to cut into slices


tíkal

bruised or cramping, of feet after too much walking


típun

to assemble, come together (of people); bring together (of things)


unab

to wash rice or plants preparatory to cooking


usay

to explain, elucidate, talk through a problem


walwáR

work (object, instrument) from side to side


waswás

shake something, rinse clothes by shaking in clear water


yagyág

to trot, of a horse, to jog, of a person


yakál

the Philippine mahogony: Shorea or Hopea sp.


yamyám

to talk excessively, or in a rapid, meaningless stream


yugyúg

to shake, as a tree to bring down fruit fruit


ákay

to guide, direct the motion of someone or something, as a herd of animals


álem

a shrub or tree: Melanolepis multiglandulosa


áyus

to arrange, make something neat or proper


íliw

homesick; long for something that is missed


ñamuk-en

be caught in a mosquito swarm, be overwhelmed by mosquitos


úkit

to remove something from an attached position


útas

to keep on doing something, continue in one’s ways


úyaŋ

polite term of address to an older woman (?)


ŋani

indeed; interjection expressing validity to an interlocutor


wa

mother's brother (and also father's sister?)


ampiɨllas

tree sp., Ficus politoria L. (the leaves of this tree can be used like sandpaper)


la a

dish made of raw meat/fish seasoned with lemon juice, spices, etc.


lamba

sheet (counter for thin, flat objects, cloth, paper, etc.).


mayaŋ

blossom (spadix) of the coconut and other palm species


sɨrre

fragrant grass sp.: Andropogon nardus Linn.


tdis

to squeeze (esp. lice between the nails)


ɨɨn

press out (with reference to straining at stool, or childbirth)


Rambaŋ

casting net; spread out, as a casting net


Riken

coiled base on which cooking pots are set or on which loads are placed for carrying on the head


aRak-aRak

walk single-file; be positioned one behind the other


alagaq

kind of large red tree ant with bad bite


aliten

firebrand; unconsumed wood in a fire; charred wood


amiaŋ

any plant with hairs that sting or cause itchiness


anak daRa

maiden, virgin, girl of marriageable age


anak-en

brother's child (man speaking), sister's child (woman speaking)


ataq

unhusked rice grain left among the husked grains


baRbaR

break up, fall into pieces, scatter, disperse


baRunbun

mottled brown and grey (of the feathers of cocks)


babuy babuy

sowbug, woodlouse: terrestrial isopod of the genus Oniscus


bagay

same kind or type; fitting; well-matched; suitable


baguq

disease that causes swelling of body parts


baisan

co-parent-in-law, the kinship tie between the parents of a married couple


balagbag

thwart, crosspiece, as one used to restrain person; lie athwart or across


balitaŋ

piece of wood used for a purpose; lie athwart, as a beam


baliŋbiŋ

a tree and its edible fruit, the starfruit: Averrhoa bilimbi, Averrhoa carambola


banban

a plant, the bast fibers of which are used in binding and plaiting: Maranta dichotoma


banduŋ

pair of boats joined by a connecting platform


basuŋ

tubular basket used to carry and store rice or sago


bauk

feathers under chin of rooster, chin whiskers


bayawak

monitor lizard, Varanus spp., esp. V. salvator


baŋkudu

tree with white fruit and roots that yield a useful dye: Morinda citrifolia


beRas-en

to husk rice; be afflicted with pimples on the skin resembling rice grains


bekaj

to open, as a fist; to blossom, of flowers; break up, dismantle, demolish


belaŋ belaŋ

variegated in color; spotted or speckled


beli-an

be bought from or for someone; what one has bought


benban

herb used in making baskets: Donax cannaeformis


beŋil

part of the lower leg, possibly the ankle


biRaʔ

wild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro, Alocasia spp.


biRtiŋ

pinch together; tongs, etc. for pinching things together


bihaR

captive, one taken alive in war; to spare, allow to live


bikaŋkaŋ

spread apart, as the legs, or an unbent fishhook


bilaŋ-bilaŋ

sticks or other markers used as aids in calculation


bilin

order, request, command; message; something left for another


bilug

type of boat, possibly dugout with outrigger


binekbek

was crushed or pulverized; what is crushed or pulverized


binuaŋ

a tree with very light wood: Octomeles sp.


binubuŋ-an

place where ridgepole covering has been attached


bitbit-en

be picked up or carried dangling from the fingers


buRaw-an

frighten off birds or animals from the fields; place used to frighten off birds or animals from the fields


buRnay

a tree with edible fruit: Antidesma bunius


bugis

disease which produces scaly skin: ichthyosis


bulan bulan-en

affected by the moon, mentally or emotionally unstable


bulaŋ

artificial cockspur; bind on an artificial cockspur


buleheR

cataract of the eye; hazy or blurred vision


bulig

carry on a pole between two persons; help someone carry a load


bulit-en

caulk, fill up a hole or crack with viscous material


bulu-an

hairy; kind of hairy fruit, rambutan: Nephelium lappaceum


bunbun-an

cover with a heap of earth, etc.; a heap of earth, etc.


buqul

stopped in its course, as something which sticks in the throat


busbus-en

punctured, perforated so that the contents spill out


busuŋ

be afflicted with a swollen abdomen as a result of violating customary law.


busuŋ-en

suffer from an inflated abdomen as punishment for wrongdoing


butiti

puffer fish, globe fish: Tetrodon lunaris


buyuq

leaf of a vine chewed with betel nut, betel pepper: Piper betle


buŋaR

first of anything; first fruits; prime, new, untainted, virgin


buŋaR-an

first of anything; new, untainted, virgin


cawi

small bird with shiny black plumage: drongo


cik

sound used to shoo away domestic animals


citcit

to attract someone’s attention by hissing


cuŋkub

cover with a hollow container; shelter over a grave


dalih

to assume, act on a supposition, be the reason for an action, escuse for something


dalih-an

reason, pretext, excuse for doing something


dawak

curing ritual conducted by a medium in trance


degaq

clatter of a stick poking around in something


diqpit

join, fasten together, probably lengthwise


du

locative case marker for common nouns (cf. *da, *di)


duRi-an

a tree and its fruit, the durian: Durio zibethinus


duha-i

share the possession of something with someone else; co-wife (?)


dumepa

to span with outstretched arms, measure in fathoms


empu-an

object of respect; distinguished or respected person


empú-ŋ

grandfather, grandmother; ancestor (vocative)


endut

resilient, springing back when pressed down


etak

notch, as in a tree trunk; notch-shaped area under the glans penis


eŋker

low guttural or rumbling sound; snore, roar


eŋkus

snort, sniff; blow air through the nostrils


ganti

to replace, substitute for; to return in kind something given or done


garit

striped, having stripes or streaks of different color


gatel-en

be affected by itching, be infected with scabies or other itchy skin disorders


giliŋ-an

grinding stone, place where foods are ground up or instrument for grinding them


giret

encircling article of clothing or adornment


hadas

anise, aniseed, fennel: Foeniculum vulgare


hadiq

no, not (probably negator of verbs and adjectives)


halas Raya

primary forest, virgin jungle (lit. 'big forest')


hinateD

was escorted or brought; person escorted, thing brought


hinzam-an

person or place from which something is borrowed


hizaw

fighting cock with greenish feathers on light background


huaji-ŋ

younger sibling of the same sex (vocative); younger parallel cousin of the same sex (vocative)


i-anu, si-anu

person whose name is avoided or cannot be remembered: So-and-so


i-ŋajan

to name, give a name to; to call by name


indu

mother animal; leader; large one of a class


inum-en

be drunk by; what is drunk: drink, beverage


izuk

the sugar palm Arenga saccharifera, Arenga pinnata


iñat

stretch, pull something that stretches (as a rope)


ka-sakit-an

a state of pain or difficulty; be afflicted by illness


ka-takut-an

be struck by fear; a state of fear or worry


ka-tuduR-en

drop off to sleep, fall asleep when one should stay awake


ka-tuqela-tuqelaŋ

protruding, of the bones of a skinny (bony) person


kabasi

kind of marine fish, probably gizzard shad: Anodontostoma spp.


kabiR

draw toward oneself; annex, make subject


kalamay

sticky confection made of rice and coconut


kalayu

a plant with toxic properties, Erioglossum edule or Lepisanthes rubiginosa


kamaŋi

a strongly-scented plant: Ocimum sanctum L.


kapas kapas

a marine fish, probably the silver bream


kaput-an

a clasp or button, fastening or closing device


karanzaŋ

rattan basket used to carry garden produce, etc.


karuhkuh

scrape, scratch something from a surface


kawiŋ

link in a chain; joined together, as links in a chain, people in sexual intercourse or marriage; hands joined in crossing pattern in circle dance


kena

dress up, be decked out in one’s finest clothing


kepel

compressed in the fist; what is compressed in the fist, as a ball of rice


kezep

to blink, wink, momentarily close the eye


kicaw

soothing sound of humming activity, twittering, etc.


kindat

raise the eyebrows as a signal to another person; to furrow the brows (?)


kinuñij-an

material that has been colored yellow with turmeric


kiteŋ

marine fish sp. with venomous dorsal spines, Rabbitfish: Siganus punctatus


kuRapuq

a fish, the sea perch, giant rock cod, giant grouper: Epinephelus spp.


kukus

giving off smoke or steam; to steam cook rice


kulasa

fatty hump on the back of a buffalo, etc.


kuray

veining pattern on wood or other material


kuruk

to call chickens, cry for calling chickens


kuruŋ

cage, as for an animal; to enclose in a cage or pen


kutug

shake something to determine its unseen contents


kuyu

shabby looking, in disarray, of the feathers of fowls


laday

gradually sloping (of terrain); soft-spoken


laja

to plait, weave by hand, of baskets or mats


laklak

to peel off skin, bark or leaves; excoriated, decorticated, defoliated


laluq

more (intensive), even more, moreso; surplus


lapas

to pass, cross over to the other side; to be past, of time for an action


laun

be stretched out, of time; old (of past crops that are still not consumed)


lawi-lawi

something that resembles a tail feather (?)


laŋiR

a tree from which a sort of shampoo is derived: Albizia spp.


liad

to bend backward, protruding the abdomen


libas

kind of sour edible fruit, possibly fruit of rattan


liwet

to pass around or near someone or something


liŋaR

look from side to side, turn the head in this way


liŋgaŋ

to sway back and forth, as plant stems in the wind


liŋáw

become distracted or confused, as by noise


lunlun

gulp down food, gorge on one food to the exclusion of others


luyak

soft through exposure to moisture; sticky


ma-busuŋ

swollen, of the abdomen as a result of the violation of customary law


ma-matu

collect stones(?), use stones for a purpose


ma-nalih

make a rope or string, make something into rope or string


ma-nebeŋ

to fell trees, as in preparing a swidden


ma-nelu

twist together rope out of three strands


ma-nuba

to stupefy fish with natural plant poisons


ma-nuzuq

to point at, point out, show by pointing


ma-ñalaq

accuse someone, find fault with someone (?)


ma-ñapsap

to cut off small pieces; to chip off bit by bit


ma-ŋahiw

to gather wood, as for fuel; gather firewood


ma-ŋulit

to skin or peel, remove the skin or peeling


maR-bitbit

pick up or carry dangling from the fingers


maR-salaq

make a mistake, commit an error, be wrong about something


maR-tulak

push something away, shove, repel; push off, as a boat leaving shore or being poled in shallow water


madaŋ

a tree and its fruit: Artocarpus odoratissimus


maka

verbal prefix marking potential action or ability to do something


maka-besuR

able to satiate, able to satisfy one's appetite


maŋ-aRak

walk single-file; be positioned one behind the other


maŋ-bubud

plant seed by sprinkling in dibble holes


maŋ-bulat

open the eyes wide, stare with round eyes


maŋ-bulaŋ

tie an artificial spur to the leg of a fighting cock


maŋ-busuR

to card kapok fibers with a bow-like instrument


maŋ-dataR

to make level or flat, as in levelling land


maŋ-giliŋ

to turn, rotate; to grind with a stone roller


maŋ-hakut

transport piecemeal; transport through repeated trips


maŋ-hasek

to dibble, plant seeds with a dibble stick


maŋ-qatuR

pile up, arrange, put in an orderly fashion


muqmuq

crumbs of food that fall on the table or floor


na-piliq

was chosen; what was chosen, one’s preference


pa-bekas

give an impression (physical or psychological)


pa-inum-en

give (him, her, it) something to drink (command)


pa-layu

make something wither, let something wither or wilt


pa-piliq

let someone choose, let someone make a choice


pa-ŋulit

person who peels; thing used to peel (?)


paR- ... -an

derivational circumfix, probably used to form deverbal nouns of location


paR-buhat-en

things that have been made, created objects


paR-huaji

younger sibling of the same sex; younger parallel cousin of the same sex


paRatpat

a tree found in mangrove swamps: Sonneratia sp.


padaŋ

uncultivated field, open grassland; field covered with sword grass (Imperata cylindrica)


paqis

cook fish or meat wrapped in banana leaves


pariama

a constellation: the Seven Sisters, Pleiades


patik

sound of ticking, flipping, light tapping


payaq

difficult, taxing (of work); serious (of illness)


payu

agreement, consensus; harmony (especially in material exchanges)


payuŋ-an

to hold an umbrella or parasol over someone


paŋ-buaŋ-an

disposal of objects, banishment of people


paŋ-empu-an

what is honored, object of honor or respect


paŋ-giliŋ

a person who turns or grinds something; an instrument used for rolling or grinding


paŋ-hasaq

person or instrument that grinds or sharpens


paŋ-hateD

person who leads or escorts another; means of leading or escorting


paŋ-qasin

anything used for salting, salting instrument


paŋ-qetut-an

person who suffers from extreme flatulence


paŋ-takaw-an

the place where something is stolen (nonpast local passive)


paŋguŋ

heap, pile; elevated platform used as a look-out


paŋpaŋ

steep slope (as of riverbank or mountain)


piliq-en

be chosen, selected; what is chosen, choice


pinaqis

fish wrapped in banana leaf and cooked over hot coals


pipiqit

kind of small bird, probably finch or sparrow


puas

to relent or subside of appetite, passions, storms, etc.


puyu

a fish, the climbing perch: Anabas testudineus


puyuŋ

improvised purse or bag, folded cloth used to carry things


qalat

kind of large basket or fish weir held in the hand


qalesem qalesem

small sour plant with clover-like leaves


qali-baŋbaŋ

kind of tree with leaves shaped like butterflies


qatuR-an

pave with stones; pile up, arrange, put in an orderly fashion


qaŋsej

sweaty armpits, stench of sweaty armpits


qinasin

what has been salted; food preserved in salt


qipuq

a tree: Antiaris toxicaria; poison for blowpipe darts made from the sap of this tree


qulam

side-dish (fish, meat or vegetables eaten with rice)


quŋkil

lever, instrument for prying something up


rabut

pull out something rooted in soft matter


raqbut

pull out something rooted in soft matter, as flesh


riken

coiled base on which cooking pots are set or on which loads are placed for carrying on the head


sa-ŋa-buku

one joint or node (as of bamboo or sugarcane)


saRad

heavily laden, as a boat that is low in the water


sabasaq

a moderate-sized shrub: Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea


sabat

to meet or greet someone, welcome someone who is arriving


sabeqa

cooking banana: Musa sapientum Linn. var compressa. Blanco


saga

a vine and the seeds of its fruit: Abrus precatorius


sakit-en

hurting; sick with something, suffering from an illness


salin

pour from one vessel into another; translate, interpret


sama

mate, companion, fellow; together with; alike, the same as; aligned or in good order


samak

a tree and the tannin that it yields: probably Macaranga tanarius


sanda

pawned, pledged in place of something else


sapaD

flat, of things that are expected to be more rounded


sapela

tasting 'woody' or coarse; astringent taste, as of unripe bananas


sapeled

tart, acid, as the taste of certain unripe fruits


saruŋ

sheath, sheath-like container; to sheathe a weapon


sasag

wattle, bamboo plaitwork construction for walls


saweqaq

to eat too much, be cloyed, overfull, tired of something through excess; bored


saŋal

to grip with the teeth, as a dog in carrying something


saŋay

namesake, have the same name as someone else


saŋelaR-en

what is stir-fried or roasted in a pan without oil


saŋgaq

to arrest the progress of something by stopping or catching it; to support, keep from falling


saŋkut

entangled, caught up in, involved, embroiled


selat

narrow opening or passage between two things


selut

encircle tigthly; band or ring around something


sikat

kind of brush made from coconut husk, used to scrub or polish a surface or to treat threads before weaving


siku-en

to be elbowed, nudged or poked with an elbow


sikuqan

spool, shuttle; thread holder (in weaving or making nets)


sipat

visual assessment of something, as in taking aim, making a straight line, or forming an opinion


subeŋ

ear plug, roll of leaves, etc. inserted through pierced ear


sulaŋ

to pass one another in coming from opposite directions


sumalaq

do something wrong, make a mistake; miss the target


sumebuh

to hiss or steam, of water touching a fire


sundul

touching, adjacent, as fighters presenting a united front


suruŋ

push, slide or glide forward, as in pushing wood into a fire, or storming the enemy


suŋar

to have ‘buck teeth’, project forward, of the teeth


suŋkal

turn the soil over, as in removing stones prior to planting


suŋkub

cover with a hollow container; shelter over a grave


tabaR

tasteless, insipid; powerless; antidote, as against snakebite


talaŋ-talaŋ

a marine fish: probably the horse mackerel


talih-an

mooring place, place where a boat is tied


tambaŋuŋu

large catfish that lives in river estuaries: genus Arius


tambuluk

puffy area around the throat of some birds


tapay

rice wine; yeast; fermented rice; fermented rice cake


taqi qaRus

driftwood and scum lit. 'refuse of the current'


tarus

continue doing something, proceed without stopping


tatadu

large green hairless stinging caterpillar


tawaR

tasteless; neutralize something efficacious, as an antidote for poison


tawtaw

lost, as in a crowd or in an unfamilar place


taŋgiRi

Spanish mackerel, kingfish: Scomberomorus spp.


taŋkis

to parry, turn an attack or accusation aside


teRan

strain while defecating or in childbirth


teRel

impose one’s will, force or compel someone to do something


tebeŋ

felling of trees, as in preparing a swidden


teken-en

be poled forward, of a boat in shallow water


tepap

bring down the flat of the hand on something


terus

go right through, penetrate through and through


timbalaŋ

carrying vessel made from folded palm leaf sheath


tinaban

be carried off, as loot or a captive in war; what is carried off


tuad

bottom up, as a person bent far forward toward the ground


tubliq

a plant with root used to stun fish: Derris elliptica


tubuŋ

closed bamboo internode used as a container for salt, valuables, etc.


tukuŋ

tailless (of birds or fowls), round-tailed (of fowls)


tumambak

to pile up earth or rocks, heap up so as to obstruct


tumpiq

rice or sago cake (used as an offering?)


tuntun

instruction, guidance, help in getting started


tuqelaŋ

condylar bone; bone of fauna exclusive of fish


tuzuq-an

to direct someone to something, to give instructions


uteŋaq

wobble, come loose, of something attached


uŋkat

recall or drag up disagreeable past experiences


zeRa

hurt, frightened, or discouraged by previous bad experience


ñañuy

to sing in unison, as in traditional festivals


ŋa-lamuj

to mix together, as ingredients in cooking


ŋilu-an

have a painful feeling in the teeth, as when eating something very sour or cold, or hearing a screeching or scratching sound


ri

locative preposition of very broad scope ([Mead 1998](Source#cldf:mead1998))


pɔkɔn

tree trunk, plant, nominal classifier for trees


ð-amun

1sg acc ([Ross 2006:533](Source#cldf:ross2006a))


raR

young unmarried woman (Richard Nivens, p.c.)


limoDu

killed with closed eyes in an abandoned place


kupena

fishing net ([Lynch 1978:757](Source#cldf:lynch1978))


kaú

to say, tell ([Jackson 1983:184](Source#cldf:jackson1983))


ated

accompany, escort, conduct, convey; send; return; escort the bride to her husband; gift of food at a wedding; send bridewealth payments


uRas

wash body parts, cooking or eating utensils (but not clothes)