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Just as life chances are unequally distributed within society throughout our worlds development, so are there inequalities of life chances on an international order. These inequalities are conventionally known in terms of a ranking of worlds. First, Second, Third and Africa considered as a Fourth world. Second, Third and Fourth world countries face barriers that hinder its social, political, economical, natural and technological development. Such examples of this would be economic depression, political factors, war, and natural disasters. But some nations have overcome these obstacles and have continued to push forward with its development. The Great Depression began in October 1929, when the stock market in the United States had dropped rapidly. This crash led into the Great Depression. The ensuing period of twelve years resulted in it becoming ranked as the worst period of high unemployment and low business activity in modern history. Banks, businesses, and factories were closed and it had left millions of Americans in lack of an occupation, a home and some without food. A vast majority of Americans had come to depend on the government or charities for their only source of food. The depression became a worldwide business recession of the 1930’s that had affected almost all nations across the globe. It led to a sharp decline in world trade as each country tried to protect their own industries. The solution to this economic turmoil in America was through two actions, Franklin Roosevelt’s relief programs and American industries producing war goods primarily for their Armed Forces and the British Army. Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was the president of the United States at the time, proposed his plan the ‘New Deal’ to bring economic relief, recovery and reform. This package included programs that put American citizens back to work, projects that gave financial security for the elderly, and programs which assisted impoverished Americans to pay for medicine and food. Examples of these programs would be the Federal Writers Project, National Recovery Administration, Works Progress Administration and the Social Security Act. But the ‘New Deal’ did not fully bring out the America out of Economic turmoil just yet. It had ended when industries began the production of weapons, vehicles and supplies for the Allied armies with the promotion of war bonds which helped with the costs of manufacturing these equipment. These two projects had created thousands of job opportunities for American citizens, encouraged spending and a new booming industry. Subsequent to the fall of Berlin, the post-war partition of Germany between the four powers decided at the Yalta and Potsdam conferences had only meant to be temporary, to prevent any resurgence of German military power. Germany was supposed to have been reunited after the completion of ‘Denazification’ and demilitarisation programmes. The German Democratic Republic (GDR) and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) were separated not only by the Berlin wall but also by separate ideologies. The GDR was under supervision of the USSR who created a communist government, with the three western powers, the United States, United Kingdom, and France constructing a democratic government in the west. The two conflicting governmental ideologies provided just one of many barriers that needed to be hurdled until the Berlin wall finally fell. The East German economy did not participate and prosper in the global growth after the world war unlike its western counterpart. In East Germany, quality food was scare, and the bread lines that were associated with the Soviet Union were also present there. The standard of the medical and dental care was poor. Housing was also assigned, despite the size of the family. These technological, social and economic problems in the GDR resulted in an inequality of living standards between the two sides, which caused a lack of development. It took almost forty-five years in 1989, till the Berlin wall had finally fallen. The motivation was not purely political or even pursued solely by the political leaders. The fall of the wall was caused by “A truly peaceful and popular revolt” by the people of Germany. The politicians had the final say, but it was the people who initiated the action and pushed over the first domino that led to the reunification of Germany. And in September, 1990, the United States, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union signed a treaty with the East and West German governments relinquishing all the occupation rights they had acquired under the terms of Germany’s surrender at the end of World War II. On October 3, 1990, after more than 40 years of division, Germany was finally reunited as one nation. As long as there have been civilizations, there have been wars. Whether it is justified or not it is evident that there has always been repercussions on the environment and the people. Signs of devastation is evident, lives are lost and money is diverted from the development of the country. The Persian Gulf War is an examples of this. Saddam Hussein and his Iraqi forces had invaded and occupied Kuwait and was threatening an invasion of Saudi Arabia. Control of these two countries, together with its own oil reserves, would have given the dictator a major portion of the world’s oil production and supplies. This was unacceptable in the West, in particular the US, who (with UN Resolutions to back them up) put together an international coalition of armed forces to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait. During the conflict, approximately eleven million barrels of oil was released into the Arabian gulf. This had affected the entire ecosystem of the region, ravaging marine life and migratory birds to a high extent. Accumulation of solid wastes, had caused groundwater contamination took place on a large scale. There was a huge amount air pollution caused by the fire and smoke, produced by explosives and chemical weapons. The Gulf War had caused more than 8,000 casualties (Coalition forces and civilians). But after six months of combat, Coalition forces had managed to liberate Kuwait and Iraqi forces were forced to withdraw. Post-war, the UN created a five-member boundary commission to reaffirm the inviolability of the Iraq-Kuwait border. In April 1992, the commission announced its findings, which demarcated the Kuwaiti border with Iraq about 570 meters to the north near the Iraqi town of Safwan and slightly north in the region of the Ar Rumaylah oil fields. These modifications benefited Kuwait and it had given the country six more oil wells in the field and part of the Iraqi naval base of Umm Qasr. Kuwait accepted the commission’s finding and announced it intended to build a security fence along its border with Iraq as an advance warning system. The nation of Bangladesh is prone to natural factors such as flooding and monsoons. But in 1988, Bangladesh had suffered its worst ever flood. It had caused over 1000 deaths and 30 million Bangladeshi’s were made homeless. Food supplies were affected as well, approximately 668. 529 hectares of crops were destroyed, which resulted in a substantial shortage of dry food. An estimated 400 industrial factories were forced to be closed, leaving thousands of citizens jobless. Its infrastructure such as its communications, roads and railways were severely affected making transport and rescue operations very difficult. In the ensuing years, world organizations such as Oxfam had cooperated with the Bangladesh government, to prevent this devastation from occurring again. A project called ‘Cluster Villages was proposed, ground was raised above the flood level to protect the villages. Trees and grasses were planted around the perimeter of the village to prevent erosion. A Bangladeshi villager had said : “We grow vegetables like pumpkins on the roof, and fruit trees like mango and jackfruit that can be eaten during or after the floods. These households did not go under water so this food remained available to the families living here. ” Food shelters were also constructed (the size of 18 to 35 football pitches) and it could accommodate 100 to 300 families . Villagers brought their livestock and possessions, to the safety of this flood shelter in case of emergency. Disaster preparedness committees were created and Oxfam also provided radios and rescue boats. Committee members had testified, and had stated : “Previously we just reacted. We’d work together, but now we plan before the flood happens. It’s meant that, for example, we didn’t have to leave here in 2004. ” In conclusion, economic depression, political factors, war, and natural disasters have served as barriers that have hindered a nations development. But countries have formulated several successful schemes that have overcome these obstacles; it may be creating new community projects to better the countries social and economical systems or seeking assistance from foreign powers. And in other examples, these schemes had been the very push that accelerated its growth to a state of full development. Prosperity and growth can only be achieved when all parties unite and come together as one, Henry Ford had once said : “Coming together is a beginning; keeping together is progress; working together is success. ” American children in poverty during the Great Depression A Kuwaiti during the Persian-gulf war in 1990 East and West German citizens during the fall of the Berlin Wall Bangladesh villagers assisting one another after a flood	<urn:uuid:0977cced-f270-4bb6-9b14-e8650f31c931>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://thenewstandardgallery.com/development-and-inequality-essay/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594333.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119064802-20200119092802-00514.warc.gz	en	0.981209	1,846	3.421875	3	[ -0.3978956639766693, 0.18570052087306976, -0.04592038691043854, 0.14972902834415436, 0.26242828369140625, 0.26467522978782654, -0.33433324098587036, 0.16420218348503113, 0.00580001063644886, -0.1628635674715042, 0.2665409445762634, 0.5102471113204956, 0.07056094706058502, 0.269457370042800...	2	Just as life chances are unequally distributed within society throughout our worlds development, so are there inequalities of life chances on an international order. These inequalities are conventionally known in terms of a ranking of worlds. First, Second, Third and Africa considered as a Fourth world. Second, Third and Fourth world countries face barriers that hinder its social, political, economical, natural and technological development. Such examples of this would be economic depression, political factors, war, and natural disasters. But some nations have overcome these obstacles and have continued to push forward with its development. The Great Depression began in October 1929, when the stock market in the United States had dropped rapidly. This crash led into the Great Depression. The ensuing period of twelve years resulted in it becoming ranked as the worst period of high unemployment and low business activity in modern history. Banks, businesses, and factories were closed and it had left millions of Americans in lack of an occupation, a home and some without food. A vast majority of Americans had come to depend on the government or charities for their only source of food. The depression became a worldwide business recession of the 1930’s that had affected almost all nations across the globe. It led to a sharp decline in world trade as each country tried to protect their own industries. The solution to this economic turmoil in America was through two actions, Franklin Roosevelt’s relief programs and American industries producing war goods primarily for their Armed Forces and the British Army. Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was the president of the United States at the time, proposed his plan the ‘New Deal’ to bring economic relief, recovery and reform. This package included programs that put American citizens back to work, projects that gave financial security for the elderly, and programs which assisted impoverished Americans to pay for medicine and food. Examples of these programs would be the Federal Writers Project, National Recovery Administration, Works Progress Administration and the Social Security Act. But the ‘New Deal’ did not fully bring out the America out of Economic turmoil just yet. It had ended when industries began the production of weapons, vehicles and supplies for the Allied armies with the promotion of war bonds which helped with the costs of manufacturing these equipment. These two projects had created thousands of job opportunities for American citizens, encouraged spending and a new booming industry. Subsequent to the fall of Berlin, the post-war partition of Germany between the four powers decided at the Yalta and Potsdam conferences had only meant to be temporary, to prevent any resurgence of German military power. Germany was supposed to have been reunited after the completion of ‘Denazification’ and demilitarisation programmes. The German Democratic Republic (GDR) and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) were separated not only by the Berlin wall but also by separate ideologies. The GDR was under supervision of the USSR who created a communist government, with the three western powers, the United States, United Kingdom, and France constructing a democratic government in the west. The two conflicting governmental ideologies provided just one of many barriers that needed to be hurdled until the Berlin wall finally fell. The East German economy did not participate and prosper in the global growth after the world war unlike its western counterpart. In East Germany, quality food was scare, and the bread lines that were associated with the Soviet Union were also present there. The standard of the medical and dental care was poor. Housing was also assigned, despite the size of the family. These technological, social and economic problems in the GDR resulted in an inequality of living standards between the two sides, which caused a lack of development. It took almost forty-five years in 1989, till the Berlin wall had finally fallen. The motivation was not purely political or even pursued solely by the political leaders. The fall of the wall was caused by “A truly peaceful and popular revolt” by the people of Germany. The politicians had the final say, but it was the people who initiated the action and pushed over the first domino that led to the reunification of Germany. And in September, 1990, the United States, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union signed a treaty with the East and West German governments relinquishing all the occupation rights they had acquired under the terms of Germany’s surrender at the end of World War II. On October 3, 1990, after more than 40 years of division, Germany was finally reunited as one nation. As long as there have been civilizations, there have been wars. Whether it is justified or not it is evident that there has always been repercussions on the environment and the people. Signs of devastation is evident, lives are lost and money is diverted from the development of the country. The Persian Gulf War is an examples of this. Saddam Hussein and his Iraqi forces had invaded and occupied Kuwait and was threatening an invasion of Saudi Arabia. Control of these two countries, together with its own oil reserves, would have given the dictator a major portion of the world’s oil production and supplies. This was unacceptable in the West, in particular the US, who (with UN Resolutions to back them up) put together an international coalition of armed forces to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait. During the conflict, approximately eleven million barrels of oil was released into the Arabian gulf. This had affected the entire ecosystem of the region, ravaging marine life and migratory birds to a high extent. Accumulation of solid wastes, had caused groundwater contamination took place on a large scale. There was a huge amount air pollution caused by the fire and smoke, produced by explosives and chemical weapons. The Gulf War had caused more than 8,000 casualties (Coalition forces and civilians). But after six months of combat, Coalition forces had managed to liberate Kuwait and Iraqi forces were forced to withdraw. Post-war, the UN created a five-member boundary commission to reaffirm the inviolability of the Iraq-Kuwait border. In April 1992, the commission announced its findings, which demarcated the Kuwaiti border with Iraq about 570 meters to the north near the Iraqi town of Safwan and slightly north in the region of the Ar Rumaylah oil fields. These modifications benefited Kuwait and it had given the country six more oil wells in the field and part of the Iraqi naval base of Umm Qasr. Kuwait accepted the commission’s finding and announced it intended to build a security fence along its border with Iraq as an advance warning system. The nation of Bangladesh is prone to natural factors such as flooding and monsoons. But in 1988, Bangladesh had suffered its worst ever flood. It had caused over 1000 deaths and 30 million Bangladeshi’s were made homeless. Food supplies were affected as well, approximately 668. 529 hectares of crops were destroyed, which resulted in a substantial shortage of dry food. An estimated 400 industrial factories were forced to be closed, leaving thousands of citizens jobless. Its infrastructure such as its communications, roads and railways were severely affected making transport and rescue operations very difficult. In the ensuing years, world organizations such as Oxfam had cooperated with the Bangladesh government, to prevent this devastation from occurring again. A project called ‘Cluster Villages was proposed, ground was raised above the flood level to protect the villages. Trees and grasses were planted around the perimeter of the village to prevent erosion. A Bangladeshi villager had said : “We grow vegetables like pumpkins on the roof, and fruit trees like mango and jackfruit that can be eaten during or after the floods. These households did not go under water so this food remained available to the families living here. ” Food shelters were also constructed (the size of 18 to 35 football pitches) and it could accommodate 100 to 300 families . Villagers brought their livestock and possessions, to the safety of this flood shelter in case of emergency. Disaster preparedness committees were created and Oxfam also provided radios and rescue boats. Committee members had testified, and had stated : “Previously we just reacted. We’d work together, but now we plan before the flood happens. It’s meant that, for example, we didn’t have to leave here in 2004. ” In conclusion, economic depression, political factors, war, and natural disasters have served as barriers that have hindered a nations development. But countries have formulated several successful schemes that have overcome these obstacles; it may be creating new community projects to better the countries social and economical systems or seeking assistance from foreign powers. And in other examples, these schemes had been the very push that accelerated its growth to a state of full development. Prosperity and growth can only be achieved when all parties unite and come together as one, Henry Ford had once said : “Coming together is a beginning; keeping together is progress; working together is success. ” American children in poverty during the Great Depression A Kuwaiti during the Persian-gulf war in 1990 East and West German citizens during the fall of the Berlin Wall Bangladesh villagers assisting one another after a flood	1,867	ENGLISH	1
Category: Greek Mythology Views: 7668 In Greek mythology the goddess Demeter was the most generous of the great Olympian goddesses. The Greek goddess Demeter was beloved for her service to mankind in giving them the gift of the harvest, the reward for cultivation of the soil. Also known as the Roman goddess Ceres, Demeter was the goddess of the harvest and was credited with teaching humans how to grow, preserve, and prepare grain. Demeter was thought to be responsible for the fertility of the land. She was the only one of the Greek goddesses who was involved on a day-to-day basis in the lives of the common folk. While others occasionally "dabbled" in human affairs when it suited their personal interests, or came to the aid of "special" mortals they favored, the goddess Demeter was truly the nurturer of mankind. Demeter also was the only one of the Greek goddesses who could truly empathize with the human experience of suffering and grief, having experienced it fully herself. The goddess Demeter is best known for her fierce defense of her daughter, Persephone, who was also known as the child, Kore (or Cora). Persephone's father was Zeus, the mighty ruler of the Olympians. The goddess Demeter had been one of his early consorts, long before his marriage to Hera. Persephone was an obedient, cheerful girl who had a happy childhood, playing with her cousins, Artemis and Athena. Reaching adolescence, she was carefree and spirited, often dancing playfully and picking wildflowers in the meadow near her home. Persephone's youthful beauty drew the attention of Hades, the god of the underworld, and he could not help falling in love with her. One day as Persephone reached over to pick a flower, the earth opened and the arm of Hades reached up from the underworld. And so Hades abducted her, dragging her back to his kingdom. Hearing Persephone's screams, the goddess Demeter rushes to the meadow, but cannot find Persephone. Carrying a torch, Demeter traveled the world day and night, never eating or resting, searching futilely for her daughter. Poseidon, god of the sea, noticed the goddess Demeter as she traveled and pursued her with amorous intent. Then Demeter tried to fool him by changing herself into a mare and hiding herself in the middle of a herd of horses, but he was not fooled. Poseidon saw through Demeter's disguise, turned himself into a stallion, and took her at his will. When Demeter continued her journey in search of her daughter, she met an old and poor man who was gathering firewood who invited her to return to his home to eat supper with his family and to rest on her journey. When she told him that she was searching for her daughter, he wished her success and told her that he understood her suffering since his son lay dying at home. Demeter, goddess of compassion, changed her mind and went with the kindly man, stopping only once to gather some poppies by the path. Entering his humble home, Demeter went straight away to the boy's bedside and kissed the boy lovingly on the cheek. Immediately the pallor left his face and his breathing eased, as Demeter's love had restored the son to full health. Although it was the custom of the Greek goddesses and gods to become very vindictive toward anyone who failed to honor them in a dignified fashion, Demeter was such a kind goddess that she seldom utilized this privilege. One of the few times was when she stopped on her travels to quench her thirst by drinking from a spring and heard a man named Ascaelabus laughing at the sound of her gulping the fresh water. Embarrassed, and angry at the man for being so rude, Demeter turned him into a lizard. Resuming her search, she soon encountered Hecate, goddess of the crossroads, who advised her to speak with Helio, goddess of the sun . . . reasoning that, since she had been riding her chariot (the sun) through the sky that day, she had surely seen what had happened to Persephone. Helio told the goddess Demeter what she had seen and that Persephone was now ensconced as Hades' wife and Queen of the Underworld. She also gave her the shocking news that Zeus himself had sanctioned the marriage, giving Hades permission to abduct Persephone. Understandably, the goddess Demeter felt betrayed. Renouncing her divine duties that included bringing fertility to the land, Demeter left Mount Olympus swearing that the earth would remain barren until her daughter was returned to her. She took refuge in the city of Eleusis. Disguised as an old woman, the goddess Demeter was met the city ruler’s two young daughters at the well, and they, liking her immensely, invited her to return to their home to meet their mother. There she met their mother who was cuddling her infant son. This must have stirred Demeter's longing for her abducted daughter horribly. Demeter became profoundly depressed, almost catatonic, eyes gazing off into the distance and unwilling or unable to even speak. Everyone tried to all that they knew to cheer their guest; but it was to no avail. Eventually one of the household servants, a middle-aged maid named Baubo, came and sat in front of Demeter and started talking, mostly making humorous comments (most likely of the "male-bashing" sort), some of them quite risqué. Encouraged when she saw the beginnings of a smile forming on Demeter's grief stricken face, Baubo hiked up her skirt and "mooned" the goddess. Demeter responded with a deep belly laugh that brought her out of the deep depression. Her good nature now restored, Demeter was soon hired to work as a nursemaid to the infant son of the city's ruler. Caring for him lovingly, feeding him on the nectar and ambrosia of the gods, Demeter grew very attached to the young Demophoon and decided to make him immortal. But, just as Demeter was holding his feet over the fire (the ritual which would transform him into an Olympian god, Demophoon's mother entered the room. Mistakenly believing that Demeter was about to burn her son, she began to scream. The goddess Demeter then dropped her disguise, revealing the beautiful goddess that she truly was, and berated the mother for her stupidity in stopping the ritual that would have given her son immortality. In addition, Demeter demanded that a temple be built in her honor. This was done, and the goddess Demeter remained there, sitting alone in the darkness, once again depressed and grieving for her lost daughter. All this time, with the goddess Demeter refusing to function, the land grew barren and the harvests ceased . . . the earth saw a winter that did not end. Zeus finally opens his eyes to what was happening and sent messengers to apologize and coax the goddess Demeter to return. Demeter, however, remained adamant that she would not return until Persephone was rescued. Finally, Zeus gave in and sent Hermes to command Hades to release Persephone. Persephone, upon hearing the news, rejoiced for she had missed her mother sorely. As she was leaving, Hades offered her a pomegranate to eat. Persephone had refused all food while she had been in the underworld, and was surely hungry. Although she undoubtedly knew that those who ate anything in the underworld were not allowed to return to the earth, Persephone accepted Hades' gift, eating only the seeds. Hermes borrowed Hades chariot and stallions and flew Persephone home to her mother as Zeus had ordered. Demeter was not pleased that Persephone had eaten the pomegranate seeds and would have to return to the underworld for four months during each year, but was otherwise overjoyed to be reunited with her daughter. Happily, Demeter resumed her divine duties and restored the fertility of the earth. Each year the goddess Demeter longs for her absent daughter and withdraws her favors from the earth for a period we know as winter, but Persephone returns each spring to end her desolation. Once Persephone was safely returned, albeit for only a third of a year, the Greek goddess Demeter decided to reside in her temple in Eleusis where she had enjoyed the welcome and support of her friends during her long search for Persephone. There she developed the Eleusian mysteries, a series of profound religious ceremonies that taught her initiates how to live joyfully and how to die without fear. The story of Greek goddess Demeter illustrates the tremendous capacity of a woman to love and nurture, within her own family and the world at large. It also reminds us to stand firm for what is good and right, even in the face of adversity, when powerful forces are aligned against us. The goddess Demeter's message also reminds us of the seasons of a woman's life, that even though there are times of great sorrow there is also great joy to be found. Goddess Symbols and Sacred Objects of Demeter Goddess symbols, individualized for each goddess, were incorporated into the worship of the ancient goddesses, were often worn as jewelry, and also used in the household decor as talismans to seek the goddesses special gifts, blessings, or protection. A large number of goddess symbols have survived in statuary and other works of art. Many of the goddess symbols come from the legends surrounding a specific goddess and were "characters" in her story. Other goddess symbols were derived from the rituals used in the ancient rites of worship of these pagan goddesses. Demeter (also known as the goddess Ceres) is often represented by symbols associated with her incredible generosity. It is not surprising that many of our icons representing a bountiful harvest originated with the ancient goddess symbols of Demeter. Goddess Symbols of Demeter General: Cornucopia, sheaves of wheat, autumn harvest, torch, bread, honey, and acorns Animals: Cats and dogs (all domestic pets), lions, snakes, crane, and lizards Colors: Green, dark brown, gold, navy blue, and pink ॐ Namasté - Blessings! © 2008-2020 crystalwind.ca. All rights reserved. Articles: Hindu Mythology Articles: Greek Mythology We have 1377 guests and no members online	<urn:uuid:44430497-3440-415d-864f-3f51dab545bd>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.crystalwind.ca/mystical-magical/pantheons-and-myths/greek/demeter-goddess-of-the-bountiful-harvest	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672440.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125101544-20200125130544-00311.warc.gz	en	0.983423	2,190	3.421875	3	[ -0.15950992703437805, -0.25471559166908264, 0.49314939975738525, -0.1747443825006485, -0.7479344010353088, -0.5240597724914551, 0.17547163367271423, 0.6980658769607544, 0.09831883013248444, -0.17964372038841248, -0.46035611629486084, -0.36963188648223877, -0.11786942183971405, 0.2045128047...	1	Category: Greek Mythology Views: 7668 In Greek mythology the goddess Demeter was the most generous of the great Olympian goddesses. The Greek goddess Demeter was beloved for her service to mankind in giving them the gift of the harvest, the reward for cultivation of the soil. Also known as the Roman goddess Ceres, Demeter was the goddess of the harvest and was credited with teaching humans how to grow, preserve, and prepare grain. Demeter was thought to be responsible for the fertility of the land. She was the only one of the Greek goddesses who was involved on a day-to-day basis in the lives of the common folk. While others occasionally "dabbled" in human affairs when it suited their personal interests, or came to the aid of "special" mortals they favored, the goddess Demeter was truly the nurturer of mankind. Demeter also was the only one of the Greek goddesses who could truly empathize with the human experience of suffering and grief, having experienced it fully herself. The goddess Demeter is best known for her fierce defense of her daughter, Persephone, who was also known as the child, Kore (or Cora). Persephone's father was Zeus, the mighty ruler of the Olympians. The goddess Demeter had been one of his early consorts, long before his marriage to Hera. Persephone was an obedient, cheerful girl who had a happy childhood, playing with her cousins, Artemis and Athena. Reaching adolescence, she was carefree and spirited, often dancing playfully and picking wildflowers in the meadow near her home. Persephone's youthful beauty drew the attention of Hades, the god of the underworld, and he could not help falling in love with her. One day as Persephone reached over to pick a flower, the earth opened and the arm of Hades reached up from the underworld. And so Hades abducted her, dragging her back to his kingdom. Hearing Persephone's screams, the goddess Demeter rushes to the meadow, but cannot find Persephone. Carrying a torch, Demeter traveled the world day and night, never eating or resting, searching futilely for her daughter. Poseidon, god of the sea, noticed the goddess Demeter as she traveled and pursued her with amorous intent. Then Demeter tried to fool him by changing herself into a mare and hiding herself in the middle of a herd of horses, but he was not fooled. Poseidon saw through Demeter's disguise, turned himself into a stallion, and took her at his will. When Demeter continued her journey in search of her daughter, she met an old and poor man who was gathering firewood who invited her to return to his home to eat supper with his family and to rest on her journey. When she told him that she was searching for her daughter, he wished her success and told her that he understood her suffering since his son lay dying at home. Demeter, goddess of compassion, changed her mind and went with the kindly man, stopping only once to gather some poppies by the path. Entering his humble home, Demeter went straight away to the boy's bedside and kissed the boy lovingly on the cheek. Immediately the pallor left his face and his breathing eased, as Demeter's love had restored the son to full health. Although it was the custom of the Greek goddesses and gods to become very vindictive toward anyone who failed to honor them in a dignified fashion, Demeter was such a kind goddess that she seldom utilized this privilege. One of the few times was when she stopped on her travels to quench her thirst by drinking from a spring and heard a man named Ascaelabus laughing at the sound of her gulping the fresh water. Embarrassed, and angry at the man for being so rude, Demeter turned him into a lizard. Resuming her search, she soon encountered Hecate, goddess of the crossroads, who advised her to speak with Helio, goddess of the sun . . . reasoning that, since she had been riding her chariot (the sun) through the sky that day, she had surely seen what had happened to Persephone. Helio told the goddess Demeter what she had seen and that Persephone was now ensconced as Hades' wife and Queen of the Underworld. She also gave her the shocking news that Zeus himself had sanctioned the marriage, giving Hades permission to abduct Persephone. Understandably, the goddess Demeter felt betrayed. Renouncing her divine duties that included bringing fertility to the land, Demeter left Mount Olympus swearing that the earth would remain barren until her daughter was returned to her. She took refuge in the city of Eleusis. Disguised as an old woman, the goddess Demeter was met the city ruler’s two young daughters at the well, and they, liking her immensely, invited her to return to their home to meet their mother. There she met their mother who was cuddling her infant son. This must have stirred Demeter's longing for her abducted daughter horribly. Demeter became profoundly depressed, almost catatonic, eyes gazing off into the distance and unwilling or unable to even speak. Everyone tried to all that they knew to cheer their guest; but it was to no avail. Eventually one of the household servants, a middle-aged maid named Baubo, came and sat in front of Demeter and started talking, mostly making humorous comments (most likely of the "male-bashing" sort), some of them quite risqué. Encouraged when she saw the beginnings of a smile forming on Demeter's grief stricken face, Baubo hiked up her skirt and "mooned" the goddess. Demeter responded with a deep belly laugh that brought her out of the deep depression. Her good nature now restored, Demeter was soon hired to work as a nursemaid to the infant son of the city's ruler. Caring for him lovingly, feeding him on the nectar and ambrosia of the gods, Demeter grew very attached to the young Demophoon and decided to make him immortal. But, just as Demeter was holding his feet over the fire (the ritual which would transform him into an Olympian god, Demophoon's mother entered the room. Mistakenly believing that Demeter was about to burn her son, she began to scream. The goddess Demeter then dropped her disguise, revealing the beautiful goddess that she truly was, and berated the mother for her stupidity in stopping the ritual that would have given her son immortality. In addition, Demeter demanded that a temple be built in her honor. This was done, and the goddess Demeter remained there, sitting alone in the darkness, once again depressed and grieving for her lost daughter. All this time, with the goddess Demeter refusing to function, the land grew barren and the harvests ceased . . . the earth saw a winter that did not end. Zeus finally opens his eyes to what was happening and sent messengers to apologize and coax the goddess Demeter to return. Demeter, however, remained adamant that she would not return until Persephone was rescued. Finally, Zeus gave in and sent Hermes to command Hades to release Persephone. Persephone, upon hearing the news, rejoiced for she had missed her mother sorely. As she was leaving, Hades offered her a pomegranate to eat. Persephone had refused all food while she had been in the underworld, and was surely hungry. Although she undoubtedly knew that those who ate anything in the underworld were not allowed to return to the earth, Persephone accepted Hades' gift, eating only the seeds. Hermes borrowed Hades chariot and stallions and flew Persephone home to her mother as Zeus had ordered. Demeter was not pleased that Persephone had eaten the pomegranate seeds and would have to return to the underworld for four months during each year, but was otherwise overjoyed to be reunited with her daughter. Happily, Demeter resumed her divine duties and restored the fertility of the earth. Each year the goddess Demeter longs for her absent daughter and withdraws her favors from the earth for a period we know as winter, but Persephone returns each spring to end her desolation. Once Persephone was safely returned, albeit for only a third of a year, the Greek goddess Demeter decided to reside in her temple in Eleusis where she had enjoyed the welcome and support of her friends during her long search for Persephone. There she developed the Eleusian mysteries, a series of profound religious ceremonies that taught her initiates how to live joyfully and how to die without fear. The story of Greek goddess Demeter illustrates the tremendous capacity of a woman to love and nurture, within her own family and the world at large. It also reminds us to stand firm for what is good and right, even in the face of adversity, when powerful forces are aligned against us. The goddess Demeter's message also reminds us of the seasons of a woman's life, that even though there are times of great sorrow there is also great joy to be found. Goddess Symbols and Sacred Objects of Demeter Goddess symbols, individualized for each goddess, were incorporated into the worship of the ancient goddesses, were often worn as jewelry, and also used in the household decor as talismans to seek the goddesses special gifts, blessings, or protection. A large number of goddess symbols have survived in statuary and other works of art. Many of the goddess symbols come from the legends surrounding a specific goddess and were "characters" in her story. Other goddess symbols were derived from the rituals used in the ancient rites of worship of these pagan goddesses. Demeter (also known as the goddess Ceres) is often represented by symbols associated with her incredible generosity. It is not surprising that many of our icons representing a bountiful harvest originated with the ancient goddess symbols of Demeter. Goddess Symbols of Demeter General: Cornucopia, sheaves of wheat, autumn harvest, torch, bread, honey, and acorns Animals: Cats and dogs (all domestic pets), lions, snakes, crane, and lizards Colors: Green, dark brown, gold, navy blue, and pink ॐ Namasté - Blessings! © 2008-2020 crystalwind.ca. All rights reserved. Articles: Hindu Mythology Articles: Greek Mythology We have 1377 guests and no members online	2,185	ENGLISH	1
1485 (16th December) 1489 (26th March) The Treaty of Medina del Campo This treaty of mutual agreement between England and Spain was to be sealed by the marriage of Catherine to Arthur , eldest son of Henry VII 1497 (18th July) An amendment to the Treaty of Medina del Campo laid out the details of the marriage between Catherine of Aragon and Prince Arthur of England which would go ahead when Catherine reached the age of 14 years. Her dowry of 200,000 crowns would be paid in instalments – half when the marriage took place and the remainder after the first year of marriage. 1497 (25th August) Catherine of Aragon and Prince Arthur of England were formally betrothed by proxy. The Spanish ambassador, de Puebla stood proxy for Catherine. 1499 (19th May) Catherine of Aragon and Prince Arthur of England were formally married by proxy at Tickenhill Manor, Bewdley, near Worcester, England. The Spanish ambassador, de Puebla once again stood proxy for Catherine. Work began on the construction of a platform inside St Paul’s cathedral so that the couple could be witnessed taking their vows by the people of London. 1501 (21st May) Catherine of Aragon left her home at the Alhambra in Granada for the port of Corunna where she would board a boat to England 1501 (20th July) Catherine reached the port of Corunna in Northern Spain from where she would begin her journey by sea to England. However, she was unable to depart due to unfavourable winds. 1501 (17th August) A change in the wind meant that Catherine was finally able to set sail for England. 1501 (21st August A storm in the Bay of Biscay which frightened Catherine to the point that she believed she would die, forced her to return to Laredo, near Bilbao, Spain. The ship carrying Catherine and her entourage was so battered that it had to be repaired before the journey could resume. 1501 (27th September) Catherine set sail for England a second time leaving the port of Laredo near Bilbao 1501 (2nd October) Catherine of Aragon and her entourage landed at Plymouth, Devon, England. She was welcomed by the people and escorted to Exeter by the noblemen of Devon and Cornwall. 1501 (16th October) Messengers from King Henry VII reached Exeter. They brought Catherine a message from the King welcoming her to England. Henry had also sent a delegation of nobles to escort Catherine to London. 1501 (4th November) Catherine met Arthur for the first time. The young prince and his father, King Henry VII had ridden out from London to meet Catherine at Dogmersfield in Hampshire. 1501 (9th November) Catherine finally reached Lambeth Palace, London where she was to rest until she formally entered the city. 1501 (12th November) Catherine made her formal entry into London. Her journey began at St George’s Field, Southwark from where she processed to London Bridge. She was dressed in rich clothes in the Spanish style and warmly welcomed by the people of London. The streets were hung with tapestries and she was greeted along the way by pageants. 1501 (14th November) Catherine of Aragon was married to Prince Arthur of England at St Paul’s Cathedral, London, England. Catherine was ‘given away’ by Prince Henry who escorted her up the aisle. The ceremony was conducted by the Archbishop of Canterbury , Henry Deane, who was assisted by the Bishop of London, William Warham. She wore a white satin dress with a farthingale and over her head wore a veil of fine silk trimmed with gold and pearls. After the ceremony the couple celebrated mass at the high altar. A wedding banquet was held at the Bishop’s palace. 1501 (28th November) Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain paid the first instalment of Catherine’s dowry, 100,000 gold crowns. 1501 (21st December) The newly wed Catherine and Arthur left Baynard’s Castle in London to make the journey to Ludlow Castle in the Welsh Marches where, as Prince and Princess of Wales, they would make their own court. 1502 (late March) Both Catherine and Arthur were struck down with a mystery illness. 1502 (2nd April) Prince Arthur died of the mystery illness. 1502 (23rd April) After a funeral service at the Parish church of Bewdley, Arthur was buried in the Abbey of St Wulfstan in Worcester. Catherine, did not attend the funeral because royal tradition dictated that wives did not attend their husband’s funeral. Catherine was also still confined to her bed with the same virus that had killed Arthur. 1502 (late April) Catherine of Aragon had recovered from her illness and began her journey back to London. 1502 (after April) The artist, Michael Sittow, painted a portrait of Catherine as a young widow. 1502 (10th May) Ferdinand and Isabella were anxious not to lose the English alliance and sent a new Spanish ambassador Estrada to initially insist on the return of Catherine’s dowry and when Henry VII refused, to suggest negotiating for a subsequent marriage to Prince Henry. Negotiations were delayed while the court waited to see if the young bride was pregnant. There was much confusion as to whether or not Catherine’s marriage to Arthur had been consummated and Catherine did not comment at all on the state of her virginity. 1503 (23rd June) A new treaty was signed by England and Spain which provided for the marriage of Catherine of Aragon to Prince Henry. It was agreed that the couple would marry on Henry’s fifteenth birthday in 1506. Ratification of the treaty was subject to a papal dispensation being received allowing the marriage to go ahead. Pope Julius II granted the dispensation allowing Catherine to marry Prince Henry of England. Catherine was taken ill with a mystery illness which kept her confined to bed for much of the summer. She was subject to fits of fever and shivering and at times it was feared that she would die. Isabella of Castile , Catherine’s mother, died. The death of Isabella lowered Catherine’s value as a bride and caused Henry to rethink marrying his son to Catherine. Catherine had no income of her own and found it difficult to pay her servants. The Spanish ambassador, de Puebla wrote to her father, Ferdinand of Aragon asking his advice. 1505 (27th June) On the day before he was originally scheduled to marry Catherine of Aragon, Prince Henry, on his father’s instruction, made secret but formal protest against marriage to his brother’s widow. The King wanted to delay the marriage as he hoped to find a better match for his son but at the same time he did not want to formally break off the engagement as he wanted to keep the first instalment of Catherine’s dowry which had been paid after her marriage to Arthur. Catherine had been living at Durham house but due to her financial situation she was unable to pay her servants. When she complained of her situation, Henry VII ordered her to court. 1505 (24th November) Catherine’s father, Ferdinand of Aragon, sent copies of the papal dispensation issued by Pope Julius in 1504 allowing the marriage of Catherine and Henry to go ahead. He hoped to persuade Henry to allow the marriage to go ahead. Catherine’s sister, Joanna and her husband Philip of Spain paid a visit to England. Catherine was provided with new clothes for the visit. 1506 (late April) King Henry VII stated publicly that the 1503 betrothal ceremony between Catherine and Prince Henry was invalid because prince Henry had been underage at the time. He stated that he would not enter any further discussions regarding a marriage between prince Henry and Catherine of Aragon until the remainder of her dowry was paid. Catherine and Prince Henry spent time together and realised that they got on very well. When Henry VII discovered that the pair had been spending time together he sent Catherine to live at Fulham Palace where he said the air would be better for her health. Henry VII wrote to Ferdinand demanding that he send the second part of Catherine’s dowry to England within six months. Ferdinand of Aragon appointed Catherine as Spanish Ambassador. She was the first woman to hold the title of Ambassador in Europe. Ferdinand also sent her 2,000 ducats, which helped her situation a little though she was still short of money. Ferdinand of Aragon had not sent the second part of Catherine’s dowry and so Henry VII was forced to extend the deadline for the payment of Catherine’s dowry to March 1508. Henry was angry that Ferdinand had still not sent the second part of Catherine’s and broke off Catherine’s allowance leaving her with no income. The Spanish ambassador, Fuensalida wrote to Ferdinand asking him to send a ship to the Thames so that he and Catherine could return to Spain. Catherine’s financial situation was now worse than ever, not only did she have no money with which to pay her servants, she now had nothing left to pawn. 1509 (21st April) After a long illness, King Henry VII , aged fifty-two years, died from tuberculosis at Richmond palace, Surrey. 1509 (early June) Catherine was visited in her private chambers by the new King Henry VIII . He proposed to her and she accepted. 1509 (11th June) Catherine of Aragon married King Henry VIII in the church of Greenwich Palace. The service was performed by the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Warham. 1509 (24th June) Henry was crowned King Henry VIII and Catherine was crowned Queen at Westminster Abbey. The coronation service was conducted by William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury. After the ceremony a coronation banquet was held at Westminster Hall. The streets of London were decorated with tapestries and cloth of gold and food and drink were set out on trestle tables for the people. Catherine of Aragon announced that she was pregnant. 1510 (31st January) Catherine was prematurely delivered of a stillborn daughter. Miscarriage and stillbirth were a common occurrence in the sixteenth century. Catherine announced a second pregnancy 1511 (1st January) A son, Henry, was born to Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Guns were fired from the Tower of London and the city bells were rung. Beacons were lit to announce the royal birth to the country. 1511 (6th January) Prince Henry was christened at Richmond. His godparents were the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Earl of Surrey and the Countess of Devon. 1511 (22nd February) Prince Henry died at Richmond Palace. Both King and Queen were deeply upset. The infant prince was buried in Westminster Abbey. Catherine accompanied Henry on a progress of England. A progress was a form of working holiday where the monarch would visit different regions of his land staying with noblemen. 1513 (15th June) Catherine accompanied Henry and his army of around 11,000 men to Dover where they would make the crossing to France. 1513 (30th June) Catherine said goodbye to Henry and he set sail from Dover bound for Calais. He appointed Catherine, who was pregnant again, to act as regent in his absence. She was given the titles Captain-General of the Home forces and Governor of the Realm. 1513 (9th September) The English defeated the Scots at the Battle of Flodden Field. Catherine ordered that the bloodied coat of King James IV be sent to Henry in France. 1513 (17th September) Catherine went into labour prematurely and was delivered of a son that died soon after birth. Catherine announced that she was pregnant again. 1515 (8th January) Catherine of Aragon was delivered of a stillborn son. Catherine of Aragon announced her fifth pregnancy. 1516 (23rd January) 1516 (18th February) Queen Catherine gave birth to a healthy baby girl at 4am at Greenwich Palace. The child was named Mary . Although the birth was celebrated there was disappointment that the baby was not a boy. 1516 (21st February) Princess Mary was christened in the Chapel of Observant Friars, Greenwich. Catherine announced her sixth pregnancy. Queen Catherine visited Merton College, Oxford. The visit was combined with a pilgrimage to the shrine of St Frideswide. 1518 (5th October) Princess Mary aged two years was formally betrothed to Henri, the Dauphin of France. 1518 (10th November) Catherine of Aragon was delivered of a daughter but she was weak and died within days. Catherine was upset and hurt when she learnt that Henry’s former mistress, Elizabeth (Bessie) Blount had given birth to a baby boy. Henry recognised the child as his own and he was named Henry Fitzroy 1519 (late Summer) Catherine began to withdraw from court life. It is thought that the number of pregnancies and stillbirths had affected her health. She may have also been suffering from depression. 1520 (11th – 22nd June) Mary Boleyn became King Henry’s mistress 1522 (19th June) Princess Mary and Charles V were formally betrothed in the presence of the English court. Henry stopped having sexual relations with Catherine. He was beginning to doubt the validity of his marriage. 1525 (late June) Charles V formally renounced his betrothal to Mary stating his intention to marry Isabella of Portugal. Princess Mary was sent to Ludlow to establish her own court in the Welsh marches. Catherine was upset that her daughter was to be sent away from London. Princess Mary returned to London to celebrate Christmas with her parents. Princess Mary returned to Ludlow. 1527 (early March) The Bishop of Tarbes, in England to negotiate a French marriage for Princess Mary, questioned the validity of Henry’s marriage, having married his brother’s widow, and the legitimacy of Princess Mary. Henry was becoming increasingly concerned about his marriage. In particular he was concerned by a passage in Leviticus that warns of the consequences which would be inflicted by God on anyone marrying his brother’s widow. Henry reasoned that the consequences in his case were a lack of a male heir. He decided that he had to divorce Catherine. 1527 (22nd June) Henry told Catherine that they must separate because they had been living in sin. He asked for her cooperation and said that she could choose a house to retire to until the matter was resolved. Catherine was very upset and told Henry that her marriage to him was lawful and that she would resist any move to have the marriage annulled. Catherine managed to get a letter out of the country to her nephew, Charles V, telling him of her situation in England. She asked Charles to speak to Henry on her behalf and also to persuade the Pope to make sure that the case was tried in Rome. It became common knowledge that the King had set Catherine aside for Anne Boleyn and this was not well received. Anne Boleyn was booed and jeered whenever she appeared in the streets. Catherine of Aragon was very popular with the population and whenever she was seen she was greeted with cries of “victory over your enemies”. Princess Mary returned to court because she was in poor health. met Catherine’s almoner, Robert Shorton. Shorton insisted that Catherine’s first marriage had not been consummated and stated that there were Papal bulls in Spain which allowed Catherine and Henry to marry despite any impediment. Wolsey told Shorton to impress upon Catherine that she should retire to a convent leaving Henry free to remarry. 1528 (29th September) arrived in England from Rome. He had been sent to help Wolsey try the King’s marriage. 1528 (early October) Catherine chose her legal counsel – William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury, John Fisher , Bishop of Rochester, Dr Henry Standish, Bishop of St Asaphs, Cuthbert Tunstall, Bishop of London and John Clerk, Bishop of Bath and Wells. Catherine announced that she had in her possession a copy of the dispensation issued by Julius II in 1504 that allowed her to marry Henry regardless of whether her marriage to Arthur had been consummated or not. 1528 (24th October) Campeggio met Catherine and advised her to enter a convent and retire gracefully. However, Catherine made it clear that her first marriage had been unconsummated and that she intended to live and die a married woman. 1528 (late October) Catherine stated that she would not accept the findings of Wolsey and Campeggio’s court and that she would only accept the findings of the Pope himself. Campeggio was annoyed that Catherine would not retire to a convent and felt that she was compromising the position of himself and the Pope since the case would necessitate questions of theology and the relationship of theologians and God. 1528 (late October) Catherine was notified by letter that she was inciting the people to rebellion by riding out and that if she persisted in working against the King then she would be separated from both the King and her daughter, Mary. Catherine was separated from princess Mary and kept in isolation. She continued to refuse to enter a convent. 1528 (late November) Wolsey wrote to Catherine telling her that the copy of the Papal dispensation she had in her possession was useless since no court would recognise a copy. He told her that she had to send to Spain and have the original brought to England for the court to see. Catherine was worried that if the original was brought to England it would be destroyed. Catherine lodged an appeal to Rome against the authority of the Legatine Court and the ability of Wolsey and Campeggio to try her marriage. Henry asked Catherine to choose those she wished to represent her during the forthcoming trial. Although she still refused to acknowledge the authority of the legatine court she chose Archbishop Warham, Cuthbert Tunstall Bishop of Ely and St Asaph and her main supporter, John Fisher Bishop of Rochester. 1529 (31st May) Wolsey and Campeggio opened court at Blackfriars. Henry and Catherine were summoned to appear before the court on 18th June. 1529 (16th June) Catherine made formal protest to Rome against the Legatine Court. 1529 (18th June) Catherine was loudly applauded as she made her way to the Legatine Court. Once inside, she challenged that authority of the Court and the qualification of the two legates to hear the case. She stated her wish for the case to be heard in Rome, but this was denied. Both Catherine and Henry were told to reappear on 21st June. 1529 (21st June) The Legatine court reassembled at Blackfriars. Henry spoke of his fears that his lack of male heir was evidence of God’s displeasure that he had married his brother’s widow. Catherine, in reply, made a very moving speech asserting the validity of her present marriage. She then walked over to Henry and knelt at his feet. She asked him to take pity on her as she was a foreigner. She also asked Henry to bear witness that she had been a virgin on their wedding night. Turning to the two legates she then stated that she did not recognise the authority of their court and asked for the case to be referred to Rome. When this was refused she turned and walked out of the court. Catherine was declared in contempt of court and a citation was made calling for her to return on 25th June. 1529 (25th June) The legatine court reopened. Catherine did not appear and was declared in contempt of court. The trial continued in her absence. 1529 (28th June) At the legatine court John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, spoke saying that in 1527 Henry had asked all bishops to voice their opinions on his marriage. The Bishop now stated that in his opinion the royal marriage was legal for he believed that the papal dispensation granted in 1503 had removed any impediments there might be to the marriage. 1529 (mid July) Henry ordered the legates to visit Catherine and persuade her to submit to his wishes. Catherine was reluctant to receive them privately saying that they could speak freely in front of her women. Despite their persuasions she maintained her belief in the legitimacy of her marriage. 1529 (16th July) Pope Clement VII decided to revoke the commission granted to Wolsey and Campeggio and refer the King’s divorce case to Rome. 1529 (23rd July) The legatine court reassembled at Blackfriars. The court was packed as it was rumoured that a decision would be made. However, Campeggio merely announced that because of the large number of documents to be examined he would be unable to give judgement today. He went on to say that the court would now have to be adjourned until October because it was practice in Rome to break for the summer months. The court was shocked and the duke of Suffolk shouted “It was never merry in England while we had Cardinals among us.” Henry walked out of the court. Henry was furious when he received a summons from Rome to appear before the papal curia. He was becoming aware that the Pope may never grant him a divorce. He realised that he needed to find another solution. Thomas Cranmer told Henry that he believed the marriage should be tried by the Doctors of Divinity in the Universities for it was them that studied the Bible and were therefore better qualified to discuss its meaning. If the marriage were found to be invalid then all that would be necessary would be for the Archbishop of Canterbury to pronounce the King a free man. A new Spanish ambassador, Eustache Chapuys arrived in England. Although he was committed to Catherine he quickly realised that there was little he could do since Henry was set on a divorce. 1529 (early December) Catherine was ordered to leave Greenwich Palace and go to Richmond. 1529 (24th December) Catherine was brought back to court for Christmas because there was a general sense of unease since she had been sent from court. However, Henry told Catherine that even if the Pope declared their marriage to be lawful he would shill have his divorce. He told her that the Church of Canterbury was more important than that of Rome and that if the Pope found against him he would declare the Pope a heretic and marry whomever he chose. 1529 (late December) Catherine was sent back to Richmond. Catherine wrote to her representative in Rome, Dr Pedro Ortiz and begged him to put pressure on the Pope to find her marriage lawful. Catherine was taken ill again. Catherine was present at court for the Twelfth Night celebrations and Henry sat at the same table with her. 1531 (5th January) The Pope issued a brief which ordered Henry to separate from Anne Boleyn. The brief had been issued at Catherine’s request. When it was presented to him, Henry merely glanced at the paper and put it aside. Henry visited Catherine on a regular basis hoping to persuade the people that he had been forced to set Catherine aside against his will. 1531 (31st May) A deputation of Privy Councillors – Dr Stephen Gardiner, Rowland Lee, Dr Sampson and Longland, Bishop of Lincoln – were sent to try to persuade Catherine to agree to an annulment of her marriage. She refused and went on to deny Henry’s Supremacy of the Church and stated that she would only abide by a decision made by the Pope. 1531 (11th July) Henry moved the court to Woodstock for a spell of hunting. He did not tell Catherine about the move, choosing, instead, to leave her and Mary alone in the deserted apartments at Windsor. On finding her husband gone, Catherine wrote to Henry expressing her regret that she hadn’t been up to say goodbye to him when he left to go hunting. Catherine was told that she should leave Windsor. She was asked to choose a place of residence for herself, either a nunnery or a smaller palace. Catherine was unhappy and wrote to Henry telling him that he had taken matters too far. Henry sent her to The More. Catherine was not invited to court for Christmas and Henry returned her gift saying that as they were no longer man and wife it was not proper for them to exchange gifts. Catherine was instructed to leave The More and move to the palace at Bishop’s Hatfield in Hertfordshire. Catherine’s closest friend, Maria de Salinas, Lady Willoughby, was ordered to leave Catherine’s household. she was told not to make any attempt to communicate with Catherine. Thomas Abell, who had spoken in public for Catherine, was sent to the Tower. 1532 (13th September) Catherine was told to move to Enfield which offered less comfortable accommodation. John Forrest, a member of the Observant Friars at Greenwich, former confessor of Catherine, was imprisoned for supporting Catherine rather than the King. 25th January 1533 Henry VIII married Anne Boleyn in the private chapel in Whitehall Palace. Henry ordered Catherine to move to Ampthill which was some distance from London. Catherine wrote letters to both the Pope and Charles saying that she wanted no bloodshed and would not sanction any invasion of England on her behalf. 1533 (1st April) Convocation declared by 14 votes to 7 that if Catherine’s first marriage had been consummated, then her marriage to Henry was against God’s law and as such invalid. 1533 (5th April) Convocation ruled that the Pope did not have the authority to issue a bull setting aside the ruling in Leviticus that no man shall marry his brother’s wife. The ruling was opposed by Fisher. 1533 (7th April) Act in Restraint of Appeals The passing of this act forbade all appeals to foreign tribunals in all spiritual, revenue and testamentary cases. Spiritual and secular jurisdiction was to be the ultimate responsibility of the King and the Pope’s right of intervention was abolished. It was obvious to all that this act had been passed to prevent Catherine making any further appeal to Rome. 1533 (9th April) The Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk were sent to Ampthill to tell Catherine that Henry and Anne were married. She was told that as she was now no longer queen she must use the title Princess dowager of Wales. She was allowed to keep her property but her servants and household expenses would now be her responsibility. She was also told that if she submitted to the King’s will she would be generously provided for. 1533 (8th May) Thomas Cranmer opened court and duly summoned Catherine to appear. 1533 (13th May) Thomas Cranmer declared Henry’s marriage null and void on the grounds that it was contrary to divine law. Bishop Fisher was the only bishop to protest against the decision and secretly appealed to Charles to intervene, using force if necessary. However, although angry, Charles had no intention of starting a war. 1533 (3rd July) Catherine was visited by a deputation of Councillors led by Lord Mountjoy and told that if she would submit to the King’s wishes he would provide her with a handsome estate but that if she continued to resist then things would go badly for her daughter and servants. 1533 (late July) Henry was furious with Catherine’s continual obstinacy and ordered her to move to the Bishop of Lincoln’s Palace at Buckden in Huntingdonshire. 7th September 1533 1534 (23rd March) Act of Succession This Act excluded Princess Mary from the succession and instead settled it on the children born from his marriage to Anne. It registered the invalidity of Henry’s first marriage and proclaimed his second to be legal. The Act also gave Henry the power to extract oaths from any of his subjects regarding the provisions of the Act. Anyone refusing to swear the oath would be guilty of treason. 1534 (early April) Catherine refused to swear the oath of succession. She now feared for both her own and her daughter’s life. She only ate food prepared by trusted servants and kept a constant watch on all strangers. Catherine moved to Kimbolton Castle where her apartments were more comfortable than those of Buckden. From her window she could look across the rooftops to the country beyond. She also had her own chapel behind which was a small walled garden where she could walk on fine days.. She was attended to by two of Henry’s loyal subjects, Sir Edmund Bedingfield and Sir Edward Chamberlain. They were told that Catherine was to receive no visitors unless they held a special licence from the King. Catherine refused to swear the Oath of Succession Catherine’s health began to deteriorate. The Spanish ambassador begged permission to visit her but it was refused. Catherine’s health continued to worsen. Her friend Maria de Salinas, Lady Willoughby, begged permission to visit her but permission was denied. The Spanish ambassador, Chapuys, tried to formulate a plan to help Catherine and Mary to escape from England. However, he eventually concluded that an escape was too dangerous since both Catherine and Mary would be executed if discovered. Catherine was taken ill and confined to bed with chest pains. 1535 (30th December) Catherine was thought to be dying and so Henry gave permission for the Spanish ambassador, Chapuys to visit her. Mary was still refused permission to visit her mother. 1536 (2nd January) The Spanish ambassador Chapuys visited Catherine at Kimbolton Castle. 1536 (5th January) Maria de Salinas, Catherine’s friend, forced her way into Kimbolton Castle to visit her friend. 1536 (7th January) Catherine of Aragon died. It is thought that she died from cancer, though many people at the time believed that she had been poisoned by Anne Boleyn.	<urn:uuid:37e52af8-0cd6-441f-ad3d-7d1316ccfdda>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.totallytimelines.com/catherine-of-aragon-1485-1536/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250590107.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117180950-20200117204950-00076.warc.gz	en	0.988443	6,543	3.40625	3	[ -0.284530907869339, 0.20756764709949493, 0.3870643377304077, -0.15955068171024323, -0.343264639377594, -0.3605325520038605, -0.2087496668100357, 0.1619325429201126, 0.09167130291461945, -0.07512882351875305, 0.05865895003080368, -0.8169209361076355, -0.15619628131389618, 0.3878641128540039...	1	1485 (16th December) 1489 (26th March) The Treaty of Medina del Campo This treaty of mutual agreement between England and Spain was to be sealed by the marriage of Catherine to Arthur , eldest son of Henry VII 1497 (18th July) An amendment to the Treaty of Medina del Campo laid out the details of the marriage between Catherine of Aragon and Prince Arthur of England which would go ahead when Catherine reached the age of 14 years. Her dowry of 200,000 crowns would be paid in instalments – half when the marriage took place and the remainder after the first year of marriage. 1497 (25th August) Catherine of Aragon and Prince Arthur of England were formally betrothed by proxy. The Spanish ambassador, de Puebla stood proxy for Catherine. 1499 (19th May) Catherine of Aragon and Prince Arthur of England were formally married by proxy at Tickenhill Manor, Bewdley, near Worcester, England. The Spanish ambassador, de Puebla once again stood proxy for Catherine. Work began on the construction of a platform inside St Paul’s cathedral so that the couple could be witnessed taking their vows by the people of London. 1501 (21st May) Catherine of Aragon left her home at the Alhambra in Granada for the port of Corunna where she would board a boat to England 1501 (20th July) Catherine reached the port of Corunna in Northern Spain from where she would begin her journey by sea to England. However, she was unable to depart due to unfavourable winds. 1501 (17th August) A change in the wind meant that Catherine was finally able to set sail for England. 1501 (21st August A storm in the Bay of Biscay which frightened Catherine to the point that she believed she would die, forced her to return to Laredo, near Bilbao, Spain. The ship carrying Catherine and her entourage was so battered that it had to be repaired before the journey could resume. 1501 (27th September) Catherine set sail for England a second time leaving the port of Laredo near Bilbao 1501 (2nd October) Catherine of Aragon and her entourage landed at Plymouth, Devon, England. She was welcomed by the people and escorted to Exeter by the noblemen of Devon and Cornwall. 1501 (16th October) Messengers from King Henry VII reached Exeter. They brought Catherine a message from the King welcoming her to England. Henry had also sent a delegation of nobles to escort Catherine to London. 1501 (4th November) Catherine met Arthur for the first time. The young prince and his father, King Henry VII had ridden out from London to meet Catherine at Dogmersfield in Hampshire. 1501 (9th November) Catherine finally reached Lambeth Palace, London where she was to rest until she formally entered the city. 1501 (12th November) Catherine made her formal entry into London. Her journey began at St George’s Field, Southwark from where she processed to London Bridge. She was dressed in rich clothes in the Spanish style and warmly welcomed by the people of London. The streets were hung with tapestries and she was greeted along the way by pageants. 1501 (14th November) Catherine of Aragon was married to Prince Arthur of England at St Paul’s Cathedral, London, England. Catherine was ‘given away’ by Prince Henry who escorted her up the aisle. The ceremony was conducted by the Archbishop of Canterbury , Henry Deane, who was assisted by the Bishop of London, William Warham. She wore a white satin dress with a farthingale and over her head wore a veil of fine silk trimmed with gold and pearls. After the ceremony the couple celebrated mass at the high altar. A wedding banquet was held at the Bishop’s palace. 1501 (28th November) Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain paid the first instalment of Catherine’s dowry, 100,000 gold crowns. 1501 (21st December) The newly wed Catherine and Arthur left Baynard’s Castle in London to make the journey to Ludlow Castle in the Welsh Marches where, as Prince and Princess of Wales, they would make their own court. 1502 (late March) Both Catherine and Arthur were struck down with a mystery illness. 1502 (2nd April) Prince Arthur died of the mystery illness. 1502 (23rd April) After a funeral service at the Parish church of Bewdley, Arthur was buried in the Abbey of St Wulfstan in Worcester. Catherine, did not attend the funeral because royal tradition dictated that wives did not attend their husband’s funeral. Catherine was also still confined to her bed with the same virus that had killed Arthur. 1502 (late April) Catherine of Aragon had recovered from her illness and began her journey back to London. 1502 (after April) The artist, Michael Sittow, painted a portrait of Catherine as a young widow. 1502 (10th May) Ferdinand and Isabella were anxious not to lose the English alliance and sent a new Spanish ambassador Estrada to initially insist on the return of Catherine’s dowry and when Henry VII refused, to suggest negotiating for a subsequent marriage to Prince Henry. Negotiations were delayed while the court waited to see if the young bride was pregnant. There was much confusion as to whether or not Catherine’s marriage to Arthur had been consummated and Catherine did not comment at all on the state of her virginity. 1503 (23rd June) A new treaty was signed by England and Spain which provided for the marriage of Catherine of Aragon to Prince Henry. It was agreed that the couple would marry on Henry’s fifteenth birthday in 1506. Ratification of the treaty was subject to a papal dispensation being received allowing the marriage to go ahead. Pope Julius II granted the dispensation allowing Catherine to marry Prince Henry of England. Catherine was taken ill with a mystery illness which kept her confined to bed for much of the summer. She was subject to fits of fever and shivering and at times it was feared that she would die. Isabella of Castile , Catherine’s mother, died. The death of Isabella lowered Catherine’s value as a bride and caused Henry to rethink marrying his son to Catherine. Catherine had no income of her own and found it difficult to pay her servants. The Spanish ambassador, de Puebla wrote to her father, Ferdinand of Aragon asking his advice. 1505 (27th June) On the day before he was originally scheduled to marry Catherine of Aragon, Prince Henry, on his father’s instruction, made secret but formal protest against marriage to his brother’s widow. The King wanted to delay the marriage as he hoped to find a better match for his son but at the same time he did not want to formally break off the engagement as he wanted to keep the first instalment of Catherine’s dowry which had been paid after her marriage to Arthur. Catherine had been living at Durham house but due to her financial situation she was unable to pay her servants. When she complained of her situation, Henry VII ordered her to court. 1505 (24th November) Catherine’s father, Ferdinand of Aragon, sent copies of the papal dispensation issued by Pope Julius in 1504 allowing the marriage of Catherine and Henry to go ahead. He hoped to persuade Henry to allow the marriage to go ahead. Catherine’s sister, Joanna and her husband Philip of Spain paid a visit to England. Catherine was provided with new clothes for the visit. 1506 (late April) King Henry VII stated publicly that the 1503 betrothal ceremony between Catherine and Prince Henry was invalid because prince Henry had been underage at the time. He stated that he would not enter any further discussions regarding a marriage between prince Henry and Catherine of Aragon until the remainder of her dowry was paid. Catherine and Prince Henry spent time together and realised that they got on very well. When Henry VII discovered that the pair had been spending time together he sent Catherine to live at Fulham Palace where he said the air would be better for her health. Henry VII wrote to Ferdinand demanding that he send the second part of Catherine’s dowry to England within six months. Ferdinand of Aragon appointed Catherine as Spanish Ambassador. She was the first woman to hold the title of Ambassador in Europe. Ferdinand also sent her 2,000 ducats, which helped her situation a little though she was still short of money. Ferdinand of Aragon had not sent the second part of Catherine’s dowry and so Henry VII was forced to extend the deadline for the payment of Catherine’s dowry to March 1508. Henry was angry that Ferdinand had still not sent the second part of Catherine’s and broke off Catherine’s allowance leaving her with no income. The Spanish ambassador, Fuensalida wrote to Ferdinand asking him to send a ship to the Thames so that he and Catherine could return to Spain. Catherine’s financial situation was now worse than ever, not only did she have no money with which to pay her servants, she now had nothing left to pawn. 1509 (21st April) After a long illness, King Henry VII , aged fifty-two years, died from tuberculosis at Richmond palace, Surrey. 1509 (early June) Catherine was visited in her private chambers by the new King Henry VIII . He proposed to her and she accepted. 1509 (11th June) Catherine of Aragon married King Henry VIII in the church of Greenwich Palace. The service was performed by the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Warham. 1509 (24th June) Henry was crowned King Henry VIII and Catherine was crowned Queen at Westminster Abbey. The coronation service was conducted by William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury. After the ceremony a coronation banquet was held at Westminster Hall. The streets of London were decorated with tapestries and cloth of gold and food and drink were set out on trestle tables for the people. Catherine of Aragon announced that she was pregnant. 1510 (31st January) Catherine was prematurely delivered of a stillborn daughter. Miscarriage and stillbirth were a common occurrence in the sixteenth century. Catherine announced a second pregnancy 1511 (1st January) A son, Henry, was born to Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Guns were fired from the Tower of London and the city bells were rung. Beacons were lit to announce the royal birth to the country. 1511 (6th January) Prince Henry was christened at Richmond. His godparents were the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Earl of Surrey and the Countess of Devon. 1511 (22nd February) Prince Henry died at Richmond Palace. Both King and Queen were deeply upset. The infant prince was buried in Westminster Abbey. Catherine accompanied Henry on a progress of England. A progress was a form of working holiday where the monarch would visit different regions of his land staying with noblemen. 1513 (15th June) Catherine accompanied Henry and his army of around 11,000 men to Dover where they would make the crossing to France. 1513 (30th June) Catherine said goodbye to Henry and he set sail from Dover bound for Calais. He appointed Catherine, who was pregnant again, to act as regent in his absence. She was given the titles Captain-General of the Home forces and Governor of the Realm. 1513 (9th September) The English defeated the Scots at the Battle of Flodden Field. Catherine ordered that the bloodied coat of King James IV be sent to Henry in France. 1513 (17th September) Catherine went into labour prematurely and was delivered of a son that died soon after birth. Catherine announced that she was pregnant again. 1515 (8th January) Catherine of Aragon was delivered of a stillborn son. Catherine of Aragon announced her fifth pregnancy. 1516 (23rd January) 1516 (18th February) Queen Catherine gave birth to a healthy baby girl at 4am at Greenwich Palace. The child was named Mary . Although the birth was celebrated there was disappointment that the baby was not a boy. 1516 (21st February) Princess Mary was christened in the Chapel of Observant Friars, Greenwich. Catherine announced her sixth pregnancy. Queen Catherine visited Merton College, Oxford. The visit was combined with a pilgrimage to the shrine of St Frideswide. 1518 (5th October) Princess Mary aged two years was formally betrothed to Henri, the Dauphin of France. 1518 (10th November) Catherine of Aragon was delivered of a daughter but she was weak and died within days. Catherine was upset and hurt when she learnt that Henry’s former mistress, Elizabeth (Bessie) Blount had given birth to a baby boy. Henry recognised the child as his own and he was named Henry Fitzroy 1519 (late Summer) Catherine began to withdraw from court life. It is thought that the number of pregnancies and stillbirths had affected her health. She may have also been suffering from depression. 1520 (11th – 22nd June) Mary Boleyn became King Henry’s mistress 1522 (19th June) Princess Mary and Charles V were formally betrothed in the presence of the English court. Henry stopped having sexual relations with Catherine. He was beginning to doubt the validity of his marriage. 1525 (late June) Charles V formally renounced his betrothal to Mary stating his intention to marry Isabella of Portugal. Princess Mary was sent to Ludlow to establish her own court in the Welsh marches. Catherine was upset that her daughter was to be sent away from London. Princess Mary returned to London to celebrate Christmas with her parents. Princess Mary returned to Ludlow. 1527 (early March) The Bishop of Tarbes, in England to negotiate a French marriage for Princess Mary, questioned the validity of Henry’s marriage, having married his brother’s widow, and the legitimacy of Princess Mary. Henry was becoming increasingly concerned about his marriage. In particular he was concerned by a passage in Leviticus that warns of the consequences which would be inflicted by God on anyone marrying his brother’s widow. Henry reasoned that the consequences in his case were a lack of a male heir. He decided that he had to divorce Catherine. 1527 (22nd June) Henry told Catherine that they must separate because they had been living in sin. He asked for her cooperation and said that she could choose a house to retire to until the matter was resolved. Catherine was very upset and told Henry that her marriage to him was lawful and that she would resist any move to have the marriage annulled. Catherine managed to get a letter out of the country to her nephew, Charles V, telling him of her situation in England. She asked Charles to speak to Henry on her behalf and also to persuade the Pope to make sure that the case was tried in Rome. It became common knowledge that the King had set Catherine aside for Anne Boleyn and this was not well received. Anne Boleyn was booed and jeered whenever she appeared in the streets. Catherine of Aragon was very popular with the population and whenever she was seen she was greeted with cries of “victory over your enemies”. Princess Mary returned to court because she was in poor health. met Catherine’s almoner, Robert Shorton. Shorton insisted that Catherine’s first marriage had not been consummated and stated that there were Papal bulls in Spain which allowed Catherine and Henry to marry despite any impediment. Wolsey told Shorton to impress upon Catherine that she should retire to a convent leaving Henry free to remarry. 1528 (29th September) arrived in England from Rome. He had been sent to help Wolsey try the King’s marriage. 1528 (early October) Catherine chose her legal counsel – William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury, John Fisher , Bishop of Rochester, Dr Henry Standish, Bishop of St Asaphs, Cuthbert Tunstall, Bishop of London and John Clerk, Bishop of Bath and Wells. Catherine announced that she had in her possession a copy of the dispensation issued by Julius II in 1504 that allowed her to marry Henry regardless of whether her marriage to Arthur had been consummated or not. 1528 (24th October) Campeggio met Catherine and advised her to enter a convent and retire gracefully. However, Catherine made it clear that her first marriage had been unconsummated and that she intended to live and die a married woman. 1528 (late October) Catherine stated that she would not accept the findings of Wolsey and Campeggio’s court and that she would only accept the findings of the Pope himself. Campeggio was annoyed that Catherine would not retire to a convent and felt that she was compromising the position of himself and the Pope since the case would necessitate questions of theology and the relationship of theologians and God. 1528 (late October) Catherine was notified by letter that she was inciting the people to rebellion by riding out and that if she persisted in working against the King then she would be separated from both the King and her daughter, Mary. Catherine was separated from princess Mary and kept in isolation. She continued to refuse to enter a convent. 1528 (late November) Wolsey wrote to Catherine telling her that the copy of the Papal dispensation she had in her possession was useless since no court would recognise a copy. He told her that she had to send to Spain and have the original brought to England for the court to see. Catherine was worried that if the original was brought to England it would be destroyed. Catherine lodged an appeal to Rome against the authority of the Legatine Court and the ability of Wolsey and Campeggio to try her marriage. Henry asked Catherine to choose those she wished to represent her during the forthcoming trial. Although she still refused to acknowledge the authority of the legatine court she chose Archbishop Warham, Cuthbert Tunstall Bishop of Ely and St Asaph and her main supporter, John Fisher Bishop of Rochester. 1529 (31st May) Wolsey and Campeggio opened court at Blackfriars. Henry and Catherine were summoned to appear before the court on 18th June. 1529 (16th June) Catherine made formal protest to Rome against the Legatine Court. 1529 (18th June) Catherine was loudly applauded as she made her way to the Legatine Court. Once inside, she challenged that authority of the Court and the qualification of the two legates to hear the case. She stated her wish for the case to be heard in Rome, but this was denied. Both Catherine and Henry were told to reappear on 21st June. 1529 (21st June) The Legatine court reassembled at Blackfriars. Henry spoke of his fears that his lack of male heir was evidence of God’s displeasure that he had married his brother’s widow. Catherine, in reply, made a very moving speech asserting the validity of her present marriage. She then walked over to Henry and knelt at his feet. She asked him to take pity on her as she was a foreigner. She also asked Henry to bear witness that she had been a virgin on their wedding night. Turning to the two legates she then stated that she did not recognise the authority of their court and asked for the case to be referred to Rome. When this was refused she turned and walked out of the court. Catherine was declared in contempt of court and a citation was made calling for her to return on 25th June. 1529 (25th June) The legatine court reopened. Catherine did not appear and was declared in contempt of court. The trial continued in her absence. 1529 (28th June) At the legatine court John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, spoke saying that in 1527 Henry had asked all bishops to voice their opinions on his marriage. The Bishop now stated that in his opinion the royal marriage was legal for he believed that the papal dispensation granted in 1503 had removed any impediments there might be to the marriage. 1529 (mid July) Henry ordered the legates to visit Catherine and persuade her to submit to his wishes. Catherine was reluctant to receive them privately saying that they could speak freely in front of her women. Despite their persuasions she maintained her belief in the legitimacy of her marriage. 1529 (16th July) Pope Clement VII decided to revoke the commission granted to Wolsey and Campeggio and refer the King’s divorce case to Rome. 1529 (23rd July) The legatine court reassembled at Blackfriars. The court was packed as it was rumoured that a decision would be made. However, Campeggio merely announced that because of the large number of documents to be examined he would be unable to give judgement today. He went on to say that the court would now have to be adjourned until October because it was practice in Rome to break for the summer months. The court was shocked and the duke of Suffolk shouted “It was never merry in England while we had Cardinals among us.” Henry walked out of the court. Henry was furious when he received a summons from Rome to appear before the papal curia. He was becoming aware that the Pope may never grant him a divorce. He realised that he needed to find another solution. Thomas Cranmer told Henry that he believed the marriage should be tried by the Doctors of Divinity in the Universities for it was them that studied the Bible and were therefore better qualified to discuss its meaning. If the marriage were found to be invalid then all that would be necessary would be for the Archbishop of Canterbury to pronounce the King a free man. A new Spanish ambassador, Eustache Chapuys arrived in England. Although he was committed to Catherine he quickly realised that there was little he could do since Henry was set on a divorce. 1529 (early December) Catherine was ordered to leave Greenwich Palace and go to Richmond. 1529 (24th December) Catherine was brought back to court for Christmas because there was a general sense of unease since she had been sent from court. However, Henry told Catherine that even if the Pope declared their marriage to be lawful he would shill have his divorce. He told her that the Church of Canterbury was more important than that of Rome and that if the Pope found against him he would declare the Pope a heretic and marry whomever he chose. 1529 (late December) Catherine was sent back to Richmond. Catherine wrote to her representative in Rome, Dr Pedro Ortiz and begged him to put pressure on the Pope to find her marriage lawful. Catherine was taken ill again. Catherine was present at court for the Twelfth Night celebrations and Henry sat at the same table with her. 1531 (5th January) The Pope issued a brief which ordered Henry to separate from Anne Boleyn. The brief had been issued at Catherine’s request. When it was presented to him, Henry merely glanced at the paper and put it aside. Henry visited Catherine on a regular basis hoping to persuade the people that he had been forced to set Catherine aside against his will. 1531 (31st May) A deputation of Privy Councillors – Dr Stephen Gardiner, Rowland Lee, Dr Sampson and Longland, Bishop of Lincoln – were sent to try to persuade Catherine to agree to an annulment of her marriage. She refused and went on to deny Henry’s Supremacy of the Church and stated that she would only abide by a decision made by the Pope. 1531 (11th July) Henry moved the court to Woodstock for a spell of hunting. He did not tell Catherine about the move, choosing, instead, to leave her and Mary alone in the deserted apartments at Windsor. On finding her husband gone, Catherine wrote to Henry expressing her regret that she hadn’t been up to say goodbye to him when he left to go hunting. Catherine was told that she should leave Windsor. She was asked to choose a place of residence for herself, either a nunnery or a smaller palace. Catherine was unhappy and wrote to Henry telling him that he had taken matters too far. Henry sent her to The More. Catherine was not invited to court for Christmas and Henry returned her gift saying that as they were no longer man and wife it was not proper for them to exchange gifts. Catherine was instructed to leave The More and move to the palace at Bishop’s Hatfield in Hertfordshire. Catherine’s closest friend, Maria de Salinas, Lady Willoughby, was ordered to leave Catherine’s household. she was told not to make any attempt to communicate with Catherine. Thomas Abell, who had spoken in public for Catherine, was sent to the Tower. 1532 (13th September) Catherine was told to move to Enfield which offered less comfortable accommodation. John Forrest, a member of the Observant Friars at Greenwich, former confessor of Catherine, was imprisoned for supporting Catherine rather than the King. 25th January 1533 Henry VIII married Anne Boleyn in the private chapel in Whitehall Palace. Henry ordered Catherine to move to Ampthill which was some distance from London. Catherine wrote letters to both the Pope and Charles saying that she wanted no bloodshed and would not sanction any invasion of England on her behalf. 1533 (1st April) Convocation declared by 14 votes to 7 that if Catherine’s first marriage had been consummated, then her marriage to Henry was against God’s law and as such invalid. 1533 (5th April) Convocation ruled that the Pope did not have the authority to issue a bull setting aside the ruling in Leviticus that no man shall marry his brother’s wife. The ruling was opposed by Fisher. 1533 (7th April) Act in Restraint of Appeals The passing of this act forbade all appeals to foreign tribunals in all spiritual, revenue and testamentary cases. Spiritual and secular jurisdiction was to be the ultimate responsibility of the King and the Pope’s right of intervention was abolished. It was obvious to all that this act had been passed to prevent Catherine making any further appeal to Rome. 1533 (9th April) The Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk were sent to Ampthill to tell Catherine that Henry and Anne were married. She was told that as she was now no longer queen she must use the title Princess dowager of Wales. She was allowed to keep her property but her servants and household expenses would now be her responsibility. She was also told that if she submitted to the King’s will she would be generously provided for. 1533 (8th May) Thomas Cranmer opened court and duly summoned Catherine to appear. 1533 (13th May) Thomas Cranmer declared Henry’s marriage null and void on the grounds that it was contrary to divine law. Bishop Fisher was the only bishop to protest against the decision and secretly appealed to Charles to intervene, using force if necessary. However, although angry, Charles had no intention of starting a war. 1533 (3rd July) Catherine was visited by a deputation of Councillors led by Lord Mountjoy and told that if she would submit to the King’s wishes he would provide her with a handsome estate but that if she continued to resist then things would go badly for her daughter and servants. 1533 (late July) Henry was furious with Catherine’s continual obstinacy and ordered her to move to the Bishop of Lincoln’s Palace at Buckden in Huntingdonshire. 7th September 1533 1534 (23rd March) Act of Succession This Act excluded Princess Mary from the succession and instead settled it on the children born from his marriage to Anne. It registered the invalidity of Henry’s first marriage and proclaimed his second to be legal. The Act also gave Henry the power to extract oaths from any of his subjects regarding the provisions of the Act. Anyone refusing to swear the oath would be guilty of treason. 1534 (early April) Catherine refused to swear the oath of succession. She now feared for both her own and her daughter’s life. She only ate food prepared by trusted servants and kept a constant watch on all strangers. Catherine moved to Kimbolton Castle where her apartments were more comfortable than those of Buckden. From her window she could look across the rooftops to the country beyond. She also had her own chapel behind which was a small walled garden where she could walk on fine days.. She was attended to by two of Henry’s loyal subjects, Sir Edmund Bedingfield and Sir Edward Chamberlain. They were told that Catherine was to receive no visitors unless they held a special licence from the King. Catherine refused to swear the Oath of Succession Catherine’s health began to deteriorate. The Spanish ambassador begged permission to visit her but it was refused. Catherine’s health continued to worsen. Her friend Maria de Salinas, Lady Willoughby, begged permission to visit her but permission was denied. The Spanish ambassador, Chapuys, tried to formulate a plan to help Catherine and Mary to escape from England. However, he eventually concluded that an escape was too dangerous since both Catherine and Mary would be executed if discovered. Catherine was taken ill and confined to bed with chest pains. 1535 (30th December) Catherine was thought to be dying and so Henry gave permission for the Spanish ambassador, Chapuys to visit her. Mary was still refused permission to visit her mother. 1536 (2nd January) The Spanish ambassador Chapuys visited Catherine at Kimbolton Castle. 1536 (5th January) Maria de Salinas, Catherine’s friend, forced her way into Kimbolton Castle to visit her friend. 1536 (7th January) Catherine of Aragon died. It is thought that she died from cancer, though many people at the time believed that she had been poisoned by Anne Boleyn.	6,487	ENGLISH	1
28 August 2018 Cortez and the Aztec Hernán Cortés was a Spanish vanquisher, best known for overcoming the Aztec realm in 1521 and claiming Mexico for Spain. He made a difference colonizing Cuba and got to be a senator of Modern Spain. Cortés was born in 1485 in Medellin, Spain. He was the only respectful child , in spite of the fact that his parents were not even that wealthy. At the age of 14, Cortés was sent to ponder law at the College of Salamanca, but he was anxious and troubled. He conquered Aztec in August 13, 1521. The Spanish Campaign started in February 1519, and was declared victorious on August 12, 1521, when a fusion armed force of Spanish powers and local Tlaxcalan warriors led by Hernán Cortés and Xioctencatl the youngest kidnapped the head of Cuauhtemoc and Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire. Who were the Aztec and why did Hernán Cortés conquer the Aztec Empire ? The Aztec were a prosperous and high-powered nation in the New World. They had various types of ethnicity and exceptionally spread out . Their heritage was ran by cleric ( which was called theocracy) and they were committed to a God that was half serpent, half bird which was called Quetzalcoatl. They were located in modern day Mexico City that was called Tenochtitlan before. Hernán Cortés wanted to conquer the Aztec Empire to gain wealth and power in the New World and be known by the crown ( Ferdinand and Isabella). It was so easy for Cortes and his men to conquer the mighty Aztec Empire in 3 ways which were the horses, weapons , and disease. Native Americans did not have horses but horses had long been used in wars in Europe. The horse gave the proprietor a clear advantage in chasing down a retreating enemy. The Spanish people had powerful weapons and swords against the bolts and stone-bladed swords of the Local Americans . Something which was frequently disregarded is the truth that the Spanish made utilize of Tribal or National rivalries existing between the Aztec and Inca, who were in control in pre-Columbian times and those groups had prevailed or undermined. Last but not the least the disease, the crossing point of a few highly infectious illnesses served to weaken not as it were the Aztec but numerous other local populaces all through Mexico and the two western landmasses. Besides, once Cortés had surrounded and cut of the Aztec Capital from nourishment, these infectious served to rush the vanquish of its individuals. At last, due to starvation and illness , the radiant Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan surrendered. In conclusion, after Cortés victory in Aztec , he returned to Mexico , presently known as Modern Spain and found the country in chaos. After establishing a few arrangements, he resigned to his domain which is south of Mexico City and sent out oceanic endeavors from the Pacific coast. In 1540, he later returned to Spain and was dismissed by the court and later passed away in 1547. o ponder law at the College of Salamanca, but he was anxious and troubled.Cortés was born in 1485 in Medellín, Spain. He was the as it were child of respectable, in spite of the fact that not well off, guardians. At age 14, Cortés was sent to ponder law at the College of Salamanca, but he was anxious and troubled.	<urn:uuid:969068dc-5d59-47a1-b30b-7b7d407273c1>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://secondstaralaska.com/oluwayemi-olususi-professor-ballard-hist-1301-28-august-2018-cortez-and-the-aztec-hernan-cortes-was-a-spanish-vanquisher/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00100.warc.gz	en	0.989038	731	3.546875	4	[ -0.4271692633628845, 0.21809791028499603, 0.5342049598693848, 0.34048300981521606, -0.14921605587005615, -0.3656123876571655, 0.0950612723827362, 0.42511236667633057, -0.3972044885158539, -0.3001934289932251, -0.031129784882068634, -0.309497207403183, 0.046431586146354675, 0.32797634601593...	2	28 August 2018 Cortez and the Aztec Hernán Cortés was a Spanish vanquisher, best known for overcoming the Aztec realm in 1521 and claiming Mexico for Spain. He made a difference colonizing Cuba and got to be a senator of Modern Spain. Cortés was born in 1485 in Medellin, Spain. He was the only respectful child , in spite of the fact that his parents were not even that wealthy. At the age of 14, Cortés was sent to ponder law at the College of Salamanca, but he was anxious and troubled. He conquered Aztec in August 13, 1521. The Spanish Campaign started in February 1519, and was declared victorious on August 12, 1521, when a fusion armed force of Spanish powers and local Tlaxcalan warriors led by Hernán Cortés and Xioctencatl the youngest kidnapped the head of Cuauhtemoc and Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire. Who were the Aztec and why did Hernán Cortés conquer the Aztec Empire ? The Aztec were a prosperous and high-powered nation in the New World. They had various types of ethnicity and exceptionally spread out . Their heritage was ran by cleric ( which was called theocracy) and they were committed to a God that was half serpent, half bird which was called Quetzalcoatl. They were located in modern day Mexico City that was called Tenochtitlan before. Hernán Cortés wanted to conquer the Aztec Empire to gain wealth and power in the New World and be known by the crown ( Ferdinand and Isabella). It was so easy for Cortes and his men to conquer the mighty Aztec Empire in 3 ways which were the horses, weapons , and disease. Native Americans did not have horses but horses had long been used in wars in Europe. The horse gave the proprietor a clear advantage in chasing down a retreating enemy. The Spanish people had powerful weapons and swords against the bolts and stone-bladed swords of the Local Americans . Something which was frequently disregarded is the truth that the Spanish made utilize of Tribal or National rivalries existing between the Aztec and Inca, who were in control in pre-Columbian times and those groups had prevailed or undermined. Last but not the least the disease, the crossing point of a few highly infectious illnesses served to weaken not as it were the Aztec but numerous other local populaces all through Mexico and the two western landmasses. Besides, once Cortés had surrounded and cut of the Aztec Capital from nourishment, these infectious served to rush the vanquish of its individuals. At last, due to starvation and illness , the radiant Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan surrendered. In conclusion, after Cortés victory in Aztec , he returned to Mexico , presently known as Modern Spain and found the country in chaos. After establishing a few arrangements, he resigned to his domain which is south of Mexico City and sent out oceanic endeavors from the Pacific coast. In 1540, he later returned to Spain and was dismissed by the court and later passed away in 1547. o ponder law at the College of Salamanca, but he was anxious and troubled.Cortés was born in 1485 in Medellín, Spain. He was the as it were child of respectable, in spite of the fact that not well off, guardians. At age 14, Cortés was sent to ponder law at the College of Salamanca, but he was anxious and troubled.	758	ENGLISH	1
Learning about the history of theatre is crucial in any theatre classroom. Below are very brief descriptions of the changes that theatre has gone through throughout history. For more in-depth research, please see the links below. Ancient Greek Theatre: The beginning of theatre as we know it. Stories had often been told through songs, but theatre is considered to have been invented by the Greeks when a man named Thespis began to act out the actions of the songs he was performing, inhabiting different characters while doing so. Thespis is considered to be the first actor, and this is where we get the term "Thespian." Theatre at this time was performed once a year, as part of a festival honoring the Greek God Dionysus. The festival was a competition between the playwrights, who entered their plays into the competition, often acted in them, and served as a form of director, although that title would not exist for thousands of years. The principal characters in the plays were played by three men who wore different masks to distinguish their characters. These actors were supplemented by a chorus who would often portray citizens of the city in which the play takes place, and would frequently be used to enact backstory during the play, such as in Agamemnon, when the chorus is used to enact the story of Agamemnon going off to war and sacrificing his daughter. The key difference between ancient Greek tragedies and the theatre of today is that while playwrights today mostly compose original stories that makes the audience ask the question "what is going to happen next?" the plays of ancient Greece were well known myths and stories that the audience would have been familiar with. Rather than the mystery being what will happen next, Greek tragedians sought to make their audiences question why these events happened, often using the past to comment on the politics of the time. The Greeks also did not mix their comedy with tragedy, they were kept completely separate. Comedies were what today we would consider very farcical, often using sexual and obscene humor. A good example of this is Lysistrata, in which a woman attempts to stop the Peloponnesian war by persuading the women of the land to deny the men sex until the war is put to an end. Roman Theatre: Like Much of Roman culture, the theatre of Ancient Rome was heavily inspired by the Greeks. Many plays produced in Rome at this time were simply translations or updated versions of Greek plays, although Rome also had a number of original Roman plays. The theatre began to evolve in this time, eventually transitioning away from masked performers in favor of more elaborate costumes. Actors were not well respected in Rome. Plays generally had a mix of free and enslaved people as actors, and actors were not allowed to vote or serve in the military, and giving a bad performance often resulted in punishment. Unfortunately, very few Roman plays survive today, but we know that like Greek theatre, they had both tragedies and comedies. The comedies were also very crude and sexual like the Greek's. Roman theatre had a lot more competition than Greek plays did. It was no longer an event that the entire city came to watch. Roman theatre was a part of festival just like Greek theatre, honoring Jupiter instead of Dionysus, but there were many other options for entertainment, like reenactments of sea battles, Gladiators, Lion pits, jugglers and acrobats,and sexual performances involving naked mimes. Renaissance Theatre: This period is often referred to as Elizabethan Theatre, although it began significantly before the reign of Queen Elizabeth. During this time, playwrights like Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Middleton, and Ben Johnson were very popular, although they are historically overshadowed by the period's most famous playwright by far, a man from Stratford-Upon-Avon named William Shakespeare. Shakespeare is widely accepted to be the greatest playwright in history, and his work makes Renaissance Theatre one of the most important periods of theatre in history, perhaps second only to Greek Theatre. During this time there were strict restrictions instituted by the government limiting what could be seen onstage, the most notable being that no holy sacraments could be seen in a play, meaning that there are no onstage weddings in any of Shakespeare's plays. Shakespeare and the other playwrights of this time were very aware of Roman plays and playwrights, resulting in many references to Roman Mythology in Shakespeare's works, and many plays of the Renaissance were updated versions of stories told in the Roman Theatre. They were not, however, familiar with the works of the ancient Greeks and were not directly influenced by it. The proscenium stage that we know today had still not been invented, the theaters of this time had audience nearly surrounding the stage, and most of the audience stood rather than sitting. Sitting behind the stage, while a very bad angle at which to view the play Crash Course: An excellent video series that teaches the complete history of theatre: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtONXALkeh5uisZqrAcPKCee General Overview: https://schoolworkhelper.net/history-of-theatre-7th-20th-century/ Greek Theatre: https://www.ancient.eu/Greek_Theatre/ Roman Theatre: https://www.crystalinks.com/rometheatre.html Renaissance Theatre: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/britlit1/chapter/english-renaissance-theatre/	<urn:uuid:f3087a95-0d06-456a-8410-ca8b292c3a31>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://dramahub.org/theatre-history-resources	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251684146.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126013015-20200126043015-00235.warc.gz	en	0.986935	1,155	3.90625	4	[ 0.41843199729919434, 0.1060941219329834, 0.8985542058944702, -0.24046915769577026, -0.45587852597236633, -0.09958671033382416, -0.1950233429670334, 0.42778342962265015, -0.06664450466632843, -0.2755289673805237, -0.3292754292488098, 0.016919638961553574, -0.09596399962902069, 0.24530905485...	2	Learning about the history of theatre is crucial in any theatre classroom. Below are very brief descriptions of the changes that theatre has gone through throughout history. For more in-depth research, please see the links below. Ancient Greek Theatre: The beginning of theatre as we know it. Stories had often been told through songs, but theatre is considered to have been invented by the Greeks when a man named Thespis began to act out the actions of the songs he was performing, inhabiting different characters while doing so. Thespis is considered to be the first actor, and this is where we get the term "Thespian." Theatre at this time was performed once a year, as part of a festival honoring the Greek God Dionysus. The festival was a competition between the playwrights, who entered their plays into the competition, often acted in them, and served as a form of director, although that title would not exist for thousands of years. The principal characters in the plays were played by three men who wore different masks to distinguish their characters. These actors were supplemented by a chorus who would often portray citizens of the city in which the play takes place, and would frequently be used to enact backstory during the play, such as in Agamemnon, when the chorus is used to enact the story of Agamemnon going off to war and sacrificing his daughter. The key difference between ancient Greek tragedies and the theatre of today is that while playwrights today mostly compose original stories that makes the audience ask the question "what is going to happen next?" the plays of ancient Greece were well known myths and stories that the audience would have been familiar with. Rather than the mystery being what will happen next, Greek tragedians sought to make their audiences question why these events happened, often using the past to comment on the politics of the time. The Greeks also did not mix their comedy with tragedy, they were kept completely separate. Comedies were what today we would consider very farcical, often using sexual and obscene humor. A good example of this is Lysistrata, in which a woman attempts to stop the Peloponnesian war by persuading the women of the land to deny the men sex until the war is put to an end. Roman Theatre: Like Much of Roman culture, the theatre of Ancient Rome was heavily inspired by the Greeks. Many plays produced in Rome at this time were simply translations or updated versions of Greek plays, although Rome also had a number of original Roman plays. The theatre began to evolve in this time, eventually transitioning away from masked performers in favor of more elaborate costumes. Actors were not well respected in Rome. Plays generally had a mix of free and enslaved people as actors, and actors were not allowed to vote or serve in the military, and giving a bad performance often resulted in punishment. Unfortunately, very few Roman plays survive today, but we know that like Greek theatre, they had both tragedies and comedies. The comedies were also very crude and sexual like the Greek's. Roman theatre had a lot more competition than Greek plays did. It was no longer an event that the entire city came to watch. Roman theatre was a part of festival just like Greek theatre, honoring Jupiter instead of Dionysus, but there were many other options for entertainment, like reenactments of sea battles, Gladiators, Lion pits, jugglers and acrobats,and sexual performances involving naked mimes. Renaissance Theatre: This period is often referred to as Elizabethan Theatre, although it began significantly before the reign of Queen Elizabeth. During this time, playwrights like Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Middleton, and Ben Johnson were very popular, although they are historically overshadowed by the period's most famous playwright by far, a man from Stratford-Upon-Avon named William Shakespeare. Shakespeare is widely accepted to be the greatest playwright in history, and his work makes Renaissance Theatre one of the most important periods of theatre in history, perhaps second only to Greek Theatre. During this time there were strict restrictions instituted by the government limiting what could be seen onstage, the most notable being that no holy sacraments could be seen in a play, meaning that there are no onstage weddings in any of Shakespeare's plays. Shakespeare and the other playwrights of this time were very aware of Roman plays and playwrights, resulting in many references to Roman Mythology in Shakespeare's works, and many plays of the Renaissance were updated versions of stories told in the Roman Theatre. They were not, however, familiar with the works of the ancient Greeks and were not directly influenced by it. The proscenium stage that we know today had still not been invented, the theaters of this time had audience nearly surrounding the stage, and most of the audience stood rather than sitting. Sitting behind the stage, while a very bad angle at which to view the play Crash Course: An excellent video series that teaches the complete history of theatre: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtONXALkeh5uisZqrAcPKCee General Overview: https://schoolworkhelper.net/history-of-theatre-7th-20th-century/ Greek Theatre: https://www.ancient.eu/Greek_Theatre/ Roman Theatre: https://www.crystalinks.com/rometheatre.html Renaissance Theatre: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/britlit1/chapter/english-renaissance-theatre/	1,113	ENGLISH	1
The Emergency period in India from 1975 to 1977 was a dark period in the history. Read more about it here. The National Emergency, declared in 1975, is one of the darkest periods in the history of India. The emergency that lasted almost two years had created significant changes in the politics and the lives of common people in the country. The first emergency in India came in to effect in 1962. It was following the India- China war. Then in 1971, in the light of India- Pakistan war, an emergency was declared as well. But these two occassions were when the nation faced security threats. But the emergency of 1975, ushered in a new era and brought in monstrous changed in the course of history. It was on 26 June, the then Indian President, Fakruddin Ali Ahmed, signed the declaration of National Emergency according to the Article 352 of the constitution. By the morning, all the major leaders of the opposition had been under arrest. The emergency lasted precisely 635 days. About one lakh political activists were arrested in the period. 34,630 people were arrested in accordance with the Maintanance of Internal Security Act (MISA) and 72,000 were put in jail according to Defence of India Regulation act. Popular Indian politician Lalu Prasad Yadav is said to have named his daughter Misa in a show of protest to the MISA law. Another feature that boiled the protests against the emergency was the news censorship. Any news that put the government in a bad light was banned and the editiors got arrested. The movement of 'Total Revoultion', conceived by renowned leader Jayaprakash Narayan was what prompted thr Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to declare emergency. The movement of JP was formed initially against the corruption of Abdul Gaffoor government in Bihar and later it spread over the country. Narayan urged the Gujarat University students to picket the assembly and students in Delhi to block Parliament. He also called for revoultion to the soldiers as well. It convinced Indira Gandhi to declare the emergency. Meanwhile, the High Court of Allahabad had also nullified the election victory of Mrs. Gandhi from Rai Baraeli. She appealed against the court order in Supreme Court and got a stay on the order. Immediately after the Supreme Court order, the Prime Minister suggested for the emergency. The emergency was withdrawn on 21 March 1977. The same day, the results of general elections were announced. In the Rae Bareli constituency, Indira Gandhi was defeated by Raj Narayan for a margin of 55,000 votes. Indira became the first Prime Minister to lose in an election. It also led to the formation of the first non-Congress government in the centre as well. Dhule falls midpoint between Mumbai and Indore and has a lovely gurudwara with air conditioned rest rooms to break journey. The Indian Museum Kolkata has many unique sections. The Pisces and Reptile Sections are one of those ones where children and students can gain knowledge.. Francois Bernier, a French physician attached to Mogul Court, has recorded how Aurangzeb, reprimanded his childhood tutor for not teaching him properly. He was particularly furious for his sycophantic undermining of foreign powers and for wasting a large part of his precious study time in learning Arabic, which was of no real use to Aurangzeb.	<urn:uuid:93ee6a4e-bcc4-4dbb-9eb5-2844804c4ce0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://travelandculture.expertscolumn.com/national-emergency-1975-india	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00381.warc.gz	en	0.984735	693	3.421875	3	[ -0.4655008614063263, 0.35005664825439453, -0.0782136544585228, 0.16099229454994202, 0.1977214217185974, 0.6336842775344849, 0.3510865569114685, -0.09581160545349121, 0.11719182133674622, 0.24511021375656128, -0.02157732844352722, 0.09517200291156769, 0.21955204010009766, 0.4135601818561554...	1	The Emergency period in India from 1975 to 1977 was a dark period in the history. Read more about it here. The National Emergency, declared in 1975, is one of the darkest periods in the history of India. The emergency that lasted almost two years had created significant changes in the politics and the lives of common people in the country. The first emergency in India came in to effect in 1962. It was following the India- China war. Then in 1971, in the light of India- Pakistan war, an emergency was declared as well. But these two occassions were when the nation faced security threats. But the emergency of 1975, ushered in a new era and brought in monstrous changed in the course of history. It was on 26 June, the then Indian President, Fakruddin Ali Ahmed, signed the declaration of National Emergency according to the Article 352 of the constitution. By the morning, all the major leaders of the opposition had been under arrest. The emergency lasted precisely 635 days. About one lakh political activists were arrested in the period. 34,630 people were arrested in accordance with the Maintanance of Internal Security Act (MISA) and 72,000 were put in jail according to Defence of India Regulation act. Popular Indian politician Lalu Prasad Yadav is said to have named his daughter Misa in a show of protest to the MISA law. Another feature that boiled the protests against the emergency was the news censorship. Any news that put the government in a bad light was banned and the editiors got arrested. The movement of 'Total Revoultion', conceived by renowned leader Jayaprakash Narayan was what prompted thr Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to declare emergency. The movement of JP was formed initially against the corruption of Abdul Gaffoor government in Bihar and later it spread over the country. Narayan urged the Gujarat University students to picket the assembly and students in Delhi to block Parliament. He also called for revoultion to the soldiers as well. It convinced Indira Gandhi to declare the emergency. Meanwhile, the High Court of Allahabad had also nullified the election victory of Mrs. Gandhi from Rai Baraeli. She appealed against the court order in Supreme Court and got a stay on the order. Immediately after the Supreme Court order, the Prime Minister suggested for the emergency. The emergency was withdrawn on 21 March 1977. The same day, the results of general elections were announced. In the Rae Bareli constituency, Indira Gandhi was defeated by Raj Narayan for a margin of 55,000 votes. Indira became the first Prime Minister to lose in an election. It also led to the formation of the first non-Congress government in the centre as well. Dhule falls midpoint between Mumbai and Indore and has a lovely gurudwara with air conditioned rest rooms to break journey. The Indian Museum Kolkata has many unique sections. The Pisces and Reptile Sections are one of those ones where children and students can gain knowledge.. Francois Bernier, a French physician attached to Mogul Court, has recorded how Aurangzeb, reprimanded his childhood tutor for not teaching him properly. He was particularly furious for his sycophantic undermining of foreign powers and for wasting a large part of his precious study time in learning Arabic, which was of no real use to Aurangzeb.	734	ENGLISH	1
What is Vaulting? Horse vaulting began in Ancient Rome as a form of gymnastic athletics. It then became popular in the Middle Ages in the world of knights as they vaulted to show agility. The sport arrived in the United States in the 1950s and has grown nationwide since then. It is a sport available to riders of any age and can be performed as a team or as an individual. How does Vaulting work? When vaulting, a horse is attached to a lead called a longe line. This lead is held by a person called a longueur who stands in the middle of the arena. The horse will run circularly around the arena with the vaulter either running alongside it or mounted on top of it. The horse should be at a certain gait called a canter, where they are moving at a run around the arena. While the horse moves, the vaulter will perform skills and acrobatics on its back. How are Vaulting competitions scored? In vaulting competitions, vaulters are judged on strength, flexibility, and balance, as well as their ability to move cohesively with the horse. Judges will also score vaulters based on how difficult the skills they perform are and how well they execute them. Judges will also make sure that the vaulter faces all four directions on the horse during the routine, and that they cover the whole surface of the horse from the neck to the hindquarters. Vaulters will also be scored on the consistency of the horse's speed and movement. Vaulters can either perform a compulsory routine where they have pre-choreographed skills in order, or they can perform a freestyle routine with free choice to do any skill in any order.	<urn:uuid:06662ab7-015a-4181-b27a-ce6c7812bcfa>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.rookieroad.com/vaulting/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251801423.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129164403-20200129193403-00191.warc.gz	en	0.980097	361	3.390625	3	[ -0.10613103955984116, -0.11959489434957504, 0.40557563304901123, 0.2513348162174225, -0.29341909289360046, 0.1392967849969864, 0.28114190697669983, -0.14966605603694916, 0.3409886062145233, 0.1585521548986435, 0.02088998444378376, -0.1381974071264267, -0.15123039484024048, 0.27102297544479...	4	What is Vaulting? Horse vaulting began in Ancient Rome as a form of gymnastic athletics. It then became popular in the Middle Ages in the world of knights as they vaulted to show agility. The sport arrived in the United States in the 1950s and has grown nationwide since then. It is a sport available to riders of any age and can be performed as a team or as an individual. How does Vaulting work? When vaulting, a horse is attached to a lead called a longe line. This lead is held by a person called a longueur who stands in the middle of the arena. The horse will run circularly around the arena with the vaulter either running alongside it or mounted on top of it. The horse should be at a certain gait called a canter, where they are moving at a run around the arena. While the horse moves, the vaulter will perform skills and acrobatics on its back. How are Vaulting competitions scored? In vaulting competitions, vaulters are judged on strength, flexibility, and balance, as well as their ability to move cohesively with the horse. Judges will also score vaulters based on how difficult the skills they perform are and how well they execute them. Judges will also make sure that the vaulter faces all four directions on the horse during the routine, and that they cover the whole surface of the horse from the neck to the hindquarters. Vaulters will also be scored on the consistency of the horse's speed and movement. Vaulters can either perform a compulsory routine where they have pre-choreographed skills in order, or they can perform a freestyle routine with free choice to do any skill in any order.	353	ENGLISH	1
John Brown was a man of action — a man who would not be deterred from his mission of abolishing slavery. On October 16, 1859, he led 21 men on a raid of the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. His plan to arm slaves with the weapons he and his men seized from the arsenal was thwarted, however, by local farmers, militiamen, and Marines led by Robert E. Lee. Within 36 hours of the attack, most of Brown’s men had been killed or captured. John Brown was born into a deeply religious family in Torrington, Connecticut, in 1800. Led by a father who was vehemently opposed to slavery, the family moved to northern Ohio when John was five, to a district that would become known for its antislavery views.Â During his first fifty years, Brown moved about the country, settling in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and New York, and taking along his ever-growing family. (He would father twenty children.) Working at various times as a farmer, wool merchant, tanner, and land speculator, he never was finacially successful — he even filed for bankruptcy when in his forties. His lack of funds, however, did not keep him from supporting causes he believed in. He helped finance the publication of David Walker’s Appeal and Henry Highland’s “Call to Rebellion” speech. He gave land to fugitive slaves. He and his wife agreed to raise a black youth as one of their own. He also participated in the Underground Railroad and, in 1851, helped establish the League of Gileadites, an organization that worked to protect escaped slaves from slave catchers. In 1847 Frederick Douglass met Brown for the first time in Springfield, Massachusetts. Of the meeting Douglass stated that, “though a white gentleman, [Brown] is in sympathy a black man, and as deeply interested in our cause, as though his own soul had been pierced with the iron of slavery.” It was at this meeting that Brown first outlined his plan to Douglass to lead a war to free slaves. Brown moved to the black community of North Elba, New York, in 1849. The community had been established thanks to the philanthropy of Gerrit Smith, who donated tracts of at least 50 acres to black families willing to clear and farm the land. Brown, knowing that many of the families were finding life in this isolated area difficult, offered to establish his own farm there as well, in order to lead the blacks by his example and to act as a “kind father to them.” Despite his contributions to the antislavery cause, Brown did not emerge as a figure of major significance until 1855 after he followed five of his sons to the Kansas territory. There, he became the leader of antislavery guerillas and fought a proslavery attack against the antislavery town of Lawrence. The following year, in retribution for another attack, Brown went to a proslavery town and brutally killed five of its settlers. Brown and his sons would continue to fight in the territory and in Missouri for the rest of the year. Brown returned to the east and began to think more seriously about his plan for a war in Virginia against slavery. He sought money to fund an “army” he would lead. On October 16, 1859, he set his plan to action when he and 21 other men — 5 blacks and 16 whites — raided the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry. Brown was wounded and quickly captured, and moved to Charlestown, Virginia, where he was tried and convicted of treason, Before hearing his sentence, Brown was allowed make an address to the court. . . . I believe to have interfered as I have done, . . . in behalf of His despised poor, was not wrong, but right. Now, if it be deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my blood further with the blood of my children, and with the blood of millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments, I submit: so let it be done.” Although initially shocked by Brown’s exploits, many Northerners began to speak favorably of the militant abolitionist. “He did not recognize unjust human laws, but resisted them as he was bid. . . .,” said Henry David Thoreau in an address to the citizens of Concord, Massachusetts. “No man in America has ever stood up so persistently and effectively for the dignity of human nature. . . .” John Brown was hanged on December 2, 1859.	<urn:uuid:678d52e7-306a-4242-81d0-db04f6979b96>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://blackusa.com/john-brown	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00267.warc.gz	en	0.988491	973	3.9375	4	[ -0.43396711349487305, 0.3986426293849945, -0.08107955753803253, 0.09316299110651016, -0.045259591192007065, 0.08164559304714203, 0.06749657541513443, -0.27294206619262695, -0.5356823205947876, 0.33630841970443726, 0.27313798666000366, 0.06312096863985062, -0.2670833468437195, 0.15403908491...	4	John Brown was a man of action — a man who would not be deterred from his mission of abolishing slavery. On October 16, 1859, he led 21 men on a raid of the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. His plan to arm slaves with the weapons he and his men seized from the arsenal was thwarted, however, by local farmers, militiamen, and Marines led by Robert E. Lee. Within 36 hours of the attack, most of Brown’s men had been killed or captured. John Brown was born into a deeply religious family in Torrington, Connecticut, in 1800. Led by a father who was vehemently opposed to slavery, the family moved to northern Ohio when John was five, to a district that would become known for its antislavery views.Â During his first fifty years, Brown moved about the country, settling in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and New York, and taking along his ever-growing family. (He would father twenty children.) Working at various times as a farmer, wool merchant, tanner, and land speculator, he never was finacially successful — he even filed for bankruptcy when in his forties. His lack of funds, however, did not keep him from supporting causes he believed in. He helped finance the publication of David Walker’s Appeal and Henry Highland’s “Call to Rebellion” speech. He gave land to fugitive slaves. He and his wife agreed to raise a black youth as one of their own. He also participated in the Underground Railroad and, in 1851, helped establish the League of Gileadites, an organization that worked to protect escaped slaves from slave catchers. In 1847 Frederick Douglass met Brown for the first time in Springfield, Massachusetts. Of the meeting Douglass stated that, “though a white gentleman, [Brown] is in sympathy a black man, and as deeply interested in our cause, as though his own soul had been pierced with the iron of slavery.” It was at this meeting that Brown first outlined his plan to Douglass to lead a war to free slaves. Brown moved to the black community of North Elba, New York, in 1849. The community had been established thanks to the philanthropy of Gerrit Smith, who donated tracts of at least 50 acres to black families willing to clear and farm the land. Brown, knowing that many of the families were finding life in this isolated area difficult, offered to establish his own farm there as well, in order to lead the blacks by his example and to act as a “kind father to them.” Despite his contributions to the antislavery cause, Brown did not emerge as a figure of major significance until 1855 after he followed five of his sons to the Kansas territory. There, he became the leader of antislavery guerillas and fought a proslavery attack against the antislavery town of Lawrence. The following year, in retribution for another attack, Brown went to a proslavery town and brutally killed five of its settlers. Brown and his sons would continue to fight in the territory and in Missouri for the rest of the year. Brown returned to the east and began to think more seriously about his plan for a war in Virginia against slavery. He sought money to fund an “army” he would lead. On October 16, 1859, he set his plan to action when he and 21 other men — 5 blacks and 16 whites — raided the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry. Brown was wounded and quickly captured, and moved to Charlestown, Virginia, where he was tried and convicted of treason, Before hearing his sentence, Brown was allowed make an address to the court. . . . I believe to have interfered as I have done, . . . in behalf of His despised poor, was not wrong, but right. Now, if it be deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my blood further with the blood of my children, and with the blood of millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments, I submit: so let it be done.” Although initially shocked by Brown’s exploits, many Northerners began to speak favorably of the militant abolitionist. “He did not recognize unjust human laws, but resisted them as he was bid. . . .,” said Henry David Thoreau in an address to the citizens of Concord, Massachusetts. “No man in America has ever stood up so persistently and effectively for the dignity of human nature. . . .” John Brown was hanged on December 2, 1859.	989	ENGLISH	1
On this day in history: 16th January 1862 – Two-hundred and four men and boys are killed in the Hartley Colliery disaster, Northumberland…. A mining disaster which prompts change in UK law…. At the time it was common practice for coal mines to have just one mineshaft – Hester Pit at the Hartley Colliery was one such mine…. The problem began when a support beam, for the steam engine being used to pump sea water from the pit, broke…. The pump was the largest in use in Northern England – it pumped 1,250 gallons of water per minute…. Its 20 ton section of support beam crashed down blocking the mineshaft…. Out of the 8 men coming up in the lift at the end of their shift, 5 were killed instantly…. A further 199 men and boys were trapped underground…. A massive rescue operation was immediately launched; workers rushed from neighbouring mines to help…. With the pump out of action the pit soon began to fill with poisonous gases and water….hampering the rescue attempt…. It took 6 days to eventually clear the debris and gain access to the mine…. For the first few days there were high hopes of a successful rescue but when the would-be rescuers finally got to the trapped men – all were dead…. Some had died from their injuries but most had succumbed to carbon monoxide poisoning…. The youngest was just 10-years-old, the oldest 71; sons lay in the arms of fathers and brothers in the arms of brothers…. One family alone lost nine of their menfolk…. Most of the victims were buried in the local cemetery at Earsdon…. The Duke of Northumberland gave up some of his adjoining land, as the churchyard was not big enough…. Had the Hester Pit had two mineshaft no doubt many lives would have been saved…. An Act of Parliament was passed in August 1862, after a successful campaign to make two shafts compulsory – this was despite opposition from some greedy mine owners….	<urn:uuid:aff880cc-2926-42b3-b9da-5b1964e7dd40>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://cottagecapers.com/2020/01/16/on-this-day-in-history-16th-january-1862/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591234.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117205732-20200117233732-00330.warc.gz	en	0.986107	406	3.578125	4	[ 0.08629441261291504, 0.22300434112548828, 0.4058603346347809, -0.006680304650217295, -0.008088547736406326, -0.4249359369277954, -0.07863575965166092, 0.0704599916934967, -0.4431293308734894, -0.1974617838859558, 0.15201865136623383, -0.594825029373169, 0.12197253853082657, -0.030274709686...	8	On this day in history: 16th January 1862 – Two-hundred and four men and boys are killed in the Hartley Colliery disaster, Northumberland…. A mining disaster which prompts change in UK law…. At the time it was common practice for coal mines to have just one mineshaft – Hester Pit at the Hartley Colliery was one such mine…. The problem began when a support beam, for the steam engine being used to pump sea water from the pit, broke…. The pump was the largest in use in Northern England – it pumped 1,250 gallons of water per minute…. Its 20 ton section of support beam crashed down blocking the mineshaft…. Out of the 8 men coming up in the lift at the end of their shift, 5 were killed instantly…. A further 199 men and boys were trapped underground…. A massive rescue operation was immediately launched; workers rushed from neighbouring mines to help…. With the pump out of action the pit soon began to fill with poisonous gases and water….hampering the rescue attempt…. It took 6 days to eventually clear the debris and gain access to the mine…. For the first few days there were high hopes of a successful rescue but when the would-be rescuers finally got to the trapped men – all were dead…. Some had died from their injuries but most had succumbed to carbon monoxide poisoning…. The youngest was just 10-years-old, the oldest 71; sons lay in the arms of fathers and brothers in the arms of brothers…. One family alone lost nine of their menfolk…. Most of the victims were buried in the local cemetery at Earsdon…. The Duke of Northumberland gave up some of his adjoining land, as the churchyard was not big enough…. Had the Hester Pit had two mineshaft no doubt many lives would have been saved…. An Act of Parliament was passed in August 1862, after a successful campaign to make two shafts compulsory – this was despite opposition from some greedy mine owners….	425	ENGLISH	1
During World War One, Joseph Alphonse Huot, a Canadian machinist and blacksmith living in Quebec, designed a conversion of the Ross MkIII rifle to become an automatic rifle. The Ross was the standard issue Canadian rifle at the beginning of the war, and Huopt wanted to find a way to economically provide Canadian forces with an automatic weapon. His conversion functioned by mounting a gas piston onto the side of the Ross barrel, adding a large action cover and 25-round drum magazine, and a Lewis-style cooling shroud over the barrel. In initial testing with Canadian forces, the Huot performed well. It was seriously considered for adoption, but had to undergo British testing and approval before that could happen. In British testing (by now near the end of the war), it was found to run well enough and have some positive attributes, but not sufficient to justify replacement of the Lewis Gun. It was rejected, and Canadian forces finished the war with the Lewis instead. Huot had spent several years privately developing the weapon and two more working on salary for the Canadian military, and had gone into considerable personal debt for the project. He had secured a deal to receive royalties on production, but that of course came to naught when the design was rejected. Ultimately, he was compensated $25,000 in 1936 (of the $36,000 he claimed to have spent). Only five of the guns were made in total, with four known to still exist. Two of them are in Ottawa at the Canadian War Museum and one in the Seaforth Highlanders Museum in Vancouver and one in the Army Museum in Halifax.	<urn:uuid:14c73c9f-e29a-4098-b7a9-e9857fedfdae>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.forgottenweapons.com/huot-automatic-rifle-the-ross-goes-full-auto/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126043644-20200126073644-00447.warc.gz	en	0.9834	327	3.359375	3	[ -0.6386576890945435, 0.33353158831596375, 0.01768413558602333, -0.10944508761167526, -0.10603680461645126, -0.02188519574701786, 0.2258301079273224, 0.29039812088012695, -0.33596378564834595, -0.0045430320315063, 0.2989928722381592, -0.24473685026168823, 0.23423700034618378, -0.00761010730...	7	During World War One, Joseph Alphonse Huot, a Canadian machinist and blacksmith living in Quebec, designed a conversion of the Ross MkIII rifle to become an automatic rifle. The Ross was the standard issue Canadian rifle at the beginning of the war, and Huopt wanted to find a way to economically provide Canadian forces with an automatic weapon. His conversion functioned by mounting a gas piston onto the side of the Ross barrel, adding a large action cover and 25-round drum magazine, and a Lewis-style cooling shroud over the barrel. In initial testing with Canadian forces, the Huot performed well. It was seriously considered for adoption, but had to undergo British testing and approval before that could happen. In British testing (by now near the end of the war), it was found to run well enough and have some positive attributes, but not sufficient to justify replacement of the Lewis Gun. It was rejected, and Canadian forces finished the war with the Lewis instead. Huot had spent several years privately developing the weapon and two more working on salary for the Canadian military, and had gone into considerable personal debt for the project. He had secured a deal to receive royalties on production, but that of course came to naught when the design was rejected. Ultimately, he was compensated $25,000 in 1936 (of the $36,000 he claimed to have spent). Only five of the guns were made in total, with four known to still exist. Two of them are in Ottawa at the Canadian War Museum and one in the Seaforth Highlanders Museum in Vancouver and one in the Army Museum in Halifax.	337	ENGLISH	1
We have had such an amazing day today! We had a visitor from Anglian Water Education Centre and I must say we have all learnt so much about the ‘bits and bobs’ that get flushed down our toilets and drains when we visit loo! As part of out ‘Clean Water and Sanitation’ topic we have been learning about the Water Cycle, Drainage and how to and why we should save as much water as we can. Most of the children in the class were amazed to find out that the amount of water we currently have in our world, is the amount of water there has ever been! Something that gave us food for thought when we discussed the uses of the water throughout the centuries. During the afternoon we learnt about substances that should and should not be flushed down the toilet or put into the drains in our sinks. The children created ‘Sewerage Soup’. As you can see from the pictures the precaution on their faces shows you how engrossed they were with the activity. They have all learnt that if you are about to flush or put an object down a drain it needs to meet the ‘D Test’. Is the item Dissolvable, will it Disintegrate or will it Dilute. The children were also flabagasted to realise that if their family home was responsible for blocking pipes a fine of beyond £1000 would be applied to the family responsible. As a result of this, the children made pledges, saying how and what they would do to help reduce the amount of water they use and the steps they would encourage their family to take to think about what is put down the drain. Mrs Cole - Class Teacher	<urn:uuid:f9f3fb96-5ef5-4eec-97d8-9be8dd7a9ec5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.holycrossfederation.org.uk/news/?pid=3&nid=8&storyid=61	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251776516.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128060946-20200128090946-00107.warc.gz	en	0.983713	349	3.546875	4	[ 0.1650831252336502, -0.25403541326522827, 0.49949321150779724, -0.13774843513965607, -0.09454192221164703, -0.3132287561893463, 0.13759618997573853, 0.14931553602218628, -0.08969563245773315, 0.014401216059923172, -0.3260759115219116, -0.9012640714645386, 0.020127199590206146, 0.0175289306...	4	We have had such an amazing day today! We had a visitor from Anglian Water Education Centre and I must say we have all learnt so much about the ‘bits and bobs’ that get flushed down our toilets and drains when we visit loo! As part of out ‘Clean Water and Sanitation’ topic we have been learning about the Water Cycle, Drainage and how to and why we should save as much water as we can. Most of the children in the class were amazed to find out that the amount of water we currently have in our world, is the amount of water there has ever been! Something that gave us food for thought when we discussed the uses of the water throughout the centuries. During the afternoon we learnt about substances that should and should not be flushed down the toilet or put into the drains in our sinks. The children created ‘Sewerage Soup’. As you can see from the pictures the precaution on their faces shows you how engrossed they were with the activity. They have all learnt that if you are about to flush or put an object down a drain it needs to meet the ‘D Test’. Is the item Dissolvable, will it Disintegrate or will it Dilute. The children were also flabagasted to realise that if their family home was responsible for blocking pipes a fine of beyond £1000 would be applied to the family responsible. As a result of this, the children made pledges, saying how and what they would do to help reduce the amount of water they use and the steps they would encourage their family to take to think about what is put down the drain. Mrs Cole - Class Teacher	335	ENGLISH	1
The Vietnam War is also referred to as the second Indochina War, and in Vietnam, it is known as the Vietnamese resistance against Americans or just the American War. The war was fought in Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia from November 1st, 1955 until the fall of Saigon on April 30th, 1975. The war was officially fought between South Vietnam and North Vietnam, and several other countries were also involved. The countries that supported North Vietnam were China, the Soviet Union, and other communist countries while South Vietnam was supported by the US, the Philippines, Australia, South Korea, Thailand, and other countries who were anti-communism and that is why the war is also referred to as the proxy war of the Cold War era. The presidents of the United States during the Vietnam War were Dwight Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, and Gerald Ford. The war claimed the lives of more than 3 million people which included more than 58,000 American soldiers, and more than half of the casualties were Vietnamese civilians. Eventually, the war ended, and the Communist forces captured South Vietnam in 1975, and the country was unified and was renamed the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1976. Ho Chi Minh played a central role in the Vietnamese war. Initially, he fought for the Independence Vietnam from the French, and he became the prime minister and finally the president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). In 1965, he stepped down and eventually died in 1969. In 1975 Saigon, the capital city of South Vietnam was named after him and became known as the Ho Chi Minh City in Honor of his contribution to Vietnam. Ngô Đình Diệm declared the formation of the Republic of Vietnam on October 26, 1955, and he became the first president. The earlier Geneva Accord which had been signed in 1954 had prescribed for elections to reunify the country by 1956. However, Diệm did not hold elections citing that it was not possible to have free elections in the North. Over time his leadership style became increasingly more dictatorial. In 1963 the military staged a coup and overthrew Diệm, and on November 2nd, 1963, Diệm was captured and executed. He was later buried in an unmarked grave. Nguyễn Văn Thiệu who was the army general briefly took over the leadership of South Vietnam in 1963. Thiệu resigned and fled South Vietnam to Taiwan and his vice president Trần Văn Hương took over the leadership of the country on April 21st, 1975. After only one week on April 28th, 1975 Trần Văn Hương resigned and handed over the leadership to general military officer Dương Văn Minh, who saw the surrender of the government two days later on April 30th, 1975 to the communist from North Vietnam. When Communist North Vietnam captured Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, South Vietnam surrendered, and the war ended. South and North Vietnam were reunited under the Communist North Vietnam government. Immediately after the city of Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh City. All South Vietnamese government officials and soldiers were rounded up and placed in camps, and the people in the city of Saigon were encouraged to leave the city to engage in farming in rural areas. The Communist government started collectivization programs to transform Vietnam into a communist country. The policies implemented had disastrous consequences on the economy; however, in the 1980s the country transformed into a market-based capitalist economy. About the Author Benjamin Elisha Sawe holds a Bachelor of Arts in Economics and Statistics and an MBA in Strategic Management. He is a frequent World Atlas contributor. Your MLA Citation Your APA Citation Your Chicago Citation Your Harvard CitationRemember to italicize the title of this article in your Harvard citation.	<urn:uuid:4dca232c-f0c0-4558-9779-fa090877fd54>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/who-was-president-during-the-vietnam-war.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604397.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121132900-20200121161900-00520.warc.gz	en	0.980965	823	3.46875	3	[ -0.3004820942878723, 0.5311054587364197, 0.19250571727752686, -0.15595202147960663, 0.17025920748710632, 0.4173452854156494, 0.24556556344032288, -0.08952421694993973, -0.022099487483501434, 0.3476516008377075, 0.4101579189300537, -0.3813917636871338, 0.23035168647766113, 0.487000286579132...	2	The Vietnam War is also referred to as the second Indochina War, and in Vietnam, it is known as the Vietnamese resistance against Americans or just the American War. The war was fought in Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia from November 1st, 1955 until the fall of Saigon on April 30th, 1975. The war was officially fought between South Vietnam and North Vietnam, and several other countries were also involved. The countries that supported North Vietnam were China, the Soviet Union, and other communist countries while South Vietnam was supported by the US, the Philippines, Australia, South Korea, Thailand, and other countries who were anti-communism and that is why the war is also referred to as the proxy war of the Cold War era. The presidents of the United States during the Vietnam War were Dwight Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, and Gerald Ford. The war claimed the lives of more than 3 million people which included more than 58,000 American soldiers, and more than half of the casualties were Vietnamese civilians. Eventually, the war ended, and the Communist forces captured South Vietnam in 1975, and the country was unified and was renamed the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1976. Ho Chi Minh played a central role in the Vietnamese war. Initially, he fought for the Independence Vietnam from the French, and he became the prime minister and finally the president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). In 1965, he stepped down and eventually died in 1969. In 1975 Saigon, the capital city of South Vietnam was named after him and became known as the Ho Chi Minh City in Honor of his contribution to Vietnam. Ngô Đình Diệm declared the formation of the Republic of Vietnam on October 26, 1955, and he became the first president. The earlier Geneva Accord which had been signed in 1954 had prescribed for elections to reunify the country by 1956. However, Diệm did not hold elections citing that it was not possible to have free elections in the North. Over time his leadership style became increasingly more dictatorial. In 1963 the military staged a coup and overthrew Diệm, and on November 2nd, 1963, Diệm was captured and executed. He was later buried in an unmarked grave. Nguyễn Văn Thiệu who was the army general briefly took over the leadership of South Vietnam in 1963. Thiệu resigned and fled South Vietnam to Taiwan and his vice president Trần Văn Hương took over the leadership of the country on April 21st, 1975. After only one week on April 28th, 1975 Trần Văn Hương resigned and handed over the leadership to general military officer Dương Văn Minh, who saw the surrender of the government two days later on April 30th, 1975 to the communist from North Vietnam. When Communist North Vietnam captured Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, South Vietnam surrendered, and the war ended. South and North Vietnam were reunited under the Communist North Vietnam government. Immediately after the city of Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh City. All South Vietnamese government officials and soldiers were rounded up and placed in camps, and the people in the city of Saigon were encouraged to leave the city to engage in farming in rural areas. The Communist government started collectivization programs to transform Vietnam into a communist country. The policies implemented had disastrous consequences on the economy; however, in the 1980s the country transformed into a market-based capitalist economy. About the Author Benjamin Elisha Sawe holds a Bachelor of Arts in Economics and Statistics and an MBA in Strategic Management. He is a frequent World Atlas contributor. Your MLA Citation Your APA Citation Your Chicago Citation Your Harvard CitationRemember to italicize the title of this article in your Harvard citation.	832	ENGLISH	1
By Nava Atlas \| On \| Comments (0) Louisa May Alcott (1832 – 1888) may be best known as the author of Little Women and its sequels, but there was more to her than these genteel (yet gently subversive) domestic tales. The fascinating facts about Louisa May Alcott that follow might surprise those who don’t know a lot about the woman behind Little Women. From her teen years on, Louisa was determined to make a living as a writer. She became the Alcott family’s primary breadwinner at a young age, mostly by writing and selling anonymous thrillers, or what she called “blood and thunder” tales. And from there her writing life unfolded, often in unexpected ways. She was a complex woman whose views were reflected in her literary output. Read More→	<urn:uuid:8ee96fdd-5c68-4af7-9414-98f2265a86bb>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.literaryladiesguide.com/2019/11/29/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594662.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119151736-20200119175736-00335.warc.gz	en	0.981353	174	3.40625	3	[ 0.010115373879671097, -0.07913010567426682, 0.18432091176509857, 0.2039187252521515, -0.11895188689231873, 0.029919831082224846, -0.024073395878076553, 0.3911491930484772, -0.20930416882038116, 0.06873613595962524, 0.151179239153862, 0.15760789811611176, 0.052521347999572754, 0.23913747072...	3	By Nava Atlas \| On \| Comments (0) Louisa May Alcott (1832 – 1888) may be best known as the author of Little Women and its sequels, but there was more to her than these genteel (yet gently subversive) domestic tales. The fascinating facts about Louisa May Alcott that follow might surprise those who don’t know a lot about the woman behind Little Women. From her teen years on, Louisa was determined to make a living as a writer. She became the Alcott family’s primary breadwinner at a young age, mostly by writing and selling anonymous thrillers, or what she called “blood and thunder” tales. And from there her writing life unfolded, often in unexpected ways. She was a complex woman whose views were reflected in her literary output. Read More→	173	ENGLISH	1
To many people who saw his white coat and staff of nurses, the assumption was that Martin A. Couney was a doctor. His public exhibitions of prematurely-born babies had been successful year after year. Beginning at the end of the Victorian era, Couney had displayed the fragile infants at various World’s Fairs and even at Coney Island. Couney, however, was not a doctor and ultimately his displays were sideshows that also happened to save live lives. Because of his very public attention towards preemies, it is estimated that as many 7,000 children were allowed to live. And, this doesn’t even include the number helped long after he passed away in 1950. Couney was a German-Jewish immigrant whose family had a long tradition of becoming doctors, but he was no doctor. He had claimed to have had some medical training, but even that is not well-regarded today. Despite his lack of formal training, Coney had a passion for saving children. His first forays into the world of infant incubators came when he worked with Dr. Pierre-Constant Budin, a French doctor concerned with infant mortality rates. Budin was one of many French doctors trying to tackle the problem of low birth rates in France and doctors there turned their attentions to the grim infant survival rates of preemies. Couney claimed to have been an apprentice of Budin’s, but in reality may have actually been a technician for the incubators. In either case, it was under Budin’s command that Couney created the first ever display of children in incubators at the Great Industrial Exposition of Berlin in 1896. The exhibit was known as the Kinderbrutanstalt or “child hatchery”. It may sound gruesome and like something from a science fiction film to us today, but in the Victorian era (and beyond) many sickly children were not allowed to stay in hospitals. The widespread (though not universal) belief at the time was that “weak” children should not be given a chance and should be allowed to perish to make way for healthy babies. This theory also tied in with the eugenics movement which had been gaining traction at the time. While the sideshow nature of the incubator attractions cannot be questioned, the alternative for these particular children was a distinct lack of adequate care – and almost certainly death. The Kinderbrutanstalt was filled with metal and glass incubators that allowed the crowds to see in. Tiny babies were placed in the boxes, which impressed the fair’s promoters. Couney was asked to come to London the following year for Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee celebration. It was after the popularity of the London show that incubator displays actually became a craze. Despite the outcry from some over the morality of it, incubator shows were quite popular with crowds. Soon exhibitions of premature babies were popping up all over the place, many of which were operated by Couney himself. Couney employed several nurses and wet nurses to care for the infants, in essence creating his own makeshift Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. In his shows the incubator babies were given round the clock care and the wet nurses had strict rules so that the preemies could have the best chance in life. Many of the babies were too small and too weak to suckle, which made the staff crucial to their care. It would be many decades before NICUs would become a standard part of larger hospitals, but at the turn of the 20th century, the concept was quite the novelty. Crowds were anxious to see modern science in action, even at the expense of the babies’ privacy. Over the next few decades, Couney would travel far and wide with his contraptions, giving second chances to babies who weighed as little as 1-3 pounds. While some remained skeptical, Couney had a success rate of 85%, which was unheard of in a era when many preemies died shortly after birth and even babies that seemed healthy didn’t always make live past childhood. The success stories of Couney’s babies eventually brought medical professionals around the idea and made sure that the concept of preemie care was brought into public view. Couney did not charge the parents of the preemies he looked after and he returned the children once they had gained some weight. He closed his Coney Island operation, which for years had been a regular gig, in 1943. By that time the first preemie infant station at Cornell Hospital was opening, a sign of the success of Couney’s very public work.	<urn:uuid:dff9872d-6699-4eaf-b5b0-4fd4b0873e5b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://liveplayeat.com/baby-incubator-sideshows/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00319.warc.gz	en	0.99042	955	3.359375	3	[ -0.24811550974845886, 0.3649848699569702, 0.29730162024497986, -0.018322885036468506, 0.1260460913181305, 0.30566924810409546, 0.12545612454414368, 0.1743868589401245, -0.1341434121131897, -0.026400603353977203, -0.010846398770809174, 0.1513713300228119, -0.02126963436603546, 0.70438396930...	11	To many people who saw his white coat and staff of nurses, the assumption was that Martin A. Couney was a doctor. His public exhibitions of prematurely-born babies had been successful year after year. Beginning at the end of the Victorian era, Couney had displayed the fragile infants at various World’s Fairs and even at Coney Island. Couney, however, was not a doctor and ultimately his displays were sideshows that also happened to save live lives. Because of his very public attention towards preemies, it is estimated that as many 7,000 children were allowed to live. And, this doesn’t even include the number helped long after he passed away in 1950. Couney was a German-Jewish immigrant whose family had a long tradition of becoming doctors, but he was no doctor. He had claimed to have had some medical training, but even that is not well-regarded today. Despite his lack of formal training, Coney had a passion for saving children. His first forays into the world of infant incubators came when he worked with Dr. Pierre-Constant Budin, a French doctor concerned with infant mortality rates. Budin was one of many French doctors trying to tackle the problem of low birth rates in France and doctors there turned their attentions to the grim infant survival rates of preemies. Couney claimed to have been an apprentice of Budin’s, but in reality may have actually been a technician for the incubators. In either case, it was under Budin’s command that Couney created the first ever display of children in incubators at the Great Industrial Exposition of Berlin in 1896. The exhibit was known as the Kinderbrutanstalt or “child hatchery”. It may sound gruesome and like something from a science fiction film to us today, but in the Victorian era (and beyond) many sickly children were not allowed to stay in hospitals. The widespread (though not universal) belief at the time was that “weak” children should not be given a chance and should be allowed to perish to make way for healthy babies. This theory also tied in with the eugenics movement which had been gaining traction at the time. While the sideshow nature of the incubator attractions cannot be questioned, the alternative for these particular children was a distinct lack of adequate care – and almost certainly death. The Kinderbrutanstalt was filled with metal and glass incubators that allowed the crowds to see in. Tiny babies were placed in the boxes, which impressed the fair’s promoters. Couney was asked to come to London the following year for Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee celebration. It was after the popularity of the London show that incubator displays actually became a craze. Despite the outcry from some over the morality of it, incubator shows were quite popular with crowds. Soon exhibitions of premature babies were popping up all over the place, many of which were operated by Couney himself. Couney employed several nurses and wet nurses to care for the infants, in essence creating his own makeshift Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. In his shows the incubator babies were given round the clock care and the wet nurses had strict rules so that the preemies could have the best chance in life. Many of the babies were too small and too weak to suckle, which made the staff crucial to their care. It would be many decades before NICUs would become a standard part of larger hospitals, but at the turn of the 20th century, the concept was quite the novelty. Crowds were anxious to see modern science in action, even at the expense of the babies’ privacy. Over the next few decades, Couney would travel far and wide with his contraptions, giving second chances to babies who weighed as little as 1-3 pounds. While some remained skeptical, Couney had a success rate of 85%, which was unheard of in a era when many preemies died shortly after birth and even babies that seemed healthy didn’t always make live past childhood. The success stories of Couney’s babies eventually brought medical professionals around the idea and made sure that the concept of preemie care was brought into public view. Couney did not charge the parents of the preemies he looked after and he returned the children once they had gained some weight. He closed his Coney Island operation, which for years had been a regular gig, in 1943. By that time the first preemie infant station at Cornell Hospital was opening, a sign of the success of Couney’s very public work.	930	ENGLISH	1
1. Why Cleopatra is considered to be Hellenistic monarch and a monarch in the Egyptian pharaonic tradition? - Greg ToolsonLv 72 months ago Cleopatra was a direct descendent of Ptolemy I who was one of Alexander the Great's generals. They were all Makedonian Greeks. Alexander conquered Egypt in the later 4th Century BC and after he died Ptolemy and his 'Ptolemaic' descendants ruled for the next 300ish years. Most of these Ptolemies were very Greek in culture and aside from calling themselves "Pharaohs" didn't give much interest in their subjected Egyptians' culture. However, Cleopatra was an exception. She learned to speak the Egyptian language and even participated in some of their religious rituals.	<urn:uuid:d153f6ac-31bb-4535-9480-509b20dc3446>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20191210024953AAQ1EEs	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614880.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124011048-20200124040048-00294.warc.gz	en	0.986406	163	3.421875	3	[ -0.22542576491832733, 0.7513883113861084, 0.57154381275177, 0.06277697533369064, -1.0280485153198242, -0.44531548023223877, 0.6727238893508911, 0.5810559988021851, -0.16009953618049622, 0.17971479892730713, -0.057379115372896194, -0.6893839240074158, -0.26113247871398926, 0.118082791566848...	1	1. Why Cleopatra is considered to be Hellenistic monarch and a monarch in the Egyptian pharaonic tradition? - Greg ToolsonLv 72 months ago Cleopatra was a direct descendent of Ptolemy I who was one of Alexander the Great's generals. They were all Makedonian Greeks. Alexander conquered Egypt in the later 4th Century BC and after he died Ptolemy and his 'Ptolemaic' descendants ruled for the next 300ish years. Most of these Ptolemies were very Greek in culture and aside from calling themselves "Pharaohs" didn't give much interest in their subjected Egyptians' culture. However, Cleopatra was an exception. She learned to speak the Egyptian language and even participated in some of their religious rituals.	169	ENGLISH	1
Yesterday in P6, we had some visitors who taught us about STEM. STEM stands for Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths, and is a really important subject to learn about because it helps us to understand how the world works and these skills will be important in our future careers. One workshop was run by Mrs Miller who is physicist. In groups, we tried to build the tallest tower out of Jenga, realising that the tower had to have a strong and stable foundation. This was challenging because we had a limited number of blocks so had to leave some to build the tower up high. We then had to build a bridge using the blocks too, including a ramp for the cars to go up. We also developed our teamwork skills, because we had to discuss our ideas and then find compromises, and we worked on problem solving too by adapting the structure. The other workshop was about building rockets, and was organised by Andrew who is an engineer. First, we looked at different types of propellers and motors, including one which was 3D printed. Then we rolled paper round a stick to make a cylindar, then stuck on a cone on top and added fins to the bottom. This made our rockets more aerodynamic. Once we had finished our rockets, we placed them on a launcher which shot air into the rocket when we pressed the pump. This made the rockets fly through the air. Overall, we had an amazing time! It was so interesting and we learnt lots of new things. Thank you to Fife College and Edinburgh University for this opportunity.	<urn:uuid:0f1b7881-44e3-4348-a8a2-de107952f70a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://stjohnsportobello.com/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00167.warc.gz	en	0.985786	320	3.625	4	[ -0.3437594175338745, 0.3089366853237152, 0.24887323379516602, -0.17426638305187225, -0.4119149446487427, 0.0011047333246096969, -0.15098987519741058, 0.3975295424461365, -0.1894550323486328, 0.02973058633506298, 0.048923369497060776, -0.49026358127593994, -0.1601972132921219, 0.18945914506...	10	Yesterday in P6, we had some visitors who taught us about STEM. STEM stands for Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths, and is a really important subject to learn about because it helps us to understand how the world works and these skills will be important in our future careers. One workshop was run by Mrs Miller who is physicist. In groups, we tried to build the tallest tower out of Jenga, realising that the tower had to have a strong and stable foundation. This was challenging because we had a limited number of blocks so had to leave some to build the tower up high. We then had to build a bridge using the blocks too, including a ramp for the cars to go up. We also developed our teamwork skills, because we had to discuss our ideas and then find compromises, and we worked on problem solving too by adapting the structure. The other workshop was about building rockets, and was organised by Andrew who is an engineer. First, we looked at different types of propellers and motors, including one which was 3D printed. Then we rolled paper round a stick to make a cylindar, then stuck on a cone on top and added fins to the bottom. This made our rockets more aerodynamic. Once we had finished our rockets, we placed them on a launcher which shot air into the rocket when we pressed the pump. This made the rockets fly through the air. Overall, we had an amazing time! It was so interesting and we learnt lots of new things. Thank you to Fife College and Edinburgh University for this opportunity.	315	ENGLISH	1
The famous education and training system of the Spartans, the agoge, was a subject of controversy even back in the ancient world. Mystifying and rigorous, this system strove hard to produce citizens who were worthy of Spartan citizenship. Did You Know? The word ‘agoge‘ actually means ‘rearing’ in Greek. In the context of the education system, it was taken to mean guidance or training. In ancient times, it was very rare that public education was a responsibility taken by the State, and in Sparta, both boys and girls were imparted education, albeit in different manners. Not only was the agoge deemed extremely necessary, but the successful completion of the training regime was a prerequisite in order to receive Spartan citizenship. The objective behind the intensive education and training regime was to produce strong, brave Spartans who would protect the city come what may. All the children of Spartans were expected to undergo the agoge, except the heirs of the royal houses. In fact, the agoge system was so renowned in the ancient world that the elite from other parts of Greece vied to send their sons to Sparta to undergo this training. A popular legend tells us that the city of Sparta had no strong walls protecting it from outside interference, and when the king was asked why, he simply pointed to his soldiers and said that they were the walls of the city. The following sections of this article will cover all about the structure and rules of the agoge. Structure and Rules The instilling of the agoge system began right with the birth of a Spartan child. The city only wanted the bravest and strongest men to live on in Sparta, and dispose those who weren’t worthy of the honor of being a Spartan. Till age 7 Every child was first bathed in wine by his mother after birth, as it was believed that the wine made him strong. The infant was then taken to a group of city elders, the Gerousia, for a complete unbiased inspection. If the members of the Gerousia felt that the child was strong and healthy enough, he was permitted to be taken back home by his parents. If the child had any sort of deformity or was deemed to be weak, he was to be abandoned without further delay. Abandoned babies then would either be rescued by strangers or would die alone. Another tale tells us that the ‘unworthy’ babies were thrown off a cliff. Again, some historians claim that the weak babies were given a chance to prove their worth; they were abandoned on a cliff for several days to check if they could survive the ordeal. Ultimately, only the strongest babies were allowed to live. Even after passing the inspection, the babies still had to face the ‘tough love’ approach. Spartan mothers often bathed their children in wine instead of water, as per the belief that wine made them stronger. These children were taught never to fear anything, and were often ignored when they cried. The strict parental approach of the Spartans was renowned far and wide, and Spartan women were often asked to become caretakers or nannies of children of the elite outside Sparta. From Age 7 – 20 The agoge system began at age 7, when Spartan boys had to leave their parents’ homes and enroll into the regime, thus coming directly under the control of the State. The education and training that would be provided to them would be paid for by the State. The enrollment was generally done in ‘packs’ or groups of boys, who were sent to live with an older man who was responsible for the early stages of their education. At the communal barracks where the groups of children were housed, the boys were imparted education which ranged from academics and sports to training in hunting and warfare. The male students were treated like future soldiers, and their education was mainly military-oriented. At age 12, the boys were entitled to not more than one piece of clothing a year, which was given to them by the State. This piece of clothing was a red cloak which had to be worn by them regardless of the season and the weather outside. The purpose of this harsh treatment was to toughen up the children so that they would become strong soldiers, who would be able to survive external elements of the toughest kind. The children were taught how to endure hardship, pain, fatigue, hunger, as well as the bitter cold. Their athletic activities included gymnastics and different ancient sports, which they had to undertake barefoot. They were also given severely rationed food daily, so as to accustom them to hunger and thirst. The intention behind this was not cruel; it was only to prepare the future soldiers for campaigns where scarcity of food or water could otherwise prove detrimental. Additionally, they were fed less food, so as to produce soldiers who were lean and fit. The agoge dictated that the boys slept on beds which they had to make themselves out of reeds and straws, which they had to pull out from the banks of the river Eurotas, without using a knife. They were also taught stealth, and were encouraged to steal. However, they were severely punished if they were caught in the act. This was to prepare them for conditions where it might be necessary for soldiers to steal food and other basic supplies from the enemy. The main intention of the agoge regime was to discipline the students at a young age. They were taught how to read and write, war poems, history, singing, dancing, as well as the works of Homer. To bring out the tough side of the boys, the elders often instigated and encouraged fights between the students. Those who were considered to be weak or cowardly were ridiculed and teased by other pupils as well as the elders. Some records tell us that annually, there were events that were held to test the endurance of the adolescent students. They were flogged mercilessly to check their endurance to pain as well as their bravery during which, many died. Those who survived were then honored with wreaths, which were essentially a sign of victory in ancient Greece. Roughly around the age of 18, the boys were drafted as reserves in the Spartan Army. Some of them also were made spies in the Secret Police force, where they could spy on the enslaved Helots who made up a significant portion of the population of Sparta, and report or kill them as and when required. From Age 20 – 30 At age 20, the male students, who were now considered adult men, became a part of the Spartan army. It was imperative for a Spartan man to be nothing other than a soldier until he died or reached the age of 60, when he could retire. The main phase of the agoge ended when a student attained the age of 20, and his official military training began. Students had to be elected into a syssitia, which was a mess designed to be military-style to train them for the stress of war. The food given to soldiers at the mess was bland and limited, so as to ensure physical fitness. Those who were overweight were ridiculed and looked down upon, and even faced the risk of being banished from the city. Physical fitness was of great importance to the Spartans. The election of a student into a syssitia depended upon the unanimous votes cast by other Spartans who were members of that mess. It was vital that every student be voted into a mess in order to get Spartan citizenship. For that purpose, rejected soldiers were given 10 years to ensure that they were elected. If, by the age of 30, a student hadn’t been elected into a syssitia, he would not be granted citizenship. At age 30, every man who had successfully completed the rigorous education and training system was granted the citizenship of Sparta. He could now marry, vote, and also have the right to hold office if he wanted. Though some soldiers did get married before they completed 30 years of age, they were not allowed to live with their wives until all the training was officially complete. Education of Girls Girls too, were entitled to public education sponsored by the State, though it was not as rigorous as the kind that was imparted to boys. Like boys were trained to become soldiers, girls were trained to give birth to future soldiers. They lived with their parents, but had to undergo training in dance, gymnastics, and different sports which the Spartans believed would make them physically strong, something that would ultimately help them be strong enough to give birth. Girls were also taught music, poetry, and were given knowledge of war. They were also encouraged and expected to help the male students in their training by publicly ridiculing and humiliating them when they exercised, or during religious ceremonies and festivals. They would take the names of those who seemed physically unfit, and would thus shame them into getting better. The education of girls ended when they turned 20, after which they were expected to marry and give birth to future warriors. Girls were encouraged to look for strong and brave partners who would help them give birth to future warriors who were equally strong and brave. Marriage was perceived to be the means of producing future soldiers that would protect Sparta from foreign invasion. Sparta took great pride in her citizens, who had a do-or-die approach in everything they did. Though the agoge was a harsh and strict education and training system, it must be remembered that it was vital, keeping in mind the turbulent times where battles and military campaigns were a regular part of the daily lives of the Spartans.	<urn:uuid:8df094c1-1b95-4096-b1a4-1252af79cc06>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://historyplex.com/agoge-education-training-system-of-spartans	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783342.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128215526-20200129005526-00231.warc.gz	en	0.994148	1,959	3.734375	4	[ -0.20324930548667908, 0.4168406128883362, 0.27816975116729736, -0.06551019847393036, 0.03932049870491028, -0.2179286777973175, 0.1357182264328003, 0.056245557963848114, -0.3085528016090393, 0.11923561245203018, -0.17684966325759888, -0.31886398792266846, -0.08115028589963913, 0.30075138807...	8	The famous education and training system of the Spartans, the agoge, was a subject of controversy even back in the ancient world. Mystifying and rigorous, this system strove hard to produce citizens who were worthy of Spartan citizenship. Did You Know? The word ‘agoge‘ actually means ‘rearing’ in Greek. In the context of the education system, it was taken to mean guidance or training. In ancient times, it was very rare that public education was a responsibility taken by the State, and in Sparta, both boys and girls were imparted education, albeit in different manners. Not only was the agoge deemed extremely necessary, but the successful completion of the training regime was a prerequisite in order to receive Spartan citizenship. The objective behind the intensive education and training regime was to produce strong, brave Spartans who would protect the city come what may. All the children of Spartans were expected to undergo the agoge, except the heirs of the royal houses. In fact, the agoge system was so renowned in the ancient world that the elite from other parts of Greece vied to send their sons to Sparta to undergo this training. A popular legend tells us that the city of Sparta had no strong walls protecting it from outside interference, and when the king was asked why, he simply pointed to his soldiers and said that they were the walls of the city. The following sections of this article will cover all about the structure and rules of the agoge. Structure and Rules The instilling of the agoge system began right with the birth of a Spartan child. The city only wanted the bravest and strongest men to live on in Sparta, and dispose those who weren’t worthy of the honor of being a Spartan. Till age 7 Every child was first bathed in wine by his mother after birth, as it was believed that the wine made him strong. The infant was then taken to a group of city elders, the Gerousia, for a complete unbiased inspection. If the members of the Gerousia felt that the child was strong and healthy enough, he was permitted to be taken back home by his parents. If the child had any sort of deformity or was deemed to be weak, he was to be abandoned without further delay. Abandoned babies then would either be rescued by strangers or would die alone. Another tale tells us that the ‘unworthy’ babies were thrown off a cliff. Again, some historians claim that the weak babies were given a chance to prove their worth; they were abandoned on a cliff for several days to check if they could survive the ordeal. Ultimately, only the strongest babies were allowed to live. Even after passing the inspection, the babies still had to face the ‘tough love’ approach. Spartan mothers often bathed their children in wine instead of water, as per the belief that wine made them stronger. These children were taught never to fear anything, and were often ignored when they cried. The strict parental approach of the Spartans was renowned far and wide, and Spartan women were often asked to become caretakers or nannies of children of the elite outside Sparta. From Age 7 – 20 The agoge system began at age 7, when Spartan boys had to leave their parents’ homes and enroll into the regime, thus coming directly under the control of the State. The education and training that would be provided to them would be paid for by the State. The enrollment was generally done in ‘packs’ or groups of boys, who were sent to live with an older man who was responsible for the early stages of their education. At the communal barracks where the groups of children were housed, the boys were imparted education which ranged from academics and sports to training in hunting and warfare. The male students were treated like future soldiers, and their education was mainly military-oriented. At age 12, the boys were entitled to not more than one piece of clothing a year, which was given to them by the State. This piece of clothing was a red cloak which had to be worn by them regardless of the season and the weather outside. The purpose of this harsh treatment was to toughen up the children so that they would become strong soldiers, who would be able to survive external elements of the toughest kind. The children were taught how to endure hardship, pain, fatigue, hunger, as well as the bitter cold. Their athletic activities included gymnastics and different ancient sports, which they had to undertake barefoot. They were also given severely rationed food daily, so as to accustom them to hunger and thirst. The intention behind this was not cruel; it was only to prepare the future soldiers for campaigns where scarcity of food or water could otherwise prove detrimental. Additionally, they were fed less food, so as to produce soldiers who were lean and fit. The agoge dictated that the boys slept on beds which they had to make themselves out of reeds and straws, which they had to pull out from the banks of the river Eurotas, without using a knife. They were also taught stealth, and were encouraged to steal. However, they were severely punished if they were caught in the act. This was to prepare them for conditions where it might be necessary for soldiers to steal food and other basic supplies from the enemy. The main intention of the agoge regime was to discipline the students at a young age. They were taught how to read and write, war poems, history, singing, dancing, as well as the works of Homer. To bring out the tough side of the boys, the elders often instigated and encouraged fights between the students. Those who were considered to be weak or cowardly were ridiculed and teased by other pupils as well as the elders. Some records tell us that annually, there were events that were held to test the endurance of the adolescent students. They were flogged mercilessly to check their endurance to pain as well as their bravery during which, many died. Those who survived were then honored with wreaths, which were essentially a sign of victory in ancient Greece. Roughly around the age of 18, the boys were drafted as reserves in the Spartan Army. Some of them also were made spies in the Secret Police force, where they could spy on the enslaved Helots who made up a significant portion of the population of Sparta, and report or kill them as and when required. From Age 20 – 30 At age 20, the male students, who were now considered adult men, became a part of the Spartan army. It was imperative for a Spartan man to be nothing other than a soldier until he died or reached the age of 60, when he could retire. The main phase of the agoge ended when a student attained the age of 20, and his official military training began. Students had to be elected into a syssitia, which was a mess designed to be military-style to train them for the stress of war. The food given to soldiers at the mess was bland and limited, so as to ensure physical fitness. Those who were overweight were ridiculed and looked down upon, and even faced the risk of being banished from the city. Physical fitness was of great importance to the Spartans. The election of a student into a syssitia depended upon the unanimous votes cast by other Spartans who were members of that mess. It was vital that every student be voted into a mess in order to get Spartan citizenship. For that purpose, rejected soldiers were given 10 years to ensure that they were elected. If, by the age of 30, a student hadn’t been elected into a syssitia, he would not be granted citizenship. At age 30, every man who had successfully completed the rigorous education and training system was granted the citizenship of Sparta. He could now marry, vote, and also have the right to hold office if he wanted. Though some soldiers did get married before they completed 30 years of age, they were not allowed to live with their wives until all the training was officially complete. Education of Girls Girls too, were entitled to public education sponsored by the State, though it was not as rigorous as the kind that was imparted to boys. Like boys were trained to become soldiers, girls were trained to give birth to future soldiers. They lived with their parents, but had to undergo training in dance, gymnastics, and different sports which the Spartans believed would make them physically strong, something that would ultimately help them be strong enough to give birth. Girls were also taught music, poetry, and were given knowledge of war. They were also encouraged and expected to help the male students in their training by publicly ridiculing and humiliating them when they exercised, or during religious ceremonies and festivals. They would take the names of those who seemed physically unfit, and would thus shame them into getting better. The education of girls ended when they turned 20, after which they were expected to marry and give birth to future warriors. Girls were encouraged to look for strong and brave partners who would help them give birth to future warriors who were equally strong and brave. Marriage was perceived to be the means of producing future soldiers that would protect Sparta from foreign invasion. Sparta took great pride in her citizens, who had a do-or-die approach in everything they did. Though the agoge was a harsh and strict education and training system, it must be remembered that it was vital, keeping in mind the turbulent times where battles and military campaigns were a regular part of the daily lives of the Spartans.	1,951	ENGLISH	1
Charles XII was king of Sweden from 1697 to 1718. His time as king was dominated by the Great Northern War. After the sudden death of Charles XI, a five man regency governed Sweden. All five men had been trained by Charles XI but in November 1697, the senior nobility, the very men who had opposed the extension of royal absolutism, offered Charles full power and granted him his majority. Why did they do this? It is generally believed that the high nobility thought that they could manipulate a fifteen year old boy rather than the 5 regents. After his coronation, the regency faded away but the high nobility badly misjudged Charles. Despite his age, he was thoroughly versed in politics as Charles XI had frequently taken him on official business with him. Charles was also highly intelligent – fluent in German and Latin with a very good knowledge of philosophy, art, maths and architecture. Charles successfully continued his father’s policy of absolutism and the people of Sweden took to him making a popular rebellion all but impossible. Charles was a devoted worker who practiced self-denial. He was also brave to the point of folly. Charles lead his men into battle believing that his example would spur on his men to follow his example. It was this belief that saw his death at Fredriksheld. By 1700, Sweden was in decline when compared to her days under Gustavus Adolphus. Sweden had only prospered when other Baltic states were in disarray. Once states like Russia and Brandenburg got the internal stability that they had not had in previous centuries, Sweden’s position in the Baltic would be threatened. During the reign of Charles, he had to contend with Peter the Great and the rise to dominance of Brandenburg-Prussia under the Great Elector. To maintain her status in the Baltic, Charles embarked on the Great Northern War. He had said that he was “married to the army” and his death in 1718 heralded in a new era for Sweden. In 1719, the civil service, which had governed Sweden during his absence, passed new laws which established parliamentary government in Sweden thus introducing the so-called “Age of Liberty” which ended absolutism in Sweden.	<urn:uuid:3ea0b56d-aae7-4cd0-bc3b-df0856c25e79>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/sweden-1611-to-1718/charles-xii-of-sweden/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00309.warc.gz	en	0.992508	463	4.09375	4	[ -0.21237799525260925, 0.7905288338661194, 0.2562568187713623, -0.2416064441204071, 0.1765948235988617, -0.42767980694770813, 0.02311098575592041, 0.2638649642467499, -0.2210490107536316, -0.13697093725204468, 0.2836534082889557, 0.10722678899765015, 0.07829014211893082, 0.28062936663627625...	11	Charles XII was king of Sweden from 1697 to 1718. His time as king was dominated by the Great Northern War. After the sudden death of Charles XI, a five man regency governed Sweden. All five men had been trained by Charles XI but in November 1697, the senior nobility, the very men who had opposed the extension of royal absolutism, offered Charles full power and granted him his majority. Why did they do this? It is generally believed that the high nobility thought that they could manipulate a fifteen year old boy rather than the 5 regents. After his coronation, the regency faded away but the high nobility badly misjudged Charles. Despite his age, he was thoroughly versed in politics as Charles XI had frequently taken him on official business with him. Charles was also highly intelligent – fluent in German and Latin with a very good knowledge of philosophy, art, maths and architecture. Charles successfully continued his father’s policy of absolutism and the people of Sweden took to him making a popular rebellion all but impossible. Charles was a devoted worker who practiced self-denial. He was also brave to the point of folly. Charles lead his men into battle believing that his example would spur on his men to follow his example. It was this belief that saw his death at Fredriksheld. By 1700, Sweden was in decline when compared to her days under Gustavus Adolphus. Sweden had only prospered when other Baltic states were in disarray. Once states like Russia and Brandenburg got the internal stability that they had not had in previous centuries, Sweden’s position in the Baltic would be threatened. During the reign of Charles, he had to contend with Peter the Great and the rise to dominance of Brandenburg-Prussia under the Great Elector. To maintain her status in the Baltic, Charles embarked on the Great Northern War. He had said that he was “married to the army” and his death in 1718 heralded in a new era for Sweden. In 1719, the civil service, which had governed Sweden during his absence, passed new laws which established parliamentary government in Sweden thus introducing the so-called “Age of Liberty” which ended absolutism in Sweden.	467	ENGLISH	1
Now that I am working on complete unit studies with Greyson – I wanted to have something that I could use at the end of the unit to assess what he took away from our class time. I definitely did not want to “test” him – and it needed to be a fun way for us to have a quick interaction that would still give me some valuable feedback. Does that make sense? Anyway, I did some brainstorming and came up with these Unit Study Recap Sheets! In the download there are 20 sheets with the topics already filled in for you. I thought it would be a good way to give you some Unit Study ideas. However, the very last page is a blank one – so you can put whatever topic you’d like! You can obviously print that page (or any of the pages) as many times as you’d like. How it Works: These pages are meant to be easy – fun – and quick. There is absolutely no wrong answers! Let’s say you just wrapped up a Unit Study on dinosaurs. Grab the dinosaur sheet – and say to your child “When I say the word “dinosaur” what does it make you think of? Have you child say as many one-word answers as he can think of. Maybe he will name dinosaurs – hopefully he will name some of your vocabulary words, etc. It is a great way for you to see what your child took away from your lessons, and also give you some feedback on what you might want to change or maybe even go back and study again. Try not to give your child any help or suggestions. You want to them to be honest with what they took away. I write down Greyson’s answers – but if you have an older child have them write their own answers. My goal is for him to have 20 take away words. I feel like that is a completely obtainable goal for us. If you are doing this with a younger child – adjust your goal accordingly.	<urn:uuid:ede23b5e-ad97-4ec2-b817-707b7986087f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.onebeautifulhomeblog.com/unit-study-recap-sheets/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607314.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122161553-20200122190553-00025.warc.gz	en	0.985287	417	3.296875	3	[ -0.3825920522212982, 0.16046980023384094, 0.3665255904197693, -0.11780897527933121, -0.16539958119392395, 0.13769526779651642, -0.24492615461349487, 0.5473297238349915, -0.2823352813720703, 0.06529172509908676, 0.10665810108184814, -0.06602734327316284, 0.08116036653518677, 0.4790947735309...	4	Now that I am working on complete unit studies with Greyson – I wanted to have something that I could use at the end of the unit to assess what he took away from our class time. I definitely did not want to “test” him – and it needed to be a fun way for us to have a quick interaction that would still give me some valuable feedback. Does that make sense? Anyway, I did some brainstorming and came up with these Unit Study Recap Sheets! In the download there are 20 sheets with the topics already filled in for you. I thought it would be a good way to give you some Unit Study ideas. However, the very last page is a blank one – so you can put whatever topic you’d like! You can obviously print that page (or any of the pages) as many times as you’d like. How it Works: These pages are meant to be easy – fun – and quick. There is absolutely no wrong answers! Let’s say you just wrapped up a Unit Study on dinosaurs. Grab the dinosaur sheet – and say to your child “When I say the word “dinosaur” what does it make you think of? Have you child say as many one-word answers as he can think of. Maybe he will name dinosaurs – hopefully he will name some of your vocabulary words, etc. It is a great way for you to see what your child took away from your lessons, and also give you some feedback on what you might want to change or maybe even go back and study again. Try not to give your child any help or suggestions. You want to them to be honest with what they took away. I write down Greyson’s answers – but if you have an older child have them write their own answers. My goal is for him to have 20 take away words. I feel like that is a completely obtainable goal for us. If you are doing this with a younger child – adjust your goal accordingly.	398	ENGLISH	1
Samuel C. Hyde’s work, Political Violence during Reconstruction; makes it obvious that in many ways the struggles of getting along were far from over. The relationship between the white man and black man was in constant turmoil, and the political problems in the South did not help either. Harsh feelings and an extensive struggle for power was the problems which the United States faced. Many often think of the United States as peaceful after the Civil War was over, but this is far from the truth. Hyde shows how evident it was that unity of this nation was far from being reached. The carpetbaggers were northerners who supposedly carried all their belongings in a satchel made of carpet material as they came south to exploit the defeated region of the South. The white Southerners gave them this degrading name to them because they wanted to maintain control in the South. The old ruling aristocracy believed that they were born to govern, without question, not only their slaves but the white people too. The local people who supported the Republican Party and what they were trying to accomplish were known as scalawags. Scalawags and carpetbaggers were the names given to those by the white people in the South that wanted to keep running things their way. They did not want things to change. They had a lot of power and control not wanting anything to happen to it. One can only imagine the harsh feelings in the middle of these transitions after the Civil War. Along with these harsh feelings came the problems with the lower-class Louisianans in dealing with the planter elite. The lower-class Louisianans wanted to create equality between them and the planter elite in their state. They felt that things were not fair and change was needed for the better of society. They were encouraged to reassess their fealty to these planters. Through newspapers and other ways these Louisianans felt that they needed to raise their own crops and be independent from... Please join StudyMode to read the full document	<urn:uuid:9f8313f5-50c7-4909-ab26-5874197c85f1>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.studymode.com/essays/Political-Violence-During-Reconstruction-63647749.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601615.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121044233-20200121073233-00012.warc.gz	en	0.991787	404	3.75	4	[ -0.2619396150112152, 0.07270834594964981, 0.1308620572090149, -0.16743192076683044, 0.20359592139720917, 0.38526207208633423, 0.0013801570748910308, -0.2178497165441513, -0.4392247796058655, 0.13575896620750427, 0.3174950182437897, 0.3206084072589874, 0.3503972887992859, 0.3900488018989563...	1	Samuel C. Hyde’s work, Political Violence during Reconstruction; makes it obvious that in many ways the struggles of getting along were far from over. The relationship between the white man and black man was in constant turmoil, and the political problems in the South did not help either. Harsh feelings and an extensive struggle for power was the problems which the United States faced. Many often think of the United States as peaceful after the Civil War was over, but this is far from the truth. Hyde shows how evident it was that unity of this nation was far from being reached. The carpetbaggers were northerners who supposedly carried all their belongings in a satchel made of carpet material as they came south to exploit the defeated region of the South. The white Southerners gave them this degrading name to them because they wanted to maintain control in the South. The old ruling aristocracy believed that they were born to govern, without question, not only their slaves but the white people too. The local people who supported the Republican Party and what they were trying to accomplish were known as scalawags. Scalawags and carpetbaggers were the names given to those by the white people in the South that wanted to keep running things their way. They did not want things to change. They had a lot of power and control not wanting anything to happen to it. One can only imagine the harsh feelings in the middle of these transitions after the Civil War. Along with these harsh feelings came the problems with the lower-class Louisianans in dealing with the planter elite. The lower-class Louisianans wanted to create equality between them and the planter elite in their state. They felt that things were not fair and change was needed for the better of society. They were encouraged to reassess their fealty to these planters. Through newspapers and other ways these Louisianans felt that they needed to raise their own crops and be independent from... Please join StudyMode to read the full document	400	ENGLISH	1
The book of Exodus is largely narrative and historic material. Some of the key themes that came out of the book of Exodus are; the fact that Moses was hid for three months from certain death as “Pharaoh had made an order to all his people: “Every boy that is born you must throw into the Nile, but let every girl live.” (Exodus 1:22), and sent down the river in a basket to only be found by Pharaoh’s daughter who took him as her own son; growing up Moses saw and felt the pains of his people and even killed an Egyptian for beating up a Hebrew man, which caused Moses to flee; during this time of fleeing the Pharaoh, Moses came upon a burning bush for which the LORD said to him, “Take off your sandals, for the place where you are standing is holy ground.” (Exodus 3:5) , Moses also led the Hebrews from the exile from Pharaoh’s grasp by crossing the Red Sea with a clear path, while Pharaoh’s army was swallowed up and drowned in the Red Sea ;Moses also was known for going to Mount Sinai and receiving the Ten Commandments from God. The book of Leviticus was written as a book of Law. Leviticus is also the third of five books pertaining to the Torah, or the Pentateuch. “Leviticus rests in two crucial beliefs: the first, that the world was created "very good" and retains the capacity to achieve that state although it is vulnerable to sin and defilement; the second, that the faithful enactment of ritual makes God's presence available, while ignoring or breaching it compromises the harmony between God and the world.” (Book of Leviticus-Wikipedia, 2012) “The traditional view is that Leviticus was compiled by Moses, or that the material in it goes back to his time.” (Book of Leviticus-Wikipedia, 2012) When we talk about Leviticus being a book of law, we are talking about “God’s law” and it is an expression of God’s sovereign will and character. According to Leviticus 24:22, which states: “You are to have the same law for the foreigner and the native-born. I am the LORD your God.” The book of Ruth is a romance novel. Ruth was a Moab woman who we find out is the great-grandmother of King David. Ruth marries a Moabite man who is later killed and she is left a widow with her sister-in-law. Orpah, and her mother-in-law, Naomi. After the death of their husbands, Naomi sends her daughters-in-law back home to their people and their gods, but Ruth stays by her mother-in-law’s side, quoting Ruth 1:16, which states “But Ruth replied, Don’t urge me to leave you or to turn back from you. Where you go I will go, and where you stay I will stay. Your people will be my people and your God my God.” This had to be a huge thing for Ruth to say to her mother-in-law, especially forsaking her own people and her own gods. The book of Proverbs carries a wisdom genre. Solomon, who was quoted as the wisest king to ever live, mainly wrote the book of Proverbs. Even though, Lemuel and Agar wrote some of the later sections. The main purpose of the book of Proverbs was to teach wisdom to God’s people. Proverbs was written as short, clever explanations, and they are easy to remember. Throughout the book of Proverbs, there are some little known facts; the words “my Son” is mentioned some 20 times, while the role of mother is mentioned some 10 times throughout the book of Proverbs. According to Proverbs 1:2 “For gaining wisdom and instruction; for understanding words of insight.” It seems to be self-explanatory what the book of Proverbs is all about. Proverbs focuses on practical living and common sense. The book of Jeremiah is a prophecy, but not completely in chronological order. Some of the key personalities in the book of Jeremiah are many kings, including; Judah, Baruch,…	<urn:uuid:79b6a59b-a37a-460e-b1ee-5889f3a8907a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.majortests.com/essay/Old-Testament-Books-609030.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778272.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128122813-20200128152813-00451.warc.gz	en	0.983729	906	3.46875	3	[ -0.17335987091064453, 0.6571794748306274, 0.1863356977701187, -0.08525657653808594, -0.5507166385650635, -0.06608102470636368, 0.19281165301799774, -0.15596652030944824, -0.0673598200082779, 0.2832126021385193, -0.046124812215566635, -0.0740741565823555, -0.007339454255998135, 0.0913295969...	1	The book of Exodus is largely narrative and historic material. Some of the key themes that came out of the book of Exodus are; the fact that Moses was hid for three months from certain death as “Pharaoh had made an order to all his people: “Every boy that is born you must throw into the Nile, but let every girl live.” (Exodus 1:22), and sent down the river in a basket to only be found by Pharaoh’s daughter who took him as her own son; growing up Moses saw and felt the pains of his people and even killed an Egyptian for beating up a Hebrew man, which caused Moses to flee; during this time of fleeing the Pharaoh, Moses came upon a burning bush for which the LORD said to him, “Take off your sandals, for the place where you are standing is holy ground.” (Exodus 3:5) , Moses also led the Hebrews from the exile from Pharaoh’s grasp by crossing the Red Sea with a clear path, while Pharaoh’s army was swallowed up and drowned in the Red Sea ;Moses also was known for going to Mount Sinai and receiving the Ten Commandments from God. The book of Leviticus was written as a book of Law. Leviticus is also the third of five books pertaining to the Torah, or the Pentateuch. “Leviticus rests in two crucial beliefs: the first, that the world was created "very good" and retains the capacity to achieve that state although it is vulnerable to sin and defilement; the second, that the faithful enactment of ritual makes God's presence available, while ignoring or breaching it compromises the harmony between God and the world.” (Book of Leviticus-Wikipedia, 2012) “The traditional view is that Leviticus was compiled by Moses, or that the material in it goes back to his time.” (Book of Leviticus-Wikipedia, 2012) When we talk about Leviticus being a book of law, we are talking about “God’s law” and it is an expression of God’s sovereign will and character. According to Leviticus 24:22, which states: “You are to have the same law for the foreigner and the native-born. I am the LORD your God.” The book of Ruth is a romance novel. Ruth was a Moab woman who we find out is the great-grandmother of King David. Ruth marries a Moabite man who is later killed and she is left a widow with her sister-in-law. Orpah, and her mother-in-law, Naomi. After the death of their husbands, Naomi sends her daughters-in-law back home to their people and their gods, but Ruth stays by her mother-in-law’s side, quoting Ruth 1:16, which states “But Ruth replied, Don’t urge me to leave you or to turn back from you. Where you go I will go, and where you stay I will stay. Your people will be my people and your God my God.” This had to be a huge thing for Ruth to say to her mother-in-law, especially forsaking her own people and her own gods. The book of Proverbs carries a wisdom genre. Solomon, who was quoted as the wisest king to ever live, mainly wrote the book of Proverbs. Even though, Lemuel and Agar wrote some of the later sections. The main purpose of the book of Proverbs was to teach wisdom to God’s people. Proverbs was written as short, clever explanations, and they are easy to remember. Throughout the book of Proverbs, there are some little known facts; the words “my Son” is mentioned some 20 times, while the role of mother is mentioned some 10 times throughout the book of Proverbs. According to Proverbs 1:2 “For gaining wisdom and instruction; for understanding words of insight.” It seems to be self-explanatory what the book of Proverbs is all about. Proverbs focuses on practical living and common sense. The book of Jeremiah is a prophecy, but not completely in chronological order. Some of the key personalities in the book of Jeremiah are many kings, including; Judah, Baruch,…	873	ENGLISH	1
“Those who deny freedom to others deserve it not for themselves,” – Abraham Lincoln. Freedom is a right that everyone strives for but never truly get. In the George Orwell classic Animal Farm, the animals start a rebellion to overthrow their farmer, Mr. Jones. However, the outcome of the revolt was far from the paradise they were expecting. The oblivious animals are being used as slaves in disguise for the “freedom” they wanted. The sole cause of the destruction of the freedom and equality of the farm was a power-hungry pig named Napoleon. To begin, Napoleon slowly took away the rights of the animals on Animal Farm. According to the book, “… Napoleon announced that there would be work on Sunday afternoons as well. This work was strictly voluntary, but any animal who absented himself from it would have his rations reduced by half” (Orwell 73). Napoleon made the animals believe that the work was voluntary when in fact it was an ultimatum. It was a choice between working or starving, and neither was pleasant,but the animals did not have the power to disagree. Their workload was more strenuous than usual since the windmill had been much more complicated than they thought. In addition, Napoleon, along with the other pigs, had convinced the animals that he and his group having better food was beneficial for everyone. In the novel, “Once again all rations were reduced, except those of the pigs and the dogs. A too rigid equality in rations, Squealer explained, would have been contrary to the principles of Animalism… Reading out the figures in a shrill, rapid voice, he proved to them in detail that they had more oats, more hay, more turnips than they had had in Jones’s day…” (Orwell ). Squealer’s announcement consisted of lies and false information to persuade the animals that equality in rations will be contrary to the principles of Animal Farm. Secondly, Napoleon changed the Seven Commandments as he saw fit. The Seven Commandments were rules established by the animals to abide by since their leader was gone. Napoleon ignored the commandments and decided to slaughter animals on the spot, “Napoleon called upon them to confess their crimes. And so the tale of confessions and executions went on, until there was a pile of corpses lying before Napoleon’s feet and the air was heavy with the smell of blood, which had been unknown there since the expulsion of Jones. When it was all over, the remaining animals, except for the pigs and dogs, crept away in a body. They were shaken and miserable” (Orwell 92-93). This was a big event in Animal Farm history. It was when the change in the commandments got serious. Before, the commandment stated, “No animal shall kill any other animal” (Orwell 43). Since Napoleon took over, the commandment now stated, “No animal shall kill any other animal without cause” (Orwell 98). This change made Napoleon’s killings justified. The alteration of the commandments got worse from there, “At the end of the book, Napoleon is seen drinking and playing cards with other farmers. This was of course witnessed by the other animals. Though they couldn’t hear what was being spoken, they say big smiles and laughter through the window. Benjamin, an old donkey broke his one rule, and read the writing on the wall. Instead of reading the Seven Commandments, the only thing on the wall was, ‘ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL BUT SOME ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS'” (Orwell 133). This was expected by the animals who were smart enough to notice what was happening. Napoleon treated the animals as his minions while he enjoyed the power of being able to control everyone. It was a long time coming and it destroyed what Animal Farm was about: freedom and equality. Finally, Napoleon decided to result in using human ways. When the rebellion ended, there was a maxim that was followed through, “Four legs good, two legs bad” (Orwell 50). This statement was seen to be the foundation of the Animal Farm rebellion. However, Napoleon had completely obliterated the rule. In the text, “It was about this time that the pigs suddenly moved into the farmhouse and took up their residence there… Nevertheless, some of the animals were disturbed when they heard that the pigs not only took their meals in the kitchen and used the drawing-room as a recreation room, but also slept in the beds” (Orwell 79). This event is beginning of Napoleon and other pigs acting more human. The other animals are left in their original stalls, while Napoleon was living a luxurious life. Squealer, Napoleon’s right hand, had explained that this was for everyone’s benefit. Despite the spiel, the more observant animals recognized the lie.The final act that broke the freedom and equality rules of the Animal Farm was when the pigs decided to act like Mr. Jones. According to the passage, “It was a pig walking on his hind legs… And a moment later, out from the door of the farmhouse came a long file of pigs, all walking on their hind legs. And finally there was a tremendous baying of dogs and a shrill crowing from the black cockerel, and out came Napoleon himself, majestically upright, casting haughty glances from side to side, and with his dogs gambolling round him. He carried a whip in his trotter” (Orwell 131-132). The animals finally realized that the freedom that they thought they once had is completely gone. History was repeating itself. Mr. Jones was banished because of the Rebellion, but Napoleon went ahead and replaced his position. The animals realized the situation and concluded that no matter how bad life with Mr. Jones’ was, it did not compare to the horrendous life they had with Napoleon. In conclusion, even though other animals had contributed to the destruction of Animal Farm, Napoleon was the one that brought the Animal Farm down. He did unforgivable things, like induce the genocide of innocent animals that did nothing wrong. He also forced the animals to overwork themselves, almost to the point of death by exhaustion, only to cut their food rations He degraded Animal Farm and took its meaning. Napoleon acted like the enemy instead of the ally that everyone expected him to be. Animal Farm was always about the rebellion and the removal of leadership to make everyone equal, but Napoleon took that weakness and made it his greatest strength.	<urn:uuid:6a2b25f6-0729-478b-8f67-a16a23ffd9a3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://codepost.org/those-rations-were-reduced-except-those-of-the/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606975.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122101729-20200122130729-00242.warc.gz	en	0.986298	1,355	3.703125	4	[ -0.17726615071296692, 0.2853437066078186, 0.024071097373962402, 0.2465723156929016, -0.34769773483276367, -0.10228224098682404, 0.14065590500831604, 0.06681272387504578, 0.014949789270758629, 0.19615839421749115, -0.04101089388132095, -0.17776459455490112, 0.004124165046960115, 0.126666992...	1	“Those who deny freedom to others deserve it not for themselves,” – Abraham Lincoln. Freedom is a right that everyone strives for but never truly get. In the George Orwell classic Animal Farm, the animals start a rebellion to overthrow their farmer, Mr. Jones. However, the outcome of the revolt was far from the paradise they were expecting. The oblivious animals are being used as slaves in disguise for the “freedom” they wanted. The sole cause of the destruction of the freedom and equality of the farm was a power-hungry pig named Napoleon. To begin, Napoleon slowly took away the rights of the animals on Animal Farm. According to the book, “… Napoleon announced that there would be work on Sunday afternoons as well. This work was strictly voluntary, but any animal who absented himself from it would have his rations reduced by half” (Orwell 73). Napoleon made the animals believe that the work was voluntary when in fact it was an ultimatum. It was a choice between working or starving, and neither was pleasant,but the animals did not have the power to disagree. Their workload was more strenuous than usual since the windmill had been much more complicated than they thought. In addition, Napoleon, along with the other pigs, had convinced the animals that he and his group having better food was beneficial for everyone. In the novel, “Once again all rations were reduced, except those of the pigs and the dogs. A too rigid equality in rations, Squealer explained, would have been contrary to the principles of Animalism… Reading out the figures in a shrill, rapid voice, he proved to them in detail that they had more oats, more hay, more turnips than they had had in Jones’s day…” (Orwell ). Squealer’s announcement consisted of lies and false information to persuade the animals that equality in rations will be contrary to the principles of Animal Farm. Secondly, Napoleon changed the Seven Commandments as he saw fit. The Seven Commandments were rules established by the animals to abide by since their leader was gone. Napoleon ignored the commandments and decided to slaughter animals on the spot, “Napoleon called upon them to confess their crimes. And so the tale of confessions and executions went on, until there was a pile of corpses lying before Napoleon’s feet and the air was heavy with the smell of blood, which had been unknown there since the expulsion of Jones. When it was all over, the remaining animals, except for the pigs and dogs, crept away in a body. They were shaken and miserable” (Orwell 92-93). This was a big event in Animal Farm history. It was when the change in the commandments got serious. Before, the commandment stated, “No animal shall kill any other animal” (Orwell 43). Since Napoleon took over, the commandment now stated, “No animal shall kill any other animal without cause” (Orwell 98). This change made Napoleon’s killings justified. The alteration of the commandments got worse from there, “At the end of the book, Napoleon is seen drinking and playing cards with other farmers. This was of course witnessed by the other animals. Though they couldn’t hear what was being spoken, they say big smiles and laughter through the window. Benjamin, an old donkey broke his one rule, and read the writing on the wall. Instead of reading the Seven Commandments, the only thing on the wall was, ‘ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL BUT SOME ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS'” (Orwell 133). This was expected by the animals who were smart enough to notice what was happening. Napoleon treated the animals as his minions while he enjoyed the power of being able to control everyone. It was a long time coming and it destroyed what Animal Farm was about: freedom and equality. Finally, Napoleon decided to result in using human ways. When the rebellion ended, there was a maxim that was followed through, “Four legs good, two legs bad” (Orwell 50). This statement was seen to be the foundation of the Animal Farm rebellion. However, Napoleon had completely obliterated the rule. In the text, “It was about this time that the pigs suddenly moved into the farmhouse and took up their residence there… Nevertheless, some of the animals were disturbed when they heard that the pigs not only took their meals in the kitchen and used the drawing-room as a recreation room, but also slept in the beds” (Orwell 79). This event is beginning of Napoleon and other pigs acting more human. The other animals are left in their original stalls, while Napoleon was living a luxurious life. Squealer, Napoleon’s right hand, had explained that this was for everyone’s benefit. Despite the spiel, the more observant animals recognized the lie.The final act that broke the freedom and equality rules of the Animal Farm was when the pigs decided to act like Mr. Jones. According to the passage, “It was a pig walking on his hind legs… And a moment later, out from the door of the farmhouse came a long file of pigs, all walking on their hind legs. And finally there was a tremendous baying of dogs and a shrill crowing from the black cockerel, and out came Napoleon himself, majestically upright, casting haughty glances from side to side, and with his dogs gambolling round him. He carried a whip in his trotter” (Orwell 131-132). The animals finally realized that the freedom that they thought they once had is completely gone. History was repeating itself. Mr. Jones was banished because of the Rebellion, but Napoleon went ahead and replaced his position. The animals realized the situation and concluded that no matter how bad life with Mr. Jones’ was, it did not compare to the horrendous life they had with Napoleon. In conclusion, even though other animals had contributed to the destruction of Animal Farm, Napoleon was the one that brought the Animal Farm down. He did unforgivable things, like induce the genocide of innocent animals that did nothing wrong. He also forced the animals to overwork themselves, almost to the point of death by exhaustion, only to cut their food rations He degraded Animal Farm and took its meaning. Napoleon acted like the enemy instead of the ally that everyone expected him to be. Animal Farm was always about the rebellion and the removal of leadership to make everyone equal, but Napoleon took that weakness and made it his greatest strength.	1,334	ENGLISH	1
An old trade route Wrocław - Opole - Kraków passed through Strzelce during the Middle Ages. The Opole gate was opened to the west and the Kraków gate to the east. The gates were built over the town moat. There were towers over the gates (10 m behind Corpus Christi Church). Town Walls were built from the Kraków gate to bell tower (near the parish church) and further along the present walls surrounding the church, through the farm garden to the Opole gate; from the Corpus Christi Churchyard to the castle. The Strzelce castle served as town defence from the south, with large marshes behind it. The town was surrounded by lakes and marshes from the south and west, therefore deep moat was not necessary. It was however an important defence element from the north and east as there were no natural obstacles. During the town development, the basic route of merchant road (Wrocław - Kraków) was not altered. The northern part of town - from the Kraków to the Opole gate was still surrounded by walls during the 17th - 18th centuries. The walls were, in turn, surrounded by a wide belt of marshes, from the Opole to the Kraków gate. The moat connected to a ditch leading to the castle, near the Opole gate, thus creating the so called Adamowice flow, going to a pond in Nowa Wieś. Town walls were opened in the years 1816-25, due to development of the road Wrocław - Opole - Strzelce - Bytom. Only fragments of medieval walls survived - opposite the Corpus Christi Church at Opolska str. and from the north - along Kościuszki str., surrounding St. Lawrence Church.	<urn:uuid:f0274f39-f284-4a0c-968f-d6832314b90c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.pup.strzelceopolskie.pl/wizytowka_eng/town_walls/printpage	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00252.warc.gz	en	0.982604	385	3.5625	4	[ 0.08405531942844391, 0.12322395294904709, 0.25740671157836914, 0.20420394837856293, -0.20662102103233337, -0.23107317090034485, 0.1030285656452179, 0.12866222858428955, -0.32970988750457764, -0.18039119243621826, -0.09740105271339417, -0.4474732577800751, -0.34694385528564453, -0.146084949...	3	An old trade route Wrocław - Opole - Kraków passed through Strzelce during the Middle Ages. The Opole gate was opened to the west and the Kraków gate to the east. The gates were built over the town moat. There were towers over the gates (10 m behind Corpus Christi Church). Town Walls were built from the Kraków gate to bell tower (near the parish church) and further along the present walls surrounding the church, through the farm garden to the Opole gate; from the Corpus Christi Churchyard to the castle. The Strzelce castle served as town defence from the south, with large marshes behind it. The town was surrounded by lakes and marshes from the south and west, therefore deep moat was not necessary. It was however an important defence element from the north and east as there were no natural obstacles. During the town development, the basic route of merchant road (Wrocław - Kraków) was not altered. The northern part of town - from the Kraków to the Opole gate was still surrounded by walls during the 17th - 18th centuries. The walls were, in turn, surrounded by a wide belt of marshes, from the Opole to the Kraków gate. The moat connected to a ditch leading to the castle, near the Opole gate, thus creating the so called Adamowice flow, going to a pond in Nowa Wieś. Town walls were opened in the years 1816-25, due to development of the road Wrocław - Opole - Strzelce - Bytom. Only fragments of medieval walls survived - opposite the Corpus Christi Church at Opolska str. and from the north - along Kościuszki str., surrounding St. Lawrence Church.	367	ENGLISH	1
10 September 2014 John Proctor as a Tragic Hero The Crucible by Arthur Miller is set in Salem in a Puritan community. John Proctor, Elizabeth Proctor, Reverend Hale, Reverend Paris, and Abigail are the main characters. The book is about witchcraft or what the town thinks is witchcraft. John Proctor is the tragic hero because he is loving, loyal, authoritative, but his tragic flaw is his temper. John is a loving husband. He proves that by telling Elizabeth, “It is well seasoned” (Miller 48) in reference to the rabbit she cooked, in which he had to add salt to. He likes to make her happy, which shows he loves her, and so he asks, “Would that please you?” (Miller 48) He is asking in reference to buying a heifer for her if the crops are good. He assures her he will “fall like an ocean on that court” by which he shows his love in caring for her freedom (Miller 73). To the court he admits he has “known her” he is talking about Abigail and their affair (Miller 102). He is showing his love towards his wife by throwing away his freedom, life, honor, dignity, and pride to prove Elizabeth’s innocence and have her freedom. He tells Elizabeth to “show honor now” as he is to be hanged in the gallows (Miller 133). He is showing his love for her by letting her know he cares about her enough to want her to be strong even though he is to die. John Proctor is a loyal man. He proves he is loyal by telling Abigail, “I will cut off my hand before I’ll ever reach for you again.” (p.22) He has the chance to be unfaithful, but instead proves his loyalty. He is loyal when he tells Abigail; “You’ll speak nothing of Elizabeth!” after Abigail had insulted her by calling her sickly (22). John, while talking with Danforth, proves his loyalty to Elizabeth by speaking up for her as he is trying to get her and his friends wives out of jail. He tells Danforth “that woman will never lie” which proves his loyalty to his wife (85). He proves his loyalty to his friends when Danforth has told him Elizabeth is pregnant and will stay alive for one year by telling the judge that his friends’ wives’ “are also accused-” and standing up for them instead of just taking a year with Elizabeth (86). John shows his loyalty when he is trying to prove Elizabeth’s innocence to witchcraft. By telling the judge, “my wife is innocent!” (p.103) John has an authoritative personality. John proves this authoritative personality when he goes to Reverend Paris’s house, to find out why there is talk of witchcraft in the town, and finds his servant, Mary Warren, who is not supposed to be there and she shays “Oh! I’m just going home,” knowing she isn’t supposed to be there (20). His first words to her indicate his authority, “Now get home” because she does not question him and simply does what he says she proves he has authority (20). He shows his authoritative personality when talking alone with Abigail. He tells her, “That’s done with” trying to end the conversation after…	<urn:uuid:25fe2807-58ff-4a5a-943a-c2fa47a738d5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.majortests.com/essay/The-Crucible-John-Proctor-As-a-552111.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690379.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126195918-20200126225918-00510.warc.gz	en	0.986511	729	3.40625	3	[ -0.7029738426208496, 0.26023128628730774, -0.01660032756626606, -0.06050559878349304, -0.8182092905044556, 0.18598482012748718, 0.699263334274292, -0.09103577584028244, -0.0638069361448288, 0.013782531954348087, -0.43355920910835266, -0.22226296365261078, 0.10724844038486481, 0.20340286195...	1	10 September 2014 John Proctor as a Tragic Hero The Crucible by Arthur Miller is set in Salem in a Puritan community. John Proctor, Elizabeth Proctor, Reverend Hale, Reverend Paris, and Abigail are the main characters. The book is about witchcraft or what the town thinks is witchcraft. John Proctor is the tragic hero because he is loving, loyal, authoritative, but his tragic flaw is his temper. John is a loving husband. He proves that by telling Elizabeth, “It is well seasoned” (Miller 48) in reference to the rabbit she cooked, in which he had to add salt to. He likes to make her happy, which shows he loves her, and so he asks, “Would that please you?” (Miller 48) He is asking in reference to buying a heifer for her if the crops are good. He assures her he will “fall like an ocean on that court” by which he shows his love in caring for her freedom (Miller 73). To the court he admits he has “known her” he is talking about Abigail and their affair (Miller 102). He is showing his love towards his wife by throwing away his freedom, life, honor, dignity, and pride to prove Elizabeth’s innocence and have her freedom. He tells Elizabeth to “show honor now” as he is to be hanged in the gallows (Miller 133). He is showing his love for her by letting her know he cares about her enough to want her to be strong even though he is to die. John Proctor is a loyal man. He proves he is loyal by telling Abigail, “I will cut off my hand before I’ll ever reach for you again.” (p.22) He has the chance to be unfaithful, but instead proves his loyalty. He is loyal when he tells Abigail; “You’ll speak nothing of Elizabeth!” after Abigail had insulted her by calling her sickly (22). John, while talking with Danforth, proves his loyalty to Elizabeth by speaking up for her as he is trying to get her and his friends wives out of jail. He tells Danforth “that woman will never lie” which proves his loyalty to his wife (85). He proves his loyalty to his friends when Danforth has told him Elizabeth is pregnant and will stay alive for one year by telling the judge that his friends’ wives’ “are also accused-” and standing up for them instead of just taking a year with Elizabeth (86). John shows his loyalty when he is trying to prove Elizabeth’s innocence to witchcraft. By telling the judge, “my wife is innocent!” (p.103) John has an authoritative personality. John proves this authoritative personality when he goes to Reverend Paris’s house, to find out why there is talk of witchcraft in the town, and finds his servant, Mary Warren, who is not supposed to be there and she shays “Oh! I’m just going home,” knowing she isn’t supposed to be there (20). His first words to her indicate his authority, “Now get home” because she does not question him and simply does what he says she proves he has authority (20). He shows his authoritative personality when talking alone with Abigail. He tells her, “That’s done with” trying to end the conversation after…	706	ENGLISH	1
In the middle ages, the clergy and the Church in general were very influential. The kings and local lords appointed members of the clergy including the bishops and priests, and in return, the clergy would play a great role in establishing the rules of the land. Nevertheless, priests in the middle Ages were not as influential as the bishops and archbishops who came from rich families. The Role of Priests in the Middle Ages The priests in the middle ages were exempted from paying taxes because their work was considered noble. They provided care for the members of the community and conducted Mass in the parishes. The priest had a special place in society. He presided over baptisms and wedding and he usually was the sole source of education. The priest was in charge of ensuring that the religious occasions and events were observed and he performed the final rites to the dying. Other roles that the priest played include offering spiritual guidance and absolving the sins of his parishioners. The priests were also in charge of overseeing the manor and passing on messages to the community, from the Pope or bishops. One of the most important roles played by the priest was establishing and running a local school. This was particularly vital when the kings realized the importance of education in the development of a country and in winning battles. The clergy was charged with the role of educating the local population, even though what they taught was meager and very basic. The educated priests only taught selected students how to read and write in Latin. They also taught religious studies, philosophy and rhetoric. In addition to teaching and offering spiritual guidance to the community priests in the middle ages were also in charge of streamlining local government processes. As such, they would be appointed as clerks to handle local government transactions, kept records and accounts and duplicated title deeds. It was the priests at this time that pioneered the concept of civil service, which later became an integral part of European society. Priests also presided over business transactions that required a witness to affirm the obligations of both parties to the transaction. Additionally, noblemen would hire priests as their personal secretaries. Priests in the early middle ages did not dress differently from the local people. However, in the fifth century following the fall of the Roman Empire, the church started to regulate clergy dressing. Priests were then required to don a tunic, also known as an alb, which flowed down to their feet; this would distinguish them from the laymen who dressed in trousers and walked bare feet. Due to the influential role of the church, this mode of dressing became widespread and took root in much of medieval society. Priests would wrap a belt around their waists and during Mass, they would put on another garment over the tunic. This outer garment would either be a tunic with long sleeves, known as a dalmatic, or a chasuble, a clock without sleeves. The priests also donned a stole, a piece of fabric, over their shoulders. In the 13th century, English priests were required to wear a cappa clausa, a hooded cap. Together with the bishops, the priests in the middle ages made a living from tithes, a fee that parishioners paid from working in the fields. The total amount of tithe a person would pay would be a tenth of their earnings or their harvest. Thus, peasants would contribute a tenth of their meat and a tenth of their harvest to the church. The clergy would use one third of the contributions for their own upkeep, while the Bishop and the poor in the community would share the remaining contributions. The money that was given to, or collected by the church was used for repairs within the church, for purchasing books and candles. In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, priests who served in the parish were generally allowed to marry and to have children. Priesthood in the middle ages was hereditary, so that the priest’s son would take over the church when his father died. Women were not permitted to become priests. The Church attempted to keep priests and bishops from marrying and having children. These attempts to impose celibacy deterred some people from aspiring to become priests. Many who were already priests and bishops began to live with a “hearth woman” or a concubine, a woman to whom they were not married. Other priests and bishops did not mind paying the fine that the Church had made obligatory if they chose to marry. In effect, the Church required that members of the clergy obtain a license and pay a requisite fee if they marry. Additionally the Church made it obligatory for priests who did not shave their heads as per Roman tradition, to pay a fine. The structure of priesthood, just like in society had hierarchies. The village priest was lower in the hierarchy. He might be just a local boy who went to the monastery to study religion. There often was no difference between the village priest and the parishioners. Higher on the priesthood hierarchy, was the parish priest who oversaw the church and even though he still interacted with the community, he was viewed as having a higher status. Compared to the village priest and the local parishioners, a parish priest would be more educated, but illiterate nevertheless. Sometime the bishop would be the priest in a parish too. Such priests were at the top of the hierarchy as they doubled as priests and bishops; they typically came from the noble families, were more powerful, wealthier and more educated than their counterparts were. In the middle ages, society was divided into three orders. These included those who prayed, those who fought and those who worked. Members of the clergy, including the priest were in the category of those who prayed. The knights, cavalry, infantry and the king’s soldiers were those who fought. The peasants in the farms were those who worked. The priestly category was the First Estate, a more prestigious category than the other two. This is because the priests were considered closer to God than any of the people in the other two categories. When compared to the local people, the priesthood was given a higher social standing. This generated widespread resentment and sentiments against the clergy who were seen by the community as seeking self-aggrandizement as opposed to securing the wellbeing of the community. The community bitterly criticized priests who fell from grace; they required that because the priest had a higher social standing and was closer to God, he would not succumb to the shortcomings of the layperson.	<urn:uuid:4db6c002-f873-4441-b0dc-de52c0083b31>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.thefinertimes.com/Middle-Ages/priests-in-the-middle-ages.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00257.warc.gz	en	0.991007	1,313	4	4	[ 0.08220253884792328, 0.5967577695846558, 0.12180688232183456, -0.5600631237030029, 0.049283042550086975, -0.03502843156456947, -0.0030092191882431507, 0.10402430593967438, 0.058463286608457565, -0.33617138862609863, -0.4205884635448456, 0.07542351633310318, 0.2462233006954193, 0.1595071703...	14	In the middle ages, the clergy and the Church in general were very influential. The kings and local lords appointed members of the clergy including the bishops and priests, and in return, the clergy would play a great role in establishing the rules of the land. Nevertheless, priests in the middle Ages were not as influential as the bishops and archbishops who came from rich families. The Role of Priests in the Middle Ages The priests in the middle ages were exempted from paying taxes because their work was considered noble. They provided care for the members of the community and conducted Mass in the parishes. The priest had a special place in society. He presided over baptisms and wedding and he usually was the sole source of education. The priest was in charge of ensuring that the religious occasions and events were observed and he performed the final rites to the dying. Other roles that the priest played include offering spiritual guidance and absolving the sins of his parishioners. The priests were also in charge of overseeing the manor and passing on messages to the community, from the Pope or bishops. One of the most important roles played by the priest was establishing and running a local school. This was particularly vital when the kings realized the importance of education in the development of a country and in winning battles. The clergy was charged with the role of educating the local population, even though what they taught was meager and very basic. The educated priests only taught selected students how to read and write in Latin. They also taught religious studies, philosophy and rhetoric. In addition to teaching and offering spiritual guidance to the community priests in the middle ages were also in charge of streamlining local government processes. As such, they would be appointed as clerks to handle local government transactions, kept records and accounts and duplicated title deeds. It was the priests at this time that pioneered the concept of civil service, which later became an integral part of European society. Priests also presided over business transactions that required a witness to affirm the obligations of both parties to the transaction. Additionally, noblemen would hire priests as their personal secretaries. Priests in the early middle ages did not dress differently from the local people. However, in the fifth century following the fall of the Roman Empire, the church started to regulate clergy dressing. Priests were then required to don a tunic, also known as an alb, which flowed down to their feet; this would distinguish them from the laymen who dressed in trousers and walked bare feet. Due to the influential role of the church, this mode of dressing became widespread and took root in much of medieval society. Priests would wrap a belt around their waists and during Mass, they would put on another garment over the tunic. This outer garment would either be a tunic with long sleeves, known as a dalmatic, or a chasuble, a clock without sleeves. The priests also donned a stole, a piece of fabric, over their shoulders. In the 13th century, English priests were required to wear a cappa clausa, a hooded cap. Together with the bishops, the priests in the middle ages made a living from tithes, a fee that parishioners paid from working in the fields. The total amount of tithe a person would pay would be a tenth of their earnings or their harvest. Thus, peasants would contribute a tenth of their meat and a tenth of their harvest to the church. The clergy would use one third of the contributions for their own upkeep, while the Bishop and the poor in the community would share the remaining contributions. The money that was given to, or collected by the church was used for repairs within the church, for purchasing books and candles. In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, priests who served in the parish were generally allowed to marry and to have children. Priesthood in the middle ages was hereditary, so that the priest’s son would take over the church when his father died. Women were not permitted to become priests. The Church attempted to keep priests and bishops from marrying and having children. These attempts to impose celibacy deterred some people from aspiring to become priests. Many who were already priests and bishops began to live with a “hearth woman” or a concubine, a woman to whom they were not married. Other priests and bishops did not mind paying the fine that the Church had made obligatory if they chose to marry. In effect, the Church required that members of the clergy obtain a license and pay a requisite fee if they marry. Additionally the Church made it obligatory for priests who did not shave their heads as per Roman tradition, to pay a fine. The structure of priesthood, just like in society had hierarchies. The village priest was lower in the hierarchy. He might be just a local boy who went to the monastery to study religion. There often was no difference between the village priest and the parishioners. Higher on the priesthood hierarchy, was the parish priest who oversaw the church and even though he still interacted with the community, he was viewed as having a higher status. Compared to the village priest and the local parishioners, a parish priest would be more educated, but illiterate nevertheless. Sometime the bishop would be the priest in a parish too. Such priests were at the top of the hierarchy as they doubled as priests and bishops; they typically came from the noble families, were more powerful, wealthier and more educated than their counterparts were. In the middle ages, society was divided into three orders. These included those who prayed, those who fought and those who worked. Members of the clergy, including the priest were in the category of those who prayed. The knights, cavalry, infantry and the king’s soldiers were those who fought. The peasants in the farms were those who worked. The priestly category was the First Estate, a more prestigious category than the other two. This is because the priests were considered closer to God than any of the people in the other two categories. When compared to the local people, the priesthood was given a higher social standing. This generated widespread resentment and sentiments against the clergy who were seen by the community as seeking self-aggrandizement as opposed to securing the wellbeing of the community. The community bitterly criticized priests who fell from grace; they required that because the priest had a higher social standing and was closer to God, he would not succumb to the shortcomings of the layperson.	1,305	ENGLISH	1
Harriet Tubman to replace Jackson on the $20 Harriet Tubman, a courageous abolitionist who helped slaves escape the South on the Underground Railroad that made its way through Delaware and other states on the way to Philadelphia and freedom, will replace President Andrew Jackson on the $20 bill. A city park along the Christina River in Wilmington is named after Tubman, and many Delawareans are proud that Treasury Secretary Jack Lew made the change in one of the most-used paper bills in circulation in America. "Wow, that's fabulous," said Robin Krawitz, president of the Underground Railroad Coalition of Delaware. "The last that I'd heard was that that was not going to happen. So that's great." Tubman had deep ties to Delaware, Krawitz said. Many of the escape routes which she helped slaves follow north came through Seaford or Camden before going through Wilmington and onto the free state of Pennsylvania. Among the many slaves freed were William Brinkley and Abraham Gibbs, who lived in the Camden-Dover area. The Underground Railroad wasn't a railroad at all but was called such because of the terminology used. Those who helped slaves escape were called conductors and hiding places and safe houses were referred to as stations. Her first rescue occurred in 1850 when her niece Kessiah was about to be sold at the Dorchester County, Maryland, Courthouse in Cambridge. A free black man managed to get Kessiah and her two children onto a boat to Baltimore, where Tubman met them and helped get them to freedom. Following her own escape in 1849, Tubman led a dozen daring rescues over the next decade. She brought some 70 slaves, including many members of her own family, through Delaware to freedom. In the spring of 1854, Tubman led four escaping slaves to freedom. About 30 miles from their Pennsylvania destination, a tidal stream blocked their way. Unsure how deep the water might be, the men refused to enter the water. Tubman realized the slaves had to keep moving or face capture and she waded right in. Shamed by her courage, the men followed. Lew made his announcement two years after President Barack Obama launched the effort in 2014, after receiving a letter from a Massachusetts girl saying women should appear on U.S. currency. Obama called it "a pretty good idea." The long-awaited currency redesign could have a cascading effect on bills of all denominations over the next half-century. Lew's plan to put a woman on a bill would be the first of many design changes to incorporate the theme of democracy in paper currency, the treasury secretary said. It would be the biggest overhaul of U.S. currency since the 1920s. Tubman's image won't appear on the bill until 2020, the centennial anniversary of woman's suffrage and the 19th Amendment to the Constitution. STORY CONTINUES BELOW MAP: Born Araminta Harriet Ross around 1820 in Dorchester County, Maryland, Tubman served as a nurse, scout, spy, and cook for the Union during the Civil War. In 1863, she became the first woman in the war to lead an armed expedition – a South Carolina raid that freed more than 700 slaves. Acts like this earned her the nickname, "Moses." Wilmington resident Rose Marro Brainard, however, said she worried that removing Jackson from the bill would negate his accomplishments and anger some people. An alternative might have been to create a $7 bill and place Tubman's image on that. "I don't condone slavery at all," she said. "What she did was commendable and brave. No doubt about it. But I think that we make changes all the time instead of doing new things." The Treasury Department says it will not create different denominations of bills. The better approach is to exchange one American hero for another. In addition to being the seventh president, Jackson was the first man elected from Tennessee to the U.S. House of Representatives, and he served briefly in the U.S. Senate, according to the White House history website. A major general in the War of 1812, Jackson became a national hero when he defeated the British in the Battle of New Orleans, one of the conflict's biggest and most decisive engagements. Nicknamed "Old Hickory" because of his determination and willingness to suffer alongside his men, Jackson also is known as the founder of the modern Democratic Party. Jackson bought and sold slaves and used them to work his plantation and wait on his needs, according to the Miller Center, a nonpartisan institute that seeks to expand understanding of the presidency, policy and political history. He was also known for his legacy of moving Native Americans off the East Coast onto reservations in the West, and he opposed creation of treaties with tribes, contending they were not foreign nations. Jackson did not hate Indians as a race, according to the center. "He was friendly with many individual Indians and had taken home an Indian orphan from the Creek campaign to raise in his household as a companion to his adopted son. But Jackson did believe that Indian civilization was lower than that of whites, and that for their own survival, tribes who were pressed by white settlement must assimilate as individuals or remove to the west out of harm's way." DSU political science professor Samuel B. Hoff believes this legacy may have contributed to the fate of replacing his image on the 20-dollar note under the Obama tenure. "Perhaps indirectly the symbolism of being the first African-American president may have contributed to the first woman being an African-American," Hoff said. "But when we think of that, we also have to give them credit in their own right." While the mugs of Susan B. Anthony and Sacagawea have adorned the dollar coin, this will be the first time in more than 100 years that a woman's face has been honored on America's paper currency. The first and last time this occurred, was in the mid 1880s when Martha Washington, wife of George Washington, appeared on a $1 silver certificate – a common form of U.S. currency then that backed the precious metal. "The people featured on money were limited to political figures and if you look back and decide what American woman to put on a silver dollar certificate — women didn't see much of politics, so the pool of candidates was very limited," Manning Garrett, a paper money expert and the president of Manifest Auctions, told USA Today last year. Pocahontas was featured on a $20 note issued in the mid-1800s, but she wasn't portrayed in portrait style like Martha Washington's silver certificate, which was discontinued by the turn of the century. The Rev. Donald Morton, executive director of the Complexities of Color Coalition, said Tubman's image appearing on the bill was "a significant step." "It's a great day when someone who is responsible for freeing slaves, or Africans who were enslaved, now being on the $20 bill," Morton said. But he cautioned that while the symbolism is important, there is still much work that needs to be done when as it relates to race relations. "I'm always careful not to be overly celebratory when it comes to things like that and forget that we are still a long way away from the kind of race relationships that our country really needs to have," he said, pointing to how bringing down of the Confederate flag that flew over South Carolina's Capitol showed there was much work to be done in these relationships. "We need to celebrate this moment," he said. "But I think we need to not forget that there is significant work that needs to be done to bridge race relationships here in America." Contact Esteban Parra at (302) 324-2299, email@example.com or Twitter @eparra3.	<urn:uuid:8a585442-cdd7-4c9b-b3ca-bebb041a4c40>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/local/2016/04/20/harriet-tubman-replace-jackson-20/83288168/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599789.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120195035-20200120224035-00064.warc.gz	en	0.982197	1,618	3.640625	4	[ -0.418664813041687, 0.04716555029153824, 0.4861942529678345, -0.04386815428733826, -0.053998760879039764, 0.06574905663728714, 0.015657732263207436, -0.15995463728904724, -0.3683132529258728, 0.07174587994813919, 0.2644142508506775, 0.23494109511375427, -0.08126052469015121, -0.06176935881...	3	Harriet Tubman to replace Jackson on the $20 Harriet Tubman, a courageous abolitionist who helped slaves escape the South on the Underground Railroad that made its way through Delaware and other states on the way to Philadelphia and freedom, will replace President Andrew Jackson on the $20 bill. A city park along the Christina River in Wilmington is named after Tubman, and many Delawareans are proud that Treasury Secretary Jack Lew made the change in one of the most-used paper bills in circulation in America. "Wow, that's fabulous," said Robin Krawitz, president of the Underground Railroad Coalition of Delaware. "The last that I'd heard was that that was not going to happen. So that's great." Tubman had deep ties to Delaware, Krawitz said. Many of the escape routes which she helped slaves follow north came through Seaford or Camden before going through Wilmington and onto the free state of Pennsylvania. Among the many slaves freed were William Brinkley and Abraham Gibbs, who lived in the Camden-Dover area. The Underground Railroad wasn't a railroad at all but was called such because of the terminology used. Those who helped slaves escape were called conductors and hiding places and safe houses were referred to as stations. Her first rescue occurred in 1850 when her niece Kessiah was about to be sold at the Dorchester County, Maryland, Courthouse in Cambridge. A free black man managed to get Kessiah and her two children onto a boat to Baltimore, where Tubman met them and helped get them to freedom. Following her own escape in 1849, Tubman led a dozen daring rescues over the next decade. She brought some 70 slaves, including many members of her own family, through Delaware to freedom. In the spring of 1854, Tubman led four escaping slaves to freedom. About 30 miles from their Pennsylvania destination, a tidal stream blocked their way. Unsure how deep the water might be, the men refused to enter the water. Tubman realized the slaves had to keep moving or face capture and she waded right in. Shamed by her courage, the men followed. Lew made his announcement two years after President Barack Obama launched the effort in 2014, after receiving a letter from a Massachusetts girl saying women should appear on U.S. currency. Obama called it "a pretty good idea." The long-awaited currency redesign could have a cascading effect on bills of all denominations over the next half-century. Lew's plan to put a woman on a bill would be the first of many design changes to incorporate the theme of democracy in paper currency, the treasury secretary said. It would be the biggest overhaul of U.S. currency since the 1920s. Tubman's image won't appear on the bill until 2020, the centennial anniversary of woman's suffrage and the 19th Amendment to the Constitution. STORY CONTINUES BELOW MAP: Born Araminta Harriet Ross around 1820 in Dorchester County, Maryland, Tubman served as a nurse, scout, spy, and cook for the Union during the Civil War. In 1863, she became the first woman in the war to lead an armed expedition – a South Carolina raid that freed more than 700 slaves. Acts like this earned her the nickname, "Moses." Wilmington resident Rose Marro Brainard, however, said she worried that removing Jackson from the bill would negate his accomplishments and anger some people. An alternative might have been to create a $7 bill and place Tubman's image on that. "I don't condone slavery at all," she said. "What she did was commendable and brave. No doubt about it. But I think that we make changes all the time instead of doing new things." The Treasury Department says it will not create different denominations of bills. The better approach is to exchange one American hero for another. In addition to being the seventh president, Jackson was the first man elected from Tennessee to the U.S. House of Representatives, and he served briefly in the U.S. Senate, according to the White House history website. A major general in the War of 1812, Jackson became a national hero when he defeated the British in the Battle of New Orleans, one of the conflict's biggest and most decisive engagements. Nicknamed "Old Hickory" because of his determination and willingness to suffer alongside his men, Jackson also is known as the founder of the modern Democratic Party. Jackson bought and sold slaves and used them to work his plantation and wait on his needs, according to the Miller Center, a nonpartisan institute that seeks to expand understanding of the presidency, policy and political history. He was also known for his legacy of moving Native Americans off the East Coast onto reservations in the West, and he opposed creation of treaties with tribes, contending they were not foreign nations. Jackson did not hate Indians as a race, according to the center. "He was friendly with many individual Indians and had taken home an Indian orphan from the Creek campaign to raise in his household as a companion to his adopted son. But Jackson did believe that Indian civilization was lower than that of whites, and that for their own survival, tribes who were pressed by white settlement must assimilate as individuals or remove to the west out of harm's way." DSU political science professor Samuel B. Hoff believes this legacy may have contributed to the fate of replacing his image on the 20-dollar note under the Obama tenure. "Perhaps indirectly the symbolism of being the first African-American president may have contributed to the first woman being an African-American," Hoff said. "But when we think of that, we also have to give them credit in their own right." While the mugs of Susan B. Anthony and Sacagawea have adorned the dollar coin, this will be the first time in more than 100 years that a woman's face has been honored on America's paper currency. The first and last time this occurred, was in the mid 1880s when Martha Washington, wife of George Washington, appeared on a $1 silver certificate – a common form of U.S. currency then that backed the precious metal. "The people featured on money were limited to political figures and if you look back and decide what American woman to put on a silver dollar certificate — women didn't see much of politics, so the pool of candidates was very limited," Manning Garrett, a paper money expert and the president of Manifest Auctions, told USA Today last year. Pocahontas was featured on a $20 note issued in the mid-1800s, but she wasn't portrayed in portrait style like Martha Washington's silver certificate, which was discontinued by the turn of the century. The Rev. Donald Morton, executive director of the Complexities of Color Coalition, said Tubman's image appearing on the bill was "a significant step." "It's a great day when someone who is responsible for freeing slaves, or Africans who were enslaved, now being on the $20 bill," Morton said. But he cautioned that while the symbolism is important, there is still much work that needs to be done when as it relates to race relations. "I'm always careful not to be overly celebratory when it comes to things like that and forget that we are still a long way away from the kind of race relationships that our country really needs to have," he said, pointing to how bringing down of the Confederate flag that flew over South Carolina's Capitol showed there was much work to be done in these relationships. "We need to celebrate this moment," he said. "But I think we need to not forget that there is significant work that needs to be done to bridge race relationships here in America." Contact Esteban Parra at (302) 324-2299, email@example.com or Twitter @eparra3.	1,634	ENGLISH	1
The PEST HOUSE is a quarantine facility typically found in every Michigan community around 1900. Our Pestilence (Pest) House was built in the 1890s and was rediscovered in 2004 in the form of a long-deserted machine shop. It was moved to Heritage Village and completely restored in 2005. Pest is short for Pestilence which means contagious, deadly disease. Once introduced to a community, a disease like diphtheria, cholera, and smallpox could spread quickly. Mackinaw City was a destination port city and was very vulnerable since boats from other ports might have a sick person on board who could be spreading the disease. To protect healthy citizens from the person with the disease, they were taken to the Pest House where they were cared for until they were well. One in three patients did not survive Smallpox. Most communities had a Pest House. People in town would build it with volunteer help. The Heritage Village Pest House is unique because it survived. After Pest houses became outdated, no one needed them around. They deteriorated and fell apart or were dismantled and destroyed. Ours is the only one known to us that survived and has been fully restored. A typical Pest House would have had many beds and often more makeshift beds on the floor. Beds may have been separated with temporary curtains. Men, women and children would all be taken care of in the same building. The single caretaker would have been someone who liked to care for people and was immune to small pox either having survived it or having had cow pox. Doctors when available would check on patients and order medicine. The caretaker would keep patients warm, fed, and comfortable sometimes with help from community members who would leave cut wood and food on the rock outside the door to help out. Before 1900, no one realized how important hand washing was in preventing the spread of disease. Even if they had known, it wouldn’t have been easy because there was no running water in the Pest House. Care givers had to haul water into the Pest House from an outside well, even in the winter. Then the water would need to be heated with a wood stove requiring wood and constant attention to keep it going to keep the building warm and keep water warm to care for the patients. During our educational tours with students, they learn about being vaccinated against the horrible diseases of the past and understanding the threat of contagious diseases in the 1900’s. Cheboygan Democrat April, 1880 Care of Patients with Diphtheria On receipt of a pamphlet from the State Board of Health the following precautions are very important. Every patient should be isolated with one or two persons having charge of the patients. These care givers should be restricted from contact with others limited to brief acceptance of food or medicines or linen. The patients room should be cleared of all needless clothing, rugs, drapery, bedding or any other materials that could harbor disease. There should be a liberal supply of fresh air for the patient without subjecting him to a draft. Sunshine directly on the patient is advisable. Discharges from the throat, mouth or nose are extremely hazardous to contagion of others and should be wiped away with a soft rag or linen and immediately burned. Discharge from kidneys or bowels should be wiped with cloths and immediately burned or throughly disinfected with nitrate of lead or chlorine of Zink or sulphate of iron, and then buried at least 100 feet or more from any flowing well. Nurses and attendants should keep themselves and patients as clean as possible. Bed and body linens can be boiled in chlorinated or sulphured zinc. All persons recovering are contagious until released by a doctor or knowledgeable person. Bodies of such persons who have died should be place in a coffin immediately and not exposed to view except under glass. No public funeral should be held at a house where the person has died and no children should attend and as few adults as possible. Rooms where diseased were held should be cleaned by exposing them to air for several hours and to chlorine gas or burning sulphur compound for several days. For gas, have room tightly closed and place an earthen dish containing compound of manganese. Pour one pound of strong muriatic acid, being careful not to breath in the fumes. Leave and close the door. To generate sulphur gas on a heated stove put live coals on top of ash in a plate or cover and place about 1 ½ ounce of sulphur on coals. After death all bedding, rugs, curtains and and cloths should be burned and buried. No vegetable or animal matter should be allowed to decompose. Cabin or house should be on a well drained lot away from any foul air such as soap factory or slaughter house and have a clean privy and if there is a cellar it should be dry and well ventilated and there should be no near cesspool.	<urn:uuid:65536c84-c702-46b6-9b8f-1d56e678ef38>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.mackinawhistory.org/pest-house.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594101.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119010920-20200119034920-00285.warc.gz	en	0.981479	1,021	3.375	3	[ 0.1950354129076004, 0.12688668072223663, 0.1709851324558258, 0.21196213364601135, 0.6255418062210083, -0.3307434916496277, 0.2765955924987793, 0.39909154176712036, -0.5147513747215271, -0.04007314518094063, -0.0597415491938591, -0.3129168748855591, -0.12469026446342468, 0.3253207802772522,...	2	The PEST HOUSE is a quarantine facility typically found in every Michigan community around 1900. Our Pestilence (Pest) House was built in the 1890s and was rediscovered in 2004 in the form of a long-deserted machine shop. It was moved to Heritage Village and completely restored in 2005. Pest is short for Pestilence which means contagious, deadly disease. Once introduced to a community, a disease like diphtheria, cholera, and smallpox could spread quickly. Mackinaw City was a destination port city and was very vulnerable since boats from other ports might have a sick person on board who could be spreading the disease. To protect healthy citizens from the person with the disease, they were taken to the Pest House where they were cared for until they were well. One in three patients did not survive Smallpox. Most communities had a Pest House. People in town would build it with volunteer help. The Heritage Village Pest House is unique because it survived. After Pest houses became outdated, no one needed them around. They deteriorated and fell apart or were dismantled and destroyed. Ours is the only one known to us that survived and has been fully restored. A typical Pest House would have had many beds and often more makeshift beds on the floor. Beds may have been separated with temporary curtains. Men, women and children would all be taken care of in the same building. The single caretaker would have been someone who liked to care for people and was immune to small pox either having survived it or having had cow pox. Doctors when available would check on patients and order medicine. The caretaker would keep patients warm, fed, and comfortable sometimes with help from community members who would leave cut wood and food on the rock outside the door to help out. Before 1900, no one realized how important hand washing was in preventing the spread of disease. Even if they had known, it wouldn’t have been easy because there was no running water in the Pest House. Care givers had to haul water into the Pest House from an outside well, even in the winter. Then the water would need to be heated with a wood stove requiring wood and constant attention to keep it going to keep the building warm and keep water warm to care for the patients. During our educational tours with students, they learn about being vaccinated against the horrible diseases of the past and understanding the threat of contagious diseases in the 1900’s. Cheboygan Democrat April, 1880 Care of Patients with Diphtheria On receipt of a pamphlet from the State Board of Health the following precautions are very important. Every patient should be isolated with one or two persons having charge of the patients. These care givers should be restricted from contact with others limited to brief acceptance of food or medicines or linen. The patients room should be cleared of all needless clothing, rugs, drapery, bedding or any other materials that could harbor disease. There should be a liberal supply of fresh air for the patient without subjecting him to a draft. Sunshine directly on the patient is advisable. Discharges from the throat, mouth or nose are extremely hazardous to contagion of others and should be wiped away with a soft rag or linen and immediately burned. Discharge from kidneys or bowels should be wiped with cloths and immediately burned or throughly disinfected with nitrate of lead or chlorine of Zink or sulphate of iron, and then buried at least 100 feet or more from any flowing well. Nurses and attendants should keep themselves and patients as clean as possible. Bed and body linens can be boiled in chlorinated or sulphured zinc. All persons recovering are contagious until released by a doctor or knowledgeable person. Bodies of such persons who have died should be place in a coffin immediately and not exposed to view except under glass. No public funeral should be held at a house where the person has died and no children should attend and as few adults as possible. Rooms where diseased were held should be cleaned by exposing them to air for several hours and to chlorine gas or burning sulphur compound for several days. For gas, have room tightly closed and place an earthen dish containing compound of manganese. Pour one pound of strong muriatic acid, being careful not to breath in the fumes. Leave and close the door. To generate sulphur gas on a heated stove put live coals on top of ash in a plate or cover and place about 1 ½ ounce of sulphur on coals. After death all bedding, rugs, curtains and and cloths should be burned and buried. No vegetable or animal matter should be allowed to decompose. Cabin or house should be on a well drained lot away from any foul air such as soap factory or slaughter house and have a clean privy and if there is a cellar it should be dry and well ventilated and there should be no near cesspool.	1,024	ENGLISH	1
For the developments of the Middle Ages See Serfdom and Villenage. In 1722 serfdom was abolished in the case of all peasants in the royal estates born after his accession. Not very long after the disappearance of serfdom in the most advanced communities comes into sight the new system of colonial slavery, which, instead of being the spontaneous outgrowth of social necessities and subserving a temporary need of human development, was politically as well as morally a monstrous aberration. The lay subjects of the Order consisted of two classes; on the one hand there were the conquered Prussians, in a position of serfdom, bound in time of war to serve with the brethren in foreign expeditions; on the other hand there were the German immigrants, both urban and rural, along with the free Prussians who had voluntarily submitted and remained faithful. The object he and his associates had then in view was gradual abolition by establishing something like a system of serfdom for existing slaves, and passing at the same time a measure emancipating all their children born after a certain day.	<urn:uuid:872f72be-2ffb-4610-b622-600a106250d8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://thesaurus.yourdictionary.com/serfdom	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606975.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122101729-20200122130729-00493.warc.gz	en	0.981966	225	3.890625	4	[ -0.19991499185562134, 0.5716075897216797, 0.10411649942398071, -0.004939711187034845, 0.10156968235969543, 0.014449848793447018, -0.348222941160202, -0.019880469888448715, -0.2653878629207611, -0.001995591912418604, 0.27318164706230164, -0.15043742954730988, 0.4224424362182617, 0.251442372...	1	For the developments of the Middle Ages See Serfdom and Villenage. In 1722 serfdom was abolished in the case of all peasants in the royal estates born after his accession. Not very long after the disappearance of serfdom in the most advanced communities comes into sight the new system of colonial slavery, which, instead of being the spontaneous outgrowth of social necessities and subserving a temporary need of human development, was politically as well as morally a monstrous aberration. The lay subjects of the Order consisted of two classes; on the one hand there were the conquered Prussians, in a position of serfdom, bound in time of war to serve with the brethren in foreign expeditions; on the other hand there were the German immigrants, both urban and rural, along with the free Prussians who had voluntarily submitted and remained faithful. The object he and his associates had then in view was gradual abolition by establishing something like a system of serfdom for existing slaves, and passing at the same time a measure emancipating all their children born after a certain day.	223	ENGLISH	1
Leading up to the outbreak of the Civil War the definition of abolitionist was a person who opposed slavery. Their goal was to abolish slavery immediately. John Brown and Frederick Douglass are the most well known abolitionists. The abolitionist movement began years before the Civil War broke out. Prior to the war in the 1850’s Kansas was in it’s own little war between abolitionists and slave holders. This was known as Bleeding Kansas. Abraham Lincoln was opposed to slavery however he was not an abolitionist. The abolitionist definition was a fanatical belief that slavery should immediately cease and all slaves should be freed without delay. Lincoln wanted to end slavery gradually over a period of time. The southern states felt extremely threatened by the abolitionist movement and by Abraham Lincoln. They knew that if he was elected in 1860 the institution of slavery would be under direct attack. The entire economy of the south depended on agriculture and slavery, with the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 the south had no choice but to immediately secede and withdraw from the Union. Abolitionist John Brown John Brown is one of the most famous abolitionist. He was heavily involved with the fighting against the pro slavery groups in Kansas during the 1850’s. On May 24th 1856 he and his abolitionist group were responsible for murdering five pro slavery men known as the Pottawatomie massacre. If you’d like to read more about John Brown check out John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights He is most famous for his raid against Harpers Ferry Virginia on October 16th 1859. The idea was that he and twenty-one of his followers would raid the town, capture the arsenal and recruit nearby slaves to rise up against their masters and join him in a revolution to end slavery. He would form a slave army that would be armed with weapons from the Harpers Ferry arsenal. In reality the plan never had any hope of success. The group captured the town easily since there was little resistance however his slave army never materialized. There was no mass uprising to support his cause. As John Brown and his men waited in Harpers Ferry hoping slaves would come to their aid, they were instead greeted with local militia forces who had been alerted to the attack and quickly converged on the town. After a small skirmish with the militia they were eventually trapped inside the firehouse where they were forced to eventually surrender. John Brown was later tried and executed for treason on December 2nd 1859. While the raid failed it did bolster the anti-slavery movement in the north. Some northerners praised the raid and renewed their call for the end of slavery. Abolitionist Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass is another well-known abolitionist from the Civil War. He was born into slavery around 1818 but was able to escape when he was around twenty years old. After his escape he began to get more involved in the abolitionists efforts to end slavery. He met another staunch abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison who offered to accept him into the Massachusetts Anti Slavery Society, Douglass soon began giving many speeches to northern crowds. Frederick Douglass wrote three books about his life as a slave Frederick Douglass : Autobiographies : Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave / My Bondage and My Freedom / Life and Times of Frederick Douglass which offer a fascinating glimpse into Frederick Douglass through his own eyes. During the Civil War he offered his counsel to President Lincoln and convinced him to begin to focus more on abolishing slavery everywhere and to make it clear the the north was fighting this war to end slavery. On January 1st 1863 the Emancipation Proclamation took effect. This made slavery illegal in all of the rebellious states, it did not change anything for the border states, however most of them decided to end slavery on their own before the Civil War ended in April 1865. On December 16th 1865 the Thirteenth Amendment was ratified making slavery in the United States illegal. African Americans would go on to win the right to vote and receive full citizenship. With these things accomplished the abolitionist movement succeeded in fulfilling it’s goals.	<urn:uuid:aa556ee4-d3ee-4748-8233-263fd6547ad9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.civilwaracademy.com/abolitionist	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00551.warc.gz	en	0.986144	880	4.09375	4	[ -0.04999383166432381, 0.3644152879714966, 0.21246463060379028, 0.32984045147895813, -0.003329967614263296, -0.05094338208436966, 0.15986892580986023, -0.14028438925743103, -0.33062469959259033, 0.10318748652935028, 0.26347780227661133, -0.21619100868701935, -0.4125780165195465, 0.145715981...	3	Leading up to the outbreak of the Civil War the definition of abolitionist was a person who opposed slavery. Their goal was to abolish slavery immediately. John Brown and Frederick Douglass are the most well known abolitionists. The abolitionist movement began years before the Civil War broke out. Prior to the war in the 1850’s Kansas was in it’s own little war between abolitionists and slave holders. This was known as Bleeding Kansas. Abraham Lincoln was opposed to slavery however he was not an abolitionist. The abolitionist definition was a fanatical belief that slavery should immediately cease and all slaves should be freed without delay. Lincoln wanted to end slavery gradually over a period of time. The southern states felt extremely threatened by the abolitionist movement and by Abraham Lincoln. They knew that if he was elected in 1860 the institution of slavery would be under direct attack. The entire economy of the south depended on agriculture and slavery, with the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 the south had no choice but to immediately secede and withdraw from the Union. Abolitionist John Brown John Brown is one of the most famous abolitionist. He was heavily involved with the fighting against the pro slavery groups in Kansas during the 1850’s. On May 24th 1856 he and his abolitionist group were responsible for murdering five pro slavery men known as the Pottawatomie massacre. If you’d like to read more about John Brown check out John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights He is most famous for his raid against Harpers Ferry Virginia on October 16th 1859. The idea was that he and twenty-one of his followers would raid the town, capture the arsenal and recruit nearby slaves to rise up against their masters and join him in a revolution to end slavery. He would form a slave army that would be armed with weapons from the Harpers Ferry arsenal. In reality the plan never had any hope of success. The group captured the town easily since there was little resistance however his slave army never materialized. There was no mass uprising to support his cause. As John Brown and his men waited in Harpers Ferry hoping slaves would come to their aid, they were instead greeted with local militia forces who had been alerted to the attack and quickly converged on the town. After a small skirmish with the militia they were eventually trapped inside the firehouse where they were forced to eventually surrender. John Brown was later tried and executed for treason on December 2nd 1859. While the raid failed it did bolster the anti-slavery movement in the north. Some northerners praised the raid and renewed their call for the end of slavery. Abolitionist Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass is another well-known abolitionist from the Civil War. He was born into slavery around 1818 but was able to escape when he was around twenty years old. After his escape he began to get more involved in the abolitionists efforts to end slavery. He met another staunch abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison who offered to accept him into the Massachusetts Anti Slavery Society, Douglass soon began giving many speeches to northern crowds. Frederick Douglass wrote three books about his life as a slave Frederick Douglass : Autobiographies : Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave / My Bondage and My Freedom / Life and Times of Frederick Douglass which offer a fascinating glimpse into Frederick Douglass through his own eyes. During the Civil War he offered his counsel to President Lincoln and convinced him to begin to focus more on abolishing slavery everywhere and to make it clear the the north was fighting this war to end slavery. On January 1st 1863 the Emancipation Proclamation took effect. This made slavery illegal in all of the rebellious states, it did not change anything for the border states, however most of them decided to end slavery on their own before the Civil War ended in April 1865. On December 16th 1865 the Thirteenth Amendment was ratified making slavery in the United States illegal. African Americans would go on to win the right to vote and receive full citizenship. With these things accomplished the abolitionist movement succeeded in fulfilling it’s goals.	899	ENGLISH	1
Beyond the signature: John Hancock’s role in the American Revolution Ever wonder why a signature is referred to as a “John Hancock”? We have American patriot John Hancock to thank for the age-old term. His elegant signature on the Declaration of Independence inspired the classic nickname. While Hancock is most remembered for his fancy autograph, not much more is generally known about him. Take a look at John Hancock’s life beyond the signature to discover his role in the American Revolution. Life of a patriot Born on January 23, 1737, John Hancock was raised in Quincy, Massachusetts. When his minister father passed away during his childhood, John was brought up by his aunt and uncle in Boston. As a boy, Hancock lived with his relatives Thomas and Lydia Hancock in their Massachusetts mansion. In 1754, John received his college diploma from Harvard College. After his graduation, he was employed by his uncle’s successful merchant business at the start of the French and Indian War. Since John’s uncle rubbed elbows with various Massachusetts governors, his company was granted lucrative contracts throughout the war. While he worked for Thomas, John learned a lot about the export company and planned to become a partner. Meanwhile, Thomas Hancock planned to give his exportation company to his nephew when he died because he had no children of his own. By 1775, John had settled down with his wife Dorothy Quincy. Hancock had inherited his uncle’s business, home, several slaves, and over a thousand acres of territory upon his death. Thus, John became known as one of the wealthiest businessmen on the Northeast Coast. Hancock was known for his fabulous lifestyle and his taste for pricey clothing. Although John eventually gained a reputation for donating his riches to public projects, there were still critics that doubted his generosity. Even fellow patriot Samuel Adams reportedly questioned Hancock’s luxurious way of life. A revolutionary man Hancock was appointed as a Boston councilman in 1765. The next year, he was elected to the legislature of Massachusetts. Coincidentally, this occurred at the same time that the British Parliament established its anti-colonial tax laws. The residents of the 13 colonies were in opposition to the British mandates, declaring their legendary battle cry: “no taxation without representation”. For the next 10 years, the colonists began to resent their British rulers, which eventually resulted in the Revolutionary War. By 1768, Hancock had a close call with the British. His cargo ship, the Liberty, was captured by customs in the Boston Harbor. British officers believed that Hancock had illicitly unpacked his packages without taking care of the necessary taxes. Since John was well-known in the Massachusetts area, locals were outraged by the arrest of his ship. In the following years, Hancock transformed into a prominent figure in Boston’s revolutionary movement. John was appointed as the president of Massachusetts’ Provincial Congress in 1774. By the end of the year, Hancock was selected as a delegate to the Second Continental Congress for the state of Massachusetts. Ultimately, the Second Continental Congress governed America during the Revolutionary War. Since John had gotten involved with politics, the British government began to closely monitor his actions. Surprisingly, Hancock and Samuel Adams escaped being captured in Lexington, Massachusetts when Paul Revere historically shouted: “The British are coming!” Hancock’s role was extremely vital to the American Revolution. John was chosen as the Continental Congress president in the spring of 1775. In June 1775, George Washington was selected as the Continental Army’s commander (a position that Hancock had alleged wanted for himself). For almost a decade, Hancock utilized his status as a wealthy businessman to contribute funds to the military and the revolutionary cause. In 1776, the Declaration of Independence was penned by Thomas Jefferson and signed by the Founding Fathers. The American colonies declared their liberation from the English government on July 4, 1776. Since Hancock served as the president of the Continental Congress, he is believed to be the first person who signed the Declaration of Independence. Not only that, but his signature was so magnificent that it became a nickname for the word “signature.” According to legend, the reason behind Hancock’s inscription is because he wanted the King of England to read it without his glasses on. When John left his position as the president of the Continental Congress in 1777, he took the opportunity to fulfill his military ambitions. In 1778, Hancock commanded 5,000 soldiers to take the city of Newport, Rhode Island away from the English forces. Despite his failure, Hancock was still viewed in a favorable light. He became instrumental in the establishment of the Massachusetts Constitution in 1780. Later that year, Hancock was appointed as the Massachusetts governor. However, he stepped down from the political position in 1785 due to health issues. Within the next year, the Massachusetts countrymen revolted in an event known as Shay’s Rebellion. By the time that the agrarian uprising ended, Hancock was selected as the Massachusetts governor again. Though John missed the Constitutional Convention in 1787, he was present at the Massachusett’s state convention in 1788. In 1789, Hancock was even a candidate in the nation’s first election for president. However, he only received a small minority of the votes cast, with the presidency going to George Washington. Hancock served as the Massachusetts governor until he passed away in late 1793. After a lavish burial ceremony, John was laid to rest at the Granary Burying Ground in Boston.	<urn:uuid:76e7ec25-8cd4-4ede-8118-e57c58e18953>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.history101.com/signature-john-role-american-revolution/1/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594101.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119010920-20200119034920-00232.warc.gz	en	0.987751	1,135	4.09375	4	[ -0.2761256694793701, 0.5590362548828125, 0.5169146060943604, -0.4022955894470215, -0.5769381523132324, 0.23459303379058838, 0.4556739926338196, 0.41636425256729126, -0.3967306613922119, -0.26325371861457825, -0.16394780576229095, 0.31590908765792847, 0.13992124795913696, -0.309462815523147...	6	Beyond the signature: John Hancock’s role in the American Revolution Ever wonder why a signature is referred to as a “John Hancock”? We have American patriot John Hancock to thank for the age-old term. His elegant signature on the Declaration of Independence inspired the classic nickname. While Hancock is most remembered for his fancy autograph, not much more is generally known about him. Take a look at John Hancock’s life beyond the signature to discover his role in the American Revolution. Life of a patriot Born on January 23, 1737, John Hancock was raised in Quincy, Massachusetts. When his minister father passed away during his childhood, John was brought up by his aunt and uncle in Boston. As a boy, Hancock lived with his relatives Thomas and Lydia Hancock in their Massachusetts mansion. In 1754, John received his college diploma from Harvard College. After his graduation, he was employed by his uncle’s successful merchant business at the start of the French and Indian War. Since John’s uncle rubbed elbows with various Massachusetts governors, his company was granted lucrative contracts throughout the war. While he worked for Thomas, John learned a lot about the export company and planned to become a partner. Meanwhile, Thomas Hancock planned to give his exportation company to his nephew when he died because he had no children of his own. By 1775, John had settled down with his wife Dorothy Quincy. Hancock had inherited his uncle’s business, home, several slaves, and over a thousand acres of territory upon his death. Thus, John became known as one of the wealthiest businessmen on the Northeast Coast. Hancock was known for his fabulous lifestyle and his taste for pricey clothing. Although John eventually gained a reputation for donating his riches to public projects, there were still critics that doubted his generosity. Even fellow patriot Samuel Adams reportedly questioned Hancock’s luxurious way of life. A revolutionary man Hancock was appointed as a Boston councilman in 1765. The next year, he was elected to the legislature of Massachusetts. Coincidentally, this occurred at the same time that the British Parliament established its anti-colonial tax laws. The residents of the 13 colonies were in opposition to the British mandates, declaring their legendary battle cry: “no taxation without representation”. For the next 10 years, the colonists began to resent their British rulers, which eventually resulted in the Revolutionary War. By 1768, Hancock had a close call with the British. His cargo ship, the Liberty, was captured by customs in the Boston Harbor. British officers believed that Hancock had illicitly unpacked his packages without taking care of the necessary taxes. Since John was well-known in the Massachusetts area, locals were outraged by the arrest of his ship. In the following years, Hancock transformed into a prominent figure in Boston’s revolutionary movement. John was appointed as the president of Massachusetts’ Provincial Congress in 1774. By the end of the year, Hancock was selected as a delegate to the Second Continental Congress for the state of Massachusetts. Ultimately, the Second Continental Congress governed America during the Revolutionary War. Since John had gotten involved with politics, the British government began to closely monitor his actions. Surprisingly, Hancock and Samuel Adams escaped being captured in Lexington, Massachusetts when Paul Revere historically shouted: “The British are coming!” Hancock’s role was extremely vital to the American Revolution. John was chosen as the Continental Congress president in the spring of 1775. In June 1775, George Washington was selected as the Continental Army’s commander (a position that Hancock had alleged wanted for himself). For almost a decade, Hancock utilized his status as a wealthy businessman to contribute funds to the military and the revolutionary cause. In 1776, the Declaration of Independence was penned by Thomas Jefferson and signed by the Founding Fathers. The American colonies declared their liberation from the English government on July 4, 1776. Since Hancock served as the president of the Continental Congress, he is believed to be the first person who signed the Declaration of Independence. Not only that, but his signature was so magnificent that it became a nickname for the word “signature.” According to legend, the reason behind Hancock’s inscription is because he wanted the King of England to read it without his glasses on. When John left his position as the president of the Continental Congress in 1777, he took the opportunity to fulfill his military ambitions. In 1778, Hancock commanded 5,000 soldiers to take the city of Newport, Rhode Island away from the English forces. Despite his failure, Hancock was still viewed in a favorable light. He became instrumental in the establishment of the Massachusetts Constitution in 1780. Later that year, Hancock was appointed as the Massachusetts governor. However, he stepped down from the political position in 1785 due to health issues. Within the next year, the Massachusetts countrymen revolted in an event known as Shay’s Rebellion. By the time that the agrarian uprising ended, Hancock was selected as the Massachusetts governor again. Though John missed the Constitutional Convention in 1787, he was present at the Massachusett’s state convention in 1788. In 1789, Hancock was even a candidate in the nation’s first election for president. However, he only received a small minority of the votes cast, with the presidency going to George Washington. Hancock served as the Massachusetts governor until he passed away in late 1793. After a lavish burial ceremony, John was laid to rest at the Granary Burying Ground in Boston.	1,153	ENGLISH	1
\|Background: Frida Kahlo (FREE dah CAW lo) was a famous Mexican painter. She loved Mexico and its folk art. Frida often used ideas from Mexican folk art traditions in her own artwork. One Mexican folk art tradition is the retablo. A retablo is usually a painting of a saint or holy person. Retablo artists often paint on tin. Sometimes they add bits of paper or cloth to the painting. The artist leaves part of the tin showing. This makes the painting shiny and special. Frida Kahlo did many self-portraits in retablo-style. She painted herself in Mexican costumes. Her colors were bold and eye-catching. When Frida was 18, she was hurt in a bus accident. Her spine, pelvis, and foot were broken. After the accident, Frida was in constant pain. She found the courage to live by painting. She painted the things that were important to her – special days, dreams, and the world of her imagination. Frida painted with the same bold courage that helped her to survive.	<urn:uuid:684a4911-0aee-4b98-a755-71ea70c44c09>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://thedivineprince.wordpress.com/2007/11/01/freda-kahlo/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690379.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126195918-20200126225918-00354.warc.gz	en	0.983903	221	3.65625	4	[ 0.01678261160850525, -0.01822540909051895, 0.3390829563140869, 0.47103357315063477, 0.29450395703315735, 0.07889409363269806, 0.39589688181877136, 0.21140609681606293, 0.11372110992670059, -0.5067411661148071, -0.08078457415103912, -0.11902868002653122, -0.030126400291919708, 0.20444421470...	1	\|Background: Frida Kahlo (FREE dah CAW lo) was a famous Mexican painter. She loved Mexico and its folk art. Frida often used ideas from Mexican folk art traditions in her own artwork. One Mexican folk art tradition is the retablo. A retablo is usually a painting of a saint or holy person. Retablo artists often paint on tin. Sometimes they add bits of paper or cloth to the painting. The artist leaves part of the tin showing. This makes the painting shiny and special. Frida Kahlo did many self-portraits in retablo-style. She painted herself in Mexican costumes. Her colors were bold and eye-catching. When Frida was 18, she was hurt in a bus accident. Her spine, pelvis, and foot were broken. After the accident, Frida was in constant pain. She found the courage to live by painting. She painted the things that were important to her – special days, dreams, and the world of her imagination. Frida painted with the same bold courage that helped her to survive.	217	ENGLISH	1
The modern-day Christmas tree was adopted in upper-class homes in 18th-century Germany, and was quite the fire-hazard, as the tree was occasionally decorated with lit candles. These candles were often adhered to branches with melted wax, but were sometimes simply pinned to the tree. Around 1890, candleholders were first used, and by the early 1900s, lanterns or glass casings were used to hold the candles for safety as well as aesthetic purposes. In 1880, Thomas Edison was looking for a way to market incandescent bulbs despite being expensive and requiring technical knowledge to operate (each bulb had to be hand-wired). To advertise his electric lightbulbs to every commuter on the nearby railway, Edison strung incandescent bulbs around his entire Menlo Park laboratory. A remote generator, located approximately 8 miles away, powered each bulb. Two years later, Edward H. Johnson, inventor and Vice President of Edison’s electric company, had a similar idea. At his home on Fifth Avenue in New York City, he created a hand-wired display consisting of 80 bulbs, in a combination of red, white, and blue lights. These were strung onto a small Christmas tree, which was placed on a motorized pine box. The tree was set to spin six rotations every minute on an electric crank. Johnson quickly became known as the Father of Electric Christmas Tree Lights. “I need not tell you that the scintillating evergreen was a pretty sight,” proclaimed a reporter for the Detroit Post and Tribune. “One can hardly imagine anything prettier.” Unfortunately, setting up electric lighting at this time was very time consuming and required a bit of technical knowledge as lights had to be individually wired by hand. The cost was also prohibitive, as a single string of lights cost $12 – nearly the equivalent of $300 today. During this period, there was also still a vast distrust of electricity, as it was a new source of power. Many parents were afraid of exposing their children to this strange, new energy. President Grover Cleveland eased this apprehension in 1895, when he requested the Christmas tree in the White House to be lit with hundreds of electric light bulbs. This event is widely credited to the acceptance of indoor holiday lighting. By 1908, insurance companies refused to pay for damages caused by Christmas tree fires, which were often caused by decorating Christmas trees with wax candles. Electric lights were a much safer alternative. Albert Sadacca’s family owned a novelty lighting company. Sadacca saw a potential in selling this novelty lighting for use on indoor Christmas trees. Albert and his brothers organized the National Outfit Manufacturers Association (NOMA) by the 1920s. NOMA quickly became NOMA Electric Co. and controlled the Christmas lighting market until the 1960s.	<urn:uuid:24d25a9a-6a8f-46f8-8451-198057966148>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.outdoorlight.co/the-interesting-history-of-christmas-tree-lighting	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690379.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126195918-20200126225918-00011.warc.gz	en	0.987045	579	3.5625	4	[ 0.1937493085861206, 0.34447240829467773, 0.4019705653190613, -0.16028626263141632, 0.3291570246219635, -0.03383525460958481, -0.04679049551486969, 0.1627182960510254, -0.17551691830158234, 0.3709949254989624, 0.287189245223999, 0.4276543855667114, -0.2185465544462204, 0.47571229934692383, ...	4	The modern-day Christmas tree was adopted in upper-class homes in 18th-century Germany, and was quite the fire-hazard, as the tree was occasionally decorated with lit candles. These candles were often adhered to branches with melted wax, but were sometimes simply pinned to the tree. Around 1890, candleholders were first used, and by the early 1900s, lanterns or glass casings were used to hold the candles for safety as well as aesthetic purposes. In 1880, Thomas Edison was looking for a way to market incandescent bulbs despite being expensive and requiring technical knowledge to operate (each bulb had to be hand-wired). To advertise his electric lightbulbs to every commuter on the nearby railway, Edison strung incandescent bulbs around his entire Menlo Park laboratory. A remote generator, located approximately 8 miles away, powered each bulb. Two years later, Edward H. Johnson, inventor and Vice President of Edison’s electric company, had a similar idea. At his home on Fifth Avenue in New York City, he created a hand-wired display consisting of 80 bulbs, in a combination of red, white, and blue lights. These were strung onto a small Christmas tree, which was placed on a motorized pine box. The tree was set to spin six rotations every minute on an electric crank. Johnson quickly became known as the Father of Electric Christmas Tree Lights. “I need not tell you that the scintillating evergreen was a pretty sight,” proclaimed a reporter for the Detroit Post and Tribune. “One can hardly imagine anything prettier.” Unfortunately, setting up electric lighting at this time was very time consuming and required a bit of technical knowledge as lights had to be individually wired by hand. The cost was also prohibitive, as a single string of lights cost $12 – nearly the equivalent of $300 today. During this period, there was also still a vast distrust of electricity, as it was a new source of power. Many parents were afraid of exposing their children to this strange, new energy. President Grover Cleveland eased this apprehension in 1895, when he requested the Christmas tree in the White House to be lit with hundreds of electric light bulbs. This event is widely credited to the acceptance of indoor holiday lighting. By 1908, insurance companies refused to pay for damages caused by Christmas tree fires, which were often caused by decorating Christmas trees with wax candles. Electric lights were a much safer alternative. Albert Sadacca’s family owned a novelty lighting company. Sadacca saw a potential in selling this novelty lighting for use on indoor Christmas trees. Albert and his brothers organized the National Outfit Manufacturers Association (NOMA) by the 1920s. NOMA quickly became NOMA Electric Co. and controlled the Christmas lighting market until the 1960s.	596	ENGLISH	1
Making Decisions and Managing Tasks How do we create? How do we express our creativity? We decided to spend some time exploring with paint in the atelier. Using this medium to create and develop ideas was exciting. The children began by choosing the materials they need from the shelf. They had to make decisions about what they were planning to do and how they would go about completing the task. @N had to choose the colour tablets she planned to use. She gathered the materials she needed onto a tray and sat down to paint. She painted “Mummy sleeping.” @C and @M decided to paint on one paper. Sharing the space and a task involves negotiation, communication and teamwork. They chose the colour tablets they planned to use together, two paint brushes and one large paper. As they worked, they had to decide who was painting first, which parts of the paper each of them would use and what they were going to paint together. @S was exploring colour as she created new colours using the existing shades. @S “It is like a rainbow. Because it’s too many colours mixed. LOOK!, Yellow and blue mixed together make green!” @S “Me and Serena are inside sleeping. And daddy, mummy and aunty sleeping. And grandpa and grandma are sleeping.” @J “Baby is swim. Baby, baby together play. Sister. Cookies.” @B washed his brush and changed the colours he was using. He focused on his task and continued to add on stroke after stroke. @Y was careful about the colours he wanted to use. He wanted to make sure he did not mix the colours. He washed his brush carefully each time he changed the colour. When his friends asked him what he was painting, he said it was “A snake.” @S was exploring with the colour black. He added a touch of brown to see if his initial colour would change. He was curious about the different marks and strokes he can make with the brush. He observed what his friends were doing as he worked with purpose. When he was done, he proudly informed the others that he had made a painting of “A snake!” He completed his project by signing his name. @L was using the brush to experiment with paints. He held the paintbrush gently as he worked. At the end, he signed his name on the paper. Next, @L cleaned up the space he worked at. He washed brushes, paint pots and cleaned the table. When the children finished painting, they all cleared out the spaces they worked at. They washed the tools they used and put them back in the spaces where they belong. They wiped the tables and cleaned the paint splatter off the sinks, floor and other surfaces. Taking care of the materials in a respectful way is important. Managing these tasks independently helps the children develop a strong sense of learning and purpose. Approaches to Learning (ATL’s) - express oneself using words and sentences. - participate in conversations. - use mark-marking to convey meaning. - be respectful to others. - be aware of own and others’ impact as a member of a learning group. - choose and complete tasks independently. - share responsibility for decision-making. - demonstrate persistence in tasks. - use strategies to problem-solve. - engage with, and enjoy a variety of visual arts experiences. - select tools, materials and processes for specific purposes. - use their imagination and experiences to inform their art making.	<urn:uuid:54706fcb-c90d-4671-9b30-3f29fa9f7d25>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.teacherlingo.com/paint-and-painting/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594705.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119180644-20200119204644-00488.warc.gz	en	0.983571	755	3.3125	3	[ -0.39898812770843506, -0.20884522795677185, -0.0009236842743121088, -0.16963258385658264, -0.5627568960189819, 0.3937620520591736, 0.3696556091308594, -0.01319125760346651, 0.1093328446149826, 0.3169876039028168, 0.04398033767938614, -0.2318689525127411, 0.1515752077102661, 0.4840834140777...	9	Making Decisions and Managing Tasks How do we create? How do we express our creativity? We decided to spend some time exploring with paint in the atelier. Using this medium to create and develop ideas was exciting. The children began by choosing the materials they need from the shelf. They had to make decisions about what they were planning to do and how they would go about completing the task. @N had to choose the colour tablets she planned to use. She gathered the materials she needed onto a tray and sat down to paint. She painted “Mummy sleeping.” @C and @M decided to paint on one paper. Sharing the space and a task involves negotiation, communication and teamwork. They chose the colour tablets they planned to use together, two paint brushes and one large paper. As they worked, they had to decide who was painting first, which parts of the paper each of them would use and what they were going to paint together. @S was exploring colour as she created new colours using the existing shades. @S “It is like a rainbow. Because it’s too many colours mixed. LOOK!, Yellow and blue mixed together make green!” @S “Me and Serena are inside sleeping. And daddy, mummy and aunty sleeping. And grandpa and grandma are sleeping.” @J “Baby is swim. Baby, baby together play. Sister. Cookies.” @B washed his brush and changed the colours he was using. He focused on his task and continued to add on stroke after stroke. @Y was careful about the colours he wanted to use. He wanted to make sure he did not mix the colours. He washed his brush carefully each time he changed the colour. When his friends asked him what he was painting, he said it was “A snake.” @S was exploring with the colour black. He added a touch of brown to see if his initial colour would change. He was curious about the different marks and strokes he can make with the brush. He observed what his friends were doing as he worked with purpose. When he was done, he proudly informed the others that he had made a painting of “A snake!” He completed his project by signing his name. @L was using the brush to experiment with paints. He held the paintbrush gently as he worked. At the end, he signed his name on the paper. Next, @L cleaned up the space he worked at. He washed brushes, paint pots and cleaned the table. When the children finished painting, they all cleared out the spaces they worked at. They washed the tools they used and put them back in the spaces where they belong. They wiped the tables and cleaned the paint splatter off the sinks, floor and other surfaces. Taking care of the materials in a respectful way is important. Managing these tasks independently helps the children develop a strong sense of learning and purpose. Approaches to Learning (ATL’s) - express oneself using words and sentences. - participate in conversations. - use mark-marking to convey meaning. - be respectful to others. - be aware of own and others’ impact as a member of a learning group. - choose and complete tasks independently. - share responsibility for decision-making. - demonstrate persistence in tasks. - use strategies to problem-solve. - engage with, and enjoy a variety of visual arts experiences. - select tools, materials and processes for specific purposes. - use their imagination and experiences to inform their art making.	696	ENGLISH	1
The Holy Prophet (S) migrated (did Hijrat) and settled down in Medina and with the help of Helpers (Ansar) he was able to establish a religious government in the city. Although Bani Umayyah and other tribes, from time to time launched attacks against Medina, so that this religious government is destroyed, but enemies of Allah were always unsuccessful. Bani Umayyah continued to confront Muslims in the battles of Badr, Uhud, Hunayn and Khandaq, but except for suffering losses, they did not gain anything. And in a period of ten years, they became so weak that they had no more strength to raise their heads. The Holy Prophet (S) was able to subdue Bani Umayyah after great efforts. To raise their status was with ulterior motives. First of all, this tribe was irreligious, transgressing, sinful and wayward; and hence it was greatly deviated. Secondly, in its well being the well being of Islam was not expected. Thus, the Holy Prophet (S) with great tact, in his own time, subdued this tribe to such an extent that not only Islam, rather, all Bani Hashim was also protected from its mischief. It is not unknown how much help the Prophet received from Ali (a.s.) in this matter. But Bani Umayyah had to become strong after the passing away of the Holy Prophet (S) and the tragedy of Karbala’ had to occur. Immediately after the passing away of the Holy Prophet (S), Abu Sufyan the chief of Bani Umayyah, easily because the ruler of Shaam (Syria). Although he himself did not leave Mecca for Shaam, he sent his son over there. In the beginning, Bani Umayyah ruled Shaam under the command of the three Caliphs and later gained power over whole of the Islamic lands. They ruled for 83 years. On one hand, Bani Hashim were degraded but Bani Umayyah continued to get every type of material well-being. To bestow Bani Umayyah with such undeserved honor immediately after the passing away of the Holy Prophet (S) was a clear mistake of Caliphate. If Caliphate had been left to Ali (a.s.) from the beginning, Bani Umayyah would have remained as weak and helpless as the Holy Prophet (S) had left them. If, after becoming the Caliph, Ali (a.s.) had also proved to be a supporter of Bani Umayyah, the blame of the tragedy of Karbala’ would have been upon him. But indeed Ali (a.s.) could never consider support to Bani Umayyah as lawful, because Ali (a.s.) did not have the slightest difference with policies of the Prophet. That Ali (a.s.) did not get Caliphate, not only resulted in the Prophet’s family being subjected to trouble, but the face of Islam also changed to a great extent from the Islam of the Prophet’s family. At the time, when the tragedy of Karbala’ occurred, the Islam of the people of Shaam and other Islamic territories was that which was established by the compilations of Ibn Masood. Bani Hashim were aloof from this religion. It is very much possible that if Ali (a.s.) had been accepted as the sole successor of the Prophet, the Umayyad religion would not have come into being. Only that religion would have been followed in the whole of Islamic lands, which in the words of Shah Abdul Haqq Muhaddith Dehlavi and other Sunni scholars, is called the religion of Ali. Indeed, the tragedy of Karbala’ implies great destruction faced by Bani Hashim but the evil seed of this incident was sowed just after the demise of the Holy Prophet (S). That is the statement: “We have the book of Allah with us.” By which the Caliphate of Ali (a.s.) could not be willed in writing. When Bani Hashim lost the opportunity for Caliphate, Bani Umayyah began to rise in power. Just as the matter proved harmful to Bani Hashim, it was beneficial to non-Bani Hashim. As we have stated, due to the loss of Caliphate, Bani Hashim lost their economical as well as religious position. As a result, Bani Hashim weakened greatly and became ordinary citizen and the Bani Umayyah became powerful and became the rulers of Islamic lands. The tragedy of Karbala’ is a clear-cut consequence of that deprivation of Caliphate. In the same way, there were hundred of consequences of that deprivation that the Bani Hashim encountered at that time and those, which are still seen today, though neither the Imam of that family is apparent nor Bani Hashim of that age. The status that Bani Hashim had, at the time of the Prophet would not have made them to expect that after the Prophet, their tribe will be distanced from government. But the action of Umar easily served that purpose. A study of the prevailing situations of that time makes us feel that Umar really despised the family of the Prophet and Ali (a.s.) also had no sort of attachment with Umar. It is a historical misconception that Ali (a.s.) and Umar were fast friends. Ali (a.s.) and Umar were of opposite temperaments and friendship is not possible between people of such opposite temperaments. In such a condition, Umar could not make Ali (a.s.) the Caliph and he considered himself becoming the Caliph against hidden wisdom. So he apparently made Abu Bakr the Caliph and gave him oath of allegiance. Though Umar had no military exploits to his credit, as seen in the battles of Badr, Uhud, etc. it is true that he had cunning for political manipulations. He made Abu Bakr the Caliph after great manipulations. First of all, this action distanced Bani Hashim from kingdom. Secondly, the appointment of Abu Bakr was actually the appointment of Umar as the Caliph. Thirdly, this course of action served as a defense of his selfishness. Fourthly, due to the old age of Abu Bakr, it was clear that the time of Umar’s Caliphate was not far off. Thus, within a period of two years Abu Bakr made Umar the Caliph and left the mortal world. History shows that since the time of passing away of the Holy Prophet (S) till the time he himself died, Umar continued to make political machinations, but Ali (a.s.) did not resort to any such machinations. Whenever the Caliph’s court was held, he reiterated his rights and kept silent. But the separation from government was very sorrowful for Bani Hashim. But when Abu Bakr was declared the Caliph, they became sad and kept quiet and were not able to do anything. The reason was that Ali (a.s.) did not resort to violence at the appointment of Abu Bakr as the Caliph. Apart from this, Bani Hashim had hopes that Ali (a.s.) was young and after sometime he would surely become the Caliph, but their hopes were dashed when Abu Bakr made Umar the Caliph by bequest. Indeed, the appointment of Umar as Caliph by Abu Bakr was an act of returning the favor. Now the Bani Hashim were certainly distanced from rulership. Since Umar was not aged like Abu Bakr there was no hope that the seat of Caliphate would fall vacant in near future. Umar occupied the seat of Caliphate for ten and a half years. If he had not been killed, he might have continued for another ten years at the helm of affairs. But these ten years were not in any way less for Bani Hashim and the fact is that even after these ten years, Ali (a.s.) was not able to gain the seat of Caliphate. Before his death, Umar left the appointment of Caliph an undecided matter. It was a political trick by which Ali (a.s.) had very remote chances of success. Rather, there was also an aspect for Ali (a.s.) to be killed. Then after Umar, His Eminence, Ali (a.s.) could not become the Caliph by the Consultative (Shura) Committee. Uthman became the Caliph. He was a weak- willed person and his tenure witnessed many upheavals and though his period of Caliphate was the longest among the three Caliphs, his Caliphate was mired in controversies. During his time, Bani Umayyah gained more power. It were already flourishing in Shaam and now the Caliph was also from their clan. In Medina also, Marwan and other Bani Umayyah continued to bleed the Islamic treasury. After Uthman’s murder, Ali (a.s.) reluctantly accepted the responsibility of Caliphate. As soon as Ali (a.s.) became the Caliph, opponents began to gather means of war. Talha and Zubair who were from the ten special people according to the belief of Sunni, who were guaranteed Paradise, paid allegiance to Ali (a.s.) but soon broke their pledge and joined the ranks of ‘A’ysha. In this battle, ‘A’ysha suffered defeat and these two gentlemen were also exterminated. When Ali (a.s.) got reprieve from these people, Muawiyah rose up in revolt against the rightful Caliph of his time; that is Ali (a.s.). According to Ahlul Sunnat, this revolt of Muawiyah was an error of jurisprudence (Ijtihaad). Whatever error it might be, the short period of Ali’s Caliphate passed in these conflicts. During the 5th year of his tumultuous Caliphate, Ali (a.s.) was martyred and Imam Hasan (a.s.) was appointed the Caliph. He also had to abdicate within a period of six month. Now Muawiyah became the de facto ruler of Islam and continued in this position for a long time till his death. In his place, his beloved son assumed the seat of Caliphate. During this period, Muhammad’s Progeny were massacred at Karbala’. Only Imam Zainul Aabideen (a.s.) remained, through whom the progeny of Sadaat continued and the name of the Prophet’s family lived on. That Ali (a.s.) became the Caliph after Uthman did not in any prove beneficial to Bani Hashim. Bani Hashim had apparently lost religious authority in addition to material losses. Even the Caliphate of Ali (a.s.) did not help them to regain their religious or economical power. Rather, day by day they were hated more by materialist people. Till the time the tragedy of Karbala’ occurred, and after the tragedy, the killings and oppression of Sadaat continued and even today it is seen that these people are hated and people are aloof from them and their faith. Indeed, all these are the fruits of the statement, “We have the book of Allah with us,” which has effectively invalidated the tradition of the Two Heavy Things (Thaqalayn).	<urn:uuid:db831914-f814-43af-b7e0-824cda0adb64>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.al-islam.org/misbah-uz-zulam-roots-karbala-tragedy-sayyid-imdad-imam/revolutionary-condition-bani-hashim	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00001.warc.gz	en	0.989117	2,397	3.375	3	[ -0.42167577147483826, 0.4972097873687744, -0.14450454711914062, -0.2205178439617157, -0.11640551686286926, 0.17153924703598022, 0.13441604375839233, -0.12511157989501953, -0.08138306438922882, 0.4579637050628662, 0.016636444255709648, -0.16123497486114502, 0.26318129897117615, -0.062958434...	8	The Holy Prophet (S) migrated (did Hijrat) and settled down in Medina and with the help of Helpers (Ansar) he was able to establish a religious government in the city. Although Bani Umayyah and other tribes, from time to time launched attacks against Medina, so that this religious government is destroyed, but enemies of Allah were always unsuccessful. Bani Umayyah continued to confront Muslims in the battles of Badr, Uhud, Hunayn and Khandaq, but except for suffering losses, they did not gain anything. And in a period of ten years, they became so weak that they had no more strength to raise their heads. The Holy Prophet (S) was able to subdue Bani Umayyah after great efforts. To raise their status was with ulterior motives. First of all, this tribe was irreligious, transgressing, sinful and wayward; and hence it was greatly deviated. Secondly, in its well being the well being of Islam was not expected. Thus, the Holy Prophet (S) with great tact, in his own time, subdued this tribe to such an extent that not only Islam, rather, all Bani Hashim was also protected from its mischief. It is not unknown how much help the Prophet received from Ali (a.s.) in this matter. But Bani Umayyah had to become strong after the passing away of the Holy Prophet (S) and the tragedy of Karbala’ had to occur. Immediately after the passing away of the Holy Prophet (S), Abu Sufyan the chief of Bani Umayyah, easily because the ruler of Shaam (Syria). Although he himself did not leave Mecca for Shaam, he sent his son over there. In the beginning, Bani Umayyah ruled Shaam under the command of the three Caliphs and later gained power over whole of the Islamic lands. They ruled for 83 years. On one hand, Bani Hashim were degraded but Bani Umayyah continued to get every type of material well-being. To bestow Bani Umayyah with such undeserved honor immediately after the passing away of the Holy Prophet (S) was a clear mistake of Caliphate. If Caliphate had been left to Ali (a.s.) from the beginning, Bani Umayyah would have remained as weak and helpless as the Holy Prophet (S) had left them. If, after becoming the Caliph, Ali (a.s.) had also proved to be a supporter of Bani Umayyah, the blame of the tragedy of Karbala’ would have been upon him. But indeed Ali (a.s.) could never consider support to Bani Umayyah as lawful, because Ali (a.s.) did not have the slightest difference with policies of the Prophet. That Ali (a.s.) did not get Caliphate, not only resulted in the Prophet’s family being subjected to trouble, but the face of Islam also changed to a great extent from the Islam of the Prophet’s family. At the time, when the tragedy of Karbala’ occurred, the Islam of the people of Shaam and other Islamic territories was that which was established by the compilations of Ibn Masood. Bani Hashim were aloof from this religion. It is very much possible that if Ali (a.s.) had been accepted as the sole successor of the Prophet, the Umayyad religion would not have come into being. Only that religion would have been followed in the whole of Islamic lands, which in the words of Shah Abdul Haqq Muhaddith Dehlavi and other Sunni scholars, is called the religion of Ali. Indeed, the tragedy of Karbala’ implies great destruction faced by Bani Hashim but the evil seed of this incident was sowed just after the demise of the Holy Prophet (S). That is the statement: “We have the book of Allah with us.” By which the Caliphate of Ali (a.s.) could not be willed in writing. When Bani Hashim lost the opportunity for Caliphate, Bani Umayyah began to rise in power. Just as the matter proved harmful to Bani Hashim, it was beneficial to non-Bani Hashim. As we have stated, due to the loss of Caliphate, Bani Hashim lost their economical as well as religious position. As a result, Bani Hashim weakened greatly and became ordinary citizen and the Bani Umayyah became powerful and became the rulers of Islamic lands. The tragedy of Karbala’ is a clear-cut consequence of that deprivation of Caliphate. In the same way, there were hundred of consequences of that deprivation that the Bani Hashim encountered at that time and those, which are still seen today, though neither the Imam of that family is apparent nor Bani Hashim of that age. The status that Bani Hashim had, at the time of the Prophet would not have made them to expect that after the Prophet, their tribe will be distanced from government. But the action of Umar easily served that purpose. A study of the prevailing situations of that time makes us feel that Umar really despised the family of the Prophet and Ali (a.s.) also had no sort of attachment with Umar. It is a historical misconception that Ali (a.s.) and Umar were fast friends. Ali (a.s.) and Umar were of opposite temperaments and friendship is not possible between people of such opposite temperaments. In such a condition, Umar could not make Ali (a.s.) the Caliph and he considered himself becoming the Caliph against hidden wisdom. So he apparently made Abu Bakr the Caliph and gave him oath of allegiance. Though Umar had no military exploits to his credit, as seen in the battles of Badr, Uhud, etc. it is true that he had cunning for political manipulations. He made Abu Bakr the Caliph after great manipulations. First of all, this action distanced Bani Hashim from kingdom. Secondly, the appointment of Abu Bakr was actually the appointment of Umar as the Caliph. Thirdly, this course of action served as a defense of his selfishness. Fourthly, due to the old age of Abu Bakr, it was clear that the time of Umar’s Caliphate was not far off. Thus, within a period of two years Abu Bakr made Umar the Caliph and left the mortal world. History shows that since the time of passing away of the Holy Prophet (S) till the time he himself died, Umar continued to make political machinations, but Ali (a.s.) did not resort to any such machinations. Whenever the Caliph’s court was held, he reiterated his rights and kept silent. But the separation from government was very sorrowful for Bani Hashim. But when Abu Bakr was declared the Caliph, they became sad and kept quiet and were not able to do anything. The reason was that Ali (a.s.) did not resort to violence at the appointment of Abu Bakr as the Caliph. Apart from this, Bani Hashim had hopes that Ali (a.s.) was young and after sometime he would surely become the Caliph, but their hopes were dashed when Abu Bakr made Umar the Caliph by bequest. Indeed, the appointment of Umar as Caliph by Abu Bakr was an act of returning the favor. Now the Bani Hashim were certainly distanced from rulership. Since Umar was not aged like Abu Bakr there was no hope that the seat of Caliphate would fall vacant in near future. Umar occupied the seat of Caliphate for ten and a half years. If he had not been killed, he might have continued for another ten years at the helm of affairs. But these ten years were not in any way less for Bani Hashim and the fact is that even after these ten years, Ali (a.s.) was not able to gain the seat of Caliphate. Before his death, Umar left the appointment of Caliph an undecided matter. It was a political trick by which Ali (a.s.) had very remote chances of success. Rather, there was also an aspect for Ali (a.s.) to be killed. Then after Umar, His Eminence, Ali (a.s.) could not become the Caliph by the Consultative (Shura) Committee. Uthman became the Caliph. He was a weak- willed person and his tenure witnessed many upheavals and though his period of Caliphate was the longest among the three Caliphs, his Caliphate was mired in controversies. During his time, Bani Umayyah gained more power. It were already flourishing in Shaam and now the Caliph was also from their clan. In Medina also, Marwan and other Bani Umayyah continued to bleed the Islamic treasury. After Uthman’s murder, Ali (a.s.) reluctantly accepted the responsibility of Caliphate. As soon as Ali (a.s.) became the Caliph, opponents began to gather means of war. Talha and Zubair who were from the ten special people according to the belief of Sunni, who were guaranteed Paradise, paid allegiance to Ali (a.s.) but soon broke their pledge and joined the ranks of ‘A’ysha. In this battle, ‘A’ysha suffered defeat and these two gentlemen were also exterminated. When Ali (a.s.) got reprieve from these people, Muawiyah rose up in revolt against the rightful Caliph of his time; that is Ali (a.s.). According to Ahlul Sunnat, this revolt of Muawiyah was an error of jurisprudence (Ijtihaad). Whatever error it might be, the short period of Ali’s Caliphate passed in these conflicts. During the 5th year of his tumultuous Caliphate, Ali (a.s.) was martyred and Imam Hasan (a.s.) was appointed the Caliph. He also had to abdicate within a period of six month. Now Muawiyah became the de facto ruler of Islam and continued in this position for a long time till his death. In his place, his beloved son assumed the seat of Caliphate. During this period, Muhammad’s Progeny were massacred at Karbala’. Only Imam Zainul Aabideen (a.s.) remained, through whom the progeny of Sadaat continued and the name of the Prophet’s family lived on. That Ali (a.s.) became the Caliph after Uthman did not in any prove beneficial to Bani Hashim. Bani Hashim had apparently lost religious authority in addition to material losses. Even the Caliphate of Ali (a.s.) did not help them to regain their religious or economical power. Rather, day by day they were hated more by materialist people. Till the time the tragedy of Karbala’ occurred, and after the tragedy, the killings and oppression of Sadaat continued and even today it is seen that these people are hated and people are aloof from them and their faith. Indeed, all these are the fruits of the statement, “We have the book of Allah with us,” which has effectively invalidated the tradition of the Two Heavy Things (Thaqalayn).	2,346	ENGLISH	1
The 14th of July is the National Holiday in France and it commemorates the start of the French Revolution. Everyone knows about the storming of the Bastille, but there was another important, but lesser known, moment in the Revolution that was led by the ladies. Many people get cranky when they’re hungry, but these Parisian women take the cake (I mean the bread). It was three months after the storming of the Bastille, which signaled the beginning of the French Revolution, and there was still a rumbling in the streets of Paris. It was coming from the stomachs of the starving Parisians. The women of Paris were fed up (so to speak) with these food shortages and decided to take matters into their own hands. The Women Organize On the morning of October 5, 1789, the women who worked in the Paris markets had gone to work on an empty stomach, as usual. They were setting up their stalls as the sun came up when they heard the beat of a marching drum – and they all knew what it meant. They grabbed anything that looked like a weapon, left their kiosks, and fell in behind the drummer marching toward Paris City Hall. Along the way, they rang church bells which brought out more women to join them. By the time they reached City Hall, they were 6,000 to 7,000 strong and were armed with spikes, garden tools, or anything sharp they had at hand. The City Hall hadn’t yet opened for the day when the women broke into the building and took all the guns they could find. Now well armed, they started to march toward the Palace of Versailles. As they passed the police station, they took some cannons to add to their arsenal. Their numbers grew as every woman they met along the way joined the march – either willingly or otherwise. They Want Bread What motivated these women to march 13 miles (21 kilometers) to Versailles on a rainy October morning? It was simple, they were hungry and, more importantly, their children and families were hungry. They needed bread, which at that time, made up almost 90% of the diet of the lower classes. They had expected the Revolution to make life better, but the Parisians were still lacking bread and there were rumors of a “famine pact” among the aristocrats who were trying to starve out the Revolution. Meanwhile, at the Palace of Versailles, it was reported that there was an abundance of bread. “To Versailles for bread” the women shouted with their weapons held high. They were on a mission to see the King and demand bread. Then just to make sure there would be an end to these food shortages, they were going to bring the King and his family back to Paris. The King at Versailles The King, Louis XVI, and Marie Antoinette were still living in their luxurious palace at Versailles with their heads still attached. The revolutionaries didn’t immediately get rid of the King, or even wish him ill, they just wanted him to give the people a say in the government and to do away with the privileges for the noble classes. So far, the King had been trying to avoid these issues by refusing to sign the laws presented to him by the newly-formed National Assembly. The people of Paris felt that the King was out of touch and were calling for him to move to the city where he could see for himself the condition of the poor. The final straw had been a banquet at Versailles a few evenings earlier. King Louis was feeling a bit insecure with all the revolutionary activities going on, so he called for the Regiment of Flanders, a corps of professional soldiers, to come to Versailles. Marie Antoinette held a banquette for them, and they drank, ate, denounced the revolution and supposedly stomped on the blue, white, and red rosettes (cocardes tricolors) which were symbols of the Revolution. This was more than a group of women with hungry families could take. A newspaper printed by a radical revolutionary, Marat, plastered Paris with a call to arms and it was these women who answered the call and took up their arms. They Demand Bread They marched all morning in the rain and arrived in front of the Palace in the afternoon, soaked and muddy but still determined. Four women were chosen to have an audience with his Majesty and to state their case. The King listened sympathetically and promised to send provisions to Paris. This little group was awed by the King’s kindness and concern for them, but the crowd outside wasn’t so easily convinced. They Attack the Palace They broke through the gates of the stables and settled in front of the chateau. That evening they were joined by another group of women (and some men) who had come to help. They built a large bonfire and, since they had no marshmallows to roast, they chanted revolutionary slogans all through the night. In the early morning, they fought with the kings guards, broke into the palace, and headed for the Queens apartments. Marie Antoinette was especially hated by the revolutionaries because they blamed her extravagant spending for the country’s financial problems. And even though there’s no evidence that Marie Antoinette ever said, “If they have no bread, let them eat cake,” it certainly represented the King’s and Queen’s ignorance of the situation in their country. The agitated intruders managed to get to the entrance to the Queen’s apartments but she had escaped with her children through a secret passage to the King’s chambers. The King Gives In The mob outside was agitated by rumors that the Royal Family had escaped from the palace, so La Fayette, who was commander of the National Guard, convinced the King and Queen to appear on the balcony. When the Royals stepped out, the crowd quieted, as most of them still respected the King. Louis declared that he and his family would voluntarily accompany them to Paris and that he was placing himself and his family at the mercy of his good and faithful subjects. These women had finally gotten through to the King that he could no longer ignore the people of France and their needs. But most importantly they were bread-winners: they had won the bread to feed their families. They prepared to escort the Royal Family to Paris in a rather odd procession. At the head of the parade was the National Guard, each one with a loaf of bread on the end of his sword. Then, walking alongside about fifty wagonloads of wheat and flour, came the women, armed with spikes, guns, tree branches and cannons. Next, it was the king’s soldiers, disarmed and wearing the cocarde tricolore that they had been trampling a few nights before at the party. After them, was the carriage with the Royal Family followed by La Fayette. As they marched along, the women chanted, “We won’t lack bread anymore; we’ve brought back the baker, the baker’s wife, and the baker’s boy.” It Takes a Woman Even after the storming of the Bastille and the formation of the new government, the King hadn’t fully comprehended that he no longer had total control. It took a group of women who knew how to make their point, to help him understand. Even a king is no match for 7,000 hungry and cranky, armed women! *Don’t Miss Anything– To receive an email when I post an article (every other week or so) enter your email below and click the Follow the Curious Rambler button.	<urn:uuid:e59fd92f-6f04-411c-83f7-5d334133d556>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://curiousrambler.com/the-king-is-no-match-for-the-women-of-paris/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251773463.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128030221-20200128060221-00219.warc.gz	en	0.987859	1,605	3.265625	3	[ -0.5024842619895935, 0.31644266843795776, -0.151728555560112, -0.07728266716003418, -0.22071808576583862, 0.46848171949386597, -0.003743956796824932, 0.4543103575706482, -0.06294655799865723, 0.09082146733999252, 0.18291646242141724, -0.1762475073337555, -0.35204827785491943, 0.35717570781...	1	The 14th of July is the National Holiday in France and it commemorates the start of the French Revolution. Everyone knows about the storming of the Bastille, but there was another important, but lesser known, moment in the Revolution that was led by the ladies. Many people get cranky when they’re hungry, but these Parisian women take the cake (I mean the bread). It was three months after the storming of the Bastille, which signaled the beginning of the French Revolution, and there was still a rumbling in the streets of Paris. It was coming from the stomachs of the starving Parisians. The women of Paris were fed up (so to speak) with these food shortages and decided to take matters into their own hands. The Women Organize On the morning of October 5, 1789, the women who worked in the Paris markets had gone to work on an empty stomach, as usual. They were setting up their stalls as the sun came up when they heard the beat of a marching drum – and they all knew what it meant. They grabbed anything that looked like a weapon, left their kiosks, and fell in behind the drummer marching toward Paris City Hall. Along the way, they rang church bells which brought out more women to join them. By the time they reached City Hall, they were 6,000 to 7,000 strong and were armed with spikes, garden tools, or anything sharp they had at hand. The City Hall hadn’t yet opened for the day when the women broke into the building and took all the guns they could find. Now well armed, they started to march toward the Palace of Versailles. As they passed the police station, they took some cannons to add to their arsenal. Their numbers grew as every woman they met along the way joined the march – either willingly or otherwise. They Want Bread What motivated these women to march 13 miles (21 kilometers) to Versailles on a rainy October morning? It was simple, they were hungry and, more importantly, their children and families were hungry. They needed bread, which at that time, made up almost 90% of the diet of the lower classes. They had expected the Revolution to make life better, but the Parisians were still lacking bread and there were rumors of a “famine pact” among the aristocrats who were trying to starve out the Revolution. Meanwhile, at the Palace of Versailles, it was reported that there was an abundance of bread. “To Versailles for bread” the women shouted with their weapons held high. They were on a mission to see the King and demand bread. Then just to make sure there would be an end to these food shortages, they were going to bring the King and his family back to Paris. The King at Versailles The King, Louis XVI, and Marie Antoinette were still living in their luxurious palace at Versailles with their heads still attached. The revolutionaries didn’t immediately get rid of the King, or even wish him ill, they just wanted him to give the people a say in the government and to do away with the privileges for the noble classes. So far, the King had been trying to avoid these issues by refusing to sign the laws presented to him by the newly-formed National Assembly. The people of Paris felt that the King was out of touch and were calling for him to move to the city where he could see for himself the condition of the poor. The final straw had been a banquet at Versailles a few evenings earlier. King Louis was feeling a bit insecure with all the revolutionary activities going on, so he called for the Regiment of Flanders, a corps of professional soldiers, to come to Versailles. Marie Antoinette held a banquette for them, and they drank, ate, denounced the revolution and supposedly stomped on the blue, white, and red rosettes (cocardes tricolors) which were symbols of the Revolution. This was more than a group of women with hungry families could take. A newspaper printed by a radical revolutionary, Marat, plastered Paris with a call to arms and it was these women who answered the call and took up their arms. They Demand Bread They marched all morning in the rain and arrived in front of the Palace in the afternoon, soaked and muddy but still determined. Four women were chosen to have an audience with his Majesty and to state their case. The King listened sympathetically and promised to send provisions to Paris. This little group was awed by the King’s kindness and concern for them, but the crowd outside wasn’t so easily convinced. They Attack the Palace They broke through the gates of the stables and settled in front of the chateau. That evening they were joined by another group of women (and some men) who had come to help. They built a large bonfire and, since they had no marshmallows to roast, they chanted revolutionary slogans all through the night. In the early morning, they fought with the kings guards, broke into the palace, and headed for the Queens apartments. Marie Antoinette was especially hated by the revolutionaries because they blamed her extravagant spending for the country’s financial problems. And even though there’s no evidence that Marie Antoinette ever said, “If they have no bread, let them eat cake,” it certainly represented the King’s and Queen’s ignorance of the situation in their country. The agitated intruders managed to get to the entrance to the Queen’s apartments but she had escaped with her children through a secret passage to the King’s chambers. The King Gives In The mob outside was agitated by rumors that the Royal Family had escaped from the palace, so La Fayette, who was commander of the National Guard, convinced the King and Queen to appear on the balcony. When the Royals stepped out, the crowd quieted, as most of them still respected the King. Louis declared that he and his family would voluntarily accompany them to Paris and that he was placing himself and his family at the mercy of his good and faithful subjects. These women had finally gotten through to the King that he could no longer ignore the people of France and their needs. But most importantly they were bread-winners: they had won the bread to feed their families. They prepared to escort the Royal Family to Paris in a rather odd procession. At the head of the parade was the National Guard, each one with a loaf of bread on the end of his sword. Then, walking alongside about fifty wagonloads of wheat and flour, came the women, armed with spikes, guns, tree branches and cannons. Next, it was the king’s soldiers, disarmed and wearing the cocarde tricolore that they had been trampling a few nights before at the party. After them, was the carriage with the Royal Family followed by La Fayette. As they marched along, the women chanted, “We won’t lack bread anymore; we’ve brought back the baker, the baker’s wife, and the baker’s boy.” It Takes a Woman Even after the storming of the Bastille and the formation of the new government, the King hadn’t fully comprehended that he no longer had total control. It took a group of women who knew how to make their point, to help him understand. Even a king is no match for 7,000 hungry and cranky, armed women! *Don’t Miss Anything– To receive an email when I post an article (every other week or so) enter your email below and click the Follow the Curious Rambler button.	1,555	ENGLISH	1
Lesson time 15:08 min Using his essay “Something Borrowed” as an example, Malcolm demonstrates how to use language and emotion to build a powerful narrative. Topics include: Attach Character Descriptions to Narrative Moments So I had done a piece for "The New Yorker" many years ago about a psychiatrist named Dorothy Lewis, whose specialty was serial killers. And it was long, long article, kind of a profile of her work-- her and her work. 10 years pass and a British playwright named Bryony Lavery wrote a play-- a very good play-- in which some of the dialogue-- a good portion of the dialogue-- had been lifted directly from my article. Maybe 15 or 20 lines, I can't remember how much. This was brought to my attention and my initial reaction was, this is outrageous. She stole my work. And then I read the play. I was like, actually, the play's really good. And then I thought, well, maybe I should meet the playwright and find out what happened. So I called her up and we had a long, really interesting conversation. She was incredibly apologetic. The more I thought about it, the more I realized, why did I think I was victimized? Like, it seemed like an odd-- I couldn't-- I couldn't figure out why I was victimized. So she didn't take my entire article, put her name on it, publish it, and make money off it. That's theft. That's clear to me. She took a little-- she read my article, was very inspired by it to write a really good work of fiction. And she took a small piece of text in 20 lines out of a 7,000-word piece, and other little details, and plugged them into her fictionalized narrative. She was taking my work and turning a small part of it-- the idea and small part of the building blocks of it-- into something new and really good. She had contrived to create art out of a work of nonfiction. Why wasn't I-- as I thought about it, I realized, why was my first reaction not to be flattered? I mean, how often does that happen? Not only that, she took it and the show ran on Broadway and got incredible reviews. I mean, what was my problem? was essentially, when I-- as I thought about it. And it was then-- it was when I realized that I didn't-- that I had that reaction that I realized, oh, this is a case where I think I can write in the first person. Because I do have an interesting story to tell. Because we've all read, a million times, the story about the writer who's plagiarized. And it's-- they're full of outrage and they're-- they act as if, you know, they had built some-- they had written the Bible and someone had ripped it off and was selling it at Walmart under their name, you know? And I've read that story so many times now. I don't want to read another one of those. So that was my-- why, I would never have written about this had it-- had I-- had I had the conventional response. But once I realized that actually I was flattered on some level to have participated in a work of artistic transformation, that I thought, well, actually, this is a case where people might actually be interested in my story. And then when I realized, wait, this is a great way to talk about the way art is created and how we're very dishonest about it, and that all art is... Ketchup. Crime. Quarterbacks. Thanks to Malcolm Gladwell’s books, these ordinary subjects have helped millions of readers grasp complex ideas like behavioral economics and performance prediction. Now, the renowned storyteller and best-selling author of Blink and The Tipping Point is teaching his first online writing class. Craft stories that captivate by learning how Malcolm researches topics, crafts characters, and distills big ideas into simple, powerful narratives. Mr Gladwell was amazing! I'm working on a screenplay and some of my characters i felt, were lacking depth. I found Mr Gladwell's class gave me a different perspective on my character development. I looked within my circle of friends and found what i was needing to add layers to my characters. He gained a new fan. I bought two of his books. Thank you! Outstanding course. Highly recommended for all non fiction writers. Loving it so far. Malcolm is so pleasantly normal. I just BINGED watched Malcolm! I am completely IN LOVE WITH YOU, MALCOLM! And I'm an architect, not a writer. But I find your approach to writing applies to so many aspects of life. It certainly applies to the work of designing a house for a client.	<urn:uuid:ddf1e8a2-4d8c-4f7e-b332-ea5221a4e8f8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.masterclass.com/classes/malcolm-gladwell-teaches-writing/chapters/case-study-language-and-emotion-in-something-borrowed	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592394.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118081234-20200118105234-00048.warc.gz	en	0.990467	1,000	3.609375	4	[ -0.29116886854171753, -0.2952721118927002, 0.4657248854637146, -0.07338167726993561, -0.1763283610343933, -0.31777840852737427, 0.2286580353975296, 0.31768667697906494, 0.05873686075210571, -0.35061657428741455, 0.22140762209892273, 0.4822492301464081, -0.0897626280784607, 0.19019860029220...	1	Lesson time 15:08 min Using his essay “Something Borrowed” as an example, Malcolm demonstrates how to use language and emotion to build a powerful narrative. Topics include: Attach Character Descriptions to Narrative Moments So I had done a piece for "The New Yorker" many years ago about a psychiatrist named Dorothy Lewis, whose specialty was serial killers. And it was long, long article, kind of a profile of her work-- her and her work. 10 years pass and a British playwright named Bryony Lavery wrote a play-- a very good play-- in which some of the dialogue-- a good portion of the dialogue-- had been lifted directly from my article. Maybe 15 or 20 lines, I can't remember how much. This was brought to my attention and my initial reaction was, this is outrageous. She stole my work. And then I read the play. I was like, actually, the play's really good. And then I thought, well, maybe I should meet the playwright and find out what happened. So I called her up and we had a long, really interesting conversation. She was incredibly apologetic. The more I thought about it, the more I realized, why did I think I was victimized? Like, it seemed like an odd-- I couldn't-- I couldn't figure out why I was victimized. So she didn't take my entire article, put her name on it, publish it, and make money off it. That's theft. That's clear to me. She took a little-- she read my article, was very inspired by it to write a really good work of fiction. And she took a small piece of text in 20 lines out of a 7,000-word piece, and other little details, and plugged them into her fictionalized narrative. She was taking my work and turning a small part of it-- the idea and small part of the building blocks of it-- into something new and really good. She had contrived to create art out of a work of nonfiction. Why wasn't I-- as I thought about it, I realized, why was my first reaction not to be flattered? I mean, how often does that happen? Not only that, she took it and the show ran on Broadway and got incredible reviews. I mean, what was my problem? was essentially, when I-- as I thought about it. And it was then-- it was when I realized that I didn't-- that I had that reaction that I realized, oh, this is a case where I think I can write in the first person. Because I do have an interesting story to tell. Because we've all read, a million times, the story about the writer who's plagiarized. And it's-- they're full of outrage and they're-- they act as if, you know, they had built some-- they had written the Bible and someone had ripped it off and was selling it at Walmart under their name, you know? And I've read that story so many times now. I don't want to read another one of those. So that was my-- why, I would never have written about this had it-- had I-- had I had the conventional response. But once I realized that actually I was flattered on some level to have participated in a work of artistic transformation, that I thought, well, actually, this is a case where people might actually be interested in my story. And then when I realized, wait, this is a great way to talk about the way art is created and how we're very dishonest about it, and that all art is... Ketchup. Crime. Quarterbacks. Thanks to Malcolm Gladwell’s books, these ordinary subjects have helped millions of readers grasp complex ideas like behavioral economics and performance prediction. Now, the renowned storyteller and best-selling author of Blink and The Tipping Point is teaching his first online writing class. Craft stories that captivate by learning how Malcolm researches topics, crafts characters, and distills big ideas into simple, powerful narratives. Mr Gladwell was amazing! I'm working on a screenplay and some of my characters i felt, were lacking depth. I found Mr Gladwell's class gave me a different perspective on my character development. I looked within my circle of friends and found what i was needing to add layers to my characters. He gained a new fan. I bought two of his books. Thank you! Outstanding course. Highly recommended for all non fiction writers. Loving it so far. Malcolm is so pleasantly normal. I just BINGED watched Malcolm! I am completely IN LOVE WITH YOU, MALCOLM! And I'm an architect, not a writer. But I find your approach to writing applies to so many aspects of life. It certainly applies to the work of designing a house for a client.	996	ENGLISH	1
December 28, 2019 by Pamela Nowak The roots of the Dakota Conflict were many, varied, and complex. White settlement and the reservation/treaty system, annuity payments (or lack thereof), the Civil War, direct hostile interaction between the cultural groups, and the decisions of those attending the war council were among them. Ever increasing White settlement and demand for land diminished game and led the U.S. government to propose treaties to restrict the Sioux to small areas. In 1851, at Traverse des Sioux, the Wahpeton and Sisseton bands ceded lands in southern and western Minnesota Territory, Iowa, and Dakota with the U.S. promising $1,665,000 in cash and annuities. Two weeks later, at Mendota, the Mdewakanton and Wahpekute signed away lands in the southeast corner of the territory for $1,410,00 in cash and annuities. Payment was to be made over a 50-year period. In all, the bands gave up some 24,000,000 acres and were relegated to land along on the upper part of the Minnesota River extending ten miles on either side of a 70 mile stretch. Two reservations were created for the 7000 Sioux. Two administrative centers were created to serve them: the Upper (Yellow Medicine) Agency near Granite Falls and the Lower (Redwood) Agency near Redwood Falls. The two agencies were about thirty miles apart. From the start of the reservation system in Minnesota, there were problems. The Upper Sioux were satisfied with their lands, which included many of their old villages. However, the Lower Sioux had been relocated from woodland areas to a stretch of prairie land. Traditionally hunters, many would have to adjust to becoming farmers, forcing them to make changes that were inherent to their culture. While some of the reservation Santee did adapt to farming, most did not. The traditional “blanket Indians” derided the “cut-hairs” or “breeches Indians” and began to live off the reservation in scattered villages. These were generally tolerated by agency officials as long as things remained peaceful and the villages were located away from White settlements. But, as the Whites moved ever closer to the villages, isolated problems occurred and hostile events. By 1857, Whites were crowding the reservation lands and demands were made to reduce tribal holdings. Several Santee leaders visited Washington, D.C. in 1858 seeking to increase annuity payments. Instead, they were persuaded to sign another pair of treaties. The Santee gave up all reservation lands north of the Minnesota River (a million acres, half their holdings) in exchange for what they thought would be a beneficial payment “to be fixed by the U.S. Senate.” In 1859, the Senate finally fixed the payment at thirty cents per acre, much less than anticipated by those who signed. By the time traders deducted their claims, the amount was reduced by fifty percent. During the 1850s, the Sioux in Minnesota began to recognize treaties had included hidden clauses (the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux included extension of rights to traders and mixed-blood for claims against the Wahpeton and Sisseton worth some $400,000 which was to be deducted from their cash payments. In the end, $495,000 was diverted to pay traders’ debts for incurred for advances of food and supplies. The remaining funds were set aside for future years’ payments. Governor Ramsey and his secretary took 10-15% fees and the representative of the American Fur Company (Henry Hastings Sibley) received $145,000. Treaty payment was a combination of cash (paid over many years) and annuities (supplies of food, clothing, and tools). These two payments arrived at the agencies for dispersal to the bands. Usually, the payments arrived together and agents released both monetary and annuity payments at the same time. However, if there was a delay in one, it impacted the other. Both annuities and cash payments occurred on an annual basis. Delays were common, disrupted by congressional budget issues and delivery problems. Those delays could be disastrous since game was no longer plentiful and farming was not well adapted to and was impacted by the weather. As well, there were issues with the understanding of money and credit, neither part of Sioux culture. Traders, who extended credit between annual payments, often inflated costs or otherwise cheated the Santee who did not understand the monetary system. The value of items purchased was viewed differently by each culture and monetary denominations were a foreign concept to the Santee; they had no understanding they were being cheated of change owed them when they used the money to make purchases. When annuities did arrive, the supplies were often useless and food stores were often inedible (worms, rotting, etc.). The Civil War laid groundwork for the Dakota Conflict in two ways. First, it created major issues in the treaty payment system. The U.S. government was diverting all monetary resources to the war effort and cash payments to tribes were delayed across the country. As well, annuities were not being sent. In 1862, there were months of delay. For the Sioux, this meant a severe shortage of food. 1861 had been a year with many crop failures, including on the reservations. The Santee had literally run out of food and had depleted the available wild game. To complicate matters, when the annuities were finally released to the agency representatives, the food was put into storage to await the monetary payments so that both could be released together. Food supplies were sitting in storage but were not released to the Santee. The other side-impact of the Civil War was enlistments. Men from throughout Minnesota were enlisting in the war effort, leaving families on the frontier. This fact was not unnoticed by the Sioux. Bands observed that farms were less protected and towns had many fewer men than previously and that soldiers had left the forts. Strategically, if the Sioux were to push the Whites from the area, the time would be ideal. Hostility on the frontier led to an attack in 1857 (Spirit Lake, Iowa) by a renegade band of Santee led by Inkpaduta (the attack was in response to murder of a dozen Santee). While this was one band, it created to ill-feelings and set the stage for increased issues in the next five years. The frontier settlements included many Irish, Dutch, and German settlers who often did not get along with the Sioux. Leaders such as Little Crow (Taoyateduta) worked to keep restless young men under control. Among the Dakota, there were rumors that tribes from Dakota Territory planned to lay claim to some of the annuities to satisfy their claims to lands that had been ceded in 1851. In June, 1862, Agent Galbraith determined to wait until the monetary payments arrived from Washington in order to release everything at the same time and food annuities were stored at Fort Ridgely. On July 2, a group of 3000 hungry Wahpetons and Sissetons waited for Galbraith and leaders demanded the release of the food. Galbraith told them to go hunt and come back in a month. By mid-July, the number of Dakota waiting for release of the food had grown, along with tempers. On August 4, a group broke into the warehouse. Soldiers aimed a howitzer at them but finally released some pork and flour to the starving group. Little Crow acted as spokesman for the Dakota in the negotiations with Galbraith and the traders, who had been asked by the Dakota to extend more credit. Trader Andrew Myrick suggested if the Dakota were hungry, they could eat grass. At the translation of the comment, many of those with Little Crow left shouting threats. To add further insult, most of the traders were married to Dakota women and thus had kinship obligations to their wives’ families. They were denying their responsibilities and had insulted them. This was unpardonable behavior within Dakota culture. On August 17, 1862, a group of young Mdewakanton men near Acton, Minnesota were returning to their village after an unsuccessful hunt. Already Agent Galbraith, anticipating good local harvests, had broken his word that he would distribute food to the agency tribes. One of the youths indicated he planned to steal eggs from a farmer. Another pointed out the trouble it might start and was called a coward. He responded that he was not afraid of White men. The quarrel led to a confrontation with a White man and a “target-shooting” challenge. Five Whites were shot. Now, village chiefs had to make a decision. Many Dakota recognized the annuities might be in jeopardy of any delivery. Others believed troops would come to punish the tribes. Some felt the time had come to pursue war. A Soldiers Lodge was called and trusted warriors from many villages met to discuss what should happen next. There was heavy debate with opinions ranging widely. Some wanted to drive out the Whites. Still others wanted to kill them. Little Crow advised against hostile action. When the council broke the next morning, there was still disagreement on the exact nature of the to be taken (driving out the Whites or killing them) but war was imminent and Little Crow determined to stand with his people. On the morning of August 18, 1862, the attacks began. * * * * As I count down to my July 2020 release of NEVER LET GO, I’ll be posting weekly blogs about the history of Lake Shetek, the Dakota Conflict or the people and cultures involved. Or, I may touch on the writing process or interesting tidbits included in the novel. For more details on the novel, please visit my HOME page.	<urn:uuid:dc92eea2-ac08-4432-bc86-37a269118fd9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.pamelanowak.com/wp/?p=546	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251776516.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128060946-20200128090946-00175.warc.gz	en	0.98907	2,012	3.859375	4	[ -0.08816689997911453, 0.0019737978000193834, 0.14976662397384644, -0.30808916687965393, 0.196222722530365, -0.08847489953041077, -0.41985583305358887, -0.10390958189964294, -0.2595698833465576, 0.2332688570022583, 0.4527702331542969, -0.0747930258512497, 0.4012756943702698, 0.3057968318462...	7	December 28, 2019 by Pamela Nowak The roots of the Dakota Conflict were many, varied, and complex. White settlement and the reservation/treaty system, annuity payments (or lack thereof), the Civil War, direct hostile interaction between the cultural groups, and the decisions of those attending the war council were among them. Ever increasing White settlement and demand for land diminished game and led the U.S. government to propose treaties to restrict the Sioux to small areas. In 1851, at Traverse des Sioux, the Wahpeton and Sisseton bands ceded lands in southern and western Minnesota Territory, Iowa, and Dakota with the U.S. promising $1,665,000 in cash and annuities. Two weeks later, at Mendota, the Mdewakanton and Wahpekute signed away lands in the southeast corner of the territory for $1,410,00 in cash and annuities. Payment was to be made over a 50-year period. In all, the bands gave up some 24,000,000 acres and were relegated to land along on the upper part of the Minnesota River extending ten miles on either side of a 70 mile stretch. Two reservations were created for the 7000 Sioux. Two administrative centers were created to serve them: the Upper (Yellow Medicine) Agency near Granite Falls and the Lower (Redwood) Agency near Redwood Falls. The two agencies were about thirty miles apart. From the start of the reservation system in Minnesota, there were problems. The Upper Sioux were satisfied with their lands, which included many of their old villages. However, the Lower Sioux had been relocated from woodland areas to a stretch of prairie land. Traditionally hunters, many would have to adjust to becoming farmers, forcing them to make changes that were inherent to their culture. While some of the reservation Santee did adapt to farming, most did not. The traditional “blanket Indians” derided the “cut-hairs” or “breeches Indians” and began to live off the reservation in scattered villages. These were generally tolerated by agency officials as long as things remained peaceful and the villages were located away from White settlements. But, as the Whites moved ever closer to the villages, isolated problems occurred and hostile events. By 1857, Whites were crowding the reservation lands and demands were made to reduce tribal holdings. Several Santee leaders visited Washington, D.C. in 1858 seeking to increase annuity payments. Instead, they were persuaded to sign another pair of treaties. The Santee gave up all reservation lands north of the Minnesota River (a million acres, half their holdings) in exchange for what they thought would be a beneficial payment “to be fixed by the U.S. Senate.” In 1859, the Senate finally fixed the payment at thirty cents per acre, much less than anticipated by those who signed. By the time traders deducted their claims, the amount was reduced by fifty percent. During the 1850s, the Sioux in Minnesota began to recognize treaties had included hidden clauses (the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux included extension of rights to traders and mixed-blood for claims against the Wahpeton and Sisseton worth some $400,000 which was to be deducted from their cash payments. In the end, $495,000 was diverted to pay traders’ debts for incurred for advances of food and supplies. The remaining funds were set aside for future years’ payments. Governor Ramsey and his secretary took 10-15% fees and the representative of the American Fur Company (Henry Hastings Sibley) received $145,000. Treaty payment was a combination of cash (paid over many years) and annuities (supplies of food, clothing, and tools). These two payments arrived at the agencies for dispersal to the bands. Usually, the payments arrived together and agents released both monetary and annuity payments at the same time. However, if there was a delay in one, it impacted the other. Both annuities and cash payments occurred on an annual basis. Delays were common, disrupted by congressional budget issues and delivery problems. Those delays could be disastrous since game was no longer plentiful and farming was not well adapted to and was impacted by the weather. As well, there were issues with the understanding of money and credit, neither part of Sioux culture. Traders, who extended credit between annual payments, often inflated costs or otherwise cheated the Santee who did not understand the monetary system. The value of items purchased was viewed differently by each culture and monetary denominations were a foreign concept to the Santee; they had no understanding they were being cheated of change owed them when they used the money to make purchases. When annuities did arrive, the supplies were often useless and food stores were often inedible (worms, rotting, etc.). The Civil War laid groundwork for the Dakota Conflict in two ways. First, it created major issues in the treaty payment system. The U.S. government was diverting all monetary resources to the war effort and cash payments to tribes were delayed across the country. As well, annuities were not being sent. In 1862, there were months of delay. For the Sioux, this meant a severe shortage of food. 1861 had been a year with many crop failures, including on the reservations. The Santee had literally run out of food and had depleted the available wild game. To complicate matters, when the annuities were finally released to the agency representatives, the food was put into storage to await the monetary payments so that both could be released together. Food supplies were sitting in storage but were not released to the Santee. The other side-impact of the Civil War was enlistments. Men from throughout Minnesota were enlisting in the war effort, leaving families on the frontier. This fact was not unnoticed by the Sioux. Bands observed that farms were less protected and towns had many fewer men than previously and that soldiers had left the forts. Strategically, if the Sioux were to push the Whites from the area, the time would be ideal. Hostility on the frontier led to an attack in 1857 (Spirit Lake, Iowa) by a renegade band of Santee led by Inkpaduta (the attack was in response to murder of a dozen Santee). While this was one band, it created to ill-feelings and set the stage for increased issues in the next five years. The frontier settlements included many Irish, Dutch, and German settlers who often did not get along with the Sioux. Leaders such as Little Crow (Taoyateduta) worked to keep restless young men under control. Among the Dakota, there were rumors that tribes from Dakota Territory planned to lay claim to some of the annuities to satisfy their claims to lands that had been ceded in 1851. In June, 1862, Agent Galbraith determined to wait until the monetary payments arrived from Washington in order to release everything at the same time and food annuities were stored at Fort Ridgely. On July 2, a group of 3000 hungry Wahpetons and Sissetons waited for Galbraith and leaders demanded the release of the food. Galbraith told them to go hunt and come back in a month. By mid-July, the number of Dakota waiting for release of the food had grown, along with tempers. On August 4, a group broke into the warehouse. Soldiers aimed a howitzer at them but finally released some pork and flour to the starving group. Little Crow acted as spokesman for the Dakota in the negotiations with Galbraith and the traders, who had been asked by the Dakota to extend more credit. Trader Andrew Myrick suggested if the Dakota were hungry, they could eat grass. At the translation of the comment, many of those with Little Crow left shouting threats. To add further insult, most of the traders were married to Dakota women and thus had kinship obligations to their wives’ families. They were denying their responsibilities and had insulted them. This was unpardonable behavior within Dakota culture. On August 17, 1862, a group of young Mdewakanton men near Acton, Minnesota were returning to their village after an unsuccessful hunt. Already Agent Galbraith, anticipating good local harvests, had broken his word that he would distribute food to the agency tribes. One of the youths indicated he planned to steal eggs from a farmer. Another pointed out the trouble it might start and was called a coward. He responded that he was not afraid of White men. The quarrel led to a confrontation with a White man and a “target-shooting” challenge. Five Whites were shot. Now, village chiefs had to make a decision. Many Dakota recognized the annuities might be in jeopardy of any delivery. Others believed troops would come to punish the tribes. Some felt the time had come to pursue war. A Soldiers Lodge was called and trusted warriors from many villages met to discuss what should happen next. There was heavy debate with opinions ranging widely. Some wanted to drive out the Whites. Still others wanted to kill them. Little Crow advised against hostile action. When the council broke the next morning, there was still disagreement on the exact nature of the to be taken (driving out the Whites or killing them) but war was imminent and Little Crow determined to stand with his people. On the morning of August 18, 1862, the attacks began. * * * * As I count down to my July 2020 release of NEVER LET GO, I’ll be posting weekly blogs about the history of Lake Shetek, the Dakota Conflict or the people and cultures involved. Or, I may touch on the writing process or interesting tidbits included in the novel. For more details on the novel, please visit my HOME page.	2,068	ENGLISH	1
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, commonly referred to simply as Michelangelo, was born on March 6, 1475, in the city of Caprese, Italy (Symonds). Through an early artist friend, Michelangelo was able to secure an apprenticeship with painter Domenico Ghirlandaio. It is with Ghirlandaio that Michelangelo learned many techniques that would serve him well in the future. These techniques contributed to his enormous success as an artist (Hibbard 16). Michelangelo had a remarkable career as an artist and was highly recognized for his artistic virtuosity. Michelangelo was a renowned painter, sculptor, and architect which made him excel in the fields of visual arts, sculpting, and architecture. Many of Michelangelo’s works are known well even still today. Some of these works include the Pieta and David statutes along with the Sistine chapel’s ceiling paintings. Michelangelo remained a Florentine at heart but spent most of his lifetime living in Rome where, at the age of 88, he died. Sculpture during the Renaissance era was considered the finest art form since it imitated divine creation. After Michelangelo relocated to Rome, he had a career breakthrough through the French King Charles VIII’s representative to the Pope, Cardinal Lagraulas (Hibbard 17). In 1497, Cardinal Lagraulas and Michelangelo solidified the plans to create the Pieta which would be one of Michelangelo's most recognizable sculptures (Bull 39). The Pieta is a sculpture of Mary holding Jesus who was dead on her lap, and it was finished in a few months. The Pieta, which means compassion or pity, created awe among its early spectators. It is claimed that Michelangelo overheard pilgrims say that his piece of art resembled another artist’s sculpture. This claim made Michelangelo carve his signature across Mary’s chest so that everyone who viewed it would know he was the artist. This is one of the few works by Michelangelo that bears his name. Before Michelangelo died, he created several Pietas that reflected on mortality. He created the Florentine Pieta, and he depicted himself as Nicodemus as he lowered Jesus’ body from the cross. At twenty-five, Michelangelo commenced his work on a colossal masterpiece, David. David was a heroic figure in the Bible because he slew Goliath the giant as a young shepherd before becoming a Hebrew King. David was carved from a single block of Carrara marble over fourteen feet tall. Michelangelo took on the challenge of earlier precursors who sculpted David. This was a symbol of civic duty and courage in guarding his hometown of Florence. David, once completed in 1504, was placed in front of the door of the Plazza Vecchio where it would stand as a sort of identifying symbol for the City of Florence (Wood 143). The painting of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel was among the greatest visual arts of its time and remains so today. The complexity of it and its size are two major reasons why it took just over four years to complete. The...	<urn:uuid:5ab1d0d1-f8dc-4f88-9119-b2f0f3a62558>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://brightkite.com/essay-on/renaissance-top-puppy	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251705142.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127174507-20200127204507-00420.warc.gz	en	0.984347	650	3.6875	4	[ -0.09804954379796982, 0.12212664633989334, 0.32279253005981445, 0.3739463686943054, -0.904417872428894, -0.2842226028442383, 0.30654001235961914, 0.3026984930038452, 0.2891858220100403, 0.040293194353580475, 0.013240231201052666, -0.5308898687362671, 0.3484087586402893, 0.8228445053100586,...	1	Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, commonly referred to simply as Michelangelo, was born on March 6, 1475, in the city of Caprese, Italy (Symonds). Through an early artist friend, Michelangelo was able to secure an apprenticeship with painter Domenico Ghirlandaio. It is with Ghirlandaio that Michelangelo learned many techniques that would serve him well in the future. These techniques contributed to his enormous success as an artist (Hibbard 16). Michelangelo had a remarkable career as an artist and was highly recognized for his artistic virtuosity. Michelangelo was a renowned painter, sculptor, and architect which made him excel in the fields of visual arts, sculpting, and architecture. Many of Michelangelo’s works are known well even still today. Some of these works include the Pieta and David statutes along with the Sistine chapel’s ceiling paintings. Michelangelo remained a Florentine at heart but spent most of his lifetime living in Rome where, at the age of 88, he died. Sculpture during the Renaissance era was considered the finest art form since it imitated divine creation. After Michelangelo relocated to Rome, he had a career breakthrough through the French King Charles VIII’s representative to the Pope, Cardinal Lagraulas (Hibbard 17). In 1497, Cardinal Lagraulas and Michelangelo solidified the plans to create the Pieta which would be one of Michelangelo's most recognizable sculptures (Bull 39). The Pieta is a sculpture of Mary holding Jesus who was dead on her lap, and it was finished in a few months. The Pieta, which means compassion or pity, created awe among its early spectators. It is claimed that Michelangelo overheard pilgrims say that his piece of art resembled another artist’s sculpture. This claim made Michelangelo carve his signature across Mary’s chest so that everyone who viewed it would know he was the artist. This is one of the few works by Michelangelo that bears his name. Before Michelangelo died, he created several Pietas that reflected on mortality. He created the Florentine Pieta, and he depicted himself as Nicodemus as he lowered Jesus’ body from the cross. At twenty-five, Michelangelo commenced his work on a colossal masterpiece, David. David was a heroic figure in the Bible because he slew Goliath the giant as a young shepherd before becoming a Hebrew King. David was carved from a single block of Carrara marble over fourteen feet tall. Michelangelo took on the challenge of earlier precursors who sculpted David. This was a symbol of civic duty and courage in guarding his hometown of Florence. David, once completed in 1504, was placed in front of the door of the Plazza Vecchio where it would stand as a sort of identifying symbol for the City of Florence (Wood 143). The painting of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel was among the greatest visual arts of its time and remains so today. The complexity of it and its size are two major reasons why it took just over four years to complete. The...	657	ENGLISH	1
The American Indian American Dream “What do you want to be when you grow up?”This question, little did we know, was our initiation into the addictive concept of the American Dream. Every child in the world is taught to believe in the pursuit of happiness, the American Dream, the dream of a better life.In 1931, Truslow Adams said “life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement” and The United States Declaration of Independence states, “all men are created equal. “Both of these statements, spoken by influential white males or written in documents by white males, advocate for the “typical” American Dream. The typical American Dream is an individualistic goal of achieving a high social class and wealth, and centralizes around white privilege, which is the “special advantage or benefit of white persons; with reference to divine dispensations, natural advantages, gifts of fortune, genetic endowments, social relations, etc” (Clark).An example of the typical American Dream, although a fictional story, is The Great Gatsby, a book written by Fitzgerald.The main character, Gatsby, is a man who set out to achieve the American Dream, of high social class and wealth, and succeeded in doing so.Many other characters like Tom, in the beginning of the book, express that they too want to achieve this American Dream, by expressing their admiration for Gatsby’s achievements.Tom and Gatsby’s ambitions to achieve a high social class and wealth, reflect the typical American Dream in today’s society. However, although this was a fictional book written in 1925, it was a completely accurate depiction of who was realizing the American Dream; the typical white male. While I haven’t read every book published during, and there after, it would be suffice to say this book reflected the majority of white males experiences and not any minority within the US.Due to the fact that our country has a preoccupation with race, American Indians, African Americans, and Latinos, were not having the same experiences, in relationship to the American Dream, as Tom and Gatsby were.White privilege is a reality in our country, caused by the continuous oppression that has made the American Dream elusive for the American Indian.Although we live in a society that has given us the ideology that the “American Dream” is available to everyone, that is not true for minority groups, like the American Indian. Before seeing the inequalities that the American Indian face in achieving their American Dream, we just first recognize the definition of the American Dream for the American Indian.The American Dream to the American Indian is not individualistic; it is the common goal of leading our people out of suppression as a whole, through education. Sherman Alexie is a well-known American Indian writer who has inspired American Indians across the country with his success, who wrote Super Man and Me where he speaks of his own definition of the American Dream and how he came to that dream.He first learned how to read at age 3, through a Super Man comic book, that was fostered by his father who loved books with a passion.He says, “I can remember picking up my father’s books before I could read.The words themselves were mostly foreign, but I still remember the exact moment when I first understood, with a sudden clarity, the purpose of a paragraph” (Sherman 1). He began to teach himself to read, through this self-discovery of paragraphs.By the time he was in kindergarten, he was reading Grapes of Wrath, and says “If he’d been anything but an Indian boy living on the reservation, he might have been called a prodigy.But he is an Indian boy living on the reservation and is simply oddity” (Sherman 3). He has come to see the inequality that exists among his reality.He, just like so many young American Indian today, realize that they are not given the same opportunities as a white child. Alexie says, “As Indian children, we were expected to fail in the non-Indian world” (Sherman 3), this was his realization of the world he was immersed in.He saw the expectations that were asked of him and his peers, and saw that they did not measure up to non-Indians. By means of breaking free from these expectations and suppressions, and saving his life, he read.He became a writer of short stories, novels, and poems.He uses his success in writing and education, to inspire American Indian youth and adults to pursue a better education, because he knows that education is what saved him.He sees the oppression of belittling and the “less than” mentality that so many American Indians are still subject to today. The history of the American Indian is the reality of perseverance in a world of oppression. This is the reality among many American Indian students in the country.We are expected to fail in a white community, expected to crumble under pressure, and expected to be less than.He saw that American Indians were suppressed in the schools, by recognizing the label of stupidity inflicted upon him and his classmates, which formed his own “American Dream” as an American Indian male.His American Dream is to clear the pathway of oppression for American Indian children everywhere, by leading by examples, stressing the importance of education, and helping youth realize their own abilities. Patricia Capture, an American Indian woman who is in pursuit of her own “American Dream”, discusses her own perception on that dream, as well as how she came to that perception in an interview conducted on December 5th, 2011. For privacy purposes her name, as well as names that she uses to tell her story, have been changed.She is an enrolled member of the Nakoda tribe in Fort Belknap, Montana, where she grew up as a child.She attended the reservation school system all twelve years and was not only a witness, but also the subject of the suppressions that exist among American Indians. She is well connected to her cultural roots, being instilled with the teachings of the Nakoda and White Clay people.She grew up attending sweat lodge ceremonies, pipe ceremonies, the Native American Church, and social gatherings of dancing and singing. She has completed her four years of Sundancing in the spring, which is a ceremony of fasting and prayer.After completing her twelve years of schooling on the Fort Belknap Reserve, she then attended ASU, where she graduated with her Master’s in Education Degree.She then went onto attend The Pennsylvania State University, where she received her Principal ship Degree, and continues to work towards her PhD degree in Educational Leadership.When asked about her American Dream, Capture responded by saying, “Well my American Dream is different from other people’s dreams.My dream, as a contributing member of my society and my culture, is to help American Indians reach their full potential in education. So as an educator, my dream is to help American Indians, not to be rich, but it’s more looking at advancing my population and my group of people in helping them to succeed.”I then asked, “And how have you come to that American Dream? That purpose?” in response. In my school there was the mentality of “You’re not going to succeed anyways, so why try?”It’s a mentality that was not only evident in how we were taught, but also within the basketball team.My school had, and still has, some of the best talent and ability on the high line in basketball, but the minute they went to play big teams, who have the same talent and capability, they had defeated themselves by thinking, “Well they’re going to win anyway, so why should we try?” Not only that, but I could also see that same mentality within teachers.They did not have high expectations for the students, and that transcended into their teaching. The quality of instruction had the attitude of, “Well you’re not going to make it far anyways, so why should I give you really good instruction that is going to make you think outside the box and at a higher level?” Teachers were not outright with that mentality, but we all knew that that’s what they thought.I had never had an outright experience with teachers suppressing their students, but my cousin and her classmates had.Her class was told by a white teacher, “Oh you guys are just a bunch of Indians; you’re not going to make it off the reservation anyways!” I do not remember all the details, but I do remember that statement.Although I had never experience anything like that in high school, others have, but I see that injustice and suppression more in how the teachers related to us, or didn’t relate.They didn’t care about our education, if they had cared then they would have tried to invest in us and have good instruction that is going to push us. I had a math teacher names Mr. Green, and he was really good.We could all tell that he wanted us to succeed, because he pushed us.There was also student to student oppression, where there is the mentality of “if you do get up, you speak your mind, you’re smart, you’re outgoing, and you get good grades, then you are trying to act better than everyone else now”.Getting bad grades and flunking, that was the better and cooler thing to do.After seeing and experiencing all of this injustice, it created my purpose in life, not my American Dream, but my purpose. My purpose is to help build environments, within education, and academic institutions for American Indians that move them forward towards education, towards going onto college to become lawyers or doctors.That is my purpose; it’s not an American Dream, but my purpose. Capture‘s story may transcend to other American Indian women across America.Patricia Capture and Sherman Alexie are prime examples of the inequalities that surround the American Indian American Dream.These are the inequalities of opportunity, systemic racism, and white privilege. Both have succeeded in fulfilling their purpose, or are in the process of achieving it, even though they were oppressed as American Indian people.Both are helping the American Indian people in moving forward in education, as well as leading our people out of oppression, to create better lives for the many generations to come.They have done this by going to college, but still remaining who they are, and remembering where they came from and why they work hard every day. Some may argue that the American Indians have had everything handed to them.Many people have the misconceptions that American Indians get into college for free, they receive money from the government every month, they get free food and health care, and they are accepted to every college they apply to because they check the American Indian box.One of my colleagues once told me that I would get into Princeton or Dartmouth, simply because I am a minority. These are misconceptions that people carry with them every day. Minorities are not given hand outs.American Indian people have to work twice as hard to achieve the “American Dream” of a movement towards leading our people out oppression, because of the systemic racism that created unequal opportunities and is embedded in the society we call, “The United States of America, the land of opportunity”. As American Indian people, we are working towards the common goal of breaking down the oppression the surrounds our reality every day.We go through school, knowing that we are not only getting out education for ourselves, but for all Indian Country and the many generations to come.There are many stories of injustices and successes that go unheard of; these are just some of the influential ones.There are many realities that we, as American Indian, face today, but knowing that there is hope and prosperity, keeps us moving forward to a brighter tomorrow.	<urn:uuid:8dda21b0-3d77-4bd6-acbc-ad0c4fc7411b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://acasestudy.com/the-american-indian-american-dream/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594705.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119180644-20200119204644-00192.warc.gz	en	0.982362	2,492	3.46875	3	[ -0.06469143182039261, 0.2547316253185272, -0.11872795224189758, 0.1048668771982193, -0.4190499782562256, 0.6740007996559143, 0.09386102110147476, 0.039517179131507874, 0.26811927556991577, 0.04416142404079437, 0.18895284831523895, 0.2495778203010559, 0.16899962723255157, 0.1964811384677887...	4	The American Indian American Dream “What do you want to be when you grow up?”This question, little did we know, was our initiation into the addictive concept of the American Dream. Every child in the world is taught to believe in the pursuit of happiness, the American Dream, the dream of a better life.In 1931, Truslow Adams said “life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement” and The United States Declaration of Independence states, “all men are created equal. “Both of these statements, spoken by influential white males or written in documents by white males, advocate for the “typical” American Dream. The typical American Dream is an individualistic goal of achieving a high social class and wealth, and centralizes around white privilege, which is the “special advantage or benefit of white persons; with reference to divine dispensations, natural advantages, gifts of fortune, genetic endowments, social relations, etc” (Clark).An example of the typical American Dream, although a fictional story, is The Great Gatsby, a book written by Fitzgerald.The main character, Gatsby, is a man who set out to achieve the American Dream, of high social class and wealth, and succeeded in doing so.Many other characters like Tom, in the beginning of the book, express that they too want to achieve this American Dream, by expressing their admiration for Gatsby’s achievements.Tom and Gatsby’s ambitions to achieve a high social class and wealth, reflect the typical American Dream in today’s society. However, although this was a fictional book written in 1925, it was a completely accurate depiction of who was realizing the American Dream; the typical white male. While I haven’t read every book published during, and there after, it would be suffice to say this book reflected the majority of white males experiences and not any minority within the US.Due to the fact that our country has a preoccupation with race, American Indians, African Americans, and Latinos, were not having the same experiences, in relationship to the American Dream, as Tom and Gatsby were.White privilege is a reality in our country, caused by the continuous oppression that has made the American Dream elusive for the American Indian.Although we live in a society that has given us the ideology that the “American Dream” is available to everyone, that is not true for minority groups, like the American Indian. Before seeing the inequalities that the American Indian face in achieving their American Dream, we just first recognize the definition of the American Dream for the American Indian.The American Dream to the American Indian is not individualistic; it is the common goal of leading our people out of suppression as a whole, through education. Sherman Alexie is a well-known American Indian writer who has inspired American Indians across the country with his success, who wrote Super Man and Me where he speaks of his own definition of the American Dream and how he came to that dream.He first learned how to read at age 3, through a Super Man comic book, that was fostered by his father who loved books with a passion.He says, “I can remember picking up my father’s books before I could read.The words themselves were mostly foreign, but I still remember the exact moment when I first understood, with a sudden clarity, the purpose of a paragraph” (Sherman 1). He began to teach himself to read, through this self-discovery of paragraphs.By the time he was in kindergarten, he was reading Grapes of Wrath, and says “If he’d been anything but an Indian boy living on the reservation, he might have been called a prodigy.But he is an Indian boy living on the reservation and is simply oddity” (Sherman 3). He has come to see the inequality that exists among his reality.He, just like so many young American Indian today, realize that they are not given the same opportunities as a white child. Alexie says, “As Indian children, we were expected to fail in the non-Indian world” (Sherman 3), this was his realization of the world he was immersed in.He saw the expectations that were asked of him and his peers, and saw that they did not measure up to non-Indians. By means of breaking free from these expectations and suppressions, and saving his life, he read.He became a writer of short stories, novels, and poems.He uses his success in writing and education, to inspire American Indian youth and adults to pursue a better education, because he knows that education is what saved him.He sees the oppression of belittling and the “less than” mentality that so many American Indians are still subject to today. The history of the American Indian is the reality of perseverance in a world of oppression. This is the reality among many American Indian students in the country.We are expected to fail in a white community, expected to crumble under pressure, and expected to be less than.He saw that American Indians were suppressed in the schools, by recognizing the label of stupidity inflicted upon him and his classmates, which formed his own “American Dream” as an American Indian male.His American Dream is to clear the pathway of oppression for American Indian children everywhere, by leading by examples, stressing the importance of education, and helping youth realize their own abilities. Patricia Capture, an American Indian woman who is in pursuit of her own “American Dream”, discusses her own perception on that dream, as well as how she came to that perception in an interview conducted on December 5th, 2011. For privacy purposes her name, as well as names that she uses to tell her story, have been changed.She is an enrolled member of the Nakoda tribe in Fort Belknap, Montana, where she grew up as a child.She attended the reservation school system all twelve years and was not only a witness, but also the subject of the suppressions that exist among American Indians. She is well connected to her cultural roots, being instilled with the teachings of the Nakoda and White Clay people.She grew up attending sweat lodge ceremonies, pipe ceremonies, the Native American Church, and social gatherings of dancing and singing. She has completed her four years of Sundancing in the spring, which is a ceremony of fasting and prayer.After completing her twelve years of schooling on the Fort Belknap Reserve, she then attended ASU, where she graduated with her Master’s in Education Degree.She then went onto attend The Pennsylvania State University, where she received her Principal ship Degree, and continues to work towards her PhD degree in Educational Leadership.When asked about her American Dream, Capture responded by saying, “Well my American Dream is different from other people’s dreams.My dream, as a contributing member of my society and my culture, is to help American Indians reach their full potential in education. So as an educator, my dream is to help American Indians, not to be rich, but it’s more looking at advancing my population and my group of people in helping them to succeed.”I then asked, “And how have you come to that American Dream? That purpose?” in response. In my school there was the mentality of “You’re not going to succeed anyways, so why try?”It’s a mentality that was not only evident in how we were taught, but also within the basketball team.My school had, and still has, some of the best talent and ability on the high line in basketball, but the minute they went to play big teams, who have the same talent and capability, they had defeated themselves by thinking, “Well they’re going to win anyway, so why should we try?” Not only that, but I could also see that same mentality within teachers.They did not have high expectations for the students, and that transcended into their teaching. The quality of instruction had the attitude of, “Well you’re not going to make it far anyways, so why should I give you really good instruction that is going to make you think outside the box and at a higher level?” Teachers were not outright with that mentality, but we all knew that that’s what they thought.I had never had an outright experience with teachers suppressing their students, but my cousin and her classmates had.Her class was told by a white teacher, “Oh you guys are just a bunch of Indians; you’re not going to make it off the reservation anyways!” I do not remember all the details, but I do remember that statement.Although I had never experience anything like that in high school, others have, but I see that injustice and suppression more in how the teachers related to us, or didn’t relate.They didn’t care about our education, if they had cared then they would have tried to invest in us and have good instruction that is going to push us. I had a math teacher names Mr. Green, and he was really good.We could all tell that he wanted us to succeed, because he pushed us.There was also student to student oppression, where there is the mentality of “if you do get up, you speak your mind, you’re smart, you’re outgoing, and you get good grades, then you are trying to act better than everyone else now”.Getting bad grades and flunking, that was the better and cooler thing to do.After seeing and experiencing all of this injustice, it created my purpose in life, not my American Dream, but my purpose. My purpose is to help build environments, within education, and academic institutions for American Indians that move them forward towards education, towards going onto college to become lawyers or doctors.That is my purpose; it’s not an American Dream, but my purpose. Capture‘s story may transcend to other American Indian women across America.Patricia Capture and Sherman Alexie are prime examples of the inequalities that surround the American Indian American Dream.These are the inequalities of opportunity, systemic racism, and white privilege. Both have succeeded in fulfilling their purpose, or are in the process of achieving it, even though they were oppressed as American Indian people.Both are helping the American Indian people in moving forward in education, as well as leading our people out of oppression, to create better lives for the many generations to come.They have done this by going to college, but still remaining who they are, and remembering where they came from and why they work hard every day. Some may argue that the American Indians have had everything handed to them.Many people have the misconceptions that American Indians get into college for free, they receive money from the government every month, they get free food and health care, and they are accepted to every college they apply to because they check the American Indian box.One of my colleagues once told me that I would get into Princeton or Dartmouth, simply because I am a minority. These are misconceptions that people carry with them every day. Minorities are not given hand outs.American Indian people have to work twice as hard to achieve the “American Dream” of a movement towards leading our people out oppression, because of the systemic racism that created unequal opportunities and is embedded in the society we call, “The United States of America, the land of opportunity”. As American Indian people, we are working towards the common goal of breaking down the oppression the surrounds our reality every day.We go through school, knowing that we are not only getting out education for ourselves, but for all Indian Country and the many generations to come.There are many stories of injustices and successes that go unheard of; these are just some of the influential ones.There are many realities that we, as American Indian, face today, but knowing that there is hope and prosperity, keeps us moving forward to a brighter tomorrow.	2,356	ENGLISH	1
Neanderthals were more resourceful and adventurous than they're often credited with, according to a new study. An analysis of clam shells and volcanic rocks from an Italian cave shows that Neanderthals collected shells and pumice from beaches. And due to specific indicators on some of the shells, the researchers also believe Neanderthals waded and dove into the ocean to retrieve shells, meaning they may have been able to swim. The Grotta dei Moscerini cave is only about ten feet above the beach in central Italy's Latium region. In 1949, the cave was excavated. The archaeologists recovered 171 clam shells that were modified into sharp tools. They all belonged to a local species called Callista chione, or the smooth clam. There was evidence that the shells were shaped by stones to make them thin, sharp and resilient. The shells were dated to between 90,000 to 100,000 years ago. This is before the arrival of modern humans in the Western Europe region. It's fortunate that the shells, as well as the volcanic rock called pumice, were retrieved from the cave and stored at the Italian Institute of Human Paleontology because the cave itself is no longer accessible. Blasting for coastal highway construction buried the cave in the early 1970s. The findings from the cave also included a number of pumice stones that the Neanderthals likely used as an abrading tool to sharpen other tools. Shell tools for Neanderthals are rare, and only a few examples of them have been discovered. The majority of tools associated with Neanderthals involve stone spear tips and stone hammers. But there was even less evidence prior to this study that Neanderthals living in Western Europe dove underwater. The study published Wednesday in the journal PLOS. "The fact they were exploiting marine resources was something that was known," said Paola Villa, study author and curator of the University of Colorado at Boulder's Museum of Natural History. "But until recently, no one really paid much attention to it." A new analysis of the shells revealed that 24% of them had smooth, shiny exteriors. They were also larger than the other shells. Both are indicators of fresh shells found on the seafloor, still attached to live clams. "It's quite possible that the Neanderthals were collecting shells as far down as 2 to 4 meters," Villa said, which is the equivalent of about six to 13 feet. "Of course, they did not have scuba equipment." The rest of the shells showed evidence of time spent sitting on the beach and experiencing sand weathering. The shells were modified to be used as scrapers. These were more efficient than thin flinty rocks, which can't sustain a sharp edge. It's possible that stone was hard to come by, which is why they sought out shells. Or perhaps the shells suited their needs better, the researchers said. "No matter how many times you retouch a clam shell, its cutting edge will remain very thin and sharp," Villa said. The researchers believe that the pumice stones washed ashore after volcanic eruptions occurred 40 miles south of Moscerini beach. This aligns with evidence from a recent study suggesting that some Neanderthals suffered from "surfer's ear," based on bony growths found on the ears belonging to a few Neanderthal skeletons. And previous research has pointed to the fact that neanderthals engaged in fishing. Other associations between shells and ancient human relatives include shells found alongside Homo erectus fossils in Java, Indonesia, according to the study. "People are beginning to understand that Neanderthals didn't just hunt large mammals," Villa said. "They also did things like freshwater fishing and even skin diving."	<urn:uuid:a3412647-8d05-455a-9686-b019e09b5cfb>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.jacksonprogress-argus.com/news/world_nation/neanderthals-combed-beaches-and-went-diving-for-shells-to-use/article_25237eb4-fc0a-5609-91bf-7bed8917be90.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00422.warc.gz	en	0.98036	774	4.25	4	[ -0.3580678701400757, 0.13160090148448944, 0.11470673978328705, 0.2626873552799225, -0.16239888966083527, -0.3425300121307373, 0.3168131411075592, -0.027064917609095573, -0.4314555525779724, -0.04348227381706238, -0.059627268463373184, -0.5937670469284058, 0.39422446489334106, 0.72797471284...	1	Neanderthals were more resourceful and adventurous than they're often credited with, according to a new study. An analysis of clam shells and volcanic rocks from an Italian cave shows that Neanderthals collected shells and pumice from beaches. And due to specific indicators on some of the shells, the researchers also believe Neanderthals waded and dove into the ocean to retrieve shells, meaning they may have been able to swim. The Grotta dei Moscerini cave is only about ten feet above the beach in central Italy's Latium region. In 1949, the cave was excavated. The archaeologists recovered 171 clam shells that were modified into sharp tools. They all belonged to a local species called Callista chione, or the smooth clam. There was evidence that the shells were shaped by stones to make them thin, sharp and resilient. The shells were dated to between 90,000 to 100,000 years ago. This is before the arrival of modern humans in the Western Europe region. It's fortunate that the shells, as well as the volcanic rock called pumice, were retrieved from the cave and stored at the Italian Institute of Human Paleontology because the cave itself is no longer accessible. Blasting for coastal highway construction buried the cave in the early 1970s. The findings from the cave also included a number of pumice stones that the Neanderthals likely used as an abrading tool to sharpen other tools. Shell tools for Neanderthals are rare, and only a few examples of them have been discovered. The majority of tools associated with Neanderthals involve stone spear tips and stone hammers. But there was even less evidence prior to this study that Neanderthals living in Western Europe dove underwater. The study published Wednesday in the journal PLOS. "The fact they were exploiting marine resources was something that was known," said Paola Villa, study author and curator of the University of Colorado at Boulder's Museum of Natural History. "But until recently, no one really paid much attention to it." A new analysis of the shells revealed that 24% of them had smooth, shiny exteriors. They were also larger than the other shells. Both are indicators of fresh shells found on the seafloor, still attached to live clams. "It's quite possible that the Neanderthals were collecting shells as far down as 2 to 4 meters," Villa said, which is the equivalent of about six to 13 feet. "Of course, they did not have scuba equipment." The rest of the shells showed evidence of time spent sitting on the beach and experiencing sand weathering. The shells were modified to be used as scrapers. These were more efficient than thin flinty rocks, which can't sustain a sharp edge. It's possible that stone was hard to come by, which is why they sought out shells. Or perhaps the shells suited their needs better, the researchers said. "No matter how many times you retouch a clam shell, its cutting edge will remain very thin and sharp," Villa said. The researchers believe that the pumice stones washed ashore after volcanic eruptions occurred 40 miles south of Moscerini beach. This aligns with evidence from a recent study suggesting that some Neanderthals suffered from "surfer's ear," based on bony growths found on the ears belonging to a few Neanderthal skeletons. And previous research has pointed to the fact that neanderthals engaged in fishing. Other associations between shells and ancient human relatives include shells found alongside Homo erectus fossils in Java, Indonesia, according to the study. "People are beginning to understand that Neanderthals didn't just hunt large mammals," Villa said. "They also did things like freshwater fishing and even skin diving."	791	ENGLISH	1
The Tiburon Island tragedy is an event that happened in 1905 when three people that embarked upon a gold-seeking quest disappeared in the deserts of Tiburon Island. The island itself is located in the Gulf of California. It is the biggest island in the area, covering the space of more than 1200 square kilometers. The volcanic origin of the terrain and very hostile environment probably led to the disappearance of the expedition members. The 1905 events were not the first of their kind that happened on Tiburon. Sometimes between 1894 and 1896, a similar incident occurred, and it included an American writer R.E.L. Robinson. A plan for his writer’s mission seemed pretty straightforward. Robinson was supposed to travel to Tiburon. Still, prior to his leave, he informed the Associated Press that he wants the public informed of his death. He was expecting to be gone for six months, which he thought would be enough to gather enough information about the native people living on Tiburon. Robinson’s plan completely backfired. When he joined his guides, and they started to travel down the Colorado River, the person driving the boat heard gunshots, and before he knew it, Robinson was taken down with arrows. The same destiny struck upon an experienced explorer named George Porter. Captain Porter participated in a similar mission before but ended up disappearing on Tiburon Island. The authorities in Mexico conducted a search but reported that nothing was found except one shoe and woods used for the campfire. The official statement from the Mexico Army was that Porter was killed, cooked on that same campfire, and - eaten by the natives. The idea that the people inhabiting the area were cannibals was most probably used to initiate a military campaign by Governor Izabal, who wanted to clear the Tiburon Island from such a threat. Who lived there, and why were they considered to be so dangerous? Tiburon Island was populated by Seri people, and the island itself was the land they held sacred. The Seri people were living isolated from the mainland, and it was believed that they did not master the fire yet and that they eat their food raw. One thing that accompanied this speculation is rumors of Tiburon Island being very rich in gold resources. The American Expedition of 1905 All of these dangerous stories and events surrounding the Tiburon Island and the Sari people that lived there did not stop the Grindell expedition to travel to the island. Three more people were coming along with Thomas Grindell, who had a reputation of a skillful and experienced explorer, who even had military experience. They were joined by a Papago guide called Dolores Valenzuela, who had to lead them through the desert area before they reach the Tiburon Island. So, how did everything go so wrong? First of all, as it was later reported by the only American survivor Jack Hoffman, Grindell made a mistake of storing all the water on one donkey that carried the cans through the desert. When the equipment they brought to purify the water failed, the Papago guide did not want to continue any further. The five people group decided to split up; the guide went back, and the men tried to find a boat that will get them to Tiburon Island. All of these decisions ended up fatal for everyone except Hoffman, who was alone for more than four months while he traveled from Tiburon to Guaymas. Hoffman survived 150 miles of unpredictable and harsh terrain, while the others were not so lucky. Hoffman’s testimony explains that all of them died from dehydration and that the Sari people were not responsible for their deaths. These events were later investigated further when another expedition, led by Edward P. Grindell, found artifacts that the Grindell expedition used on their fatal journey. A whole year passed before the body remains of Thomas Grindell were found. It was then confirmed that Thomas Grindell died from dehydration. In the Grindell expedition, four people lost their lives: the leader Thomas Grindell was gone, along with his partners G. O. Ralls and D. Ingram. The remains of the Papago guide Dolores Valenzuela were never found. Your MLA Citation Your APA Citation Your Chicago Citation Your Harvard CitationRemember to italicize the title of this article in your Harvard citation.	<urn:uuid:c390114f-37ea-4b81-baa9-0c4aa2ada553>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/tiburon-island.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00330.warc.gz	en	0.982912	881	3.421875	3	[ 0.023492591455578804, 0.11383475363254547, 0.19594594836235046, -0.6024773120880127, 0.21071916818618774, -0.18792714178562164, 0.32302185893058777, 0.396761417388916, -0.18687254190444946, -0.11914718896150589, 0.1675877571105957, 0.1349511444568634, 0.27971914410591125, 0.704983651638031...	2	The Tiburon Island tragedy is an event that happened in 1905 when three people that embarked upon a gold-seeking quest disappeared in the deserts of Tiburon Island. The island itself is located in the Gulf of California. It is the biggest island in the area, covering the space of more than 1200 square kilometers. The volcanic origin of the terrain and very hostile environment probably led to the disappearance of the expedition members. The 1905 events were not the first of their kind that happened on Tiburon. Sometimes between 1894 and 1896, a similar incident occurred, and it included an American writer R.E.L. Robinson. A plan for his writer’s mission seemed pretty straightforward. Robinson was supposed to travel to Tiburon. Still, prior to his leave, he informed the Associated Press that he wants the public informed of his death. He was expecting to be gone for six months, which he thought would be enough to gather enough information about the native people living on Tiburon. Robinson’s plan completely backfired. When he joined his guides, and they started to travel down the Colorado River, the person driving the boat heard gunshots, and before he knew it, Robinson was taken down with arrows. The same destiny struck upon an experienced explorer named George Porter. Captain Porter participated in a similar mission before but ended up disappearing on Tiburon Island. The authorities in Mexico conducted a search but reported that nothing was found except one shoe and woods used for the campfire. The official statement from the Mexico Army was that Porter was killed, cooked on that same campfire, and - eaten by the natives. The idea that the people inhabiting the area were cannibals was most probably used to initiate a military campaign by Governor Izabal, who wanted to clear the Tiburon Island from such a threat. Who lived there, and why were they considered to be so dangerous? Tiburon Island was populated by Seri people, and the island itself was the land they held sacred. The Seri people were living isolated from the mainland, and it was believed that they did not master the fire yet and that they eat their food raw. One thing that accompanied this speculation is rumors of Tiburon Island being very rich in gold resources. The American Expedition of 1905 All of these dangerous stories and events surrounding the Tiburon Island and the Sari people that lived there did not stop the Grindell expedition to travel to the island. Three more people were coming along with Thomas Grindell, who had a reputation of a skillful and experienced explorer, who even had military experience. They were joined by a Papago guide called Dolores Valenzuela, who had to lead them through the desert area before they reach the Tiburon Island. So, how did everything go so wrong? First of all, as it was later reported by the only American survivor Jack Hoffman, Grindell made a mistake of storing all the water on one donkey that carried the cans through the desert. When the equipment they brought to purify the water failed, the Papago guide did not want to continue any further. The five people group decided to split up; the guide went back, and the men tried to find a boat that will get them to Tiburon Island. All of these decisions ended up fatal for everyone except Hoffman, who was alone for more than four months while he traveled from Tiburon to Guaymas. Hoffman survived 150 miles of unpredictable and harsh terrain, while the others were not so lucky. Hoffman’s testimony explains that all of them died from dehydration and that the Sari people were not responsible for their deaths. These events were later investigated further when another expedition, led by Edward P. Grindell, found artifacts that the Grindell expedition used on their fatal journey. A whole year passed before the body remains of Thomas Grindell were found. It was then confirmed that Thomas Grindell died from dehydration. In the Grindell expedition, four people lost their lives: the leader Thomas Grindell was gone, along with his partners G. O. Ralls and D. Ingram. The remains of the Papago guide Dolores Valenzuela were never found. Your MLA Citation Your APA Citation Your Chicago Citation Your Harvard CitationRemember to italicize the title of this article in your Harvard citation.	897	ENGLISH	1
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.Join Britannica's Publishing Partner Program and our community of experts to gain a global audience for your work! Ady was born into an impoverished but noble family. On leaving school he studied law for a time, but in 1899 he published an insignificant volume of verse, Versek, and from 1900 until his death he worked as a journalist. In 1903 he published another volume of poetry, Még egyszer, in which signs of his exceptional talent could be seen. With his next book, Uj versek (1906; “New Poems”), he burst into Hungarian literary life. Poetry in Hungary had been dormant at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, and imitations of Sándor Petőfi and János Arany were prevalent. None of the few original poets had been powerful enough to make an impression on the public, which was thus unprepared for the “new verses of a new era,” as Ady described his work. These poems were revolutionary in form, language, and content; his unconventional though splendid language, with its unusual choice of adjectives, shocked the public. The outrage was furthered by the general tone of his poems. Ady’s stay as a journalist in Paris had made Hungary seem to him narrow and materialistic, and in these poems he unleashed a storm of violent and insulting attacks upon his country. Though the artistic value of the “new poems” is beyond question, Ady became the target of onslaughts that soon developed into a political struggle, Ady being supported by the left-wing radicals, who hailed him as a prophet, and abused by right-wing nationalists. In his later work, Ady abandoned gratuitous insult and attained a higher level of social and political censure. His understanding of his country, of its social and political ills, and of the sufferings that had been inflicted by World War I inspired him to find new means of expressing pain and anger. By that time his failing health, undermined by a profligate life, proved unable to stand up to the pressure of constant hard work. He had published 10 volumes of poetry in 12 years, as well as short stories and countless articles. He died a victim of alcoholism. Ady’s love of the Hungarian people was only one of his themes. His love poems are striking in their originality and their mystical approach to physical love. His religious poems, which seemed blasphemous to many, reveal his search for God “who is at the bottom of all things, to whom all the bells toll and on whose left I, alas, sit.” Learn More in these related Britannica articles: Hungarian literature: Early yearsThe year 1906, when Endre Ady burst upon the literary scene with his Uj versek(“New Poems”), marked a turning point. In matters of style Ady was influenced by the French Symbolists, but in content he was concerned with radical political ideas. He rejuvenated the language of Hungarian poetry,… LiteratureLiterature, a body of written works. The name has traditionally been applied to those imaginative works of poetry and prose distinguished by the intentions of their authors and the perceived aesthetic excellence of their execution. Literature may be classified according to a variety of systems,… BudapestBudapest, city, capital of Hungary, and seat of Pest megye (county). The city is the political, administrative, industrial, and commercial centre of Hungary. The site has been continuously settled since prehistoric times and is now the home of about one-fifth of the country’s population. Area city,…	<urn:uuid:0e9a55d5-1cf3-420a-a3b6-c5d2965b0c6a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.britannica.com/biography/Endre-Ady	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251776516.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128060946-20200128090946-00199.warc.gz	en	0.983054	782	3.328125	3	[ -0.2695467472076416, 0.2868170440196991, 0.12333911657333374, 0.28995007276535034, 0.14436309039592743, 0.3159516751766205, 0.12411586195230484, 0.29771241545677185, -0.32175666093826294, -0.2345694899559021, 0.08996357023715973, 0.23950980603694916, 0.05816219747066498, 0.3859427571296692...	1	Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.Join Britannica's Publishing Partner Program and our community of experts to gain a global audience for your work! Ady was born into an impoverished but noble family. On leaving school he studied law for a time, but in 1899 he published an insignificant volume of verse, Versek, and from 1900 until his death he worked as a journalist. In 1903 he published another volume of poetry, Még egyszer, in which signs of his exceptional talent could be seen. With his next book, Uj versek (1906; “New Poems”), he burst into Hungarian literary life. Poetry in Hungary had been dormant at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, and imitations of Sándor Petőfi and János Arany were prevalent. None of the few original poets had been powerful enough to make an impression on the public, which was thus unprepared for the “new verses of a new era,” as Ady described his work. These poems were revolutionary in form, language, and content; his unconventional though splendid language, with its unusual choice of adjectives, shocked the public. The outrage was furthered by the general tone of his poems. Ady’s stay as a journalist in Paris had made Hungary seem to him narrow and materialistic, and in these poems he unleashed a storm of violent and insulting attacks upon his country. Though the artistic value of the “new poems” is beyond question, Ady became the target of onslaughts that soon developed into a political struggle, Ady being supported by the left-wing radicals, who hailed him as a prophet, and abused by right-wing nationalists. In his later work, Ady abandoned gratuitous insult and attained a higher level of social and political censure. His understanding of his country, of its social and political ills, and of the sufferings that had been inflicted by World War I inspired him to find new means of expressing pain and anger. By that time his failing health, undermined by a profligate life, proved unable to stand up to the pressure of constant hard work. He had published 10 volumes of poetry in 12 years, as well as short stories and countless articles. He died a victim of alcoholism. Ady’s love of the Hungarian people was only one of his themes. His love poems are striking in their originality and their mystical approach to physical love. His religious poems, which seemed blasphemous to many, reveal his search for God “who is at the bottom of all things, to whom all the bells toll and on whose left I, alas, sit.” Learn More in these related Britannica articles: Hungarian literature: Early yearsThe year 1906, when Endre Ady burst upon the literary scene with his Uj versek(“New Poems”), marked a turning point. In matters of style Ady was influenced by the French Symbolists, but in content he was concerned with radical political ideas. He rejuvenated the language of Hungarian poetry,… LiteratureLiterature, a body of written works. The name has traditionally been applied to those imaginative works of poetry and prose distinguished by the intentions of their authors and the perceived aesthetic excellence of their execution. Literature may be classified according to a variety of systems,… BudapestBudapest, city, capital of Hungary, and seat of Pest megye (county). The city is the political, administrative, industrial, and commercial centre of Hungary. The site has been continuously settled since prehistoric times and is now the home of about one-fifth of the country’s population. Area city,…	771	ENGLISH	1
One of the first actual computers was the Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC). ENIAC took over 167 square meters, 1800 square feet, of floor space and had a quick access of 0.0002 seconds for a read-write register storage. ENIAC is recognized as one of the first successful high speed electronic digital computers, and was used from 1946 to 1955. Older computers used vacuum tubes to move electricity and electrons around in computing devices and computers. However, they were highly inefficient, needed to be replaced often, and with 18,000 of them in a computer it wasn't cheap to cool the rooms. Transistors promised to solve the problems and did, but they needed to be soldered together. As a result there became a chance of faulty wiring as the systems grew more complex. In 1958 Jack St. Clair Kilby of Texas Instruments manufactured the first Integrated Circuit, or chip. A chip is basically a collection of smaller transistors connected together when manufactured. Therefore, there was no need of soldering and they only needed to be connected to other electronic components. The 1960s was when large mainframe computers became more common in large markets. In those markets IBM was unquestionably the leader in computer markets. Then in the 1970s personal computers exploded when the Apple II was introduced. The Apple II was when Apple actually began to take off. The TRS-80 was introduced in 1977 by Radio Shack which was remodeled with the TRS-80 Model II. While they weren't very creative with names both of these computers had disk drives which allowed the floppy disk to become the most convenient distributor of software. IBM then decided to produce the IBM PC which had a came with a 16,000 character memory (which is less than the TRS but more than the Apple), an IBM electric typewriter, and a connection for a tape cassette player. By 1984 Apple and IBM were the major computer companies. That was also when Apple released the first gen Macintosh which came with a graphical user interface and mouse. IBM released the 286-AT which had Lotus 1-2-3 (a spreadsheet), and Microsoft Word which became a favorite of businesses and still is. The 286-AT was truly the first modern computer because it was focused more on software and the user. Computer companies such as IBM started to innovate with their technology and have become much more adept in improving their performance, as well as their ease of use and ease of fixing. These companies are also all much cheaper than companies such as Alienware and Apple. Alienware being mainly gaming focused, but too much to be truly good. Apple being overpriced and the same thing released repeatedly. Sylvester Valentine for Passed Time, November 10, 2015	<urn:uuid:9dccc466-eab8-43c4-982e-b59a8582eb3d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://passedtime.com/index.php/articles-new/computer-history/245-quick-briefing-on-computers?tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694071.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126230255-20200127020255-00403.warc.gz	en	0.986736	554	3.40625	3	[ -0.45984286069869995, 0.0604286827147007, 0.2687349021434784, -0.3884616494178772, -0.4143703877925873, -0.11382760107517242, -0.08148178458213806, 0.31922587752342224, 0.36494964361190796, 0.22845982015132904, 0.012550930492579937, 0.13987359404563904, 0.3912596106529236, -0.0999712496995...	2	One of the first actual computers was the Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC). ENIAC took over 167 square meters, 1800 square feet, of floor space and had a quick access of 0.0002 seconds for a read-write register storage. ENIAC is recognized as one of the first successful high speed electronic digital computers, and was used from 1946 to 1955. Older computers used vacuum tubes to move electricity and electrons around in computing devices and computers. However, they were highly inefficient, needed to be replaced often, and with 18,000 of them in a computer it wasn't cheap to cool the rooms. Transistors promised to solve the problems and did, but they needed to be soldered together. As a result there became a chance of faulty wiring as the systems grew more complex. In 1958 Jack St. Clair Kilby of Texas Instruments manufactured the first Integrated Circuit, or chip. A chip is basically a collection of smaller transistors connected together when manufactured. Therefore, there was no need of soldering and they only needed to be connected to other electronic components. The 1960s was when large mainframe computers became more common in large markets. In those markets IBM was unquestionably the leader in computer markets. Then in the 1970s personal computers exploded when the Apple II was introduced. The Apple II was when Apple actually began to take off. The TRS-80 was introduced in 1977 by Radio Shack which was remodeled with the TRS-80 Model II. While they weren't very creative with names both of these computers had disk drives which allowed the floppy disk to become the most convenient distributor of software. IBM then decided to produce the IBM PC which had a came with a 16,000 character memory (which is less than the TRS but more than the Apple), an IBM electric typewriter, and a connection for a tape cassette player. By 1984 Apple and IBM were the major computer companies. That was also when Apple released the first gen Macintosh which came with a graphical user interface and mouse. IBM released the 286-AT which had Lotus 1-2-3 (a spreadsheet), and Microsoft Word which became a favorite of businesses and still is. The 286-AT was truly the first modern computer because it was focused more on software and the user. Computer companies such as IBM started to innovate with their technology and have become much more adept in improving their performance, as well as their ease of use and ease of fixing. These companies are also all much cheaper than companies such as Alienware and Apple. Alienware being mainly gaming focused, but too much to be truly good. Apple being overpriced and the same thing released repeatedly. Sylvester Valentine for Passed Time, November 10, 2015	614	ENGLISH	1
The Via Francigena gave a new dimension to pilgrimage in the medieval period. It was a historical route from Canterbury to Rome mostly used by pilgrims who wanted to travel to Rome. During the 11th century, people traveled to Europe in search of a ‘lost heavenly home.’ The routes that people took stands as a witness and strengthen the fact that pilgrimage existed even in the medieval period. Pilgrims traveled mostly on foot and covered about 20-25 km per day. The pilgrimage was undertaken solely on a devotional reason, to visit the Holy Sites of Christianity. The pilgrims usually visited three main attractions during their journey. The first one was Rome, site of the martyrdom of Saint Paul and Saint Peter, Santiago de Compostela, apostle Saint James chose this place to rest in peace, and Jerusalem, the Holy Land. Pilgrims traveled in groups. They also carried travel emblems such as the shell for Santiago de Compostela, the cross that symbolized Jerusalem and a key that stood for Saint Peter in Rome. The route also had immense trade activities going on at this time and also the armies moving about frequently took this route for their movements. The first documentation of Via Francigena was in 990 by Archbishop of Canterbury, Sigeric. He had recorded the places he had passed through when he was returning to Canterbury after receiving pallium and cope from the Pope, a white band of wool with pendants that were worn by archbishops over the chasuble. The roads that he took came to be known as the Via Francigena. From then on, people used these routes for traveling for business, pilgrimage and even military requirements. The route was mostly frequented by merchants, soldiers, pilgrims and prelates who traveled back and forth from Europe to Rome. The pilgrims usually traveled on foot, on horsebacks or even on mules. Carts were less popular since the roads were not in good condition. The local lords built and maintained the roads. The roads were not built with great care because they were not built with the idea of connecting places of great importance. The roads were actually a series of trails and paths with varying widths and made of different materials as well. The roads also linked villages, mountain passes, ferry boats, and bridges. The roads had two notable characteristics. One was that the travelers could easily find shelter for the night if traveling further was difficult. The other, that there was danger involved in this long distance travel. Wild animals, thieves, difficult terrain and sometimes health problems made it difficult for them to travel. Since the travel involved several unseen dangers, it was required that the pilgrims follow certain procedures before leaving for the pilgrimage. It was men who mostly undertook these pilgrimages rather than women largely due to the dangers involved in the travel. The person undertaking the pilgrimage had to pay off his debts and prepare a will. He should also receive a pilgrim dress from his local clergy and also ask for forgiveness in general for any offense that he might have committed. He had to also say goodbye to everyone before he leaves because the chances of his returning were unpredictable. The will prepared by the pilgrim had many details. He had to specify his heirs, purpose of his trip, how much time he would be away and the places he would visit during his travel. Once he is dressed and blessed by the local bishop, he would automatically enter into the ‘Order’ of the pilgrims. He wore a kind of dress that had a rough texture and is dark in color, had a leather bag he could use to store his money and food. He even carried a stout stick with a metal point, the pilgrim’s staff. The dress symbolized of various things. The dress, staff and the bag symbolized Hope, Faith, and Charity. It also meant that he was blessed against all temptations and evils. If he did not return for a certain period of time, his properties would be distributed among his heirs. If successful, the traveler would bring back souvenirs to prove his visits to the places. The souvenirs included a shell from Santiago, palm leaf from Jericho or little figures of patron saints of the visited places. Via Francigena in Tuscany meets at the Cisa Pass in a place called Lunigiana that is to the north of Pontremoli. It heads towards the south to Aquapendente in Latium and passes through Siena and Lucca. Travelers can still follow the ancient path mentioned by Sigeric to find refuge in the villages. The Via Francigena is certainly worth a trip. The roads pass through some of the country sides, areas with botanical species that are new to local inhabitants, along hills and forests. People still travel to Rome on foot, bicycle or horsebacks. Only that the number of travelers is comparatively less. The facilities available today are of different nature. The accommodation is expensive when compared to the ancient days. More than just a road connecting different cities, towns and countries, the Via Francigena is often considered as a cultural route between nations.	<urn:uuid:cdde6632-e951-4cfe-a375-de3bd2dac743>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://tuscany-cooking-class.com/the-via-francigena-in-9-points-from-canterbury-to-rome/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00046.warc.gz	en	0.985973	1,041	3.71875	4	[ 0.00011050899047404528, 0.16570039093494415, 0.24133577942848206, 0.06308593600988388, -0.2817239761352539, -0.04451244696974754, -0.17738083004951477, 0.45024624466896057, 0.13595403730869293, 0.3064784109592438, 0.0016663572750985622, -0.1459667682647705, -0.07875107228755951, 0.37932389...	4	The Via Francigena gave a new dimension to pilgrimage in the medieval period. It was a historical route from Canterbury to Rome mostly used by pilgrims who wanted to travel to Rome. During the 11th century, people traveled to Europe in search of a ‘lost heavenly home.’ The routes that people took stands as a witness and strengthen the fact that pilgrimage existed even in the medieval period. Pilgrims traveled mostly on foot and covered about 20-25 km per day. The pilgrimage was undertaken solely on a devotional reason, to visit the Holy Sites of Christianity. The pilgrims usually visited three main attractions during their journey. The first one was Rome, site of the martyrdom of Saint Paul and Saint Peter, Santiago de Compostela, apostle Saint James chose this place to rest in peace, and Jerusalem, the Holy Land. Pilgrims traveled in groups. They also carried travel emblems such as the shell for Santiago de Compostela, the cross that symbolized Jerusalem and a key that stood for Saint Peter in Rome. The route also had immense trade activities going on at this time and also the armies moving about frequently took this route for their movements. The first documentation of Via Francigena was in 990 by Archbishop of Canterbury, Sigeric. He had recorded the places he had passed through when he was returning to Canterbury after receiving pallium and cope from the Pope, a white band of wool with pendants that were worn by archbishops over the chasuble. The roads that he took came to be known as the Via Francigena. From then on, people used these routes for traveling for business, pilgrimage and even military requirements. The route was mostly frequented by merchants, soldiers, pilgrims and prelates who traveled back and forth from Europe to Rome. The pilgrims usually traveled on foot, on horsebacks or even on mules. Carts were less popular since the roads were not in good condition. The local lords built and maintained the roads. The roads were not built with great care because they were not built with the idea of connecting places of great importance. The roads were actually a series of trails and paths with varying widths and made of different materials as well. The roads also linked villages, mountain passes, ferry boats, and bridges. The roads had two notable characteristics. One was that the travelers could easily find shelter for the night if traveling further was difficult. The other, that there was danger involved in this long distance travel. Wild animals, thieves, difficult terrain and sometimes health problems made it difficult for them to travel. Since the travel involved several unseen dangers, it was required that the pilgrims follow certain procedures before leaving for the pilgrimage. It was men who mostly undertook these pilgrimages rather than women largely due to the dangers involved in the travel. The person undertaking the pilgrimage had to pay off his debts and prepare a will. He should also receive a pilgrim dress from his local clergy and also ask for forgiveness in general for any offense that he might have committed. He had to also say goodbye to everyone before he leaves because the chances of his returning were unpredictable. The will prepared by the pilgrim had many details. He had to specify his heirs, purpose of his trip, how much time he would be away and the places he would visit during his travel. Once he is dressed and blessed by the local bishop, he would automatically enter into the ‘Order’ of the pilgrims. He wore a kind of dress that had a rough texture and is dark in color, had a leather bag he could use to store his money and food. He even carried a stout stick with a metal point, the pilgrim’s staff. The dress symbolized of various things. The dress, staff and the bag symbolized Hope, Faith, and Charity. It also meant that he was blessed against all temptations and evils. If he did not return for a certain period of time, his properties would be distributed among his heirs. If successful, the traveler would bring back souvenirs to prove his visits to the places. The souvenirs included a shell from Santiago, palm leaf from Jericho or little figures of patron saints of the visited places. Via Francigena in Tuscany meets at the Cisa Pass in a place called Lunigiana that is to the north of Pontremoli. It heads towards the south to Aquapendente in Latium and passes through Siena and Lucca. Travelers can still follow the ancient path mentioned by Sigeric to find refuge in the villages. The Via Francigena is certainly worth a trip. The roads pass through some of the country sides, areas with botanical species that are new to local inhabitants, along hills and forests. People still travel to Rome on foot, bicycle or horsebacks. Only that the number of travelers is comparatively less. The facilities available today are of different nature. The accommodation is expensive when compared to the ancient days. More than just a road connecting different cities, towns and countries, the Via Francigena is often considered as a cultural route between nations.	1,040	ENGLISH	1
Warring sides Legion against legion Rome’s civil wars split the state into factions, and the army with it. Since there were no ethnic, ideological or social differences between the rival sides, it was inevitable-even more than in any other civil war-that the organisation, tactical doctrine and equipment of their armies was virtually identical. The main strength of the Roman army lay in the legions, units with a paper strength of about 5,000. In theory the legions were recruited only from Roman citizens, but during the civil wars many non-citizens were enlisted to bolster numbers. In his Commentaries, Caesar frequently emphasised the heterogeneous nature of the enemy armies, but he had himself formed an entire legion, Legio V Alaudae, from Gauls, only later giving them the franchise as a reward for distinguished service. Given the dominance of the Roman military system, some allied kings had remodelled their armies after the Roman style. King Juba of Numidia included four legions in his large army, while Deiotarus of Galatia formed two which would later be amalgamated and formed into Legio XXII Deiotariana as a fully fledged part of the Roman army.	<urn:uuid:7011451c-02a1-4be0-8614-62b2800a6e78>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203494615/chapters/10.4324/9780203494615-8	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250613416.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123191130-20200123220130-00265.warc.gz	en	0.983533	244	3.75	4	[ -0.46710318326950073, 0.473323792219162, 0.25104114413261414, -0.0038698308635503054, -0.35756489634513855, -0.06242585554718971, -0.25247734785079956, 0.32042765617370605, 0.31907421350479126, -0.3883785307407379, -0.061061322689056396, -0.4293067157268524, 0.09922727197408676, 0.26427814...	1	Warring sides Legion against legion Rome’s civil wars split the state into factions, and the army with it. Since there were no ethnic, ideological or social differences between the rival sides, it was inevitable-even more than in any other civil war-that the organisation, tactical doctrine and equipment of their armies was virtually identical. The main strength of the Roman army lay in the legions, units with a paper strength of about 5,000. In theory the legions were recruited only from Roman citizens, but during the civil wars many non-citizens were enlisted to bolster numbers. In his Commentaries, Caesar frequently emphasised the heterogeneous nature of the enemy armies, but he had himself formed an entire legion, Legio V Alaudae, from Gauls, only later giving them the franchise as a reward for distinguished service. Given the dominance of the Roman military system, some allied kings had remodelled their armies after the Roman style. King Juba of Numidia included four legions in his large army, while Deiotarus of Galatia formed two which would later be amalgamated and formed into Legio XXII Deiotariana as a fully fledged part of the Roman army.	246	ENGLISH	1
- Shabbat & Religious Items - Passover & Holidays - Jewish Jewelry - Jewish Gifts & Home - Wedding Gifts When Is Passover? Pesach Is Observed In The Jewish Month Of Nisan On The 15-22. The First Passover Seder 2020 Is On April 8th And Is Observed Through April 16, 2020. What Is Passover? Pesach is a holiday that commemorates the time in history when the Jewish people were freed from slavery in the land of Egypt. The Jewish people were slaves, and they wanted to be free. The Pharaoh had decreed that all Jewish male babies were to be killed because he felt that the Jewish people were becoming too strong. One couple, Jocheved and Amran, decided to try to save their infant son. They put him in a basket and floated him on the river. They sent their daughter, Miriam, to watch and make sure that someone rescued the baby from the river. The rescuer was Pharaoh's daughter. She called him Moses, which means, take from the water, and she raised him as her own son. When he grew up, he had much empathy for the Jewish slaves, and when he found out that he was a Jew, he wanted to help his people. He tried to get the Pharaoh to free the Jewish slaves, but the Pharaoh refused. Moses had a special relationship with G-d. There were 10 plagues sent down to Egypt, but still, the Pharaoh would not let the Jews go. The 10 Plagues are Blood, Frogs, Lice, Beasts, Cattle Disease, Boils, Hail, Locusts, Darkness, Slaying of the Firstborn. Finally, after the 10th plague, which was the slaying of the firstborn sons, he relented and said that the Jewish people could leave. They gathered up their belongings quickly and didn't have time for their bread to rise, so they had to bake it and take it the way it was. This is why the Jewish people eat matzah during Passover. As the Jews were fleeing, Pharaoh changed his mind and sent his army after the people to bring them back. God parted the Red Sea for the Jews to cross, and as soon as they were safely to the other side, the waters closed on the soldiers, drowning them all. The Jewish people were saved. Pesach is celebrated today in homes by having a seder. Seder means order, and we read the Passover story in a special order from the book called a Haggadah. Haggadah means "to tell" and we tell the story of our ancestors, and remind ourselves that we are now a free people. The most important part of Passover is the seder dinner. There are different parts of the seder and during the seder, we eat traditional and symbolic foods that remind us of the Jewish people and their adversity. One of the things that we do is to dip a spring vegetable into salt water. The vegetable is a sign of spring or rebirth, and the salt water represents the tears of the slaves. We eat bitter herbs, to remind us of the bitterness of slavery. We eat a special mixture, called Charoset, which is made of apples, nuts, wine, and cinnamon (although there are many different varieties of this, depending on where your ancestors lived) that reminds us of the mortar that the slaves made their bricks from. The name Passover comes from when the Angel of Death passed over the homes of the Jews, because they had been forewarned, and had put lambs blood on their doors so that death would spare their first-born child.	<urn:uuid:b8924c59-3a08-4456-93dd-0fef8dfef46b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.traditionsjewishgifts.com/passover-gift-ideas.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601615.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121044233-20200121073233-00507.warc.gz	en	0.986938	755	3.328125	3	[ -0.00038775510620325804, 0.6608414649963379, 0.1526445746421814, -0.28495025634765625, -0.5082473754882812, -0.1048687994480133, 0.5937314629554749, -0.10651122033596039, -0.05999910458922386, 0.07018992304801941, 0.22045816481113434, -0.32628345489501953, -0.17856889963150024, -0.05231121...	3	- Shabbat & Religious Items - Passover & Holidays - Jewish Jewelry - Jewish Gifts & Home - Wedding Gifts When Is Passover? Pesach Is Observed In The Jewish Month Of Nisan On The 15-22. The First Passover Seder 2020 Is On April 8th And Is Observed Through April 16, 2020. What Is Passover? Pesach is a holiday that commemorates the time in history when the Jewish people were freed from slavery in the land of Egypt. The Jewish people were slaves, and they wanted to be free. The Pharaoh had decreed that all Jewish male babies were to be killed because he felt that the Jewish people were becoming too strong. One couple, Jocheved and Amran, decided to try to save their infant son. They put him in a basket and floated him on the river. They sent their daughter, Miriam, to watch and make sure that someone rescued the baby from the river. The rescuer was Pharaoh's daughter. She called him Moses, which means, take from the water, and she raised him as her own son. When he grew up, he had much empathy for the Jewish slaves, and when he found out that he was a Jew, he wanted to help his people. He tried to get the Pharaoh to free the Jewish slaves, but the Pharaoh refused. Moses had a special relationship with G-d. There were 10 plagues sent down to Egypt, but still, the Pharaoh would not let the Jews go. The 10 Plagues are Blood, Frogs, Lice, Beasts, Cattle Disease, Boils, Hail, Locusts, Darkness, Slaying of the Firstborn. Finally, after the 10th plague, which was the slaying of the firstborn sons, he relented and said that the Jewish people could leave. They gathered up their belongings quickly and didn't have time for their bread to rise, so they had to bake it and take it the way it was. This is why the Jewish people eat matzah during Passover. As the Jews were fleeing, Pharaoh changed his mind and sent his army after the people to bring them back. God parted the Red Sea for the Jews to cross, and as soon as they were safely to the other side, the waters closed on the soldiers, drowning them all. The Jewish people were saved. Pesach is celebrated today in homes by having a seder. Seder means order, and we read the Passover story in a special order from the book called a Haggadah. Haggadah means "to tell" and we tell the story of our ancestors, and remind ourselves that we are now a free people. The most important part of Passover is the seder dinner. There are different parts of the seder and during the seder, we eat traditional and symbolic foods that remind us of the Jewish people and their adversity. One of the things that we do is to dip a spring vegetable into salt water. The vegetable is a sign of spring or rebirth, and the salt water represents the tears of the slaves. We eat bitter herbs, to remind us of the bitterness of slavery. We eat a special mixture, called Charoset, which is made of apples, nuts, wine, and cinnamon (although there are many different varieties of this, depending on where your ancestors lived) that reminds us of the mortar that the slaves made their bricks from. The name Passover comes from when the Angel of Death passed over the homes of the Jews, because they had been forewarned, and had put lambs blood on their doors so that death would spare their first-born child.	776	ENGLISH	1
Across Indiana, trees are growing from seeds that went to the Moon. Here's where you can find them. Two years after Neil Armstrong walked on the Moon and proclaimed, "one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind," another trio of astronauts made the roughly 238,000-mile trek to Earth's only natural satellite. The eighth crewed mission in the United States Apollo program, Apollo 14 was the third to land on the Moon and the first to touch down in the lunar highlands. Taking off on January 31, 1971, the mission lasted nine days. In that time, Moon rocks were collected. New scientific experiments were conducted. And tucked inside astronaut Stuart Roosa's scarce belongings he took into space, nearly 500 tree seeds were the first (and only) ever taken into orbit around the Moon. After the return home, the seeds started growing and were sent around the world to be planted. Some went to the White House. Others ended up in Philadelphia's Washington Square, at Valley Forge and across the Pacific Ocean as a gift to the Emperor of Japan. At least five were planted in Indiana — including one outside the Statehouse. But where the rest ended up largely remains a mystery. "This is such a cool story that still few people seem to know about," Williams said. "We often think high-tech when it comes to space. But these are trees. What's more low-tech or rooted in the Earth than that?" A trip around the Moon Somewhat of a tradition, each astronaut is allowed to bring a few small personal items with them into space as part of the their "personal preference kit." Often, these are small trinkets like coins, stamps, baseball caps or mission patches. But not everyone follows suit. On Gemini 3, John Young brought a corned beef sandwich, and aboard Apollo 14, Alan Shepard took golf balls and a makeshift club. A former wildland firefighter for the U.S Forest services, Roosa chose to bring tree seeds. In a small, sealed canister, the seeds were comprised of five different species: Loblolly Pine, Sweetgum, Redwood, Sycamore and Douglas Fir. Stan Krugman, who was the U.S. Forest Service's staff director for forest genetics research in 1971, said in a 2002 NASA interview that the seeds came from two Forest Service genetics institutes. Redwoods were picked because they were well-known. Others were chosen because they would grow well in many parts of the United States. The reason for shipping the seeds outside Earth's atmosphere in the first place? Scientists wanted to find out what would happen to these seeds in outer space, Krugman said. "Would they sprout? Would the trees look normal?" he asked. Few biologists had done experiments in space, making this one of the first. It was a bit of a "friendly" publicity stunt too, Williams says. Once in-flight, the seeds orbited the moon 34 times, though they never made a landing. While Shepard and fellow astronaut Edgar Mitchell were on the Moon's surface, Roosa remained in orbit, performing scientific experiments and taking photographs. Still, there was a scare. When Roosa returned to Earth and entered the decontamination process, the seeds’ canister was exposed to vacuum and burst. Scientists feared the seeds were dead. So, Krugman separated the seeds out by hand and sent them to research labs in Mississippi and California. To many's surprise, nearly all germinated. "As far as I know, all the trees still alive today are growing normally," said Williams, who works at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. "They look like any other tree, except they've made a pretty unique journey." Planting the seeds, losing the trees A majority of moon trees were given away in 1975 to forestry organizations and planted as part of the 1976 bicentennial. One of the most notable Moon trees, a Loblolly Pine, was planted at the White House. Then-president Gerald Ford said the trees were “living symbols of our spectacular human and scientific achievements.” Despite their popularity, only a fraction of the Moon tree locations are actually known today, Williams said. Several trees were planted with commemorative plaques, but not all. An official list of all the trees was also never formed — "at least not one that can still be tracked down after all these years," Williams says. It wasn't until he got an email in December 1996 that Williams even learned of the Moon trees' existence himself. The message was from third-grade teacher Joan Goble in Cannelton, Indiana. When it came time to do a project on trees, one of Goble's students recommended the class study the Moon tree at Camp Koch Girl Scout Camp. "I'd never heard of a Moon tree before, but it sounded interesting," Goble said. "We knew it was a Sycamore planted in 1976, but not much else. There just wasn't that much information available. So, I started sending emails." When Williams couldn't locate records indicating where all the trees had gone, he created a webpage to source information from the public. That's when messages from other people around the world started coming in. "In a pretty short amount of time, I had locations for several dozen trees," he says. One message he received indicated that there was even a Moon tree at Goddard: "Little did I know there was a tree tucked off in a corner by the visitors' center. How funny that there was one basically in my backyard ... it was a surprise to me." Goble and her students created their own Moon tree website and later invited Williams to Cannelton for a re-dedication ceremony. Several years later, they traveled to Arlington Cemetery for another Moon tree planting. Roosa's son, Jack, also became a pen pal for the third graders. "It was a great experience overall," Goble, now retired, said. "The students and I both learned a lot, and about something so unique. We helped start an international search, and the whole thing left us all with a lot of memories." Moon trees around Indiana While some of the still-living Moon trees could live for hundreds of years, at least two dozen of the trees have died or been accidentally cut down in the last 40 years. Notably, the Loblolly Pine at the White House didn't survive, and trees in New Orleans and Orlando, damaged by hurricanes, later needed to be removed. "Sometimes, there's no indication about what they are or their significance," Williams said. "Other times, I think the trees died young because they weren't planted in places most ideal for their growth." The Camp Koch tree, too, suffered wind damage 10 years ago, Goble said. But that Moon tree — along with four others — are known to still be alive in Indiana. On the east lawn of the Statehouse in Indianapolis, a Sycamore was planted on April 9, 1976. A commemorative plaque was placed in the ground nearby, but it's not so easy to find today. Moved along with other plaques to the southern end of the Statehouse garden, the marker now serves only as a distant, subtle memorial. A few weeks after the Indianapolis Moon tree planting, another Sycamore tree was planted at Lincoln State Park in Lincoln City. In the same year, two Sweetgums were also planted outside the Forest Service Office in Tell City. Additionally, outside Greenbriar Elementary School in Indianapolis is a second-generation Moon tree. It's one of at least 30 planted from the seeds or cuttings of an original Moon tree. Though the moon trees were never formally studied, they're picking up more attention. A new Moon tree garden will open soon at Kennedy Space Center, and Williams says he continues to get messages from people who've stumbled across undocumented trees. "They really got planted all over the place — not just at state capitals or Goddard," Williams said. "They're at parks you've never heard of. They're in people's communities. I think it's so cool that anyone can go up and just touch one — anyone can get to know a Moon tree."	<urn:uuid:e7f8c50d-2106-4d37-b0cc-fe0232c24b9b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.indystar.com/story/news/2019/07/18/indianas-moon-tree-seeds-made-their-way-space-and-back/1629114001/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604849.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121162615-20200121191615-00322.warc.gz	en	0.980257	1,706	3.3125	3	[ -0.07019027322530746, -0.06629645079374313, -0.09824156761169434, -0.4024679660797119, -0.11975175142288208, 0.1776580810546875, -0.35570940375328064, 0.002689346205443144, -0.05409469082951546, 0.25274133682250977, 0.2643148899078369, -0.18998360633850098, 0.1249028891324997, 0.3414600491...	5	Across Indiana, trees are growing from seeds that went to the Moon. Here's where you can find them. Two years after Neil Armstrong walked on the Moon and proclaimed, "one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind," another trio of astronauts made the roughly 238,000-mile trek to Earth's only natural satellite. The eighth crewed mission in the United States Apollo program, Apollo 14 was the third to land on the Moon and the first to touch down in the lunar highlands. Taking off on January 31, 1971, the mission lasted nine days. In that time, Moon rocks were collected. New scientific experiments were conducted. And tucked inside astronaut Stuart Roosa's scarce belongings he took into space, nearly 500 tree seeds were the first (and only) ever taken into orbit around the Moon. After the return home, the seeds started growing and were sent around the world to be planted. Some went to the White House. Others ended up in Philadelphia's Washington Square, at Valley Forge and across the Pacific Ocean as a gift to the Emperor of Japan. At least five were planted in Indiana — including one outside the Statehouse. But where the rest ended up largely remains a mystery. "This is such a cool story that still few people seem to know about," Williams said. "We often think high-tech when it comes to space. But these are trees. What's more low-tech or rooted in the Earth than that?" A trip around the Moon Somewhat of a tradition, each astronaut is allowed to bring a few small personal items with them into space as part of the their "personal preference kit." Often, these are small trinkets like coins, stamps, baseball caps or mission patches. But not everyone follows suit. On Gemini 3, John Young brought a corned beef sandwich, and aboard Apollo 14, Alan Shepard took golf balls and a makeshift club. A former wildland firefighter for the U.S Forest services, Roosa chose to bring tree seeds. In a small, sealed canister, the seeds were comprised of five different species: Loblolly Pine, Sweetgum, Redwood, Sycamore and Douglas Fir. Stan Krugman, who was the U.S. Forest Service's staff director for forest genetics research in 1971, said in a 2002 NASA interview that the seeds came from two Forest Service genetics institutes. Redwoods were picked because they were well-known. Others were chosen because they would grow well in many parts of the United States. The reason for shipping the seeds outside Earth's atmosphere in the first place? Scientists wanted to find out what would happen to these seeds in outer space, Krugman said. "Would they sprout? Would the trees look normal?" he asked. Few biologists had done experiments in space, making this one of the first. It was a bit of a "friendly" publicity stunt too, Williams says. Once in-flight, the seeds orbited the moon 34 times, though they never made a landing. While Shepard and fellow astronaut Edgar Mitchell were on the Moon's surface, Roosa remained in orbit, performing scientific experiments and taking photographs. Still, there was a scare. When Roosa returned to Earth and entered the decontamination process, the seeds’ canister was exposed to vacuum and burst. Scientists feared the seeds were dead. So, Krugman separated the seeds out by hand and sent them to research labs in Mississippi and California. To many's surprise, nearly all germinated. "As far as I know, all the trees still alive today are growing normally," said Williams, who works at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. "They look like any other tree, except they've made a pretty unique journey." Planting the seeds, losing the trees A majority of moon trees were given away in 1975 to forestry organizations and planted as part of the 1976 bicentennial. One of the most notable Moon trees, a Loblolly Pine, was planted at the White House. Then-president Gerald Ford said the trees were “living symbols of our spectacular human and scientific achievements.” Despite their popularity, only a fraction of the Moon tree locations are actually known today, Williams said. Several trees were planted with commemorative plaques, but not all. An official list of all the trees was also never formed — "at least not one that can still be tracked down after all these years," Williams says. It wasn't until he got an email in December 1996 that Williams even learned of the Moon trees' existence himself. The message was from third-grade teacher Joan Goble in Cannelton, Indiana. When it came time to do a project on trees, one of Goble's students recommended the class study the Moon tree at Camp Koch Girl Scout Camp. "I'd never heard of a Moon tree before, but it sounded interesting," Goble said. "We knew it was a Sycamore planted in 1976, but not much else. There just wasn't that much information available. So, I started sending emails." When Williams couldn't locate records indicating where all the trees had gone, he created a webpage to source information from the public. That's when messages from other people around the world started coming in. "In a pretty short amount of time, I had locations for several dozen trees," he says. One message he received indicated that there was even a Moon tree at Goddard: "Little did I know there was a tree tucked off in a corner by the visitors' center. How funny that there was one basically in my backyard ... it was a surprise to me." Goble and her students created their own Moon tree website and later invited Williams to Cannelton for a re-dedication ceremony. Several years later, they traveled to Arlington Cemetery for another Moon tree planting. Roosa's son, Jack, also became a pen pal for the third graders. "It was a great experience overall," Goble, now retired, said. "The students and I both learned a lot, and about something so unique. We helped start an international search, and the whole thing left us all with a lot of memories." Moon trees around Indiana While some of the still-living Moon trees could live for hundreds of years, at least two dozen of the trees have died or been accidentally cut down in the last 40 years. Notably, the Loblolly Pine at the White House didn't survive, and trees in New Orleans and Orlando, damaged by hurricanes, later needed to be removed. "Sometimes, there's no indication about what they are or their significance," Williams said. "Other times, I think the trees died young because they weren't planted in places most ideal for their growth." The Camp Koch tree, too, suffered wind damage 10 years ago, Goble said. But that Moon tree — along with four others — are known to still be alive in Indiana. On the east lawn of the Statehouse in Indianapolis, a Sycamore was planted on April 9, 1976. A commemorative plaque was placed in the ground nearby, but it's not so easy to find today. Moved along with other plaques to the southern end of the Statehouse garden, the marker now serves only as a distant, subtle memorial. A few weeks after the Indianapolis Moon tree planting, another Sycamore tree was planted at Lincoln State Park in Lincoln City. In the same year, two Sweetgums were also planted outside the Forest Service Office in Tell City. Additionally, outside Greenbriar Elementary School in Indianapolis is a second-generation Moon tree. It's one of at least 30 planted from the seeds or cuttings of an original Moon tree. Though the moon trees were never formally studied, they're picking up more attention. A new Moon tree garden will open soon at Kennedy Space Center, and Williams says he continues to get messages from people who've stumbled across undocumented trees. "They really got planted all over the place — not just at state capitals or Goddard," Williams said. "They're at parks you've never heard of. They're in people's communities. I think it's so cool that anyone can go up and just touch one — anyone can get to know a Moon tree."	1,722	ENGLISH	1
Thomas Jefferson (born: April 13, 1743 died: July 4, 1826) was one of our most famous Presidents of the United States and the author of the Declaration of Independence. He was a member of the Continental Congress, Governor of Virginia, U.S. Minister to France and the first U.S. Secretary of the State under President George Washington and he also served as Vice President under President John Adams. Jefferson was born in Shadwell, Virginia and his father was Peter Jefferson, a planter and surveyor and his mother was Jane Randolph, the daughter of a ship’s captain. When a friend of his father’s, William Randolph, died in 1745 his will stipulated that Peter Jefferson be appointed guardian of the Tuckahoe plantation located near Charlottesville, Virginia. The Jefferson family lived at Tuckahoe for seven years before eventually returning to Shadwell. While the Jefferson family lived at Tuckahoe, Jefferson began his formal childhood education at the age of nine with a Presbyterian minister who taught him Latin, Greek and French then later he studied history, science and classic literature. At the age of 16, Jefferson enrolled at the College of William & Mary located in Williamsburg, Virginia where he continued his education and studied mathematics, metaphysics and philosophy. While he was at college, Jefferson met a law professor, George Wythe who was to become a major influence in his life and a mentor. Jefferson was an excellent student and graduated in only two years, afterwards he went to work as a law clerk for Wythe while he studied law was admitted to the Virginia bar in 1767. Sadly, a few years before he went to college, his father died in 1757 and according to the terms of his will, Jefferson inherited approximately 5,000 acres of the former Tuckahoe tobacco plantation. So, at the age of 26, Jefferson began making plans for his home and since he had independently studied the principles of architecture, he based the design on a neoclassical style developed by Andrea Palladio who was a popular Italian Renaissance architect in eighteenth century Europe. The home was to be built on the top a mountain located on the property and Jefferson named it Monticello which was an Italian word meaning “little mount”. (Please see this month’s Travel Post for more information regarding the history of Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello home) As the building continued at Monticello, Jefferson worked as a circuit court lawyer and in 1769 he began his political career when he represented the county of Albermarle in the Virginia House of Burgess. During this time he met and married Martha Wayles Skelton in 1772. The Jefferson’s marriage was a happy one and they shared many common interests. Both loved to read and enjoyed music, Jefferson played the violin and cello and Martha played the piano. Jefferson and Martha had six children during their short ten year marriage and only two of the children survived to adulthood. (Martha, known as Patsy, was born in 1772 and Mary, known as Polly, born in 1778.) During their marriage, as the British colonies began to fight for their freedom from England in the American Revolutionary War, Jefferson served as a Virginia delegate to the Second Continental Congress and he soon established a life-long friendship with a fellow delegate from Massachusetts, John Adams. In 1776, when the Congress began to consider the resolution of independence, Jefferson was appointed to the committee and he was given the task of writing this important document. With minor changes the Congress voted to approve the final draft and the Declaration of Independence was signed by the delegates on July 4, 1776. Near the end of 1776, Jefferson returned to Virginia to continue his political career and was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates. While serving on various committees, Jefferson helped draft the Virginia state constitution, the Bill for Religious Freedom in addition to 126 bills within three years. In 1779, Jefferson was elected the Governor of Virginia and a year later he moved the state capital from Williamsburg to Richmond. During the Revolutionary War Jefferson was ineffective as a governor in coordinating the Virginia militia and the British troops lead by General Benedict Arnold captured the city. Later, when General Cornwallis failed to capture him at Monticello, Jefferson retreated to his other plantation in Poplar Forest, his actions were deeply criticized at the time and consequently he was not re-elected to a third term as governor of Virginia. Throughout the years as Jefferson was establishing his political career, first as a Virginia delegate for House of Burgess in Williamsburg, in Philadelphia for the Continental Congress and then in Richmond as the Virginia governor, he frequently returned home to see his wife and children. In 1782, Martha, who was now suffering from diabetes, died shortly after the birth of the couple’s sixth child, she was only 33 years old. While on her deathbed, Martha told Jefferson that she could not bear to have another woman raising her children and she pleaded with him to solemnly promise never to marry again, Jefferson was to honor that request and he never married again. Following victory against the British in the Revolutionary War, the newly formed United States of America created a new government and Jefferson was once again appointed a Virginia delegate. After Martha’s death, a severely depressed Jefferson needed to distance himself from Monticello, so he eventually left the country to take a position as the Minister to France. Serving as minister (1785 – 1789), Jefferson enjoyed his time in Paris and was greatly influenced by the culture, arts, architecture and cuisine of France. In regards to his political position, Jefferson worked closely with Marguis de Lafayette to establish trade agreements between the United States and France to pay off the considerable debt incurred by the United States during the Revolutionary War. On a personal note, Jefferson arrived in Paris with his oldest daughter, Martha (Patsy) and several of his Monticello slaves, his other children remained in Virginia. By 1786, Jefferson had met and fallen in love a young married woman named Maria Cosway who was an artist and musician, after a short time she returned to England but they continued their lifelong friendship over the years through their correspondence. After Jefferson’s daughter Lucy had died in 1785, he sent for his youngest daughter Mary (Polly). She arrived in France accompanied by a young slave named Sally Hemings and it was during this time that Jefferson began his controversial relationship with her. After a five year stay in Paris, Jefferson returned to America shortly before the French Revolution started. Upon returning to the United States in 1789, Jefferson took the position as the Secretary of State (1790 – 1793) in the cabinet of the newly elected President George Washington. Jefferson soon developed a contentious association with the Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, and they found themselves with increasingly opposite views regarding the consolidation of the federal government debts and the location of the capital. In addition, Jefferson worked diligently to secure first an admission from Great Britain that they had violated the Treaty of Paris, second that they vacate their military posts in the Northwest region of the United States and thirdly that the American slave owners be compensated for the loss of their slaves at the end of the Revolutionary War, he failed to achieve any of these goals and resigned his position at the end of 1793. Even though Jefferson had returned to Monticello temporarily ending his political life, he continued privately to oppose the policies of President Washington and specifically Hamilton. In 1796, after President Washington decided not to return for a third term, Jefferson re-enter politics in a bid for the presidency but lost to his friend, John Adams. Jefferson became Vice President (1797 – 1801) and over the following years there were many political disagreements between the Federalist Adams and the Democratic-Republican Jefferson. But Adams was destined to serve only one term because in the 1800 election Jefferson challenged and defeated Adams by 73 to 65 electoral votes. Jefferson became the third President of the United States and he took the oath of office on March 4, 1801 in Washington D.C. By the time of Jefferson’s Presidency, the United States had relatively few problems both domestic and foreign but many changes in the federal policies were to come during his administration. He first set out to immediately change Hamilton’s federal fiscal system which always went against Jefferson’s political beliefs. He began the process by eliminating several federal internal taxes, starting with the whiskey tax, and then he closed numerous unnecessary federal offices, drastically limited military expenses during peacetime and reorganized the national bank system. During Jefferson’s first term as President (1801 – 1805), he negotiated the purchase of approximately 827,000 square miles of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 which almost doubled the size of the United States. In 1804, he appointed his personal secretary Meriwether Lewis who joined with William Clark to lead an exploration into the newly acquired territory. Known as the Lewis and Clark Expedition, the journey of the 45 men that would be called the Corps of Discovery, was important to Jefferson because it was meant to establish an American presence across the country and hopefully finding the infamous Northwest Passage through to the Pacific Ocean. Jefferson was very specific in his goals for the expedition and he personally tutored Lewis on such topics as cartography (map making) and astronomy to add navigation, natural history including botany and mineralogy to aid in documenting new discoveries and Jefferson also gave Lewis access to his extensive library of books located at his home in Monticello, VA for further preparation for the expedition. The Corps of Discovery assembled outside of St. Louis leaving in May 1804 to travel across the country with the assistance of various Native American guides, the most famous one being an Indian woman known as Sacajawea, to finally reach the Pacific Ocean along the Oregon Coast in November 1805 and successfully returning by September 1806. The Expedition not only established the United States claim to the territory but they were able to fully document and map the area and returned with numerous animal specimens and fossils as well as seeds and plants samples. (In the Entrance Hall at Jefferson’s Monticello home are displayed many of these items acquired during the Lewis and Clark Expedition) Due to his successful first term and immense popularity, Jefferson easily won a second term during the 1804 election winning by an overwhelmingly 162 votes to 14 votes for the Federalist nominee, Charles Pinckney. Jefferson’s second term (1805 – 1809) had numerous problems and the United States political relations with Great Britain, which were never good, severely deteriorated while France, now under the leadership of Napoleon, became more aggressive in commerce trade negotiations with the United States. Another important issue during this time was the international slave trade; following the American Revolution all the states had informally abolished the lucrative international import and sale of slaves. Although Jefferson owned slaves on his Monticello plantation, he always treated them fairly but in general he felt that most owners treated their slaves cruelly and in response to South Carolina reopening its international slave trade Jefferson publicly denounced slavery as the violation of human rights. Then in 1807, Congress passed the Act Prohibiting the Importation of Slaves and it was signed into law by Jefferson in 1908, officially putting an end to the international slave trade but the United States domestic slave trade was still allowed and it continued to dominate commerce in the southern states. When Jefferson’s presidency ended in 1809, he returned to his beloved Monticello. Fully retired from a political life, he still remained active in public life. Although he spent most of the remaining years pursuing his varied personal interests in the arts and science, Jefferson had always believed that education was the key to achieving greatness. By 1819, his plans to create an institution dedicated to higher learning were founded in the University of Virginia. His goal was to have the school free of church and religious influence and he also felt it was important to have it paid for by the general public thereby allowing poor students the same education as the wealthy ones. Jefferson planned the campus layout creating each individual academic department building organized around a central quadrangle. The buildings, which he personally designed, had multiple classrooms, faculty offices and student residences, even the landscape of the campus was also beautifully designed to include grass lawns and flower gardens. The University of Virginia was very important to Jefferson and he considered it his greatest achievement. Although Jefferson enjoyed a relatively calm and peaceful life at Monticello with his family he also extensively and lavishly entertained visiting friends and political dignitaries with excellent food and drink. Toward the end of his life, Jefferson spent many hours going over his personal finances and tried to make arrangements to reconcile his massive debts. Sadly, Jefferson died in his bed at Monticello on July 4, 1826, he was 82 years old. The date also marked the fiftieth anniversary of the day that the Continental Congress approved the Declaration of Independence, a document that Jefferson is credited for writing, which officially marked the former British colonies freedom from England. On the same day, miles away at his home in Massachusetts, John Adams died five hours later. These two men, friendly adversaries and former Presidents, were the last surviving members of the Continental Congress to have signed the Declaration of Independence. Before his death, Jefferson had stipulated in his will the wish to be buried at the family cemetery at Monticello and a large stone obelisk marks the site with the inscription, “Here was buried Thomas Jefferson the author of the Declaration of American Independence, of the statute of Virginia for religious freedom and father of the University of Virginia”.	<urn:uuid:61642eb1-d863-4815-859a-ba1a47c06ded>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://theenchantedmanor.com/thomas-jeffersons-birthday/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592394.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118081234-20200118105234-00448.warc.gz	en	0.986467	2,787	3.34375	3	[ -0.14618146419525146, 0.4620482921600342, 0.5301962494850159, -0.2510937452316284, -0.3342438042163849, 0.16555863618850708, 0.2975013852119446, 0.10157015919685364, 0.319242388010025, 0.24643248319625854, 0.06795494258403778, -0.06054796278476715, -0.3391452729701996, 0.007626184262335300...	7	Thomas Jefferson (born: April 13, 1743 died: July 4, 1826) was one of our most famous Presidents of the United States and the author of the Declaration of Independence. He was a member of the Continental Congress, Governor of Virginia, U.S. Minister to France and the first U.S. Secretary of the State under President George Washington and he also served as Vice President under President John Adams. Jefferson was born in Shadwell, Virginia and his father was Peter Jefferson, a planter and surveyor and his mother was Jane Randolph, the daughter of a ship’s captain. When a friend of his father’s, William Randolph, died in 1745 his will stipulated that Peter Jefferson be appointed guardian of the Tuckahoe plantation located near Charlottesville, Virginia. The Jefferson family lived at Tuckahoe for seven years before eventually returning to Shadwell. While the Jefferson family lived at Tuckahoe, Jefferson began his formal childhood education at the age of nine with a Presbyterian minister who taught him Latin, Greek and French then later he studied history, science and classic literature. At the age of 16, Jefferson enrolled at the College of William & Mary located in Williamsburg, Virginia where he continued his education and studied mathematics, metaphysics and philosophy. While he was at college, Jefferson met a law professor, George Wythe who was to become a major influence in his life and a mentor. Jefferson was an excellent student and graduated in only two years, afterwards he went to work as a law clerk for Wythe while he studied law was admitted to the Virginia bar in 1767. Sadly, a few years before he went to college, his father died in 1757 and according to the terms of his will, Jefferson inherited approximately 5,000 acres of the former Tuckahoe tobacco plantation. So, at the age of 26, Jefferson began making plans for his home and since he had independently studied the principles of architecture, he based the design on a neoclassical style developed by Andrea Palladio who was a popular Italian Renaissance architect in eighteenth century Europe. The home was to be built on the top a mountain located on the property and Jefferson named it Monticello which was an Italian word meaning “little mount”. (Please see this month’s Travel Post for more information regarding the history of Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello home) As the building continued at Monticello, Jefferson worked as a circuit court lawyer and in 1769 he began his political career when he represented the county of Albermarle in the Virginia House of Burgess. During this time he met and married Martha Wayles Skelton in 1772. The Jefferson’s marriage was a happy one and they shared many common interests. Both loved to read and enjoyed music, Jefferson played the violin and cello and Martha played the piano. Jefferson and Martha had six children during their short ten year marriage and only two of the children survived to adulthood. (Martha, known as Patsy, was born in 1772 and Mary, known as Polly, born in 1778.) During their marriage, as the British colonies began to fight for their freedom from England in the American Revolutionary War, Jefferson served as a Virginia delegate to the Second Continental Congress and he soon established a life-long friendship with a fellow delegate from Massachusetts, John Adams. In 1776, when the Congress began to consider the resolution of independence, Jefferson was appointed to the committee and he was given the task of writing this important document. With minor changes the Congress voted to approve the final draft and the Declaration of Independence was signed by the delegates on July 4, 1776. Near the end of 1776, Jefferson returned to Virginia to continue his political career and was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates. While serving on various committees, Jefferson helped draft the Virginia state constitution, the Bill for Religious Freedom in addition to 126 bills within three years. In 1779, Jefferson was elected the Governor of Virginia and a year later he moved the state capital from Williamsburg to Richmond. During the Revolutionary War Jefferson was ineffective as a governor in coordinating the Virginia militia and the British troops lead by General Benedict Arnold captured the city. Later, when General Cornwallis failed to capture him at Monticello, Jefferson retreated to his other plantation in Poplar Forest, his actions were deeply criticized at the time and consequently he was not re-elected to a third term as governor of Virginia. Throughout the years as Jefferson was establishing his political career, first as a Virginia delegate for House of Burgess in Williamsburg, in Philadelphia for the Continental Congress and then in Richmond as the Virginia governor, he frequently returned home to see his wife and children. In 1782, Martha, who was now suffering from diabetes, died shortly after the birth of the couple’s sixth child, she was only 33 years old. While on her deathbed, Martha told Jefferson that she could not bear to have another woman raising her children and she pleaded with him to solemnly promise never to marry again, Jefferson was to honor that request and he never married again. Following victory against the British in the Revolutionary War, the newly formed United States of America created a new government and Jefferson was once again appointed a Virginia delegate. After Martha’s death, a severely depressed Jefferson needed to distance himself from Monticello, so he eventually left the country to take a position as the Minister to France. Serving as minister (1785 – 1789), Jefferson enjoyed his time in Paris and was greatly influenced by the culture, arts, architecture and cuisine of France. In regards to his political position, Jefferson worked closely with Marguis de Lafayette to establish trade agreements between the United States and France to pay off the considerable debt incurred by the United States during the Revolutionary War. On a personal note, Jefferson arrived in Paris with his oldest daughter, Martha (Patsy) and several of his Monticello slaves, his other children remained in Virginia. By 1786, Jefferson had met and fallen in love a young married woman named Maria Cosway who was an artist and musician, after a short time she returned to England but they continued their lifelong friendship over the years through their correspondence. After Jefferson’s daughter Lucy had died in 1785, he sent for his youngest daughter Mary (Polly). She arrived in France accompanied by a young slave named Sally Hemings and it was during this time that Jefferson began his controversial relationship with her. After a five year stay in Paris, Jefferson returned to America shortly before the French Revolution started. Upon returning to the United States in 1789, Jefferson took the position as the Secretary of State (1790 – 1793) in the cabinet of the newly elected President George Washington. Jefferson soon developed a contentious association with the Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, and they found themselves with increasingly opposite views regarding the consolidation of the federal government debts and the location of the capital. In addition, Jefferson worked diligently to secure first an admission from Great Britain that they had violated the Treaty of Paris, second that they vacate their military posts in the Northwest region of the United States and thirdly that the American slave owners be compensated for the loss of their slaves at the end of the Revolutionary War, he failed to achieve any of these goals and resigned his position at the end of 1793. Even though Jefferson had returned to Monticello temporarily ending his political life, he continued privately to oppose the policies of President Washington and specifically Hamilton. In 1796, after President Washington decided not to return for a third term, Jefferson re-enter politics in a bid for the presidency but lost to his friend, John Adams. Jefferson became Vice President (1797 – 1801) and over the following years there were many political disagreements between the Federalist Adams and the Democratic-Republican Jefferson. But Adams was destined to serve only one term because in the 1800 election Jefferson challenged and defeated Adams by 73 to 65 electoral votes. Jefferson became the third President of the United States and he took the oath of office on March 4, 1801 in Washington D.C. By the time of Jefferson’s Presidency, the United States had relatively few problems both domestic and foreign but many changes in the federal policies were to come during his administration. He first set out to immediately change Hamilton’s federal fiscal system which always went against Jefferson’s political beliefs. He began the process by eliminating several federal internal taxes, starting with the whiskey tax, and then he closed numerous unnecessary federal offices, drastically limited military expenses during peacetime and reorganized the national bank system. During Jefferson’s first term as President (1801 – 1805), he negotiated the purchase of approximately 827,000 square miles of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 which almost doubled the size of the United States. In 1804, he appointed his personal secretary Meriwether Lewis who joined with William Clark to lead an exploration into the newly acquired territory. Known as the Lewis and Clark Expedition, the journey of the 45 men that would be called the Corps of Discovery, was important to Jefferson because it was meant to establish an American presence across the country and hopefully finding the infamous Northwest Passage through to the Pacific Ocean. Jefferson was very specific in his goals for the expedition and he personally tutored Lewis on such topics as cartography (map making) and astronomy to add navigation, natural history including botany and mineralogy to aid in documenting new discoveries and Jefferson also gave Lewis access to his extensive library of books located at his home in Monticello, VA for further preparation for the expedition. The Corps of Discovery assembled outside of St. Louis leaving in May 1804 to travel across the country with the assistance of various Native American guides, the most famous one being an Indian woman known as Sacajawea, to finally reach the Pacific Ocean along the Oregon Coast in November 1805 and successfully returning by September 1806. The Expedition not only established the United States claim to the territory but they were able to fully document and map the area and returned with numerous animal specimens and fossils as well as seeds and plants samples. (In the Entrance Hall at Jefferson’s Monticello home are displayed many of these items acquired during the Lewis and Clark Expedition) Due to his successful first term and immense popularity, Jefferson easily won a second term during the 1804 election winning by an overwhelmingly 162 votes to 14 votes for the Federalist nominee, Charles Pinckney. Jefferson’s second term (1805 – 1809) had numerous problems and the United States political relations with Great Britain, which were never good, severely deteriorated while France, now under the leadership of Napoleon, became more aggressive in commerce trade negotiations with the United States. Another important issue during this time was the international slave trade; following the American Revolution all the states had informally abolished the lucrative international import and sale of slaves. Although Jefferson owned slaves on his Monticello plantation, he always treated them fairly but in general he felt that most owners treated their slaves cruelly and in response to South Carolina reopening its international slave trade Jefferson publicly denounced slavery as the violation of human rights. Then in 1807, Congress passed the Act Prohibiting the Importation of Slaves and it was signed into law by Jefferson in 1908, officially putting an end to the international slave trade but the United States domestic slave trade was still allowed and it continued to dominate commerce in the southern states. When Jefferson’s presidency ended in 1809, he returned to his beloved Monticello. Fully retired from a political life, he still remained active in public life. Although he spent most of the remaining years pursuing his varied personal interests in the arts and science, Jefferson had always believed that education was the key to achieving greatness. By 1819, his plans to create an institution dedicated to higher learning were founded in the University of Virginia. His goal was to have the school free of church and religious influence and he also felt it was important to have it paid for by the general public thereby allowing poor students the same education as the wealthy ones. Jefferson planned the campus layout creating each individual academic department building organized around a central quadrangle. The buildings, which he personally designed, had multiple classrooms, faculty offices and student residences, even the landscape of the campus was also beautifully designed to include grass lawns and flower gardens. The University of Virginia was very important to Jefferson and he considered it his greatest achievement. Although Jefferson enjoyed a relatively calm and peaceful life at Monticello with his family he also extensively and lavishly entertained visiting friends and political dignitaries with excellent food and drink. Toward the end of his life, Jefferson spent many hours going over his personal finances and tried to make arrangements to reconcile his massive debts. Sadly, Jefferson died in his bed at Monticello on July 4, 1826, he was 82 years old. The date also marked the fiftieth anniversary of the day that the Continental Congress approved the Declaration of Independence, a document that Jefferson is credited for writing, which officially marked the former British colonies freedom from England. On the same day, miles away at his home in Massachusetts, John Adams died five hours later. These two men, friendly adversaries and former Presidents, were the last surviving members of the Continental Congress to have signed the Declaration of Independence. Before his death, Jefferson had stipulated in his will the wish to be buried at the family cemetery at Monticello and a large stone obelisk marks the site with the inscription, “Here was buried Thomas Jefferson the author of the Declaration of American Independence, of the statute of Virginia for religious freedom and father of the University of Virginia”.	2,890	ENGLISH	1
1. Liz bought something at a grocery store. Liz says to the cashier, "A box of chocolates and two colas." This is both the box and the chocolates inside the box. 2. Liz's mother Pat bought Liz chocolate. Liz says to herself, "Wow! How big! I can't eat a box of chocolates at a time." This is the quantity of chocolates that a box of chocolates would hold. She will not eat the box itself. It could also be said, "I can't eat a box worth of chocolates at a time" or "I can't eat a boxful of chocolates at a time." 3. Chris and his son Jim are washing their car. Chris thought he needed some water and a bucket. He says to Jim, "Go fetch a bucket of water." This means the bucket and the water in it. 4. There was a big earthquake and suspension of water supply happend. Chris and his son Jim are measuring water to deliver to the people of their group. Chris says to Jim, "Water is short. We need one more bucket of water." This means the quantity of water that one bucket would hold. It could also be said, "We need one more bucketful of water."	<urn:uuid:4c5de85a-6a75-4dff-8831-471d8e1e72eb>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://forum.wordreference.com/threads/a-box-of-chocolate.1691625/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606975.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122101729-20200122130729-00271.warc.gz	en	0.986239	273	3.296875	3	[ 0.05064235255122185, -0.5193948149681091, 0.16743677854537964, 0.0663471445441246, -0.03647921606898308, -0.192488431930542, 0.5231084227561951, 0.1269049346446991, -0.5485440492630005, 0.12328493595123291, -0.13249662518501282, -0.8063169717788696, 0.1984824240207672, -0.24814213812351227...	3	1. Liz bought something at a grocery store. Liz says to the cashier, "A box of chocolates and two colas." This is both the box and the chocolates inside the box. 2. Liz's mother Pat bought Liz chocolate. Liz says to herself, "Wow! How big! I can't eat a box of chocolates at a time." This is the quantity of chocolates that a box of chocolates would hold. She will not eat the box itself. It could also be said, "I can't eat a box worth of chocolates at a time" or "I can't eat a boxful of chocolates at a time." 3. Chris and his son Jim are washing their car. Chris thought he needed some water and a bucket. He says to Jim, "Go fetch a bucket of water." This means the bucket and the water in it. 4. There was a big earthquake and suspension of water supply happend. Chris and his son Jim are measuring water to deliver to the people of their group. Chris says to Jim, "Water is short. We need one more bucket of water." This means the quantity of water that one bucket would hold. It could also be said, "We need one more bucketful of water."	251	ENGLISH	1
There were several different events that I considered discussing during the studied time frame, but the major historical event that most intrigued me the most is the Boston Tea Party. The Boston Tea Party was a political and mercantile protest led by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts on December 16, 1773. The Boston Tea Party was a result of the Tea Act that was put into place by the British Government. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Boston Tea Party: Political and Mercantile Protest" essay for youCreate order The Tea Act was granted by the British to help reduce their national debt therefore, placing a tax on the tea in Boston. As a show of protest against the British Parliament’s new tax on their tea, the citizens in Boston dumped crates of tea in the harbor of Boston. Their chant of No taxation without representation became famous and influenced politics moving forward. The Boston Tea Party happened as a result of Taxation without Representation, yet there are many more complex causes that led up to this Tea Party protest. However, when looking at the history of our great United States of America and the world of protesting that we live in today, this act is what makes this such a significant event and signifies one of the first massive rebellions and the beginning of several fundamental rights that our current democracy allows. The American Colonist believed that Britain was unfairly taxing them for their tea. One main reason they are taxing American Colonists is to help fund the French and Indian War. The colonist had never accepted the increased taxation or liked the constitution and the Tea Act rekindled their opposition to British government. Their resistance resulted in the Boston Tea Party on December 16, 1773, in which the colonists dressed as Native Americans, boarded East Indian Company ships and dumped all the tea on the ships overboard in the harbor. Furthermore, the belief that the Government was creating a monopoly on tea created a sense of both anger and fear amongst those living in The States. The American Colonist argued that a monopoly created with tea would allow for other businesses and their products to also be monopolized and would hurt the economy in which competitive pricing was beginning to be established It takes just a few simple acts by government to create stir amongst groups that are considered the rebels prior to war. The Boston Tea Party, written by Samantha Gibson, explained how Samual Adams joined voices with the Sons of Liberty to begin the crucial steps towards the beginning of the Revolutionary War against England and eventually the creation of the United States of America. The British then became very furious at the actions of the colonists and felt a need to impose discipline for their rebellion. The act of discipline enforced by the British Government is written and explained by the authors of History.com, which became known as a key part of the Intolerable Acts. The American Colonist then became, highly upset about the punishment that the British enforced upon the colonists. How and why does this become so important? It seems very clear to me as I continued the research of the the event and the current state of uncertainty in our very own country. War does not look to be in our near future, but it is clear that the ability of a few to come together over a cause can create protest for their rights and has rooted itself in our country over the years, and is protected rights through the constitution. Over the last several months and years, it seems that the right to protest and express one’s views has increased and thus supports the statement made by John Adams in his diary dated December 17, 1773 in which he states that The people should never rise, without doing something to be remembered/something notable and striking. We will send an essay sample to you in 2 Hours. If you need help faster you can always use our custom writing service.Get help with my paper	<urn:uuid:c77f8509-046e-48c3-b420-1bf946b8ba6a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://studydriver.com/the-boston-tea-party-political-and-mercantile-protest/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250611127.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123160903-20200123185903-00438.warc.gz	en	0.980064	778	3.703125	4	[ -0.11625861376523972, -0.2699878513813019, 0.15070414543151855, -0.2575807571411133, -0.20494574308395386, 0.21684730052947998, 0.24750599265098572, 0.011185134761035442, -0.0865248441696167, 0.20198388397693634, 0.07004240155220032, 0.17463359236717224, -0.17234644293785095, 0.23386389017...	1	There were several different events that I considered discussing during the studied time frame, but the major historical event that most intrigued me the most is the Boston Tea Party. The Boston Tea Party was a political and mercantile protest led by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts on December 16, 1773. The Boston Tea Party was a result of the Tea Act that was put into place by the British Government. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Boston Tea Party: Political and Mercantile Protest" essay for youCreate order The Tea Act was granted by the British to help reduce their national debt therefore, placing a tax on the tea in Boston. As a show of protest against the British Parliament’s new tax on their tea, the citizens in Boston dumped crates of tea in the harbor of Boston. Their chant of No taxation without representation became famous and influenced politics moving forward. The Boston Tea Party happened as a result of Taxation without Representation, yet there are many more complex causes that led up to this Tea Party protest. However, when looking at the history of our great United States of America and the world of protesting that we live in today, this act is what makes this such a significant event and signifies one of the first massive rebellions and the beginning of several fundamental rights that our current democracy allows. The American Colonist believed that Britain was unfairly taxing them for their tea. One main reason they are taxing American Colonists is to help fund the French and Indian War. The colonist had never accepted the increased taxation or liked the constitution and the Tea Act rekindled their opposition to British government. Their resistance resulted in the Boston Tea Party on December 16, 1773, in which the colonists dressed as Native Americans, boarded East Indian Company ships and dumped all the tea on the ships overboard in the harbor. Furthermore, the belief that the Government was creating a monopoly on tea created a sense of both anger and fear amongst those living in The States. The American Colonist argued that a monopoly created with tea would allow for other businesses and their products to also be monopolized and would hurt the economy in which competitive pricing was beginning to be established It takes just a few simple acts by government to create stir amongst groups that are considered the rebels prior to war. The Boston Tea Party, written by Samantha Gibson, explained how Samual Adams joined voices with the Sons of Liberty to begin the crucial steps towards the beginning of the Revolutionary War against England and eventually the creation of the United States of America. The British then became very furious at the actions of the colonists and felt a need to impose discipline for their rebellion. The act of discipline enforced by the British Government is written and explained by the authors of History.com, which became known as a key part of the Intolerable Acts. The American Colonist then became, highly upset about the punishment that the British enforced upon the colonists. How and why does this become so important? It seems very clear to me as I continued the research of the the event and the current state of uncertainty in our very own country. War does not look to be in our near future, but it is clear that the ability of a few to come together over a cause can create protest for their rights and has rooted itself in our country over the years, and is protected rights through the constitution. Over the last several months and years, it seems that the right to protest and express one’s views has increased and thus supports the statement made by John Adams in his diary dated December 17, 1773 in which he states that The people should never rise, without doing something to be remembered/something notable and striking. We will send an essay sample to you in 2 Hours. If you need help faster you can always use our custom writing service.Get help with my paper	786	ENGLISH	1
Column: William Henry Harrison Part I William Henry Harrison was probably the most qualified person to run for president in history. He was both rich and poor, a politician holding many political offices, a businessman, soldier and city builder. He was born in at Berkeley Plantation on the James River in 1773 to Elizabeth Bassett and Benjamin Harrison V. William Henry was the youngest of four sisters and two brothers. His father, Benjamin, was a politician and wealthy landowner. His ancestor, Benjamin Harrison I, landed in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1632 from England. He had no money, but could read and write. He found a job as clerk of the Council of Landowners. This was a committee of rich landowners who reported to the king of England on the colony. Not as wealthy as the people on the committee, he saw them buying land and also bought land. Each of the next four Benjamin Harrisons inherited that land and added to it until Benjamin V became one the largest landowner in Virginia. Benjamin V was involved in the history of America. He signed the Declaration of Independence and was the governor of Virginia. During the Revolution he built war ships at his shipyard on the James River. As a powerful man he was wanted by the British. Gen. Benedict Arnold, who turned traitor to the British, went to Berkeley Plantation to capture Benjamin. The family had escaped through a tunnel built under the house to escape Indian raids. The families escaped to a neighboring plantation while their father, rode to Philadelphia to obtain help from the military. Finding no Harrison at home, Benedict Arnold burned furniture and household items, shot farm animals and stole slaves. As a child William Henry liked to play doctor and when he grew up his father sent him to the University of Pennsylvania to study medicine. His father died while he was at school. He left college and decided to be a soldier. He went to his father’s old friend, George Washington, and obtained a commission as an ensign. The most dangerous and most promising assignment was the Northwest Territory. He arrived at Fort Washington in 1791. The Fort was full of soldiers bored because they had no recreation other than gambling, drinking and dueling. However, Harrison was raised as a gentleman and believed in none of those habits. He respected and was loyal to his men and they were loyal to him. In 1795, he was sent on business to Lexington, Kentucky, where he met Anna Symmes. She was visiting with her sister along with her father John Cleves Symmes on their way to North Bend. They were married in November of 1795. Harrison resigned as commander of the fort, and became registrar in the land office of Hamilton County. In 1798 he was appointed Secretary of the Northwest Territory. The following year he was elected to congress for that territory. He was later appointed governor of Indiana and would negotiate treaties and fight Indian wars. Information obtained from “William Henry Harrison, Father of the West” by Sue Ann Painter. Next - Part II, the election. Betty Kamuf is a winner of Griffin Yeatman Award for Historical Preservation. She lives in Sayler Park. You can email her at email@example.com.	<urn:uuid:026237ae-183c-48af-873d-99d8b4c8dfdd>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/local/community-news/2016/08/31/column-william-henry-harrison-part/89204046/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00114.warc.gz	en	0.989817	664	3.453125	3	[ -0.067106693983078, 0.5088434219360352, 0.41835811734199524, -0.41180720925331116, -0.47744259238243103, -0.02671671099960804, 0.1316305249929428, -0.20751382410526276, -0.3153584897518158, 0.1524452567100525, 0.28526076674461365, -0.27654486894607544, 0.17875616252422333, 0.27826309204101...	4	Column: William Henry Harrison Part I William Henry Harrison was probably the most qualified person to run for president in history. He was both rich and poor, a politician holding many political offices, a businessman, soldier and city builder. He was born in at Berkeley Plantation on the James River in 1773 to Elizabeth Bassett and Benjamin Harrison V. William Henry was the youngest of four sisters and two brothers. His father, Benjamin, was a politician and wealthy landowner. His ancestor, Benjamin Harrison I, landed in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1632 from England. He had no money, but could read and write. He found a job as clerk of the Council of Landowners. This was a committee of rich landowners who reported to the king of England on the colony. Not as wealthy as the people on the committee, he saw them buying land and also bought land. Each of the next four Benjamin Harrisons inherited that land and added to it until Benjamin V became one the largest landowner in Virginia. Benjamin V was involved in the history of America. He signed the Declaration of Independence and was the governor of Virginia. During the Revolution he built war ships at his shipyard on the James River. As a powerful man he was wanted by the British. Gen. Benedict Arnold, who turned traitor to the British, went to Berkeley Plantation to capture Benjamin. The family had escaped through a tunnel built under the house to escape Indian raids. The families escaped to a neighboring plantation while their father, rode to Philadelphia to obtain help from the military. Finding no Harrison at home, Benedict Arnold burned furniture and household items, shot farm animals and stole slaves. As a child William Henry liked to play doctor and when he grew up his father sent him to the University of Pennsylvania to study medicine. His father died while he was at school. He left college and decided to be a soldier. He went to his father’s old friend, George Washington, and obtained a commission as an ensign. The most dangerous and most promising assignment was the Northwest Territory. He arrived at Fort Washington in 1791. The Fort was full of soldiers bored because they had no recreation other than gambling, drinking and dueling. However, Harrison was raised as a gentleman and believed in none of those habits. He respected and was loyal to his men and they were loyal to him. In 1795, he was sent on business to Lexington, Kentucky, where he met Anna Symmes. She was visiting with her sister along with her father John Cleves Symmes on their way to North Bend. They were married in November of 1795. Harrison resigned as commander of the fort, and became registrar in the land office of Hamilton County. In 1798 he was appointed Secretary of the Northwest Territory. The following year he was elected to congress for that territory. He was later appointed governor of Indiana and would negotiate treaties and fight Indian wars. Information obtained from “William Henry Harrison, Father of the West” by Sue Ann Painter. Next - Part II, the election. Betty Kamuf is a winner of Griffin Yeatman Award for Historical Preservation. She lives in Sayler Park. You can email her at email@example.com.	664	ENGLISH	1
"Digging out the Potatoes". the farmer ends his Autumn work by digging out the potatoes. He digs his early seed in September & his late seed in October. He does not dig them out until they are perfectly ripe &the weather is dry for if he digs them out in wet weather they are liable to rot quickly & the clay to stick to them. The potatoes are better in a potato pit than a house for if they get a draught or any frost they are destroyed. When you are going to dig out potatoes you first dig a pit on high ground but you are not to have it very deep or side. A person that would have a small farm would dig their potatoes out with a spade or a fork which is a tiresome way for the person who has to do the digging. A farmer who has about ten or fifteen acres of land takes them out with a plough. When he is taking them out he splits the drills & takes all the potatoes out of the soil (continues on next page)	<urn:uuid:f30af00d-3819-40b9-ac02-e145955c7e10>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.duchas.ie/en/cbes/5009063/4982663/5119603?ChapterID=5009063	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778272.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128122813-20200128152813-00153.warc.gz	en	0.981174	213	3.265625	3	[ -0.05872082710266113, -0.2192562371492386, 0.1383252590894699, -0.0605231374502182, 0.18430280685424805, -0.49333950877189636, 0.3550760746002197, -0.22069159150123596, -0.10829472541809082, 0.2893277108669281, -0.352407306432724, -0.24665366113185883, 0.46993452310562134, 0.19143107533454...	2	"Digging out the Potatoes". the farmer ends his Autumn work by digging out the potatoes. He digs his early seed in September & his late seed in October. He does not dig them out until they are perfectly ripe &the weather is dry for if he digs them out in wet weather they are liable to rot quickly & the clay to stick to them. The potatoes are better in a potato pit than a house for if they get a draught or any frost they are destroyed. When you are going to dig out potatoes you first dig a pit on high ground but you are not to have it very deep or side. A person that would have a small farm would dig their potatoes out with a spade or a fork which is a tiresome way for the person who has to do the digging. A farmer who has about ten or fifteen acres of land takes them out with a plough. When he is taking them out he splits the drills & takes all the potatoes out of the soil (continues on next page)	208	ENGLISH	1
Ban Johnson in 1921 \|American League President\| \|Born: January 5, 1864\| \|Died: March 28, 1931 (aged 67)\| St. Louis, Missouri \|Member of the National\| \|Baseball Hall of Fame\| \|Election Method\|\|Centennial Committee\| Johnson developed the AL—a descendant of the minor league Western League—into a "clean" alternative to the National League, which had become notorious for its rough-and-tumble atmosphere. To encourage a more orderly environment, Johnson strongly supported the new league's umpires, which eventually included Hall of Famer Billy Evans. With the help of league owners and managers such as Charles Comiskey, Charles Somers and Jimmy McAleer, Johnson lured top talent to the AL, which soon rivaled the more established National League. Johnson dominated the AL until the mid-1920s, when a public dispute with baseball commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis culminated in his forced resignation as league president. Born in Norwalk, Ohio, Johnson went on to study law at Marietta College, although he did not take his degree. He subsequently became the sports editor of a newspaper in Cincinnati. During this time, Johnson befriended Charles Comiskey, who was then manager of the Cincinnati Reds. At the urging of Comiskey and Reds owner John T. Brush, Johnson was elected as president of the Western League, a faltering minor league, at a reorganization meeting held in 1893. Johnson had criticized the National League for its rowdy atmosphere, which was driving away families and women. He set about making baseball more friendly to both. Contrary to the practice of the time, Johnson gave his umpires unqualified support and had little tolerance for players or managers who failed to show them due respect. Johnson also fined and suspended players who used foul language on the field. Soon, the Western League was recognized as not only the strongest minor league, but also as the most effectively managed league in all of baseball. Johnson, however, had a bigger plan—another major league. With the help of Comiskey, who had purchased the Sioux City franchise and moved it to St. Paul in 1894 after leaving the Reds, Johnson initiated an ambitious plan of expansion. He got his chance after the 1899 season, when the National League dropped teams in Baltimore, Cleveland, Louisville and Washington, D.C. Johnson moved the Grand Rapids franchise to Cleveland, where they would eventually become the Indians. He also had Comiskey move his Saint Paul team to Chicago, where they eventually became the White Sox. The latter move was made with the blessing of the NL, which saw Comiskey's team as a way to head off any attempt to revive the American Association. For the 1900 season, the Western League was renamed as the American League, although it remained a minor league. The 1900 season was an unqualified success, and Johnson received a 10-year contract extension. In October, he withdrew the AL from the National Agreement (the formal understanding between the NL and the minor leagues). The final step came on January 28, 1901, when he declared the AL would operate as a major league. He then placed teams in Baltimore, Boston, Philadelphia and Washington. The Buffalo Bisons were to be a member of the new American League and their manager Franklin was told right up to Jan. 29, 1901, that "Buffalo was in the league and not to worry", Ban Johnson unceremoniously dumped Buffalo and placed the franchise in Boston. It was later revealed that he not only had been negotiating surreptitiously with Boston people for several months, but also that he had money invested in the Boston franchise. Johnson also had a large stake in the Washington franchise, which he kept until 1903. The NL then made a critical blunder by limiting salaries to $2,400–a low sum even by 1901 standards. Johnson, Comiskey and the other AL owners responded by raiding NL rosters, promising disgruntled players much higher salaries. Over 100 players "jumped" to the new league. After a two-year war in which the AL trounced the NL in attendance both seasons, the NL sued for peace. Under a new National Agreement, the AL was formally recognized as the second major league. A three-man National Commission was set up, composed of both league presidents and Reds owner Garry Herrmann. Although Herrmann was nominal president of the commission, Johnson soon dominated the body. Johnson brooked no criticism, and made it very difficult for men he didn't like to buy into the league. For instance, when Harry Frazee bought the Boston Red Sox in 1917, Johnson tried almost from the start to drive him out because Frazee had not been hand-picked by Johnson. At one point, Johnson even had ownership interests in the Cleveland and Washington teams. The Frazee dispute planted the seed for Johnson's downfall. Eventually, the league divided into two factions, with the Red Sox, White Sox and New York Yankees on one side (commonly known as "The Insurrectos") and the other five clubs (the Indians, Philadelphia Athletics, St. Louis Browns, Detroit Tigers and Washington Senators, known as the "Loyal Five") on the other. By this time, Comiskey had become a bitter enemy of Johnson; the two men's once warm friendship had strained considerably. Johnson's authority eroded further that year when the Red Sox traded Carl Mays to the Yankees in defiance of a Johnson order to suspend him after Mays had jumped the club. The Yankees went to court and received an injunction to allow Mays to play, as Johnson had demonstrated throughout the proceedings that his investment in the Cleveland Indians hindered his ability to be impartial. The final nail in Johnson's coffin proved to be the Black Sox Scandal. Johnson paid no attention to Comiskey's claims that his White Sox may have been on the take from gamblers. However, when the scandal broke after the 1920 season, the White Sox, Red Sox and Yankees threatened to pull out of the AL and join a new 12-team National League. The enlarged league would include a new team in Detroit unrelated to the Tigers, who were owned by Johnson loyalist Frank Navin. However, Navin was in no mood for another war and persuaded the other five clubs to agree to appoint a new National Commission of non-baseball men. Federal District Court Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis was appointed as chairman. However, Landis would only accept an appointment as sole Commissioner of Baseball, with unlimited power over the game. The owners were still reeling from the damage to baseball's reputation due to the Black Sox Scandal, and readily agreed to Landis' demands. Under the circumstances, a clash between the iron-willed Johnson and the iron-willed Landis was inevitable, and it happened prior to the 1924 World Series. Landis banned two New York Giants from the Series for attempting to bribe members of the Philadelphia Phillies late in the season. After Frankie Frisch and two other Giants stars were implicated, only to be cleared by Landis, Johnson demanded that the Series be canceled. He publicly criticized Landis for his handling of the affair, and Landis threatened to resign if the AL owners didn't rein Johnson in. After the Series, the AL owners promised to remove Johnson from office if he stepped out of line again. Johnson remained on good behavior for two years, even getting an extension of his contract to 1935 and a raise to $40,000 (he had previously made $25,000). However, in 1926, Johnson criticized Landis for granting Ty Cobb and Tris Speaker an amnesty after evidence surfaced that they had fixed a game in 1919. Landis demanded that the AL choose between him and Johnson. The AL owners were prepared to remove Johnson from office at their annual meeting in January 1927. Because Johnson was in ill health at the time, the owners decided to put him on an indefinite sabbatical instead. Johnson tried to return in the spring and acted as if nothing had changed. However, the situation had become untenable, and Johnson was forced to resign at the end of the season. Frank Navin served as acting president of the American League until the owners selected Indians general manager Ernest Barnard as president. Johnson died at age 67 in St. Louis, Missouri, just a few hours after his successor, Ernest Barnard. Johnson was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937 as one of its charter members. The athletic fieldhouse at Marietta College is named in his honor. He was laid to rest at Riverside Cemetery in Spencer, Indiana. Will Harridge, who succeeded to the AL presidency in 1931, summed up Johnson's legacy: "He was the most brilliant man the game has ever known. He was more responsible for making baseball the national game than anyone in the history of the sport".	<urn:uuid:294d333f-9796-40e3-9949-2c921bb84603>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.popflock.com/learn?s=Ban_Johnson	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599789.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120195035-20200120224035-00478.warc.gz	en	0.98341	1,822	3.359375	3	[ -0.19960182905197144, 0.29320964217185974, 0.3495343029499054, -0.26415830850601196, -0.060703713446855545, 0.2599211633205414, 0.21203166246414185, 0.3599029779434204, -0.19624534249305725, 0.08921104669570923, -0.22406083345413208, 0.1646035611629486, 0.3479759693145752, 0.14551857113838...	1	Ban Johnson in 1921 \|American League President\| \|Born: January 5, 1864\| \|Died: March 28, 1931 (aged 67)\| St. Louis, Missouri \|Member of the National\| \|Baseball Hall of Fame\| \|Election Method\|\|Centennial Committee\| Johnson developed the AL—a descendant of the minor league Western League—into a "clean" alternative to the National League, which had become notorious for its rough-and-tumble atmosphere. To encourage a more orderly environment, Johnson strongly supported the new league's umpires, which eventually included Hall of Famer Billy Evans. With the help of league owners and managers such as Charles Comiskey, Charles Somers and Jimmy McAleer, Johnson lured top talent to the AL, which soon rivaled the more established National League. Johnson dominated the AL until the mid-1920s, when a public dispute with baseball commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis culminated in his forced resignation as league president. Born in Norwalk, Ohio, Johnson went on to study law at Marietta College, although he did not take his degree. He subsequently became the sports editor of a newspaper in Cincinnati. During this time, Johnson befriended Charles Comiskey, who was then manager of the Cincinnati Reds. At the urging of Comiskey and Reds owner John T. Brush, Johnson was elected as president of the Western League, a faltering minor league, at a reorganization meeting held in 1893. Johnson had criticized the National League for its rowdy atmosphere, which was driving away families and women. He set about making baseball more friendly to both. Contrary to the practice of the time, Johnson gave his umpires unqualified support and had little tolerance for players or managers who failed to show them due respect. Johnson also fined and suspended players who used foul language on the field. Soon, the Western League was recognized as not only the strongest minor league, but also as the most effectively managed league in all of baseball. Johnson, however, had a bigger plan—another major league. With the help of Comiskey, who had purchased the Sioux City franchise and moved it to St. Paul in 1894 after leaving the Reds, Johnson initiated an ambitious plan of expansion. He got his chance after the 1899 season, when the National League dropped teams in Baltimore, Cleveland, Louisville and Washington, D.C. Johnson moved the Grand Rapids franchise to Cleveland, where they would eventually become the Indians. He also had Comiskey move his Saint Paul team to Chicago, where they eventually became the White Sox. The latter move was made with the blessing of the NL, which saw Comiskey's team as a way to head off any attempt to revive the American Association. For the 1900 season, the Western League was renamed as the American League, although it remained a minor league. The 1900 season was an unqualified success, and Johnson received a 10-year contract extension. In October, he withdrew the AL from the National Agreement (the formal understanding between the NL and the minor leagues). The final step came on January 28, 1901, when he declared the AL would operate as a major league. He then placed teams in Baltimore, Boston, Philadelphia and Washington. The Buffalo Bisons were to be a member of the new American League and their manager Franklin was told right up to Jan. 29, 1901, that "Buffalo was in the league and not to worry", Ban Johnson unceremoniously dumped Buffalo and placed the franchise in Boston. It was later revealed that he not only had been negotiating surreptitiously with Boston people for several months, but also that he had money invested in the Boston franchise. Johnson also had a large stake in the Washington franchise, which he kept until 1903. The NL then made a critical blunder by limiting salaries to $2,400–a low sum even by 1901 standards. Johnson, Comiskey and the other AL owners responded by raiding NL rosters, promising disgruntled players much higher salaries. Over 100 players "jumped" to the new league. After a two-year war in which the AL trounced the NL in attendance both seasons, the NL sued for peace. Under a new National Agreement, the AL was formally recognized as the second major league. A three-man National Commission was set up, composed of both league presidents and Reds owner Garry Herrmann. Although Herrmann was nominal president of the commission, Johnson soon dominated the body. Johnson brooked no criticism, and made it very difficult for men he didn't like to buy into the league. For instance, when Harry Frazee bought the Boston Red Sox in 1917, Johnson tried almost from the start to drive him out because Frazee had not been hand-picked by Johnson. At one point, Johnson even had ownership interests in the Cleveland and Washington teams. The Frazee dispute planted the seed for Johnson's downfall. Eventually, the league divided into two factions, with the Red Sox, White Sox and New York Yankees on one side (commonly known as "The Insurrectos") and the other five clubs (the Indians, Philadelphia Athletics, St. Louis Browns, Detroit Tigers and Washington Senators, known as the "Loyal Five") on the other. By this time, Comiskey had become a bitter enemy of Johnson; the two men's once warm friendship had strained considerably. Johnson's authority eroded further that year when the Red Sox traded Carl Mays to the Yankees in defiance of a Johnson order to suspend him after Mays had jumped the club. The Yankees went to court and received an injunction to allow Mays to play, as Johnson had demonstrated throughout the proceedings that his investment in the Cleveland Indians hindered his ability to be impartial. The final nail in Johnson's coffin proved to be the Black Sox Scandal. Johnson paid no attention to Comiskey's claims that his White Sox may have been on the take from gamblers. However, when the scandal broke after the 1920 season, the White Sox, Red Sox and Yankees threatened to pull out of the AL and join a new 12-team National League. The enlarged league would include a new team in Detroit unrelated to the Tigers, who were owned by Johnson loyalist Frank Navin. However, Navin was in no mood for another war and persuaded the other five clubs to agree to appoint a new National Commission of non-baseball men. Federal District Court Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis was appointed as chairman. However, Landis would only accept an appointment as sole Commissioner of Baseball, with unlimited power over the game. The owners were still reeling from the damage to baseball's reputation due to the Black Sox Scandal, and readily agreed to Landis' demands. Under the circumstances, a clash between the iron-willed Johnson and the iron-willed Landis was inevitable, and it happened prior to the 1924 World Series. Landis banned two New York Giants from the Series for attempting to bribe members of the Philadelphia Phillies late in the season. After Frankie Frisch and two other Giants stars were implicated, only to be cleared by Landis, Johnson demanded that the Series be canceled. He publicly criticized Landis for his handling of the affair, and Landis threatened to resign if the AL owners didn't rein Johnson in. After the Series, the AL owners promised to remove Johnson from office if he stepped out of line again. Johnson remained on good behavior for two years, even getting an extension of his contract to 1935 and a raise to $40,000 (he had previously made $25,000). However, in 1926, Johnson criticized Landis for granting Ty Cobb and Tris Speaker an amnesty after evidence surfaced that they had fixed a game in 1919. Landis demanded that the AL choose between him and Johnson. The AL owners were prepared to remove Johnson from office at their annual meeting in January 1927. Because Johnson was in ill health at the time, the owners decided to put him on an indefinite sabbatical instead. Johnson tried to return in the spring and acted as if nothing had changed. However, the situation had become untenable, and Johnson was forced to resign at the end of the season. Frank Navin served as acting president of the American League until the owners selected Indians general manager Ernest Barnard as president. Johnson died at age 67 in St. Louis, Missouri, just a few hours after his successor, Ernest Barnard. Johnson was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937 as one of its charter members. The athletic fieldhouse at Marietta College is named in his honor. He was laid to rest at Riverside Cemetery in Spencer, Indiana. Will Harridge, who succeeded to the AL presidency in 1931, summed up Johnson's legacy: "He was the most brilliant man the game has ever known. He was more responsible for making baseball the national game than anyone in the history of the sport".	1,901	ENGLISH	1
Genghis Khan told his troops, “We must slaughter our enemies, kill them all and show no mercy to the men, women or children. If they don’t surrender, they will surely die, as we will sack every town and city that stands in our way.” Genghis Khan was able to unite the fragmented Mongol tribes, utilizing his genius for organization, and recognizing that their horses along with their riding skill would serve as their strengths. Genghis Khan and the Mongol army rose to power at the end of the twelfth century, at a moment when few opposing rulers could put up much resistance to them. The vast Mongol empire he created stretched from China to Europe, taking control of Asia from the Black Sea to the Pacific. The Mongol emperor under the leadership of Tolui Khan, the fourth son of Genghis, unleashed one of the greatest catastrophes of the medieval world by destroying the ancient cities of Merv in the Central Asian republic of Turkmenistan, delivering wholesale destruction on an unprecedented scale, as hundreds of thousands were slaughtered from 1220-1223. These cities were special because they were on the northern route of the famous Silk Road, the key trade route which once linked east and west. Merv was an essential staging post for those travelling between north-east Iran and eastern Asia and China. The Mongols looted the city, destroyed the dam on the Murghab river and laid waste to anything they could not carry away. Most people have probably never heard of Merv, but it served as the capital of a number of empires and kingdoms over the course of its more than 4,000-year-long history. Merv had plentiful water reserves and it was in a supremely strategic location between the Afghan highlands and the Karakum Desert lowlands, so it was always a sought-after geographic prize for Persians, Arabs, Turks, and Greeks which included Alexander the Great. The Mongol society was made up of tent-dwelling nomadic pastoralists who were capable of living off the land. The Mongolian horse was tough and sturdy and they were able to subsist solely on grass, which meant that the Mongol army did not have to carry food for them when they were going into battle. Their enemies called them the horsemen from hell, as when they charged, unity always broke. The fluidly mobile riders could fire arrows in any direction as they rode. The Mongols also used psychology to throw their opposition off. They would pretend like they were retreating to make their unwary opposition forces charge after them, believing that tide had turned in the battle. The Mongol cavalry would then turn right back around, after having lured a few overconfident souls too close, or they might continue their retreat and dismount their horses. The unmounted archers would shower the pursuing army with arrows, as their more heavily armored cavalry could charge in with their lances. At that point, the battle was as good as over. Written for Fandango’s Flash Fiction Challenge #43, where I chose the picture showing four horsemen dressed in armor riding across a valley toward a mountain range in the setting sun, because they looked like they were part of a Mongol hoard and not the four horsemen of the apocalypse.	<urn:uuid:77617e2f-8d63-4620-b9a5-51d1fd098777>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://jimadamsauthordotcom.wordpress.com/2019/12/02/drink-from-the-cup-of-victory/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601615.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121044233-20200121073233-00090.warc.gz	en	0.984271	670	3.5	4	[ -0.3556056320667267, 0.6342587471008301, 0.25781911611557007, 0.2107047140598297, -0.26643258333206177, -0.3272162973880768, 0.14530931413173676, 0.08844061195850372, -0.11361803114414215, 0.25684231519699097, -0.08543570339679718, -0.42200326919555664, 0.42778778076171875, 0.0847699344158...	4	Genghis Khan told his troops, “We must slaughter our enemies, kill them all and show no mercy to the men, women or children. If they don’t surrender, they will surely die, as we will sack every town and city that stands in our way.” Genghis Khan was able to unite the fragmented Mongol tribes, utilizing his genius for organization, and recognizing that their horses along with their riding skill would serve as their strengths. Genghis Khan and the Mongol army rose to power at the end of the twelfth century, at a moment when few opposing rulers could put up much resistance to them. The vast Mongol empire he created stretched from China to Europe, taking control of Asia from the Black Sea to the Pacific. The Mongol emperor under the leadership of Tolui Khan, the fourth son of Genghis, unleashed one of the greatest catastrophes of the medieval world by destroying the ancient cities of Merv in the Central Asian republic of Turkmenistan, delivering wholesale destruction on an unprecedented scale, as hundreds of thousands were slaughtered from 1220-1223. These cities were special because they were on the northern route of the famous Silk Road, the key trade route which once linked east and west. Merv was an essential staging post for those travelling between north-east Iran and eastern Asia and China. The Mongols looted the city, destroyed the dam on the Murghab river and laid waste to anything they could not carry away. Most people have probably never heard of Merv, but it served as the capital of a number of empires and kingdoms over the course of its more than 4,000-year-long history. Merv had plentiful water reserves and it was in a supremely strategic location between the Afghan highlands and the Karakum Desert lowlands, so it was always a sought-after geographic prize for Persians, Arabs, Turks, and Greeks which included Alexander the Great. The Mongol society was made up of tent-dwelling nomadic pastoralists who were capable of living off the land. The Mongolian horse was tough and sturdy and they were able to subsist solely on grass, which meant that the Mongol army did not have to carry food for them when they were going into battle. Their enemies called them the horsemen from hell, as when they charged, unity always broke. The fluidly mobile riders could fire arrows in any direction as they rode. The Mongols also used psychology to throw their opposition off. They would pretend like they were retreating to make their unwary opposition forces charge after them, believing that tide had turned in the battle. The Mongol cavalry would then turn right back around, after having lured a few overconfident souls too close, or they might continue their retreat and dismount their horses. The unmounted archers would shower the pursuing army with arrows, as their more heavily armored cavalry could charge in with their lances. At that point, the battle was as good as over. Written for Fandango’s Flash Fiction Challenge #43, where I chose the picture showing four horsemen dressed in armor riding across a valley toward a mountain range in the setting sun, because they looked like they were part of a Mongol hoard and not the four horsemen of the apocalypse.	675	ENGLISH	1
Where are mounds found? In a general sense, Indian mounds were built throughout what is now the United States. However, the highest concentration of effigy mounds can be found in the Upper Midwest. While some effigies can be found in southeastern Minnesota, northeastern Iowa, and northern Illinois, the majority of effigy mounds were built in southern Wisconsin. Archaeological research indicates that mounds are not spread over the landscape in a uniform distribution, but rather there are clusters of mounds and mound groups. Clusters, sometimes referred to as “Super Clusters,” are found in the Madison area, the Muscoda area, and the Prairie du Chien area. Mounds are typically found situated on bluffs, ridges, bottom lands, and shorelines near resource-rich areas that were able to support temporary gatherings of large groups of people. Some mounds are found near important natural features such as islands, marshes, springs, and caves.	<urn:uuid:57d8185e-81fc-4c43-b713-fe3e305d1273>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.experts123.com/q/where-are-mounds-found.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589560.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117123339-20200117151339-00354.warc.gz	en	0.981311	201	3.609375	4	[ -0.03199569508433342, -0.43103182315826416, 0.48272716999053955, 0.1315661072731018, -0.04063693806529045, 0.03951205313205719, -0.06349504739046097, -0.10319643467664719, -0.4703201949596405, 0.11104865372180939, 0.38930490612983704, -0.6830188632011414, 0.06528943032026291, 0.50623422861...	2	Where are mounds found? In a general sense, Indian mounds were built throughout what is now the United States. However, the highest concentration of effigy mounds can be found in the Upper Midwest. While some effigies can be found in southeastern Minnesota, northeastern Iowa, and northern Illinois, the majority of effigy mounds were built in southern Wisconsin. Archaeological research indicates that mounds are not spread over the landscape in a uniform distribution, but rather there are clusters of mounds and mound groups. Clusters, sometimes referred to as “Super Clusters,” are found in the Madison area, the Muscoda area, and the Prairie du Chien area. Mounds are typically found situated on bluffs, ridges, bottom lands, and shorelines near resource-rich areas that were able to support temporary gatherings of large groups of people. Some mounds are found near important natural features such as islands, marshes, springs, and caves.	194	ENGLISH	1
The main characters in “The Destructors” are young boys in a gang that come up with a plan to destroy a beautiful home that survived the bombings of World War II. The main characters in “The Lottery” run and participate in a lottery tradition that the townspeople have blindly followed for awhile. In the short stories, “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson and “The Destructors by Graham Greene, each character has a unique personality. Tessie is the only villager to protest against the lottery. When the Hutchinson family draws the marked paper, she exclaims, “It wasn’t fair!” This protest continues as she is selected and stoned to death, but instead of listening to her, the villagers ignore her. Even her husband tells her to be quiet. Would Tessie have protested the fairness of the lottery if her family had not been selected? Whatever her reason is for speaking out, she is effectively silenced. Old Man Warner is the oldest man in town. He has participated in seventy-seven lotteries and is an advocate for keeping things exactly the way they are. He dismisses the towns and young people who have stopped having lotteries as “crazy fools.” He is threatened by the idea of change. He believes that the people who want to stop holding lotteries will soon want to live in caves. He believes that only the lottery can keep society stable. He says “Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon” and fears that if the lottery stops, the villagers will be forced to eat “chickweed and acorns.” Old Man Warner is very superstition. He easily accepts the way things are because this is how they have always been. He believes any change to the status quo will lead to disaster. This way of thinking shows how dangerous it is to follow tradition blindly, never questioning beliefs that are passed down from one generation to the next. Mr. Summers has a frightening amount of power in the village. A married, childless business owner, Mr. Summers is pitied by the townspeople for having a nagging wife. No one seems to question his leadership of the lottery. Perhaps he took on the role himself, or perhaps someone offered it to him. Whatever the case, he now has complete control. Mr. Summers not only draws the names on the day of the lottery, but he also makes up the slips of paper that go into the black box. It is up to him to make the black circle that ultimately condemns someone to death. Why the villagers put such pure faith in Mr. Summers? The assumption that he will continue to conduct the lottery is just one more blindly accepted part of the ritual. T. is an unhappy, rebellious adolescent and the newest member of the Wormsley Common Gang. He comes from a wealthy background. His parents have lost their place in society and moved to the neighborhood. This, and the sense that T. is more caught up in his own thoughts than he is in the way he is seen by others, sets him apart from the other boys. When T. first joins the gang, he is generally silent, but the way he carries himself impresses the other boys. He learns that Mr. Thomas’ house was built by a famous architect and becomes the leader of the group by convincing the boys to destroy the house. T. is determined to destroy Mr. Thomas’s house because of a desire to rebel against the older generation’s materialism and belief in the superiority of the upper classes. Blackie leads the Wormsley Common Gang. Blackie takes his leadership seriously and wants the best for the gang. Blackie’s character evolves as his relationship with T. does. At first he sees promise in T.’s way of carrying himself, but has his reservations as to whether T. will share the group’s values despite his upper class roots. Later, Blackie is briefly jealous of T. after he takes over leadership of the gang, but quickly comes to see that T.’s vision for destroying the house promises to bring the gang more prestige than any of his schemes would have because it reflects an even more profound rebellion against ideas of class. This realization inspires his respect for T. and ensures his loyalty at the moment when the rest of the gang turns on T. Mr. Thomas is an old man who worked as a decorator and builder when he was younger. He lives in a beautiful old house that survived the bombings of the World War II. He believes in the social fabric that existed before the war, in which order ruled according to a strict social hierarchy of class and privilege. He believes in this world view despite the fact that the world from which it came was destroyed by the war. The boys call Mr. Thomas “Old Misery,” and indeed he seems like a sad and lonely figure. Old Misery looks at the boys over his garden wall and reminisces on his boyhood, never realizing that the boys look upon him with disrespect. He is a pathetic figure, symbolizing a world that is too old and stuck in its ways to reinvent itself in the wake of destruction. All these characters were more similar than different. Characteristics were a lot alike. Selfishness, pride and ignorance to name a few. Revenge was a motivational factor in both stories. The	<urn:uuid:9e982d84-6050-47da-8d92-46c776bab683>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://gerardcambon.net/the-main-characters-in-the-destructors-are-young-boys-in-a-gang-that-come-up-with-a-plan-to-destroy-a-beautiful-home-that-survived-the-bombings-of-world-war-ii/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251678287.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125161753-20200125190753-00162.warc.gz	en	0.980334	1,113	3.28125	3	[ -0.5075067281723022, 0.08517040312290192, -0.1575818806886673, -0.12453526258468628, -0.2192537486553192, -0.001836444716900587, 0.19362914562225342, 0.16817554831504822, -0.011961032636463642, 0.0989205539226532, 0.14558669924736023, 0.0815432071685791, 0.16448837518692017, 0.006524072960...	2	The main characters in “The Destructors” are young boys in a gang that come up with a plan to destroy a beautiful home that survived the bombings of World War II. The main characters in “The Lottery” run and participate in a lottery tradition that the townspeople have blindly followed for awhile. In the short stories, “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson and “The Destructors by Graham Greene, each character has a unique personality. Tessie is the only villager to protest against the lottery. When the Hutchinson family draws the marked paper, she exclaims, “It wasn’t fair!” This protest continues as she is selected and stoned to death, but instead of listening to her, the villagers ignore her. Even her husband tells her to be quiet. Would Tessie have protested the fairness of the lottery if her family had not been selected? Whatever her reason is for speaking out, she is effectively silenced. Old Man Warner is the oldest man in town. He has participated in seventy-seven lotteries and is an advocate for keeping things exactly the way they are. He dismisses the towns and young people who have stopped having lotteries as “crazy fools.” He is threatened by the idea of change. He believes that the people who want to stop holding lotteries will soon want to live in caves. He believes that only the lottery can keep society stable. He says “Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon” and fears that if the lottery stops, the villagers will be forced to eat “chickweed and acorns.” Old Man Warner is very superstition. He easily accepts the way things are because this is how they have always been. He believes any change to the status quo will lead to disaster. This way of thinking shows how dangerous it is to follow tradition blindly, never questioning beliefs that are passed down from one generation to the next. Mr. Summers has a frightening amount of power in the village. A married, childless business owner, Mr. Summers is pitied by the townspeople for having a nagging wife. No one seems to question his leadership of the lottery. Perhaps he took on the role himself, or perhaps someone offered it to him. Whatever the case, he now has complete control. Mr. Summers not only draws the names on the day of the lottery, but he also makes up the slips of paper that go into the black box. It is up to him to make the black circle that ultimately condemns someone to death. Why the villagers put such pure faith in Mr. Summers? The assumption that he will continue to conduct the lottery is just one more blindly accepted part of the ritual. T. is an unhappy, rebellious adolescent and the newest member of the Wormsley Common Gang. He comes from a wealthy background. His parents have lost their place in society and moved to the neighborhood. This, and the sense that T. is more caught up in his own thoughts than he is in the way he is seen by others, sets him apart from the other boys. When T. first joins the gang, he is generally silent, but the way he carries himself impresses the other boys. He learns that Mr. Thomas’ house was built by a famous architect and becomes the leader of the group by convincing the boys to destroy the house. T. is determined to destroy Mr. Thomas’s house because of a desire to rebel against the older generation’s materialism and belief in the superiority of the upper classes. Blackie leads the Wormsley Common Gang. Blackie takes his leadership seriously and wants the best for the gang. Blackie’s character evolves as his relationship with T. does. At first he sees promise in T.’s way of carrying himself, but has his reservations as to whether T. will share the group’s values despite his upper class roots. Later, Blackie is briefly jealous of T. after he takes over leadership of the gang, but quickly comes to see that T.’s vision for destroying the house promises to bring the gang more prestige than any of his schemes would have because it reflects an even more profound rebellion against ideas of class. This realization inspires his respect for T. and ensures his loyalty at the moment when the rest of the gang turns on T. Mr. Thomas is an old man who worked as a decorator and builder when he was younger. He lives in a beautiful old house that survived the bombings of the World War II. He believes in the social fabric that existed before the war, in which order ruled according to a strict social hierarchy of class and privilege. He believes in this world view despite the fact that the world from which it came was destroyed by the war. The boys call Mr. Thomas “Old Misery,” and indeed he seems like a sad and lonely figure. Old Misery looks at the boys over his garden wall and reminisces on his boyhood, never realizing that the boys look upon him with disrespect. He is a pathetic figure, symbolizing a world that is too old and stuck in its ways to reinvent itself in the wake of destruction. All these characters were more similar than different. Characteristics were a lot alike. Selfishness, pride and ignorance to name a few. Revenge was a motivational factor in both stories. The	1,067	ENGLISH	1
In Maths this week we have been working with money and understanding the concept of change. We have worked on two step problems where we needed to add the values of different things and then find out how much change we would get. To help us do this we counted up from the total cost to the amount we were paying with. We used number bonds to help us by counting up to the nearest tens number and then to the nearest pound. We designed posters to help us understand the concept of finding change and how we would explain it to someone else. The children noted that it is possible to pay for things and not receive change. For example if you are paying by card or if you have the correct money. However, we learnt it is still important to add up amounts of what we are buying to understand how much you can afford.	<urn:uuid:2d0a6e59-5eff-47a3-907d-67806754b9c4>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.stmp.camden.sch.uk/news/finding-change-from-different-amounts/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251773463.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128030221-20200128060221-00089.warc.gz	en	0.980508	169	4.46875	4	[ -0.4719162881374359, -0.4982545077800751, 0.17335078120231628, -0.15220870077610016, -0.19038087129592896, 0.08270283043384552, -0.0020190018694847822, 0.12155692279338837, 0.2537306547164917, 0.03158223256468773, 0.5409677028656006, -0.21661639213562012, -0.018209539353847504, 0.068533025...	2	In Maths this week we have been working with money and understanding the concept of change. We have worked on two step problems where we needed to add the values of different things and then find out how much change we would get. To help us do this we counted up from the total cost to the amount we were paying with. We used number bonds to help us by counting up to the nearest tens number and then to the nearest pound. We designed posters to help us understand the concept of finding change and how we would explain it to someone else. The children noted that it is possible to pay for things and not receive change. For example if you are paying by card or if you have the correct money. However, we learnt it is still important to add up amounts of what we are buying to understand how much you can afford.	166	ENGLISH	1
In Ancient Greece, women were forced to be subordinate to the will of men. Greek women had few rights under the law and were unable to sign contracts of any kind, including marriage agreements. A woman, by law, was under the authority of a man their entire life, starting with her father and later her husband (Grant 7). Women were not only legally dependent on men, but it was a common belief that "a woman of a well-ordered life should consider that her husband's wishes are as laws appointed for her by divine will" (Aristotle). A woman's purpose in marriage was referred to as not being a wife to her husband but, to act as a slave would; according to the Greek philosopher, "she will serve him more assiduously than if she had been a slave bought and taken home" (Aristotle). In fact, Aristotle sometimes spoke of women in relation to slaves, as if they were in the same category: ".no distinction is made between women and slaves because there is no natural ruler among them" (Aristotle 4). The inequality shown towards women was expressed through the speeches and words of philosophers, but as well through theatrical performances. In the many Greek tragedies, women are incapable of succeeding without the assistance of men (Grant 13). Women were forced to be dependent on men legally and morally. Aside from being restricted to the will of men, women were also restricted to care of the home and children. A male character from Xenophon expresses that he taught his wide how to manage the household because: "What could she have known when I married her, since she wasn't fifteen years old when she came to me" (Scaife). Greek women were only permitted to leave the home for religious festivals which were solely for women. An example of this would be the festival to ensure a woman's fertility (Grant 7). Men believed women had no reason to be a part of society and out or in the public eye, saying, "let it be her aim to obey her husband; giving no need to public affairs, nor having any part in arranging the marriages of her children" (Aristotle).	<urn:uuid:e1f1b5f5-508c-4a6f-8086-d122797d073a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/219240.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690379.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126195918-20200126225918-00154.warc.gz	en	0.993378	436	4.375	4	[ 0.12530246376991272, 0.3577114939689636, 0.008620704524219036, -0.45244327187538147, -0.4431237280368805, -0.22529947757720947, 0.19558656215667725, 0.0011676241410896182, 0.0520779974758625, 0.15043267607688904, -0.4054306447505951, 0.0077217863872647285, -0.06444581598043442, 0.262895435...	3	In Ancient Greece, women were forced to be subordinate to the will of men. Greek women had few rights under the law and were unable to sign contracts of any kind, including marriage agreements. A woman, by law, was under the authority of a man their entire life, starting with her father and later her husband (Grant 7). Women were not only legally dependent on men, but it was a common belief that "a woman of a well-ordered life should consider that her husband's wishes are as laws appointed for her by divine will" (Aristotle). A woman's purpose in marriage was referred to as not being a wife to her husband but, to act as a slave would; according to the Greek philosopher, "she will serve him more assiduously than if she had been a slave bought and taken home" (Aristotle). In fact, Aristotle sometimes spoke of women in relation to slaves, as if they were in the same category: ".no distinction is made between women and slaves because there is no natural ruler among them" (Aristotle 4). The inequality shown towards women was expressed through the speeches and words of philosophers, but as well through theatrical performances. In the many Greek tragedies, women are incapable of succeeding without the assistance of men (Grant 13). Women were forced to be dependent on men legally and morally. Aside from being restricted to the will of men, women were also restricted to care of the home and children. A male character from Xenophon expresses that he taught his wide how to manage the household because: "What could she have known when I married her, since she wasn't fifteen years old when she came to me" (Scaife). Greek women were only permitted to leave the home for religious festivals which were solely for women. An example of this would be the festival to ensure a woman's fertility (Grant 7). Men believed women had no reason to be a part of society and out or in the public eye, saying, "let it be her aim to obey her husband; giving no need to public affairs, nor having any part in arranging the marriages of her children" (Aristotle).	440	ENGLISH	1
Bells Lab Notebook Archive of the American Treasures of the Library of Congress page for Alexander Graham Bells Lab Notebook which was unfortunately deleted from The Library of Congress website in early 2017 and has now been republished by internet recovery program at Quotegrab . Originally published Jan 21 2002. Alexander Graham Bell's notebook entry of March 10, 1876, describes the first successful experiment with the telephone, during which he spoke through the instrument to his assistant, Thomas A. Watson, in the next room. Bell writes, "I then shouted into M [the mouthpiece] the following sentence: 'Mr. Watson--come here--I want to see you.' To my delight he came and declared that he had heard and understood what I said." Bell was born into a family deeply interested in speech and hearing. Both his father and grandfather were teachers of elocution, and throughout his life Bell had a keen interest in teaching the deaf to speak. Both his mother and the woman he married--Mabel Hubbard, one of his pupils--were deaf. The Bell papers were donated to the Library of Congress by his heirs on June 2, 1975, the centenary of the day Bell discovered the principle that made the invention of the telephone possible. This extraordinarily rich collection totals about 130,000 items and documents in great detail Bell's entire career, ranging from his work on the telephone to his interest in aeronautics and physics.	<urn:uuid:9da2ed94-a2b1-4a89-9c90-b466b4fa710d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://quotegrab.com/telephones/mr-watson-come-here/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591234.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117205732-20200117233732-00031.warc.gz	en	0.986075	294	3.359375	3	[ -0.1936529129743576, 0.38327154517173767, 0.2876390218734741, 0.04795398563146591, -0.8637347221374512, -0.049518343061208725, 0.15263235569000244, 0.27164506912231445, -0.12066332250833511, -0.014679178595542908, 0.275886207818985, -0.014970839954912663, 0.17290721833705902, 0.11157090961...	4	Bells Lab Notebook Archive of the American Treasures of the Library of Congress page for Alexander Graham Bells Lab Notebook which was unfortunately deleted from The Library of Congress website in early 2017 and has now been republished by internet recovery program at Quotegrab . Originally published Jan 21 2002. Alexander Graham Bell's notebook entry of March 10, 1876, describes the first successful experiment with the telephone, during which he spoke through the instrument to his assistant, Thomas A. Watson, in the next room. Bell writes, "I then shouted into M [the mouthpiece] the following sentence: 'Mr. Watson--come here--I want to see you.' To my delight he came and declared that he had heard and understood what I said." Bell was born into a family deeply interested in speech and hearing. Both his father and grandfather were teachers of elocution, and throughout his life Bell had a keen interest in teaching the deaf to speak. Both his mother and the woman he married--Mabel Hubbard, one of his pupils--were deaf. The Bell papers were donated to the Library of Congress by his heirs on June 2, 1975, the centenary of the day Bell discovered the principle that made the invention of the telephone possible. This extraordinarily rich collection totals about 130,000 items and documents in great detail Bell's entire career, ranging from his work on the telephone to his interest in aeronautics and physics.	314	ENGLISH	1
Alcatraz Island And Prison Alcatraz Island has quite a distinct history. Many people know that Alcatraz served as a federal prison, but most are reluctant to know that this island served as fort. Built before the Civil War, it served two main purposes. First, that it was to guard the San Francisco bay area from enemy ships against a foreign invasion, and second, to hold hostage prisoners of war or POW’s as they were called. In this report, I’ll show you how this fortress came to be a federal prison, why it is no longer in operation today, and most importantly, to show why it was built in the first place. When the great Gold Rush of 1849 first started, California grew from what would be considered a small, unpopulated state, into what it is now. California is now one of the most populated states and it was mostly the gold rush that brought attention to California. As the government saw all of this happening, they realized that California was much more important than they ever realized. In their realization, they decided that California must be protected. San Francisco has one of the largest bays in all of California, and so this was where enemy countries would most likely to try to invade the country. So this is where Alcatraz was to lie, to serve as a military fort. It was supposed to serve as a secondary base in companionship to another base located on the other side of Golden Gate Bridge. But with severe problems trying to build this other base, Alcatraz was to remain alone. Out in the middle of the San Francisco Bay, the island of Alcatraz is definitely a world unto itself. Isolation is just one of the many constants of island life for any inhabitant on Alcatraz Island. It is the most reoccurring theme in the unfolding history of Alcatraz Island. Alcatraz Island is one of Golden Gate National Recreation Area’s most popular destinations, offering a close-up look at a historic and infamous federal prison long off-limits to the public. Visitors to the island can not only explore the remnants of the prison, but learn of the American occupation of 1969 – 1971, early military fortifications and the West Coast’s first and oldest operating lighthouse. These structures stand among the island’s many natural features – gardens, tidepools, bird nests, and bay views beyond compare. (1) Fortress Alcatraz ran in operation from 1850 – 1933. It served as San Francisco’s only major defense. It started off with only eleven cannons, that were transported onto the island in 1854. By the early 1860’s, Alcatraz had 111 cannons. Some were enormous, firing a fifteen-inch ball weighing over 450 pounds. Defenses included a row of brick enclosed gun positions called case mates to protect the dock; a fortified gateway or a Sally Port to block the entrance road; and a three-story citadel on top of the island. This served both as an armed barracks and as a last line defense strategy. Even though Alcatraz was built to withstand a foreign invasion, its most important use was during the Civil War, 1861 – 1865. Seeing as it was the only completed fort in the entire bay, it was vital in the protecting from Confederate Raiders. Early in the war, ten thousand rifles were moved to Alcatraz from the State armory, to prevent them from being used by southern sympathizers. The crew of a Confederate privateer were among the first inmates to be held within The Rock. Alcatraz’s notoriety as a penitentiary overshadows its earlier, and longer use by the Army. Surprisingly, this small island once was the most powerful fort west of the Mississippi River. There was some limited modernization of the island’s defenses after the Civil War. Rifled cannons were mounted. In 1854 some 450 electrically controlled underwater mines were brought to the island to protect the Bay. However, as the ships of potential enemies became more and more powerful, the defenses were increasing! ly obsolete. In 1907 Alcatraz officially ceased being a fortress and became Pacific Branch, U.S. Military Prison. Alcatraz Island’s use as a prison began in December 1859 with the arrival of the first permanent garrison. Eleven of these soldiers were confined in the Sally Port basement. The Army recognized that the cold water (53 F) and swift currents surrounding Alcatraz made it an ideal site for a prison, and in 1861 the post was designated as the military prison for the Department of the Pacific – most of the territory west of the Rocky Mountains. The prison population grew during the Civil War with the addition of prisoners from other army posts, the crew of a Confederate privateer, and civilians accused of treason. The Sally Port’s basement was filled, then one of the gun rooms, and a wooden stockade was built just to the North of the Sally Port. During the next three decades additional buildings were erected just north of the Sally Port to house up to 150 Army prisoners. These provided hard labor for construction projects both on and off the island. At various times rebellious American Indians were also held on Alcatraz. The largest group was nineteen Hopi, held in 1895. The Spanish-American War of 1898 increased the size of the Army enormously, and the prison population also grew. A prison stockade, known as the Upper Prison was hastily built on the parade ground and by 1902 there were 461 prisoners on the Island. In 1904 the upper prison stockade was expanded to house 300 inmates, and the lower prison buildings near the Sally Port were used for other purposes. With modern weaponry making Alcatraz more and more unsuitable as a site for a fort, in 1907 the Army dropped plans to mount new guns, and instead designated the island Pacific Branch, U.S. Military Prison. The next year, with plentiful prison labor available, work began on the Cellhouse which still stands today. Completed in 1912 with 600 single cells, each with toilet and electricity, the Cellhouse was the largest reinforced concrete building in the world! In 1915 Alcatraz was changed from a military prison to Pacific Branch, U.S. Disciplinary Barracks. The new name reflected the growing emphasis on rehabilitation as well as punishment. Prisoners with less serious offenses could receive training, education and an opportunity to return to the Army. Prisoners convicted of serious crimes were not given these chances, and were discharged from the Army when their sentences were completed. During the great depression of the 1930s military budgets were cut, and the Army was considering closing the Disciplinary Barracks – a perfect match for the Justice Departments desires for a super prison for incorrigible prisoners. Negotiations moved rapidly, and Alcatraz was transferred to the Bureau of Prisons in October 1933. By early 1934 eighty years of the U.S. Army on Alcatraz had ended – except for 32 hard case prisoners, who were left to become the first penitentiary inmates. Some of the inmates included Al Capone and Robert Stroud, also known as the birdman of Alcatraz. Capone’s exact cell is not identified because records are not available. Former prisoners and Correctional Officers indicate that Al Capone’s cell is located on the outside west end of Cellblock B. Capone spent more time in the hospital than in the general population (GP).Robert Stroud (Birdman of Alcatraz) arrived in 1942, spent some 90 days in the GP. and was then transferred to D Block. Occupying more than one cell over a period of seventeen years, Stroud stayed in D block cell for approximately six years and was then moved up to the hospital in 1948, staying for eleven years, by request of Warden Swope. Many times the prison was almost shut down, but I never thought the government would actually shut this place down. It was the best thing for the country. It lowered crime rates, because it scared the citizens of the U.S. into believing they would go to The Rock if they were even remotely bad. They shut it down, Oh God, they shut it down (2) The prison ran effectively, yet due to cost effectiveness, administrative changes in Washington, a change in BOP’s operating philosophy (reinstitution rehabilitation). USPAZ. closed on 21 March 1963 (last prisoners removed on this day); Alcatraz was transferred to the General Services Administration (GSA) in May of 1963. Alcatraz witnessed eight murdered by other inmates (although records indicated only 7), five suicides, and 15 from illness. These were all of the deaths that took place on the island. Some people heard that many prisoners were killed in the gas chamber located on Alcatrz Island, they are wrong. Although Federal courts do impose capital punishments, the reason why there is a gas chamber, but the actual carrying out of that sentence is attended to in the nearest State facility (in this case the death sentence was fulfilled at San Quentin State Prison). Is was rumored that no one ever escaped this island, but that is not exactly the case. Thirty-six prisoners were involved in attempts: 7 shot and killed, 2 drowned, 5 unaccounted for, the rest recaptured. 2 prisoners made it off the island but were returned, one, in 1945 (Giles) and one in 1962 (Scott). As for June 1962 escape, Morris and the Anglin brothers were successful in escaping both institution and island, but survival is very questionable. So to say that no one ever escaped the island, that is not true. But if they survived, we may never know. Some people heard that many prisoners were killed in the gas chamber located on Alcatrz Island, they are wrong. Although Federal courts do impose capital punishments, the actual carrying out of that sentence is attended to in the nearest State facility Which in this case the death sentence would be fulfilled at San Quentin State Prison. There were several families that were housed on the island. The families were distributed in 64 Building, four wood frames houses, one duplex and three apartment buildings. Warden resided in large house adjacent to cell house, Captain and Associated Warden lived in duplex. The question that most people wonder, is how many guards actually upheld the island of Alcatraz, their answer is, 90 officers were required to cover the three 8-hour shifts, plus sick leave and vacation time. Two-thirds of the custody staff resided on the island with the rest in the San Francisco and local areas. The actual amount prisoners that were contained on the island is somewhat vague due to the lack of accurate records. But as far as we know, it is somewhere in the vicinity of 1545 total, with 1576 numbers issued (some 30+ were returned to the institution with same number reissued). The most that was ever held in the prison at one time was 302, and as few as 222, but the typical average was around 260. Born of necessity, perhaps even political expediency, Alcatraz represents the federal government’s response to post-Prohibition, post-Depression America. Both the institution and the men confined within its walls are a part of this era, and in order to be studied with any degree of understanding, it must be attended to with a focus on this time period. Prisons are a reflection of society and the reflection offered by Alcatraz is one of great clarity. The collaborative effort of attorney general Homer Cummings and Director of the Bureau of Prisons, Sanford Bates, produced a legendary prison that seemed both necessary and appropriate to the times. The emergence of persistent assertions about J. Edgar Hoover’s interest and influence with regard to Alcatraz cannot be corroborated, but neither have they been completely denied. With the public peace constantly threatened by crime, a response had to be made and Alcatraz was that response. An in-house memo issued by Cummings shortly after taking office addressed the subject of creating a special prison for kidnapers, racketeers, and individuals guilty of predatory crimes. A remote site was sought, one that would prohibit constant communication with the outside world by those confined within its walls. Although land in Alaska was being considered, the availability of Alcatraz Island conveniently coincided with the government’s perceived need for a super-prison. Having taken possession of the former Army prison and having ci …	<urn:uuid:18146e60-bf2c-43e2-a15f-e9ab257a69f6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://bgprschools.com/alcatraz-island-and-prison-paper/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606269.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122012204-20200122041204-00320.warc.gz	en	0.981813	2,545	3.53125	4	[ 0.2015238106250763, -0.09258941560983658, 0.03816576302051544, 0.0666423887014389, 0.05029252916574478, -0.06277155131101608, 0.21793657541275024, 0.15652883052825928, -0.09894511103630066, 0.12006577849388123, 0.08264011144638062, 0.10571885108947754, -0.23688474297523499, 0.8796092271804...	5	Alcatraz Island And Prison Alcatraz Island has quite a distinct history. Many people know that Alcatraz served as a federal prison, but most are reluctant to know that this island served as fort. Built before the Civil War, it served two main purposes. First, that it was to guard the San Francisco bay area from enemy ships against a foreign invasion, and second, to hold hostage prisoners of war or POW’s as they were called. In this report, I’ll show you how this fortress came to be a federal prison, why it is no longer in operation today, and most importantly, to show why it was built in the first place. When the great Gold Rush of 1849 first started, California grew from what would be considered a small, unpopulated state, into what it is now. California is now one of the most populated states and it was mostly the gold rush that brought attention to California. As the government saw all of this happening, they realized that California was much more important than they ever realized. In their realization, they decided that California must be protected. San Francisco has one of the largest bays in all of California, and so this was where enemy countries would most likely to try to invade the country. So this is where Alcatraz was to lie, to serve as a military fort. It was supposed to serve as a secondary base in companionship to another base located on the other side of Golden Gate Bridge. But with severe problems trying to build this other base, Alcatraz was to remain alone. Out in the middle of the San Francisco Bay, the island of Alcatraz is definitely a world unto itself. Isolation is just one of the many constants of island life for any inhabitant on Alcatraz Island. It is the most reoccurring theme in the unfolding history of Alcatraz Island. Alcatraz Island is one of Golden Gate National Recreation Area’s most popular destinations, offering a close-up look at a historic and infamous federal prison long off-limits to the public. Visitors to the island can not only explore the remnants of the prison, but learn of the American occupation of 1969 – 1971, early military fortifications and the West Coast’s first and oldest operating lighthouse. These structures stand among the island’s many natural features – gardens, tidepools, bird nests, and bay views beyond compare. (1) Fortress Alcatraz ran in operation from 1850 – 1933. It served as San Francisco’s only major defense. It started off with only eleven cannons, that were transported onto the island in 1854. By the early 1860’s, Alcatraz had 111 cannons. Some were enormous, firing a fifteen-inch ball weighing over 450 pounds. Defenses included a row of brick enclosed gun positions called case mates to protect the dock; a fortified gateway or a Sally Port to block the entrance road; and a three-story citadel on top of the island. This served both as an armed barracks and as a last line defense strategy. Even though Alcatraz was built to withstand a foreign invasion, its most important use was during the Civil War, 1861 – 1865. Seeing as it was the only completed fort in the entire bay, it was vital in the protecting from Confederate Raiders. Early in the war, ten thousand rifles were moved to Alcatraz from the State armory, to prevent them from being used by southern sympathizers. The crew of a Confederate privateer were among the first inmates to be held within The Rock. Alcatraz’s notoriety as a penitentiary overshadows its earlier, and longer use by the Army. Surprisingly, this small island once was the most powerful fort west of the Mississippi River. There was some limited modernization of the island’s defenses after the Civil War. Rifled cannons were mounted. In 1854 some 450 electrically controlled underwater mines were brought to the island to protect the Bay. However, as the ships of potential enemies became more and more powerful, the defenses were increasing! ly obsolete. In 1907 Alcatraz officially ceased being a fortress and became Pacific Branch, U.S. Military Prison. Alcatraz Island’s use as a prison began in December 1859 with the arrival of the first permanent garrison. Eleven of these soldiers were confined in the Sally Port basement. The Army recognized that the cold water (53 F) and swift currents surrounding Alcatraz made it an ideal site for a prison, and in 1861 the post was designated as the military prison for the Department of the Pacific – most of the territory west of the Rocky Mountains. The prison population grew during the Civil War with the addition of prisoners from other army posts, the crew of a Confederate privateer, and civilians accused of treason. The Sally Port’s basement was filled, then one of the gun rooms, and a wooden stockade was built just to the North of the Sally Port. During the next three decades additional buildings were erected just north of the Sally Port to house up to 150 Army prisoners. These provided hard labor for construction projects both on and off the island. At various times rebellious American Indians were also held on Alcatraz. The largest group was nineteen Hopi, held in 1895. The Spanish-American War of 1898 increased the size of the Army enormously, and the prison population also grew. A prison stockade, known as the Upper Prison was hastily built on the parade ground and by 1902 there were 461 prisoners on the Island. In 1904 the upper prison stockade was expanded to house 300 inmates, and the lower prison buildings near the Sally Port were used for other purposes. With modern weaponry making Alcatraz more and more unsuitable as a site for a fort, in 1907 the Army dropped plans to mount new guns, and instead designated the island Pacific Branch, U.S. Military Prison. The next year, with plentiful prison labor available, work began on the Cellhouse which still stands today. Completed in 1912 with 600 single cells, each with toilet and electricity, the Cellhouse was the largest reinforced concrete building in the world! In 1915 Alcatraz was changed from a military prison to Pacific Branch, U.S. Disciplinary Barracks. The new name reflected the growing emphasis on rehabilitation as well as punishment. Prisoners with less serious offenses could receive training, education and an opportunity to return to the Army. Prisoners convicted of serious crimes were not given these chances, and were discharged from the Army when their sentences were completed. During the great depression of the 1930s military budgets were cut, and the Army was considering closing the Disciplinary Barracks – a perfect match for the Justice Departments desires for a super prison for incorrigible prisoners. Negotiations moved rapidly, and Alcatraz was transferred to the Bureau of Prisons in October 1933. By early 1934 eighty years of the U.S. Army on Alcatraz had ended – except for 32 hard case prisoners, who were left to become the first penitentiary inmates. Some of the inmates included Al Capone and Robert Stroud, also known as the birdman of Alcatraz. Capone’s exact cell is not identified because records are not available. Former prisoners and Correctional Officers indicate that Al Capone’s cell is located on the outside west end of Cellblock B. Capone spent more time in the hospital than in the general population (GP).Robert Stroud (Birdman of Alcatraz) arrived in 1942, spent some 90 days in the GP. and was then transferred to D Block. Occupying more than one cell over a period of seventeen years, Stroud stayed in D block cell for approximately six years and was then moved up to the hospital in 1948, staying for eleven years, by request of Warden Swope. Many times the prison was almost shut down, but I never thought the government would actually shut this place down. It was the best thing for the country. It lowered crime rates, because it scared the citizens of the U.S. into believing they would go to The Rock if they were even remotely bad. They shut it down, Oh God, they shut it down (2) The prison ran effectively, yet due to cost effectiveness, administrative changes in Washington, a change in BOP’s operating philosophy (reinstitution rehabilitation). USPAZ. closed on 21 March 1963 (last prisoners removed on this day); Alcatraz was transferred to the General Services Administration (GSA) in May of 1963. Alcatraz witnessed eight murdered by other inmates (although records indicated only 7), five suicides, and 15 from illness. These were all of the deaths that took place on the island. Some people heard that many prisoners were killed in the gas chamber located on Alcatrz Island, they are wrong. Although Federal courts do impose capital punishments, the reason why there is a gas chamber, but the actual carrying out of that sentence is attended to in the nearest State facility (in this case the death sentence was fulfilled at San Quentin State Prison). Is was rumored that no one ever escaped this island, but that is not exactly the case. Thirty-six prisoners were involved in attempts: 7 shot and killed, 2 drowned, 5 unaccounted for, the rest recaptured. 2 prisoners made it off the island but were returned, one, in 1945 (Giles) and one in 1962 (Scott). As for June 1962 escape, Morris and the Anglin brothers were successful in escaping both institution and island, but survival is very questionable. So to say that no one ever escaped the island, that is not true. But if they survived, we may never know. Some people heard that many prisoners were killed in the gas chamber located on Alcatrz Island, they are wrong. Although Federal courts do impose capital punishments, the actual carrying out of that sentence is attended to in the nearest State facility Which in this case the death sentence would be fulfilled at San Quentin State Prison. There were several families that were housed on the island. The families were distributed in 64 Building, four wood frames houses, one duplex and three apartment buildings. Warden resided in large house adjacent to cell house, Captain and Associated Warden lived in duplex. The question that most people wonder, is how many guards actually upheld the island of Alcatraz, their answer is, 90 officers were required to cover the three 8-hour shifts, plus sick leave and vacation time. Two-thirds of the custody staff resided on the island with the rest in the San Francisco and local areas. The actual amount prisoners that were contained on the island is somewhat vague due to the lack of accurate records. But as far as we know, it is somewhere in the vicinity of 1545 total, with 1576 numbers issued (some 30+ were returned to the institution with same number reissued). The most that was ever held in the prison at one time was 302, and as few as 222, but the typical average was around 260. Born of necessity, perhaps even political expediency, Alcatraz represents the federal government’s response to post-Prohibition, post-Depression America. Both the institution and the men confined within its walls are a part of this era, and in order to be studied with any degree of understanding, it must be attended to with a focus on this time period. Prisons are a reflection of society and the reflection offered by Alcatraz is one of great clarity. The collaborative effort of attorney general Homer Cummings and Director of the Bureau of Prisons, Sanford Bates, produced a legendary prison that seemed both necessary and appropriate to the times. The emergence of persistent assertions about J. Edgar Hoover’s interest and influence with regard to Alcatraz cannot be corroborated, but neither have they been completely denied. With the public peace constantly threatened by crime, a response had to be made and Alcatraz was that response. An in-house memo issued by Cummings shortly after taking office addressed the subject of creating a special prison for kidnapers, racketeers, and individuals guilty of predatory crimes. A remote site was sought, one that would prohibit constant communication with the outside world by those confined within its walls. Although land in Alaska was being considered, the availability of Alcatraz Island conveniently coincided with the government’s perceived need for a super-prison. Having taken possession of the former Army prison and having ci …	2,665	ENGLISH	1
In my Civic Engagement Essay, the leader I choose was Horace Mann who lived from 1776 to 1859 and had a profound influence on what we call the education system. Mann started off his career in life as a lawyer in Massachusetts. While he was good at being a lawyer he soon found himself elected to the senate set for Massachusetts State. In this position he quickly came to realize that the state’s schools were performing poorly and was highly unorganized. At this point in history teacher were either poorly trained or not trained at all. In addition to the lack of qualified teachers the state also faced high levels of poverty which kept many children from attending school (Baines, 2006). In Order to rectify the situation of depressed attendance numbers and lack of qualified educators; Mann took on this challenge to enact reformation of the education system. He accomplished through many different avenues. His first advance in education what to establish a school for the mentally handicapped which during his time was unheard of. Before then there had never been a school that catered to a specific subset of children with special needs. Following this same path he also implemented the idea of having colleges setup that would cater specify to the education and training of teacher. He felt that it was important to have well trained teacher in order for the schools to be successful in teach children (Baines, 2006). Mann’s highest achievement in the advancement of education was when he created was the first interracial, coed, and free school system. This would allow anyone from any race to attend school without the financial burdens that had kept the poor out of school in the past. Mann’s vision for doing this was to create a unified collective within his state in order to advance diversity in education. He was able to push for this reform in education by inspiring others is the fact that education was a way to influence moral behaviors. He saw education as the tool guild the morality of others (Baines, 2006). Mann was held as a leader in the education reform movement for much reason. The first if the qualities...	<urn:uuid:f1944cb1-53ce-45d8-b415-2f979f87d13b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://brightkite.com/essay-on/civic-leader-profile	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592636.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118135205-20200118163205-00325.warc.gz	en	0.990849	427	3.5625	4	[ -0.3197346329689026, -0.2133227288722992, 0.25337347388267517, -0.3699462115764618, -0.669532060623169, 0.17363177239894867, 0.19329772889614105, 0.26808902621269226, -0.11055396497249603, 0.13656820356845856, 0.24376706779003143, -0.004449732601642609, 0.09469142556190491, 0.1357721090316...	1	In my Civic Engagement Essay, the leader I choose was Horace Mann who lived from 1776 to 1859 and had a profound influence on what we call the education system. Mann started off his career in life as a lawyer in Massachusetts. While he was good at being a lawyer he soon found himself elected to the senate set for Massachusetts State. In this position he quickly came to realize that the state’s schools were performing poorly and was highly unorganized. At this point in history teacher were either poorly trained or not trained at all. In addition to the lack of qualified teachers the state also faced high levels of poverty which kept many children from attending school (Baines, 2006). In Order to rectify the situation of depressed attendance numbers and lack of qualified educators; Mann took on this challenge to enact reformation of the education system. He accomplished through many different avenues. His first advance in education what to establish a school for the mentally handicapped which during his time was unheard of. Before then there had never been a school that catered to a specific subset of children with special needs. Following this same path he also implemented the idea of having colleges setup that would cater specify to the education and training of teacher. He felt that it was important to have well trained teacher in order for the schools to be successful in teach children (Baines, 2006). Mann’s highest achievement in the advancement of education was when he created was the first interracial, coed, and free school system. This would allow anyone from any race to attend school without the financial burdens that had kept the poor out of school in the past. Mann’s vision for doing this was to create a unified collective within his state in order to advance diversity in education. He was able to push for this reform in education by inspiring others is the fact that education was a way to influence moral behaviors. He saw education as the tool guild the morality of others (Baines, 2006). Mann was held as a leader in the education reform movement for much reason. The first if the qualities...	430	ENGLISH	1
PNG images: Shirt Collection The shirt was an item of clothing that only men could wear as underwear, until the twentieth century. Although the women's chemise was a closely related garment to the men's, it is the men's garment that became the modern shirt. In the Middle Ages, it was a plain, undyed garment worn next to the skin and under regular garments. In medieval artworks, the shirt is only visible (uncovered) on humble characters, such as shepherds, prisoners, and penitents. In the seventeenth century, men's shirts were allowed to show, with much the same erotic import as visible underwear today. In the eighteenth century, instead of underpants, men "relied on the long tails of shirts ... to serve the function of drawers. Eighteenth-century costume historian Joseph Strutt believed that men who did not wear shirts to bed were indecent. Even as late as 1879, a visible shirt with nothing over it was considered improper.	<urn:uuid:458159e2-2bd0-4c27-9a70-a4e9f8ffdb56>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.freepngs.com/shirt-pngs	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251799918.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129133601-20200129163601-00160.warc.gz	en	0.984141	204	3.5625	4	[ -0.05740809440612793, 0.7765504121780396, 0.23759149014949799, 0.21204771101474762, 0.4463250935077667, -0.031663667410612106, 0.08806003630161285, 0.10151374340057373, -0.38228484988212585, -0.3350768983364105, 0.05287020653486252, -0.4495716989040375, -0.08961375802755356, 0.402155518531...	11	PNG images: Shirt Collection The shirt was an item of clothing that only men could wear as underwear, until the twentieth century. Although the women's chemise was a closely related garment to the men's, it is the men's garment that became the modern shirt. In the Middle Ages, it was a plain, undyed garment worn next to the skin and under regular garments. In medieval artworks, the shirt is only visible (uncovered) on humble characters, such as shepherds, prisoners, and penitents. In the seventeenth century, men's shirts were allowed to show, with much the same erotic import as visible underwear today. In the eighteenth century, instead of underpants, men "relied on the long tails of shirts ... to serve the function of drawers. Eighteenth-century costume historian Joseph Strutt believed that men who did not wear shirts to bed were indecent. Even as late as 1879, a visible shirt with nothing over it was considered improper.	206	ENGLISH	1
According to a report from The Lancet, one-third of the world’s poorest countries are facing obesity and malnutrition, which makes people are too thin. The report said the problem was caused by a reduction in people’s physical activity and more of access to processed foods The article has estimated that more than 140 million children have weak growth, and 2.3 billion adults and children over the globe are overweight Many middle and low-income countries are immediately confronted with this two problems-known as the double burden of malnutrition. This means that 305 of children who are under the age of four grow abnormally, whereas 20% of people are overweight, and 20% of women are classified as lean. The report states that communities and families can be affected by both forms of malnutrition and individuals at different stages of life. According to the report, in the 1990s, from 123 countries, 45 were affected by the burden. And in the 2010s, from 126 countries, 48 of them were affected. The authors of the report said that governments of the UN and academia should take action to address this issue. This report will also point the finger at changing eating habits. People’s diet and movement are changing. Increasing numbers of supermarkets reduced access to nutritious foods, and reduced physical activity has led to more people becoming overweight. These changes are affecting low- and middle-income countries as well as high-income countries. Although stunted growth is becoming less common in many countries, eating super-processed foods early in life is associated with weak growth. There high-quality diet is needed for adults and children. The high-quality diet contains lots of fruits, nuts and seeds, fiber, vegetables, and whole grains. This diet should have a minimum amount of processed meat, sugar, salt and beverages. A high-quality diet can lessen the risk of malnutrition by inspiring healthy growth and development, and also protecting the body from diseases throughout life.	<urn:uuid:661a16eb-4b48-48a6-823c-9ab2b0c87ad6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://tryhealthnews.com/poor-countries-to-face-malnutrition-and-obesity/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251773463.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128030221-20200128060221-00069.warc.gz	en	0.980675	393	3.515625	4	[ 0.042449310421943665, 0.015661267563700676, 0.3460853695869446, -0.04855601489543915, 0.00813382863998413, 0.46246907114982605, -0.5093761682510376, 0.24751588702201843, -0.2050030380487442, 0.24288910627365112, 0.5866302847862244, -0.7507292628288269, 0.4439253509044647, 0.308740615844726...	9	According to a report from The Lancet, one-third of the world’s poorest countries are facing obesity and malnutrition, which makes people are too thin. The report said the problem was caused by a reduction in people’s physical activity and more of access to processed foods The article has estimated that more than 140 million children have weak growth, and 2.3 billion adults and children over the globe are overweight Many middle and low-income countries are immediately confronted with this two problems-known as the double burden of malnutrition. This means that 305 of children who are under the age of four grow abnormally, whereas 20% of people are overweight, and 20% of women are classified as lean. The report states that communities and families can be affected by both forms of malnutrition and individuals at different stages of life. According to the report, in the 1990s, from 123 countries, 45 were affected by the burden. And in the 2010s, from 126 countries, 48 of them were affected. The authors of the report said that governments of the UN and academia should take action to address this issue. This report will also point the finger at changing eating habits. People’s diet and movement are changing. Increasing numbers of supermarkets reduced access to nutritious foods, and reduced physical activity has led to more people becoming overweight. These changes are affecting low- and middle-income countries as well as high-income countries. Although stunted growth is becoming less common in many countries, eating super-processed foods early in life is associated with weak growth. There high-quality diet is needed for adults and children. The high-quality diet contains lots of fruits, nuts and seeds, fiber, vegetables, and whole grains. This diet should have a minimum amount of processed meat, sugar, salt and beverages. A high-quality diet can lessen the risk of malnutrition by inspiring healthy growth and development, and also protecting the body from diseases throughout life.	411	ENGLISH	1
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2 October 1869 at Porbandar in Gujarat. After attaining his legal education in Britain, Gandhiji went to South Africa to practice law. Imbued with a high sense of justice, Gandhiji was revolted by the injustice, discrimination, and degradation to which Indians had to submit in the South African colonies. Indian laborers who had gone to South Africa, and the merchants who followed were denied the right to vote. They had to register and pay a poll-tax. They could not reside except in prescribed locations, which were insanitary and congested. In some of the South African colonies, the Asians, also the Africans, could not stay out of door after 9 p.m.; nor could they use public footpaths. Gandhi soon became the leader of the struggle against these conditions and during 1893-94 was engaged in a heroic though unequal struggle against the racist authorities of South Africa. It was during this long struggle lasting nearly two decades that Gandhiji evolved the technique of Satyagraha based on truth and non-violence. The ideal satyagrahi was to be truthful and perfectly peaceful, but at the same time, Gandhiji would refuse to submit to what he considered wrong. He would accept suffering willingly in the course of struggle against the wrong-doer. This struggle was to be part of his love of truth. In a famous article in his weekly journal, Young India, published in 1920, Gandhiji wrote that “Non-violence is the law of our species, as violence is the law of the brute”, but that “where there is only a choice between cowardice and violence, I would advise violence.” Gandhiji returned to India in 1915 at the age of 46. He was keen to serve his country and his people. In 1916, Gandhi founded the Sabarmati Ashram at Ahmedabad where his friends and followers were to learn and, practice the ideals of truth and non-violence. Champaran Satyagraha (1917) Gandhi’s first great experiment in Satyagraha came in 1917 in Champaran, a district in Bihar. In Champaran, the peasants of the indigo plantations were excessively oppressed by the European planters. They were compelled to grow indigo on at least 3/20th of their land and to sell it at prices fixed by the planters. Similar conditions had prevailed earlier in Bengal, but as a result of a major uprising during 1859-61 the peasants there had won their freedom from the indigo planters. Having heard of Gandhi’s campaigns in South Africa, several peasants of Champaran invited him to come and help them. Accompanied by Baba Rajendra Prasad, Mazhar-ul-Huq, J.B. Kripalani, and Mahadev Desai, Gandhiji reached Champaran in 1917 and began to conduct a detailed inquiry into the condition of the peasants. The infuriated district officials ordered him to leave Champaran, but he defied the order and was willing to face trial and imprisonment. This forced the Government to cancel its earlier order and to appoint a committee of inquiry on which Gandhi served as a member. Ultimately, the disabilities from which the peasantry was suffering were reduced and Gandhi had won his first battle of civil disobedience in India. Ahmedabad Mill Strike In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi intervened in a dispute between the workers and mill owners of Ahmedabad. Gandhiji undertook a fast unto death to force a compromise. The mill owners relented on the fourth day and agreed to give the workers 35 per cent increase in wages. Gandhiji also supported the peasants of Khaira in Gujarat in their struggle against the collection of land revenue when their crops had failed. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel left his lucrative practice at the Bar at this time to help Gandhiji. These experiences (discussed above) brought Gandhiji in close contact with the masses whose interests he actively exposed all his life. Gandhiji was the first Indian nationalist leader who identified his life and his manner of living with the life of the common people. The following issues were very close to Gandhi’s heart: The fight against untouchability; and The raising of the social status of women in the country. Satyagraha Against Rowlett Act Along with other nationalists, Gandhiji was also aroused by the Rowlett Act. In February 1919, he founded the Satyagraha Sabha whose members took a pledge to disobey the Act. Gandhiji asked the nationalist workers to go to the villages. That is where India lives, he said. Gandhiji increasingly turned the face of nationalism towards the common man and the symbol of this transformation was to be null, or hand-spun and handwoven cloth, which soon became the uniform of the nationalists. Gandhiji emphasized on the dignity of labor and the value of self-reliance. India’s salvation would come, he said, when the masses were wakened from their sleep and became active in politics. March and April 1919 witnessed a remarkable political awakening in India. There were hartals (strikes) and demonstrations. The slogans of Hindu-Muslim unity filled the air. The entire country was electrified. The Indian people were no longer willing to submit to the degradation of foreign rule.	<urn:uuid:63d461fa-d9ab-47ac-886c-4af590ebc1b6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.brainyias.com/mahatma-gandhi-modern-history/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126043644-20200126073644-00458.warc.gz	en	0.9834	1,168	3.9375	4	[ -0.3634709119796753, 0.5266834497451782, -0.23375505208969116, 0.4253559708595276, -0.42946910858154297, -0.44468939304351807, 0.38397282361984253, 0.014844483695924282, -0.21244263648986816, 0.17867474257946014, 0.1684964895248413, -0.09598568081855774, 0.3363744020462036, 0.4732606410980...	2	Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2 October 1869 at Porbandar in Gujarat. After attaining his legal education in Britain, Gandhiji went to South Africa to practice law. Imbued with a high sense of justice, Gandhiji was revolted by the injustice, discrimination, and degradation to which Indians had to submit in the South African colonies. Indian laborers who had gone to South Africa, and the merchants who followed were denied the right to vote. They had to register and pay a poll-tax. They could not reside except in prescribed locations, which were insanitary and congested. In some of the South African colonies, the Asians, also the Africans, could not stay out of door after 9 p.m.; nor could they use public footpaths. Gandhi soon became the leader of the struggle against these conditions and during 1893-94 was engaged in a heroic though unequal struggle against the racist authorities of South Africa. It was during this long struggle lasting nearly two decades that Gandhiji evolved the technique of Satyagraha based on truth and non-violence. The ideal satyagrahi was to be truthful and perfectly peaceful, but at the same time, Gandhiji would refuse to submit to what he considered wrong. He would accept suffering willingly in the course of struggle against the wrong-doer. This struggle was to be part of his love of truth. In a famous article in his weekly journal, Young India, published in 1920, Gandhiji wrote that “Non-violence is the law of our species, as violence is the law of the brute”, but that “where there is only a choice between cowardice and violence, I would advise violence.” Gandhiji returned to India in 1915 at the age of 46. He was keen to serve his country and his people. In 1916, Gandhi founded the Sabarmati Ashram at Ahmedabad where his friends and followers were to learn and, practice the ideals of truth and non-violence. Champaran Satyagraha (1917) Gandhi’s first great experiment in Satyagraha came in 1917 in Champaran, a district in Bihar. In Champaran, the peasants of the indigo plantations were excessively oppressed by the European planters. They were compelled to grow indigo on at least 3/20th of their land and to sell it at prices fixed by the planters. Similar conditions had prevailed earlier in Bengal, but as a result of a major uprising during 1859-61 the peasants there had won their freedom from the indigo planters. Having heard of Gandhi’s campaigns in South Africa, several peasants of Champaran invited him to come and help them. Accompanied by Baba Rajendra Prasad, Mazhar-ul-Huq, J.B. Kripalani, and Mahadev Desai, Gandhiji reached Champaran in 1917 and began to conduct a detailed inquiry into the condition of the peasants. The infuriated district officials ordered him to leave Champaran, but he defied the order and was willing to face trial and imprisonment. This forced the Government to cancel its earlier order and to appoint a committee of inquiry on which Gandhi served as a member. Ultimately, the disabilities from which the peasantry was suffering were reduced and Gandhi had won his first battle of civil disobedience in India. Ahmedabad Mill Strike In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi intervened in a dispute between the workers and mill owners of Ahmedabad. Gandhiji undertook a fast unto death to force a compromise. The mill owners relented on the fourth day and agreed to give the workers 35 per cent increase in wages. Gandhiji also supported the peasants of Khaira in Gujarat in their struggle against the collection of land revenue when their crops had failed. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel left his lucrative practice at the Bar at this time to help Gandhiji. These experiences (discussed above) brought Gandhiji in close contact with the masses whose interests he actively exposed all his life. Gandhiji was the first Indian nationalist leader who identified his life and his manner of living with the life of the common people. The following issues were very close to Gandhi’s heart: The fight against untouchability; and The raising of the social status of women in the country. Satyagraha Against Rowlett Act Along with other nationalists, Gandhiji was also aroused by the Rowlett Act. In February 1919, he founded the Satyagraha Sabha whose members took a pledge to disobey the Act. Gandhiji asked the nationalist workers to go to the villages. That is where India lives, he said. Gandhiji increasingly turned the face of nationalism towards the common man and the symbol of this transformation was to be null, or hand-spun and handwoven cloth, which soon became the uniform of the nationalists. Gandhiji emphasized on the dignity of labor and the value of self-reliance. India’s salvation would come, he said, when the masses were wakened from their sleep and became active in politics. March and April 1919 witnessed a remarkable political awakening in India. There were hartals (strikes) and demonstrations. The slogans of Hindu-Muslim unity filled the air. The entire country was electrified. The Indian people were no longer willing to submit to the degradation of foreign rule.	1,152	ENGLISH	1
In simplest terms, the Boston Tea Party happened as a result of “taxation without representation”, yet the cause is more complex than that. The American colonists believed Britain was unfairly taxing them to pay for expenses incurred during the French and Indian War. Additionally, colonists believed Parliament did not have the right to tax them because the American colonies were not represented in Parliament. Since the beginning of the 18th century, tea had been regularly imported to the American colonies. By the time of the Boston Tea Party, it has been estimated American colonists drank approximately 1.2 million pounds of tea each year. Britain realized it could make even more money off of the lucrative tea trade by imposing taxes onto the American colonies. In effect, the cost of British tea became high, and, in response, American colonists began a very lucrative industry of smuggling tea from the Dutch and other European markets. These smuggling operations violated the Navigation Acts which had been in place since the middle of the 17th century. The smuggling of tea was undercutting the lucrative British tea trade. In response to the smuggling, in 1767 Parliament passed the Indemnity Act, which repealed the tax on tea and made British tea the same price as the Dutch. The Indemnity Act greatly cut down on American tea smuggling, but later in 1767 a new tax on tea was put in place by the Townshend Revenue Act. The act also taxed glass, lead, oil, paint, and paper. Due to boycotts and protests, the Townshend Revenue Act taxes on all commodities except tea were repealed in 1770. In 1773, the Tea Act was passed and granted the British East India Company a monopoly on tea sales in the American colonies. The smuggling of tea grew rampant and was a lucrative business venture for American colonists, such as John Hancock and Samuel Adams. The Townshend Revenue Act tea tax remained in place despite proposals to have it waived. American colonists were outraged over the tea tax. They believed the Tea Act was a tactic to gain colonial support for the tax already enforced. The direct sale of tea by agents of the British East India Company to the American colonies undercut the business of colonial merchants. The smuggled tea became more expensive than the British East India Company tea. Smugglers like John Hancock and Samuel Adams were trying to protect their economic interests by opposing the Tea Act, and Samuel Adams sold the opposition of British tea to the Patriots on the pretext of the abolishment of human rights by being taxed without representation.	<urn:uuid:241f1f10-415f-46e1-9dec-6d9b09afbcf7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.bostonteapartyship.com/boston-tea-party-cause	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606975.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122101729-20200122130729-00267.warc.gz	en	0.98166	504	4.375	4	[ 0.03689456731081009, -0.3728717565536499, 0.3804919123649597, -0.3888854682445526, -0.1514558494091034, -0.1882985681295395, 0.45895713567733765, -0.16221560537815094, -0.11056477576494217, 0.41451308131217957, 0.2884731590747833, -0.00651839142665267, -0.2712114155292511, 0.31272631883621...	4	In simplest terms, the Boston Tea Party happened as a result of “taxation without representation”, yet the cause is more complex than that. The American colonists believed Britain was unfairly taxing them to pay for expenses incurred during the French and Indian War. Additionally, colonists believed Parliament did not have the right to tax them because the American colonies were not represented in Parliament. Since the beginning of the 18th century, tea had been regularly imported to the American colonies. By the time of the Boston Tea Party, it has been estimated American colonists drank approximately 1.2 million pounds of tea each year. Britain realized it could make even more money off of the lucrative tea trade by imposing taxes onto the American colonies. In effect, the cost of British tea became high, and, in response, American colonists began a very lucrative industry of smuggling tea from the Dutch and other European markets. These smuggling operations violated the Navigation Acts which had been in place since the middle of the 17th century. The smuggling of tea was undercutting the lucrative British tea trade. In response to the smuggling, in 1767 Parliament passed the Indemnity Act, which repealed the tax on tea and made British tea the same price as the Dutch. The Indemnity Act greatly cut down on American tea smuggling, but later in 1767 a new tax on tea was put in place by the Townshend Revenue Act. The act also taxed glass, lead, oil, paint, and paper. Due to boycotts and protests, the Townshend Revenue Act taxes on all commodities except tea were repealed in 1770. In 1773, the Tea Act was passed and granted the British East India Company a monopoly on tea sales in the American colonies. The smuggling of tea grew rampant and was a lucrative business venture for American colonists, such as John Hancock and Samuel Adams. The Townshend Revenue Act tea tax remained in place despite proposals to have it waived. American colonists were outraged over the tea tax. They believed the Tea Act was a tactic to gain colonial support for the tax already enforced. The direct sale of tea by agents of the British East India Company to the American colonies undercut the business of colonial merchants. The smuggled tea became more expensive than the British East India Company tea. Smugglers like John Hancock and Samuel Adams were trying to protect their economic interests by opposing the Tea Act, and Samuel Adams sold the opposition of British tea to the Patriots on the pretext of the abolishment of human rights by being taxed without representation.	526	ENGLISH	1
Originally Published February 2013. Celtic Chariots & Cavalry As with many ancient peoples chariots were an important part of Celtic warfare. Chariots have been found among grave goods from La Tene era burials in Gaul to Yorkshire in Britain and appear on coins from the period. These were primarily light, single axle vehicles drawn by two ponies and carrying a single warrior and a driver. In the words of Caesar: “In chariot fighting the Britons begin by driving all over the field hurling javelins, and generally the terror inspired by the horses and the noise of the wheels are sufficient to throw their opponents’ ranks into disorder. Then after making their way between the squadrons of their own cavalry, they jump down from the chariots and engage on foot. In the meantime their charioteers retire a short distance from the battle and place the chariots in such a position that their masters, if hard pressed by numbers, have an easy means of retreat to their own lines. Thus they combine the mobility of cavalry with the staying power of infantry; and by daily training and practice they attain such proficiency that even on a steep incline they are able to control the horses at a full gallop, and to check and turn them in a moment. They can run along the chariot pole, stand on the yoke, and get back into the chariot as quick as lightning.” Caesar’s description from the first century B.C. shows that chariots were being used in Britain later than on the continent. The last recorded use of chariots in warfare on the continent was over a hundred years earlier at the Battle of Telemon in 225 B.C. Based on surviving tales they continued to be used for several centuries in Ireland. In spite of Caesar’s description of javelin throwing, it seems that chariots were often used more as a means of fast transport on the battlefield than as fighting platforms. “To each horseman were attached two servants, who were themselves skilled riders and, like their masters, had a horse. When the Galatian horsemen were engaged, the servants remained behind the ranks and proved useful in the following way. Should a horseman or his horse fall, the slave brought him a horse to mount; if the riders was killed, the slave mounted the horse in his master’s place; if both were killed, there was a mounted man ready. When a rider was wounded, one slave brought back to camp the wounded man, while the other took his vacant place in the ranks.” -Pausanius describing an attack on Greece in the second century. Mounted horseman also fought alongside chariots, and by the late Iron Age, cavalry began to supplant the chariot on the battlefields especially among the Gauls and Iberian Celts. Historians have claimed in the past that cavalry was not that effective in battle until the invention of the stirrup provided a rider with more stability. However, more recently, it has been shown that a saddle with four pommels had been developed in Asia and had made it’s way into Europe by the late Iron Age. The front pommels would extend out over the rider’s legs and allow him to squeeze them between his thighs for a secure seat and to fight with a lance or sword. It has been suggested that it was the introduction of this type of saddle along with larger breeds of horses more suitable for riding may have been part of what brought about the decline of the chariot.	<urn:uuid:7f55d860-ab4b-479d-8568-ed4f326c54d7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.kilts-n-stuff.com/Blog/celtic-chariots-and-cavalry/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250611127.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123160903-20200123185903-00067.warc.gz	en	0.985665	733	3.703125	4	[ -0.44828903675079346, 0.45482954382896423, 0.5187897682189941, 0.4642540216445923, -0.7489634156227112, -0.44097304344177246, 0.15496867895126343, 0.436836838722229, 0.3390594720840454, -0.056909412145614624, -0.24929773807525635, -0.4681858420372009, -0.15677572786808014, 0.47068774700164...	1	Originally Published February 2013. Celtic Chariots & Cavalry As with many ancient peoples chariots were an important part of Celtic warfare. Chariots have been found among grave goods from La Tene era burials in Gaul to Yorkshire in Britain and appear on coins from the period. These were primarily light, single axle vehicles drawn by two ponies and carrying a single warrior and a driver. In the words of Caesar: “In chariot fighting the Britons begin by driving all over the field hurling javelins, and generally the terror inspired by the horses and the noise of the wheels are sufficient to throw their opponents’ ranks into disorder. Then after making their way between the squadrons of their own cavalry, they jump down from the chariots and engage on foot. In the meantime their charioteers retire a short distance from the battle and place the chariots in such a position that their masters, if hard pressed by numbers, have an easy means of retreat to their own lines. Thus they combine the mobility of cavalry with the staying power of infantry; and by daily training and practice they attain such proficiency that even on a steep incline they are able to control the horses at a full gallop, and to check and turn them in a moment. They can run along the chariot pole, stand on the yoke, and get back into the chariot as quick as lightning.” Caesar’s description from the first century B.C. shows that chariots were being used in Britain later than on the continent. The last recorded use of chariots in warfare on the continent was over a hundred years earlier at the Battle of Telemon in 225 B.C. Based on surviving tales they continued to be used for several centuries in Ireland. In spite of Caesar’s description of javelin throwing, it seems that chariots were often used more as a means of fast transport on the battlefield than as fighting platforms. “To each horseman were attached two servants, who were themselves skilled riders and, like their masters, had a horse. When the Galatian horsemen were engaged, the servants remained behind the ranks and proved useful in the following way. Should a horseman or his horse fall, the slave brought him a horse to mount; if the riders was killed, the slave mounted the horse in his master’s place; if both were killed, there was a mounted man ready. When a rider was wounded, one slave brought back to camp the wounded man, while the other took his vacant place in the ranks.” -Pausanius describing an attack on Greece in the second century. Mounted horseman also fought alongside chariots, and by the late Iron Age, cavalry began to supplant the chariot on the battlefields especially among the Gauls and Iberian Celts. Historians have claimed in the past that cavalry was not that effective in battle until the invention of the stirrup provided a rider with more stability. However, more recently, it has been shown that a saddle with four pommels had been developed in Asia and had made it’s way into Europe by the late Iron Age. The front pommels would extend out over the rider’s legs and allow him to squeeze them between his thighs for a secure seat and to fight with a lance or sword. It has been suggested that it was the introduction of this type of saddle along with larger breeds of horses more suitable for riding may have been part of what brought about the decline of the chariot.	719	ENGLISH	1
Download Full Text (229 KB) 6th Chalmers Street, Charleston, SC is important because it is where the Antebellum slave trade was once located. It was the last known slave facility that bought and sold people in South Carolina. In the Slave Voyage Database shows that the Carolinas in North America with a total of 151,481 disembarked, making the Carolinas having the most disembarked from Africa. Many people only picture men when they think of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. While men did play a big part in the slave voyages, women were also very prominent during this time. The majority of ships that took sail had an abundance of women on them. Not only did most ships have many women aboard, there are many that had generously more women than there were men. One ship called the Saint Jose Diligente was entirely made up of women with 0% males. A big of the slaves that were transported were bought by Britain and Portugal. Britain And Portugal were going head to head trying to move into the new world or anywhere in the western hemisphere. Britain was the country to be second to Portugal being of the world.. Britain transported about 3.1 Million Slaves and Portugal transported about 5.8 Million. There were many ships that carried 50% or more children in a single voyage, and the amount of adults on the ship would be less than the amount of children. There were two ships that carried completely children one of which is unnamed, and the Amélia(4674) that arrived in the Caribbean. Besides these two ships there were other voyages that had 50% or more children, meaning that there were at times more children than adults, perhaps slavers found it easier to maintain children than adults South Carolina, Charleston, slave trade Sanford, Mackenzie; Tillis, Katelyn; Harden, Colby; and Counts, Chris, "Broken Chains of South Carolina" (2019). History from Below: Memorialization Projects. 7.	<urn:uuid:8f97b6d0-8210-4b33-97a1-20c731d9ba8d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://csuepress.columbusstate.edu/historyfrombelow/7/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250609478.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123071220-20200123100220-00347.warc.gz	en	0.981482	407	3.796875	4	[ 0.10496707260608673, 0.2075025737285614, 0.1642661690711975, -0.47821661829948425, -0.0697212815284729, -0.1277236044406891, 0.06317856907844543, -0.06179329752922058, -0.03303936496376991, 0.08186288923025131, 0.5999211668968201, -0.29139527678489685, -0.21549774706363678, 0.2055643498897...	1	Download Full Text (229 KB) 6th Chalmers Street, Charleston, SC is important because it is where the Antebellum slave trade was once located. It was the last known slave facility that bought and sold people in South Carolina. In the Slave Voyage Database shows that the Carolinas in North America with a total of 151,481 disembarked, making the Carolinas having the most disembarked from Africa. Many people only picture men when they think of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. While men did play a big part in the slave voyages, women were also very prominent during this time. The majority of ships that took sail had an abundance of women on them. Not only did most ships have many women aboard, there are many that had generously more women than there were men. One ship called the Saint Jose Diligente was entirely made up of women with 0% males. A big of the slaves that were transported were bought by Britain and Portugal. Britain And Portugal were going head to head trying to move into the new world or anywhere in the western hemisphere. Britain was the country to be second to Portugal being of the world.. Britain transported about 3.1 Million Slaves and Portugal transported about 5.8 Million. There were many ships that carried 50% or more children in a single voyage, and the amount of adults on the ship would be less than the amount of children. There were two ships that carried completely children one of which is unnamed, and the Amélia(4674) that arrived in the Caribbean. Besides these two ships there were other voyages that had 50% or more children, meaning that there were at times more children than adults, perhaps slavers found it easier to maintain children than adults South Carolina, Charleston, slave trade Sanford, Mackenzie; Tillis, Katelyn; Harden, Colby; and Counts, Chris, "Broken Chains of South Carolina" (2019). History from Below: Memorialization Projects. 7.	423	ENGLISH	1
Pierre du Bois, Baron d'Avaugour FREE Catholic Classes The Baron d'Avaugour (d. 1664) was sixth Governor General of Canada. Born of an ancient family in Brittany, he served in the French army forty years; travelled in Persia, Russia, Poland, and Sweden, and took part in all the campaigns in Germany. This familiarity with camp life made his naturally eccentric character rough and unsociable as well. In I661 he was chosen to succeed d'Argenson as Governor of New France and arrived in Quebec on 31 August of that year. Utterly averse to pomp and ceremony, he refused the honours which the people of Canada wished to show him, and set out at once for Montreal, in order to familiarize himself with the state of the country. The result was embodied in a report which he sent to Colbert and the great Condé, wherein he advised the fortification of Quebec and the approaches to it by outworks at Ile d'Orléans and at Lévis. He also recommended that the colony should be freed of its useless officials, to be replaced by soldiers who could hold the Iroquois in check, and prevent the Dutch from supplying them with arms. He formed a council, at the head of which he placed the Superior of the Jesuits. The sale of drink to the Indians was forbidden under pain of death, a penalty which the governor indicted on several who had disobeyed his orders. He became embroiled in a quarrel with the bishop and the Jesuits, because they had begged the release of a poor widow whom he had caused to be imprisoned for selling brandy. He dissolved his council, in order to surround himself with more subservient advisers, and removed the prohibition imposed on the sale of liquor. Serious disorders ensued, the priests preached against misuse of authority, and an earthquake which shook the whole valley of the St. Lawrence was looked upon by the people as Divine chastisement. Bishop Laval found it necessary to return to France to ask for the governor's recall. D'Avaugour was relieved of his command, and a royal cornmissioner was charged to make enquiries as to his conduct. The governor left Quebec, 23 July, 1663. On his arrival in France he sumitted two statements to the king in regard to the measures to be taken for the colonization and defence of Canada ; he advised the concentration of the troops at Quebec and the building of a fort at the head of the Richelieu river, also that the Dutch should be driven out of Fort Orange (Albany), and that the French should take possession of the Hudson River, in order to gain exit to the sea. At a later date one of his suggestions was acted on, when veteran soldiers were sent to Canada with permission to settle as colonists. D'Avaugour asked to be allowed to resume active service, and was sent to Austria, where Louis XIV was aiding the rising of the Croats. He died a soldier's death white bravely defending the fortress of Zrin against the Turks. Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. All materials contained on this site, whether written, audible or visual are the exclusive property of Catholic Online and are protected under U.S. and International copyright laws, © Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. Any unauthorized use, without prior written consent of Catholic Online is strictly forbidden and prohibited. Catholic Online is a Project of Your Catholic Voice Foundation, a Not-for-Profit Corporation. Your Catholic Voice Foundation has been granted a recognition of tax exemption under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Federal Tax Identification Number: 81-0596847. Your gift is tax-deductible as allowed by law.	<urn:uuid:b9d5f231-c162-4770-80a3-9dde7c8ee562>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=1309	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594662.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119151736-20200119175736-00371.warc.gz	en	0.980769	760	3.5	4	[ -0.04507383704185486, 0.50128173828125, 0.2960241436958313, -0.4684487581253052, 0.08173531293869019, -0.3373408317565918, 0.303510844707489, 0.3173341155052185, -0.17830190062522888, 0.12781816720962524, -0.03007109835743904, -0.2236349731683731, -0.2913427948951721, 0.11925026029348373, ...	1	Pierre du Bois, Baron d'Avaugour FREE Catholic Classes The Baron d'Avaugour (d. 1664) was sixth Governor General of Canada. Born of an ancient family in Brittany, he served in the French army forty years; travelled in Persia, Russia, Poland, and Sweden, and took part in all the campaigns in Germany. This familiarity with camp life made his naturally eccentric character rough and unsociable as well. In I661 he was chosen to succeed d'Argenson as Governor of New France and arrived in Quebec on 31 August of that year. Utterly averse to pomp and ceremony, he refused the honours which the people of Canada wished to show him, and set out at once for Montreal, in order to familiarize himself with the state of the country. The result was embodied in a report which he sent to Colbert and the great Condé, wherein he advised the fortification of Quebec and the approaches to it by outworks at Ile d'Orléans and at Lévis. He also recommended that the colony should be freed of its useless officials, to be replaced by soldiers who could hold the Iroquois in check, and prevent the Dutch from supplying them with arms. He formed a council, at the head of which he placed the Superior of the Jesuits. The sale of drink to the Indians was forbidden under pain of death, a penalty which the governor indicted on several who had disobeyed his orders. He became embroiled in a quarrel with the bishop and the Jesuits, because they had begged the release of a poor widow whom he had caused to be imprisoned for selling brandy. He dissolved his council, in order to surround himself with more subservient advisers, and removed the prohibition imposed on the sale of liquor. Serious disorders ensued, the priests preached against misuse of authority, and an earthquake which shook the whole valley of the St. Lawrence was looked upon by the people as Divine chastisement. Bishop Laval found it necessary to return to France to ask for the governor's recall. D'Avaugour was relieved of his command, and a royal cornmissioner was charged to make enquiries as to his conduct. The governor left Quebec, 23 July, 1663. On his arrival in France he sumitted two statements to the king in regard to the measures to be taken for the colonization and defence of Canada ; he advised the concentration of the troops at Quebec and the building of a fort at the head of the Richelieu river, also that the Dutch should be driven out of Fort Orange (Albany), and that the French should take possession of the Hudson River, in order to gain exit to the sea. At a later date one of his suggestions was acted on, when veteran soldiers were sent to Canada with permission to settle as colonists. D'Avaugour asked to be allowed to resume active service, and was sent to Austria, where Louis XIV was aiding the rising of the Croats. He died a soldier's death white bravely defending the fortress of Zrin against the Turks. Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. All materials contained on this site, whether written, audible or visual are the exclusive property of Catholic Online and are protected under U.S. and International copyright laws, © Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. Any unauthorized use, without prior written consent of Catholic Online is strictly forbidden and prohibited. Catholic Online is a Project of Your Catholic Voice Foundation, a Not-for-Profit Corporation. Your Catholic Voice Foundation has been granted a recognition of tax exemption under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Federal Tax Identification Number: 81-0596847. Your gift is tax-deductible as allowed by law.	789	ENGLISH	1
מאמר - PARACHUTISTS After August 1942, when the outside world began to understand what was happening to the Jews of Europe, plans for bringing help to them began to take shape wherever there were free Jewish communities. Most of the ideas came down to protest meetings and appeals. The Yishuv (Jewish community in Eretz Israel) knew that was not enough and decided that no matter what the obstacles the perishing Jews of Europe had to be reached. The climax of this effort came with the venture of the parachutists, most of whom lost their lives in action and are now commemorated with this stamp. As the German armies advanced and extended their radius of authority, it became clear that efforts to penetrate by land had to be supplemented by a bold attempt to land behind enemy lines, something which could only be done by air. The conception was brilliant and daring. It could not be carried out by the Jews of Palestine alone and needed the approval, cooperation, and assistance of the British military. The British understood that it made sense to use Palestinians as parachutists - many of the young men and women had come to Palestine from the Balkans, they knew the languages and were familiar with the territory and local conditions. They were ideal people for securing information, for establishing contacts with underground movements and partisans, and for assisting the escape of prisoners of war. The Yishuv volunteers from Palestine, moreover, mad no secret of the fact that they would also seek to rescue the Jew of Europe wherever and however possible. The British finally agreed. Volunteers would be given training as parachutists and dropped in the Balkans as developments would require. The first group entered training in early 1943. Their role was a complex and difficult one; the individuals chosen had to be far above average in bravery, initiative, and quick thinking. They had to be spies and heroes, fliers and secret agents; in addition, they had to be impelled by a special passion to aid their people. The stamp shows a parachutist descending behind enemy lines.	<urn:uuid:2842f221-42c0-4129-937a-26733e0aeb33>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://israelphilately.org.il/he/catalog/articles/396/PARACHUTISTS	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00141.warc.gz	en	0.982161	420	3.703125	4	[ -0.31584998965263367, 0.4045717418193817, -0.14782403409481049, 0.24718473851680756, -0.0682377964258194, 0.3156242072582245, 0.3117491900920868, 0.5069400668144226, -0.04079901799559593, -0.11673188209533691, 0.20336197316646576, -0.395014226436615, 0.011418160982429981, 0.343713074922561...	2	מאמר - PARACHUTISTS After August 1942, when the outside world began to understand what was happening to the Jews of Europe, plans for bringing help to them began to take shape wherever there were free Jewish communities. Most of the ideas came down to protest meetings and appeals. The Yishuv (Jewish community in Eretz Israel) knew that was not enough and decided that no matter what the obstacles the perishing Jews of Europe had to be reached. The climax of this effort came with the venture of the parachutists, most of whom lost their lives in action and are now commemorated with this stamp. As the German armies advanced and extended their radius of authority, it became clear that efforts to penetrate by land had to be supplemented by a bold attempt to land behind enemy lines, something which could only be done by air. The conception was brilliant and daring. It could not be carried out by the Jews of Palestine alone and needed the approval, cooperation, and assistance of the British military. The British understood that it made sense to use Palestinians as parachutists - many of the young men and women had come to Palestine from the Balkans, they knew the languages and were familiar with the territory and local conditions. They were ideal people for securing information, for establishing contacts with underground movements and partisans, and for assisting the escape of prisoners of war. The Yishuv volunteers from Palestine, moreover, mad no secret of the fact that they would also seek to rescue the Jew of Europe wherever and however possible. The British finally agreed. Volunteers would be given training as parachutists and dropped in the Balkans as developments would require. The first group entered training in early 1943. Their role was a complex and difficult one; the individuals chosen had to be far above average in bravery, initiative, and quick thinking. They had to be spies and heroes, fliers and secret agents; in addition, they had to be impelled by a special passion to aid their people. The stamp shows a parachutist descending behind enemy lines.	423	ENGLISH	1
On November 14, 2012, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) reported findings in a recent study that found high levels of PCBs can delay pregnancy for couples compared to couples with low amounts of the chemicals in their blood. PCBs, or polychlorinated biphenyls, are mainly used as coolants and lubricants in electrical equipment, but they have other purposes as well. They classify as persistent organochlorine pollutants, which is a group of chemicals including other industrial chemicals and some pesticides. The NIH reports that chemicals resist decaying and can remain in the soil, water, and the food chain for decades. The health effects of PCBs have long been recorded, but few studies have examined how the chemicals affect the chance of pregnancy. During the study, called the Longitudinal Investigation of Fertility and the Environment (LIFE), 501 couples from Michigan and Texas were examined between 2005 and 2009. The women were between 18 and 44, and all of the men were over the age of 18. Blood samples were taken and examined for PCBs and PFCs, or perfluorochemicals. The women were also required to keep journal entries of their menstrual cycle and results from home pregnancy tests, and the couples were followed as they tried for pregnancy up to a year. The study showed that the odds of pregnancy were reduced by 18 to 21 percent if females were exposed to significant levels of perfluorooctane sulfonamide and/or PCB congeners 118, 167, or 209. Odds of pregnancy were reduced by 17 to 29 percent if males were exposed to DDE (created when DDT degrades in the environment) and/or PCB congeners 138, 156, 167, 170, 172, and 209. Other chemicals were not ruled out during the study, and the NIH admits that a combination of chemicals could lead to significant pregnancy delays. Previous research by the LIFE study found that high levels of lead and cadmium in the blood can significantly delay pregnancy as well. Source: National Institutes of Health	<urn:uuid:4799b64f-5ede-4506-885a-d7c460f3aca8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://environmental.laws.com/environmental-news/pcbs-contribute-to-significant-pregnancy-delays-35471.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589560.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117123339-20200117151339-00023.warc.gz	en	0.98508	416	3.59375	4	[ -0.07115491479635239, 0.5715821385383606, -0.2454584538936615, 0.16436097025871277, 0.350320965051651, 0.39216676354408264, 0.24139365553855896, 0.1871212273836136, -0.017860818654298782, -0.4740449786186218, -0.11762858182191849, -0.2994765341281891, 0.1887366622686386, 0.2284341752529144...	14	On November 14, 2012, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) reported findings in a recent study that found high levels of PCBs can delay pregnancy for couples compared to couples with low amounts of the chemicals in their blood. PCBs, or polychlorinated biphenyls, are mainly used as coolants and lubricants in electrical equipment, but they have other purposes as well. They classify as persistent organochlorine pollutants, which is a group of chemicals including other industrial chemicals and some pesticides. The NIH reports that chemicals resist decaying and can remain in the soil, water, and the food chain for decades. The health effects of PCBs have long been recorded, but few studies have examined how the chemicals affect the chance of pregnancy. During the study, called the Longitudinal Investigation of Fertility and the Environment (LIFE), 501 couples from Michigan and Texas were examined between 2005 and 2009. The women were between 18 and 44, and all of the men were over the age of 18. Blood samples were taken and examined for PCBs and PFCs, or perfluorochemicals. The women were also required to keep journal entries of their menstrual cycle and results from home pregnancy tests, and the couples were followed as they tried for pregnancy up to a year. The study showed that the odds of pregnancy were reduced by 18 to 21 percent if females were exposed to significant levels of perfluorooctane sulfonamide and/or PCB congeners 118, 167, or 209. Odds of pregnancy were reduced by 17 to 29 percent if males were exposed to DDE (created when DDT degrades in the environment) and/or PCB congeners 138, 156, 167, 170, 172, and 209. Other chemicals were not ruled out during the study, and the NIH admits that a combination of chemicals could lead to significant pregnancy delays. Previous research by the LIFE study found that high levels of lead and cadmium in the blood can significantly delay pregnancy as well. Source: National Institutes of Health	467	ENGLISH	1
Double Spiral Celtic Ring Epona, meaning "Divine Mare", was the goddess of horses, including all those who worked with them, as well as fertility during the Iron age. Her worship originated with nomadic Celts in Gaul and extended throughout Continental Europe and the Roman Empire. Epona was the only Celtic deity venerated in Rome itself. The myth states Epona was the beautiful child of horse and man. The importance of horses in Celtic culture may have contributed to her cult spreading from Gaul to Germany and eventually to Rome. For example, Celtic nobles were usually buried with their horses and saddles indicating horses were important in the after-life. The extensive worship of Epona may also be the reason why the Celts did not eat horse meat. The connection between Epona and horses was also present in the rites of Celtic kings as the goddess was thought to bestow on the king his authority to rule during a ritual. Epona's importance was later signified with a shrine in nearly every stable in the Roman Empire because she protected not only the horses but also those who worked with them.	<urn:uuid:aabb0a4f-5e3e-49d9-8262-1796887fd345>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.celticjewelry.ie/epona-celtic-ring.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598217.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120081337-20200120105337-00266.warc.gz	en	0.988348	224	3.625	4	[ -0.07753647863864899, 0.1756328046321869, 0.3835897147655487, 0.5202311277389526, -0.7187342643737793, 0.015429704450070858, 0.14000339806079865, 0.194114550948143, 0.43558043241500854, 0.28207945823669434, -0.19656921923160553, -0.8606328368186951, -0.29598718881607056, 0.0106514003127813...	5	Double Spiral Celtic Ring Epona, meaning "Divine Mare", was the goddess of horses, including all those who worked with them, as well as fertility during the Iron age. Her worship originated with nomadic Celts in Gaul and extended throughout Continental Europe and the Roman Empire. Epona was the only Celtic deity venerated in Rome itself. The myth states Epona was the beautiful child of horse and man. The importance of horses in Celtic culture may have contributed to her cult spreading from Gaul to Germany and eventually to Rome. For example, Celtic nobles were usually buried with their horses and saddles indicating horses were important in the after-life. The extensive worship of Epona may also be the reason why the Celts did not eat horse meat. The connection between Epona and horses was also present in the rites of Celtic kings as the goddess was thought to bestow on the king his authority to rule during a ritual. Epona's importance was later signified with a shrine in nearly every stable in the Roman Empire because she protected not only the horses but also those who worked with them.	227	ENGLISH	1
This might be new to you, but the words upon and Apon are commonly interchangeably used by many people. Some might think that the word Apon is not an English word and not in the dictionary but it is a legitimate English word and shares the same manner of usage. They are both prepositions but the word Apon is not commonly used in today’s modern times. Upon means up or on an example is: The boy mounted upon his new horse. Upon could also mean being with time like: Upon her arrival, the band started to play her favorite song. Apon, on the other hand, is not commonly used today in Modern English. This was used during the Middle English era and meant the same as upon. You might catch this old preposition in old poetry and stories. Upon is a preposition that is frequently used in sentences to give direction or relationship between two things. Apon is also a preposition in the English language. However, apon is not used as frequently as upon. Apon is a word that has not been heard of by many people. They only know how to spell that word as “upon.” Apon was used in Middle English times? The only time that you would see the word “apon” is in old poems. Many words that are considered to be in old English were spelled a little differently, but they are easy to figure out because usually, only one letter has changed as in this example with the “a” in apon changing to a “u” in upon.	<urn:uuid:e3cf0aff-1b0c-430b-b226-9ed4af9848f3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.proprofs.com/discuss/q/1709412/what-is-the-difference-between-upon-and-apon	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589560.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117123339-20200117151339-00310.warc.gz	en	0.988257	324	3.453125	3	[ -0.09756448864936829, -0.19340506196022034, 0.4831200838088989, -0.024239612743258476, -0.17789316177368164, -0.24006551504135132, 0.6862726807594299, -0.08934042602777481, 0.09647809714078903, -0.27882951498031616, 0.07202686369419098, -0.05433516576886177, -0.004254605155438185, -0.09024...	2	This might be new to you, but the words upon and Apon are commonly interchangeably used by many people. Some might think that the word Apon is not an English word and not in the dictionary but it is a legitimate English word and shares the same manner of usage. They are both prepositions but the word Apon is not commonly used in today’s modern times. Upon means up or on an example is: The boy mounted upon his new horse. Upon could also mean being with time like: Upon her arrival, the band started to play her favorite song. Apon, on the other hand, is not commonly used today in Modern English. This was used during the Middle English era and meant the same as upon. You might catch this old preposition in old poetry and stories. Upon is a preposition that is frequently used in sentences to give direction or relationship between two things. Apon is also a preposition in the English language. However, apon is not used as frequently as upon. Apon is a word that has not been heard of by many people. They only know how to spell that word as “upon.” Apon was used in Middle English times? The only time that you would see the word “apon” is in old poems. Many words that are considered to be in old English were spelled a little differently, but they are easy to figure out because usually, only one letter has changed as in this example with the “a” in apon changing to a “u” in upon.	309	ENGLISH	1
Following you can see a Crusader fortress built in the 12th century near the banks of the Jordan River in what today is Israel. It was built in order to secure a bridge across the river. The fort was completely destroyed a few months after it was erected. Amazingly, the fortress was erected just above a geological rift (Syrian African rift AKA the Great Rift Valley), whose geological activity sliced it down the middle. While the fortress’s eastern side moved north with the Asian continent, its western side moved south west (with the African continent). Thus far, the sides have moved over 2 meters since the fort’s erection. A mosque that was built on top of the fort during the Muslim occupation has since also been split in two. The rapid displacement is attributed to two or three earthquakes that occurred at the site. Today, the fort helps to measure the rate of movement of tectonic plates in the area. The name of the place – Ateret. Photos by Maor Kohn	<urn:uuid:fe51fb12-12e2-4856-8495-1b07c1faeadf>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://economarks.com/en/the-fortress-which-had-cut-into-pieces/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00015.warc.gz	en	0.981645	205	3.296875	3	[ -0.1855897307395935, 0.6447005271911621, 0.159616157412529, 0.3892793357372284, -0.24092860519886017, 0.03416647017002106, -0.07875604927539825, 0.36709123849868774, -0.26234203577041626, 0.285143107175827, 0.16718798875808716, -0.7207948565483093, 0.2567889392375946, 0.17064419388771057, ...	7	Following you can see a Crusader fortress built in the 12th century near the banks of the Jordan River in what today is Israel. It was built in order to secure a bridge across the river. The fort was completely destroyed a few months after it was erected. Amazingly, the fortress was erected just above a geological rift (Syrian African rift AKA the Great Rift Valley), whose geological activity sliced it down the middle. While the fortress’s eastern side moved north with the Asian continent, its western side moved south west (with the African continent). Thus far, the sides have moved over 2 meters since the fort’s erection. A mosque that was built on top of the fort during the Muslim occupation has since also been split in two. The rapid displacement is attributed to two or three earthquakes that occurred at the site. Today, the fort helps to measure the rate of movement of tectonic plates in the area. The name of the place – Ateret. Photos by Maor Kohn	204	ENGLISH	1
People - Ancient Egypt: Teti OLD KINGDOM 6th Dynasty (2345 - 2333) The age of the Pyramid. The pyramids of Giza and Dahshur are built during Teti in Tour Egypt TETI, FIRST RULER OF THE SIXTH DYNASTY by Jimmy Dunn. Egypt's 6th Dynasty marks the decent into the darkness of the First Intermediate Period in Egypt's history. At times, the rule of these kings is somewhat obscure, including that of Teti (sometimes also known as Othoes, from Manetho), who was the first king and the founder of the 6th Dynasty His reign settled some of the accession problems following the death of Unas. In fact, he adapted the Horus name, Seheteptawy, which means, "He who pacifies the Two Lands". He ruled Ancient Egypt from around 2345 until 2333 BC, though of course Egyptologists differ on these dates, as well as his length of rule. The Turin King's List gives him less then one year's rule, which most scholars find very unlikely. Manetho suggests thirty, to thirty-three years, but there is no evidence of his jubilee festival, so this also seems unlikely. The latest known date from Teti's reign is that of the "sixth census", an event that took place on average every two years, or possibly every year and a half. Therefore many Egyptologists give him a reign of twelve years. His wife, Queen Iput I, was probably the daughter of King Unas who was the last king of the 5th Dynasty. The queen was the mother of Teti's heir, King Pepi I. Historians believe that she is the one that gave him the royal power, legitimizing his rule. She is buried in her own pyramid near Teti's at Saqqara. Other wives included Khuit and Weret-Imtes. Along with his son, Pepi I, he also probably had another son named Teti-ankh-km, which means "Teti-ankh the Black", and a daughter named Seshseshet (also called Watet-khet-her). Her marriage to the vizier Mereruka probably furthered Teti's political stability, creating good will within the increasingly powerful Almost all the major court officials of King Unas remained in power during Teti's reign, including his other vizier, Kagemni. As stated, we know little about Teti's reign, though there is evidence that quarry work was performed on his behalf at Hatnub near Abydos, and that he maintained commercial and diplomatic relations with Byblos. He also may have maintained relations with Punt and Nubia, at least as for south as the site of Tomas in northern Nubia. We have evidence of his exempting the temple at Abydos from taxes, and he was the first ruler to be particularly associated with the cult of Hathor at Dendera. Teti granted more lands to Abydos and his name was inscribed in Hatnub. He built a pyramid in Saqqara which is called by modern Egyptians the "Prison Pyramid". Egyptologists discovered a statue of him made of black and pink granite. The statue is located at the The king was murdered by his guards for mysterious reasons, according to the Manetho. However, there is no other evidence of this violent death, though it might help to explain the possible short rule of a King Userkare, possibly between that of of Teti and his son, Pepi I. It is interesting to note that this king, arbitrarily left out of most modern lists of kings, is better attested to then most histories of Egypt allow. Many references today point out that the only references we have for Userkare are from the Turin and Abydos king's lists, but this is not so. Other documents bearing his name have survived, including one referring to workers at Qau el-Kebir south of Asyut who were possibly engaged in building his tomb. Userkare means the "Ka of Ra is powerful", and therefore has a strong resonance of the 5th Dynasty. Therefore, Userkare may have been a surviving rival of Teti from the 5th Dynasty. However, he may have also simply been a regent associated with Queen Iput after Teti's death, as Pepi I may have been too young to ascend the throne at that time. Teti in Wikipedia Teti, less commonly known as Othoes, was the first Pharaoh of the Sixth dynasty of Egypt and is buried at Saqqara. The exact length of his reign has been destroyed on the Turin King List, but is believed to have been about 12 years. Teti had several wives: Queen Iput, likely the daughter of King Unas, the last king of the Fifth dynasty. Iput I was the mother of Pepi I Queen Khuit, who may have been the mother of Userkare (according to Jonosi and Callender) Queen Khent (or Khentkaus III). Known from a relief of Pepi I's mortuary temple. She may have been buried in a mastaba. Weret-Imtes? This queen is mentioned in the autobiography of Wenis. It may be a reference to the title of the queen instead of her personal name. She was involved in a harem plot to overthrow Pepi, but apparently was caught before she succeeded. In the tomb of the official Wenis there is mention of "a secret charge in the royal harem against the Great of Sceptre". Teti is known to have had several children. He was the father of Pepi I and he may have been the father of Userkare and a prince by the name of Teti-ankh-kem. A daughter by the name of Seshseshet Watet-khet-her was married to Mereruka who served as vizier. Another daughter named Nebty-nubkhet Sesheshet (D) was married to Kagemni, who served as vizier at some point. A third possible daughter is During Teti's reign, high officials were beginning to build funerary monuments that rivaled that of the Pharaoh. His vizier, Mereruka, built a mastaba tomb at Saqqara which consisted of 33 richly carved rooms, the biggest known tomb for an Egyptian nobleman. This is considered to be a sign that Egypt's wealth was being transferred from the central court to the officials, a slow process that culminated in the end to the Old Kingdom. Manetho states that Teti was murdered by his palace bodyguards in a harem plot, but he may have been assassinated by the usurper Userkare . He was buried in the royal necropolis at Saqqara. His pyramid complex is associated with the mastabas of officials from his reign. Teti's Highest date is his Year after the 6th Count 3rd Month of Summer day lost (Year 12 if the count was biannual) from Hatnub Graffito No.1. This information is confirmed by the South Saqqara Stone Annal document from Pepi II's reign which gives him a reign of around 12 years. 3rd "subsidiary" pyramid to Teti's tomb Teti's mother was the Queen Sesheshet, who was instrumental in her son's accession to the throne and a reconciling of two warring factions of the royal family. Sesheshet lived between 2323 BC to 2291 BC. Egypt's chief archaeologist Zahi Hawass, secretary general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, announced, on November 11, 2008, that she was entombed, in a 4,300-year-old headless 5 metre (16- foot-tall) Saqqara most complete subsidiary pyramid. This is the 118th pyramid discovered thus far in Egypt, the largest portion of its 2 metres wide beautiful casing was built with a superstructure 5 metres high. It originally reached 14 metres, with sides 22 metres The ruins of Teti's pyramid (Saqqara) Pyramid texts from Teti I's pyramid at Saqqara Once 5 stories tall, it lay beneath 23 feet (7 meters) of sand, a small shrine and mud-brick walls from later periods. The 3rd known "subsidiary" pyramid to Teti's tomb, was originally 46 feet (14 meters) tall and 72 feet (22 meters) square at its base, due to its walls having stood at a 51-degree angle. Buried next to the Saqqara Step Pyramid, its base lies 65 feet underground and is believed to have been 50 feet tall when it was built.	<urn:uuid:93edd549-c077-405c-ba53-9ca134fcca41>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.bible-history.com/links.php?cat=46&sub=3291&cat_name=People+-+Ancient+Egypt&subcat_name=Teti+	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251779833.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128153713-20200128183713-00132.warc.gz	en	0.981395	1,896	3.3125	3	[ -0.43242207169532776, 0.958393394947052, 0.3224044442176819, -0.12163210660219193, -0.9551711678504944, -0.46437349915504456, 0.18863137066364288, -0.24293774366378784, 0.07760235667228699, 0.09899194538593292, 0.18925318121910095, -0.5673964023590088, -0.056168150156736374, 0.145520493388...	1	People - Ancient Egypt: Teti OLD KINGDOM 6th Dynasty (2345 - 2333) The age of the Pyramid. The pyramids of Giza and Dahshur are built during Teti in Tour Egypt TETI, FIRST RULER OF THE SIXTH DYNASTY by Jimmy Dunn. Egypt's 6th Dynasty marks the decent into the darkness of the First Intermediate Period in Egypt's history. At times, the rule of these kings is somewhat obscure, including that of Teti (sometimes also known as Othoes, from Manetho), who was the first king and the founder of the 6th Dynasty His reign settled some of the accession problems following the death of Unas. In fact, he adapted the Horus name, Seheteptawy, which means, "He who pacifies the Two Lands". He ruled Ancient Egypt from around 2345 until 2333 BC, though of course Egyptologists differ on these dates, as well as his length of rule. The Turin King's List gives him less then one year's rule, which most scholars find very unlikely. Manetho suggests thirty, to thirty-three years, but there is no evidence of his jubilee festival, so this also seems unlikely. The latest known date from Teti's reign is that of the "sixth census", an event that took place on average every two years, or possibly every year and a half. Therefore many Egyptologists give him a reign of twelve years. His wife, Queen Iput I, was probably the daughter of King Unas who was the last king of the 5th Dynasty. The queen was the mother of Teti's heir, King Pepi I. Historians believe that she is the one that gave him the royal power, legitimizing his rule. She is buried in her own pyramid near Teti's at Saqqara. Other wives included Khuit and Weret-Imtes. Along with his son, Pepi I, he also probably had another son named Teti-ankh-km, which means "Teti-ankh the Black", and a daughter named Seshseshet (also called Watet-khet-her). Her marriage to the vizier Mereruka probably furthered Teti's political stability, creating good will within the increasingly powerful Almost all the major court officials of King Unas remained in power during Teti's reign, including his other vizier, Kagemni. As stated, we know little about Teti's reign, though there is evidence that quarry work was performed on his behalf at Hatnub near Abydos, and that he maintained commercial and diplomatic relations with Byblos. He also may have maintained relations with Punt and Nubia, at least as for south as the site of Tomas in northern Nubia. We have evidence of his exempting the temple at Abydos from taxes, and he was the first ruler to be particularly associated with the cult of Hathor at Dendera. Teti granted more lands to Abydos and his name was inscribed in Hatnub. He built a pyramid in Saqqara which is called by modern Egyptians the "Prison Pyramid". Egyptologists discovered a statue of him made of black and pink granite. The statue is located at the The king was murdered by his guards for mysterious reasons, according to the Manetho. However, there is no other evidence of this violent death, though it might help to explain the possible short rule of a King Userkare, possibly between that of of Teti and his son, Pepi I. It is interesting to note that this king, arbitrarily left out of most modern lists of kings, is better attested to then most histories of Egypt allow. Many references today point out that the only references we have for Userkare are from the Turin and Abydos king's lists, but this is not so. Other documents bearing his name have survived, including one referring to workers at Qau el-Kebir south of Asyut who were possibly engaged in building his tomb. Userkare means the "Ka of Ra is powerful", and therefore has a strong resonance of the 5th Dynasty. Therefore, Userkare may have been a surviving rival of Teti from the 5th Dynasty. However, he may have also simply been a regent associated with Queen Iput after Teti's death, as Pepi I may have been too young to ascend the throne at that time. Teti in Wikipedia Teti, less commonly known as Othoes, was the first Pharaoh of the Sixth dynasty of Egypt and is buried at Saqqara. The exact length of his reign has been destroyed on the Turin King List, but is believed to have been about 12 years. Teti had several wives: Queen Iput, likely the daughter of King Unas, the last king of the Fifth dynasty. Iput I was the mother of Pepi I Queen Khuit, who may have been the mother of Userkare (according to Jonosi and Callender) Queen Khent (or Khentkaus III). Known from a relief of Pepi I's mortuary temple. She may have been buried in a mastaba. Weret-Imtes? This queen is mentioned in the autobiography of Wenis. It may be a reference to the title of the queen instead of her personal name. She was involved in a harem plot to overthrow Pepi, but apparently was caught before she succeeded. In the tomb of the official Wenis there is mention of "a secret charge in the royal harem against the Great of Sceptre". Teti is known to have had several children. He was the father of Pepi I and he may have been the father of Userkare and a prince by the name of Teti-ankh-kem. A daughter by the name of Seshseshet Watet-khet-her was married to Mereruka who served as vizier. Another daughter named Nebty-nubkhet Sesheshet (D) was married to Kagemni, who served as vizier at some point. A third possible daughter is During Teti's reign, high officials were beginning to build funerary monuments that rivaled that of the Pharaoh. His vizier, Mereruka, built a mastaba tomb at Saqqara which consisted of 33 richly carved rooms, the biggest known tomb for an Egyptian nobleman. This is considered to be a sign that Egypt's wealth was being transferred from the central court to the officials, a slow process that culminated in the end to the Old Kingdom. Manetho states that Teti was murdered by his palace bodyguards in a harem plot, but he may have been assassinated by the usurper Userkare . He was buried in the royal necropolis at Saqqara. His pyramid complex is associated with the mastabas of officials from his reign. Teti's Highest date is his Year after the 6th Count 3rd Month of Summer day lost (Year 12 if the count was biannual) from Hatnub Graffito No.1. This information is confirmed by the South Saqqara Stone Annal document from Pepi II's reign which gives him a reign of around 12 years. 3rd "subsidiary" pyramid to Teti's tomb Teti's mother was the Queen Sesheshet, who was instrumental in her son's accession to the throne and a reconciling of two warring factions of the royal family. Sesheshet lived between 2323 BC to 2291 BC. Egypt's chief archaeologist Zahi Hawass, secretary general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, announced, on November 11, 2008, that she was entombed, in a 4,300-year-old headless 5 metre (16- foot-tall) Saqqara most complete subsidiary pyramid. This is the 118th pyramid discovered thus far in Egypt, the largest portion of its 2 metres wide beautiful casing was built with a superstructure 5 metres high. It originally reached 14 metres, with sides 22 metres The ruins of Teti's pyramid (Saqqara) Pyramid texts from Teti I's pyramid at Saqqara Once 5 stories tall, it lay beneath 23 feet (7 meters) of sand, a small shrine and mud-brick walls from later periods. The 3rd known "subsidiary" pyramid to Teti's tomb, was originally 46 feet (14 meters) tall and 72 feet (22 meters) square at its base, due to its walls having stood at a 51-degree angle. Buried next to the Saqqara Step Pyramid, its base lies 65 feet underground and is believed to have been 50 feet tall when it was built.	1,926	ENGLISH	1
Queen Elizabeth I Who was Queen Elizabeth I? Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. She is regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. Born 7th September 1533, Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Henry already had a daughter, Mary – Elizabeth’s half-sister – with his first wife Catherine of Aragon. Elizabeth had a quite tough upbringing. When she was just two years old, her father had her mother beheaded and Elizabeth removed from the line of succession (her right to inherit the throne). She also had her title downgraded from ‘Princess’ to ‘Lady’. Following her mother’s execution, Elizabeth was neglected by her father because Henry had been desperate for a male heir to succeed him. It wasn’t until Henry married his sixth wife, Catherine Parr, that Elizabeth was welcomed back into the family. Catherine felt it was important for father and daughter to be reunited, and insured that Elizabeth received a good education, including learning the art of public speaking – a skill that would prove very useful to her in future! It would still be many years, however, until Elizabeth would sit on the throne. When Henry VIII died, he left his nine-year-old son, King Edward VI, to rule England – quite a big job for a little boy! But after Edward’s untimely death, Henry’s eldest daughter, Mary I, reigned until she died in 1558. Finally, it was Elizabeth’s turn. The third of Henry’s children to inherit the throne, she was to reign for much longer than her half-brother and half-sister. Her coronation on 15th January 1559 was an impressive, expensive celebration. Elizabeth gladly received flowers and congratulations from ordinary people in the street – just like our queen does today. A carpet was laid down for Elizabeth to walk on to Westminster Abbey, and people cut out pieces as mementos of the day. What was Elizabeth I like? Elizabeth proved to be a more tolerant ruler than her half sister Mary (who dealt out harsh punishments to those who disobeyed her) and tried to make England a fairer place for everyone. Elizabeth I was always seen dressed in fabulous outfits that reflected her wealth and status. Elizabeth was a very clever, quick-witted ruler and is famed for her great skills of persuasion. She rarely failed to get her own way, and surrounded herself with carefully-chosen ministers who would help her rule. But Elizabeth also had a reputation for leaving important decisions to the very last minute – much to the annoyance of her ministers! Many people in the 16th century believed that a woman wasn’t fit to rule, but Elizabeth was quick to prove them wrong! She could be as cunning and ruthless a leader as any king who came before her, and she was a strong, formidable leader. Elizabeth could however be extremely vain – every portrait was carefully inspected to make sure she looked her absolute best! Why did Elizabeth I never marry? Over the years of Elizabeth’s rule, she was often encouraged to marry. Her advisers thought she needed a husband to support her and an heir to succeed her. In 1566, Parliament even tried to force Elizabeth’s hand by refusing to give her any more money until she married. Elizabeth refused to back down, saying, “I am already bound unto a husband which is the Kingdom of England”. She was saying she was already married to England. The Spanish Armada The Armada Portrait, which Elizabeth I had painted after her victory over the Spanish. The wrecked Spanish fleet can be seen in the window behind her. King Philip II of Spain wanted to invade England, remove Elizabeth and make the country Catholic again. In 1588, Philip sent a fleet of 130 ships, known as the Spanish Armada, to England. The English fleet met the Armada in the English Channel, and sent burning ships into the midst of the Spanish ships, forcing them to split up and scatter. The Spanish retreated, intending to sail around the British Isles and back to Spain. But a terrible storm wrecked many of the ships off Scotland and Ireland. This was a great triumph for Elizabeth – she even commissioned a portrait of her celebrating the victory. However, the war against Spain was far from over, and would last for another 19 years. The Golden Age Elizabeth’s reign is looked back on as a ‘Golden Age‘ in British history. It was a time of great exploration by men such as Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh, who discovered new lands and set up new colonies overseas. Poetry, music and literature flourished, and London opened its first theatres. Playwrights such as William Shakespeare were hugely popular, especially with the Queen, who attended the first performance of Shakespeare’s ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’. In 1601, near the end of her reign, Elizabeth gave what is known as the ‘Golden Speech‘ to her politicians. In it she expressed her love for her country and subjects. Who succeeded Elizabeth I? By the early 1600s, Elizabeth’s health had been failing for some time. She was balding, had bad breath due to her rotting teeth and spent a lot of her time expressing regret over decisions she’d made during her reign. On 24th March 1603 Elizabeth I died, having reigned for 44 years as a very popular queen. As she had no children, and therefore no direct heir to the throne, she was the last Tudor monarch. Following her death, Mary, Queen of Scots’ son – James VI of Scotland – was named King James I of England. The cause of her death was never determined. But whilst no theory has been proven, many people think Elizabeth may have had blood poisoning from the make-up she wore. Make-up in the Tudor era was full of toxic ingredients such as lead – and Elizabeth famously wore a lot of it! What is Elizabeth I remembered for? Elizabeth is often remembered as a powerful and clever monarch, known for her costumes, sparkling jewellery, beautiful appearance and magnificent portraits. She reigned England at a time when religious opinion was divided, but, for the most part, she managed to maintain peace and prosperity, and reign over a ‘Golden Age’. She’s also remembered for being a different kind of queen. She was only the second queen in English history to rule in her own right (the first was her half-sister, Mary) – during a time when people believed that women weren’t able to rule as well as men. But Elizabeth didn’t let that stop her! She was clever and cunning and proved that women can be just as powerful as men! - Draw a timeline showing the key events in the life of Elizabeth I - Write a fact sheet about one of the key events in the life of Elizabeth I (E.g. Her childhood, Feud with half sister Mary, The Spanish Armada) Use the examples of Timelines (below) to help you to create your timeline.	<urn:uuid:42f45693-b25e-481b-a118-3c732fe2dad6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.willowprimaryschool.co.uk/queen-elizabeth-i/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607118.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122131612-20200122160612-00374.warc.gz	en	0.987934	1,515	3.328125	3	[ -0.22596748173236847, 0.15689215064048767, 0.4309808611869812, -0.018774451687932014, -0.29619431495666504, -0.1956923007965088, 0.35591840744018555, -0.08987826853990555, 0.06718893349170685, 0.14426420629024506, -0.3918446898460388, -0.6740401983261108, 0.16229313611984253, 0.17113737761...	8	Queen Elizabeth I Who was Queen Elizabeth I? Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. She is regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. Born 7th September 1533, Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Henry already had a daughter, Mary – Elizabeth’s half-sister – with his first wife Catherine of Aragon. Elizabeth had a quite tough upbringing. When she was just two years old, her father had her mother beheaded and Elizabeth removed from the line of succession (her right to inherit the throne). She also had her title downgraded from ‘Princess’ to ‘Lady’. Following her mother’s execution, Elizabeth was neglected by her father because Henry had been desperate for a male heir to succeed him. It wasn’t until Henry married his sixth wife, Catherine Parr, that Elizabeth was welcomed back into the family. Catherine felt it was important for father and daughter to be reunited, and insured that Elizabeth received a good education, including learning the art of public speaking – a skill that would prove very useful to her in future! It would still be many years, however, until Elizabeth would sit on the throne. When Henry VIII died, he left his nine-year-old son, King Edward VI, to rule England – quite a big job for a little boy! But after Edward’s untimely death, Henry’s eldest daughter, Mary I, reigned until she died in 1558. Finally, it was Elizabeth’s turn. The third of Henry’s children to inherit the throne, she was to reign for much longer than her half-brother and half-sister. Her coronation on 15th January 1559 was an impressive, expensive celebration. Elizabeth gladly received flowers and congratulations from ordinary people in the street – just like our queen does today. A carpet was laid down for Elizabeth to walk on to Westminster Abbey, and people cut out pieces as mementos of the day. What was Elizabeth I like? Elizabeth proved to be a more tolerant ruler than her half sister Mary (who dealt out harsh punishments to those who disobeyed her) and tried to make England a fairer place for everyone. Elizabeth I was always seen dressed in fabulous outfits that reflected her wealth and status. Elizabeth was a very clever, quick-witted ruler and is famed for her great skills of persuasion. She rarely failed to get her own way, and surrounded herself with carefully-chosen ministers who would help her rule. But Elizabeth also had a reputation for leaving important decisions to the very last minute – much to the annoyance of her ministers! Many people in the 16th century believed that a woman wasn’t fit to rule, but Elizabeth was quick to prove them wrong! She could be as cunning and ruthless a leader as any king who came before her, and she was a strong, formidable leader. Elizabeth could however be extremely vain – every portrait was carefully inspected to make sure she looked her absolute best! Why did Elizabeth I never marry? Over the years of Elizabeth’s rule, she was often encouraged to marry. Her advisers thought she needed a husband to support her and an heir to succeed her. In 1566, Parliament even tried to force Elizabeth’s hand by refusing to give her any more money until she married. Elizabeth refused to back down, saying, “I am already bound unto a husband which is the Kingdom of England”. She was saying she was already married to England. The Spanish Armada The Armada Portrait, which Elizabeth I had painted after her victory over the Spanish. The wrecked Spanish fleet can be seen in the window behind her. King Philip II of Spain wanted to invade England, remove Elizabeth and make the country Catholic again. In 1588, Philip sent a fleet of 130 ships, known as the Spanish Armada, to England. The English fleet met the Armada in the English Channel, and sent burning ships into the midst of the Spanish ships, forcing them to split up and scatter. The Spanish retreated, intending to sail around the British Isles and back to Spain. But a terrible storm wrecked many of the ships off Scotland and Ireland. This was a great triumph for Elizabeth – she even commissioned a portrait of her celebrating the victory. However, the war against Spain was far from over, and would last for another 19 years. The Golden Age Elizabeth’s reign is looked back on as a ‘Golden Age‘ in British history. It was a time of great exploration by men such as Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh, who discovered new lands and set up new colonies overseas. Poetry, music and literature flourished, and London opened its first theatres. Playwrights such as William Shakespeare were hugely popular, especially with the Queen, who attended the first performance of Shakespeare’s ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’. In 1601, near the end of her reign, Elizabeth gave what is known as the ‘Golden Speech‘ to her politicians. In it she expressed her love for her country and subjects. Who succeeded Elizabeth I? By the early 1600s, Elizabeth’s health had been failing for some time. She was balding, had bad breath due to her rotting teeth and spent a lot of her time expressing regret over decisions she’d made during her reign. On 24th March 1603 Elizabeth I died, having reigned for 44 years as a very popular queen. As she had no children, and therefore no direct heir to the throne, she was the last Tudor monarch. Following her death, Mary, Queen of Scots’ son – James VI of Scotland – was named King James I of England. The cause of her death was never determined. But whilst no theory has been proven, many people think Elizabeth may have had blood poisoning from the make-up she wore. Make-up in the Tudor era was full of toxic ingredients such as lead – and Elizabeth famously wore a lot of it! What is Elizabeth I remembered for? Elizabeth is often remembered as a powerful and clever monarch, known for her costumes, sparkling jewellery, beautiful appearance and magnificent portraits. She reigned England at a time when religious opinion was divided, but, for the most part, she managed to maintain peace and prosperity, and reign over a ‘Golden Age’. She’s also remembered for being a different kind of queen. She was only the second queen in English history to rule in her own right (the first was her half-sister, Mary) – during a time when people believed that women weren’t able to rule as well as men. But Elizabeth didn’t let that stop her! She was clever and cunning and proved that women can be just as powerful as men! - Draw a timeline showing the key events in the life of Elizabeth I - Write a fact sheet about one of the key events in the life of Elizabeth I (E.g. Her childhood, Feud with half sister Mary, The Spanish Armada) Use the examples of Timelines (below) to help you to create your timeline.	1,470	ENGLISH	1
\|Home Search This Site Chiropractic Articles\|\| School Kids Choose Unhealthy Lunches, Study Finds The above headline comes from a July 01, 2003 Reuters Health release. The article begins by saying that according to new research, "Schools that offer students pizza and fries as alternatives to healthier lunch fare are not only encouraging children to eat high-fat foods during lunch hour, but after school and at home as well." Researcher and registered nurse, Martha Kubik of the University of Minnesota, and her team collected data on 16 middle schools. They noted the difference between schools that offered an a la carte program and availability of vending machines, which offer children more "popular" foods alongside the traditional, and carefully balanced, school lunch. The results were published in the American Journal of Public Health. In the journal Kubik stated, "This is probably the first paper that looks at the a la carte programs in schools and their influence on student dietary behavior." "We weren't just looking necessarily at food they ate at school. We looked at food they ate outside of school as well," Kubik said. She continues, "That suggests how important the school environment is. If they were at these schools that offered a la carte, they were not making up for choices made at school by eating healthier foods out of school. It shows how powerful the school influence is, not only are they exposed to their own choices, they are exposed to the choices of their peers." According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture 9 out of 10 U.S. schools offer the a la carte programs, which do not have to meet the U.S. government's nutritional recommendations. These recommendations call for eating at least five servings a day of fruits and vegetables and getting no more than 30 percent of calories from fat.	<urn:uuid:431f88cf-1153-45ec-806f-eac077470241>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.chiropracticresearch.org/search-result.php?aid=1530	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00194.warc.gz	en	0.981054	373	3.34375	3	[ -0.09829777479171753, -0.2875213623046875, 0.4459659159183502, -0.012482413090765476, -0.013978749513626099, 0.10183795541524887, -0.2162010669708252, 0.33984705805778503, -0.020622774958610535, -0.009012619964778423, 0.1852421760559082, -0.0890045166015625, 0.11800947785377502, 0.19279050...	4	\|Home Search This Site Chiropractic Articles\|\| School Kids Choose Unhealthy Lunches, Study Finds The above headline comes from a July 01, 2003 Reuters Health release. The article begins by saying that according to new research, "Schools that offer students pizza and fries as alternatives to healthier lunch fare are not only encouraging children to eat high-fat foods during lunch hour, but after school and at home as well." Researcher and registered nurse, Martha Kubik of the University of Minnesota, and her team collected data on 16 middle schools. They noted the difference between schools that offered an a la carte program and availability of vending machines, which offer children more "popular" foods alongside the traditional, and carefully balanced, school lunch. The results were published in the American Journal of Public Health. In the journal Kubik stated, "This is probably the first paper that looks at the a la carte programs in schools and their influence on student dietary behavior." "We weren't just looking necessarily at food they ate at school. We looked at food they ate outside of school as well," Kubik said. She continues, "That suggests how important the school environment is. If they were at these schools that offered a la carte, they were not making up for choices made at school by eating healthier foods out of school. It shows how powerful the school influence is, not only are they exposed to their own choices, they are exposed to the choices of their peers." According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture 9 out of 10 U.S. schools offer the a la carte programs, which do not have to meet the U.S. government's nutritional recommendations. These recommendations call for eating at least five servings a day of fruits and vegetables and getting no more than 30 percent of calories from fat.	371	ENGLISH	1
Looking back on architectural history, you could be forgiven for thinking that women were an invention of the 1950s, alongside spandex and power steering - but this couldn’t be further from the truth. Big names like Le Corbusier, Mies, Wright, and Kahn often had equally inspired female peers, but the rigid structure of society meant that their contributions tended to be overlooked. Born in 1869 in Santiago, Chile to a Chilean father and American mother, Sophia Hayden Benett was the first woman to receive an architecture degree from MIT when she graduated in 1890. The degree, however, did not guarantee work; after searching fruitlessly, Hayden Benett resigned to accepting a job teaching technical drawing in a Boston High School. In 1891, Hayden came across an announcement calling on women architects to submit designs for the Woman’s Building, which would form part of Daniel Burnham’s gargantuan World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Hayden’s proposal, based upon her college thesis, was for a three-story building in the Italian Renaissance style. Hayden's design won the first prize out of the field of thirteen entries. Only twenty-one at the time, Hayden received one-thousand dollars for her design, which was a tenth of what many men received for theirs. However, during the construction of the building, Hayden suffers constant micro-management and compromises demanded by the construction committee. So much stress was put on the young woman that she suffered from a break-down and was placed in a sanitarium for a period of enforced rest; leading many at the time to highlight it as proof that women had no place in the world of architecture. After the exhibition, Hayden never worked as an architect again. Marion Mahony Griffin was not only one of the first licensed female architects in the world but was the first employee of Frank Lloyd Wright. Born in 1871, she studied architecture at MIT. After graduating in 1894 she began working for her cousin, who happened to share a building with several other architects, including Wright, who hired Mahoney in 1895. Being his first employee, Mahoney exerted a considerable influence on the development of the Prairie style, while her watercolor renderings soon became synonymous with Wright's work. As was typical for Wright at the time, he credited her for neither. Their collaboration ended in 1909 when Wright left for Europe, offering to leave the studio’s commissions to Mahony, who declined. However, she was subsequently hired by Wright's successor, under the condition that she was in full control of the design. In 1911 she married Walter Burley Griffin, who also worked with Wright. The two set up a practice together and before long they won the commission to design the new Australian capital Canberra. The couple moved to Australia to oversee the project and later moved to India, where they continued to work until Griffin died in 1937. After his death, Mahoney refrained from working in architecture until her death in 1961. Having studied lacquer work in Soho, Gray set up a studio with Japanese craftsman Seizo Sugawara to perfect her skills. She gained notoriety through her domestic lacquer wares and she was soon being offered interior design commissions by wealthy patrons. Notably architectural, her designs used lacquer screens to divide space, blurring the lines between furniture and architecture. Using her experience in interior design, she designed E-1027 - a holiday home in the south of France - with her lover Jean Badovici. The house became a test-bed for Gray to trial with radical furniture designs, leading to some of her most iconic work. After splitting with Badovici, Gray felt distant from the house. One person who didn’t, however, was Le Corbusier. He became obsessed with E-1027, building a small home for himself nearby and one day sneaking in to vandalize it with his own murals. It was near this house where he died. Gray devoted the rest of her life to architectural designs; in 1937 her designs for a holiday center were featured in Le Corbusier's Esprit Nouveau pavilion at the Paris Exposition. However, she distanced herself from the community and only two other projects, both designed for her own use, were ever built. By the end of the 1960s her work was all but forgotten. She died in 1976. There is currently an exhibition running in Centre Pompidou in Paris as well as a permanent exhibition in the National Museum of Ireland, both aim to reinstate Gray's reputation as one of the central pioneers of modernism alongside Le Corbusier and Mies Van der Rohe. Many of Mies Van der Rohe’s most famous works, particularly in the area of furniture design, would not have been possible without this woman. It is said that Mies rarely asked for anybody’s opinion, but was always eager to hear hers. Born in June 1885 in Berlin, Reich moved to Vienna after high school to train as an industrial embroider - a design career considered suitable for women at the time. Upon returning to Berlin in 1911 she worked as a fashion and furniture designer and joined the Deutscher Werkbund – a German work federation – becoming its first female director in 1920. Her work as a designer took her to Frankfurt where she met Mies Van der Rohe. The two of them became very close and she began working in his office. In 1928, the duo was appointed artistic directors of the German pavilion at the Barcelona World exposition, leading to Mies’ iconic design, long considered one of the defining works of modernism. Shortly after, Mies appointed Reich as the director of building/finishing at the Bauhaus school, which he was at the helm of. Her tenure was cut short when the school closed 1933 under pressure from the National Socialist party. During the war, Reich took on a few small jobs, but her 12-year partnership with Mies ended when he left for America in 1937. Remaining responsible for his affairs in Berlin, she managed to save over 4000 of his drawings from being destroyed by bombing when she smuggled them to a barn outside of Berlin. In 1939, however, her studio was bombed and she was drafted into a forced-labor, civil engineering organization, where she remained until 1945. After the war, she took a job lecturing interior design and building theory at the Berlin University of the Arts. She also partook in meetings to revive the Werkbund but died in 1947 three years before it gained legal status. Studying furniture design in Paris, Charlotte Perriand applied for a job at Le Corbusier’s studio in 1927. Unimpressed, he dismissed her work with the comment: “We don’t embroider cushions here.” However, later when her work was put on display at the Salon d’Automne, he was impressed by it and offered her a job in furniture design. A year after joining his studio, Perriand had already produced three of Le Corbusier’s most iconic chair designs, the B301, B306, and the LC2 Grand Comfort. As Perriand’s views moved further to the left in the 1930’s she became involved in many leftist organizations, founding the Union des Artists Moderns in 1937. Noticed for adding humaneness to Le Corbusier’s rational work, her designs started to become more affordable, using wood and cane over expensive chrome; her aim was to develop functional and appealing furniture for the masses. In 1940 Perriand was invited to travel to Japan to become an advisor for the Ministry for Trade and Industry. Two years later the ongoing war forced her to leave the country. Whilst returning to Europe she was detained by a naval blockade and forced into exile in Vietnam. There she studied eastern design including weaving and woodwork, which had a huge impact on her later work. An architect and town planner, Drew was educated in the AA in London and became one of the principal founders of MARS – an English modernist movement based on Le Corbusier's CIAM – based on the mission statement the “use of space for human activity rather than the manipulation of the stylized convention.” Starting a – at first entirely female – practice in London during the war, Drew took on a number of large projects throughout the city, eventually going into partnership with her husband Maxwell Fry. In keeping with Drew’s ethos, a huge proportion of their projects consisted of affordable housing in England, West Africa, and Iran. Impressed by her work in West Africa, Drew was asked by the Indian Prime minister to design Chandigarh, the new capital of Punjab. Drew was unsure of her ability to undertake the project - at the time she was designing housing for the festival of Britain, - so she convinced fellow modernist Le Corbusier to contribute, creating a close collaboration between the two. Drew used the city to experiment with new socially conscious housing strategies, eventually effecting the design of housing throughout India. Completing the vast majority of her work in post-war Brazil, Italian architect Lina Bo Bardi was overshadowed by the futuristic work of peers such as Oscar Niemeyer. However, she has become known as an architect who always put people first in her work, creating beautiful architecture that is loved by its inhabitants. Born in 1914, Lina Bo Bardi graduated from the Rome College of Architecture in 1939 and moved to Milan, where she set up her own practice in 1942. Shortly afterward her office was damaged by an aerial bombing. This, combined with the lack of commissions due to the war, caused her to explore other areas of her work, and in 1943 she was invited to become director of the magazine Domus. Bo Bardi moved to Brazil in 1946, where she became a naturalized citizen five years later. In 1947 Bo Bardi was invited to set up the Assis Chateaubriand Museum of Art of São Paulo (MASP), which has become one of the most important museums in Latin America. Her design had plenty of radical elements, including what is considered the first modern chairs in Brazil. In 1948 she set up Studio d’Arte Palma with another Italian architect, with an eye to designing furniture from Plywood and ‘typical’ Brazilian materials. In 1951 she completed the Glass House, her private residence, which became a centerpiece of modernism in Brazil. In 1958 Bo Bardi received an invitation to move to Salvador to run the Museum of Modern Art of Bahia upon returning to São Paulo after a military coup in 1964, her work underwent vast simplification, becoming what she described herself as ‘poor architecture’. Anne Tyng was born in China in 1920 to Episcopal missionaries. In 1942 she became one of the first women to be admitted to the Harvard Graduate School of Design, where she studied under Walter Gropius. After graduating she went on to work for several New York offices before moving to Philadelphia to join Kahn’s firm, Stonorov & Kahn. When the firm split in 1947 Tyne continued working for Kahn. She never designed a building of her own, but, due to a shared fascination with geometry, she became critical to Kahn's work. Some described her as his muse; Buckminster Fuller preferred to call her “Kahn’s geometrical strategist." Many of Kahn’s designs show her influence, such as Trenton Bath House and the Yale Art Gallery, while Kahn’s “City Tower’ was mostly the work of Tyng. Norma Merrick Sklarek A woman of firsts, Norma Merrick Sklarek was the first African-American woman to hold an architecture license in the state of New York, the first woman to earn a license in California and first African-American woman to be elected a fellow of the American Institute of Architects. Born in Harlem in 1926, Sklarek found it difficult to find work with firms in New York, despite having a degree from Columbia University. As she said, "They weren't hiring women or African Americans, and I didn't know which it was [working against me]." Eventually, she secured a job in Skidmore Owings & Merill. In 1960 she moved to California to work for Gruen Associates, where she recalled feeling under pressure because of her gender and ethnicity. Despite this, she quickly rose through the ranks and was named director of the firm in 1966. Throughout her career Sklarek gained a reputation as an excellent project architect, regularly completing huge projects, such as LAX Terminal 1 and the U.S. Embassy in Tokyo, on time and under budget. She left Gruen and Associates in 1980 and shortly after co-founded Sklarek, Siegel, and Diamond, which became the biggest, female-only firm in the country. Denise Scott Brown Denise Scott Brown, along with her partner Robert Venturi, has had an enormous influence on the development of architectural design during the twentieth century. Her critiques are credited with changing the way many architects and planners saw mid-century modernism and urban design. Many were surprised when her husband was awarded the Pritzker Prize in 1991, and she failed to receive a mention. Born in 1931 in, then, Northern Rhodesia, Scott Brown studied first in South Africa and then London. In 1958 she moved to Philadelphia with her first husband Robert Scott Brown, who was died in an auto accident a year later. In 1960, Scott Brown completed her masters in planning at the University of Pennsylvania where she became a member of faculty, completing a master's in Architecture shortly afterward. It was here that she met future husband and partner Robert Venturi. Brown traveled extensively as a scholar, sparking her interest in the relatively young cities of Los Angeles and Las Vegas. While teaching at Yale University from 1967 to 1970 she designed studio classes called Learning from Las Vegas. Scott Brown, along with Venturi, and urbanist Steven Izenour, compiled the work from these classes into the book Learning From Las Vegas: the Forgotten Symbolism of Architectural Form, which has become a seminal work of the 20th-century design. Note: Originally published March 08, 2013, and updated November 05, 2019.	<urn:uuid:8f6822ed-6339-4db6-b6e3-012d7b7cdcdf>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.archdaily.com/341730/the-10-most-overlooked-women-in-architecture-history?utm_source=feedly&utm_medium=webfeeds	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250613416.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123191130-20200123220130-00090.warc.gz	en	0.983432	2,967	3.640625	4	[ 0.030415154993534088, 0.237140491604805, 0.19142009317874908, 0.14148510992527008, -0.8210872411727905, 0.2554243206977844, 0.1701381355524063, 0.24335423111915588, -0.057691507041454315, -0.318764865398407, 0.09241482615470886, -0.00299363792873919, -0.16525325179100037, 0.113543629646301...	6	Looking back on architectural history, you could be forgiven for thinking that women were an invention of the 1950s, alongside spandex and power steering - but this couldn’t be further from the truth. Big names like Le Corbusier, Mies, Wright, and Kahn often had equally inspired female peers, but the rigid structure of society meant that their contributions tended to be overlooked. Born in 1869 in Santiago, Chile to a Chilean father and American mother, Sophia Hayden Benett was the first woman to receive an architecture degree from MIT when she graduated in 1890. The degree, however, did not guarantee work; after searching fruitlessly, Hayden Benett resigned to accepting a job teaching technical drawing in a Boston High School. In 1891, Hayden came across an announcement calling on women architects to submit designs for the Woman’s Building, which would form part of Daniel Burnham’s gargantuan World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Hayden’s proposal, based upon her college thesis, was for a three-story building in the Italian Renaissance style. Hayden's design won the first prize out of the field of thirteen entries. Only twenty-one at the time, Hayden received one-thousand dollars for her design, which was a tenth of what many men received for theirs. However, during the construction of the building, Hayden suffers constant micro-management and compromises demanded by the construction committee. So much stress was put on the young woman that she suffered from a break-down and was placed in a sanitarium for a period of enforced rest; leading many at the time to highlight it as proof that women had no place in the world of architecture. After the exhibition, Hayden never worked as an architect again. Marion Mahony Griffin was not only one of the first licensed female architects in the world but was the first employee of Frank Lloyd Wright. Born in 1871, she studied architecture at MIT. After graduating in 1894 she began working for her cousin, who happened to share a building with several other architects, including Wright, who hired Mahoney in 1895. Being his first employee, Mahoney exerted a considerable influence on the development of the Prairie style, while her watercolor renderings soon became synonymous with Wright's work. As was typical for Wright at the time, he credited her for neither. Their collaboration ended in 1909 when Wright left for Europe, offering to leave the studio’s commissions to Mahony, who declined. However, she was subsequently hired by Wright's successor, under the condition that she was in full control of the design. In 1911 she married Walter Burley Griffin, who also worked with Wright. The two set up a practice together and before long they won the commission to design the new Australian capital Canberra. The couple moved to Australia to oversee the project and later moved to India, where they continued to work until Griffin died in 1937. After his death, Mahoney refrained from working in architecture until her death in 1961. Having studied lacquer work in Soho, Gray set up a studio with Japanese craftsman Seizo Sugawara to perfect her skills. She gained notoriety through her domestic lacquer wares and she was soon being offered interior design commissions by wealthy patrons. Notably architectural, her designs used lacquer screens to divide space, blurring the lines between furniture and architecture. Using her experience in interior design, she designed E-1027 - a holiday home in the south of France - with her lover Jean Badovici. The house became a test-bed for Gray to trial with radical furniture designs, leading to some of her most iconic work. After splitting with Badovici, Gray felt distant from the house. One person who didn’t, however, was Le Corbusier. He became obsessed with E-1027, building a small home for himself nearby and one day sneaking in to vandalize it with his own murals. It was near this house where he died. Gray devoted the rest of her life to architectural designs; in 1937 her designs for a holiday center were featured in Le Corbusier's Esprit Nouveau pavilion at the Paris Exposition. However, she distanced herself from the community and only two other projects, both designed for her own use, were ever built. By the end of the 1960s her work was all but forgotten. She died in 1976. There is currently an exhibition running in Centre Pompidou in Paris as well as a permanent exhibition in the National Museum of Ireland, both aim to reinstate Gray's reputation as one of the central pioneers of modernism alongside Le Corbusier and Mies Van der Rohe. Many of Mies Van der Rohe’s most famous works, particularly in the area of furniture design, would not have been possible without this woman. It is said that Mies rarely asked for anybody’s opinion, but was always eager to hear hers. Born in June 1885 in Berlin, Reich moved to Vienna after high school to train as an industrial embroider - a design career considered suitable for women at the time. Upon returning to Berlin in 1911 she worked as a fashion and furniture designer and joined the Deutscher Werkbund – a German work federation – becoming its first female director in 1920. Her work as a designer took her to Frankfurt where she met Mies Van der Rohe. The two of them became very close and she began working in his office. In 1928, the duo was appointed artistic directors of the German pavilion at the Barcelona World exposition, leading to Mies’ iconic design, long considered one of the defining works of modernism. Shortly after, Mies appointed Reich as the director of building/finishing at the Bauhaus school, which he was at the helm of. Her tenure was cut short when the school closed 1933 under pressure from the National Socialist party. During the war, Reich took on a few small jobs, but her 12-year partnership with Mies ended when he left for America in 1937. Remaining responsible for his affairs in Berlin, she managed to save over 4000 of his drawings from being destroyed by bombing when she smuggled them to a barn outside of Berlin. In 1939, however, her studio was bombed and she was drafted into a forced-labor, civil engineering organization, where she remained until 1945. After the war, she took a job lecturing interior design and building theory at the Berlin University of the Arts. She also partook in meetings to revive the Werkbund but died in 1947 three years before it gained legal status. Studying furniture design in Paris, Charlotte Perriand applied for a job at Le Corbusier’s studio in 1927. Unimpressed, he dismissed her work with the comment: “We don’t embroider cushions here.” However, later when her work was put on display at the Salon d’Automne, he was impressed by it and offered her a job in furniture design. A year after joining his studio, Perriand had already produced three of Le Corbusier’s most iconic chair designs, the B301, B306, and the LC2 Grand Comfort. As Perriand’s views moved further to the left in the 1930’s she became involved in many leftist organizations, founding the Union des Artists Moderns in 1937. Noticed for adding humaneness to Le Corbusier’s rational work, her designs started to become more affordable, using wood and cane over expensive chrome; her aim was to develop functional and appealing furniture for the masses. In 1940 Perriand was invited to travel to Japan to become an advisor for the Ministry for Trade and Industry. Two years later the ongoing war forced her to leave the country. Whilst returning to Europe she was detained by a naval blockade and forced into exile in Vietnam. There she studied eastern design including weaving and woodwork, which had a huge impact on her later work. An architect and town planner, Drew was educated in the AA in London and became one of the principal founders of MARS – an English modernist movement based on Le Corbusier's CIAM – based on the mission statement the “use of space for human activity rather than the manipulation of the stylized convention.” Starting a – at first entirely female – practice in London during the war, Drew took on a number of large projects throughout the city, eventually going into partnership with her husband Maxwell Fry. In keeping with Drew’s ethos, a huge proportion of their projects consisted of affordable housing in England, West Africa, and Iran. Impressed by her work in West Africa, Drew was asked by the Indian Prime minister to design Chandigarh, the new capital of Punjab. Drew was unsure of her ability to undertake the project - at the time she was designing housing for the festival of Britain, - so she convinced fellow modernist Le Corbusier to contribute, creating a close collaboration between the two. Drew used the city to experiment with new socially conscious housing strategies, eventually effecting the design of housing throughout India. Completing the vast majority of her work in post-war Brazil, Italian architect Lina Bo Bardi was overshadowed by the futuristic work of peers such as Oscar Niemeyer. However, she has become known as an architect who always put people first in her work, creating beautiful architecture that is loved by its inhabitants. Born in 1914, Lina Bo Bardi graduated from the Rome College of Architecture in 1939 and moved to Milan, where she set up her own practice in 1942. Shortly afterward her office was damaged by an aerial bombing. This, combined with the lack of commissions due to the war, caused her to explore other areas of her work, and in 1943 she was invited to become director of the magazine Domus. Bo Bardi moved to Brazil in 1946, where she became a naturalized citizen five years later. In 1947 Bo Bardi was invited to set up the Assis Chateaubriand Museum of Art of São Paulo (MASP), which has become one of the most important museums in Latin America. Her design had plenty of radical elements, including what is considered the first modern chairs in Brazil. In 1948 she set up Studio d’Arte Palma with another Italian architect, with an eye to designing furniture from Plywood and ‘typical’ Brazilian materials. In 1951 she completed the Glass House, her private residence, which became a centerpiece of modernism in Brazil. In 1958 Bo Bardi received an invitation to move to Salvador to run the Museum of Modern Art of Bahia upon returning to São Paulo after a military coup in 1964, her work underwent vast simplification, becoming what she described herself as ‘poor architecture’. Anne Tyng was born in China in 1920 to Episcopal missionaries. In 1942 she became one of the first women to be admitted to the Harvard Graduate School of Design, where she studied under Walter Gropius. After graduating she went on to work for several New York offices before moving to Philadelphia to join Kahn’s firm, Stonorov & Kahn. When the firm split in 1947 Tyne continued working for Kahn. She never designed a building of her own, but, due to a shared fascination with geometry, she became critical to Kahn's work. Some described her as his muse; Buckminster Fuller preferred to call her “Kahn’s geometrical strategist." Many of Kahn’s designs show her influence, such as Trenton Bath House and the Yale Art Gallery, while Kahn’s “City Tower’ was mostly the work of Tyng. Norma Merrick Sklarek A woman of firsts, Norma Merrick Sklarek was the first African-American woman to hold an architecture license in the state of New York, the first woman to earn a license in California and first African-American woman to be elected a fellow of the American Institute of Architects. Born in Harlem in 1926, Sklarek found it difficult to find work with firms in New York, despite having a degree from Columbia University. As she said, "They weren't hiring women or African Americans, and I didn't know which it was [working against me]." Eventually, she secured a job in Skidmore Owings & Merill. In 1960 she moved to California to work for Gruen Associates, where she recalled feeling under pressure because of her gender and ethnicity. Despite this, she quickly rose through the ranks and was named director of the firm in 1966. Throughout her career Sklarek gained a reputation as an excellent project architect, regularly completing huge projects, such as LAX Terminal 1 and the U.S. Embassy in Tokyo, on time and under budget. She left Gruen and Associates in 1980 and shortly after co-founded Sklarek, Siegel, and Diamond, which became the biggest, female-only firm in the country. Denise Scott Brown Denise Scott Brown, along with her partner Robert Venturi, has had an enormous influence on the development of architectural design during the twentieth century. Her critiques are credited with changing the way many architects and planners saw mid-century modernism and urban design. Many were surprised when her husband was awarded the Pritzker Prize in 1991, and she failed to receive a mention. Born in 1931 in, then, Northern Rhodesia, Scott Brown studied first in South Africa and then London. In 1958 she moved to Philadelphia with her first husband Robert Scott Brown, who was died in an auto accident a year later. In 1960, Scott Brown completed her masters in planning at the University of Pennsylvania where she became a member of faculty, completing a master's in Architecture shortly afterward. It was here that she met future husband and partner Robert Venturi. Brown traveled extensively as a scholar, sparking her interest in the relatively young cities of Los Angeles and Las Vegas. While teaching at Yale University from 1967 to 1970 she designed studio classes called Learning from Las Vegas. Scott Brown, along with Venturi, and urbanist Steven Izenour, compiled the work from these classes into the book Learning From Las Vegas: the Forgotten Symbolism of Architectural Form, which has become a seminal work of the 20th-century design. Note: Originally published March 08, 2013, and updated November 05, 2019.	3,079	ENGLISH	1
The Great Depression plunged the nation into poverty. Kentucky, already an impoverished state, was severely impacted. Food, education and any economic opportunities were scarce to non-existent. Thousands lived on the brink of starvation. Appalachians were struggling and those people living in the craggy, 10,000 square mile portion of eastern Kentucky, were still far behind their neighbors in gaining electricity, highways or even roads. They lacked books, or access to them. In 1930 close to 31% of people in eastern Kentucky could not read. The residents were eager to learn but opportunities were scarce. The Pack Horse Library Initiative was one of the New Deal’s most unique plans. It sent librarians deep into the mountains and undeveloped parts of Appalachia to deliver reading materials. In addition to providing reading materials, the book women served as touchstones for these communities. They tried to fill book requests, sometimes stopped to read to those who couldn’t, and helped nurture local pride. As one recipient said, “Them books you brought us has saved our lives.” The horses splashed through iced-over creeks, up into the mountains with no discernible path, their saddlebags and baskets stuffed with all kinds of books, magazines, newspapers, Sunday school materials, and textbooks for these very rural and isolated people. Their feet were often frozen in the stirrups in winter or they sweltered in summer sun. They often began their day by loading up books before dawn and would return just before dusk. Carriers rode out at least twice a month, with each route covering 100 to 120 miles a week. In 1936, packhorse librarians served 50,000 families, and, by 1937, 155 public schools. Children loved the program; many mountain schools didn’t have libraries, and since they were so far from public libraries, most students had never checked out a book. ”‘Bring me a book to read,’ is the cry of every child as he runs to meet the librarian with whom he has become acquainted,” wrote one Pack Horse Library supervisor. “Not a certain book, but any kind of book. The child has read none of them.” Roads could be impassable, and the women used their own animals, earning about $28 per month. One librarian had to hike her 18-mile route when her mule died. Another woman joked that the horses she rode had shorter legs on one side than the other so they wouldn’t slip, slide and fall off the steep mountain paths. Some families initially resisted the librarians, suspicious of outsiders riding in with unknown materials. In a bid to earn their trust, carriers would read Bible passages aloud. Many had only heard them through oral tradition, and the idea that the packhorse librarians could offer access to the Bible cast a positive light on their other materials. The Pack Horse Library Project was not without it’s challenges but was considered a rousing success. But success sometimes carried with it other problems. For instance, one family complained that their son's new nightly reading habits meant they had to purchase more lamp oil. Another parent grew irate over the fact that he could not get his children to do their chores because all they wanted to do was sit and read. Still, the benefits far outweighed the drawbacks. Over 100,000 people participated in this service which provided a meaningful escape from their troubles. I can't help but think, that if this service was needed today, the awesome folks at the Mancos Public Library would be front and center, with saddle bags packed full. They are just that kind of library! Suggestion for Further Reading: Down Cut Shin Creek: The Pack Horse Librarians of Kentucky, by Kathi Appelt, 2001	<urn:uuid:5c3b0704-7f2e-4097-b7d5-7ef067c147f0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.herstory-online.com/single-post/2018/02/05/The-Pack-Horse-Library-Initiative	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250628549.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125011232-20200125040232-00396.warc.gz	en	0.980827	786	3.578125	4	[ -0.27069514989852905, -0.17502498626708984, 0.33932337164878845, 0.5897902250289917, -0.3291919231414795, 0.07797479629516602, -0.4135914742946625, -0.007426975294947624, -0.3607703149318695, 0.18911606073379517, -0.00747637078166008, 0.3730545938014984, 0.3568025827407837, 0.1786965876817...	1	The Great Depression plunged the nation into poverty. Kentucky, already an impoverished state, was severely impacted. Food, education and any economic opportunities were scarce to non-existent. Thousands lived on the brink of starvation. Appalachians were struggling and those people living in the craggy, 10,000 square mile portion of eastern Kentucky, were still far behind their neighbors in gaining electricity, highways or even roads. They lacked books, or access to them. In 1930 close to 31% of people in eastern Kentucky could not read. The residents were eager to learn but opportunities were scarce. The Pack Horse Library Initiative was one of the New Deal’s most unique plans. It sent librarians deep into the mountains and undeveloped parts of Appalachia to deliver reading materials. In addition to providing reading materials, the book women served as touchstones for these communities. They tried to fill book requests, sometimes stopped to read to those who couldn’t, and helped nurture local pride. As one recipient said, “Them books you brought us has saved our lives.” The horses splashed through iced-over creeks, up into the mountains with no discernible path, their saddlebags and baskets stuffed with all kinds of books, magazines, newspapers, Sunday school materials, and textbooks for these very rural and isolated people. Their feet were often frozen in the stirrups in winter or they sweltered in summer sun. They often began their day by loading up books before dawn and would return just before dusk. Carriers rode out at least twice a month, with each route covering 100 to 120 miles a week. In 1936, packhorse librarians served 50,000 families, and, by 1937, 155 public schools. Children loved the program; many mountain schools didn’t have libraries, and since they were so far from public libraries, most students had never checked out a book. ”‘Bring me a book to read,’ is the cry of every child as he runs to meet the librarian with whom he has become acquainted,” wrote one Pack Horse Library supervisor. “Not a certain book, but any kind of book. The child has read none of them.” Roads could be impassable, and the women used their own animals, earning about $28 per month. One librarian had to hike her 18-mile route when her mule died. Another woman joked that the horses she rode had shorter legs on one side than the other so they wouldn’t slip, slide and fall off the steep mountain paths. Some families initially resisted the librarians, suspicious of outsiders riding in with unknown materials. In a bid to earn their trust, carriers would read Bible passages aloud. Many had only heard them through oral tradition, and the idea that the packhorse librarians could offer access to the Bible cast a positive light on their other materials. The Pack Horse Library Project was not without it’s challenges but was considered a rousing success. But success sometimes carried with it other problems. For instance, one family complained that their son's new nightly reading habits meant they had to purchase more lamp oil. Another parent grew irate over the fact that he could not get his children to do their chores because all they wanted to do was sit and read. Still, the benefits far outweighed the drawbacks. Over 100,000 people participated in this service which provided a meaningful escape from their troubles. I can't help but think, that if this service was needed today, the awesome folks at the Mancos Public Library would be front and center, with saddle bags packed full. They are just that kind of library! Suggestion for Further Reading: Down Cut Shin Creek: The Pack Horse Librarians of Kentucky, by Kathi Appelt, 2001	788	ENGLISH	1
Three Coffins exhibit revives history Thoughts of colonial Maryland conjure images of dark suits, white-powdered coiffed hair and shiny black leather buckle shoes. But when a team of workers discovered three lead coffins dating to the 17th Century in the foundation of a long-gone chapel in St. Mary's City, a remote historical settlement on the southern tip of Maryland and the Chesapeake's western shore, they were in for a shock. Expecting to find well-preserved skeletons, Henry Miller, researcher and Maryland heritage scholar with Historic St. Mary's City and codirector of the project, said he opened the first coffin to find bone that had turned to a white crystal material from the waist up — leading to a burst of perfectly preserved, shoulder-length red hair. "When we uncovered them, we knew we had a major discovery," Miller said. "No one had found lead (coffins) in North America, and our goal was to determine who were these people buried in such an unusual manner when Maryland was still so young." At that time, people were either buried wrapped in cloth or in wooden coffins, Miller said. Lead was a royal form of burial, reserved for kings, queens and princes in England. He knew they had found someone important. Burt Kummerow, president of the Maryland Historical Society and previous executive director of the Historic St. Mary's City Commission, said a process of elimination led them to believe the coffins belonged to early Maryland leader Philip Calvert, his wife, Anne Wolseley, and a baby from Calvert's second marriage, to Jane Sewell. "The lead told us we had a man of means. Philip lived nearby — within a quarter mile of the chapel — and he put up money for the construction of the chapel. History also tells us that he died at the time researchers tell us this skeleton did," Kummerow said. "I'm not sure you could prove it in a court of law, but everything points to Philip Calvert. There were no other strong candidates." St. Mary's City was Maryland's first capital, welcoming English settlers in 1634. According to the Maryland Historical Society, the city was abandoned after losing its charter in 1688 during a revolution in England and the overthrow of King James II. "St. Mary's was seen as a Catholic city, with the chapel right there in the middle," said Kummerow. "The capital was moved to Annapolis because it was more central, but also because, at the time, England was trying to get away from the Catholic church." Archaeological explorations in the historic city had been ongoing since the 1970s, and the coffins were first discovered in the foundation of the original Jesuit chapel, said Miller. He said he knew he had only one opportunity to get it right, and two years were spent pulling together a team to excavate and study the finds. The project was completely volunteer-driven, bringing more than 150 engineers, researchers and scientists to Maryland. "There was millions of dollars worth of expertise that was donated," Miller said. "It was not hard to sell it. It was an unusual project. You just said, 'We've got three lead coffins that hold who knows what,' and they were in." Many volunteers were from Maryland, but there was also a fabric expert from Wyoming, an individual from New York who helped the team peek inside the coffins with a fiberoptic scope before opening them, and the U.S. Army — to name a few, Miller said. "For over a week, there was a discovery every hour. You just didn't know what to expect. It was just so exciting, and knew we would never be able to do that again," said Miller. "It was definitely one of the high points of my archeological career. For certain." The team was working hard to get everything done quickly, Miller said, working straight through Halloween night in 1992. While there were no spooks, Miller said mapping soil over 300-year-old coffins is the strangest way he'll ever spend the holiday. The coffins and remains have been through various tests, studies and conservation efforts through the past two decades. They also spent five years on display in the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Now they've returned home to Maryland, featured in "A Tale of Three Coffins: Living and Dying in 17th Century St. Mary's City" exhibit, on display at the Maryland Historical Society in downtown Baltimore. The exhibit opened on Maryland Day, March 25. The day represents new beginnings, said Kummerow. It marks the landing of the first settlers in Maryland, as well as the first of the year in the old calendar, the first day of spring and the Feast of the Annunciation, he said. "These coffins are getting quite a few miles. More than most coffins anyways," said Eugene Roberts, governor of The Society of the Ark and the Dove, a genealogical society open to descendents of Lord Baltimore and passengers on the first ships that settled in Maryland and sponsor of the project. "Many of our members descend from the Calverts personally, or their brothers or uncles," Roberts said. "One struggles with conflicting thoughts — maybe you ought to leave your dead relatives alone, but there is a historical interest in seeing them as museum objects with education value." Alexandra Deutsch, chief curator for the Maryland Historical Society, said she has always been intrigued by 17th Century history, but nothing could truly convey what life was like in that era as well as this discovery. "When they came here, there was this immediate connection — not only intellectual, but incredible human connection to their story," she said. She worked closely with exhibit designer Charles Mack to bring this experience to visitors and ensure the display was respectful of the content. "There is an air of mourning that was very intentional on our part," Deutsch said. "There is a somber tone with lead colored walls and a sanctuary feel where the coffins are displayed." When the exhibit closes in December, the coffins will be re-interred near their original St. Mary's City location in a brick chapel — modeled after the original — that was rebuilt in recent years. Also brought to the chapel will be crosses made from roots of Maryland's Liberty Tree, a rallying point during the Revolutionary War and the last of its kind standing in the United States, that Scott Watkins, officer with the Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Maryland, commissioned from Baltimore woodwright Thomas Brown. For Kummerow, the goal of the exhibit is to get Marylanders thinking about their ancestry. "Where history meets the public is like a marsh in the Chesapeake," he said. "With these coffins, we not only have stories from the past, but things that give those stories authenticity."	<urn:uuid:ba70f227-848c-4e0f-bf0a-1cf9a2b8f707>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.delmarvanow.com/story/news/local/maryland/2015/03/28/three-crosses-history/70599726/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120023523-20200120051523-00139.warc.gz	en	0.981397	1,426	3.578125	4	[ -0.29797375202178955, 0.3569854497909546, 0.5351319313049316, 0.229217529296875, -0.11474782228469849, 0.2552051544189453, -0.05981367453932762, -0.16304683685302734, -0.4098208546638489, 0.07464887201786041, 0.0005232905969023705, -0.023975737392902374, -0.34090667963027954, 0.17259770631...	2	Three Coffins exhibit revives history Thoughts of colonial Maryland conjure images of dark suits, white-powdered coiffed hair and shiny black leather buckle shoes. But when a team of workers discovered three lead coffins dating to the 17th Century in the foundation of a long-gone chapel in St. Mary's City, a remote historical settlement on the southern tip of Maryland and the Chesapeake's western shore, they were in for a shock. Expecting to find well-preserved skeletons, Henry Miller, researcher and Maryland heritage scholar with Historic St. Mary's City and codirector of the project, said he opened the first coffin to find bone that had turned to a white crystal material from the waist up — leading to a burst of perfectly preserved, shoulder-length red hair. "When we uncovered them, we knew we had a major discovery," Miller said. "No one had found lead (coffins) in North America, and our goal was to determine who were these people buried in such an unusual manner when Maryland was still so young." At that time, people were either buried wrapped in cloth or in wooden coffins, Miller said. Lead was a royal form of burial, reserved for kings, queens and princes in England. He knew they had found someone important. Burt Kummerow, president of the Maryland Historical Society and previous executive director of the Historic St. Mary's City Commission, said a process of elimination led them to believe the coffins belonged to early Maryland leader Philip Calvert, his wife, Anne Wolseley, and a baby from Calvert's second marriage, to Jane Sewell. "The lead told us we had a man of means. Philip lived nearby — within a quarter mile of the chapel — and he put up money for the construction of the chapel. History also tells us that he died at the time researchers tell us this skeleton did," Kummerow said. "I'm not sure you could prove it in a court of law, but everything points to Philip Calvert. There were no other strong candidates." St. Mary's City was Maryland's first capital, welcoming English settlers in 1634. According to the Maryland Historical Society, the city was abandoned after losing its charter in 1688 during a revolution in England and the overthrow of King James II. "St. Mary's was seen as a Catholic city, with the chapel right there in the middle," said Kummerow. "The capital was moved to Annapolis because it was more central, but also because, at the time, England was trying to get away from the Catholic church." Archaeological explorations in the historic city had been ongoing since the 1970s, and the coffins were first discovered in the foundation of the original Jesuit chapel, said Miller. He said he knew he had only one opportunity to get it right, and two years were spent pulling together a team to excavate and study the finds. The project was completely volunteer-driven, bringing more than 150 engineers, researchers and scientists to Maryland. "There was millions of dollars worth of expertise that was donated," Miller said. "It was not hard to sell it. It was an unusual project. You just said, 'We've got three lead coffins that hold who knows what,' and they were in." Many volunteers were from Maryland, but there was also a fabric expert from Wyoming, an individual from New York who helped the team peek inside the coffins with a fiberoptic scope before opening them, and the U.S. Army — to name a few, Miller said. "For over a week, there was a discovery every hour. You just didn't know what to expect. It was just so exciting, and knew we would never be able to do that again," said Miller. "It was definitely one of the high points of my archeological career. For certain." The team was working hard to get everything done quickly, Miller said, working straight through Halloween night in 1992. While there were no spooks, Miller said mapping soil over 300-year-old coffins is the strangest way he'll ever spend the holiday. The coffins and remains have been through various tests, studies and conservation efforts through the past two decades. They also spent five years on display in the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Now they've returned home to Maryland, featured in "A Tale of Three Coffins: Living and Dying in 17th Century St. Mary's City" exhibit, on display at the Maryland Historical Society in downtown Baltimore. The exhibit opened on Maryland Day, March 25. The day represents new beginnings, said Kummerow. It marks the landing of the first settlers in Maryland, as well as the first of the year in the old calendar, the first day of spring and the Feast of the Annunciation, he said. "These coffins are getting quite a few miles. More than most coffins anyways," said Eugene Roberts, governor of The Society of the Ark and the Dove, a genealogical society open to descendents of Lord Baltimore and passengers on the first ships that settled in Maryland and sponsor of the project. "Many of our members descend from the Calverts personally, or their brothers or uncles," Roberts said. "One struggles with conflicting thoughts — maybe you ought to leave your dead relatives alone, but there is a historical interest in seeing them as museum objects with education value." Alexandra Deutsch, chief curator for the Maryland Historical Society, said she has always been intrigued by 17th Century history, but nothing could truly convey what life was like in that era as well as this discovery. "When they came here, there was this immediate connection — not only intellectual, but incredible human connection to their story," she said. She worked closely with exhibit designer Charles Mack to bring this experience to visitors and ensure the display was respectful of the content. "There is an air of mourning that was very intentional on our part," Deutsch said. "There is a somber tone with lead colored walls and a sanctuary feel where the coffins are displayed." When the exhibit closes in December, the coffins will be re-interred near their original St. Mary's City location in a brick chapel — modeled after the original — that was rebuilt in recent years. Also brought to the chapel will be crosses made from roots of Maryland's Liberty Tree, a rallying point during the Revolutionary War and the last of its kind standing in the United States, that Scott Watkins, officer with the Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Maryland, commissioned from Baltimore woodwright Thomas Brown. For Kummerow, the goal of the exhibit is to get Marylanders thinking about their ancestry. "Where history meets the public is like a marsh in the Chesapeake," he said. "With these coffins, we not only have stories from the past, but things that give those stories authenticity."	1,413	ENGLISH	1
Wikijunior:World War II/Nuclear Weapons \|This Wikijunior article is a stub. You can help Wikijunior by expanding it.\| During the war both the United States and Germany were working towards nuclear weapons. Each knew that having a powerful weapon would give them the upper hand in the war. It was the USA who developed the first working nuclear weapons, with the help of British and Canadian scientists. The USA was the first nation to ever use nuclear weapons and is still the only nation to use them. On August 6 1945 the first ever nuclear bomb, named 'Little Boy' was dropped on the city of Hiroshima. Shortly after, on August 9 1945, a second nuclear bomb, named 'Fat Man', was dropped on the city of Nagasaki. Both of these cities were in Japan and the utter devastation inflicted caused the surrender of Japan, who feared more attacks. The Japanese emperor also expressed concerns that if they continued fighting the new weapons could also lead to the destruction of humanity. Whilst there are no reliable numbers that state how many people were killed by these two attacks, some estimates say that around 214,000 people were killed by the bombs. The radiation released by the bombs contaminated the ground around the cities for many years making the areas dangerous to enter. Hundreds of people were killed through radiation related illnesses in the following years.	<urn:uuid:e2b7d0f5-36b0-4102-9027-c217ca5eb5f7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior:World_War_II/Nuclear_Weapons	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594662.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119151736-20200119175736-00474.warc.gz	en	0.984814	281	3.609375	4	[ -0.14612415432929993, 0.20106671750545502, 0.13638949394226074, -0.41038429737091064, 0.4828721284866333, 0.02483275718986988, 0.14269793033599854, 0.29786616563796997, -0.47253650426864624, 0.019745398312807083, 0.3535669445991516, -0.13328789174556732, 0.2793680727481842, 0.4955726861953...	9	Wikijunior:World War II/Nuclear Weapons \|This Wikijunior article is a stub. You can help Wikijunior by expanding it.\| During the war both the United States and Germany were working towards nuclear weapons. Each knew that having a powerful weapon would give them the upper hand in the war. It was the USA who developed the first working nuclear weapons, with the help of British and Canadian scientists. The USA was the first nation to ever use nuclear weapons and is still the only nation to use them. On August 6 1945 the first ever nuclear bomb, named 'Little Boy' was dropped on the city of Hiroshima. Shortly after, on August 9 1945, a second nuclear bomb, named 'Fat Man', was dropped on the city of Nagasaki. Both of these cities were in Japan and the utter devastation inflicted caused the surrender of Japan, who feared more attacks. The Japanese emperor also expressed concerns that if they continued fighting the new weapons could also lead to the destruction of humanity. Whilst there are no reliable numbers that state how many people were killed by these two attacks, some estimates say that around 214,000 people were killed by the bombs. The radiation released by the bombs contaminated the ground around the cities for many years making the areas dangerous to enter. Hundreds of people were killed through radiation related illnesses in the following years.	290	ENGLISH	1
A BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF TORT LAW In the beginning, crime and tort were much the same in scope. Criminal law and tort law, therefore, covered much common ground. The law's function in both instances was to satisfy a public and private need for vengeance and to avoid cit- izens taking the law into their own hands. Additionally, deterrence of wrongful conduct also came to be seen as an important objective. Tort liability, in effect, was a legal device to dissuade a victim from retaliation by offering monetary compensation instead. The recognized torts in this evolutionary period were closely related to threats of public disorder or what came to be known later as breaches of the peace. Thus, tort law has ancient roots and can be traced back to the first written codes of law. Importantly, the earliest codes we are aware of, dating back more than 3500 years ago, included laws not only requiring compensation for certain intentional wrongdoing, but also for some careless misconduct. Some years after the Norman conquest of England in 1066, a system of royal courts was established. Many of the royal judges were trained at the best universities in Europe where they studied Roman law, and in this early period, Roman law study was also an important part of the study of all English lawyers. Roman law was a highly sophisticated legal system that included rules of tort law premises on fault as well as intentional wrongdoing. Roman legal principles, of course, were not the law of England but they were often accepted by the judges for their practical value in resolving disputes where there was no applicable common law. A tort action was commenced in the king's courts through a writ of trespass. The writ of trespass came to encompass all those actions related to direct and immediate aggression against a person, or against the personal and real property of an individual. Eventually, cases of indirect injury were allo howed under the alternate writ of "trespass on the case.” The medieval usage of the word "trespass" still figures in the modern day version of the Lord's Prayer.	<urn:uuid:816337ee-ee4d-459c-9d62-d5dbbe0d291b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://energy-tour.eu/legal-battles/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610004.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123101110-20200123130110-00517.warc.gz	en	0.984034	418	3.453125	3	[ -0.6037781238555908, 0.05755612626671791, 0.15477631986141205, -0.1964229792356491, 0.027577204629778862, -0.08565869182348251, 0.4371548295021057, -0.21649591624736786, 0.3293626010417938, -0.07641127705574036, -0.02207464911043644, 0.1753007173538208, -0.03764143958687782, 0.192157685756...	1	A BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF TORT LAW In the beginning, crime and tort were much the same in scope. Criminal law and tort law, therefore, covered much common ground. The law's function in both instances was to satisfy a public and private need for vengeance and to avoid cit- izens taking the law into their own hands. Additionally, deterrence of wrongful conduct also came to be seen as an important objective. Tort liability, in effect, was a legal device to dissuade a victim from retaliation by offering monetary compensation instead. The recognized torts in this evolutionary period were closely related to threats of public disorder or what came to be known later as breaches of the peace. Thus, tort law has ancient roots and can be traced back to the first written codes of law. Importantly, the earliest codes we are aware of, dating back more than 3500 years ago, included laws not only requiring compensation for certain intentional wrongdoing, but also for some careless misconduct. Some years after the Norman conquest of England in 1066, a system of royal courts was established. Many of the royal judges were trained at the best universities in Europe where they studied Roman law, and in this early period, Roman law study was also an important part of the study of all English lawyers. Roman law was a highly sophisticated legal system that included rules of tort law premises on fault as well as intentional wrongdoing. Roman legal principles, of course, were not the law of England but they were often accepted by the judges for their practical value in resolving disputes where there was no applicable common law. A tort action was commenced in the king's courts through a writ of trespass. The writ of trespass came to encompass all those actions related to direct and immediate aggression against a person, or against the personal and real property of an individual. Eventually, cases of indirect injury were allo howed under the alternate writ of "trespass on the case.” The medieval usage of the word "trespass" still figures in the modern day version of the Lord's Prayer.	418	ENGLISH	1
Topics in CRSThe Prodigal Son, Moral lessons learnt The Prodigal Son, Moral lessons learnt Part 2 Scheme of work, CRS, SS1, 1st Term Scheme of work, CRS, SS1, 2nd Term Scheme of work, CRS, SS1, 3rd Term Biblical account of Creation Biblical account of Creation, part 2 Consequences of the disobedience of Adam and Eve Consequences of the disobedience of Adam and Eve, part 2 The early years of Jesus Biblical account of Human Disobedience Attributes of God explained Leadership qualities of Joseph that can transform your life Suffering - Our Response to Suffering and the Beauty of Suffering Sovereignty of God with Bible References Academic Questions in CRS The sun was created on the _____ day. Which of the following statement is INCORRECT regarding the biblical account of creation as contained in Genesis Chapter 1. By the term "God is Sovereign", we mean that _____. Jealousy is one of the attributes of God Noah had three sons after he was _____ years old. According to Genesis chapter 1 verses 6 – 8, God created _____ on the second day. The parable of the prodigal son as narrated by Jesus is one that buttressed the importance of reconciliation and forgiveness. It appears in the Gospel of Luke 15: 11-32. Note: The term prodigal means to be "extravagant" or "too willing to spend money or waste time and energy on material things". In this article, we will continue to look into the morals of the parable; but incase you missed the part 1 of this article, please read ithere. He was still a long way from home when his father saw him; his heart was filled with pity, and he ran, threw his arms round his son, and kissed him. “Father”, the son said, “I have sinned against God and against you. I am no longer fit to be called your son”. But the father called his servants. “Hurry!” he said. “Bring the best robe and put it on him. Put a ring on his finger and shoes on his feet. Then go and get the prize calf and kill it, and let us celebrate with a feast! For this son of mine was dead, but now he is alive; he was lost, but now he has been found”. And so the feasting began. Luke 15: 20-24 Sin gives us a tattered and disfigured appearance. The state of the prodigal son was in such a pitiable condition that the father noticed it from afar. You may take a moment to imagine what the father must have thought with regards to the state and appearance of his son. According to the story, the father was filled with pity for his remorseful son to an extent that he ran to him, threw his arms round him and kissed him; regardless his stinking physical state. He wouldn’t even allow his penitent son to complete his plea for mercy, rather he ordered his servants to hurry in doing the followings: Bring the best robe and put it on him. Put a ring of his fingers. Put shoes on his feet. Kill the calf prized calf. (The calf they had been fattening). To this moment, I am still thinking about how the prodigal son must have felt after his merciful father welcomed him with such great love, tenderness, feasting and celebration.Please read on the Beauty of Suffering here. It is quite safe to say that the father had already forgiven his prodigal son even before he saw him. He must have been thinking about the extravagant son from the very moment he left home; perhaps, that was why he had been waiting for him to come back home. The father eagerly waited to express his love, mercy and forgiveness on his son. An important fact to note concerning the father is: By nature and attribute, the father is loving, forgiving and merciful. One question we ought to ask ourselves is: Was the prodigal son willing to tap into his father’s abundance of mercy? To this end, the son was sorrowful for the evil he had done, showed remorse and took the courage to go back to his loving and merciful father. In fact, at some point, I was contemplating which of the followings would have been the best title for this story: In the meantime, the elder son was out in the field. On his way back, when he came close to the house, he heard music and dancing. So he called one of the servants and asked him, “What’s going on? “Your brother has come back home, "the servant answered, "and your father has killed the prized calf, because he got him back safe and sound”. The elder brother was so angry that he would not go into the house; so his father came out and begged him to come in. But he answered his father, “Look, all these years I have worked for you like a slave, and I have never disobeyed your orders. What have you given me? Not even a goat for me to have a feast with my friends! But this son of yours wasted all your properties on prostitutes and when he comes back home, you kill the prize calf for him! “My son”, the father answered, “you are always here with me, and everything I have is yours. But we had to celebrate and be happy, because your brother was dead, but now he is alive; he was lost, but now he has been found”. Luke 15: 25-31 From the above passage, it is quite clear that the elder brother does not want his prodigal brother back; (perhaps because of the way he had lived his life). At the moment, this act from the elder brother may not be considered grievous since humans are "configured" differently. (He probably was the strict type that demands justice for every evil act). The elder brother failed to realize that his prodigal brother had already suffered the humiliation, pain, sorrow, disgrace and suffering that came as the aftermath of his evil actions. Although the elder brother declared openly his anger for his younger brother by not entering the house; what struck me most was the humility of their loving father. According to the story, his father came out to him and begged him to come in. Instead of listening to his father, he went on to say: I have worked for you like a slave all these years and have never disobeyed your orders. What have you given me? The above statement from the elder brother points to the fact that the father had been wicked and unfair to him. We all know that’s not true because the father is so loving, caring and merciful; even to his servants. At this point, jealously crept into the elder brother’s heart and this made him say: But this son of yours wasted all your property on prostitutes, and when he comes back home, you killed the prize calf for him! The elder brother actually offended his father through the words he spoke. Although the story did not specify whether he obeyed his father by coming into the house to celebrate with his younger brother; one thing we know for sure is: If the elder brother shows remorse on the way he had spoken to his father, his merciful and loving father will surely forgive him, like he forgave his younger brother. No human being living on earth is perfect. We must acknowledge this fact if we intend to be humble in our actions. In fact, pride is the greatest of all the deadly sins; (The Pharisee encouraged the crucifixion of Jesus because pride took deep roots within their hearts). If you carefully read the above bible passage, you will observe an important statement from one of the servants; which happens to be the ultimate goal of this parable. The servant replied when asked “What’s going on"? by the elder brother. He said; and I quote: Your brother has come back home, "the servant answered, "and your father has killed the prized calf, because he got him back safe and sound”. Note: It is the will of God to get us safe and sound into heaven; for this is what the parable points to. Notice that the younger brother, after enjoying the mercy of his father entered the house to be celebrated. Like I pointed out ealier, we still do not know if the elder brother entered the house to join in the celebration. Note: In this parable, think of the Father as GOD the house as Heaven. Let us not be quick to condemn others like the elder brother; but rather, let’s be swift to extend the arms of forgiveness and love like the Merciful Father. THANKS FOR READING - Please Help Share! Alfred Ajibola is a Medical Biochemist, a passionate Academician with over 7 years of experience, a Versatile Writer, a Web Developer, a Cisco Certified Network Associate and a Cisco CyberOps Associate. Amazing facts in CRS If you translate “Jesus” from Hebrew directly to English, the correct translation will be “Joshua”. The name “Jesus” was actually a translation from Hebrew, to Greek, to Latin and finally, English NOTABLE POINTS IN CRS The Sovereignty of God simply implies that God is at the Top of all things. Below are some facts that expresses God's Sovereignty: God is above all things and before all things. God is the creator of all things. God is omniscient. He knows all things: past, present and future. God can do and accomplish all things. God is in control of all things and rules over all things. The term sovereign relates to words like: Supreme, Ruler, Greatest, Unlimited and Total Based on the above, the sovereignty of God can be expressed in different views. For instance:	<urn:uuid:f1013d16-f41b-4d28-9d87-57ebc68464cb>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.len.com.ng/csblogdetail/362/The-Prodigal-Son--Moral-lessons-learnt-Part-2	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251779833.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128153713-20200128183713-00493.warc.gz	en	0.981628	2,124	3.375	3	[ -0.05731739103794098, 0.302237868309021, -0.21372386813163757, -0.19434410333633423, -0.43232250213623047, 0.33912473917007446, 0.13818645477294922, 0.2210802137851715, -0.04802453890442848, 0.01814553700387478, 0.1547771692276001, -0.2524084448814392, 0.39670616388320923, 0.22317835688591...	1	Topics in CRSThe Prodigal Son, Moral lessons learnt The Prodigal Son, Moral lessons learnt Part 2 Scheme of work, CRS, SS1, 1st Term Scheme of work, CRS, SS1, 2nd Term Scheme of work, CRS, SS1, 3rd Term Biblical account of Creation Biblical account of Creation, part 2 Consequences of the disobedience of Adam and Eve Consequences of the disobedience of Adam and Eve, part 2 The early years of Jesus Biblical account of Human Disobedience Attributes of God explained Leadership qualities of Joseph that can transform your life Suffering - Our Response to Suffering and the Beauty of Suffering Sovereignty of God with Bible References Academic Questions in CRS The sun was created on the _____ day. Which of the following statement is INCORRECT regarding the biblical account of creation as contained in Genesis Chapter 1. By the term "God is Sovereign", we mean that _____. Jealousy is one of the attributes of God Noah had three sons after he was _____ years old. According to Genesis chapter 1 verses 6 – 8, God created _____ on the second day. The parable of the prodigal son as narrated by Jesus is one that buttressed the importance of reconciliation and forgiveness. It appears in the Gospel of Luke 15: 11-32. Note: The term prodigal means to be "extravagant" or "too willing to spend money or waste time and energy on material things". In this article, we will continue to look into the morals of the parable; but incase you missed the part 1 of this article, please read ithere. He was still a long way from home when his father saw him; his heart was filled with pity, and he ran, threw his arms round his son, and kissed him. “Father”, the son said, “I have sinned against God and against you. I am no longer fit to be called your son”. But the father called his servants. “Hurry!” he said. “Bring the best robe and put it on him. Put a ring on his finger and shoes on his feet. Then go and get the prize calf and kill it, and let us celebrate with a feast! For this son of mine was dead, but now he is alive; he was lost, but now he has been found”. And so the feasting began. Luke 15: 20-24 Sin gives us a tattered and disfigured appearance. The state of the prodigal son was in such a pitiable condition that the father noticed it from afar. You may take a moment to imagine what the father must have thought with regards to the state and appearance of his son. According to the story, the father was filled with pity for his remorseful son to an extent that he ran to him, threw his arms round him and kissed him; regardless his stinking physical state. He wouldn’t even allow his penitent son to complete his plea for mercy, rather he ordered his servants to hurry in doing the followings: Bring the best robe and put it on him. Put a ring of his fingers. Put shoes on his feet. Kill the calf prized calf. (The calf they had been fattening). To this moment, I am still thinking about how the prodigal son must have felt after his merciful father welcomed him with such great love, tenderness, feasting and celebration.Please read on the Beauty of Suffering here. It is quite safe to say that the father had already forgiven his prodigal son even before he saw him. He must have been thinking about the extravagant son from the very moment he left home; perhaps, that was why he had been waiting for him to come back home. The father eagerly waited to express his love, mercy and forgiveness on his son. An important fact to note concerning the father is: By nature and attribute, the father is loving, forgiving and merciful. One question we ought to ask ourselves is: Was the prodigal son willing to tap into his father’s abundance of mercy? To this end, the son was sorrowful for the evil he had done, showed remorse and took the courage to go back to his loving and merciful father. In fact, at some point, I was contemplating which of the followings would have been the best title for this story: In the meantime, the elder son was out in the field. On his way back, when he came close to the house, he heard music and dancing. So he called one of the servants and asked him, “What’s going on? “Your brother has come back home, "the servant answered, "and your father has killed the prized calf, because he got him back safe and sound”. The elder brother was so angry that he would not go into the house; so his father came out and begged him to come in. But he answered his father, “Look, all these years I have worked for you like a slave, and I have never disobeyed your orders. What have you given me? Not even a goat for me to have a feast with my friends! But this son of yours wasted all your properties on prostitutes and when he comes back home, you kill the prize calf for him! “My son”, the father answered, “you are always here with me, and everything I have is yours. But we had to celebrate and be happy, because your brother was dead, but now he is alive; he was lost, but now he has been found”. Luke 15: 25-31 From the above passage, it is quite clear that the elder brother does not want his prodigal brother back; (perhaps because of the way he had lived his life). At the moment, this act from the elder brother may not be considered grievous since humans are "configured" differently. (He probably was the strict type that demands justice for every evil act). The elder brother failed to realize that his prodigal brother had already suffered the humiliation, pain, sorrow, disgrace and suffering that came as the aftermath of his evil actions. Although the elder brother declared openly his anger for his younger brother by not entering the house; what struck me most was the humility of their loving father. According to the story, his father came out to him and begged him to come in. Instead of listening to his father, he went on to say: I have worked for you like a slave all these years and have never disobeyed your orders. What have you given me? The above statement from the elder brother points to the fact that the father had been wicked and unfair to him. We all know that’s not true because the father is so loving, caring and merciful; even to his servants. At this point, jealously crept into the elder brother’s heart and this made him say: But this son of yours wasted all your property on prostitutes, and when he comes back home, you killed the prize calf for him! The elder brother actually offended his father through the words he spoke. Although the story did not specify whether he obeyed his father by coming into the house to celebrate with his younger brother; one thing we know for sure is: If the elder brother shows remorse on the way he had spoken to his father, his merciful and loving father will surely forgive him, like he forgave his younger brother. No human being living on earth is perfect. We must acknowledge this fact if we intend to be humble in our actions. In fact, pride is the greatest of all the deadly sins; (The Pharisee encouraged the crucifixion of Jesus because pride took deep roots within their hearts). If you carefully read the above bible passage, you will observe an important statement from one of the servants; which happens to be the ultimate goal of this parable. The servant replied when asked “What’s going on"? by the elder brother. He said; and I quote: Your brother has come back home, "the servant answered, "and your father has killed the prized calf, because he got him back safe and sound”. Note: It is the will of God to get us safe and sound into heaven; for this is what the parable points to. Notice that the younger brother, after enjoying the mercy of his father entered the house to be celebrated. Like I pointed out ealier, we still do not know if the elder brother entered the house to join in the celebration. Note: In this parable, think of the Father as GOD the house as Heaven. Let us not be quick to condemn others like the elder brother; but rather, let’s be swift to extend the arms of forgiveness and love like the Merciful Father. THANKS FOR READING - Please Help Share! Alfred Ajibola is a Medical Biochemist, a passionate Academician with over 7 years of experience, a Versatile Writer, a Web Developer, a Cisco Certified Network Associate and a Cisco CyberOps Associate. Amazing facts in CRS If you translate “Jesus” from Hebrew directly to English, the correct translation will be “Joshua”. The name “Jesus” was actually a translation from Hebrew, to Greek, to Latin and finally, English NOTABLE POINTS IN CRS The Sovereignty of God simply implies that God is at the Top of all things. Below are some facts that expresses God's Sovereignty: God is above all things and before all things. God is the creator of all things. God is omniscient. He knows all things: past, present and future. God can do and accomplish all things. God is in control of all things and rules over all things. The term sovereign relates to words like: Supreme, Ruler, Greatest, Unlimited and Total Based on the above, the sovereignty of God can be expressed in different views. For instance:	2,046	ENGLISH	1
17TH CENTURY PROSEDuring the 17th century grew the importance of english prose as a literary medium to express ideas which were central to the cultural and political life. The main issues debated in prose works were religion, philosophy and science; in addition to this english prose shows a strong interest in introspection, psycological analysis and personal experience with a wide range of problems and subjects. The new style of prose was simpler and more concise. PHILOSOPHYDuring the 17th century developed a new philosophy and science whose best representative were Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes; thier prose style was characterized by clear thoughts expressed in clear short senteces, and direct statements instead of metaphors. Other great philosopher was John Locke who laid the bases of philosophical empiricism. THE SCIENTIFIC IDEALThe new science and philosophy was a vast cultural movement infact in this period a scientific academy was founded; it was called the royal society. The most scientific figure of the time was Isaac Newton, the founder of modern physics and mathematics. Even though his greatest works were in latin ( the internation language of science) his prose was a model of clarity and directness and reached an audiece no made up of scientists alone. THE PURITAN IDEALThe renewal of english prose is also due to the Puritans whose literature was connected to their religious beliefs. The works are allegories of religious problems and took the form of sermons or didactic works. The puritan prose was of a popular nature, sermon-like in form and allegorical in method. Its language was plein and direct. The best writer was John Bunyan. DIARIES, BIOGRAPHIES AND LETTERSWith the restoration the daily life of men begins to take on a specific literary interest, previously unknown. People record their impressions of everyday events in diaries and biographies. The writers weren’t professional writers and their works weren’t for pubblication.The two most famous diarists of the time were sir Pepys and sir Evelyn. Both had been to university and occupied important pubblic positions. Evelyn’s diary is concerned with the history of his own time and the places he had seen; Pepys’diary, instead, treats some very personal matters and great historical events such as the great fire of london of 1666 descrived in vivid details. The same impulse was also responsible for the many biographical and autobiographical works that came out in the restoration and the role of women writers was important.	<urn:uuid:abde79fd-b69b-4355-a11e-352b93fa6de7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.skuola.net/letteratura-inglese-1700/inglese-17x.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598217.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120081337-20200120105337-00220.warc.gz	en	0.98022	521	3.890625	4	[ 0.01028071902692318, 0.42979633808135986, 0.24009746313095093, -0.37253662943840027, -0.5265025496482849, 0.021453503519296646, -0.2435099184513092, 0.47362691164016724, 0.08494236320257187, -0.05106533318758011, -0.11966250091791153, -0.17417307198047638, 0.29189613461494446, 0.0800995379...	1	17TH CENTURY PROSEDuring the 17th century grew the importance of english prose as a literary medium to express ideas which were central to the cultural and political life. The main issues debated in prose works were religion, philosophy and science; in addition to this english prose shows a strong interest in introspection, psycological analysis and personal experience with a wide range of problems and subjects. The new style of prose was simpler and more concise. PHILOSOPHYDuring the 17th century developed a new philosophy and science whose best representative were Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes; thier prose style was characterized by clear thoughts expressed in clear short senteces, and direct statements instead of metaphors. Other great philosopher was John Locke who laid the bases of philosophical empiricism. THE SCIENTIFIC IDEALThe new science and philosophy was a vast cultural movement infact in this period a scientific academy was founded; it was called the royal society. The most scientific figure of the time was Isaac Newton, the founder of modern physics and mathematics. Even though his greatest works were in latin ( the internation language of science) his prose was a model of clarity and directness and reached an audiece no made up of scientists alone. THE PURITAN IDEALThe renewal of english prose is also due to the Puritans whose literature was connected to their religious beliefs. The works are allegories of religious problems and took the form of sermons or didactic works. The puritan prose was of a popular nature, sermon-like in form and allegorical in method. Its language was plein and direct. The best writer was John Bunyan. DIARIES, BIOGRAPHIES AND LETTERSWith the restoration the daily life of men begins to take on a specific literary interest, previously unknown. People record their impressions of everyday events in diaries and biographies. The writers weren’t professional writers and their works weren’t for pubblication.The two most famous diarists of the time were sir Pepys and sir Evelyn. Both had been to university and occupied important pubblic positions. Evelyn’s diary is concerned with the history of his own time and the places he had seen; Pepys’diary, instead, treats some very personal matters and great historical events such as the great fire of london of 1666 descrived in vivid details. The same impulse was also responsible for the many biographical and autobiographical works that came out in the restoration and the role of women writers was important.	508	ENGLISH	1
Amelia EarhartGina HuynhduLanguage Arts P.6Miss Witt16 January 2018Research OutlineIntroHook- Amelia Earhart was an inspiration to men and women, breaking many aviation records and accomplishing things people couldn’t believe.Brief Summary •Flight solo over the Atlantic•Flight solo coast to coast non-stop•How she crashed and disappeared Thesis- Amelia Earhart was influential in aviation exploration, paving the way for women in the workforce, and her disappearance still fascinates people today.Historical BackgroundBackgroundChildhood Journey to becoming a pilot First year as a pilot AccomplishmentsSolo over Atlantic Record-breaking flights and how it gave women hope EventsFirst FlightFirst person to fly solo from Hawaii to CaliforniaOverview of LifeThesis Reason 1: Aviation exploration Reason 2: Paving the way for women in the workforce Reason 3: Disappearance Conclusion:Amelia Earhart was influential in aviation exploration, paving the way for women in the workforce, and her disappearance still fascinates people today.Your findingsYour opinion Conclude paper Amelia Earhart was an inspiration to men and women, breaking many aviation records and accomplishing things people couldn’t believe. She went on many record-breaking flights such as her solo flight across the Atlantic and her non-stop coast to coast flight. She worked hard her whole life to promote opportunities for women. Sadly, on one of her flights she mysteriously disappeared and was never found. Amelia Earhart was influential in aviation exploration, paving the way for women in the workforce, and her disappearance still fascinates people today. Amelia Mary Earhart was born on July 24, 1897, in Atchison, Kansas. Her dad, Edwin, was an unsuccessful lawyer, and her mom, Amy, was the daughter of a rich family (Fleming 6). Amelia’s parents had had a miscarriage before her in a cable car accident, so they both loved Amelia very much (Haugen 15). Amelia grew up loving adventure and exploring, although when she was growing up, girls were expected to be domesticated. Amelia and her sister, Muriel, were raised in an untraditional way. She got her sense of adventure from her mother who was the first woman to climb Pikes Peak (Klingel 7). Amelia enjoyed mechanic and building contraptions, she believed that girls could do anything boys could do (Klingel 8). “Later in her childhood, Edwin developed a drinking problem, and when he drank he created fear for his family. He lost many jobs and his family had to keep moving homes” (Haugen 23). When Earhart was seventeen, she went to Hyde Park High School, she was a loner and did not want to fit in (Fleming 24). At nineteen, she attended Ogontz Prep School, it was one of the best prep schools in the country (Fleming 27). Amelia disagreed with the teachers there who thought that the only thing that women should do is get married. She even kept a scrapbook of many women who had careers (Fleming 28). Although they weren’t rich, Amelia still enjoyed her childhood. Earhart loved watching the planes fly while serving as a nurse’s aid in World War l (History.com Staff 2). When Amelia was horseback riding with her sister, a Flying Corps Officer who invited them to an airfield. Earhart discovered her love for aviation and attended a fair where people were giving stunt flying demonstrations (Haugen 30). “Amelia watched in amazement as the plane flew down towards her.” She bought a ticket for a ride in an airplane at the fair (Haugen 31). Earhart knew she wanted to be a pilot before the ride was over. Amelia immediately signed up for flying lessons, but her parents could not afford them so she started working. Amelia took her first flying lesson with Neta Snook, the first woman to go to the Curtiss School of Aviation (Klingel 15). Amelia made many dangerous mistakes when she first started flying (Fleming 38). Earhart received her pilot’s license quickly and she was one of the first women to get their license (Klingel 32). On October 22, 1922, Amelia set the altitude record for women at 14,000 feet. Amelia accomplished many things early in her flying career. In her life, Amelia Earhart inspired many by exploring in aviation. In April of 1928, Earhart was asked to fly across the Atlantic Ocean with Amy Guest. Earhart wanted to fly at least part of the way, but she was told it would not be possible because she did not know how to fly a multi-motored plane (Haugen 46). On June 17, they took off on their twenty hour and forty minute journey across the Atlantic, they landed in Southern Wales (Klingel 24). “Even though this was the agreement, Earhart later confided that she felt she “was just baggage, like a sack of potatoes.” Then she added “…maybe someday I’ll try it alone” (Biography.com Editors 3). And a few years later, that is exactly what she did. On May 20, 1932, Amelia began her solo flight across the Atlantic. She started in Harbour Grace, Newfoundland, it was a fifteen-hour-long flight and she landed in Northern Ireland (Fleming 73). During the flight, the altimeter stopped working, which meant she did not know how far up she was flying, but she persisted and kept flying (Fleming 74). Then, fog began to form around the plane, but when she flew above it, ice started to build up on the wings. She descended knowing it could cause an extremely dangerous spin (Haugen 71). Just when Earhart had calmed down, she looked out to find the plane cylinders were on fire (Fleming 74). As conditions got worse, she decided to land in Ireland (Biography.com Editors 14). Despite all the problems, Amelia had achieved her goal of becoming the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic (Fleming 77). After this flight, President Hoover awarded Amelia with the National Geographic Society’s Gold Medal. She also received the Distinguished Flying Cross and a National Aeronautical Association Honorary Membership (Klingel 22). Amelia took on a new flight on January 11, 1935, she was going to fly over the Pacific from Hawaii to California (Fleming 77). The flight was problem free, and afterwards, she was congratulated by President Franklin and his wife (Haugen 80). President Franklin wrote, “You have demonstrated not only your own dauntless courage, but also the capacity of women to match the skill of men in carrying through the most difficult feats of high adventure” (Haugen 73). Earhart departed three months later to become the first person to fly solo from Los Angeles to Mexico City (Fleming 77). Although Amelia was breaking records all over the place, she wanted to do something bigger, she wanted to fly around the world. In 1936, Amelia’s husband, George, started to prepare for her big flight by making sure they had permission to fly over all the land they passed (Fleming 86). She knew she could not do this alone, so she partnered up with navigator Fred Noonan to help her along the trip (Haugen 85). On March 17, they were off on their journey around the world, they flew 2,400 miles from California to Hawaii. When they were landing, they spun and crashed, thankfully no one was hurt, but the plane was destroyed (Haugen 88). The Electra took two months to repair, they then took off again on June 1, 1937 (Haugen 89). They flew from Miami to Southeast Asia, they landed in Lae, New Guinea on June 29 (History.com Staff 3). The next landing would be a challenged because it was on Howland Island, which was very small (Haugen 90). Around 10 AM, they took to the air again, but this time the weather was cloudy and communicating was difficult. Things started to get worse from this point on. At 7:42 AM, the ship got a message from Amelia saying, “Running out of gas. Only one-half hour left. Been unable to reach you by radio. We are flying at one thousand feet” (Haugen 91). Later, they got information about her location, but it was not enough. That was the last message they heard from Amelia, she and the plane were never found (Haugen 92). Though she died young, she accomplished a lot in her career.Amelia was always working hard to pave the way for women in the workforce. She had a strong belief that women should take chances and dare to live, she did not believe in stereotypes. In the spring of 1935, Amelia was invited to work at Purdue University to inspire the girls there to take up any job they want. Amelia decided to live in the residence hall. She did not follow the proper etiquette and would come to dinner in her flying clothes instead of following the dress code (Fleming 83). After dinner, Amelia would even sit down with the students and led group discussions (Fleming 84). “They centered around Miss Earhart’s belief that women… really did have choices about what we could do with our lives,” recalled one student. “Study whatever you want, she counseled us girls. ‘Don’t let the world push you around” (Fleming 84). During her life, Earhart was always working to help create more opportunities for women. She created the Ninety-Nines, which was an organization for female pilots. She was the first president of the organization which is still here today, and it includes flyers from 44 different countries (History.com Staff 4). Amelia also gave speeches to convince women that they could become pilots as well (Klingel 20). Earhart wanted other girls to go into aviation and she encouraged young women to take lessons (Amelia Earhart Museum 2). During the 1930’s many people thought that it was not ladylike to fly, and women who did fly were bizarre (Amelia Earhart Museum 3). “She lived in an era where women were given fewer opportunities to fly and they had smaller, cheaper planes than men” (Fleming 46). She believed that women and men should have separate records so that they could still be recognized for their accomplishments even if they weren’t the first. She spent much of her time speaking about women in aviation. Amelia wished that someday women and men would be treated equally and taught based on their skills and not their gender (Amelia Earhart Museum 4). She hoped women would share their attempts in aviation. Amelia Earhart inspired many pilots with her flying accomplishments, creating the Ninety-Nines, and encouraging women to follow their dreams (Amelia Earhart Museum 5). Amelia Earhart is widely known because of her mysterious disappearance. Earhart was supposed to land on Howland Island on July 2 to end her journey around the world. “The Itasca…sent out huge clouds of smoke while we lined the runway and sat out in lifeboats and the official greeters waited anxiously at the reception spot. All eyes gazed fondly, proudly, eagerly, over the horizon. We believed we were about to see history in the making– the first woman to fly around the world, but she didn’t, and she didn’t come” (Fleming 4). At 7:58 AM, Amelia sent a message saying she could not hear them, at this point they knew she was lost. The message came through so strong that they were sure she was right above them at one point. The team became frustrated when they could not help her and did not hear from her for forty minutes. Then, suddenly It was chaos, radiomen were frantically attempting to send her messages for almost an hour, they knew she was very low on fuel. They were constantly looking up hoping to see her coming down in the plane (Fleming 4). A lot of time passed with no sign of Earhart, they waited for her anxiously (Fleming 5). People were trying everything they could to communicate with Amelia. NBC even sent out a broadcast to see if she could hear them. A few military stations in Honolulu heard a response, but there was too much static to hear what was being said (Fleming 44). It went on like this for hours and hours, the coast guard receiving a signal, but it was unreadable. “Distraught, he refused to leave the coast guard station in San Francisco. He simply stayed in the radio room, going days without sleep waiting for news that his wife had been found” (Fleming 108). He was very determined to find Amelia, he even offered to pay for additional searches (Fleming 109). President Roosevelt conducted the largest rescue attempt ever made for one plane. They looked for a month, sadly nothing was found (Klingel 27). The rescue ended on July 18, 1937, her mysterious disappearance still remains a mystery (Klingel 28). Amelia Earhart was influential in aviation exploration, paving the way for women in the workforce, and her disappearance still fascinates people today. Amelia was a role model for all aspiring female aviators. She has accomplished many amazing things during her career that some people could not dream of. Her disappearance left America in distress. In my opinion, she was one of the greatest female aviators there ever was. Amelia will be remembered as a person who did many great things and will never be forgotten.Works Cited”Amelia Earhart as an Aviator.” Amelia Earhart as an Aviator, www.ameliaearhartmuseum.org/AmeliaEarhart/AEAviator.htm.Biography.com Editors. “Amelia Earhart.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 31 Aug. 2017, www.biography.com/people/amelia-earhart-9283280.Fleming, Candace. Amelia Lost: the Life and Disappearance of Amelia Earhart. Random House Publishing Group, 2011.Haugen, Brenda. Amelia Earhart: Legendary Aviator. Compass Point Books, 2007.History.com Staff. “Amelia Earhart.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2009, www.history.com/topics/amelia-earhart.Klingel, Cynthia. Amelia Earhart: Aviation Pioneer. Child’s World, 2004.	<urn:uuid:ad9cf418-b293-48bf-8c53-5e3d6413b149>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://yorkepeninsulaaccommodation.com/amelia-still-fascinates-people-today-amelia-mary-earhart/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250603761.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121103642-20200121132642-00154.warc.gz	en	0.98147	3,011	3.609375	4	[ -0.20614047348499298, -0.06570680439472198, 0.044917456805706024, -0.14423909783363342, -0.123850017786026, 0.3563552796840668, 0.3046484589576721, 0.13044607639312744, -0.2234610766172409, -0.17916527390480042, 0.2483997642993927, -0.16206058859825134, -0.19623368978500366, 0.265060514211...	2	Amelia EarhartGina HuynhduLanguage Arts P.6Miss Witt16 January 2018Research OutlineIntroHook- Amelia Earhart was an inspiration to men and women, breaking many aviation records and accomplishing things people couldn’t believe.Brief Summary •Flight solo over the Atlantic•Flight solo coast to coast non-stop•How she crashed and disappeared Thesis- Amelia Earhart was influential in aviation exploration, paving the way for women in the workforce, and her disappearance still fascinates people today.Historical BackgroundBackgroundChildhood Journey to becoming a pilot First year as a pilot AccomplishmentsSolo over Atlantic Record-breaking flights and how it gave women hope EventsFirst FlightFirst person to fly solo from Hawaii to CaliforniaOverview of LifeThesis Reason 1: Aviation exploration Reason 2: Paving the way for women in the workforce Reason 3: Disappearance Conclusion:Amelia Earhart was influential in aviation exploration, paving the way for women in the workforce, and her disappearance still fascinates people today.Your findingsYour opinion Conclude paper Amelia Earhart was an inspiration to men and women, breaking many aviation records and accomplishing things people couldn’t believe. She went on many record-breaking flights such as her solo flight across the Atlantic and her non-stop coast to coast flight. She worked hard her whole life to promote opportunities for women. Sadly, on one of her flights she mysteriously disappeared and was never found. Amelia Earhart was influential in aviation exploration, paving the way for women in the workforce, and her disappearance still fascinates people today. Amelia Mary Earhart was born on July 24, 1897, in Atchison, Kansas. Her dad, Edwin, was an unsuccessful lawyer, and her mom, Amy, was the daughter of a rich family (Fleming 6). Amelia’s parents had had a miscarriage before her in a cable car accident, so they both loved Amelia very much (Haugen 15). Amelia grew up loving adventure and exploring, although when she was growing up, girls were expected to be domesticated. Amelia and her sister, Muriel, were raised in an untraditional way. She got her sense of adventure from her mother who was the first woman to climb Pikes Peak (Klingel 7). Amelia enjoyed mechanic and building contraptions, she believed that girls could do anything boys could do (Klingel 8). “Later in her childhood, Edwin developed a drinking problem, and when he drank he created fear for his family. He lost many jobs and his family had to keep moving homes” (Haugen 23). When Earhart was seventeen, she went to Hyde Park High School, she was a loner and did not want to fit in (Fleming 24). At nineteen, she attended Ogontz Prep School, it was one of the best prep schools in the country (Fleming 27). Amelia disagreed with the teachers there who thought that the only thing that women should do is get married. She even kept a scrapbook of many women who had careers (Fleming 28). Although they weren’t rich, Amelia still enjoyed her childhood. Earhart loved watching the planes fly while serving as a nurse’s aid in World War l (History.com Staff 2). When Amelia was horseback riding with her sister, a Flying Corps Officer who invited them to an airfield. Earhart discovered her love for aviation and attended a fair where people were giving stunt flying demonstrations (Haugen 30). “Amelia watched in amazement as the plane flew down towards her.” She bought a ticket for a ride in an airplane at the fair (Haugen 31). Earhart knew she wanted to be a pilot before the ride was over. Amelia immediately signed up for flying lessons, but her parents could not afford them so she started working. Amelia took her first flying lesson with Neta Snook, the first woman to go to the Curtiss School of Aviation (Klingel 15). Amelia made many dangerous mistakes when she first started flying (Fleming 38). Earhart received her pilot’s license quickly and she was one of the first women to get their license (Klingel 32). On October 22, 1922, Amelia set the altitude record for women at 14,000 feet. Amelia accomplished many things early in her flying career. In her life, Amelia Earhart inspired many by exploring in aviation. In April of 1928, Earhart was asked to fly across the Atlantic Ocean with Amy Guest. Earhart wanted to fly at least part of the way, but she was told it would not be possible because she did not know how to fly a multi-motored plane (Haugen 46). On June 17, they took off on their twenty hour and forty minute journey across the Atlantic, they landed in Southern Wales (Klingel 24). “Even though this was the agreement, Earhart later confided that she felt she “was just baggage, like a sack of potatoes.” Then she added “…maybe someday I’ll try it alone” (Biography.com Editors 3). And a few years later, that is exactly what she did. On May 20, 1932, Amelia began her solo flight across the Atlantic. She started in Harbour Grace, Newfoundland, it was a fifteen-hour-long flight and she landed in Northern Ireland (Fleming 73). During the flight, the altimeter stopped working, which meant she did not know how far up she was flying, but she persisted and kept flying (Fleming 74). Then, fog began to form around the plane, but when she flew above it, ice started to build up on the wings. She descended knowing it could cause an extremely dangerous spin (Haugen 71). Just when Earhart had calmed down, she looked out to find the plane cylinders were on fire (Fleming 74). As conditions got worse, she decided to land in Ireland (Biography.com Editors 14). Despite all the problems, Amelia had achieved her goal of becoming the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic (Fleming 77). After this flight, President Hoover awarded Amelia with the National Geographic Society’s Gold Medal. She also received the Distinguished Flying Cross and a National Aeronautical Association Honorary Membership (Klingel 22). Amelia took on a new flight on January 11, 1935, she was going to fly over the Pacific from Hawaii to California (Fleming 77). The flight was problem free, and afterwards, she was congratulated by President Franklin and his wife (Haugen 80). President Franklin wrote, “You have demonstrated not only your own dauntless courage, but also the capacity of women to match the skill of men in carrying through the most difficult feats of high adventure” (Haugen 73). Earhart departed three months later to become the first person to fly solo from Los Angeles to Mexico City (Fleming 77). Although Amelia was breaking records all over the place, she wanted to do something bigger, she wanted to fly around the world. In 1936, Amelia’s husband, George, started to prepare for her big flight by making sure they had permission to fly over all the land they passed (Fleming 86). She knew she could not do this alone, so she partnered up with navigator Fred Noonan to help her along the trip (Haugen 85). On March 17, they were off on their journey around the world, they flew 2,400 miles from California to Hawaii. When they were landing, they spun and crashed, thankfully no one was hurt, but the plane was destroyed (Haugen 88). The Electra took two months to repair, they then took off again on June 1, 1937 (Haugen 89). They flew from Miami to Southeast Asia, they landed in Lae, New Guinea on June 29 (History.com Staff 3). The next landing would be a challenged because it was on Howland Island, which was very small (Haugen 90). Around 10 AM, they took to the air again, but this time the weather was cloudy and communicating was difficult. Things started to get worse from this point on. At 7:42 AM, the ship got a message from Amelia saying, “Running out of gas. Only one-half hour left. Been unable to reach you by radio. We are flying at one thousand feet” (Haugen 91). Later, they got information about her location, but it was not enough. That was the last message they heard from Amelia, she and the plane were never found (Haugen 92). Though she died young, she accomplished a lot in her career.Amelia was always working hard to pave the way for women in the workforce. She had a strong belief that women should take chances and dare to live, she did not believe in stereotypes. In the spring of 1935, Amelia was invited to work at Purdue University to inspire the girls there to take up any job they want. Amelia decided to live in the residence hall. She did not follow the proper etiquette and would come to dinner in her flying clothes instead of following the dress code (Fleming 83). After dinner, Amelia would even sit down with the students and led group discussions (Fleming 84). “They centered around Miss Earhart’s belief that women… really did have choices about what we could do with our lives,” recalled one student. “Study whatever you want, she counseled us girls. ‘Don’t let the world push you around” (Fleming 84). During her life, Earhart was always working to help create more opportunities for women. She created the Ninety-Nines, which was an organization for female pilots. She was the first president of the organization which is still here today, and it includes flyers from 44 different countries (History.com Staff 4). Amelia also gave speeches to convince women that they could become pilots as well (Klingel 20). Earhart wanted other girls to go into aviation and she encouraged young women to take lessons (Amelia Earhart Museum 2). During the 1930’s many people thought that it was not ladylike to fly, and women who did fly were bizarre (Amelia Earhart Museum 3). “She lived in an era where women were given fewer opportunities to fly and they had smaller, cheaper planes than men” (Fleming 46). She believed that women and men should have separate records so that they could still be recognized for their accomplishments even if they weren’t the first. She spent much of her time speaking about women in aviation. Amelia wished that someday women and men would be treated equally and taught based on their skills and not their gender (Amelia Earhart Museum 4). She hoped women would share their attempts in aviation. Amelia Earhart inspired many pilots with her flying accomplishments, creating the Ninety-Nines, and encouraging women to follow their dreams (Amelia Earhart Museum 5). Amelia Earhart is widely known because of her mysterious disappearance. Earhart was supposed to land on Howland Island on July 2 to end her journey around the world. “The Itasca…sent out huge clouds of smoke while we lined the runway and sat out in lifeboats and the official greeters waited anxiously at the reception spot. All eyes gazed fondly, proudly, eagerly, over the horizon. We believed we were about to see history in the making– the first woman to fly around the world, but she didn’t, and she didn’t come” (Fleming 4). At 7:58 AM, Amelia sent a message saying she could not hear them, at this point they knew she was lost. The message came through so strong that they were sure she was right above them at one point. The team became frustrated when they could not help her and did not hear from her for forty minutes. Then, suddenly It was chaos, radiomen were frantically attempting to send her messages for almost an hour, they knew she was very low on fuel. They were constantly looking up hoping to see her coming down in the plane (Fleming 4). A lot of time passed with no sign of Earhart, they waited for her anxiously (Fleming 5). People were trying everything they could to communicate with Amelia. NBC even sent out a broadcast to see if she could hear them. A few military stations in Honolulu heard a response, but there was too much static to hear what was being said (Fleming 44). It went on like this for hours and hours, the coast guard receiving a signal, but it was unreadable. “Distraught, he refused to leave the coast guard station in San Francisco. He simply stayed in the radio room, going days without sleep waiting for news that his wife had been found” (Fleming 108). He was very determined to find Amelia, he even offered to pay for additional searches (Fleming 109). President Roosevelt conducted the largest rescue attempt ever made for one plane. They looked for a month, sadly nothing was found (Klingel 27). The rescue ended on July 18, 1937, her mysterious disappearance still remains a mystery (Klingel 28). Amelia Earhart was influential in aviation exploration, paving the way for women in the workforce, and her disappearance still fascinates people today. Amelia was a role model for all aspiring female aviators. She has accomplished many amazing things during her career that some people could not dream of. Her disappearance left America in distress. In my opinion, she was one of the greatest female aviators there ever was. Amelia will be remembered as a person who did many great things and will never be forgotten.Works Cited”Amelia Earhart as an Aviator.” Amelia Earhart as an Aviator, www.ameliaearhartmuseum.org/AmeliaEarhart/AEAviator.htm.Biography.com Editors. “Amelia Earhart.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 31 Aug. 2017, www.biography.com/people/amelia-earhart-9283280.Fleming, Candace. Amelia Lost: the Life and Disappearance of Amelia Earhart. Random House Publishing Group, 2011.Haugen, Brenda. Amelia Earhart: Legendary Aviator. Compass Point Books, 2007.History.com Staff. “Amelia Earhart.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2009, www.history.com/topics/amelia-earhart.Klingel, Cynthia. Amelia Earhart: Aviation Pioneer. Child’s World, 2004.	3,136	ENGLISH	1
Starving the enemy of essential food and raw materials by cutting off their supply lines was, they calculated, a surefire way of bringing their foes to their knees. It was for this very reason that, in both 1915 and 1917, the Germans declared all-out submarine warfare on commercial shipping heading to Britain. Between February and April 1917, they sank no less than 500 vessels, and in the second half of April were sending 13 ships to the seabed every day. Suddenly Britain found itself with just six weeks’ worth of wheat – and some feared that the country might be starved out of the war. Yet the tide was soon to turn, thanks to the introduction of convoys – in which Allied vessels travelled in groups, often with protection from warships. This, combined with innovations such as depth charges, meant that, by 1918, the Allies had largely nullified the u-boat threat.	<urn:uuid:abf5472c-7c6a-4d84-b0b8-2355ba59dacf>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.historyrevealed.com/feature/the-u-boat-threat-began-in-wwi-not-wwii/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594209.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119035851-20200119063851-00107.warc.gz	en	0.983459	183	3.546875	4	[ -0.17588315904140472, 0.15731626749038696, 0.21856960654258728, -0.38610246777534485, 0.5263354182243347, -0.2673386335372925, -0.3246167302131653, 0.24822849035263062, -0.3531152904033661, -0.30428051948547363, 0.022512102499604225, -0.4657664895057678, 0.16095571219921112, 0.304817676544...	6	Starving the enemy of essential food and raw materials by cutting off their supply lines was, they calculated, a surefire way of bringing their foes to their knees. It was for this very reason that, in both 1915 and 1917, the Germans declared all-out submarine warfare on commercial shipping heading to Britain. Between February and April 1917, they sank no less than 500 vessels, and in the second half of April were sending 13 ships to the seabed every day. Suddenly Britain found itself with just six weeks’ worth of wheat – and some feared that the country might be starved out of the war. Yet the tide was soon to turn, thanks to the introduction of convoys – in which Allied vessels travelled in groups, often with protection from warships. This, combined with innovations such as depth charges, meant that, by 1918, the Allies had largely nullified the u-boat threat.	201	ENGLISH	1
Archaeologists have uncovered the site of Britain's oldest house, the waterside home of nomad hunters dating back about 11,000 years. The dwelling, which has lake views, a thatched roof and very original features, predates the country's famous Stonehenge monument by around 6,000 years and was built at a time when Britain was still connected to continental Europe. Teams from the University of York and the University of Manchester working at the site believe the circular shaped home was built in about 8,500 B.C. next to an ancient lake at Star Carr, near Scarborough, in northeastern England. "This is a sensational discovery and tells us so much about the people who lived at this time," Nicky Milner from the University of York said Wednesday. "From this excavation, we gain a vivid picture of how these people lived." Discoveries made at the site suggest the house was about 11 feet, 6 inches wide, constructed of timber posts and likely had a roof of thatched reeds. The site was probably inhabited for between 200 and 500 years, and there were possibly several homes built at the site. Archaeologists have also uncovered a 11,000-year-old tree trunk, with its bark still intact, and found traces of a wooden jetty-like platform on the bank of the ancient lake that could be the first evidence of carpentry in Europe. The house is about 500 to 1,000 years older than a building in Howick, northern England, previously thought to have been the country's oldest home. "This changes our ideas of the lives of the first settlers to move back into Britain after the end of the last Ice Age. We used to think they moved around a lot and left little evidence. Now we know they built large structures and were very attached to particular places in the landscape," said Chantal Conneller, an archaeologist at the University of Manchester. Artifacts found at the site - which include part of an oar, arrow tips and deer skulls - offer clues to the lives of the settlers. It's thought they kept domestic dogs, hunted deer, wild boar and elk, fished on the lake and had rituals that involved the use of headdresses fashioned from animal skulls. Science minister David Willetts said the building was an important discovery. "It brings out the similarities and differences between modern life and the ancient past in a fascinating way, and will change our perceptions for ever," he said. The Star Carr site, which dates back to 9,000 B.C., was first discovered in 1947. Archaeologists began work to uncover the house about two years ago.	<urn:uuid:9a237e0e-fb0d-4964-90f2-5db742352785>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.cbsnews.com/news/11000-year-old-house-hailed-as-britains-oldest/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00474.warc.gz	en	0.981985	549	3.28125	3	[ 0.029786229133605957, 0.18538439273834229, 0.4695751368999481, 0.1666547954082489, 0.12873001396656036, -0.20048584043979645, -0.21888279914855957, -0.27029022574424744, 0.03521105647087097, -0.08072330057621002, 0.27386191487312317, -0.4626542329788208, -0.21543125808238983, 0.39791175723...	1	Archaeologists have uncovered the site of Britain's oldest house, the waterside home of nomad hunters dating back about 11,000 years. The dwelling, which has lake views, a thatched roof and very original features, predates the country's famous Stonehenge monument by around 6,000 years and was built at a time when Britain was still connected to continental Europe. Teams from the University of York and the University of Manchester working at the site believe the circular shaped home was built in about 8,500 B.C. next to an ancient lake at Star Carr, near Scarborough, in northeastern England. "This is a sensational discovery and tells us so much about the people who lived at this time," Nicky Milner from the University of York said Wednesday. "From this excavation, we gain a vivid picture of how these people lived." Discoveries made at the site suggest the house was about 11 feet, 6 inches wide, constructed of timber posts and likely had a roof of thatched reeds. The site was probably inhabited for between 200 and 500 years, and there were possibly several homes built at the site. Archaeologists have also uncovered a 11,000-year-old tree trunk, with its bark still intact, and found traces of a wooden jetty-like platform on the bank of the ancient lake that could be the first evidence of carpentry in Europe. The house is about 500 to 1,000 years older than a building in Howick, northern England, previously thought to have been the country's oldest home. "This changes our ideas of the lives of the first settlers to move back into Britain after the end of the last Ice Age. We used to think they moved around a lot and left little evidence. Now we know they built large structures and were very attached to particular places in the landscape," said Chantal Conneller, an archaeologist at the University of Manchester. Artifacts found at the site - which include part of an oar, arrow tips and deer skulls - offer clues to the lives of the settlers. It's thought they kept domestic dogs, hunted deer, wild boar and elk, fished on the lake and had rituals that involved the use of headdresses fashioned from animal skulls. Science minister David Willetts said the building was an important discovery. "It brings out the similarities and differences between modern life and the ancient past in a fascinating way, and will change our perceptions for ever," he said. The Star Carr site, which dates back to 9,000 B.C., was first discovered in 1947. Archaeologists began work to uncover the house about two years ago.	561	ENGLISH	1
The Presidency Of Richard M. Nixon Essay 8 May 2015 Nixon and Vietnam The presidency of Richard M. Nixon was fraught with turmoil; but despite the madness and chaos that were part of his presidential history, Nixon will go down as one of the most dedicated presidents of our country. At a time that America was in a state of disarray from being involved in three different wars since the beginning of the century, Nixon entered office with Vietnam fully engaged in warfare. His policy for the war was one that held promise; however Nixon’s ability to move forward with the policy became compromised by the politics. The Vietnam War had an impact on both the United States and the presidency of Richard M. Nixon. In 1957, North and South Vietnam engaged in a war that soon became a situation that the United States of America became embroiled in. Northern Vietnam was controlled by Communists and America had sworn to help keep communism in check. America had been involved in the struggles of Vietnam as far back as 1950, when President Truman aided the French in their attempt to defeat the Vietnamese Communists. When the French failed in 1954, the country was divided into two separate countries; much like Korea had been. In the late 1950s, during the Eisenhower administration, Vietnam split into North Vietnam, which was communist, and South Vietnam. Cold War anxieties dictated that if the North Vietnamese communists prevailed, the rest of…	<urn:uuid:f2bfa356-110f-4d2b-a2a4-ac0654e54d19>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.cram.com/essay/The-Presidency-Of-Richard-M-Nixon/F3LZWWHLC55W	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00439.warc.gz	en	0.984147	282	3.34375	3	[ -0.17199450731277466, 0.545487105846405, 0.3040868639945984, -0.15245819091796875, 0.18946808576583862, 0.5072925686836243, -0.16397888958454132, -0.17976738512516022, 0.3471050560474396, 0.08663813024759293, -0.0024581276811659336, 0.4482700526714325, 0.18395833671092987, 0.63223969936370...	1	The Presidency Of Richard M. Nixon Essay 8 May 2015 Nixon and Vietnam The presidency of Richard M. Nixon was fraught with turmoil; but despite the madness and chaos that were part of his presidential history, Nixon will go down as one of the most dedicated presidents of our country. At a time that America was in a state of disarray from being involved in three different wars since the beginning of the century, Nixon entered office with Vietnam fully engaged in warfare. His policy for the war was one that held promise; however Nixon’s ability to move forward with the policy became compromised by the politics. The Vietnam War had an impact on both the United States and the presidency of Richard M. Nixon. In 1957, North and South Vietnam engaged in a war that soon became a situation that the United States of America became embroiled in. Northern Vietnam was controlled by Communists and America had sworn to help keep communism in check. America had been involved in the struggles of Vietnam as far back as 1950, when President Truman aided the French in their attempt to defeat the Vietnamese Communists. When the French failed in 1954, the country was divided into two separate countries; much like Korea had been. In the late 1950s, during the Eisenhower administration, Vietnam split into North Vietnam, which was communist, and South Vietnam. Cold War anxieties dictated that if the North Vietnamese communists prevailed, the rest of…	302	ENGLISH	1
He succeeded his father in Aleppo in 1146 while his brother Saif ad-Din Ghazi came to power in Mosul. Almost as soon as he began his rule, he defeated an attempt by the Crusaders to retake the County of Edessa, which had been conquered by Zengi in 1144. In 1147 the leaders of the Second Crusade, called after the fall of Edessa, decided to attack Damascus, the city that had allied with the Kingdom of Jerusalem when Zengi had attempted to conquer it. Damascus requested help from Nur ad-Din this time, however, and the Crusader siege was a failure. After relieving the siege, Nur ad-Din attacked the Principality of Antioch in June, 1149. Raymond of Antioch was killed in the ensuing Battle of Inab, and Nur ad-Din symbolically bathed in the Mediterranean Sea. However, Ascalon had fallen to the Crusaders in 1153, leaving Egypt isolated from Syria. In 1163, the Crusaders attacked Egypt, which had been politically weakened by a series of very young Fatimid caliphs. Nur ad-Din did not want to spare his own army for a defense of Egypt, but his commander Shirkuh convinced him to invade in 1164. This succeeded in driving out the Crusaders, although further Crusader invasions did not end until Egypt was taken over by Nur ad-Din in 1169. Shirkuh's nephew Saladin became sultan of the newly conquered territory. Nur ad-Din felt Egypt and Syria should be politically and military united, although Saladin began to ignore Nur ad-Din's authority. Both were gathering armies for what seemed to be the inevitable battle, when Nur ad-Din died in 1174. Saladin would eventually come to power in both Syria and Egypt and almost completely conquer the Crusader states.	<urn:uuid:c30becbb-430f-4581-901b-7f749b7fde59>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.fact-index.com/n/nu/nur_ad_din.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00516.warc.gz	en	0.984855	388	3.359375	3	[ -0.32387951016426086, 0.7028494477272034, 0.1139054074883461, -0.19990117847919464, -0.5718731880187988, -0.16017761826515198, 0.008252505213022232, 0.234845831990242, -0.038174405694007874, 0.009498790837824345, -0.08200404793024063, -0.5903339385986328, 0.2079448103904724, 0.059353202581...	4	He succeeded his father in Aleppo in 1146 while his brother Saif ad-Din Ghazi came to power in Mosul. Almost as soon as he began his rule, he defeated an attempt by the Crusaders to retake the County of Edessa, which had been conquered by Zengi in 1144. In 1147 the leaders of the Second Crusade, called after the fall of Edessa, decided to attack Damascus, the city that had allied with the Kingdom of Jerusalem when Zengi had attempted to conquer it. Damascus requested help from Nur ad-Din this time, however, and the Crusader siege was a failure. After relieving the siege, Nur ad-Din attacked the Principality of Antioch in June, 1149. Raymond of Antioch was killed in the ensuing Battle of Inab, and Nur ad-Din symbolically bathed in the Mediterranean Sea. However, Ascalon had fallen to the Crusaders in 1153, leaving Egypt isolated from Syria. In 1163, the Crusaders attacked Egypt, which had been politically weakened by a series of very young Fatimid caliphs. Nur ad-Din did not want to spare his own army for a defense of Egypt, but his commander Shirkuh convinced him to invade in 1164. This succeeded in driving out the Crusaders, although further Crusader invasions did not end until Egypt was taken over by Nur ad-Din in 1169. Shirkuh's nephew Saladin became sultan of the newly conquered territory. Nur ad-Din felt Egypt and Syria should be politically and military united, although Saladin began to ignore Nur ad-Din's authority. Both were gathering armies for what seemed to be the inevitable battle, when Nur ad-Din died in 1174. Saladin would eventually come to power in both Syria and Egypt and almost completely conquer the Crusader states.	410	ENGLISH	1
Work, work, and more work. That pretty much describes the lives of the colonials, whether it was New England or Virginia. Whether you were male or female, young or old, literate or illiterate, you worked. What you worked at depended on whether you lived on a farm or in town. People in town ran small shops, taverns or manufacturing. Men worked in those places with their older sons, by about age 11. The women stayed home, trying to maintain the house, which was often very difficult, unless there were servants. Maintaining the fire, baking, cooking, cleaning, sewing. All this was daily work. The children were expected to watch their younger siblings, help with cooking and cleaning and learn their letters. The idea was that children needed to be trained to do all the things they had to do as adults. Teenaged boys were expected to work in the businesses and learn them from the ground up. On farms, there was a bigger variety of work. Men had to farm the land, planting food as well as raising animals for meat. They also had to hunt and fish to supplement the meals. Those who had tobacco farms had even more to do, including plucking the flowers off the tobacco plants in order for the leaves to grow bigger. Women were obligated to help with the farm, especially handling the herb gardens and the personal vegetable and fruit plants. It was the woman who would can and dry all the foods come fall. The children began to help by the age of 7 or 8. They could collect eggs, pick flowers off tobacco, run errands, even milk the cows. By 11, the boys could be trusted to work in the fields. Teenage boys were educated enough to copy letters for their fathers (no carbon paper back then) and were junior members of the farm community. Girls were required to learn how to turn wool into thread, use a spinning wheel, run a loom and other things necessary to produce clothing. They could recognize their names when written, but they did not always have benefit of education as the boys did. But they learned how to keep their families warm and fed, which, back then, was more important, anyhow. Elizabeth A Martina is a historical fiction writer, but the history is true and the characters are real. Her aim is to get people to see life from another perspective, using history as the venue.	<urn:uuid:d1671f61-5591-4385-ac7c-93c529583c99>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://elizabethamartina.weebly.com/elizabeths-thoughts/work-work-work	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694908.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127051112-20200127081112-00327.warc.gz	en	0.992471	490	3.515625	4	[ -0.005038824398070574, 0.18552178144454956, 0.3947519063949585, 0.04693320393562317, 0.06029495969414711, 0.02529052644968033, 0.01873011328279972, -0.09073761105537415, -0.5077429413795471, 0.043593041598796844, -0.0374905951321125, 0.11224480718374252, -0.04106174781918526, 0.31703546643...	1	Work, work, and more work. That pretty much describes the lives of the colonials, whether it was New England or Virginia. Whether you were male or female, young or old, literate or illiterate, you worked. What you worked at depended on whether you lived on a farm or in town. People in town ran small shops, taverns or manufacturing. Men worked in those places with their older sons, by about age 11. The women stayed home, trying to maintain the house, which was often very difficult, unless there were servants. Maintaining the fire, baking, cooking, cleaning, sewing. All this was daily work. The children were expected to watch their younger siblings, help with cooking and cleaning and learn their letters. The idea was that children needed to be trained to do all the things they had to do as adults. Teenaged boys were expected to work in the businesses and learn them from the ground up. On farms, there was a bigger variety of work. Men had to farm the land, planting food as well as raising animals for meat. They also had to hunt and fish to supplement the meals. Those who had tobacco farms had even more to do, including plucking the flowers off the tobacco plants in order for the leaves to grow bigger. Women were obligated to help with the farm, especially handling the herb gardens and the personal vegetable and fruit plants. It was the woman who would can and dry all the foods come fall. The children began to help by the age of 7 or 8. They could collect eggs, pick flowers off tobacco, run errands, even milk the cows. By 11, the boys could be trusted to work in the fields. Teenage boys were educated enough to copy letters for their fathers (no carbon paper back then) and were junior members of the farm community. Girls were required to learn how to turn wool into thread, use a spinning wheel, run a loom and other things necessary to produce clothing. They could recognize their names when written, but they did not always have benefit of education as the boys did. But they learned how to keep their families warm and fed, which, back then, was more important, anyhow. Elizabeth A Martina is a historical fiction writer, but the history is true and the characters are real. Her aim is to get people to see life from another perspective, using history as the venue.	490	ENGLISH	1
submitted by Alex Near to the ancient capital of China, aka Xi’an, is a living museum for the Terra Cotta soldiers. After uniting China, the first emperor spent 40 years constructing himself a tomb. Over 750, 000 people were engaged in the construction process at one point or another. So far, archaeologists have uncovered 4 distinct dig sites where these soldiers were to be placed as sentinels, guardians and counselors to the emperor after he died. Dig 1 is the largest and has thousands of soldiers there. Dig 3 is the headquarters and guards of high-ranking officers, Dig 2 has archers and other types of soldiers, and Dig 4 has no soldiers in it. Experts have discerned that there were to be terracotta soldiers placed therein, but the effort, though 40 years long at that point, failed. After this first emperor died, many peasants were outraged at his cruelty and they stormed Dig one and destroyed much of his army there. The Digs were hidden underground and were not linked to one another, so the other Digs, when found, were not as damaged.. not that the passaged of 2000 years won’t have an effect all of its own, of course. O, what cruel people can accomplish with limitless resources and lots of time.	<urn:uuid:65aebd91-2825-4086-8e70-c089f081d201>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://leahycorner.blogspot.com/2009/02/terra-cotta-soldiers.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594333.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119064802-20200119092802-00151.warc.gz	en	0.988332	264	3.578125	4	[ -0.29316389560699463, 0.3024597764015198, 0.5330650806427002, 0.11456078290939331, -0.17225396633148193, 0.012063665315508842, 0.0697873905301094, -0.08534486591815948, -0.07189414650201797, -0.06865354627370834, 0.5308704376220703, -0.6041883826255798, 0.18440723419189453, 0.6184509396553...	1	submitted by Alex Near to the ancient capital of China, aka Xi’an, is a living museum for the Terra Cotta soldiers. After uniting China, the first emperor spent 40 years constructing himself a tomb. Over 750, 000 people were engaged in the construction process at one point or another. So far, archaeologists have uncovered 4 distinct dig sites where these soldiers were to be placed as sentinels, guardians and counselors to the emperor after he died. Dig 1 is the largest and has thousands of soldiers there. Dig 3 is the headquarters and guards of high-ranking officers, Dig 2 has archers and other types of soldiers, and Dig 4 has no soldiers in it. Experts have discerned that there were to be terracotta soldiers placed therein, but the effort, though 40 years long at that point, failed. After this first emperor died, many peasants were outraged at his cruelty and they stormed Dig one and destroyed much of his army there. The Digs were hidden underground and were not linked to one another, so the other Digs, when found, were not as damaged.. not that the passaged of 2000 years won’t have an effect all of its own, of course. O, what cruel people can accomplish with limitless resources and lots of time.	276	ENGLISH	1
Much is known about the lives of white, slaveholding mothers in the antebellum South. But their poorer sisters’ stories are less well known. The historian John E. Murray recovers some of their perspectives in letters written to the nation’s first public orphanage—correspondence that reveals both tragedy and deep love. In the years before the Civil War, poor whites in the South usually lacked land and couldn’t afford slaves. That excluded them from the brutal treatment of slaveholders, but it also excluded them from social mobility in a planter-dominated society. Planters benefited by pitting them against free blacks and enslaved people alike. The hardscrabble life and low social status of poor whites meant that most of their stories went undocumented. But John E. Murray found a neglected account of some of their lives in letters written to the Charleston Orphan House, the nation’s first public orphanage. Between 1790 and 1951, it was home to around 5,000 children. The majority were not parentless: Some were the children of parents who simply could not support their children. Those parents “commonly notified the Orphan House of the dire straits in which they found themselves through a letter, many of which survive,” says Murray. After receiving a letter, the Orphan House sent a worker to the household to investigate its conditions. That fact was well known—and means the letters contain relatively accurate descriptions of families’ circumstances. Murray documents the stories of informal foster mothers, stepmothers, or women related to children, and mothers themselves. Unrelated women, most of whom seem to have been widows, often took children in temporarily or for long periods of time. Some boarded children and wrote to the Orphan House when their relatives stopped paying for their upkeep. Others took on responsibility for friends’ children. Sometimes unrelated people would inform the orphanages that prostitutes or free black women were caring for children they had not borne. Though the typical case involved “a warm attachment,” Murray writes, these unrelated mothers usually got to a point where they could no longer care for the child and asked the Orphan House to step in. Other times, stepmothers and relatives asked for help. Stepmothers might find themselves saddled with another woman’s child who they could not support, especially when their new husband died and their own income went away. So could family members, though they often were able to cobble together help as they watched a family situation devolve. And then there were mothers, whose applications, Murray notes, made up the majority. This diverse group of women “communicated aspects of being poor and desperate in one of the wealthiest cities in America,” telling stories of disease, bereavement, and deprivation. One mother, Susan Adams, wrote in 1824 that she had sold everything she had and still could not provide for her sons. Another, Elizabeth King, wrote in 1838 that she was the “wife of a maniac,” a common claim by women whose lives were affected by mental illness. Alcoholism, abandonment, and poverty ring through from their letters. To Murray, the letters don’t just show tragic life circumstances—they give glimpses of women’s enduring love for their children. As historical documents, they show evidence of social networks, contracts, socioeconomic status, and social mores. As emotional ones, they are a reminder of how poverty and misfortune can break apart families—and how enduring family attachments can be.	<urn:uuid:894f0f4a-fb8b-4403-b650-168b32efd5c2>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://daily.jstor.org/letters-to-an-orphanage-in-poor-charleston/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592261.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118052321-20200118080321-00457.warc.gz	en	0.981204	728	3.703125	4	[ 0.04710365831851959, 0.15621520578861237, 0.22850149869918823, -0.009861761704087257, 0.28247642517089844, 0.24867451190948486, -0.18005642294883728, -0.2922985553741455, 0.11228945106267929, 0.06776657700538635, 0.46831464767456055, 0.38855209946632385, 0.2633594274520874, 0.0672470927238...	10	Much is known about the lives of white, slaveholding mothers in the antebellum South. But their poorer sisters’ stories are less well known. The historian John E. Murray recovers some of their perspectives in letters written to the nation’s first public orphanage—correspondence that reveals both tragedy and deep love. In the years before the Civil War, poor whites in the South usually lacked land and couldn’t afford slaves. That excluded them from the brutal treatment of slaveholders, but it also excluded them from social mobility in a planter-dominated society. Planters benefited by pitting them against free blacks and enslaved people alike. The hardscrabble life and low social status of poor whites meant that most of their stories went undocumented. But John E. Murray found a neglected account of some of their lives in letters written to the Charleston Orphan House, the nation’s first public orphanage. Between 1790 and 1951, it was home to around 5,000 children. The majority were not parentless: Some were the children of parents who simply could not support their children. Those parents “commonly notified the Orphan House of the dire straits in which they found themselves through a letter, many of which survive,” says Murray. After receiving a letter, the Orphan House sent a worker to the household to investigate its conditions. That fact was well known—and means the letters contain relatively accurate descriptions of families’ circumstances. Murray documents the stories of informal foster mothers, stepmothers, or women related to children, and mothers themselves. Unrelated women, most of whom seem to have been widows, often took children in temporarily or for long periods of time. Some boarded children and wrote to the Orphan House when their relatives stopped paying for their upkeep. Others took on responsibility for friends’ children. Sometimes unrelated people would inform the orphanages that prostitutes or free black women were caring for children they had not borne. Though the typical case involved “a warm attachment,” Murray writes, these unrelated mothers usually got to a point where they could no longer care for the child and asked the Orphan House to step in. Other times, stepmothers and relatives asked for help. Stepmothers might find themselves saddled with another woman’s child who they could not support, especially when their new husband died and their own income went away. So could family members, though they often were able to cobble together help as they watched a family situation devolve. And then there were mothers, whose applications, Murray notes, made up the majority. This diverse group of women “communicated aspects of being poor and desperate in one of the wealthiest cities in America,” telling stories of disease, bereavement, and deprivation. One mother, Susan Adams, wrote in 1824 that she had sold everything she had and still could not provide for her sons. Another, Elizabeth King, wrote in 1838 that she was the “wife of a maniac,” a common claim by women whose lives were affected by mental illness. Alcoholism, abandonment, and poverty ring through from their letters. To Murray, the letters don’t just show tragic life circumstances—they give glimpses of women’s enduring love for their children. As historical documents, they show evidence of social networks, contracts, socioeconomic status, and social mores. As emotional ones, they are a reminder of how poverty and misfortune can break apart families—and how enduring family attachments can be.	711	ENGLISH	1
The Californian Wildlife Services realized that there was a decline in the number of caribou in the world. Their first guess was that the arctic wolves were preying on the species hence causing a decline in their population. Set out to uncover the truth, the wildlife service sent Farley Mowat into the arctic region to uncover the truth about the decreasing population. As a result of his study, Farley documented his story in the memoir ‘Never Cry Wolf’, telling the true story of the relationship between the wolves and the caribou. The results were contrary to the expectations of the society. Never Cry Wolf is a book by Mowat, Farley, about the remarkable true life story of living with arctic wolves. Critics credit the book with having changed the view of humans towards wolves as a more positive one. Having been narrated by the first person, the novel gives the audience a peek at the life of the arctic wolves and the manner with which they interacted with Farley. People have a negative attitude towards wolves. Reading the recount convinces an individual that wolves are not as evil creatures as people portray them. Farley’s initial idea of the novel was to write a publication satirizing another animal, the bureaucrat. However, this view was changed. This is because he was set out on convincing the public that wolves are not as evil as they portray them. He had the intention of convincing people that wolves do coexist with other organisms. The new focus of the novel was to document the lives of the arctic wolves, and their coexistence schedule. The wild life services in Canada noticed that there was a decline in the number of caribou in the wild. The service assigned Farley the job of researching and finding out whether wolves in the region caused this decline. He notes that individuals have a notion about wolves, a notion that is uninformed and misguided. One of his observations was that wolves would subsist on small rodents rather than the bigger animal species. There is a mythological view of wolves that the society has, and it was Farley’s idea to change it. He asserts that society has painted the wolf as the epitome of a savage, ruthless killer, a notion that was based on tales told years and years over, and with little evidence. The wolf is doomed, not because of what it is, but of this notion the society perceive of it. The book was a success across the country, and the citizens were delighted to learn about the new findings. It was after the publication that concerned citizens bombarded the wildlife service in Canada with letters opposing the wrongful killing of wolves. The book’s reception by society was warm, but the biologists were not pleased with the author. Farley had alluded that the Canadian Wildlife Services was set out to exterminate the wolves. The society was angered by this accusation claiming that they had not demanded the wolves to be exterminated because the creatures are an integral aspect of the ecosystem. They also lay the accusation that the author had not been sent into the wild to justify wolf extermination, but rather to investigate the survival relationship between the wolves and the caribou, either as a food source or a vital part of their survival. The novel received too much popularity such that it was translated into other languages such as Russian for other individuals around the globe to understand the reality of the wolves. The message in the book about wolves being harmless became rampant, and people’s perceptions changed. As part of the reception in the country, the author was asked to broadcast his message nationally, as well as appear in an array of nationwide newspapers and news rooms. It was a tremendous success. Passages from the Book We have doomed the wolf not for what it is, but for what we deliberately and mistakenly perceive it to be –the mythologized epitome of a savage, ruthless killer – which is, in reality, no more than a reflected image of ourselves” (Mowat, 24). After taking some time in the arctic studying the behavior of wolves, Farley notes that wolves are actually harmless creatures that feed on small rodents most of the time. They only prey on caribou only when it is necessary. This is one of their means of survival. There has to be a prey-predator relationship for a balanced ecosystem. However, his findings were that it was not because of the wolves that the caribou population was declining. It was a notion that the society has formed about the creatures that misguided their judgment. The wolf is doomed not due to its responsibility in the death of the caribou but because of the society’s uninformed decision. There is a notion that wolves are responsible for the reduction in the caribou population. The wolf is not a ruthless killer. This image that the society has of the wolves is a mirror reflection of how people view themselves and other participants in the society. “Somewhere to the eastward a wolf howled; lightly, questioningly. I knew the voice, for I had heard it many times before. It was George, sounding the wasteland for an echo from the missing members of his family. But for me it was a voice which spoke of the lost world which once was ours before we chose the alien role; a world which I had glimpsed and almost entered...only to be excluded, at the end, by my own self.”. The wolves are gentle creatures that have family ties and move in packs. It is the nature of individuals to realize that they are not the villains they have portrayed them to be. They have ties to their packs and feel loss when one of them disappears. In this instance, one wolf was separated from the pack. It was not his intention, but he found himself away from the rest of the group. Howling for help indicates that the wolves have a system that works for them. They are in no way ruthless; on the contrary, they have been helpful and manage to work together for their survival. Farley heard the echo in a different perspective. To him, the sound was that of a creature speaking from an alien worked to which he had been relegated. It is only an individual who can stop himself from achieving greatness from the restrictions one places upon themselves in their mind. It is, therefore, vital that one not make decisions based on perception, but on the basis of facts. According to individuals in society, the wolf is a savage killer, and a powerful one at that. Questioning the individuals who have this notion about the wolf, they have based their judgment on information gathered from all the wrong sources. It might be from stories and tales of the past, or from a misguided judgment of a neighbor. There is a notion in the society that wolves are savage killers. On the contrary, they are gentle creatures who prey on small rodents to ensure their survival. The premise that the wolf is a savage beast is wrong because Farley’s results indicate the contrary. They are gentle creatures who are not responsible for the decline in the number of caribou in the ecosystem. There is no evidence to either indicate the savage nature of the wolves, or their dangerous nature. I had made my decision that, from this hour onward, I would go open-minded into the lupine world and lean to see and know the wolves, not for what they were supposed to be, but for what they actually are. Farley is the narrator of this story, ‘Never Cry Wolf’. He notes that he has come to a conclusion about the manner with which he makes his decisions. It is vital that one bases their judgment on facts rather than perception. In many instances, people make decisions and conclusions about a topic based on perception of the information they gather from other people. More often than not, these decisions are always biased. Farley made a resolution. It is necessary to be unbiased and make judgments based on facts rather than second hand information. Individuals should view wolves for the gentle creatures they are, rather than the villains they perceive them to be. All decisions should be based on facts. “I'd heard some of the tales about the Arctic: the mad trappers, Diamond Tooth Gertie, The Ice-Worm Cocktail and all that. So, I was prepared for things to be a little weird.. Farley admits that he too, had heard tales of the arctic. When he was sent on his mission to find the connection between wolves and the declining caribou population, he was ready to encounter the weird creatures of the north. This is due to the stories that he had heard and read about the arctic. As he was to discover, creatures in that part are not as ruthless as the society portrays them. It was shocking to discover that the creatures were not as ruthless as portrayed in his society. It is vital to keep an open mind, and it is better not to have a perception about a given topic. If he had let his judgment crowd his mission, he would not have got the findings which he did in his expedition. It is vital not to have a perception about any given topic until one uses facts to make sound judgment. It is through questioning and research that one discovers the truth and makes the right decisions. One should base their decisions on facts, not perceptions. In conclusion, the society had a perception about wolves that was contrary to reality. On spending time with the wolves and the caribou in the arctic region, he uncovered that wolves were gentle creatures that fed on small rodents, rather than the caribou. The declining caribou population was not a responsibility of the wolves. Farley urges the society to not have a perception about wolves, but rather base their judgment on facts. He discovered that the wolves are not nearly as vicious as the society portrays them.	<urn:uuid:0bc28b9a-152f-42d6-9b76-6c7cc170dc19>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://primeessays.com/samples/world-literature/never-cry-wolf.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251669967.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125041318-20200125070318-00205.warc.gz	en	0.985003	2,011	3.359375	3	[ 0.020830750465393066, 0.34028360247612, 0.21762783825397491, 0.268611878156662, 0.34592998027801514, -0.11205491423606873, -0.1620987057685852, 0.22849461436271667, 0.011837981641292572, 0.1868852972984314, 0.24240610003471375, -0.07684241980314255, 0.2942236661911011, 0.21364569664001465,...	1	The Californian Wildlife Services realized that there was a decline in the number of caribou in the world. Their first guess was that the arctic wolves were preying on the species hence causing a decline in their population. Set out to uncover the truth, the wildlife service sent Farley Mowat into the arctic region to uncover the truth about the decreasing population. As a result of his study, Farley documented his story in the memoir ‘Never Cry Wolf’, telling the true story of the relationship between the wolves and the caribou. The results were contrary to the expectations of the society. Never Cry Wolf is a book by Mowat, Farley, about the remarkable true life story of living with arctic wolves. Critics credit the book with having changed the view of humans towards wolves as a more positive one. Having been narrated by the first person, the novel gives the audience a peek at the life of the arctic wolves and the manner with which they interacted with Farley. People have a negative attitude towards wolves. Reading the recount convinces an individual that wolves are not as evil creatures as people portray them. Farley’s initial idea of the novel was to write a publication satirizing another animal, the bureaucrat. However, this view was changed. This is because he was set out on convincing the public that wolves are not as evil as they portray them. He had the intention of convincing people that wolves do coexist with other organisms. The new focus of the novel was to document the lives of the arctic wolves, and their coexistence schedule. The wild life services in Canada noticed that there was a decline in the number of caribou in the wild. The service assigned Farley the job of researching and finding out whether wolves in the region caused this decline. He notes that individuals have a notion about wolves, a notion that is uninformed and misguided. One of his observations was that wolves would subsist on small rodents rather than the bigger animal species. There is a mythological view of wolves that the society has, and it was Farley’s idea to change it. He asserts that society has painted the wolf as the epitome of a savage, ruthless killer, a notion that was based on tales told years and years over, and with little evidence. The wolf is doomed, not because of what it is, but of this notion the society perceive of it. The book was a success across the country, and the citizens were delighted to learn about the new findings. It was after the publication that concerned citizens bombarded the wildlife service in Canada with letters opposing the wrongful killing of wolves. The book’s reception by society was warm, but the biologists were not pleased with the author. Farley had alluded that the Canadian Wildlife Services was set out to exterminate the wolves. The society was angered by this accusation claiming that they had not demanded the wolves to be exterminated because the creatures are an integral aspect of the ecosystem. They also lay the accusation that the author had not been sent into the wild to justify wolf extermination, but rather to investigate the survival relationship between the wolves and the caribou, either as a food source or a vital part of their survival. The novel received too much popularity such that it was translated into other languages such as Russian for other individuals around the globe to understand the reality of the wolves. The message in the book about wolves being harmless became rampant, and people’s perceptions changed. As part of the reception in the country, the author was asked to broadcast his message nationally, as well as appear in an array of nationwide newspapers and news rooms. It was a tremendous success. Passages from the Book We have doomed the wolf not for what it is, but for what we deliberately and mistakenly perceive it to be –the mythologized epitome of a savage, ruthless killer – which is, in reality, no more than a reflected image of ourselves” (Mowat, 24). After taking some time in the arctic studying the behavior of wolves, Farley notes that wolves are actually harmless creatures that feed on small rodents most of the time. They only prey on caribou only when it is necessary. This is one of their means of survival. There has to be a prey-predator relationship for a balanced ecosystem. However, his findings were that it was not because of the wolves that the caribou population was declining. It was a notion that the society has formed about the creatures that misguided their judgment. The wolf is doomed not due to its responsibility in the death of the caribou but because of the society’s uninformed decision. There is a notion that wolves are responsible for the reduction in the caribou population. The wolf is not a ruthless killer. This image that the society has of the wolves is a mirror reflection of how people view themselves and other participants in the society. “Somewhere to the eastward a wolf howled; lightly, questioningly. I knew the voice, for I had heard it many times before. It was George, sounding the wasteland for an echo from the missing members of his family. But for me it was a voice which spoke of the lost world which once was ours before we chose the alien role; a world which I had glimpsed and almost entered...only to be excluded, at the end, by my own self.”. The wolves are gentle creatures that have family ties and move in packs. It is the nature of individuals to realize that they are not the villains they have portrayed them to be. They have ties to their packs and feel loss when one of them disappears. In this instance, one wolf was separated from the pack. It was not his intention, but he found himself away from the rest of the group. Howling for help indicates that the wolves have a system that works for them. They are in no way ruthless; on the contrary, they have been helpful and manage to work together for their survival. Farley heard the echo in a different perspective. To him, the sound was that of a creature speaking from an alien worked to which he had been relegated. It is only an individual who can stop himself from achieving greatness from the restrictions one places upon themselves in their mind. It is, therefore, vital that one not make decisions based on perception, but on the basis of facts. According to individuals in society, the wolf is a savage killer, and a powerful one at that. Questioning the individuals who have this notion about the wolf, they have based their judgment on information gathered from all the wrong sources. It might be from stories and tales of the past, or from a misguided judgment of a neighbor. There is a notion in the society that wolves are savage killers. On the contrary, they are gentle creatures who prey on small rodents to ensure their survival. The premise that the wolf is a savage beast is wrong because Farley’s results indicate the contrary. They are gentle creatures who are not responsible for the decline in the number of caribou in the ecosystem. There is no evidence to either indicate the savage nature of the wolves, or their dangerous nature. I had made my decision that, from this hour onward, I would go open-minded into the lupine world and lean to see and know the wolves, not for what they were supposed to be, but for what they actually are. Farley is the narrator of this story, ‘Never Cry Wolf’. He notes that he has come to a conclusion about the manner with which he makes his decisions. It is vital that one bases their judgment on facts rather than perception. In many instances, people make decisions and conclusions about a topic based on perception of the information they gather from other people. More often than not, these decisions are always biased. Farley made a resolution. It is necessary to be unbiased and make judgments based on facts rather than second hand information. Individuals should view wolves for the gentle creatures they are, rather than the villains they perceive them to be. All decisions should be based on facts. “I'd heard some of the tales about the Arctic: the mad trappers, Diamond Tooth Gertie, The Ice-Worm Cocktail and all that. So, I was prepared for things to be a little weird.. Farley admits that he too, had heard tales of the arctic. When he was sent on his mission to find the connection between wolves and the declining caribou population, he was ready to encounter the weird creatures of the north. This is due to the stories that he had heard and read about the arctic. As he was to discover, creatures in that part are not as ruthless as the society portrays them. It was shocking to discover that the creatures were not as ruthless as portrayed in his society. It is vital to keep an open mind, and it is better not to have a perception about a given topic. If he had let his judgment crowd his mission, he would not have got the findings which he did in his expedition. It is vital not to have a perception about any given topic until one uses facts to make sound judgment. It is through questioning and research that one discovers the truth and makes the right decisions. One should base their decisions on facts, not perceptions. In conclusion, the society had a perception about wolves that was contrary to reality. On spending time with the wolves and the caribou in the arctic region, he uncovered that wolves were gentle creatures that fed on small rodents, rather than the caribou. The declining caribou population was not a responsibility of the wolves. Farley urges the society to not have a perception about wolves, but rather base their judgment on facts. He discovered that the wolves are not nearly as vicious as the society portrays them.	1,977	ENGLISH	1
Antigone and Creon, from “Antigone” by Sophocles, encounter a philosophical conflict based on their very own moral sights. A conflict arose if the principles that backed up their particular actions disagreed with each other. Antigone’s side in the conflict organised a gods’ law is the way strategy, as opposed to the “I am king” approach Creon chose to adhere to. The variant in the beliefs, opinions, and moral sights of Antigone and Creon were continuously disputed through out the play. Antigone believed that Creon was ignoring the laws of gods through his law. After she was captured and brought to Creon, she advised him, “Your edict, California king was good, but all your strength is weakness by itself against the immortal unrecorded laws of Our god. They are not only now: these people were, and will be, operative permanently, beyond guy utterly. ” Antigone’s thoughts and opinions is one which supports the Gods plus the laws of heaven. Her view is set by her belief that if somebody is certainly not given a suitable burial, then simply that person will not be recognized into heaven. Antigone was a very religious person, and approval of her brother by the Gods was very important to her. She felt that “…I will hide him; of course, if I must expire, I say that the crime is holy: I shall lie down with him in fatality, and I should be as dear to him as he in my opinion. “ Creon’s order was personal to Antigone, because she noticed his law as invading her family life and also offensive towards the Gods. In Antigone’s sight, Creon betrayed the laws and regulations of the Gods by certainly not allowing her to properly bury her close friend, Polynices. The girl believed the burial was a sacred routine, and Creon did not have authority to refuse Polynices his entitlement. Antigone’s good belief for the burial of her sibling is what led her with her death by the hands of Creon. Since Creon was ruler, whatever he explained was the law, and since Antigone broke his law, Creon was in a sense to blame, because if that law had not been put into effect in that case Antigone didn’t have hung herself. Nevertheless, she did not stop protecting what she thought was proper. Before her loss of life, Antigone exclaimed, “… you observe me today, the last unhappy daughter of the line of nobleman, your kings, led apart to death. You will keep in mind what items I undergo and at what men’s hands, because I would personally not transgress the laws of heaven. ” She feels that Creon is abusing his power since king and dealing with her task on a personal level. Creon’s actions were based off of the fact that, “… no leader can expect complete loyalty via his subject matter until he has been tested in workplace. ” Polynices’ body left unburied is a symbol of Creon’s actions to achieve the loyalty that this individual desired. “As long as I am California king, no traitor is going to be privileged with the devoted man. ” Leaving the body unburied was done to show respect pertaining to Thebes, not in spite of the family. After all, how could the ruler of the kingdom honor a man whom attempted to occupy and beat what is right now his kingdom. This was faraway from the beliefs of Antigone. She presumed that everyone deserved the justification to have a proper burial, no matter what wrong doing that person may well have done, and the gods’ are definitely the authorities that judge the afterlife. Due to this belief, Creon turned Antigone into his prisoner, but not the public’s. The general populace actually recognized Antigone, nevertheless though these were too worried to stand against Creon. Haimon understood of this and told his father, “Died so shameful a loss of life for a nice act: ‘She covered her brother’s human body. Is this indecent? She retained him via dogs and vultures. Is a crime? Loss of life? – The girl should have all the honor that individuals can give her! ‘ This is the way they speak out there in the city. ” Creon was exercising total domination of political electric power. By not allowing Antigone to perform her religious ceremony of burying her buddy is interfering with faith based affairs. This act rejected Antigone of her spiritual freedom. Creon had to think about each factor carefully, and had to decide among his morals and his morals. He was ripped, trying to choose what was merely. “… Oh yea it is hard to provide in! Nonetheless it is even worse to risk everything for stubborn pride. ” The conflict of beliefs was what resulted in Antigone’s, Haimon’s, and Megareus’ death. Both sides were just, but Creon was forced to decide and determine from wrong when there was no clear solution. In the end, the Chorus’ thoughts and opinions was the determining factor and in addition they convinced Creon to set Antigone free, but it was already inside its final stages. The turmoil between the morals of Creon and Antigone are layered throughout the play. Both have logical arguments, nevertheless neither rules the other. Antigone is motivated by her solid religious feelings, while Creon is trying to be lawful and do what’s perfect for his kingdom. Neither gained this challenge, as Antigone took her life, the lives of Creon’s better half and son followed, leaving Creon with nothing but his precious kingdom.	<urn:uuid:8974350e-b6a3-4cca-8fee-fa626dc6f9f5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://maisfl.com/antigone-beliefs-views-and-meaningful-views/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606226.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121222429-20200122011429-00010.warc.gz	en	0.984511	1,221	3.390625	3	[ -0.20187973976135254, 0.32213258743286133, -0.057627514004707336, -0.2560198903083801, -0.1438104808330536, 0.04125701263546944, 0.700313150882721, 0.14652179181575775, -0.2001657485961914, 0.14683401584625244, -0.20693108439445496, -0.13732340931892395, 0.3417770266532898, 0.2472964376211...	2	Antigone and Creon, from “Antigone” by Sophocles, encounter a philosophical conflict based on their very own moral sights. A conflict arose if the principles that backed up their particular actions disagreed with each other. Antigone’s side in the conflict organised a gods’ law is the way strategy, as opposed to the “I am king” approach Creon chose to adhere to. The variant in the beliefs, opinions, and moral sights of Antigone and Creon were continuously disputed through out the play. Antigone believed that Creon was ignoring the laws of gods through his law. After she was captured and brought to Creon, she advised him, “Your edict, California king was good, but all your strength is weakness by itself against the immortal unrecorded laws of Our god. They are not only now: these people were, and will be, operative permanently, beyond guy utterly. ” Antigone’s thoughts and opinions is one which supports the Gods plus the laws of heaven. Her view is set by her belief that if somebody is certainly not given a suitable burial, then simply that person will not be recognized into heaven. Antigone was a very religious person, and approval of her brother by the Gods was very important to her. She felt that “…I will hide him; of course, if I must expire, I say that the crime is holy: I shall lie down with him in fatality, and I should be as dear to him as he in my opinion. “ Creon’s order was personal to Antigone, because she noticed his law as invading her family life and also offensive towards the Gods. In Antigone’s sight, Creon betrayed the laws and regulations of the Gods by certainly not allowing her to properly bury her close friend, Polynices. The girl believed the burial was a sacred routine, and Creon did not have authority to refuse Polynices his entitlement. Antigone’s good belief for the burial of her sibling is what led her with her death by the hands of Creon. Since Creon was ruler, whatever he explained was the law, and since Antigone broke his law, Creon was in a sense to blame, because if that law had not been put into effect in that case Antigone didn’t have hung herself. Nevertheless, she did not stop protecting what she thought was proper. Before her loss of life, Antigone exclaimed, “… you observe me today, the last unhappy daughter of the line of nobleman, your kings, led apart to death. You will keep in mind what items I undergo and at what men’s hands, because I would personally not transgress the laws of heaven. ” She feels that Creon is abusing his power since king and dealing with her task on a personal level. Creon’s actions were based off of the fact that, “… no leader can expect complete loyalty via his subject matter until he has been tested in workplace. ” Polynices’ body left unburied is a symbol of Creon’s actions to achieve the loyalty that this individual desired. “As long as I am California king, no traitor is going to be privileged with the devoted man. ” Leaving the body unburied was done to show respect pertaining to Thebes, not in spite of the family. After all, how could the ruler of the kingdom honor a man whom attempted to occupy and beat what is right now his kingdom. This was faraway from the beliefs of Antigone. She presumed that everyone deserved the justification to have a proper burial, no matter what wrong doing that person may well have done, and the gods’ are definitely the authorities that judge the afterlife. Due to this belief, Creon turned Antigone into his prisoner, but not the public’s. The general populace actually recognized Antigone, nevertheless though these were too worried to stand against Creon. Haimon understood of this and told his father, “Died so shameful a loss of life for a nice act: ‘She covered her brother’s human body. Is this indecent? She retained him via dogs and vultures. Is a crime? Loss of life? – The girl should have all the honor that individuals can give her! ‘ This is the way they speak out there in the city. ” Creon was exercising total domination of political electric power. By not allowing Antigone to perform her religious ceremony of burying her buddy is interfering with faith based affairs. This act rejected Antigone of her spiritual freedom. Creon had to think about each factor carefully, and had to decide among his morals and his morals. He was ripped, trying to choose what was merely. “… Oh yea it is hard to provide in! Nonetheless it is even worse to risk everything for stubborn pride. ” The conflict of beliefs was what resulted in Antigone’s, Haimon’s, and Megareus’ death. Both sides were just, but Creon was forced to decide and determine from wrong when there was no clear solution. In the end, the Chorus’ thoughts and opinions was the determining factor and in addition they convinced Creon to set Antigone free, but it was already inside its final stages. The turmoil between the morals of Creon and Antigone are layered throughout the play. Both have logical arguments, nevertheless neither rules the other. Antigone is motivated by her solid religious feelings, while Creon is trying to be lawful and do what’s perfect for his kingdom. Neither gained this challenge, as Antigone took her life, the lives of Creon’s better half and son followed, leaving Creon with nothing but his precious kingdom.	1,163	ENGLISH	1
First Labour Government The 23rd of January 1924 AD The first Labour government came about in 1924 not so much by its own efforts as through problems and errors within the Conservative Party. Conservative PM Bonar Law, who had won the previous election with a considerable majority, died in 1922, and his successor Baldwin was determined, contrary to his earlier stance, to bring in protectionist measures. A man of honour, he felt it necessary to win a mandate for these and thus held an election in December 1923. Baldwin was to regret this, as Labour won another 50 seats, taking their representation to 191, while the Conservatives lost 90. The 159 Liberals decided matters: they had gained 40, but were still split by the quarrel between Asquith and Lloyd-George (the latter's National Liberals had taken a pasting, dropping to just 26 seats); in a hung Parliament they backed the Labour Party rather than the still more numerous Conservatives. Baldwin with 258 MPs held on to power, or the appearance of it, for a few weeks, but lost a vote of confidence on January 21 1924. The outgoing Prime Minister, Baldwin, advised the King to offer MacDonald the chance to form a government. Whether this was out of dislike for free-trade advocate Asquith, a belief that the minority Labour government would quickly fail, or merely because Labour was the next largest party, is not clear. To the amusement of many MacDonald tuned up to his interview with the King in full court dress. On January 23 1924 MacDonald, the Scottish Leader of the Opposition who had been the first true leader of the Labour Party for little over a year, became Prime Minister. MacDonald's first government was to last only nine months: it did bring in one radical and effective measure to address the acute housing shortage, but otherwise its main objective seemed to be not to frighten the people with socialist action (a recurring theme it appears), perhaps very aware that as a minority government it was unlikely to endure long. It also set in train the study that, after its demise, reformed secondary education. One of the few vaguely 'red' actions taken by the government of MacDonald , to cease the prosecution of J.R. Campbell, who had advocated that troops called to fire on demonstrators should in effect mutiny, was its downfall. An enquiry into the decision was demanded, MacDonald refused it, and Parliament voted for it, prompting his resignation. Five years later, however, he would return to power. More famous dates here 7388 views since 28th February 2007	<urn:uuid:d293fbd5-d25b-4b83-9fdb-923dd5a781d3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.information-britain.co.uk/famdates.php?id=190	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00325.warc.gz	en	0.98792	522	3.359375	3	[ -0.5292683243751526, 0.27537211775779724, 0.04299573972821236, -0.3626430034637451, -0.6077753305435181, 0.19273962080478668, 0.2237902730703354, 0.15117034316062927, -0.08518583327531815, 0.41000276803970337, 0.36119937896728516, -0.28571444749832153, 0.10770577937364578, 0.19654722511768...	1	First Labour Government The 23rd of January 1924 AD The first Labour government came about in 1924 not so much by its own efforts as through problems and errors within the Conservative Party. Conservative PM Bonar Law, who had won the previous election with a considerable majority, died in 1922, and his successor Baldwin was determined, contrary to his earlier stance, to bring in protectionist measures. A man of honour, he felt it necessary to win a mandate for these and thus held an election in December 1923. Baldwin was to regret this, as Labour won another 50 seats, taking their representation to 191, while the Conservatives lost 90. The 159 Liberals decided matters: they had gained 40, but were still split by the quarrel between Asquith and Lloyd-George (the latter's National Liberals had taken a pasting, dropping to just 26 seats); in a hung Parliament they backed the Labour Party rather than the still more numerous Conservatives. Baldwin with 258 MPs held on to power, or the appearance of it, for a few weeks, but lost a vote of confidence on January 21 1924. The outgoing Prime Minister, Baldwin, advised the King to offer MacDonald the chance to form a government. Whether this was out of dislike for free-trade advocate Asquith, a belief that the minority Labour government would quickly fail, or merely because Labour was the next largest party, is not clear. To the amusement of many MacDonald tuned up to his interview with the King in full court dress. On January 23 1924 MacDonald, the Scottish Leader of the Opposition who had been the first true leader of the Labour Party for little over a year, became Prime Minister. MacDonald's first government was to last only nine months: it did bring in one radical and effective measure to address the acute housing shortage, but otherwise its main objective seemed to be not to frighten the people with socialist action (a recurring theme it appears), perhaps very aware that as a minority government it was unlikely to endure long. It also set in train the study that, after its demise, reformed secondary education. One of the few vaguely 'red' actions taken by the government of MacDonald , to cease the prosecution of J.R. Campbell, who had advocated that troops called to fire on demonstrators should in effect mutiny, was its downfall. An enquiry into the decision was demanded, MacDonald refused it, and Parliament voted for it, prompting his resignation. Five years later, however, he would return to power. More famous dates here 7388 views since 28th February 2007	569	ENGLISH	1
Third graders have really enjoyed applying their learning about soil to an engineering project. First they explored the properties of different materials such as a coffee filter, paper towel, tissue, and cotton ball. Then they added water to each of the materials and explored how the properties of those materials changed. They then took their observations and collaborated in small groups to engineer a water filter that would make muddy water more clear. Every group was very successful and amazed by what they accomplished. I love their enthusiasm for learning! The first few weeks the students spent completing some activities that required them to concentrate on using the 4Cs: Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, and Critical Thinking. Then they worked on learning how to use Ozobots and Spheros to understand block coding and some of the basics of computer science. Third grade students spent the past couple of weeks studying oil spills and the different ways in which they are cleaned up. With Georgia being a coastal state with shipping as a large industry, the students were given a scenario where they had to clean up an oil spill on the coast. They were given a limited amount of materials, including some Dawn dish soap, and discovered just how powerful the soap was at fighting the oil. To find out more information on the cabbage plant your student brought home last week, please go the following website https://bonniecabbageprogram.com/ or download the attached flier. Once again, third grade continues to amaze everyone at the science fair with their level of participation and smart science brains! Check out the slideshow below of the fabulous projects! Congratulations to our winners: Nina Howard 1st place, Wyatt Hodge and Louie Barbieri 2nd place, Carter Abney 3rd place (tie), Diana DuBose 3rd place (tie). Now that the students helped Samuel's family dig a well, and clean their water, they had to help Samuel build a pipeline to transport the water from the well to the pumpkin patch. The students had 4 straws, three clothespins and a 2x2 square of tinfoil. The pipeline had to be at least 30cm long and transport at least 30ml of water into a Dixie Cup. Getting the water into the pipeline proved to be the most difficult part. There were many redesigns! Students found that creating a funnel with the tinfoil to pour the water into so it could enter the pipeline was the most successful tactic. Now that the students helped Samuel and his family dig the well, it was time to get water from the well. Unfortunately, the water wasn't very clean so the students were introduced to their next engineering task of helping Samuel create a water filter clean the water from the clay soil as best as possible. Utilizing the EDP, groups selected two materials (out of 5 options) they thought would filter the water the best. After each group tested their first filters the results of each group were analyzed and discussed. Then the groups determined how they would improve their water filter to produce better results. For the next STEM challenge, 3rd grade students were transported back in time to 1893 where they were introduced to Samuel, a 12 year old boy, who settled out west with his family. Samuel and his family needed help getting large rocks out of the well they were trying to dig. The students had to go through the EDP to create a rock excavator that would lift the rocks 12 inches out of the bottom of the well. The more rocks they could remove at once the better! To continue to build on their collaboration and communication skills, but also engage in the engineering and design process (EDP) the 3rd grade students had to work in small groups to design a slide, swing, or seesaw that was safe for a marble. With limited materials available the students really had to use creativity and critical thinking as they worked through the steps of the design process. Most groups required a few prototypes before they arrived at their end products. The next STEM activity of the year required the 3rd grade students to work on their collaboration and communication skills. They also learned some building design basics such as the strength of triangles, and the post and lintel. The task was to work together effectively to build the tallest structure out of play-doh and toothpicks.	<urn:uuid:23669998-9e4d-4c82-929e-abbe9659db22>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://ksestem.weebly.com/third-grade	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601615.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121044233-20200121073233-00325.warc.gz	en	0.984194	870	3.828125	4	[ -0.21127595007419586, -0.06942976266145706, 0.032877132296562195, -0.3266177773475647, 0.1616344451904297, -0.26579099893569946, -0.1734514832496643, 0.2588535249233246, -0.7192233204841614, 0.215628981590271, 0.006993163377046585, -0.5806805491447449, 0.15370124578475952, -0.4150134921073...	1	Third graders have really enjoyed applying their learning about soil to an engineering project. First they explored the properties of different materials such as a coffee filter, paper towel, tissue, and cotton ball. Then they added water to each of the materials and explored how the properties of those materials changed. They then took their observations and collaborated in small groups to engineer a water filter that would make muddy water more clear. Every group was very successful and amazed by what they accomplished. I love their enthusiasm for learning! The first few weeks the students spent completing some activities that required them to concentrate on using the 4Cs: Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, and Critical Thinking. Then they worked on learning how to use Ozobots and Spheros to understand block coding and some of the basics of computer science. Third grade students spent the past couple of weeks studying oil spills and the different ways in which they are cleaned up. With Georgia being a coastal state with shipping as a large industry, the students were given a scenario where they had to clean up an oil spill on the coast. They were given a limited amount of materials, including some Dawn dish soap, and discovered just how powerful the soap was at fighting the oil. To find out more information on the cabbage plant your student brought home last week, please go the following website https://bonniecabbageprogram.com/ or download the attached flier. Once again, third grade continues to amaze everyone at the science fair with their level of participation and smart science brains! Check out the slideshow below of the fabulous projects! Congratulations to our winners: Nina Howard 1st place, Wyatt Hodge and Louie Barbieri 2nd place, Carter Abney 3rd place (tie), Diana DuBose 3rd place (tie). Now that the students helped Samuel's family dig a well, and clean their water, they had to help Samuel build a pipeline to transport the water from the well to the pumpkin patch. The students had 4 straws, three clothespins and a 2x2 square of tinfoil. The pipeline had to be at least 30cm long and transport at least 30ml of water into a Dixie Cup. Getting the water into the pipeline proved to be the most difficult part. There were many redesigns! Students found that creating a funnel with the tinfoil to pour the water into so it could enter the pipeline was the most successful tactic. Now that the students helped Samuel and his family dig the well, it was time to get water from the well. Unfortunately, the water wasn't very clean so the students were introduced to their next engineering task of helping Samuel create a water filter clean the water from the clay soil as best as possible. Utilizing the EDP, groups selected two materials (out of 5 options) they thought would filter the water the best. After each group tested their first filters the results of each group were analyzed and discussed. Then the groups determined how they would improve their water filter to produce better results. For the next STEM challenge, 3rd grade students were transported back in time to 1893 where they were introduced to Samuel, a 12 year old boy, who settled out west with his family. Samuel and his family needed help getting large rocks out of the well they were trying to dig. The students had to go through the EDP to create a rock excavator that would lift the rocks 12 inches out of the bottom of the well. The more rocks they could remove at once the better! To continue to build on their collaboration and communication skills, but also engage in the engineering and design process (EDP) the 3rd grade students had to work in small groups to design a slide, swing, or seesaw that was safe for a marble. With limited materials available the students really had to use creativity and critical thinking as they worked through the steps of the design process. Most groups required a few prototypes before they arrived at their end products. The next STEM activity of the year required the 3rd grade students to work on their collaboration and communication skills. They also learned some building design basics such as the strength of triangles, and the post and lintel. The task was to work together effectively to build the tallest structure out of play-doh and toothpicks.	881	ENGLISH	1
\|Date(s):\|\|December 16, 1790\| \|Tag(s):\|\|Boston Tea Party, Revolution\| \|Course:\|\|“Digital History: New York, New York,” Stonehill College\| \|Rating:\|\|3.95 (112 votes)\| On December 16, 1773 during one of the most important times of the Revolution, George Hewes describes “dressing] ... in costume of an Indian” and “arrived[ing] at the wharf” in Boston harbor along with about sixty other civilians. He and his fellow Patriots began to throw the tea overboard from boats in the harbor. This totaled about 340 chests. While the tea was falling into the water Boston citizens and others from surrounding areas rushed to try and obtain the salvageable tea. The next morning to ensure that the tea could not be used by anyone, small boats went into the harbor and began “beating [the tea] with oars and paddles”. Hewes’ eyewitness account captures a seemingly insignificant act of rebellion, yet the Boston Tea party, as it came to be known, stands as a turning point in the revolutionary war. An event such as this not only occurred before the Revolutionary War but it was also a precursor of what was to come. Shortly after the Boston Tea party in 1773, the Boston Port Act went into place in March of 1774. This was to discontinue the landing and shipping of goods coming into Boston Harbor. This increased the separation between the British and the colonists. Even more so later in the Revolution came the choice of George Washington as Commander in Chief. This was a major factor accumulating up to a revolution because a leader was put into place. In the late 1700’s, before the United States of America became a nation, there was a lot of turmoil between the American colonists and the British. The colonists living in what is known today as the United States were furious at the British control over them. The British were taxing the tea that many colonists used in their daily lives. For the colonists to give up their tea was a very important part of this rebellion. Many colonists gave up something important to them, to help move their purpose forward. This was a turning point in the Revolution as a whole because it allowed people to realize that rebellion was acceptable. Rebellions, such as the Boston Tea Party, exemplify a way in which revolutions come to be. After a few years, in 1776, the United States became its own nation, and a part of that success stems from the Boston Tea Party.	<urn:uuid:84d3dcf3-d973-4d87-9185-58bd57a8fc76>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/4962	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251802249.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129194333-20200129223333-00399.warc.gz	en	0.982413	528	3.609375	4	[ 0.19252946972846985, -0.21057280898094177, 0.7605544328689575, -0.3723320960998535, -0.2679275870323181, 0.16089867055416107, 0.4154197573661804, 0.06507962197065353, -0.4310034215450287, 0.29759538173675537, 0.10280998051166534, 0.2036522626876831, -0.2861616015434265, 0.1926928162574768,...	1	\|Date(s):\|\|December 16, 1790\| \|Tag(s):\|\|Boston Tea Party, Revolution\| \|Course:\|\|“Digital History: New York, New York,” Stonehill College\| \|Rating:\|\|3.95 (112 votes)\| On December 16, 1773 during one of the most important times of the Revolution, George Hewes describes “dressing] ... in costume of an Indian” and “arrived[ing] at the wharf” in Boston harbor along with about sixty other civilians. He and his fellow Patriots began to throw the tea overboard from boats in the harbor. This totaled about 340 chests. While the tea was falling into the water Boston citizens and others from surrounding areas rushed to try and obtain the salvageable tea. The next morning to ensure that the tea could not be used by anyone, small boats went into the harbor and began “beating [the tea] with oars and paddles”. Hewes’ eyewitness account captures a seemingly insignificant act of rebellion, yet the Boston Tea party, as it came to be known, stands as a turning point in the revolutionary war. An event such as this not only occurred before the Revolutionary War but it was also a precursor of what was to come. Shortly after the Boston Tea party in 1773, the Boston Port Act went into place in March of 1774. This was to discontinue the landing and shipping of goods coming into Boston Harbor. This increased the separation between the British and the colonists. Even more so later in the Revolution came the choice of George Washington as Commander in Chief. This was a major factor accumulating up to a revolution because a leader was put into place. In the late 1700’s, before the United States of America became a nation, there was a lot of turmoil between the American colonists and the British. The colonists living in what is known today as the United States were furious at the British control over them. The British were taxing the tea that many colonists used in their daily lives. For the colonists to give up their tea was a very important part of this rebellion. Many colonists gave up something important to them, to help move their purpose forward. This was a turning point in the Revolution as a whole because it allowed people to realize that rebellion was acceptable. Rebellions, such as the Boston Tea Party, exemplify a way in which revolutions come to be. After a few years, in 1776, the United States became its own nation, and a part of that success stems from the Boston Tea Party.	546	ENGLISH	1
Producing music mechanically or without the direct involvement of human hands has been a fascination to man from a very early age. The earliest mention of such a mechanism has been recorded in 875 AD. The instrument was called a water organ. It was a hydraulically operated device. Thereafter many other small and big developments in the field occurred. But it was in the 16th century significant developments were made. In 1502 a mechanical musical instrument called ‘barrel organ’ was introduced. This produced pipe music. It was operated by turning a handle. The handle turned a barrel which was fixed with pegs. These pegs opened valves to produce different preset pitches to produce a preset tune. This was an instrument mainly used by street musicians of the time. After this the carillons were developed. This consisted of a set of bells attached to a stationary tower. These bells were played manually at first. Then one ingenious carillon player attached a key board like mechanism to ring the bells in a preset series to produce an extremely musical chiming. Later, something like a piano roll was also used to produce preset tunes. After the development and modifications of the carillons, some watch makers began to think about making watches that chime to denote hours, half hours and quarter hours. In the second half of the 17th century a watchmaker by the name Daniel Quare succeeded in making a watch that chimed hourly. The 18th century was a land mark in the development of mechanical music. In 1786, a watch maker from Geneva, Antoine Favre, developed a musical watch. He took patent for this device that worked with the help of tuned steel teeth. A number of small fancy articles that produced preset music followed. Towards the end of 18th century a variety of such devices called ‘music boxes’ were developed. They ranged from snuff boxes to jewelry boxes and toys. At first, the tuned teeth were screwed separately. Then the experts began to experiment with two or three teeth joined together, each tuned with a different note. At last they succeeded in creating a comb with preset tune. The teeth of this comb were plucked by small pins attached to a cylinder. This cylinder could be changed to have a different tune. The experts in the field kept on adding innovations to the mechanical music. Throughout the 19th century newer devices kept appearing in the field at regular intervals. By the end of the century, musical boxes with a combination of the sounds of various musical instruments were developed. At the same time efforts were made to replace the cylinder with discs. In 1889 the ‘star wheel’ was introduced. The cylinder was replaced with a disk with numerous projections on it. This disk was rotated and the steel teeth were plucked by the projections on the wheel when it rotated on a pin. Another notable development in the field was made at the end of the 18th century. They were called ‘singing birds’. This mechanism worked on a clock-work that moved a series of cams to control a plunger that produced a whistling sound. A miniature bird in a decorative box was fixed on the device. When it worked, the mechanism made the bird move while the whistling was produced. This gave the illusion of the bird singing naturally. This soon gave way to a lot of innovative décor items in the shape of life sized singing birds in cages. The fag end of the 19th century witnessed the development of larger automatic music players which were programmed using punched cards and rolls. These punched paper rolls were easy to store a nd use. They could be used to store a wide range of music. These bigger organs or organettes were used in dance halls and public places. The next step in the development of mechanical music is the development of devices called ‘Orchestrions’. These could replace a complete orchestra. They had the sounds of various wind musical instruments and percussion systems. Most of them were coin operated devices. So they were termed as ‘Nickelodeons’. Then came the age of gramophones and recorded disks. Then music cassettes which could be played using record players came into existence. Now music is stored in CDs and the like. The mechanical music has evolved much thereafter and now has reached robots playing music. Mechanical music is an endeavor to provide all kinds of music to everybody all over the world. by Marina Chernyak H: 3.00" W: 6.00" L: 10.75" H: 2.50" W: 6.50" L: 6.50" H: 2.00" W: 6.00" L: 10.50"	<urn:uuid:7297058f-1b98-4f25-bb4b-397795264496>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.1001shops.com/Blog/a-chronicle-of-mechanical-music	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250620381.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124130719-20200124155719-00156.warc.gz	en	0.980932	967	3.65625	4	[ -0.021675346419215202, -0.19869272410869598, 0.4471834897994995, -0.3646346926689148, -0.5872045755386353, -0.10872972011566162, -0.2410680651664734, 0.12209795415401459, 0.07899338006973267, 0.03696855157613754, 0.03335573524236679, 0.017738118767738342, 0.016275988891720772, -0.087991595...	1	Producing music mechanically or without the direct involvement of human hands has been a fascination to man from a very early age. The earliest mention of such a mechanism has been recorded in 875 AD. The instrument was called a water organ. It was a hydraulically operated device. Thereafter many other small and big developments in the field occurred. But it was in the 16th century significant developments were made. In 1502 a mechanical musical instrument called ‘barrel organ’ was introduced. This produced pipe music. It was operated by turning a handle. The handle turned a barrel which was fixed with pegs. These pegs opened valves to produce different preset pitches to produce a preset tune. This was an instrument mainly used by street musicians of the time. After this the carillons were developed. This consisted of a set of bells attached to a stationary tower. These bells were played manually at first. Then one ingenious carillon player attached a key board like mechanism to ring the bells in a preset series to produce an extremely musical chiming. Later, something like a piano roll was also used to produce preset tunes. After the development and modifications of the carillons, some watch makers began to think about making watches that chime to denote hours, half hours and quarter hours. In the second half of the 17th century a watchmaker by the name Daniel Quare succeeded in making a watch that chimed hourly. The 18th century was a land mark in the development of mechanical music. In 1786, a watch maker from Geneva, Antoine Favre, developed a musical watch. He took patent for this device that worked with the help of tuned steel teeth. A number of small fancy articles that produced preset music followed. Towards the end of 18th century a variety of such devices called ‘music boxes’ were developed. They ranged from snuff boxes to jewelry boxes and toys. At first, the tuned teeth were screwed separately. Then the experts began to experiment with two or three teeth joined together, each tuned with a different note. At last they succeeded in creating a comb with preset tune. The teeth of this comb were plucked by small pins attached to a cylinder. This cylinder could be changed to have a different tune. The experts in the field kept on adding innovations to the mechanical music. Throughout the 19th century newer devices kept appearing in the field at regular intervals. By the end of the century, musical boxes with a combination of the sounds of various musical instruments were developed. At the same time efforts were made to replace the cylinder with discs. In 1889 the ‘star wheel’ was introduced. The cylinder was replaced with a disk with numerous projections on it. This disk was rotated and the steel teeth were plucked by the projections on the wheel when it rotated on a pin. Another notable development in the field was made at the end of the 18th century. They were called ‘singing birds’. This mechanism worked on a clock-work that moved a series of cams to control a plunger that produced a whistling sound. A miniature bird in a decorative box was fixed on the device. When it worked, the mechanism made the bird move while the whistling was produced. This gave the illusion of the bird singing naturally. This soon gave way to a lot of innovative décor items in the shape of life sized singing birds in cages. The fag end of the 19th century witnessed the development of larger automatic music players which were programmed using punched cards and rolls. These punched paper rolls were easy to store a nd use. They could be used to store a wide range of music. These bigger organs or organettes were used in dance halls and public places. The next step in the development of mechanical music is the development of devices called ‘Orchestrions’. These could replace a complete orchestra. They had the sounds of various wind musical instruments and percussion systems. Most of them were coin operated devices. So they were termed as ‘Nickelodeons’. Then came the age of gramophones and recorded disks. Then music cassettes which could be played using record players came into existence. Now music is stored in CDs and the like. The mechanical music has evolved much thereafter and now has reached robots playing music. Mechanical music is an endeavor to provide all kinds of music to everybody all over the world. by Marina Chernyak H: 3.00" W: 6.00" L: 10.75" H: 2.50" W: 6.50" L: 6.50" H: 2.00" W: 6.00" L: 10.50"	981	ENGLISH	1
It was the time before electricity, before science took over people’s thoughts, and folk tales and folklore told stories about how things really related to each other. When autumn darkness grew stronger and the Polar Night arrived, in that time darkness was troublesome. It housed several spirits, trolls, and a special creature connected to the ocean in northern parts of Norway, called draug. It was a dead man, without head, never buried, literally an “again-walker” or a revenant. The traditional fishing boat was built in different sizes. this is a small one For fishermen, autumn and winter work was about fishing gear, some small boat repairing, but the most with the boat was done in spring and summer time. After Christmas, men were heading for the big cod fisheries, most of them to Lofoten Islands, but all along the coast from Finnmark to Lofoten people fished. The traditional fishing boats were open row- and sailboats, a type called nordlandsboat, used in northern Norway. The main size were with four or more men onboard. Through 19th century the participation increased a lot, at the peak there were 30 000 men fishing in Lofoten through the winter months, so the fisheries were rather big. The wintertime activity was demanding, a lot of men drowned. the shoreline were young boys and men could med draugen There was a period of preparations before the fishermen left home. Boathouses lay nearby “flomålet”; the high-water mark, with the boats inside. Draugen lived at sea and his area was up to high-water mark. Young guys, who were going to join their first winter fisheries, could meet draugen in the boathouse, or when they walked along the shores in the darkness. This could result in fights in the area between high and low water. In northern Norway the difference between ebb and flow can be 4 meters at the most. So these areas were changing all the time, following the moon phases. boathouses just above the high-water mark In some local Sami tradition draugen could also move upstream in rivers, and he could even challenge women. Sami women participated more often in fisheries than the Norwegian who for the most stayed at home. But draugen was something mainly men had to deal with. It was death calling, challenging every man who put his feet into a boat. He had to deal with this fear of death to make a living for him and his family. In modern research we see draugen as a personified force made of all the dead men at sea. It could be a way of handling fear of death, and a way of being especially aware for the dangers at sea. The weather and the waves could challenge the boat. A lot of stories tells about waves rising suddenly threatening to fill the boat, or wild wind occurring from the north, from the Polar Regions, nearly as a ghost. The men had to develop a special awareness to these situations, and to see draugen, or traces of him, was a way to be aware. I wrote my master degree about draugen and the nordlandsboat. Reading so many stories about this creature, I was for a period a bit disturbed of the thought of him, when I went in the darkness, along the shore.	<urn:uuid:c48b9bfc-59f4-4cf0-9b9a-c7eb2e0b76cf>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://marja.no/tag/folklore/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251779833.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128153713-20200128183713-00167.warc.gz	en	0.986329	689	3.3125	3	[ 0.03989166021347046, 0.5574814677238464, 0.2685188949108124, -0.2802037298679352, 0.2454761415719986, -0.1043916791677475, 0.17846304178237915, 0.042936164885759354, -0.17076092958450317, -0.4375244081020355, 0.09513422101736069, 0.04433693736791611, 0.08233898878097534, 0.1336397230625152...	1	It was the time before electricity, before science took over people’s thoughts, and folk tales and folklore told stories about how things really related to each other. When autumn darkness grew stronger and the Polar Night arrived, in that time darkness was troublesome. It housed several spirits, trolls, and a special creature connected to the ocean in northern parts of Norway, called draug. It was a dead man, without head, never buried, literally an “again-walker” or a revenant. The traditional fishing boat was built in different sizes. this is a small one For fishermen, autumn and winter work was about fishing gear, some small boat repairing, but the most with the boat was done in spring and summer time. After Christmas, men were heading for the big cod fisheries, most of them to Lofoten Islands, but all along the coast from Finnmark to Lofoten people fished. The traditional fishing boats were open row- and sailboats, a type called nordlandsboat, used in northern Norway. The main size were with four or more men onboard. Through 19th century the participation increased a lot, at the peak there were 30 000 men fishing in Lofoten through the winter months, so the fisheries were rather big. The wintertime activity was demanding, a lot of men drowned. the shoreline were young boys and men could med draugen There was a period of preparations before the fishermen left home. Boathouses lay nearby “flomålet”; the high-water mark, with the boats inside. Draugen lived at sea and his area was up to high-water mark. Young guys, who were going to join their first winter fisheries, could meet draugen in the boathouse, or when they walked along the shores in the darkness. This could result in fights in the area between high and low water. In northern Norway the difference between ebb and flow can be 4 meters at the most. So these areas were changing all the time, following the moon phases. boathouses just above the high-water mark In some local Sami tradition draugen could also move upstream in rivers, and he could even challenge women. Sami women participated more often in fisheries than the Norwegian who for the most stayed at home. But draugen was something mainly men had to deal with. It was death calling, challenging every man who put his feet into a boat. He had to deal with this fear of death to make a living for him and his family. In modern research we see draugen as a personified force made of all the dead men at sea. It could be a way of handling fear of death, and a way of being especially aware for the dangers at sea. The weather and the waves could challenge the boat. A lot of stories tells about waves rising suddenly threatening to fill the boat, or wild wind occurring from the north, from the Polar Regions, nearly as a ghost. The men had to develop a special awareness to these situations, and to see draugen, or traces of him, was a way to be aware. I wrote my master degree about draugen and the nordlandsboat. Reading so many stories about this creature, I was for a period a bit disturbed of the thought of him, when I went in the darkness, along the shore.	677	ENGLISH	1
- An Intelligent Student - The Dawn of Ideals - To The Political Sphere - In Lahore - When Lightning In His Pen - The Servant of the Suffering - Visit to England - Governments Wrath - The Non-Cooperation Movement - In Prison - Organizing the Hindus - “Unhappy India” - The Simon Commission - Imperialism Strikes - Country Did Not Forget - The Lion of Punjab - A Multifaced Diamond A great national leader who came to be called the Lion of Punjab. Worked tirelessly to improve education, to promote unity among Hindus and to reform society. His clarion call and glorious life inspired the nation. The Lathis of the servants of British imperialism cruelly cut his life short. It was the evening of October 30, 1928. Standing on the platform at a crowded public meeting in Lahore City, a person known as the Lion of Punjab, said in an inspiring voice: “Every blow on our bodies this afternoon is like a nail driven into the coffin of British imperialism.” Terrible blows had battered the chest and the body of the great man who made that stirring speech. The humiliation inflicted by the high-handedness of the British was more painful than the wounds. On the morning of the seventeenth day after this, the great revolutionary died. Onward along the path he had trodden his followers marched towards freedom. The great leader cut down by the highhandedness of the then imperialist Punjab Government was Lala Lajpat Rai. An Intelligent Student The great patriot Lala Lajpat Rai was born on 28th January 1865 in Dhudika village of Ferozepur District of Punjab Province. His father Lala Radha Kishan was an Urdu teacher in a government school. He belonged to the family of Agarwals, a family noted for its love of freedom and self-respect. Although illiterate, Lajpat Rai’s mother Gulab Devi was an ideal Hindu woman. It was from her that Lalaji imbibed patriotic sentiments. Lalaji was a very intelligent pupil. He won scholarships. Poverty and sickness stood in the way of his higher education. He passed the Entrance Examination of Calcutta University in the first class in 1880. The same year he also passed the Entrance Examination of Punjab University. Afterward, he joined the Lahore Government College. At the same time, he studied law. Because of the poverty of the family, his education was interrupted for two years. The Dawn of Ideals The two years spent in Lahore were important in Lalajis’s life. As he read the history of the past glory of India and the biographies of her great sons, the boy shed tears. The love of freedom and the keen desire to serve the country took root in him at that time. During those days the Arya Samaj founded by Swami Dayananda Saraswati was dynamic in social service. It was a time when enthusiastic Punjabi youths were attracted by the progressive ideals and reformist plans of the Arya Samaj. Lalaji was then hardly sixteen. When he joined the Arya Samaj in 1882 his life of The Lawyer. Having passed the first examination in law in 1883 Lala could practice as a Muktiar (a minor lawyer). He had also to bear the burden of running the family. Eighteen-year-old Lalaji practiced in the revenue court of Jagrav town. After passing the Pleaders Examination he came to Hissar in South Punjab and commenced practice as a lawyer. To The Political Sphere In 1888, still a lawyer, he entered politics. The Indian National Congress was fighting for the country’s freedom. Realizing the dire need for freedom, Lalaji joined the Congress as a freedom fighter. Sir Syed Ahmed who was in Congress had just then left it. He had begun to argue that Muslims should not join the Congress and that they should support the government. Lala wrote bitter open letters to him in the Urdu weekly Koh-i-Noor. The letters earned high praise in political circles. The same year in the Congress session at Allahabad, when Lalaji arrived with eighty delegates from Punjab, he received a tumultuous welcome. his heroic speech in Urdu there had a great effect on the Congress leaders. Lala was a young man of 23 years. His fame spread quickly in Congress. The small town of Hissar proved inadequate for his growing social work. After qualifying to practice as an advocate in the Punjab High Court, he settled down in Lahore in 1892. The Congress session of 1893 was held at Lahore. The first Indian to become a member of the British Parliament, Dadabhai Naoroji, was the president of the session. Lalaji served as an enthusiastic volunteer. Lalaji worked like a bee. There was no time for rest. When Lightning In His Pen Lalaji was not merely an outstanding politician but also an able writer. The biographies he wrote in Urdu are memorable. He wrote the biographies of the patriots Mazzini and Garibaldi who unified Italy. He also wrote outstanding books about Indian great men Shivaji, Sri Krishna, and Dayananda Saraswati. The books on Mazzini and Shivaji contained passages, which encouraged people to fight for freedom. So the government even thought of arresting Lalaji. He was immersed in Congress work when there was a split in the Arya Samaj. Lalaji gave a new shape to the D.A.V. College and stood by it. He had no thought of making money in his profession and settling down comfortably. He wanted to devote his life to the service of his country. He wanted to read the biography of Mazzini, the brave revolutionary of Italy. He could not get a copy of the book in India. Rai wrote to a friend in England and got it. Mazzini’s bravery, magnanimity, and patriotism thrilled him. Social service began. Patriotism was kindled. The idea took root in his mind that the chains of Indian slavery. The Servant of the Suffering The sense of service shown by Lalaji and his devoted endeavor to help the poor, the down-trodden and those in difficulties bestowed luster on his multifarious exertions. A terrible famine struck the Central Provinces in 1896. The draught shook people. No one can forget the part played by Lalaji at the time. Orphans and the destitute were at the mercy of the Christian missionaries and were being converted to Christianity. Lalaji began a movement to help the orphans. He saved 250 orphan children from Jabalpur, Bilaspur and other districts, brought them to Punjab and admitted them to the orphanages of the Arya Samaj. He realized that he did not have sufficient time for both social service and legal practice, so in 1898 he reduced his legal practice. In 1899 a worse famine struck Punjab, Rajasthan, Kathiawad and Central Provinces. Again Lalaji led the movement by the Arya Samaj to save helpless children. It was a trying time for him. He organized an extraordinary movement. Not only were 2,000 helpless persons saved but they were also provided with food, clothing, education, and employment. In this movement sometimes there were clashes with Christian missionaries. The government set up a famine relief commission in 1901 and got Lalajis views. His account of famine conditions and his views led to a change in the government’s attitude to the destitute. Hindus and people of other religions were able to establish orphanages for destitute children of their folds. In 1905 an occasion arose for Lalaji to dive deeper into another matter. There was an earth-quake in Kangra district resulting in enormous loss of life and property. The Arya Samaj of Lahore set up a relief committee, As its secretary, Lalaji toured Punjab province extensively and collected money for the committee. His service to the people at that time was unforgettable. Visit to England The same year general elections were being held in England, the Indian National Congress decided to send two representatives to acquaint the public with conditions in India. Lajpat Rai and Gopal Krishna Gokhale were the two representatives. When they returned from their visit to England, thousands of people welcomed them at the Lahore railway station. Students unhitched the horses and they pulled the carriage. During his tour of England, Lalaji told the people about the conditions in India during British rule. More than this, his reading of the situation was important. It becomes clear to him that Indians alone could mold their future and for that purpose, the government should be in their hands. He resolved that India should undertake the fight for freedom, the use of articles made in India and the boycott of foreign goods. He put forth these views at the 1907 Congress session held in Surat City. 1907 witnessed a high-water mark in the adventurous life of Lalaji. That was a time of revolution when the winds of change were blowing across the country; new ideas and a new zest moved the people. There were riots in Lahore and Rawalpindi. In Meerut, preparations were being made to observe the fiftieth anniversary of the first fight for freedom (1857). Peasants were upset on account of the proposal of the government to increase the water rates in Punjab. It was a grievous crime in the eyes of the government that Lalaji and certain lawyers addition to this, there were disturbances, supported the riots. Sir Densil Ibbotson was the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab. He wrote to Lord Morley, then the minister in the British cabinet who was in charge of Indian affairs: “It appears that some leaders like Lalaji have sworn to drive the British out of India. An attempt is being made to kindle hatred against Englishmen and break the government administrative machinery.” Those were the days when there was a sense of fear in official circles. A poor Indian was murdered. A factual report appeared in newspapers. An attempt was made to foist the guilt on a Punjabi journalist. The people of Punjab protested against the mischief of the government. In addition to this, there were disturbances, because of unjust laws like the Colonial Settlement Act and Land Mortgage Amendment Act and because of the increase in the tax on land and water rates. Sir Densil was perturbed. Without any reason, he deported Lalaji and with him Ajit Singh (a relative of the great patriot Bhagat Singh) to Mandalay in Burma. People all over the country opposed the unjust action of the government. Tilak wrote in the newspaper Kesari- “If the British rulers act as the Russian Czars, the people of India will have to react as the people of Russia did.” The government had to bow to the vigorous protests In Other Countries. Lalaji re-entered Congress in 1912. He left for England in April 1914 with the Congress delegation as a representative of Punjab. He had planned to be there for six months. But because of the outbreak of the First World War, he had to change his plans. It did not seem wise to return then. It was likely the British would keep him in detention for a long period. Lalaji went from England to America. His visit to America was a voluntary exile. In America, he made a number of speeches about India and the conditions of life in this country. He wrote a number of books. As part of the effort to develop the Indian agitation, he established the Indian Home Rule League in New York. How could there be a dearth of work for the Indian hero in America? He set up the India Information Bureau. He started a journal Young India and gave a push to the movement. He himself edited the paper. The paper expounded the Indian culture and explained in detail the necessity for Indian freedom. It attracted the attention of everybody. The circulation increased. Through this paper, it became possible for not only Indians but also Americans and people of other countries to understand the aims and objects of Lalaji and to sympathize with India’s aims. The movement gained support. While in America he wrote two books: Arya Samaj and Englands, Debt to India. His life in America was not a bed of roses. He himself cooked his food. He earned money for his living by writing books and articles. Germany was then at war with England. The German government attempted to take advantage of the dissatisfaction of the Indians by enticing Lalaji. But he refused to be tempted. While in America, Lalaji found time to visit Japan. In both countries, he made a friendship and won the sympathy of influential people. He conducted himself in such a way that both countries came to trust him. Thus he made a name for himself. At the end of the Great War in 1919, he wanted to return to India. The British Government would not give him a passport. In India in Jalianwalla Bagh of Amritsar, British soldiers fired on helpless Indians at a public meeting. Lajpat Rai got news of the dreadful massacre even when he was in New York. He was eager to join his countrymen. He got the passport at the end of the year. In December 1919 Lalaji came from New York to London. There he met the famous author Bernard Shaw and some socialist friends. Then he came to Paris. For the people and the legal profession; it had no choice. The government realized that the deportation order was improper and illegal; it brought Lalaji to Lahore on November 18 and set him free. Lalaji was considered one of the famous trinity of the Congress radicals. The three great men were Lala Lajpat Rai of Punjab, Bal Gangadhar Tilak of Maharashtra and Bipin Chandra Pal of Bengal. The country affectionately called them Lal, Bal, and Pal. There was a split between the radicals and the moderates in the Congress organization. Lalaji found that it was not possible to bring about an agreement between the two factions; he, therefore, kept out of the Congress. The Non-Cooperation Movement Lalaji thus brought about a revolution in the attitudes of the people of England and America towards India. He returned in February 1920. Lokamanya Tilak, Jinnah, and Shrimati Annie Besant accorded a heroic welcome to him. Welcome Addresses were presented to him in Bombay, Delhi, and Lahore. He was elected as the president of the special session of the Congress held in September 1920. Next year Mahatma Gandhi started the Non-cooperation Movement. The movement gained momentum in the country. Lalaji jumped into the agitation with his bosom friend, the revolutionary Ajit Singh. In response to Lalajis stirring call, the whole of Punjab Province joined the movement. The agitation shook the firm foundations of the government. Government schools and colleges were boycotted. Work in courts and offices came to a halt. The people were firmly united against imperialism. Lalaji himself started a national school in Lahore. Tilak opened a political science institution. Thus enthusiastic youths found guidance. Lalaji undertook a whirlwind tour of Punjab for ten days for that purpose and collected nine lakh rupees. Full of reverence for him, people contributed money enthusiastically for a few years. In 1911 he re-entered the Lahore Municipal Council. When he stood for election to the Municipal Council his popularity was immense. Even the deaf, the dumb and disabled people turned up to vote for him. A dumb voter brought a photograph of Lalaji to indicate that he would vote for Lalaji. Lajpat Rai’s organizing ability and heroic speeches were inspiring. The government was finding it difficult to face the intense Non-cooperation Movement growing day by day. All over the country, there were agitation and hartals and the rulers were shaken. Lalaji became a dangerous person in the eyes of the government. In December 1921 Lalaji was arrested. The other leaders of the movement, Motilal Nehru and Chittaranjan Das were also imprisoned. Lalaji was sentenced to 18 months rigorous imprisonment. Because of the people’s protest and the pleadings by lawyers he was released after two months. It was one’ o clock in the night when he was released. When he came to the door he was arrested again. He was tried for another offense and was sentenced to rigorous imprisonment for two years. While in jail he fell ill and his health deteriorated. When the public learned this vigorous agitation was started throughout the country for his release. The government released him. Lalaji went to Solan to improve his health. Organizing the Hindus As soon as his health improved Lalaji become active again. He joined the Swaraj Party of Motilal Nehru. He was elected to the Central Legislative Assembly. By that time the Hindu Muslim unity move shaped by Mahatma Gandhi had failed. Lalaji had to turn his attention to communal problems. He was himself influenced by the Arya Samaj and was a staunch supporter of the Hindu dharma. But he was aware of the need for Hindu Muslim unity in the fight for Swaraj. The Non-Cooperation movement was crumbling and ill-feeling between different communities was reaching dangerous proportions. In the 1924 Hindu-Muslim riots, Hindus suffered much in Kohat of North-West Frontier Province. In two days of riots not only were 150 Hindus killed but also 400 persons had also to be shifted to Rawalpindi. Mahatma Gandhi undertook a fast. There was a conference to bring about friendship among the followers of different religions and a national council was set up. But the problem was not solved. The Kohat tragedy pained and disappointed Lalaji. He had to stand by the helpless Hindu community. To counteract associations formed by the Muslims, Lalaji tirelessly fostered movements for the Purification of Hinduism and the Organization of Hinduism. As long ago as in 1924 Lalaji expressed the fear that Muslims might want a division of India and demand a separate state for themselves. This shows his farsightedness. He presided over the Hindu Mahasabha held at Calcutta in 1925. The speech he made about Hindu dharma and the necessity to uphold it woke up the Hindus. In 1926 Lalaji participated in the International Labor Conference held at Geneva as a representative of workers in India. He also took part in similar conferences held in Britain and France. Lalaji went to Europe in 1927 to improve his health. Katherine Mayo, a foreign journalist, visited India. She wrote a book called Mother India. It was about Indian civilization, culture, and life. She saw only sheer ignorance and filth in India and nothing good or decent. It gave a totally misleading picture of India. In an article, Gandhiji protested and called it a gutter inspectors report. The book Mayo wrote was published when Lalaji was in London. The book created an uproar in India and Britain. People who were opposed to the freedom of India had given money for the publication of the book. Lalaji read it. He could not keep quiet. Soon after his return to India, the first thing he did was to write a book ‘Unhappy India.’ He gave a fitting reply to the false propaganda of Miss Mayo. The Simon Commission The non-cooperation movement failed. Therefore there was a lull in political activities. In 1927 the British Government wanted a report on political reforms in India and on amending the Government of India Act. So it appointed a commission. The commission consisted of Sir John Simon and six other members. All of them were members of the British Parliament. There was not a single Indian as a member. It was composed solely of White people. The commission was an insult to Indians. These White men were to shape the future of India. The people of India rose as one man against this step. Under Lalaji’s leadership, it was resolved to boycott the Simon Commission. Lajpat Rai moved a resolution in the Central Legislative Assembly in February 1928. “The present constitution of the Commission and its terms of reference are unworthy of acceptance by this House; therefore, this House advises the Government that it should have nothing to do with the Commission.” He made an impassioned speech on that occasion. There were several English men and government officers in the Legislative Assembly. It was known that they would vote against the resolution. Lalaji appealed to the Indian members thus: “Let the members understand that they are slaves in the eyes of the British Government and of the world. When they vote on the resolution let them remember that in 1919, because of a single epidemic, six crores of people died in our country. Let them remember that in this country ten crores of people do not have even one meal a day.” What right did the British Parliament have to frame a constitution for India? That was Lalaji’s fearless question. Only Indians had the right to decide about their future. They were determined about it. The report of Motilal Nehru and his colleagues was ready. It had protested against the British attitude. Lalaji toured the whole of India to give publicity to the Nehru report. He asserted: “Those who oppose the report are the enemies of Swaraj and enemies of India.” The 30th of October 1928 was an evil day in India’s political history. The Simon Commission was expected to arrive in Lahore on that day. The rulers had taken precautions to prevent a public protest. Prohibitory orders were enforced. Lalaji was ill that day. Still, he led the procession to protest against the Commission. When the Simon Commission arrived, on one side there were traitors to welcome them. On another side, the revolutionaries demonstrated against the Commission. In the protest march, youths staged a tremendous show. A hartal was observed that day; there was a sea of black flags. Thousands and thousands of hearts and voices shouted: “Simon, go back!” The lion of Punjab, Lala Lajpat Rai, led the procession. When the trains reached the station, the cry “Simon, go back!” hit the sky. Police security arrangements crumbled. The crowd was so thick that movement was impossible. The Police charged with their Lathis (stout sticks). The blood of innocent people began to flow. Lalajis friends Sukhdev, Yashpal, Bhagavati Charan and others surrounded him, in order to protect him. Police officer Scot saw Lalaji and his bodyguards. He ordered the Police to beat the bodyguards. A Police officer named Sanders came forward to do the job. The Police Lathis rained blows on Lalaji – on the head and all over the body. Lala realized this incident would lead to conflict and a bloodbath. He told the huge crowd of revolutionary youths: “Leave this place.” The crowd dispersed. The same evening there was a mammoth public meeting. The despicable action of the Police was severely condemned and the Simon Commission was boycotted. Police Deputy Superintendent Neal was present at the meeting. Lalaji turned to Neal and said in English so that he could understand him: “The blows, which fell on me today, are the last nails driven into the coffin of British Imperialism.” One word from Lajpat Rai to the youths would have been enough; they would have let loose rivers of blood. But Lalaji practiced non-violence strictly. The country had to restrain its anger. In the very week of the incident, Lalaji attended the All-India Congress Committee and all-party meetings. He grew weak and returned to Lahore. Lalaji fell ill and died of a heart attack on 17th November 1928. The whole of India knew that his death was a result of the lathi blows. A deliberate murder by the Police! More than a lakh of people took up in his funeral procession. Country Did Not Forget The movement did not abate though Lalaji died. In fact, it acquired a new vigor. The Congress Party began the no-tax campaign. Punjab could not easily forget Lalaji’s death. To avenge the cowardly Whites attack on their beloved leader, the people of Punjab rose in fierce revolt. The young revolutionary Bhagat Singh murdered the Police officer Sanders, mainly responsible for the attack on Lalaji, in a dreadful manner. This happened on December 17, exactly one month after Lalaji’s death. Next year the British sentenced Bhagat Singh to death. The Lion of Punjab The lesson which the Lion of Punjab Lala Lajpat Rai taught the country was to be brave. To the Indians in the chains of slavery, his message was “Begging or prayer cannot bring freedom. You can win it only through struggle and sacrifice.” Because throughout his life he fought fearlessly, he was called the Lion of Punjab. The sacrifice of his life was like a warrior’s death in battle. A Multifaced Diamond Lala Lajpat Rai the martyr was a storehouse of many good qualities. Efficiency, tireless industry and patriotism gave luster to his personality. He was friendly. For the sake of his country, he won a large number of friends both in India and abroad. From the platform, he spoke for hours eloquently. His speeches were fiery and galvanizing. People heard him spellbound and his words opened their eyes. He was indeed a lion among men. He was a brilliant man and he was devoted, in body and mind, to the cause of education. The D.A.V. College, the National College, the Tilak School of Politics and others are living monuments to his patriotism. His service in the field of journalism was no less valuable. He founded the Urdu weekly Vande Mataram and the English weekly ‘The People’ – and both maintained high standards. In the field of commerce too, he will be remembered forever. It was Lalaji who established the Punjab National Bank and the Lakshmi Insurance Company. As a member of the Arya Samaj, he worked incessantly. He fought against Untouchability. When Gandhiji started the ‘Harijan Sevak Sangh’ he worked for it. He was like a father to the orphans. He was responsible for starting numerous orphanages in the country. The Gulab Devi Hospital and the Servants of People Society are living monuments to the memory of that great man. Lalaji was one of those who sowed the seeds of socialism in India. He was well acquainted with Henry Meyers, Beatrice Webb, Lansbury and others who promoted the growth of socialism in Britain. He was in the vanguard of a labor organization. He founded the All-India Trade Union Congress and was himself its president. He started an organized effort to improve the conditions of the working class. He pleaded that a part of the profits of an industry should be given to the workmen. The people of India were in chains, and they had to be aroused. They had to be organized. Lalaji was the symbol of the power, which did this. As Mahatma Gandhi said: “So long as the sun shines in the Indian sky, persons like Lalaji will not die.” Lajpat Rai once said: “If I had the power to influence Indian journals, I would have the following headlines printed in bold letters on the first page: Milk for the infants Food for the adults Education for all,”	<urn:uuid:9a0c5ede-c805-46bf-83f7-4337915517dd>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.pakkapatriot.com/lala-lajpat-rai-biography-of-an-indian-freedom-fighter/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593295.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118164132-20200118192132-00470.warc.gz	en	0.982307	5,778	3.40625	3	[ -0.029064349830150604, 0.4385395348072052, 0.2740718722343445, 0.1774602085351944, -0.29345017671585083, -0.09345918893814087, 0.47962337732315063, 0.3727731704711914, -0.03228463977575302, -0.001823055325075984, 0.2862706184387207, -0.42551189661026, 0.5199695825576782, 0.1886108815670013...	1	- An Intelligent Student - The Dawn of Ideals - To The Political Sphere - In Lahore - When Lightning In His Pen - The Servant of the Suffering - Visit to England - Governments Wrath - The Non-Cooperation Movement - In Prison - Organizing the Hindus - “Unhappy India” - The Simon Commission - Imperialism Strikes - Country Did Not Forget - The Lion of Punjab - A Multifaced Diamond A great national leader who came to be called the Lion of Punjab. Worked tirelessly to improve education, to promote unity among Hindus and to reform society. His clarion call and glorious life inspired the nation. The Lathis of the servants of British imperialism cruelly cut his life short. It was the evening of October 30, 1928. Standing on the platform at a crowded public meeting in Lahore City, a person known as the Lion of Punjab, said in an inspiring voice: “Every blow on our bodies this afternoon is like a nail driven into the coffin of British imperialism.” Terrible blows had battered the chest and the body of the great man who made that stirring speech. The humiliation inflicted by the high-handedness of the British was more painful than the wounds. On the morning of the seventeenth day after this, the great revolutionary died. Onward along the path he had trodden his followers marched towards freedom. The great leader cut down by the highhandedness of the then imperialist Punjab Government was Lala Lajpat Rai. An Intelligent Student The great patriot Lala Lajpat Rai was born on 28th January 1865 in Dhudika village of Ferozepur District of Punjab Province. His father Lala Radha Kishan was an Urdu teacher in a government school. He belonged to the family of Agarwals, a family noted for its love of freedom and self-respect. Although illiterate, Lajpat Rai’s mother Gulab Devi was an ideal Hindu woman. It was from her that Lalaji imbibed patriotic sentiments. Lalaji was a very intelligent pupil. He won scholarships. Poverty and sickness stood in the way of his higher education. He passed the Entrance Examination of Calcutta University in the first class in 1880. The same year he also passed the Entrance Examination of Punjab University. Afterward, he joined the Lahore Government College. At the same time, he studied law. Because of the poverty of the family, his education was interrupted for two years. The Dawn of Ideals The two years spent in Lahore were important in Lalajis’s life. As he read the history of the past glory of India and the biographies of her great sons, the boy shed tears. The love of freedom and the keen desire to serve the country took root in him at that time. During those days the Arya Samaj founded by Swami Dayananda Saraswati was dynamic in social service. It was a time when enthusiastic Punjabi youths were attracted by the progressive ideals and reformist plans of the Arya Samaj. Lalaji was then hardly sixteen. When he joined the Arya Samaj in 1882 his life of The Lawyer. Having passed the first examination in law in 1883 Lala could practice as a Muktiar (a minor lawyer). He had also to bear the burden of running the family. Eighteen-year-old Lalaji practiced in the revenue court of Jagrav town. After passing the Pleaders Examination he came to Hissar in South Punjab and commenced practice as a lawyer. To The Political Sphere In 1888, still a lawyer, he entered politics. The Indian National Congress was fighting for the country’s freedom. Realizing the dire need for freedom, Lalaji joined the Congress as a freedom fighter. Sir Syed Ahmed who was in Congress had just then left it. He had begun to argue that Muslims should not join the Congress and that they should support the government. Lala wrote bitter open letters to him in the Urdu weekly Koh-i-Noor. The letters earned high praise in political circles. The same year in the Congress session at Allahabad, when Lalaji arrived with eighty delegates from Punjab, he received a tumultuous welcome. his heroic speech in Urdu there had a great effect on the Congress leaders. Lala was a young man of 23 years. His fame spread quickly in Congress. The small town of Hissar proved inadequate for his growing social work. After qualifying to practice as an advocate in the Punjab High Court, he settled down in Lahore in 1892. The Congress session of 1893 was held at Lahore. The first Indian to become a member of the British Parliament, Dadabhai Naoroji, was the president of the session. Lalaji served as an enthusiastic volunteer. Lalaji worked like a bee. There was no time for rest. When Lightning In His Pen Lalaji was not merely an outstanding politician but also an able writer. The biographies he wrote in Urdu are memorable. He wrote the biographies of the patriots Mazzini and Garibaldi who unified Italy. He also wrote outstanding books about Indian great men Shivaji, Sri Krishna, and Dayananda Saraswati. The books on Mazzini and Shivaji contained passages, which encouraged people to fight for freedom. So the government even thought of arresting Lalaji. He was immersed in Congress work when there was a split in the Arya Samaj. Lalaji gave a new shape to the D.A.V. College and stood by it. He had no thought of making money in his profession and settling down comfortably. He wanted to devote his life to the service of his country. He wanted to read the biography of Mazzini, the brave revolutionary of Italy. He could not get a copy of the book in India. Rai wrote to a friend in England and got it. Mazzini’s bravery, magnanimity, and patriotism thrilled him. Social service began. Patriotism was kindled. The idea took root in his mind that the chains of Indian slavery. The Servant of the Suffering The sense of service shown by Lalaji and his devoted endeavor to help the poor, the down-trodden and those in difficulties bestowed luster on his multifarious exertions. A terrible famine struck the Central Provinces in 1896. The draught shook people. No one can forget the part played by Lalaji at the time. Orphans and the destitute were at the mercy of the Christian missionaries and were being converted to Christianity. Lalaji began a movement to help the orphans. He saved 250 orphan children from Jabalpur, Bilaspur and other districts, brought them to Punjab and admitted them to the orphanages of the Arya Samaj. He realized that he did not have sufficient time for both social service and legal practice, so in 1898 he reduced his legal practice. In 1899 a worse famine struck Punjab, Rajasthan, Kathiawad and Central Provinces. Again Lalaji led the movement by the Arya Samaj to save helpless children. It was a trying time for him. He organized an extraordinary movement. Not only were 2,000 helpless persons saved but they were also provided with food, clothing, education, and employment. In this movement sometimes there were clashes with Christian missionaries. The government set up a famine relief commission in 1901 and got Lalajis views. His account of famine conditions and his views led to a change in the government’s attitude to the destitute. Hindus and people of other religions were able to establish orphanages for destitute children of their folds. In 1905 an occasion arose for Lalaji to dive deeper into another matter. There was an earth-quake in Kangra district resulting in enormous loss of life and property. The Arya Samaj of Lahore set up a relief committee, As its secretary, Lalaji toured Punjab province extensively and collected money for the committee. His service to the people at that time was unforgettable. Visit to England The same year general elections were being held in England, the Indian National Congress decided to send two representatives to acquaint the public with conditions in India. Lajpat Rai and Gopal Krishna Gokhale were the two representatives. When they returned from their visit to England, thousands of people welcomed them at the Lahore railway station. Students unhitched the horses and they pulled the carriage. During his tour of England, Lalaji told the people about the conditions in India during British rule. More than this, his reading of the situation was important. It becomes clear to him that Indians alone could mold their future and for that purpose, the government should be in their hands. He resolved that India should undertake the fight for freedom, the use of articles made in India and the boycott of foreign goods. He put forth these views at the 1907 Congress session held in Surat City. 1907 witnessed a high-water mark in the adventurous life of Lalaji. That was a time of revolution when the winds of change were blowing across the country; new ideas and a new zest moved the people. There were riots in Lahore and Rawalpindi. In Meerut, preparations were being made to observe the fiftieth anniversary of the first fight for freedom (1857). Peasants were upset on account of the proposal of the government to increase the water rates in Punjab. It was a grievous crime in the eyes of the government that Lalaji and certain lawyers addition to this, there were disturbances, supported the riots. Sir Densil Ibbotson was the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab. He wrote to Lord Morley, then the minister in the British cabinet who was in charge of Indian affairs: “It appears that some leaders like Lalaji have sworn to drive the British out of India. An attempt is being made to kindle hatred against Englishmen and break the government administrative machinery.” Those were the days when there was a sense of fear in official circles. A poor Indian was murdered. A factual report appeared in newspapers. An attempt was made to foist the guilt on a Punjabi journalist. The people of Punjab protested against the mischief of the government. In addition to this, there were disturbances, because of unjust laws like the Colonial Settlement Act and Land Mortgage Amendment Act and because of the increase in the tax on land and water rates. Sir Densil was perturbed. Without any reason, he deported Lalaji and with him Ajit Singh (a relative of the great patriot Bhagat Singh) to Mandalay in Burma. People all over the country opposed the unjust action of the government. Tilak wrote in the newspaper Kesari- “If the British rulers act as the Russian Czars, the people of India will have to react as the people of Russia did.” The government had to bow to the vigorous protests In Other Countries. Lalaji re-entered Congress in 1912. He left for England in April 1914 with the Congress delegation as a representative of Punjab. He had planned to be there for six months. But because of the outbreak of the First World War, he had to change his plans. It did not seem wise to return then. It was likely the British would keep him in detention for a long period. Lalaji went from England to America. His visit to America was a voluntary exile. In America, he made a number of speeches about India and the conditions of life in this country. He wrote a number of books. As part of the effort to develop the Indian agitation, he established the Indian Home Rule League in New York. How could there be a dearth of work for the Indian hero in America? He set up the India Information Bureau. He started a journal Young India and gave a push to the movement. He himself edited the paper. The paper expounded the Indian culture and explained in detail the necessity for Indian freedom. It attracted the attention of everybody. The circulation increased. Through this paper, it became possible for not only Indians but also Americans and people of other countries to understand the aims and objects of Lalaji and to sympathize with India’s aims. The movement gained support. While in America he wrote two books: Arya Samaj and Englands, Debt to India. His life in America was not a bed of roses. He himself cooked his food. He earned money for his living by writing books and articles. Germany was then at war with England. The German government attempted to take advantage of the dissatisfaction of the Indians by enticing Lalaji. But he refused to be tempted. While in America, Lalaji found time to visit Japan. In both countries, he made a friendship and won the sympathy of influential people. He conducted himself in such a way that both countries came to trust him. Thus he made a name for himself. At the end of the Great War in 1919, he wanted to return to India. The British Government would not give him a passport. In India in Jalianwalla Bagh of Amritsar, British soldiers fired on helpless Indians at a public meeting. Lajpat Rai got news of the dreadful massacre even when he was in New York. He was eager to join his countrymen. He got the passport at the end of the year. In December 1919 Lalaji came from New York to London. There he met the famous author Bernard Shaw and some socialist friends. Then he came to Paris. For the people and the legal profession; it had no choice. The government realized that the deportation order was improper and illegal; it brought Lalaji to Lahore on November 18 and set him free. Lalaji was considered one of the famous trinity of the Congress radicals. The three great men were Lala Lajpat Rai of Punjab, Bal Gangadhar Tilak of Maharashtra and Bipin Chandra Pal of Bengal. The country affectionately called them Lal, Bal, and Pal. There was a split between the radicals and the moderates in the Congress organization. Lalaji found that it was not possible to bring about an agreement between the two factions; he, therefore, kept out of the Congress. The Non-Cooperation Movement Lalaji thus brought about a revolution in the attitudes of the people of England and America towards India. He returned in February 1920. Lokamanya Tilak, Jinnah, and Shrimati Annie Besant accorded a heroic welcome to him. Welcome Addresses were presented to him in Bombay, Delhi, and Lahore. He was elected as the president of the special session of the Congress held in September 1920. Next year Mahatma Gandhi started the Non-cooperation Movement. The movement gained momentum in the country. Lalaji jumped into the agitation with his bosom friend, the revolutionary Ajit Singh. In response to Lalajis stirring call, the whole of Punjab Province joined the movement. The agitation shook the firm foundations of the government. Government schools and colleges were boycotted. Work in courts and offices came to a halt. The people were firmly united against imperialism. Lalaji himself started a national school in Lahore. Tilak opened a political science institution. Thus enthusiastic youths found guidance. Lalaji undertook a whirlwind tour of Punjab for ten days for that purpose and collected nine lakh rupees. Full of reverence for him, people contributed money enthusiastically for a few years. In 1911 he re-entered the Lahore Municipal Council. When he stood for election to the Municipal Council his popularity was immense. Even the deaf, the dumb and disabled people turned up to vote for him. A dumb voter brought a photograph of Lalaji to indicate that he would vote for Lalaji. Lajpat Rai’s organizing ability and heroic speeches were inspiring. The government was finding it difficult to face the intense Non-cooperation Movement growing day by day. All over the country, there were agitation and hartals and the rulers were shaken. Lalaji became a dangerous person in the eyes of the government. In December 1921 Lalaji was arrested. The other leaders of the movement, Motilal Nehru and Chittaranjan Das were also imprisoned. Lalaji was sentenced to 18 months rigorous imprisonment. Because of the people’s protest and the pleadings by lawyers he was released after two months. It was one’ o clock in the night when he was released. When he came to the door he was arrested again. He was tried for another offense and was sentenced to rigorous imprisonment for two years. While in jail he fell ill and his health deteriorated. When the public learned this vigorous agitation was started throughout the country for his release. The government released him. Lalaji went to Solan to improve his health. Organizing the Hindus As soon as his health improved Lalaji become active again. He joined the Swaraj Party of Motilal Nehru. He was elected to the Central Legislative Assembly. By that time the Hindu Muslim unity move shaped by Mahatma Gandhi had failed. Lalaji had to turn his attention to communal problems. He was himself influenced by the Arya Samaj and was a staunch supporter of the Hindu dharma. But he was aware of the need for Hindu Muslim unity in the fight for Swaraj. The Non-Cooperation movement was crumbling and ill-feeling between different communities was reaching dangerous proportions. In the 1924 Hindu-Muslim riots, Hindus suffered much in Kohat of North-West Frontier Province. In two days of riots not only were 150 Hindus killed but also 400 persons had also to be shifted to Rawalpindi. Mahatma Gandhi undertook a fast. There was a conference to bring about friendship among the followers of different religions and a national council was set up. But the problem was not solved. The Kohat tragedy pained and disappointed Lalaji. He had to stand by the helpless Hindu community. To counteract associations formed by the Muslims, Lalaji tirelessly fostered movements for the Purification of Hinduism and the Organization of Hinduism. As long ago as in 1924 Lalaji expressed the fear that Muslims might want a division of India and demand a separate state for themselves. This shows his farsightedness. He presided over the Hindu Mahasabha held at Calcutta in 1925. The speech he made about Hindu dharma and the necessity to uphold it woke up the Hindus. In 1926 Lalaji participated in the International Labor Conference held at Geneva as a representative of workers in India. He also took part in similar conferences held in Britain and France. Lalaji went to Europe in 1927 to improve his health. Katherine Mayo, a foreign journalist, visited India. She wrote a book called Mother India. It was about Indian civilization, culture, and life. She saw only sheer ignorance and filth in India and nothing good or decent. It gave a totally misleading picture of India. In an article, Gandhiji protested and called it a gutter inspectors report. The book Mayo wrote was published when Lalaji was in London. The book created an uproar in India and Britain. People who were opposed to the freedom of India had given money for the publication of the book. Lalaji read it. He could not keep quiet. Soon after his return to India, the first thing he did was to write a book ‘Unhappy India.’ He gave a fitting reply to the false propaganda of Miss Mayo. The Simon Commission The non-cooperation movement failed. Therefore there was a lull in political activities. In 1927 the British Government wanted a report on political reforms in India and on amending the Government of India Act. So it appointed a commission. The commission consisted of Sir John Simon and six other members. All of them were members of the British Parliament. There was not a single Indian as a member. It was composed solely of White people. The commission was an insult to Indians. These White men were to shape the future of India. The people of India rose as one man against this step. Under Lalaji’s leadership, it was resolved to boycott the Simon Commission. Lajpat Rai moved a resolution in the Central Legislative Assembly in February 1928. “The present constitution of the Commission and its terms of reference are unworthy of acceptance by this House; therefore, this House advises the Government that it should have nothing to do with the Commission.” He made an impassioned speech on that occasion. There were several English men and government officers in the Legislative Assembly. It was known that they would vote against the resolution. Lalaji appealed to the Indian members thus: “Let the members understand that they are slaves in the eyes of the British Government and of the world. When they vote on the resolution let them remember that in 1919, because of a single epidemic, six crores of people died in our country. Let them remember that in this country ten crores of people do not have even one meal a day.” What right did the British Parliament have to frame a constitution for India? That was Lalaji’s fearless question. Only Indians had the right to decide about their future. They were determined about it. The report of Motilal Nehru and his colleagues was ready. It had protested against the British attitude. Lalaji toured the whole of India to give publicity to the Nehru report. He asserted: “Those who oppose the report are the enemies of Swaraj and enemies of India.” The 30th of October 1928 was an evil day in India’s political history. The Simon Commission was expected to arrive in Lahore on that day. The rulers had taken precautions to prevent a public protest. Prohibitory orders were enforced. Lalaji was ill that day. Still, he led the procession to protest against the Commission. When the Simon Commission arrived, on one side there were traitors to welcome them. On another side, the revolutionaries demonstrated against the Commission. In the protest march, youths staged a tremendous show. A hartal was observed that day; there was a sea of black flags. Thousands and thousands of hearts and voices shouted: “Simon, go back!” The lion of Punjab, Lala Lajpat Rai, led the procession. When the trains reached the station, the cry “Simon, go back!” hit the sky. Police security arrangements crumbled. The crowd was so thick that movement was impossible. The Police charged with their Lathis (stout sticks). The blood of innocent people began to flow. Lalajis friends Sukhdev, Yashpal, Bhagavati Charan and others surrounded him, in order to protect him. Police officer Scot saw Lalaji and his bodyguards. He ordered the Police to beat the bodyguards. A Police officer named Sanders came forward to do the job. The Police Lathis rained blows on Lalaji – on the head and all over the body. Lala realized this incident would lead to conflict and a bloodbath. He told the huge crowd of revolutionary youths: “Leave this place.” The crowd dispersed. The same evening there was a mammoth public meeting. The despicable action of the Police was severely condemned and the Simon Commission was boycotted. Police Deputy Superintendent Neal was present at the meeting. Lalaji turned to Neal and said in English so that he could understand him: “The blows, which fell on me today, are the last nails driven into the coffin of British Imperialism.” One word from Lajpat Rai to the youths would have been enough; they would have let loose rivers of blood. But Lalaji practiced non-violence strictly. The country had to restrain its anger. In the very week of the incident, Lalaji attended the All-India Congress Committee and all-party meetings. He grew weak and returned to Lahore. Lalaji fell ill and died of a heart attack on 17th November 1928. The whole of India knew that his death was a result of the lathi blows. A deliberate murder by the Police! More than a lakh of people took up in his funeral procession. Country Did Not Forget The movement did not abate though Lalaji died. In fact, it acquired a new vigor. The Congress Party began the no-tax campaign. Punjab could not easily forget Lalaji’s death. To avenge the cowardly Whites attack on their beloved leader, the people of Punjab rose in fierce revolt. The young revolutionary Bhagat Singh murdered the Police officer Sanders, mainly responsible for the attack on Lalaji, in a dreadful manner. This happened on December 17, exactly one month after Lalaji’s death. Next year the British sentenced Bhagat Singh to death. The Lion of Punjab The lesson which the Lion of Punjab Lala Lajpat Rai taught the country was to be brave. To the Indians in the chains of slavery, his message was “Begging or prayer cannot bring freedom. You can win it only through struggle and sacrifice.” Because throughout his life he fought fearlessly, he was called the Lion of Punjab. The sacrifice of his life was like a warrior’s death in battle. A Multifaced Diamond Lala Lajpat Rai the martyr was a storehouse of many good qualities. Efficiency, tireless industry and patriotism gave luster to his personality. He was friendly. For the sake of his country, he won a large number of friends both in India and abroad. From the platform, he spoke for hours eloquently. His speeches were fiery and galvanizing. People heard him spellbound and his words opened their eyes. He was indeed a lion among men. He was a brilliant man and he was devoted, in body and mind, to the cause of education. The D.A.V. College, the National College, the Tilak School of Politics and others are living monuments to his patriotism. His service in the field of journalism was no less valuable. He founded the Urdu weekly Vande Mataram and the English weekly ‘The People’ – and both maintained high standards. In the field of commerce too, he will be remembered forever. It was Lalaji who established the Punjab National Bank and the Lakshmi Insurance Company. As a member of the Arya Samaj, he worked incessantly. He fought against Untouchability. When Gandhiji started the ‘Harijan Sevak Sangh’ he worked for it. He was like a father to the orphans. He was responsible for starting numerous orphanages in the country. The Gulab Devi Hospital and the Servants of People Society are living monuments to the memory of that great man. Lalaji was one of those who sowed the seeds of socialism in India. He was well acquainted with Henry Meyers, Beatrice Webb, Lansbury and others who promoted the growth of socialism in Britain. He was in the vanguard of a labor organization. He founded the All-India Trade Union Congress and was himself its president. He started an organized effort to improve the conditions of the working class. He pleaded that a part of the profits of an industry should be given to the workmen. The people of India were in chains, and they had to be aroused. They had to be organized. Lalaji was the symbol of the power, which did this. As Mahatma Gandhi said: “So long as the sun shines in the Indian sky, persons like Lalaji will not die.” Lajpat Rai once said: “If I had the power to influence Indian journals, I would have the following headlines printed in bold letters on the first page: Milk for the infants Food for the adults Education for all,”	5,727	ENGLISH	1
King George V's role in the withdrawal of an asylum offer was covered up. Britain refused to allow any Grand Dukes to come to England, a fact that is rarely explored. When Russia erupted into revolution, almost overnight the pampered lifestyle of the Imperial family vanished. Within months many of them were under arrest and they became 'enemies of the Revolution and the Russian people'. All showed great fortitude and courage during adversity. None of them wanted to leave Russia; they expected to be back on their estates soon and to live as before. When it became obvious that this was not going to happen a few managed to flee but others became dependent on their foreign relatives for help. For those who failed to escape, the questions remain. Why did they fail? What did their relatives do to help them? Were lives sacrificed to save other European thrones? After thirty-five years researching and writing about the Romanovs, Coryne Hall considers the end of the 300-year-old dynasty - and the guilt of the royal families in Europe over the Romanovs' bloody end. Did the Kaiser do enough? Did George V? When the Tsar's cousins King Haakon of Norway and King Christian of Denmark heard of Nicholas's abdication, what did they do? Unpublished diaries of the Tsar's cousin Grand Duke Dmitri give a new insight to the Romanovs' feelings about George V's involvement.	<urn:uuid:ad64ab20-f3ba-4b43-a7fe-bd84f2ea9b9b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://guardianbookshop.com/to-free-the-romanovs-9781445681979.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607596.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122221541-20200123010541-00486.warc.gz	en	0.98128	290	3.5	4	[ 0.009319767355918884, 0.34919238090515137, 0.38333266973495483, -0.2536957859992981, 0.2701610028743744, -0.12461850047111511, 0.3292464017868042, 0.30035632848739624, 0.02305981144309044, 0.09857024997472763, 0.20103998482227325, -0.05383382365107536, 0.23127439618110657, 0.23286896944046...	1	King George V's role in the withdrawal of an asylum offer was covered up. Britain refused to allow any Grand Dukes to come to England, a fact that is rarely explored. When Russia erupted into revolution, almost overnight the pampered lifestyle of the Imperial family vanished. Within months many of them were under arrest and they became 'enemies of the Revolution and the Russian people'. All showed great fortitude and courage during adversity. None of them wanted to leave Russia; they expected to be back on their estates soon and to live as before. When it became obvious that this was not going to happen a few managed to flee but others became dependent on their foreign relatives for help. For those who failed to escape, the questions remain. Why did they fail? What did their relatives do to help them? Were lives sacrificed to save other European thrones? After thirty-five years researching and writing about the Romanovs, Coryne Hall considers the end of the 300-year-old dynasty - and the guilt of the royal families in Europe over the Romanovs' bloody end. Did the Kaiser do enough? Did George V? When the Tsar's cousins King Haakon of Norway and King Christian of Denmark heard of Nicholas's abdication, what did they do? Unpublished diaries of the Tsar's cousin Grand Duke Dmitri give a new insight to the Romanovs' feelings about George V's involvement.	289	ENGLISH	1

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