Split (1)

train · 729k rows

text string	id string	dump string	url string	file_path string	language string	language_score float64	token_count int64	score float64	int_score int64	embedding list	count int64	Content string	Tokens int64	Top_Lang string	Top_Conf float64
\|Social and Religious Tension Geographical mobility and shifting economic conditions created flux in society. In transplanting its civilization to America, England opened the colonists to social instability for the first time in their lives. Englishmen traditionally viewed society as a collection of closely-knit parts together making up an organism. With that understanding came several core beliefs that America would seriously, if unintentionally, challenge. Among these beliefs, English society was made up of several parts that had fit together without change for centuries. There was a distinct hierarchy in the social structure with clear levels of superiority and inferiority. Those who made up the top class of society were thought of, even by the lowest classes, as superior in every way. They were rich, and it was assumed that they should be rich. They owned all the land and were politically powerful, and that arrangement was just. Only they were consistently well educated and truly dignified. Only they could actually be beautiful. The concept that might make your American impulses cringe the most, however, is that these rich, powerful, elite, beautiful people were assumed by all to be the “natural” leaders of the country. When these preconceptions were transplanted to colonial America, they took root. The organism did not thrive in America, though. The parts existed only in tension. One needs only point to someone like John Smith to reveal the American version of leadership. Those who did lead in colonial America most often did so because they were capable. The tension came because a society used to respecting its leaders because of their social status suddenly had leaders from many walks of life. The result has been with us ever since—criticism. Leaders get no automatic respect in America. Respect is only earned, and it can be lost. Leaders of the Puritan movement in America further complicated the changing concept of leadership. Piety counted among Puritans since societal purity was their whole goal. All white males could vote if they were church members in good standing, which actually enlarged the franchise (right to vote) over political conditions in England. With the secular government an extension of church government, however, individuals’ lives were under close scrutiny. Government issues were clouded by the tension among the social classes. Masters and servants at first worked together with little material difference in their ways of life and dress. Newly-freed servants even began to conduct themselves like members of the higher classes in dress, speech, and participation in politics. Artisans could charge high prices for their work because their skills were in short supply. The conservative leaders responded with laws to tax those colonists pushing from below saying, “If they dress like it, we’ll tax them like it.” The General Court of Massachusetts Bay Colony passed laws in 1651 to express their: utter detestation and dislike, that men or women of mean condition should take upon them the garb of gentlemen by wearing gold or silver lace, or buttons, or points at their knees, or to walk in great boots, or women of the same rank to wear silk or tiffany hoods or scarves which, though allowable to persons of greater estates or more liberal education, yet we cannot but judge it intolerable in persons of such like condition. The General Court believed the times to be disordered and declared and ordered: that no person within this jurisdiction. . ..whose visible estates shall not exceed the true and indifferent value of 200 [pounds] shall wear any gold or silver lace, or gold and silver buttons, or any bone lace above 2 shillings per yard, or silk hoods or scarves, upon the penalty of 10 shillings for every such offense. Meanwhile, it’s clear that social instability was claiming some victims from the top who were moving down, since the General Court exempted anyone “whose education and employment have been above the ordinary degree, or whose estates have been considerable, though now decayed.” The colonial government of Massachusetts Bay also passed laws to urge families to discipline their children more severely. To oversee this operation, church leaders were placed in charge of ten families. The biblical law for juvenile delinquency was invoked in making these laws. According to the Old Testament Law, children who disobeyed, cursed, or struck their parents were to be stoned to death by the community. While I’ve seen no record of such punishment being carried out for delinquency, there was the boy caught having sexual relations with several types of animals. There is also a law against that in the Law, and he was put to death “in order to purge the evil from your midst.” Even the traditional English family was subject to change. Family members and servants, together known legally as a household, remained longer all under one roof back in England. Life in the colonies gave easier opportunities to branch away to form new families and to do so sooner. Land to make a start was available; it only needed clearing. Having a large family was not a liability but an asset when there was a shortage of laborers. Widowers were hurting. Widows remarried quickly, creating huge step-families. Orphans were common. Laws changed to reflect changing conditions. Primogeniture was more and more ignored and land was merely divided among the survivors, although the wife and eldest sons did get double portions. The right to inherit land as a widow was the first step toward women gaining the right to own their own land. Another boost to women’s rights was a law that said men could not strike their wives except in self-defense. But women were not considered capable of benefiting from formal education. Laws were passed to make indentured servitude less severe to keep servants from running away. Indentured servants on the run could always find work elsewhere. These changes, amounting to new freedoms, were producing a new society. Colonial America possessed a basically Christian culture. In most colonies the village church was the main cultural institution. Most 17th-century Europeans assumed there was one true religion and that differences in belief were bad. Kings and all the rest of society were bound to preserve the truth, and therefore society view supervision of religious practice and belief a duty of government. Nearly everyone assumed these views would transfer to America. A look at three types of Christianity will reveal why these views were eroded. To begin in the first colony, the Anglican Church of Virginia made the strongest attempt to maintain tradition yet still changed. The Anglican Church, or Church of England, was the established church. This arrangement meant that ministers and churches were supported by gifts of land from the government. The money made by working the land was the church’s income. In Virginia, churches were given 100 acres of land (later 200) in each of the major divisions of the colony. One way to make money was for the church to rent out the land, but a major principle of American life was that few wanted to rent land when they could own their own. Ministers could farm the land themselves, but then ministerial service was diminished. These conditions led to taxation. The system of taxation undermined the position of the churches it tried to support. Small parishes could not bring in enough income from the taxes; parishes large enough to provide a decent income were too much for one minister to manage. Then the tax was accepted in tobacco at 80 pounds (currency) per year, but many people gave their worst grade (quality) tobacco to the church. The result was that few quality men came to America to be Anglican priests leading to a shortage of ministers. Lay people (as opposed to clergy) performed services and administered the sacraments. This was the beginning of the slip from high church to low church, and ministers became objects of criticism and ridicule. One might see why considering laws had to be passed to keep ministers from public drunkenness and brawling. All in all, the Anglican church lost its central role in determining community morals. The secular (non-religious) government became more important and has remained so ever since. Roman Catholicism in Maryland fared little better. Finding themselves is dramatic minorities because of the influx of Protestants from Virginia, Catholics were ordered to practice Catholicism in secret in the colony that was supposed to be their refuge. Protestants rebelled in the 1640s until Lord Baltimore passed the Act Concerning Religion permitting Protestant equality in the Catholic colony. Only later was an Act of Toleration passed that allowed all trinitarian Christians (believers in Father, Son, and Holy Spirit as one God) to worship freely and openly. Non-trinitarians faced the death penalty. New England society would maintain the prominence of the Congregationalist Church the longest. Puritans clung to the influence of their churches across New England as the one source of security in a turbulent New World. Doctrinal purity degraded even among the staunch Calvinists, however, because of the half-way covenant. Membership in a church, which was so important to one’s place in society, had to be based on a public confession of faith in Christ as one’s Savior. Elders in the churches had to judge whether a person’s confession was true or false to confirm the person’s “election” by God to salvation. The leadership of New England colonies held to this position strictly until fewer and fewer of their descendants claimed an actual personal experience with Christ leading to conversion. To accommodate social norms, the half-way covenant allowed these hesitant people to still attain membership in the church, a process that gradually undermined the whole fabric of the church and society in that unconverted people were voting and even leading in the churches. A deep historical irony is apparent in that this situation was reminiscent of the medieval Roman Catholic church that Protestants broke away from. Utopia did not materialize.	<urn:uuid:cc7e7bd6-6c6f-4f47-86b3-49049cbba358>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://essaydocs.org/social-and-religious-tension.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00445.warc.gz	en	0.982699	2,003	3.828125	4	[ 0.1727512925863266, 0.005395017564296722, 0.3402394950389862, -0.31355834007263184, -0.12268637120723724, 0.23440274596214294, 0.10417796671390533, -0.10346314311027527, 0.09867548942565918, 0.13732478022575378, 0.12980318069458008, 0.19737830758094788, 0.2301621437072754, 0.02609667368233...	1	\|Social and Religious Tension Geographical mobility and shifting economic conditions created flux in society. In transplanting its civilization to America, England opened the colonists to social instability for the first time in their lives. Englishmen traditionally viewed society as a collection of closely-knit parts together making up an organism. With that understanding came several core beliefs that America would seriously, if unintentionally, challenge. Among these beliefs, English society was made up of several parts that had fit together without change for centuries. There was a distinct hierarchy in the social structure with clear levels of superiority and inferiority. Those who made up the top class of society were thought of, even by the lowest classes, as superior in every way. They were rich, and it was assumed that they should be rich. They owned all the land and were politically powerful, and that arrangement was just. Only they were consistently well educated and truly dignified. Only they could actually be beautiful. The concept that might make your American impulses cringe the most, however, is that these rich, powerful, elite, beautiful people were assumed by all to be the “natural” leaders of the country. When these preconceptions were transplanted to colonial America, they took root. The organism did not thrive in America, though. The parts existed only in tension. One needs only point to someone like John Smith to reveal the American version of leadership. Those who did lead in colonial America most often did so because they were capable. The tension came because a society used to respecting its leaders because of their social status suddenly had leaders from many walks of life. The result has been with us ever since—criticism. Leaders get no automatic respect in America. Respect is only earned, and it can be lost. Leaders of the Puritan movement in America further complicated the changing concept of leadership. Piety counted among Puritans since societal purity was their whole goal. All white males could vote if they were church members in good standing, which actually enlarged the franchise (right to vote) over political conditions in England. With the secular government an extension of church government, however, individuals’ lives were under close scrutiny. Government issues were clouded by the tension among the social classes. Masters and servants at first worked together with little material difference in their ways of life and dress. Newly-freed servants even began to conduct themselves like members of the higher classes in dress, speech, and participation in politics. Artisans could charge high prices for their work because their skills were in short supply. The conservative leaders responded with laws to tax those colonists pushing from below saying, “If they dress like it, we’ll tax them like it.” The General Court of Massachusetts Bay Colony passed laws in 1651 to express their: utter detestation and dislike, that men or women of mean condition should take upon them the garb of gentlemen by wearing gold or silver lace, or buttons, or points at their knees, or to walk in great boots, or women of the same rank to wear silk or tiffany hoods or scarves which, though allowable to persons of greater estates or more liberal education, yet we cannot but judge it intolerable in persons of such like condition. The General Court believed the times to be disordered and declared and ordered: that no person within this jurisdiction. . ..whose visible estates shall not exceed the true and indifferent value of 200 [pounds] shall wear any gold or silver lace, or gold and silver buttons, or any bone lace above 2 shillings per yard, or silk hoods or scarves, upon the penalty of 10 shillings for every such offense. Meanwhile, it’s clear that social instability was claiming some victims from the top who were moving down, since the General Court exempted anyone “whose education and employment have been above the ordinary degree, or whose estates have been considerable, though now decayed.” The colonial government of Massachusetts Bay also passed laws to urge families to discipline their children more severely. To oversee this operation, church leaders were placed in charge of ten families. The biblical law for juvenile delinquency was invoked in making these laws. According to the Old Testament Law, children who disobeyed, cursed, or struck their parents were to be stoned to death by the community. While I’ve seen no record of such punishment being carried out for delinquency, there was the boy caught having sexual relations with several types of animals. There is also a law against that in the Law, and he was put to death “in order to purge the evil from your midst.” Even the traditional English family was subject to change. Family members and servants, together known legally as a household, remained longer all under one roof back in England. Life in the colonies gave easier opportunities to branch away to form new families and to do so sooner. Land to make a start was available; it only needed clearing. Having a large family was not a liability but an asset when there was a shortage of laborers. Widowers were hurting. Widows remarried quickly, creating huge step-families. Orphans were common. Laws changed to reflect changing conditions. Primogeniture was more and more ignored and land was merely divided among the survivors, although the wife and eldest sons did get double portions. The right to inherit land as a widow was the first step toward women gaining the right to own their own land. Another boost to women’s rights was a law that said men could not strike their wives except in self-defense. But women were not considered capable of benefiting from formal education. Laws were passed to make indentured servitude less severe to keep servants from running away. Indentured servants on the run could always find work elsewhere. These changes, amounting to new freedoms, were producing a new society. Colonial America possessed a basically Christian culture. In most colonies the village church was the main cultural institution. Most 17th-century Europeans assumed there was one true religion and that differences in belief were bad. Kings and all the rest of society were bound to preserve the truth, and therefore society view supervision of religious practice and belief a duty of government. Nearly everyone assumed these views would transfer to America. A look at three types of Christianity will reveal why these views were eroded. To begin in the first colony, the Anglican Church of Virginia made the strongest attempt to maintain tradition yet still changed. The Anglican Church, or Church of England, was the established church. This arrangement meant that ministers and churches were supported by gifts of land from the government. The money made by working the land was the church’s income. In Virginia, churches were given 100 acres of land (later 200) in each of the major divisions of the colony. One way to make money was for the church to rent out the land, but a major principle of American life was that few wanted to rent land when they could own their own. Ministers could farm the land themselves, but then ministerial service was diminished. These conditions led to taxation. The system of taxation undermined the position of the churches it tried to support. Small parishes could not bring in enough income from the taxes; parishes large enough to provide a decent income were too much for one minister to manage. Then the tax was accepted in tobacco at 80 pounds (currency) per year, but many people gave their worst grade (quality) tobacco to the church. The result was that few quality men came to America to be Anglican priests leading to a shortage of ministers. Lay people (as opposed to clergy) performed services and administered the sacraments. This was the beginning of the slip from high church to low church, and ministers became objects of criticism and ridicule. One might see why considering laws had to be passed to keep ministers from public drunkenness and brawling. All in all, the Anglican church lost its central role in determining community morals. The secular (non-religious) government became more important and has remained so ever since. Roman Catholicism in Maryland fared little better. Finding themselves is dramatic minorities because of the influx of Protestants from Virginia, Catholics were ordered to practice Catholicism in secret in the colony that was supposed to be their refuge. Protestants rebelled in the 1640s until Lord Baltimore passed the Act Concerning Religion permitting Protestant equality in the Catholic colony. Only later was an Act of Toleration passed that allowed all trinitarian Christians (believers in Father, Son, and Holy Spirit as one God) to worship freely and openly. Non-trinitarians faced the death penalty. New England society would maintain the prominence of the Congregationalist Church the longest. Puritans clung to the influence of their churches across New England as the one source of security in a turbulent New World. Doctrinal purity degraded even among the staunch Calvinists, however, because of the half-way covenant. Membership in a church, which was so important to one’s place in society, had to be based on a public confession of faith in Christ as one’s Savior. Elders in the churches had to judge whether a person’s confession was true or false to confirm the person’s “election” by God to salvation. The leadership of New England colonies held to this position strictly until fewer and fewer of their descendants claimed an actual personal experience with Christ leading to conversion. To accommodate social norms, the half-way covenant allowed these hesitant people to still attain membership in the church, a process that gradually undermined the whole fabric of the church and society in that unconverted people were voting and even leading in the churches. A deep historical irony is apparent in that this situation was reminiscent of the medieval Roman Catholic church that Protestants broke away from. Utopia did not materialize.	1,986	ENGLISH	1
Please add updates or make corrections to the NumisWiki text version as appropriate. Quaestores. - the quaestors were magistrates, thus named, amongst the Romans, from the duties attached to their office, which was their first and lowest in public honors. Their origin seems to have been very ancient, but whether it was coeval or not with the regal institutions of Rome old writers and modern commentators are not agreed. Be this as it may, the quaestor was a public treasurer, a kind of receiver general of taxes and tributes, whose function was to watch over the sources of revenue, and to detect and bring to justice the perpetrators of peculations and frauds in that department. At first, there were only two quaestors appointed, but afterwards their number was increased to four. Two of these were assigned to the city, and the other two were appointed to accompany the consuls, in time of war, as paymasters in the armies. - Towards the close of the republic, the number of these magistrates was still further augmented. Sylla created as many as twenty of them; Julius Caesar appointed forty; and under the empire there were no limits to their number. One portion of them was named by the prince, the other by the senate and people. It was customary for the booty taken in war to be sold by the quaestors. As the boundaries of the empire extended themselves, the discretionary power of these officers was great. As the quaestorship was the first, so it was frequently an effectual step towards the attainment of the highest honors among the Romans. "The fidelity of the quaestorship, the magnificence of the edileship, the punctuality and integrity of the praetorship, opened a sure path to the consulate." Quaestura. - The quaestorship was of a two fold kind. There were the quaestores urbani, who presided over the treasury, and were for that reason called quaestores aerarii. There were also the quaestores provinciales, who were usually sent with the governors (rectores) into the provinces, and who sometimes presided in the absence of those governors. No one was eligible to the quaestorship who had not completed his twenty-sixth year. When a person had served this office, he might go into the senate, although he might not yet be a senator. The quaestorship was abolished and re-established several times under the emperors.	<urn:uuid:d20d1dec-452b-4b8a-8741-cae18e20eea8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/print.asp?key=quaestor	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126043644-20200126073644-00035.warc.gz	en	0.991656	523	3.609375	4	[ -0.4565860629081726, 0.3991073966026306, 0.20907506346702576, -0.11670877784490585, -0.2419506013393402, -0.5096296668052673, 0.07398328185081482, -0.01033441536128521, -0.07483415305614471, -0.1738012731075287, 0.052370890974998474, -0.5449792146682739, 0.034836381673812866, 0.20068395137...	1	Please add updates or make corrections to the NumisWiki text version as appropriate. Quaestores. - the quaestors were magistrates, thus named, amongst the Romans, from the duties attached to their office, which was their first and lowest in public honors. Their origin seems to have been very ancient, but whether it was coeval or not with the regal institutions of Rome old writers and modern commentators are not agreed. Be this as it may, the quaestor was a public treasurer, a kind of receiver general of taxes and tributes, whose function was to watch over the sources of revenue, and to detect and bring to justice the perpetrators of peculations and frauds in that department. At first, there were only two quaestors appointed, but afterwards their number was increased to four. Two of these were assigned to the city, and the other two were appointed to accompany the consuls, in time of war, as paymasters in the armies. - Towards the close of the republic, the number of these magistrates was still further augmented. Sylla created as many as twenty of them; Julius Caesar appointed forty; and under the empire there were no limits to their number. One portion of them was named by the prince, the other by the senate and people. It was customary for the booty taken in war to be sold by the quaestors. As the boundaries of the empire extended themselves, the discretionary power of these officers was great. As the quaestorship was the first, so it was frequently an effectual step towards the attainment of the highest honors among the Romans. "The fidelity of the quaestorship, the magnificence of the edileship, the punctuality and integrity of the praetorship, opened a sure path to the consulate." Quaestura. - The quaestorship was of a two fold kind. There were the quaestores urbani, who presided over the treasury, and were for that reason called quaestores aerarii. There were also the quaestores provinciales, who were usually sent with the governors (rectores) into the provinces, and who sometimes presided in the absence of those governors. No one was eligible to the quaestorship who had not completed his twenty-sixth year. When a person had served this office, he might go into the senate, although he might not yet be a senator. The quaestorship was abolished and re-established several times under the emperors.	513	ENGLISH	1
November’s designation as Black Catholic History Month provides the opportunity to focus on the numerous of contributions Black Catholics have made to the Church in America. Many Black Catholic figures… November’s designation as Black Catholic History Month provides the opportunity to focus on the numerous of contributions Black Catholics have made to the Church in America. Many Black Catholic figures who have left an indelible mark, particularly the four figures who are of African-American descent on the path to canonization. With ties to Baltimore, Chicago, New Orleans and New York, the heroic lives of virtue and ministry of Servants of God Augustus Tolton, Mary Lange and Venerables Henriette Delille and Pierre Toussaint illustrate the holiness of the Black Catholic community in America. The daughter of a Frenchman and a free woman of color, Henriette Delille lived out her days in New Orleans’ French Quarter. As a young woman, she advanced in the ways of high society — schooled in French literature and instilled with a penchant for music and dancing. Her mother’s aim had been to groom her as a suitable candidate to enter into a common-law marriage situation where mixed race women weren’t considered fully spouses to their European husbands — the colonial system called plaçage. It seems as though she rejected the idea, since no record exists. However, some parish records indicate that she may have had two sons who died in infancy, although it is uncertain. What’s clear, though, is that, after her confirmation, Henriette was changed. She desired religious life, but was denied by two communities because of her skin color. In her teenage years she became influenced by the religious sisters with whom she began teaching alongside of when she was 14. Henriette began her own religious congregation in 1836 — eventually known as the Sisters of the Holy Family — by utilizing the inheritance received following her mother’s death. The order’s founding mission was to serve the poor and sick and provide religious education to free and enslaved alike. Henriette also was known to be the godmother marriage witness of many, including both slaves and free. After spending herself in love and service of others, she died at the age of 49 on Nov. 16, 1862. Little is known about the early life of Mother Mary Lange. Likely of what’s today Haitian ethnicity, Lange emigrated from Cuba shortly after the War of 1812 and made her way to Baltimore where she ran a school for African-American children in her home. Sulpician Father James Joubert had been instructing Sunday school for Black Catholic children and recognized that many of them, particularly girls, were unable to read or write. Because of this, he sought to open a school for girls and asked Lange and another woman to not only operate the school but also to start a religious order to staff the school. With that, the Oblate Sisters of Providence were born. Under the leadership of Mother Lange, their mission grew from simply running schools to offering career development classes for women and to operating homes for widows and orphans. She died in Baltimore on Feb. 3, 1882. Pierre Toussaint is remembered for a life of selflessness and charity. He was born into slavery in modern-day Haiti and received his freedom in 1807. After emmigrating to New York City, he became successful as a hairdresser — earning a sizable salary, he saved his income to purchase his sister’s freedom as well as that of his future wife, Juliette. The couple offered their lives to God in care of the poor and needy. Together they adopted Pierre’s niece and provided for her education. They fostered and housed several orphans in their home over the years, and they were dedicated to doing works of charity throughout the city. The Toussaints also offered much assistance to help their wards learn trades, in addition to operating a credit bureau and providing a shelter for immigrant priests. Pierre boldly crossed barricades to nurse the sick and destitute during a cholera outbreak. He attended daily Mass for more than 60 years until he died, two years after his wife, on June 30, 1853. The son of slaves, Father Augustus Tolton went on to be ordained the first priest from the United States to be recognized as African-American. His family made a harrowing escape into Northern territory, settling at Quincy, Illinois. The pastor of St. Peter’s Church in that city — Father Peter McGirr — took the young Augustus under his wing and allowed him to enter the parish school against the wishes of many in the parish. Regrettably, no American seminary would accept Tolton, and he would go on to be ordained in 1886, after attending the Pontifical Urban College in Rome. His expectation was to serve as a missionary to the African continent, however he was assigned back to the United States. Father Tolton’s arrival in his hometown was met with racial prejudice by laity and clergy alike — with the bishop’s delegate telling him he was not to allow white people to attend his parish. Father Tolton persevered in humility and obedience, with greatest of virtue, but was eventually granted the opportunity to minister in Chicago by Archbishop Patrick Feehan inn 1889. In the Windy City, Father Tolton provided priestly care to a growing Black Catholic community, which formed into St. Monica Church. He poured out his life in service to his people — in care for the poor and in a church building project, among other things. This strenuous work undoubtedly was a contributing factor to his untimely death at the age of 43. After returning to Chicago by train from a retreat, Father Tolton collapsed in the street on a hot summer day and died on July 9, 1897. Michael R. Heinlein is editor of Simply Catholic. Follow him on Twitter @HeinleinMichael.	<urn:uuid:c5076c8f-3edc-4a3b-94be-b79edbff1cbb>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://simplycatholic.com/category/saints/page/22/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589560.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117123339-20200117151339-00200.warc.gz	en	0.984157	1,211	3.421875	3	[ -0.08809006214141846, 0.48077672719955444, -0.010833313688635826, 0.13127794861793518, -0.22824892401695251, 0.4321012496948242, -0.23531177639961243, -0.034304920583963394, 0.1776782125234604, 0.012923027388751507, 0.06443241238594055, -0.19255417585372925, -0.5547749400138855, 0.20027996...	2	November’s designation as Black Catholic History Month provides the opportunity to focus on the numerous of contributions Black Catholics have made to the Church in America. Many Black Catholic figures… November’s designation as Black Catholic History Month provides the opportunity to focus on the numerous of contributions Black Catholics have made to the Church in America. Many Black Catholic figures who have left an indelible mark, particularly the four figures who are of African-American descent on the path to canonization. With ties to Baltimore, Chicago, New Orleans and New York, the heroic lives of virtue and ministry of Servants of God Augustus Tolton, Mary Lange and Venerables Henriette Delille and Pierre Toussaint illustrate the holiness of the Black Catholic community in America. The daughter of a Frenchman and a free woman of color, Henriette Delille lived out her days in New Orleans’ French Quarter. As a young woman, she advanced in the ways of high society — schooled in French literature and instilled with a penchant for music and dancing. Her mother’s aim had been to groom her as a suitable candidate to enter into a common-law marriage situation where mixed race women weren’t considered fully spouses to their European husbands — the colonial system called plaçage. It seems as though she rejected the idea, since no record exists. However, some parish records indicate that she may have had two sons who died in infancy, although it is uncertain. What’s clear, though, is that, after her confirmation, Henriette was changed. She desired religious life, but was denied by two communities because of her skin color. In her teenage years she became influenced by the religious sisters with whom she began teaching alongside of when she was 14. Henriette began her own religious congregation in 1836 — eventually known as the Sisters of the Holy Family — by utilizing the inheritance received following her mother’s death. The order’s founding mission was to serve the poor and sick and provide religious education to free and enslaved alike. Henriette also was known to be the godmother marriage witness of many, including both slaves and free. After spending herself in love and service of others, she died at the age of 49 on Nov. 16, 1862. Little is known about the early life of Mother Mary Lange. Likely of what’s today Haitian ethnicity, Lange emigrated from Cuba shortly after the War of 1812 and made her way to Baltimore where she ran a school for African-American children in her home. Sulpician Father James Joubert had been instructing Sunday school for Black Catholic children and recognized that many of them, particularly girls, were unable to read or write. Because of this, he sought to open a school for girls and asked Lange and another woman to not only operate the school but also to start a religious order to staff the school. With that, the Oblate Sisters of Providence were born. Under the leadership of Mother Lange, their mission grew from simply running schools to offering career development classes for women and to operating homes for widows and orphans. She died in Baltimore on Feb. 3, 1882. Pierre Toussaint is remembered for a life of selflessness and charity. He was born into slavery in modern-day Haiti and received his freedom in 1807. After emmigrating to New York City, he became successful as a hairdresser — earning a sizable salary, he saved his income to purchase his sister’s freedom as well as that of his future wife, Juliette. The couple offered their lives to God in care of the poor and needy. Together they adopted Pierre’s niece and provided for her education. They fostered and housed several orphans in their home over the years, and they were dedicated to doing works of charity throughout the city. The Toussaints also offered much assistance to help their wards learn trades, in addition to operating a credit bureau and providing a shelter for immigrant priests. Pierre boldly crossed barricades to nurse the sick and destitute during a cholera outbreak. He attended daily Mass for more than 60 years until he died, two years after his wife, on June 30, 1853. The son of slaves, Father Augustus Tolton went on to be ordained the first priest from the United States to be recognized as African-American. His family made a harrowing escape into Northern territory, settling at Quincy, Illinois. The pastor of St. Peter’s Church in that city — Father Peter McGirr — took the young Augustus under his wing and allowed him to enter the parish school against the wishes of many in the parish. Regrettably, no American seminary would accept Tolton, and he would go on to be ordained in 1886, after attending the Pontifical Urban College in Rome. His expectation was to serve as a missionary to the African continent, however he was assigned back to the United States. Father Tolton’s arrival in his hometown was met with racial prejudice by laity and clergy alike — with the bishop’s delegate telling him he was not to allow white people to attend his parish. Father Tolton persevered in humility and obedience, with greatest of virtue, but was eventually granted the opportunity to minister in Chicago by Archbishop Patrick Feehan inn 1889. In the Windy City, Father Tolton provided priestly care to a growing Black Catholic community, which formed into St. Monica Church. He poured out his life in service to his people — in care for the poor and in a church building project, among other things. This strenuous work undoubtedly was a contributing factor to his untimely death at the age of 43. After returning to Chicago by train from a retreat, Father Tolton collapsed in the street on a hot summer day and died on July 9, 1897. Michael R. Heinlein is editor of Simply Catholic. Follow him on Twitter @HeinleinMichael.	1,223	ENGLISH	1
This was the beginning of the Stone Age, and the dawn of early man. This period of time is called the Stone Age because these very early men created tools made of stone. The Stone Age ran from about 2 million years ago to about 10,000 years ago, which was the end of the last Ice Age. As far as we know, true humans first appeared in Africa. Man had to get smart to survive. Man did not have strong claws to help them fight. They could not out run early tigers or cave lions. The Homo habilis man is credited with inventing stone tools to help live more comfortably, and to better protect themselves against the many carnivore (meat eating) animals of the time. Homo habilis were taller than their ancestors, the human-like primates (Lucy's people), and had larger brains. They followed food sources, and set up camp as needed. They sheltered under cliffs, whenever possible. You might think they would look for caves to spend the night, but caves quite often had dangerous occupants, just as they do today. Although this group made stone tools and weapons, these weapons were still pretty basic. Their main diet was probably fruits, roots, nuts and vegetables that they found growing wild. Small groups banded together for protection and efficiency. The size of the group depended upon the amount of food available. Groups would disband and move on, as food required. Scientists are pretty sure that homo habilis built campfires. But they did not know how to make fire. Since man had not yet learned how to make fire, these early people had to wait until they found something burning from natural causes, set aflame for example from a lightening strike. A campfire had to be carefully watched, because if the fire went out, they did not know how to start it again. The area around the campfire was probably used as a sleeping area. A roaring campfire would keep most wild animals away, as most are afraid of fire. When they broke camp, these early people probably attempted to bring their fire with them by carrying several lit branches, with which to start a new campfire when they stopped again. If their branches went out, they did without fire until they found something burning somewhere. Remains of their campfires have been found and dated. Scientists have found stone tools at these sites! Animal bones have been found, as well. Technically, although animal bones would be called "trash", they indicate that Homo habilis man hunted game and/or scavenged fat-rich marrow from bones. These remains also tell us that Homo habilis probably did not stay in one place very long, but were always on the move, in search of food. Early Humans for Kids Homo Habilis "Handy Man" Directions: Read the following selection. Write down the questions and answer the questions in complete sentences. What does “Homo Habilis” mean? How many years ago did they live? Who were the first true tool-makers? What continent did Early Man live? Why was this period of time called the “Stone Age”? When did the “Stone Age” begin and end? How did man survive? What invention is the “Homo Habilis” man credited for? Describe the “Homo Habilis” Man? What was the “Homo Habilis” species main diet? Why did the small groups band together? Did the “Homo Habilis” build campfires? What were the campfires used for? What evidence have scientist found related to the “Homo Habilis” species?	<urn:uuid:887e8053-628b-4d78-a5d9-96ee668d7c98>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://shkola.of.by/homo-habilis-handy-man.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00269.warc.gz	en	0.983723	780	3.6875	4	[ -0.6571402549743652, 0.6200790405273438, 0.3157978653907776, -0.0030034773517400026, -0.15886223316192627, 0.03499170020222664, 0.14914794266223907, 0.06550577282905579, -0.334541916847229, 0.15975040197372437, 0.19311818480491638, -0.44523781538009644, 0.18754053115844727, 0.3420583605766...	3	This was the beginning of the Stone Age, and the dawn of early man. This period of time is called the Stone Age because these very early men created tools made of stone. The Stone Age ran from about 2 million years ago to about 10,000 years ago, which was the end of the last Ice Age. As far as we know, true humans first appeared in Africa. Man had to get smart to survive. Man did not have strong claws to help them fight. They could not out run early tigers or cave lions. The Homo habilis man is credited with inventing stone tools to help live more comfortably, and to better protect themselves against the many carnivore (meat eating) animals of the time. Homo habilis were taller than their ancestors, the human-like primates (Lucy's people), and had larger brains. They followed food sources, and set up camp as needed. They sheltered under cliffs, whenever possible. You might think they would look for caves to spend the night, but caves quite often had dangerous occupants, just as they do today. Although this group made stone tools and weapons, these weapons were still pretty basic. Their main diet was probably fruits, roots, nuts and vegetables that they found growing wild. Small groups banded together for protection and efficiency. The size of the group depended upon the amount of food available. Groups would disband and move on, as food required. Scientists are pretty sure that homo habilis built campfires. But they did not know how to make fire. Since man had not yet learned how to make fire, these early people had to wait until they found something burning from natural causes, set aflame for example from a lightening strike. A campfire had to be carefully watched, because if the fire went out, they did not know how to start it again. The area around the campfire was probably used as a sleeping area. A roaring campfire would keep most wild animals away, as most are afraid of fire. When they broke camp, these early people probably attempted to bring their fire with them by carrying several lit branches, with which to start a new campfire when they stopped again. If their branches went out, they did without fire until they found something burning somewhere. Remains of their campfires have been found and dated. Scientists have found stone tools at these sites! Animal bones have been found, as well. Technically, although animal bones would be called "trash", they indicate that Homo habilis man hunted game and/or scavenged fat-rich marrow from bones. These remains also tell us that Homo habilis probably did not stay in one place very long, but were always on the move, in search of food. Early Humans for Kids Homo Habilis "Handy Man" Directions: Read the following selection. Write down the questions and answer the questions in complete sentences. What does “Homo Habilis” mean? How many years ago did they live? Who were the first true tool-makers? What continent did Early Man live? Why was this period of time called the “Stone Age”? When did the “Stone Age” begin and end? How did man survive? What invention is the “Homo Habilis” man credited for? Describe the “Homo Habilis” Man? What was the “Homo Habilis” species main diet? Why did the small groups band together? Did the “Homo Habilis” build campfires? What were the campfires used for? What evidence have scientist found related to the “Homo Habilis” species?	739	ENGLISH	1
The Roman villa excavated by Cunliffe's team was so large that it became known as Fishbourne Roman Palace, and a museum was erected to protect and preserve some of the remains in situ. This is administered by the Sussex Archaeological Society. The palace consisted of four large wings, one of which is now on display under the roof of the museum building. Large gardens were also excavated, and were re-planted using authentic plants from the Roman period. There is still a prospect of finding further archaeology, and a team of volunteers and professional archaeologists is involved in a continuing research excavation on the site of military buildings that are believed to have stood close to the main building. The most widely accepted theory is that the palace was the residence of Togidubnus, a local chieftain who became a client king, ie. a ruler tolerated by the Roman authorities and entrusted with the administration of his territory. All our knowledge of Togidubnus comes from a single inscription found close to the site. The building of the palace is believed to have begun shortly after the Roman invasion of 43AD, and was carried out in phases. The completed building included such facilities as mosaic floors, central heating and an integral bathhouse. In size, it is approximately equivalent to Nero's Golden House in Rome or to the Roman villa at Piazza Armerina in Sicily.	<urn:uuid:f552ecf8-2307-4415-99d2-0fa2ce24f178>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.fact-index.com/f/fi/fishbourne.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00240.warc.gz	en	0.983128	286	3.3125	3	[ -0.15448857843875885, 0.6184584498405457, 0.6053455471992493, -0.06598050147294998, 0.1259016990661621, -0.10017447918653488, -0.31334763765335083, -0.0052724964916706085, -0.001852994435466826, -0.22641845047473907, -0.06664437800645828, -0.794410228729248, -0.2353924661874771, 0.59589010...	3	The Roman villa excavated by Cunliffe's team was so large that it became known as Fishbourne Roman Palace, and a museum was erected to protect and preserve some of the remains in situ. This is administered by the Sussex Archaeological Society. The palace consisted of four large wings, one of which is now on display under the roof of the museum building. Large gardens were also excavated, and were re-planted using authentic plants from the Roman period. There is still a prospect of finding further archaeology, and a team of volunteers and professional archaeologists is involved in a continuing research excavation on the site of military buildings that are believed to have stood close to the main building. The most widely accepted theory is that the palace was the residence of Togidubnus, a local chieftain who became a client king, ie. a ruler tolerated by the Roman authorities and entrusted with the administration of his territory. All our knowledge of Togidubnus comes from a single inscription found close to the site. The building of the palace is believed to have begun shortly after the Roman invasion of 43AD, and was carried out in phases. The completed building included such facilities as mosaic floors, central heating and an integral bathhouse. In size, it is approximately equivalent to Nero's Golden House in Rome or to the Roman villa at Piazza Armerina in Sicily.	285	ENGLISH	1
Ute Cemetery was established in 1880 by early settlers to the area when a prospector died along the way to the Roaring Fork Valley. The cemetery was used as a burial ground primarily for working-class residents of Aspen, many of whom were single men far from home. The cemetery is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Until the Great Depression, Ute Cemetery was the primary resting place for Aspen’s pioneers and working-class residents. The cemetery began in 1880 when a prospector died along the way to the Roaring Fork Valley. At that time, Aspen was a tiny settlement and there was no established burial ground. The man’s fellow miners buried him at the base of the Aspen Mountain, and for the next six decades, Ute Cemetery became the final resting place for working-class Aspenites. Unlike later cemeteries, which were planned and well-organized, the graves at Ute Cemetery are haphazard; there are no rows and graves were randomly placed based on available ground. For many years, the cemetery didn’t even have a name. The cemetery was regularly used until 1940; after that point, only two people were buried there, and the cemetery suffered from severe neglect for many years. The city was largely abandoned and overgrown until 2002, when the city of Aspen began to look into restoring the cemetery. Historians and preservationists identified 175 marked graves. Vegetation was cleared from the site and an interpretive trail was developed to introduce visitors to the site’s history. The cemetery is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.	<urn:uuid:534bf198-c969-4219-8d97-6d30867aa65c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.theclio.com/entry/48739	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251779833.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128153713-20200128183713-00313.warc.gz	en	0.980789	358	3.390625	3	[ -0.22897885739803314, -0.1981075555086136, 0.5478698015213013, 0.42247992753982544, -0.07556091994047165, 0.1892286092042923, -0.2101753056049347, -0.05267937108874321, -0.1415802538394928, -0.3386881649494171, 0.22081562876701355, 0.021751446649432182, 0.1261107474565506, -0.1249797493219...	1	Ute Cemetery was established in 1880 by early settlers to the area when a prospector died along the way to the Roaring Fork Valley. The cemetery was used as a burial ground primarily for working-class residents of Aspen, many of whom were single men far from home. The cemetery is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Until the Great Depression, Ute Cemetery was the primary resting place for Aspen’s pioneers and working-class residents. The cemetery began in 1880 when a prospector died along the way to the Roaring Fork Valley. At that time, Aspen was a tiny settlement and there was no established burial ground. The man’s fellow miners buried him at the base of the Aspen Mountain, and for the next six decades, Ute Cemetery became the final resting place for working-class Aspenites. Unlike later cemeteries, which were planned and well-organized, the graves at Ute Cemetery are haphazard; there are no rows and graves were randomly placed based on available ground. For many years, the cemetery didn’t even have a name. The cemetery was regularly used until 1940; after that point, only two people were buried there, and the cemetery suffered from severe neglect for many years. The city was largely abandoned and overgrown until 2002, when the city of Aspen began to look into restoring the cemetery. Historians and preservationists identified 175 marked graves. Vegetation was cleared from the site and an interpretive trail was developed to introduce visitors to the site’s history. The cemetery is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.	354	ENGLISH	1
The Island's coast began to grow smaller and smaller as the immigrants of Patraeia became Elpideans. Both populations soared, and more land upon the island of Elpida was required. there were some parts that had yet to be explored, for many of the colonists felt that there was no need to search for what they had already received. There were, however, a few courageous young men who grew up on the ideas of the first colonists. They flt that it was their duty as citizens of Elpida to discover what lay hidden at the center of the island. There are many reports and stories of this small group of five men, but no reports of their return. Their presence seemed to dissappear from the world, never to be seen again. It is still a mystery today, and there has yet to be any brave soul who wishes to seek out the missing men.	<urn:uuid:eefbe310-5c87-4d20-91f3-21ba2a69b36b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://minecraftfrontiers.com/wiki/index.php/2386S	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594603.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119122744-20200119150744-00197.warc.gz	en	0.991234	182	3.359375	3	[ -0.04974568262696266, 0.31148484349250793, 0.1934691071510315, -0.30696579813957214, 0.0723084956407547, -0.15404875576496124, 0.05189615115523338, -0.019022606313228607, -0.15728621184825897, 0.08319611102342606, 0.406549334526062, -0.2807246148586273, -0.04793958365917206, 0.351828753948...	1	The Island's coast began to grow smaller and smaller as the immigrants of Patraeia became Elpideans. Both populations soared, and more land upon the island of Elpida was required. there were some parts that had yet to be explored, for many of the colonists felt that there was no need to search for what they had already received. There were, however, a few courageous young men who grew up on the ideas of the first colonists. They flt that it was their duty as citizens of Elpida to discover what lay hidden at the center of the island. There are many reports and stories of this small group of five men, but no reports of their return. Their presence seemed to dissappear from the world, never to be seen again. It is still a mystery today, and there has yet to be any brave soul who wishes to seek out the missing men.	183	ENGLISH	1
well, 5 things. 1.we wouldn’t notice…at first. the sun is 8 light minutes away from earth. that means that it takes light 8 minutes to reach the Earth. in other words, if you were standing on earth, and your friend were standing on the sun…(NEVER DO THIS) …and your friend waved to you, you would see him wave to you eight mins after he actually does it. so, you would see the sun disappear 8 minutes after it actually does. also, gravity “travels” at the same speed light does, so the Earth would keep orbiting where the sun was until 8 minutes after! 2.it would be very dark.(obviously) the sun going out would mean that it would be very dark. the people on the night side will notice that the moon went out. stars would be the only source of light outside of our planet. photosynthesis would stop, and plants would stop making oxygen. that sounds bad, but it’s not a problem. the life on earth would still have enougf oxygen to breath for another 1000 years or so. there is a bigger problem though… 3. it would be very cold. the planet would cool very quickly. after a week the temp would drop to 0℃. after a year, we would have to go underground to survive. 4. the ocean would freeze over so, the ocean would become the biggest skating rink in the world! but only the surface. the bottom won’t be frozen because of hydrothermal vents. 5. some organisms would be just fine! spoiler alert: not us. only the ones that live around hydrothermal vents would survive. cool!	<urn:uuid:3adad847-130b-4dec-8b16-9d21c1488e28>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.howtodostuffwithethan.com/what-if-the-sun-disappeared-by-ethan-kwan/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606269.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122012204-20200122041204-00506.warc.gz	en	0.981274	362	3.3125	3	[ -0.5201734900474548, -0.10911548882722855, 0.18514318764209747, -0.12653738260269165, 0.14524482190608978, 0.09227734804153442, 0.3168295919895172, -0.16762125492095947, 0.15670908987522125, 0.170637845993042, 0.17123934626579285, -0.12482327967882156, 0.10375978797674179, 0.32820552587509...	2	well, 5 things. 1.we wouldn’t notice…at first. the sun is 8 light minutes away from earth. that means that it takes light 8 minutes to reach the Earth. in other words, if you were standing on earth, and your friend were standing on the sun…(NEVER DO THIS) …and your friend waved to you, you would see him wave to you eight mins after he actually does it. so, you would see the sun disappear 8 minutes after it actually does. also, gravity “travels” at the same speed light does, so the Earth would keep orbiting where the sun was until 8 minutes after! 2.it would be very dark.(obviously) the sun going out would mean that it would be very dark. the people on the night side will notice that the moon went out. stars would be the only source of light outside of our planet. photosynthesis would stop, and plants would stop making oxygen. that sounds bad, but it’s not a problem. the life on earth would still have enougf oxygen to breath for another 1000 years or so. there is a bigger problem though… 3. it would be very cold. the planet would cool very quickly. after a week the temp would drop to 0℃. after a year, we would have to go underground to survive. 4. the ocean would freeze over so, the ocean would become the biggest skating rink in the world! but only the surface. the bottom won’t be frozen because of hydrothermal vents. 5. some organisms would be just fine! spoiler alert: not us. only the ones that live around hydrothermal vents would survive. cool!	350	ENGLISH	1
Top 10 Greatest Warrior Groups in History In human history, there have been many fearsome groups of warriors. But some of these groups have distinguished themselves from the rest. They were feared among their enemies and respected by their allies. The mere presence of these warriors on the battlefield had a major impact on the morale of troops. Read on to find out about ten of the fiercest warrior groups. 10 Fearsome Warrior Groups in History 10. The Immortals 7. Kamikaze Pilots 3. British SAS 10. The Immortals (550 BC–330 BC) The Immortals were a group of 10,000 heavily armed infantry of the Achaemenid Empire. They were the imperial guard and the standing army of the empire. The Immortals always consisted of exactly 10,000 troops. If any soldier died or fell sick, he would be immediately replaced. This created an illusion that they were immortal. The Immortals were elite troops and were armed with a variety of weapons. Each soldier carried a sword, a spear, arrows, a bow and a shield. They didn’t wear the best of armor and had a shield made of wood and wicker which were not that good. However, they made up for this with sheer numbers. It is said that cities would surrender at the very sight of the Immortals. 9. Samurai (12th Century AD–1867 AD) The samurai were warriors from the land of the rising sun. The samurai warriors were also referred to as 'bushi' which means warrior. The traditional samurai code of honor, discipline and morality are known as 'bushido' meaning 'the way of the warrior' was followed by each samurai. The samurai warriors were on top of the social caste system in Japan. The samurai were fierce warriors who were skilled in sword fighting. The most famous weapon used by the samurai was the katana which is a sharp, slightly curved blade. Many samurai also used bows called yumi. The fighting spirit and the code of honor followed by the samurai were what made them legendary. The samurai ruled over Japan for over 700 years. 8. Knights (3rd Century AD–15th Century AD) Knights were the crack troops of the medieval era. They were heavily armored warriors who were on horseback. Only the wealthiest nobles could afford to hire a knight. Knights followed the chivalric code of conduct and were expected to exhibit a gentleman's behavior. Knights used swords or lances as their primary weapon of choice in battle. The knights were the elite troops in a medieval army. They were used as shock troops to punch through weak spots in the enemy line. The sheer force of a cavalry charge was enough to make the enemy units turn tail and run. Knights were used even after the introduction of gunpowder weapons. The main reason they became obsolete was due to high costs, as it was expensive to train and mobilize them. 7. Kamikaze Pilots (October 1944–15 August 1945) The kamikaze was a Japanese special attack unit in WW2. They specialized in suicide attacks on allied naval vessels. The word 'kamikaze' means 'divine wind' in Japanese. Japan was on the brink of defeat in WW2, so the kamikaze was a last-ditch effort by the Japanese to turn the tide of battle. Kamikaze attacks killed more than 7,000 allied personnel, and about 3,800 kamikaze pilots died during the war. Only 19% of all kamikaze aircraft hit their targets. However, they were still devastatingly effective. The allies feared the kamikaze pilots as they did not fear death. A direct impact from a kamikaze plane was devastating to allied ships. These attacks directly impacted the morale of the allies. It demonstrated the resolve of the Japanese to fight to the death instead of submitting and accepting defeat. Tactics such as kamikaze would eventually end up in the decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan to end the war without a mainland invasion. 6. Gurkhas (1815 AD–Present) The Gurkhas are Nepali soldiers recruited by the British and Indian armies. The Gurkhas have a reputation for fearless military prowess. Former Indian army chief of staff field marshal Sam Manekshaw once said: “If a man says he is not afraid of dying, he is either lying or he is a Gurkha.” The motto of the Gurkhas is, “better to die than be a coward.” There are lots of heroic stories about Gurkhas. For example, during 1945, rifleman Lachhiman Gurung was in a trench with two other soldiers when 200 Japanese opened fire on them. When several grenades fell near them, he proceeded to throw them back when one exploded in his hand. He then returned fire with his left hand killing 31 Japanese soldiers! 5. Ninjas (12th Century AD–1868 AD) A ninja or shinobi was a spy or mercenary from feudal Japan. Unlike samurais who follow the code of honor and combat, the ninjas were not bound by any rules. They primarily worked in espionage, sabotage, and infiltrations. These actions were considered to be dishonorable by the samurai. Ninjas were active in the Iga province of Japan. The ninjas were hired as mercenaries by daimyos for espionage or even assassinations. The katana was the primary weapon of choice for the ninjas. They often used disguises to avoid detection. The ninjas were feared as they could assassinate at any moment. The ninjas practiced ninjitsu which is an art of warfare developed in the Iga province. 4. The Spartans (6th Century BC–4th Century BC) Sparta was a prominent warrior city-state of ancient Greece. By 650 BC, it became the dominant military land-power in Greece. Only the strongest were considered to be worthy of Sparta. Babies who were weak or showed signs of deformity were left on Mt. Taygetus to die. Each Spartan was required to undergo a rigorous training known as 'agoge' to attain full citizenship. The word Spartan became synonymous with fearlessness, and military prowess. The Spartans would never surrender and would rather fight to the death. During the battle of Thermopylae, they held off the Persians for three days before dying. It was a common belief in ancient Greece that one Spartan soldier was worth several from any other Greek city-state. Spartans had a large bronze shield, a spear, and a small thrusting sword, which allowed them to move in a phalanx formation. 3. British SAS (1 July 1941–Present) The Special Air Service or the SAS is a special forces unit of the British Army founded in 1941. All other special forces units from around the world are based on the SAS. During WW2, it was created as a commando unit to deceive axis forces behind enemy lines. After the war, the SAS has participated in various anti-terrorist operations. The SAS recruits only the strongest. The selection process is one of the toughest in any military all over the world. The SAS gained worldwide reputation and fame after their televised rescue of hostages being held in the Iranian embassy 1980. The motto of the SAS unit is, “Who Dares Wins.” 2. Maori Warriors (1280 AD–1872 AD) The Maori are indigenous people of New Zealand. Since the Maori were isolated from the rest of the world, they developed a unique warrior culture. They have their own language and mythology. The Maori warriors were large and fearsome with tattoos all over their bodies. They usually attacked in groups that number less than a hundred warriors (called a 'hapu'). The usual battle tactic was to ambush the enemy and use the element of surprise. They were also known for their war dance called the ‘Haka’ which was done to intimidate enemies. The most common weapon for the Maori warrior was the club which was used to crack open skulls. The Maori warriors also practiced Cannibalism. Cannibalism was a means of humiliating their enemies. It was also a common practice for the Maori to keep the heads of their fallen enemies as trophies. The brain and eyes would be removed and steamed in an oven. One missionary is said to have watched a chieftain say the following words to the head of an enemy chieftain: You wanted to run away, didn’t you? But my greenstone club overtook you! And after you were cooked you were made food for me! And where is your father? He is cooked. And where is your brother? He is eaten. And where is your wife? There she sits; a wife for me. And where are your children? There they are, loads on their backs carrying food as my slaves. 1. Mongol Warriors (1206 AD–1687 AD) The Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan stretched all over Asia and part of Europe. The Mongols were fearsome warriors who were ruthless and showed no mercy to their opponents. Military service was compulsory for all boys over the age of 15. The heart of the army was the horse archers who employed hit and run tactics to ruthless efficiency. For a medieval knight bound by the code of chivalry, this was an act of cowardice. However, it was an efficient method to mow down enemies weighed down by armor. The Mongol horse archers used a short composite bow made of animal horn, wood and sinew for the bow drawstring. Their small size was ideal for use on horseback. It was more powerful than the English longbow despite its small size. The horsemen were trained to shoot even while retreating. Their exceptional skill was what helped the Mongols expand their empire in every direction. It is a common misconception that the Mongol ‘hordes’ outnumbered their foes. As it turned out, in most of their famous victories, the Mongols were outnumbered. Enveloping maneuvers on the battlefield created the false impression of a larger army. They also placed dummies mounted atop horses to form a notion of innumerable soldiers. They were also ruthless in dealing with their enemies. The lands of their enemies were sown with salt and enemy chiefs were killed by pouring molten silver in their eyes and ears. Questions & Answers Why aren't Vikings and Romans on this list of greatest warrior groups? Vikings and Romans are worthy mentions but just don't fit into the top 10 according to my opinion.Helpful 13 Was Leonidas the greatest warrior? King Leonidas was one of the bravest of warriors. He and his soldier's sacrifice helped the Greeks prepare their defense and evacuate Athens.Helpful 8 Do you know of the Special Boat Services SBS that SAS is based off? That is very interesting. I was not aware of the Special Boat Services and it was good to read on it. It was also mentioned that it was a sister unit of the SAS meaning both were operational at the same time.Helpful 4 © 2018 Random Thoughts	<urn:uuid:69efb328-be61-4877-92a7-9996404f71cb>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://owlcation.com/humanities/Top-10-Greatest-Warrior-Groups-in-History	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00146.warc.gz	en	0.984609	2,310	3.375	3	[ -0.5570666790008545, 0.3101641833782196, 0.12011724710464478, -0.1116504967212677, -0.26923128962516785, 0.1411939114332199, 0.18179616332054138, 0.2167873978614807, -0.07044211030006409, -0.09671760350465775, 0.0002631467650644481, -0.025209952145814896, 0.22085854411125183, 0.74499654769...	1	Top 10 Greatest Warrior Groups in History In human history, there have been many fearsome groups of warriors. But some of these groups have distinguished themselves from the rest. They were feared among their enemies and respected by their allies. The mere presence of these warriors on the battlefield had a major impact on the morale of troops. Read on to find out about ten of the fiercest warrior groups. 10 Fearsome Warrior Groups in History 10. The Immortals 7. Kamikaze Pilots 3. British SAS 10. The Immortals (550 BC–330 BC) The Immortals were a group of 10,000 heavily armed infantry of the Achaemenid Empire. They were the imperial guard and the standing army of the empire. The Immortals always consisted of exactly 10,000 troops. If any soldier died or fell sick, he would be immediately replaced. This created an illusion that they were immortal. The Immortals were elite troops and were armed with a variety of weapons. Each soldier carried a sword, a spear, arrows, a bow and a shield. They didn’t wear the best of armor and had a shield made of wood and wicker which were not that good. However, they made up for this with sheer numbers. It is said that cities would surrender at the very sight of the Immortals. 9. Samurai (12th Century AD–1867 AD) The samurai were warriors from the land of the rising sun. The samurai warriors were also referred to as 'bushi' which means warrior. The traditional samurai code of honor, discipline and morality are known as 'bushido' meaning 'the way of the warrior' was followed by each samurai. The samurai warriors were on top of the social caste system in Japan. The samurai were fierce warriors who were skilled in sword fighting. The most famous weapon used by the samurai was the katana which is a sharp, slightly curved blade. Many samurai also used bows called yumi. The fighting spirit and the code of honor followed by the samurai were what made them legendary. The samurai ruled over Japan for over 700 years. 8. Knights (3rd Century AD–15th Century AD) Knights were the crack troops of the medieval era. They were heavily armored warriors who were on horseback. Only the wealthiest nobles could afford to hire a knight. Knights followed the chivalric code of conduct and were expected to exhibit a gentleman's behavior. Knights used swords or lances as their primary weapon of choice in battle. The knights were the elite troops in a medieval army. They were used as shock troops to punch through weak spots in the enemy line. The sheer force of a cavalry charge was enough to make the enemy units turn tail and run. Knights were used even after the introduction of gunpowder weapons. The main reason they became obsolete was due to high costs, as it was expensive to train and mobilize them. 7. Kamikaze Pilots (October 1944–15 August 1945) The kamikaze was a Japanese special attack unit in WW2. They specialized in suicide attacks on allied naval vessels. The word 'kamikaze' means 'divine wind' in Japanese. Japan was on the brink of defeat in WW2, so the kamikaze was a last-ditch effort by the Japanese to turn the tide of battle. Kamikaze attacks killed more than 7,000 allied personnel, and about 3,800 kamikaze pilots died during the war. Only 19% of all kamikaze aircraft hit their targets. However, they were still devastatingly effective. The allies feared the kamikaze pilots as they did not fear death. A direct impact from a kamikaze plane was devastating to allied ships. These attacks directly impacted the morale of the allies. It demonstrated the resolve of the Japanese to fight to the death instead of submitting and accepting defeat. Tactics such as kamikaze would eventually end up in the decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan to end the war without a mainland invasion. 6. Gurkhas (1815 AD–Present) The Gurkhas are Nepali soldiers recruited by the British and Indian armies. The Gurkhas have a reputation for fearless military prowess. Former Indian army chief of staff field marshal Sam Manekshaw once said: “If a man says he is not afraid of dying, he is either lying or he is a Gurkha.” The motto of the Gurkhas is, “better to die than be a coward.” There are lots of heroic stories about Gurkhas. For example, during 1945, rifleman Lachhiman Gurung was in a trench with two other soldiers when 200 Japanese opened fire on them. When several grenades fell near them, he proceeded to throw them back when one exploded in his hand. He then returned fire with his left hand killing 31 Japanese soldiers! 5. Ninjas (12th Century AD–1868 AD) A ninja or shinobi was a spy or mercenary from feudal Japan. Unlike samurais who follow the code of honor and combat, the ninjas were not bound by any rules. They primarily worked in espionage, sabotage, and infiltrations. These actions were considered to be dishonorable by the samurai. Ninjas were active in the Iga province of Japan. The ninjas were hired as mercenaries by daimyos for espionage or even assassinations. The katana was the primary weapon of choice for the ninjas. They often used disguises to avoid detection. The ninjas were feared as they could assassinate at any moment. The ninjas practiced ninjitsu which is an art of warfare developed in the Iga province. 4. The Spartans (6th Century BC–4th Century BC) Sparta was a prominent warrior city-state of ancient Greece. By 650 BC, it became the dominant military land-power in Greece. Only the strongest were considered to be worthy of Sparta. Babies who were weak or showed signs of deformity were left on Mt. Taygetus to die. Each Spartan was required to undergo a rigorous training known as 'agoge' to attain full citizenship. The word Spartan became synonymous with fearlessness, and military prowess. The Spartans would never surrender and would rather fight to the death. During the battle of Thermopylae, they held off the Persians for three days before dying. It was a common belief in ancient Greece that one Spartan soldier was worth several from any other Greek city-state. Spartans had a large bronze shield, a spear, and a small thrusting sword, which allowed them to move in a phalanx formation. 3. British SAS (1 July 1941–Present) The Special Air Service or the SAS is a special forces unit of the British Army founded in 1941. All other special forces units from around the world are based on the SAS. During WW2, it was created as a commando unit to deceive axis forces behind enemy lines. After the war, the SAS has participated in various anti-terrorist operations. The SAS recruits only the strongest. The selection process is one of the toughest in any military all over the world. The SAS gained worldwide reputation and fame after their televised rescue of hostages being held in the Iranian embassy 1980. The motto of the SAS unit is, “Who Dares Wins.” 2. Maori Warriors (1280 AD–1872 AD) The Maori are indigenous people of New Zealand. Since the Maori were isolated from the rest of the world, they developed a unique warrior culture. They have their own language and mythology. The Maori warriors were large and fearsome with tattoos all over their bodies. They usually attacked in groups that number less than a hundred warriors (called a 'hapu'). The usual battle tactic was to ambush the enemy and use the element of surprise. They were also known for their war dance called the ‘Haka’ which was done to intimidate enemies. The most common weapon for the Maori warrior was the club which was used to crack open skulls. The Maori warriors also practiced Cannibalism. Cannibalism was a means of humiliating their enemies. It was also a common practice for the Maori to keep the heads of their fallen enemies as trophies. The brain and eyes would be removed and steamed in an oven. One missionary is said to have watched a chieftain say the following words to the head of an enemy chieftain: You wanted to run away, didn’t you? But my greenstone club overtook you! And after you were cooked you were made food for me! And where is your father? He is cooked. And where is your brother? He is eaten. And where is your wife? There she sits; a wife for me. And where are your children? There they are, loads on their backs carrying food as my slaves. 1. Mongol Warriors (1206 AD–1687 AD) The Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan stretched all over Asia and part of Europe. The Mongols were fearsome warriors who were ruthless and showed no mercy to their opponents. Military service was compulsory for all boys over the age of 15. The heart of the army was the horse archers who employed hit and run tactics to ruthless efficiency. For a medieval knight bound by the code of chivalry, this was an act of cowardice. However, it was an efficient method to mow down enemies weighed down by armor. The Mongol horse archers used a short composite bow made of animal horn, wood and sinew for the bow drawstring. Their small size was ideal for use on horseback. It was more powerful than the English longbow despite its small size. The horsemen were trained to shoot even while retreating. Their exceptional skill was what helped the Mongols expand their empire in every direction. It is a common misconception that the Mongol ‘hordes’ outnumbered their foes. As it turned out, in most of their famous victories, the Mongols were outnumbered. Enveloping maneuvers on the battlefield created the false impression of a larger army. They also placed dummies mounted atop horses to form a notion of innumerable soldiers. They were also ruthless in dealing with their enemies. The lands of their enemies were sown with salt and enemy chiefs were killed by pouring molten silver in their eyes and ears. Questions & Answers Why aren't Vikings and Romans on this list of greatest warrior groups? Vikings and Romans are worthy mentions but just don't fit into the top 10 according to my opinion.Helpful 13 Was Leonidas the greatest warrior? King Leonidas was one of the bravest of warriors. He and his soldier's sacrifice helped the Greeks prepare their defense and evacuate Athens.Helpful 8 Do you know of the Special Boat Services SBS that SAS is based off? That is very interesting. I was not aware of the Special Boat Services and it was good to read on it. It was also mentioned that it was a sister unit of the SAS meaning both were operational at the same time.Helpful 4 © 2018 Random Thoughts	2,364	ENGLISH	1
This study was conducted to create a design of color detector device that can meet the needs of people with visual impairments. In the early stages of research, interviews was held to determine the difficulties that were being faced by the visually impaired when identifying color difference. Further interviews were conducted in order to obtain their further needs to the design of a color detector device. The next thing to do was to determine the importance rating of each need that was identified. Based on the importance rating of the needs, some design concepts were generated by using some combination tables. Three design concepts are generated and concept selection was conducted by involving users and external designer. Anthropometric data was used for determining the dimensions of the selected design. The device that was designed was a color detector device with a voice output. To gain a real feedbacks from users, final prototype was then made for testing both of its function and design. A variety of electronic components, including color sensor, microcontroller, chip recorder, and speaker were used to test the function of color detector device. Meanwhile, a case design was produced by using 3D printer technology with ABS plastic materials. Based on the final prototype, a test was held to obtain the user’s response on its function and design. The test results several feedbacks for future development of the product including a lighter weight, smaller size, louder voice output, more accurate color defining, and wider range of object source selection for color identification.	<urn:uuid:8663e32b-d3d5-425c-920f-13f0af58df5d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://sisinfo.lldikti4.or.id/inovasipt/detail/12673	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00462.warc.gz	en	0.982471	289	3.46875	3	[ -0.3520587086677551, 0.21004678308963776, 0.024365443736314774, -0.15845553576946259, -0.23088338971138, 0.4005851745605469, 0.6052569150924683, 0.5805261135101318, -0.1808270514011383, 0.0749133974313736, -0.054356519132852554, -0.31868603825569153, 0.027938462793827057, 0.256264477968215...	2	This study was conducted to create a design of color detector device that can meet the needs of people with visual impairments. In the early stages of research, interviews was held to determine the difficulties that were being faced by the visually impaired when identifying color difference. Further interviews were conducted in order to obtain their further needs to the design of a color detector device. The next thing to do was to determine the importance rating of each need that was identified. Based on the importance rating of the needs, some design concepts were generated by using some combination tables. Three design concepts are generated and concept selection was conducted by involving users and external designer. Anthropometric data was used for determining the dimensions of the selected design. The device that was designed was a color detector device with a voice output. To gain a real feedbacks from users, final prototype was then made for testing both of its function and design. A variety of electronic components, including color sensor, microcontroller, chip recorder, and speaker were used to test the function of color detector device. Meanwhile, a case design was produced by using 3D printer technology with ABS plastic materials. Based on the final prototype, a test was held to obtain the user’s response on its function and design. The test results several feedbacks for future development of the product including a lighter weight, smaller size, louder voice output, more accurate color defining, and wider range of object source selection for color identification.	288	ENGLISH	1
\|Miss K's classroom!\|\| 2. Why does the author, Margaret Tent, state that simply having students memorize the area and circumference formulas of circles was an unsatisfactory practice for her students? Her students were not learning the concept and were getting frustrated at the difficult the idea was to memorize. B. List one activity that can be used to help students learn about π. Tent has her class go on a tour of the school and measure multiple circles as they go. I think this is awesome because you really don't know just how many circles are in the outside world until you're asked to find and meausre them. C. List (at least) two historical facts about π. -Periin is Greek for around, and pi was first derived from the distance around a circle. -William Jones, an Englishman, was probably the first to use the pi symbol in 1675 I understood this week's homework and I did very well on the getting the correct answers. Just like how I had drawn out my homework for the patterns I had to re draw the shapes even though they were already there. I've always had to redraw figures it helps me understand and figure out the problem. I usually always end up with a cluttered page of mess and it use to bother me because other students would just have the answer on there but after years of doing it my way I'm no longer ashamed or feel like I understand it less! I did fairly well with getting the correct answers to the homework. I think that kids would have a 'hard' time adding to the patterns because of the consents. If you make it into a person and separate the bottom two tiles into legs it makes the pattern easier to understand. If I were to use tiles to do this assignment I would make the 4 tiles on the bottom (the legs) and the three tiles going up (neck, head) all the same color while the ones I added on different colored. Just like we did in class. It helps a lot to see that pattern. Doing these homework questions I had to draw out the figures on paper. In class we use the tiles and the combo between the tiles and getting to draw the figure makes it so much easier. For the perimeter question I think that students would be able to see the pattern after counting around the four figures. Once the see the pattern they would be able to punch it into an equation much like I was able to do. I particularly took a liking to the section of chapter six on having a gender-friendly mathematics classroom. As a female I've ofter been told or made to feel that I'm automatically less capable of being able to be good at math. I loved the section where it talks about involving all the students. I have been a part of a classroom where the teacher is in that show-and tell mode and it really does reinforce the boys' overt behaviors like the text suggests. I also think that by telling our young girls that math and science are fields dominated by males it intimidates them and scares them away from pursing those subjects- it's counterproductive. They are less likely to try to figure out a problem or answer a question in the class for the fear of them being wrong which in turn would prove - to them at least- that boys are only good at math and science. It reinforces the passive behavior the many girls' have. I think that as a teacher being aware of how you interact with boys vs girls is cruical in their development. I think that it's very easy to not even notcie if you're paying more attention or giving more opportutines to one gender rather than the other. Espically if one gender is speaking up while the other just sits back. This chapter brings up excellent points of awareness	<urn:uuid:32c0efb5-b4d0-4fa0-9728-18b20ae0b0a2>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://missksclass.weebly.com/miss-ks-homework-blog/category/all	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592394.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118081234-20200118105234-00334.warc.gz	en	0.986641	778	3.78125	4	[ -0.05588022246956825, -0.33386853337287903, 0.44360247254371643, -0.18445539474487305, -0.7291643619537354, -0.1133405938744545, 0.2950317859649658, 0.4617139399051666, 0.0686948373913765, 0.2299955189228058, 0.061873868107795715, -0.3707944452762604, 0.2274695336818695, 0.3316596448421478...	1	\|Miss K's classroom!\|\| 2. Why does the author, Margaret Tent, state that simply having students memorize the area and circumference formulas of circles was an unsatisfactory practice for her students? Her students were not learning the concept and were getting frustrated at the difficult the idea was to memorize. B. List one activity that can be used to help students learn about π. Tent has her class go on a tour of the school and measure multiple circles as they go. I think this is awesome because you really don't know just how many circles are in the outside world until you're asked to find and meausre them. C. List (at least) two historical facts about π. -Periin is Greek for around, and pi was first derived from the distance around a circle. -William Jones, an Englishman, was probably the first to use the pi symbol in 1675 I understood this week's homework and I did very well on the getting the correct answers. Just like how I had drawn out my homework for the patterns I had to re draw the shapes even though they were already there. I've always had to redraw figures it helps me understand and figure out the problem. I usually always end up with a cluttered page of mess and it use to bother me because other students would just have the answer on there but after years of doing it my way I'm no longer ashamed or feel like I understand it less! I did fairly well with getting the correct answers to the homework. I think that kids would have a 'hard' time adding to the patterns because of the consents. If you make it into a person and separate the bottom two tiles into legs it makes the pattern easier to understand. If I were to use tiles to do this assignment I would make the 4 tiles on the bottom (the legs) and the three tiles going up (neck, head) all the same color while the ones I added on different colored. Just like we did in class. It helps a lot to see that pattern. Doing these homework questions I had to draw out the figures on paper. In class we use the tiles and the combo between the tiles and getting to draw the figure makes it so much easier. For the perimeter question I think that students would be able to see the pattern after counting around the four figures. Once the see the pattern they would be able to punch it into an equation much like I was able to do. I particularly took a liking to the section of chapter six on having a gender-friendly mathematics classroom. As a female I've ofter been told or made to feel that I'm automatically less capable of being able to be good at math. I loved the section where it talks about involving all the students. I have been a part of a classroom where the teacher is in that show-and tell mode and it really does reinforce the boys' overt behaviors like the text suggests. I also think that by telling our young girls that math and science are fields dominated by males it intimidates them and scares them away from pursing those subjects- it's counterproductive. They are less likely to try to figure out a problem or answer a question in the class for the fear of them being wrong which in turn would prove - to them at least- that boys are only good at math and science. It reinforces the passive behavior the many girls' have. I think that as a teacher being aware of how you interact with boys vs girls is cruical in their development. I think that it's very easy to not even notcie if you're paying more attention or giving more opportutines to one gender rather than the other. Espically if one gender is speaking up while the other just sits back. This chapter brings up excellent points of awareness	767	ENGLISH	1
As part of ‘The Firework Maker’s Daughter’, the children made their own fireworks using warm water, oil and food colouring and gave them an appropriate name. They then wrote a set of instructions about how to make these. It was lots of fun! As part of Computing Week, Year 3 learnt about the importance of online safety. As a class we discussed the meaning of our ‘digital footprint’ and how one photo can travel around the world in the space of 24 hours! We also worked on coding using the ipads and created a story on Scratch Jr. Their program had to include: - A background and at least one sprite (character) per page - The movement/action of one or more of the sprites - Speech from one or more of the sprites (either recorded or using speech bubbles) - A sprite disappearing and reappearing onto the page Year 3 loved having the opportunity to go into ‘The hub’ for the first time during Computing Week! They used a program on PurpleMash called ‘2quiz’ in which they used to create a Stone Age quiz for their peers to have a go at. In History we have been learning about the Bronze Age and the significance of ‘grave goods’. These were items or artefacts which were buried with a person after their death as a symbol of their wealth. It was believed that these went with them into the afterlife. The children in Year 3 made their own barrows in groups of 3 and designed some of their own ‘grave goods’ for a mystery person. Each item had to have a clear meaning behind it and needed to reveal something about the person within it. This was lots of fun! In Science, the children have been learning about which rocks are waterproof and which are not. We conducted an investigation following this line of enquiry and made careful observations. We discovered that pumice is not waterproof as the water absorbed and started to disappear into the rock gradually, whereas we noticed that slate is waterproof as the water rolled off and did not absorb.	<urn:uuid:4dcbd7bd-6c84-45de-88a4-2374f9d968f9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.harburyschool.com/?page_id=966	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610004.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123101110-20200123130110-00485.warc.gz	en	0.980434	433	3.609375	4	[ -0.1934087574481964, 0.044480543583631516, 0.26108282804489136, -0.41867488622665405, -0.027409914880990982, 0.051913369446992874, 0.1803409904241562, 0.08543325215578079, -0.5232523083686829, 0.30695757269859314, -0.14362721145153046, -0.4587189555168152, 0.1049245074391365, 0.12322402745...	1	As part of ‘The Firework Maker’s Daughter’, the children made their own fireworks using warm water, oil and food colouring and gave them an appropriate name. They then wrote a set of instructions about how to make these. It was lots of fun! As part of Computing Week, Year 3 learnt about the importance of online safety. As a class we discussed the meaning of our ‘digital footprint’ and how one photo can travel around the world in the space of 24 hours! We also worked on coding using the ipads and created a story on Scratch Jr. Their program had to include: - A background and at least one sprite (character) per page - The movement/action of one or more of the sprites - Speech from one or more of the sprites (either recorded or using speech bubbles) - A sprite disappearing and reappearing onto the page Year 3 loved having the opportunity to go into ‘The hub’ for the first time during Computing Week! They used a program on PurpleMash called ‘2quiz’ in which they used to create a Stone Age quiz for their peers to have a go at. In History we have been learning about the Bronze Age and the significance of ‘grave goods’. These were items or artefacts which were buried with a person after their death as a symbol of their wealth. It was believed that these went with them into the afterlife. The children in Year 3 made their own barrows in groups of 3 and designed some of their own ‘grave goods’ for a mystery person. Each item had to have a clear meaning behind it and needed to reveal something about the person within it. This was lots of fun! In Science, the children have been learning about which rocks are waterproof and which are not. We conducted an investigation following this line of enquiry and made careful observations. We discovered that pumice is not waterproof as the water absorbed and started to disappear into the rock gradually, whereas we noticed that slate is waterproof as the water rolled off and did not absorb.	414	ENGLISH	1
"Lead us and teach us, till earth and heaven Grow larger around us and higher above." L ONG before the conquest of the Egyptian Sudan, men had been exploring the land to the south, in order to discover the sources of the Nile. The story of how Bruce discovered the source of the Blue Nile has already been told. Men of all nations had vied with one another in their search for the sources of the White Nile, which flows past Omdurman and Fashoda. Even a lady, "the richest heiress in the Netherlands," started with her mother and aunt, her lady's-maid and 200 servants, to explore a tributary of the White Nile, the Bahr-el-Ghazal. But the country is unhealthy for Europeans. Her mother and aunt died of fever, and she herself was subsequently murdered by natives. It was reserved for Englishmen to make the final discovery. While Livingstone was exploring the Nyassa region, two explorers were leaving Zanzibar to investigate a large lake, known to lie north of Tanganyika. Disaster dogged their steps through this fever-stricken country, guides deserted them, illness assailed them; but with that resolute perseverance, which alone ensures success, they pushed on towards their goal. But one of them—Grant—soon grew too ill to go farther, and it was left for his more fortunate companion, Speke, to behold the great sheet of water, to which he gave the name of Victoria Nyanza or Victoria Lake, after his queen. He discovered that the Nile flowed out of this great lake to the northward, though he missed the lake into which it next flowed. This discovery was left to another Englishman, Baker, who with his wife met Speke on his way to Khartum. After learning Speke's great news they journeyed on, to be rewarded by finding a lesser lake to the west of Victoria Nyanza, which they at once christened Albert Nyanza, after Prince Albert, the husband of the Queen of England, who had recently died. Into this lake they traced the Nile's entrance and exit, and with this great news they made their way homewards. Their way was terribly impeded by thick tangles of a water-weed, known as the sudd, which choked the upper reaches of the Nile. Much light had been thrown on this country beyond the Sudan, but still the geography was uncertain, when Stanley, in 1875, closed the quest of 2000 years for the source of the Nile. His intercourse with Livingstone on the shores of Tanganyika had roused his interest in the deep secrets of the Dark Continent, and when the life-work of the old explorer was over, he started off with enthusiasm to carry it on. "I have opened the door," Livingstone had said; "I leave it to you to see that no one closes it after me." "I am ready to be, if God wills it, the next martyr to geographical science," Stanley affirmed. Arrived at Zanzibar, he marched to the southern shore of Victoria Nyanza. Here he put together the sections of an English boat, which he launched on the lake, and in the "Lady Alice," he made his famous circumnavigation. He proved once for all, that the Nile left it at its northern end, and for 300 miles raced between high rocky walls over rapids and cataracts, till it passed into the Albert Nyanza and out of it northwards to Khartum. The river and two lakes formed the boundary of Uganda, the "Pearl of Africa," which country Stanley now entered. He was warmly received by the king, Mtesa. "My mother dreamt a dream," said Mtesa with confidence, "and she saw a white man on this lake in a boat coming this way, and lo, you have come!" The country ruled over by this king was large and fertile, but the people were uncivilised, and executions for slight offences took place daily, by the orders of the king. Stanley was greatly struck by the intelligence of the king—he at once grasped the possibilities of Uganda as a centre of civilisation for the surrounding country. "I see in Mtesa the light that shall lighten the darkness of this benighted region," he wrote home. "With his aid the civilisation of equatorial Africa becomes possible." He translated parts of the Bible into a language that the king could read, and so earnestly did he relate the story of Christ, that the king ordered the Christian Sabbath to be observed throughout his realm. "Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself." These words he wrote on a board in Arabic, and hung it in the palace, that all his court might read it daily. The explorer now wrote home a glowing account of Uganda, and begged that missionaries might be sent without delay. They must belong to no particular nation, no sect or Church; but in the midst of these pagan peoples, they must lead the blameless lives of Christians. The appeal arrived at a time when Europe was keenly interested in Africa, and at once a party of Protestants made their way to Uganda, together with a party of Roman Catholics from France. In 1884 Mtesa died, and was succeeded by his son Mwanga. He hated all Europeans, and resolved to rid the country of them. The English bishop, Hannington, was murdered, together with forty of his followers, while the native converts were burned. It seemed as if this fair country must relapse, when an Englishman, now Sir Frederick Lugard, saved the situation. He had just returned from the Burmese wars, when he volunteered for service under the British East Africa Company, which was establishing a protectorate over the country south of the Egyptian Sudan, and east of the great lakes towards the coast. It seems strange to hear of an Englishman freeing slaves at Mombasa and Melinda, ports of Vasco da Gama fame; but the slave trade at this time was cruelly carried on by natives in these parts. Lugard's work on the coast was suddenly interrupted by orders to go in hot haste to Uganda, over which country a British protectorate was being formed. Lugard reached the capital a few days before Christmas 1890. Matters were in a critical state. Arms and ammunition were on the way to the king, Mwanga, whose intention was to murder all Europeans. Meanwhile English and French, or Protestants and Roman Catholics, strove for the mastery. Lugard saw the king. He made it clear that the whole country was now British, and that, under the British flag, all religion was free, and a treaty to this effect must be signed at once by the king. On Christmas eve he presented the treaty at the king's court. Mwanga was trembling with terror. Lugard was persuading him to sign, when suddenly a clamour arose from a crowd at the door, and angry voices murmured that every man who signed the treaty would be shot. There was the clicking of rifles and the cocking of guns. It was a critical moment in the history of Uganda. Another moment would have seen bloodshed. Lugard pressed the matter no further that day. Amid shouts and angry voices from the French Roman Catholics, he quietly withdrew. Next day was Christmas. Lugard, after an anxious night, again sought an interview with the king. But as he neared the royal residence, drums rattled, and armed men with rifles stole about the grounds. Once more he turned back, amid the jeers of the rabble. But Lugard was a resolute man, and next morning he succeeded in getting the treaty signed without bloodshed. It was some time before the country was sufficiently restored to peace, but on April 1, 1893, the British flag was hoisted by Sir Gerald Portal, and from this time matters have progressed rapidly, and a new era of peace and progress dawned on Uganda. In 1902 a railway was completed from Mombasa to Victoria Nyanza, which "Ay, one land From Lion's Head to Line."	<urn:uuid:d511f4ae-5065-46c7-8db8-70dae379d8a9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.gatewaytotheclassics.com/browse/displayitem.php?item=books/synge/growth/uganda	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694071.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126230255-20200127020255-00192.warc.gz	en	0.982769	1,689	3.375	3	[ -0.2916876971721649, 0.3068590462207794, 0.24254369735717773, -0.004621078260242939, 0.2428838312625885, -0.20174437761306763, 0.40759849548339844, -0.2368529587984085, -0.08404028415679932, 0.11291459947824478, 0.26939165592193604, -0.5435482263565063, 0.0424363911151886, 0.08150111138820...	1	"Lead us and teach us, till earth and heaven Grow larger around us and higher above." L ONG before the conquest of the Egyptian Sudan, men had been exploring the land to the south, in order to discover the sources of the Nile. The story of how Bruce discovered the source of the Blue Nile has already been told. Men of all nations had vied with one another in their search for the sources of the White Nile, which flows past Omdurman and Fashoda. Even a lady, "the richest heiress in the Netherlands," started with her mother and aunt, her lady's-maid and 200 servants, to explore a tributary of the White Nile, the Bahr-el-Ghazal. But the country is unhealthy for Europeans. Her mother and aunt died of fever, and she herself was subsequently murdered by natives. It was reserved for Englishmen to make the final discovery. While Livingstone was exploring the Nyassa region, two explorers were leaving Zanzibar to investigate a large lake, known to lie north of Tanganyika. Disaster dogged their steps through this fever-stricken country, guides deserted them, illness assailed them; but with that resolute perseverance, which alone ensures success, they pushed on towards their goal. But one of them—Grant—soon grew too ill to go farther, and it was left for his more fortunate companion, Speke, to behold the great sheet of water, to which he gave the name of Victoria Nyanza or Victoria Lake, after his queen. He discovered that the Nile flowed out of this great lake to the northward, though he missed the lake into which it next flowed. This discovery was left to another Englishman, Baker, who with his wife met Speke on his way to Khartum. After learning Speke's great news they journeyed on, to be rewarded by finding a lesser lake to the west of Victoria Nyanza, which they at once christened Albert Nyanza, after Prince Albert, the husband of the Queen of England, who had recently died. Into this lake they traced the Nile's entrance and exit, and with this great news they made their way homewards. Their way was terribly impeded by thick tangles of a water-weed, known as the sudd, which choked the upper reaches of the Nile. Much light had been thrown on this country beyond the Sudan, but still the geography was uncertain, when Stanley, in 1875, closed the quest of 2000 years for the source of the Nile. His intercourse with Livingstone on the shores of Tanganyika had roused his interest in the deep secrets of the Dark Continent, and when the life-work of the old explorer was over, he started off with enthusiasm to carry it on. "I have opened the door," Livingstone had said; "I leave it to you to see that no one closes it after me." "I am ready to be, if God wills it, the next martyr to geographical science," Stanley affirmed. Arrived at Zanzibar, he marched to the southern shore of Victoria Nyanza. Here he put together the sections of an English boat, which he launched on the lake, and in the "Lady Alice," he made his famous circumnavigation. He proved once for all, that the Nile left it at its northern end, and for 300 miles raced between high rocky walls over rapids and cataracts, till it passed into the Albert Nyanza and out of it northwards to Khartum. The river and two lakes formed the boundary of Uganda, the "Pearl of Africa," which country Stanley now entered. He was warmly received by the king, Mtesa. "My mother dreamt a dream," said Mtesa with confidence, "and she saw a white man on this lake in a boat coming this way, and lo, you have come!" The country ruled over by this king was large and fertile, but the people were uncivilised, and executions for slight offences took place daily, by the orders of the king. Stanley was greatly struck by the intelligence of the king—he at once grasped the possibilities of Uganda as a centre of civilisation for the surrounding country. "I see in Mtesa the light that shall lighten the darkness of this benighted region," he wrote home. "With his aid the civilisation of equatorial Africa becomes possible." He translated parts of the Bible into a language that the king could read, and so earnestly did he relate the story of Christ, that the king ordered the Christian Sabbath to be observed throughout his realm. "Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself." These words he wrote on a board in Arabic, and hung it in the palace, that all his court might read it daily. The explorer now wrote home a glowing account of Uganda, and begged that missionaries might be sent without delay. They must belong to no particular nation, no sect or Church; but in the midst of these pagan peoples, they must lead the blameless lives of Christians. The appeal arrived at a time when Europe was keenly interested in Africa, and at once a party of Protestants made their way to Uganda, together with a party of Roman Catholics from France. In 1884 Mtesa died, and was succeeded by his son Mwanga. He hated all Europeans, and resolved to rid the country of them. The English bishop, Hannington, was murdered, together with forty of his followers, while the native converts were burned. It seemed as if this fair country must relapse, when an Englishman, now Sir Frederick Lugard, saved the situation. He had just returned from the Burmese wars, when he volunteered for service under the British East Africa Company, which was establishing a protectorate over the country south of the Egyptian Sudan, and east of the great lakes towards the coast. It seems strange to hear of an Englishman freeing slaves at Mombasa and Melinda, ports of Vasco da Gama fame; but the slave trade at this time was cruelly carried on by natives in these parts. Lugard's work on the coast was suddenly interrupted by orders to go in hot haste to Uganda, over which country a British protectorate was being formed. Lugard reached the capital a few days before Christmas 1890. Matters were in a critical state. Arms and ammunition were on the way to the king, Mwanga, whose intention was to murder all Europeans. Meanwhile English and French, or Protestants and Roman Catholics, strove for the mastery. Lugard saw the king. He made it clear that the whole country was now British, and that, under the British flag, all religion was free, and a treaty to this effect must be signed at once by the king. On Christmas eve he presented the treaty at the king's court. Mwanga was trembling with terror. Lugard was persuading him to sign, when suddenly a clamour arose from a crowd at the door, and angry voices murmured that every man who signed the treaty would be shot. There was the clicking of rifles and the cocking of guns. It was a critical moment in the history of Uganda. Another moment would have seen bloodshed. Lugard pressed the matter no further that day. Amid shouts and angry voices from the French Roman Catholics, he quietly withdrew. Next day was Christmas. Lugard, after an anxious night, again sought an interview with the king. But as he neared the royal residence, drums rattled, and armed men with rifles stole about the grounds. Once more he turned back, amid the jeers of the rabble. But Lugard was a resolute man, and next morning he succeeded in getting the treaty signed without bloodshed. It was some time before the country was sufficiently restored to peace, but on April 1, 1893, the British flag was hoisted by Sir Gerald Portal, and from this time matters have progressed rapidly, and a new era of peace and progress dawned on Uganda. In 1902 a railway was completed from Mombasa to Victoria Nyanza, which "Ay, one land From Lion's Head to Line."	1,696	ENGLISH	1
If someone you love got into a horrific accident and the doctor claims they cannot perform surgery because your significant other does not have health care. In that instant, would you not desire universal health care in order to save your loved one? Health care is the maintenance of health through diagnosis and the treatment of any illness or disease. In general, healthcare is a necessity for the welfare of society because people without health care do not get enough Uninsured people receive less medical care and less timely care, they have worse health outcomes, and lack of insurance is a fiscal burden for them and their families. Moreover, the benefits of enlarging coverage outweigh the costs for added services. Before the 1800s, in the U.S., women were expected to take care of illnesses within the family but if someone got really sick, they went to see a doctor. In early America, medication were both home remedies and doctor prescriptions. Many herbs were were used to heal or help heal illnesses. The practice of childbirth and delivering babies was a common profession for women, since most births took place at home. Until the mid eighteenth century Western medicine was based on the ancient Greek principle of “four humors”—blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile. Balance among the humors was the key to health; disease was thought to be caused by too much or too little of the fluids. The healing power of hot, cold, dry, and wet preparations, and a variety of plants and herbs, were also highly regarded. When needed, people called on “bone-setters” and surgeons, most of whom had no formal training. People, such as doctor or other health professionals started coming to America in the late colonial period. The very first medical college was opened at the University of Pennsylvania in 1765 and they were looking for licensed physicians. Medical schools were usually established by physicians who wanted to better health in America and raise the medical profession to the high status it enjoyed in Europe and in England. With scientific training, doctors became more authoritative and practiced medicine as small entrepreneurs, charging a fee for their services. In the early 1800s, both in Europe and in the United States, physicians with formal medical training began to stress the idea that germs and social conditions might cause and spread disease, especially in cities. Many municipalities created “dispensaries” that dispensed medicines to the poor and offered free physician services. Epidemics of cholera, diphtheria, tuberculosis, and yellow fever, and concerns about sanitation and hygiene, led many city governments to create departments of health. New advances in studying bacteria were put to practical use as “germ theory” became the accepted cause for illness. It was in the face of epidemics and poor sanitation, government-sponsored public health, and healthcare that private healthcare began to systematically diverge. The starting documents of our nation supports that everyone is entitled to free healthcare. Thomas Jefferson and the members of the rest of the Continental Congress believed that everyone has inalienable rights that no one could take away from. According to the Declaration of Independence, all men have “unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness…” This means that healthcare is an essential component because its needed in order to fulfill the people’s happiness. The people’s happiness cannot be taken away from them because it a God given right; therefore, all Americans are suppose to have the right to face healthcare without paying a dime. Having universal healthcare will rescue many American lives. Without healthcare, people rather stay in their homes with their disease instead of getting a diagnostic test because a doctor checkup could be quite costly. This is called suicide. America is letting its own people get sick enough and take their lives because a doctor’s visit could be expensive. Harvard University researchers found a study in 2009 where citizens that were uninsured had a 40% increased risk of death among the uninsured (Should All Americans Have the Right to Healthcare?, Procon.org). This means that people rather die than pay a ridiculous amount of money simple procedures such as getting an X-ray at a local healthcare clinic. In 2011, a study established that due to a lack of timely and effective health care, the United States ranked at the bottom of a list of 16 rich nations in terms of preventable mortality. In Italy, Spain, France, Australia, Israel, and Norway, all countries with a right to health care, people live two to three years longer than people in the United States.	<urn:uuid:a89df7e1-c2d4-4262-9959-d0092e1ce49f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://indiefestchicago.com/if-thought-to-be-caused-by-too-much-or/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126043644-20200126073644-00456.warc.gz	en	0.981187	924	3.46875	3	[ -0.1238701120018959, 0.17077754437923431, 0.2693648338317871, -0.10726207494735718, -0.14584961533546448, -0.024723775684833527, 0.2079748809337616, 0.5087035894393921, -0.1693652868270874, -0.12000542879104614, 0.15451237559318542, 0.21699652075767517, 0.024541135877370834, 0.160469502210...	3	If someone you love got into a horrific accident and the doctor claims they cannot perform surgery because your significant other does not have health care. In that instant, would you not desire universal health care in order to save your loved one? Health care is the maintenance of health through diagnosis and the treatment of any illness or disease. In general, healthcare is a necessity for the welfare of society because people without health care do not get enough Uninsured people receive less medical care and less timely care, they have worse health outcomes, and lack of insurance is a fiscal burden for them and their families. Moreover, the benefits of enlarging coverage outweigh the costs for added services. Before the 1800s, in the U.S., women were expected to take care of illnesses within the family but if someone got really sick, they went to see a doctor. In early America, medication were both home remedies and doctor prescriptions. Many herbs were were used to heal or help heal illnesses. The practice of childbirth and delivering babies was a common profession for women, since most births took place at home. Until the mid eighteenth century Western medicine was based on the ancient Greek principle of “four humors”—blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile. Balance among the humors was the key to health; disease was thought to be caused by too much or too little of the fluids. The healing power of hot, cold, dry, and wet preparations, and a variety of plants and herbs, were also highly regarded. When needed, people called on “bone-setters” and surgeons, most of whom had no formal training. People, such as doctor or other health professionals started coming to America in the late colonial period. The very first medical college was opened at the University of Pennsylvania in 1765 and they were looking for licensed physicians. Medical schools were usually established by physicians who wanted to better health in America and raise the medical profession to the high status it enjoyed in Europe and in England. With scientific training, doctors became more authoritative and practiced medicine as small entrepreneurs, charging a fee for their services. In the early 1800s, both in Europe and in the United States, physicians with formal medical training began to stress the idea that germs and social conditions might cause and spread disease, especially in cities. Many municipalities created “dispensaries” that dispensed medicines to the poor and offered free physician services. Epidemics of cholera, diphtheria, tuberculosis, and yellow fever, and concerns about sanitation and hygiene, led many city governments to create departments of health. New advances in studying bacteria were put to practical use as “germ theory” became the accepted cause for illness. It was in the face of epidemics and poor sanitation, government-sponsored public health, and healthcare that private healthcare began to systematically diverge. The starting documents of our nation supports that everyone is entitled to free healthcare. Thomas Jefferson and the members of the rest of the Continental Congress believed that everyone has inalienable rights that no one could take away from. According to the Declaration of Independence, all men have “unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness…” This means that healthcare is an essential component because its needed in order to fulfill the people’s happiness. The people’s happiness cannot be taken away from them because it a God given right; therefore, all Americans are suppose to have the right to face healthcare without paying a dime. Having universal healthcare will rescue many American lives. Without healthcare, people rather stay in their homes with their disease instead of getting a diagnostic test because a doctor checkup could be quite costly. This is called suicide. America is letting its own people get sick enough and take their lives because a doctor’s visit could be expensive. Harvard University researchers found a study in 2009 where citizens that were uninsured had a 40% increased risk of death among the uninsured (Should All Americans Have the Right to Healthcare?, Procon.org). This means that people rather die than pay a ridiculous amount of money simple procedures such as getting an X-ray at a local healthcare clinic. In 2011, a study established that due to a lack of timely and effective health care, the United States ranked at the bottom of a list of 16 rich nations in terms of preventable mortality. In Italy, Spain, France, Australia, Israel, and Norway, all countries with a right to health care, people live two to three years longer than people in the United States.	922	ENGLISH	1
Martin Luther King, Jr. once said, ”Freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed.” In American history, there have been many times that people have had to fight for their freedom.To be an American means to have your rights and not be judged. There has been many times that people had to fight for there freedom and demand for it. For example, The American Revolution many people had to fight and demand their freedom. Freedom means you have your rights, you have the freedom of speech, and also have the freedom of religion. Freedom of speech is very important because not everyone in the world has it. Not everyone has freedom of religion. There have been people in the past that were judged by their skin color. For example, immigrants in the documentary wanted to go to Pennsylvania and live a better life, but the people that were living there did not want them. They just wanted them gone, and the immigrants wanted to make a better life for themselves. They wanted to provide for their family. Finally, they started to bond with the immigrants and find out that the immigrants aren't so bad. When one considers freedom and a lack of judgement, it is clear to see with a new day comes new strengths and new thoughts. Thomas Jefferson once said, “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” This is still true today.	<urn:uuid:af5edb5b-b0cd-4167-822c-b4c3b22d1385>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://writingourfuture.nwp.org/americancreed/responses/281-a-new-day	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250624328.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124161014-20200124190014-00493.warc.gz	en	0.990073	322	3.515625	4	[ -0.1427382230758667, 0.3082111179828644, -0.07299315929412842, -0.45333823561668396, -0.27754417061805725, 0.3934170603752136, 0.18303577601909637, 0.0399128720164299, 0.020836537703871727, 0.33079662919044495, 0.11178596317768097, 0.5058217644691467, -0.005647111218422651, -0.043234407901...	11	Martin Luther King, Jr. once said, ”Freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed.” In American history, there have been many times that people have had to fight for their freedom.To be an American means to have your rights and not be judged. There has been many times that people had to fight for there freedom and demand for it. For example, The American Revolution many people had to fight and demand their freedom. Freedom means you have your rights, you have the freedom of speech, and also have the freedom of religion. Freedom of speech is very important because not everyone in the world has it. Not everyone has freedom of religion. There have been people in the past that were judged by their skin color. For example, immigrants in the documentary wanted to go to Pennsylvania and live a better life, but the people that were living there did not want them. They just wanted them gone, and the immigrants wanted to make a better life for themselves. They wanted to provide for their family. Finally, they started to bond with the immigrants and find out that the immigrants aren't so bad. When one considers freedom and a lack of judgement, it is clear to see with a new day comes new strengths and new thoughts. Thomas Jefferson once said, “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” This is still true today.	312	ENGLISH	1
Born in 1706, the youngest son of a candle maker, Benjamin Franklin was an inventor, a statesman, a writer, a printer, and a beloved husband and father. Over 20,000 people attended his funeral. - As a child, Benjamin Franklin lived in a little house on Milk Street in Boston. He had sixteen brothers and sisters! His parents taught him to work hard, learn a trade, and be honest and good. - Benjamin was the youngest son. He was bright, funny, and energetic. One time, he got some pennies as a gift. He ran to the toy shop and bought a whistle. He ran through the house blowing it loudly until his sisters made fun of him for spending money on a worthless toy. After that, Benjamin was very careful with his money. - Benjamin liked to swim in the sea and watch the boats. Once he tied his kite around his waist and went swimming. The kite pulled him along through the water. - He was always inventing things and creating games for his friends. - Benjamin went to school when he was eight. He was very good at reading and writing, but he didn’t like math. He left school to become a candle maker when he was ten, but he hated it. - Instead, he became an apprentice in his brother’s printing shop. James was very strict. Benjamin worked hard and learned quickly. He spent most of the money he earned on books and read them whenever he had a free moment. - Benjamin wanted to be a writer. He started writing letters to a local newspaper, pretending to be a widow woman. The newspaper readers enjoyed the letters, but when James found out, he gave Benjamin a beating. - At seventeen, Benjamin ran away to New York, but could find no work. He went to Philadelphia and found a job with a printer. In Philadelphia, he was no longer the younger brother. People liked and respected him, including the governor of Philadelphia. - Eventually he got his own printing shop. He married Deborah Read, and they had a comfortable, if humble, house. He began printing pamphlets, a newspaper, and a calendar called Poor Richard’s Almanac, which was full of useful advice, wise sayings, and funny puns. - Benjamin started a library and a school, which later became the University of Pennsylvania. He organized a hospital for the poor and a fire department. He became postmaster of Philadelphia, and then of all the American colonies. - Benjamin was constantly thinking about how to make things simpler and more efficient. He invented an iron stove, the Franklin Stove, which was famous in America and Europe. He spent six years studying electricity and invented the first lightning rods. - He was sent to England to talk to the king about taxes. For ten long years, he tried to encourage both sides to find peace. Finally, he returned home, unsuccessful. His wife had died in America and he was old and tired. Fighting had started in America. He, along with several others, worked with Thomas Jefferson to draft the Declaration of Independence. - Then he was sent to France to persuade the French government to help the colonists. The French people loved Benjamin Franklin, and finally agreed to send soldiers, money, and weapons. After nine years, Benjamin Franklin sailed home. Watch a video about Benjamin Franklin. Cite This Page You may cut-and-paste the below MLA and APA citation examples: MLA Style Citation Declan, Tobin. " Facts about Benjamin Franklin during the Revolutionary War ." American History for Kids, Jan 2020. Web. 23 Jan 2020. < https://www.americanhistoryforkids.com/benjamin-franklin/ >. APA Style Citation Tobin, Declan. (2020). Facts about Benjamin Franklin during the Revolutionary War. American History for Kids. Retrieved from https://www.americanhistoryforkids.com/benjamin-franklin/	<urn:uuid:864ba531-5321-4001-87d4-919b0d5b7014>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.americanhistoryforkids.com/benjamin-franklin/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00278.warc.gz	en	0.984814	823	3.296875	3	[ 0.11146838963031769, 0.6577187776565552, 0.15632912516593933, -0.3181988000869751, -0.6217843890190125, 0.13824023306369781, 0.1755898892879486, 0.5827109217643738, -0.6080037355422974, -0.11500897258520126, 0.1580415815114975, 0.5022172927856445, 0.2583293914794922, 0.4587457776069641, ...	1	Born in 1706, the youngest son of a candle maker, Benjamin Franklin was an inventor, a statesman, a writer, a printer, and a beloved husband and father. Over 20,000 people attended his funeral. - As a child, Benjamin Franklin lived in a little house on Milk Street in Boston. He had sixteen brothers and sisters! His parents taught him to work hard, learn a trade, and be honest and good. - Benjamin was the youngest son. He was bright, funny, and energetic. One time, he got some pennies as a gift. He ran to the toy shop and bought a whistle. He ran through the house blowing it loudly until his sisters made fun of him for spending money on a worthless toy. After that, Benjamin was very careful with his money. - Benjamin liked to swim in the sea and watch the boats. Once he tied his kite around his waist and went swimming. The kite pulled him along through the water. - He was always inventing things and creating games for his friends. - Benjamin went to school when he was eight. He was very good at reading and writing, but he didn’t like math. He left school to become a candle maker when he was ten, but he hated it. - Instead, he became an apprentice in his brother’s printing shop. James was very strict. Benjamin worked hard and learned quickly. He spent most of the money he earned on books and read them whenever he had a free moment. - Benjamin wanted to be a writer. He started writing letters to a local newspaper, pretending to be a widow woman. The newspaper readers enjoyed the letters, but when James found out, he gave Benjamin a beating. - At seventeen, Benjamin ran away to New York, but could find no work. He went to Philadelphia and found a job with a printer. In Philadelphia, he was no longer the younger brother. People liked and respected him, including the governor of Philadelphia. - Eventually he got his own printing shop. He married Deborah Read, and they had a comfortable, if humble, house. He began printing pamphlets, a newspaper, and a calendar called Poor Richard’s Almanac, which was full of useful advice, wise sayings, and funny puns. - Benjamin started a library and a school, which later became the University of Pennsylvania. He organized a hospital for the poor and a fire department. He became postmaster of Philadelphia, and then of all the American colonies. - Benjamin was constantly thinking about how to make things simpler and more efficient. He invented an iron stove, the Franklin Stove, which was famous in America and Europe. He spent six years studying electricity and invented the first lightning rods. - He was sent to England to talk to the king about taxes. For ten long years, he tried to encourage both sides to find peace. Finally, he returned home, unsuccessful. His wife had died in America and he was old and tired. Fighting had started in America. He, along with several others, worked with Thomas Jefferson to draft the Declaration of Independence. - Then he was sent to France to persuade the French government to help the colonists. The French people loved Benjamin Franklin, and finally agreed to send soldiers, money, and weapons. After nine years, Benjamin Franklin sailed home. Watch a video about Benjamin Franklin. Cite This Page You may cut-and-paste the below MLA and APA citation examples: MLA Style Citation Declan, Tobin. " Facts about Benjamin Franklin during the Revolutionary War ." American History for Kids, Jan 2020. Web. 23 Jan 2020. < https://www.americanhistoryforkids.com/benjamin-franklin/ >. APA Style Citation Tobin, Declan. (2020). Facts about Benjamin Franklin during the Revolutionary War. American History for Kids. Retrieved from https://www.americanhistoryforkids.com/benjamin-franklin/	814	ENGLISH	1
You must have heard about the Vedas or must have seen old volumes of books in your library. CBSE Notes Class 6 History Chapter 4 – What Books and Burials Tell Us, help you understand the types of Vedas and describe Rigveda in detail. At the end of the chapter, you will also know how burials help us in finding the social differences and lives of the people at that time. There are 4 types of Vedas: - The Rigveda - The Samaveda - The Yajurveda - The Atharvaveda Let’s learn about each of them in detail. It is the oldest Veda and was composed about 3500 years ago. The Rigveda includes more than a thousand hymns, called sukta or “well-said”. These hymns are in praise of various gods and goddesses. Three gods are especially important which are: - The Agni, the god of fire - Indra, a warrior god - Soma, a plant from which a special drink was prepared Most of the hymns were composed, taught and learnt by men. A few were composed by women. The Rigveda is in old or Vedic Sanskrit. The Rigveda was recited and heard rather than read. It was written down several centuries after it was first composed and printed less than 200 years ago. How historians study the Rigveda Some of the hymns in the Rigveda are in the form of dialogues. This is part of one such hymn, a dialogue between a sage named Vishvamitra, and two rivers, (Beas and Sutlej) that were worshipped as goddesses. Cattle, horses and chariots There are many prayers in the Rigveda for cattle, children (especially sons), and horses. - Horses were used in battles. - Battles were fought for land, water, and to capture people and cattle. There was no regular army, but there were assemblies where people met and discussed matters of war and peace. Most men took part in wars and also chose leaders. - Wealth was kept by the leaders, some were given to the priests and the rest was distributed amongst the people. Words to describe people in Rigveda Let us see some of the words used to describe people found in the Rigveda. There are 2 groups who are described in terms of their work – The priests: who were also called brahmins. They used to perform various rituals. The rajas: They did not have capital cities, palaces or armies, nor did they collect taxes. Sons did not automatically succeed fathers as rajas. Two words were used to describe the people or the community as a whole: - One was jana - The other was vish The people who composed the hymns described themselves as Aryas and called their opponents Dasas or Dasyus. The term dasa means slave. Slaves were women and men who were often captured in war. Silent sentinels – the story of the megaliths Big stones are known as megaliths which were arranged by people and were used to mark burial sites. The practice of erecting megaliths began about 3000 years ago and was prevalent throughout the Deccan, south India, in the north-east and Kashmir. All burials have some common features. The dead were buried with distinctive pots, which are called Black and Red Ware. Finding out about social differences Objects are found with the skeleton. So, archaeologists think that these objects may have belonged to the dead person. There were differences in status amongst the people who were buried. Rich people were buried with more gold beads, stone beads, copper bangles etc. Whereas poor people were buried with only a few pots. Were some burial spots meant for certain families? People belonging to the same family were buried in the same place. Stone circles or boulders placed on the surface served as signposts to find the burial site so that people could return to the same place whenever they wanted to. A special burial at Inamgaon It is a site on the river Ghod, a tributary of the Bhima. Here, adults were buried in the ground. They were laid out straight with the head towards the north. Vessels that probably contained food and water were placed with the dead person. Occupations at Inamgaon Archaeologists have found seeds of wheat, barley, rice, pulses, millets, peas and sesame. So, these have been cultivated in agriculture. Cuts in the bones of many animals show that they have been used as food. Fruits such as ber, amla, jamun, dates and a variety of berries were used as fruits. We hope you have found CBSE Notes Class 6 History Chapter 4 helpful for your exam preparation. Keep learning and stay tuned for more updates on CBSE and NCERT.	<urn:uuid:e4e15355-38ab-4fe2-b464-d4641b5447d3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://byjus.com/cbse-notes/class-6-social-science-history-chapter-4-what-books-and-burials-tell-us/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251671078.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125071430-20200125100430-00198.warc.gz	en	0.987813	1,043	3.859375	4	[ 0.09944908320903778, -0.25690528750419617, 0.0515996515750885, -0.08999297022819519, 0.031909115612506866, -0.06925469636917114, 0.12486659735441208, 0.20551662147045135, -0.012777426280081272, -0.15399542450904846, -0.2173043042421341, -0.04048919677734375, -0.5187373161315918, 0.14303572...	2	You must have heard about the Vedas or must have seen old volumes of books in your library. CBSE Notes Class 6 History Chapter 4 – What Books and Burials Tell Us, help you understand the types of Vedas and describe Rigveda in detail. At the end of the chapter, you will also know how burials help us in finding the social differences and lives of the people at that time. There are 4 types of Vedas: - The Rigveda - The Samaveda - The Yajurveda - The Atharvaveda Let’s learn about each of them in detail. It is the oldest Veda and was composed about 3500 years ago. The Rigveda includes more than a thousand hymns, called sukta or “well-said”. These hymns are in praise of various gods and goddesses. Three gods are especially important which are: - The Agni, the god of fire - Indra, a warrior god - Soma, a plant from which a special drink was prepared Most of the hymns were composed, taught and learnt by men. A few were composed by women. The Rigveda is in old or Vedic Sanskrit. The Rigveda was recited and heard rather than read. It was written down several centuries after it was first composed and printed less than 200 years ago. How historians study the Rigveda Some of the hymns in the Rigveda are in the form of dialogues. This is part of one such hymn, a dialogue between a sage named Vishvamitra, and two rivers, (Beas and Sutlej) that were worshipped as goddesses. Cattle, horses and chariots There are many prayers in the Rigveda for cattle, children (especially sons), and horses. - Horses were used in battles. - Battles were fought for land, water, and to capture people and cattle. There was no regular army, but there were assemblies where people met and discussed matters of war and peace. Most men took part in wars and also chose leaders. - Wealth was kept by the leaders, some were given to the priests and the rest was distributed amongst the people. Words to describe people in Rigveda Let us see some of the words used to describe people found in the Rigveda. There are 2 groups who are described in terms of their work – The priests: who were also called brahmins. They used to perform various rituals. The rajas: They did not have capital cities, palaces or armies, nor did they collect taxes. Sons did not automatically succeed fathers as rajas. Two words were used to describe the people or the community as a whole: - One was jana - The other was vish The people who composed the hymns described themselves as Aryas and called their opponents Dasas or Dasyus. The term dasa means slave. Slaves were women and men who were often captured in war. Silent sentinels – the story of the megaliths Big stones are known as megaliths which were arranged by people and were used to mark burial sites. The practice of erecting megaliths began about 3000 years ago and was prevalent throughout the Deccan, south India, in the north-east and Kashmir. All burials have some common features. The dead were buried with distinctive pots, which are called Black and Red Ware. Finding out about social differences Objects are found with the skeleton. So, archaeologists think that these objects may have belonged to the dead person. There were differences in status amongst the people who were buried. Rich people were buried with more gold beads, stone beads, copper bangles etc. Whereas poor people were buried with only a few pots. Were some burial spots meant for certain families? People belonging to the same family were buried in the same place. Stone circles or boulders placed on the surface served as signposts to find the burial site so that people could return to the same place whenever they wanted to. A special burial at Inamgaon It is a site on the river Ghod, a tributary of the Bhima. Here, adults were buried in the ground. They were laid out straight with the head towards the north. Vessels that probably contained food and water were placed with the dead person. Occupations at Inamgaon Archaeologists have found seeds of wheat, barley, rice, pulses, millets, peas and sesame. So, these have been cultivated in agriculture. Cuts in the bones of many animals show that they have been used as food. Fruits such as ber, amla, jamun, dates and a variety of berries were used as fruits. We hope you have found CBSE Notes Class 6 History Chapter 4 helpful for your exam preparation. Keep learning and stay tuned for more updates on CBSE and NCERT.	1,033	ENGLISH	1
Left: A young Susie King Taylor. Middle: Taylor’s school in Savannah. Right: Taylor in 1902. (Library of Congress) Born enslaved in 1848, as a child Susan Ann Baker was allowed to reside with her grandmother Dolly in Savannah. There, with her grandmother sending her to an illegal school for African-Americans, Susie learned how to read and write. Her illegal education process ended with the arrest of her grandmother for singing freedom hymns. Sent back to her mother in Fort Pulaski, the family soon fled to St. Catherines Island for Union protection before being transfered to St. Simons Island. Impressed with her ability to read and write, commanding officers offered her an opportunity to organize a school for the former enslaved. Here, she met Edward King, who like her brother, was a noncommissioned officer in the First South Carolina Volunteers of African Descent. Eventually, the designation of this regiment was changed to 33rd U. S. Colored Troops. In March 1863, the regiment was assigned to the occupation of Jacksonville. This expedition was intended to secure Unionist sentiment in the area and attract escaped enslaved, who could then be recruited as soldiers. Marrying King, she followed this regiment, serving as the country’s first Black Army nurse while also teaching soldiers how to read and write during their off-duty hours despite never being paid for her work. A Georgia Women of Achievement 2018 inductee, Susie eventually published a memoir of her wartime experiences, becoming the only African-American woman to achieve this accomplishment. Within this document, she provides a vivid account of experiencing the city as an African-American fighting for equality and against the confederacy. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, here is a look at her time in Jacksonville. Members of the 33rd U.S. Colored Troops. (Library of Congress) Military Expeditions, And Life In Camp By Susie King Taylor In the latter part of 1862 the regiment made an expedition into Darien, Georgia, and up the Ridge, and on January 23, 1863, another up St. Mary’s River, capturing a number of stores for the government; then on to Fernandina, Florida. They were gone ten or twelve days, at the end of which time they returned to camp. March 10, 1863, we were ordered to Jacksonville, Florida. Leaving Camp Saxton between four and five o’clock, we arrived at Jacksonville about eight o’clock next morning, accompanied by three or four gunboats. When the rebels saw these boats, they ran out of the city, leaving the women behind, and we found out afterwards that they thought we had a much larger fleet than we really had. Our regiment was kept out of sight until we made fast at the wharf where it landed, and while the gunboats were shelling up the river and as far inland as possible, the regiment landed and marched up the street, where they spied the rebels who had fled from the city. They were hiding a house about a mile or so away, their faces blackened to disguise themselves as negroes, and our boys, as they advanced toward them, halted a second, saying, “They are black men! Let them come to us, or we will make them know who we are.” With this, the firing was opened and several of our men were wounded and killed. The rebels had a number wounded and killed. It was through this way the discovery was made that they were white men. Our men drove them some distance in retreat and then threw out their pickets. While the fighting was on, a friend, Lizzie Lancaster, and I stopped at several of the rebel homes, and after talking with some of the women and children we asked them if they had any food. They claimed to have only some hard-tack, and evidently did not care to give us anything to eat, but this was not surprising. They were bitterly against our people and had no mercy or sympathy for us. The second day, our boys were reinforced by a regiment of white soldiers, a Maine regiment and by cavalry, and had quite a fight. On the third day, Edward Herron, who was a fine gunner on the steamer John Adams, came on shore, bringing a small cannon, which the men pulled along for more than five miles. This cannon was the only piece for shelling. On coming upon the enemy, all secured their places, and they had a lively fight, which lasted several hours, and they had a lively fight, which lasted several hours, and our boys were nearly captured by the Confederates; but the Union boys carried out all their plans that day, and succeeded in driving the enemy back. After this skirmish, every afternoon between four and five o’clock the Confederate General Finegan would send a flag of truce to Colonel Higginson, warning him to send all women and children out of the city, and threatening to bombard it if this was not done. Our colonel allowed all to go who wished, at first, but as General Finegan grew more hostile and kept sending these communications for nearly a week, Colonel Higginson thought it not best or necessary to send any more out of the city, and so informed General Finegan. This angered the general, for that night the rebels shelled directly toward Colonel Higginson’s headquarters. The shelling was so heavy that the colonel told my captain to have me taken up into the town to a hotel, which was used as a hospital. As my quarters were just in the rear of the colonel’s, he was compelled to leave his also before the night was over. I expected every moment to be killed by a shell, but on arriving at the hospital I knew I was safe, for the shells could not reach us there. It was plainly to be seen now, the ruse of the flag of truce coming so often to us. The bearer was evidently a spy getting the location of the headquarters, etc., for the shells were sent too accurately to be at random. Next morning Colonel Higginson took the cavalry and a regiment on another tramp after the rebels. They were gone several days and had the hardest fight they had, for they wanted to go as far as a station which was some distance from the city. The gunboats were of little assistance to them, yet notwithstanding this drawback our boys returned with only a few killed and wounded, and after this we were not troubled with General Finegan. l Source: Reminiscences of My Life in Camp with the 33rd United States Colored Troops Late 1st S.C. Volunteers, Susie King Taylor, 1902 Colonel Thomas W. Higginson. (Library of Congress) The regiment would later return to Jacksonville in February 1864 where its designation would officially be changed to 33rd U. S. Colored Troops on February 8th. Following the civil war and the death of King she opened schools in Savannah and Midway, Georgia, moved to Boston and remarried, only returning to the south occasionally. Article by Ennis Davis, AICP. Contact Ennis at email@example.com	<urn:uuid:3c846ee6-5b53-47ee-ad42-fdb21b977fb5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.thejaxsonmag.com/article/susie-taylor-a-usct-story-of-civil-war-jacksonville/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00232.warc.gz	en	0.987275	1,492	3.28125	3	[ -0.13588348031044006, 0.20970162749290466, 0.28068971633911133, -0.44736915826797485, -0.07291185855865479, -0.10414555668830872, -0.16606661677360535, -0.10778307914733887, -0.3594180941581726, 0.1274857521057129, 0.2929241955280304, 0.1910632848739624, -0.11645917594432831, 0.26648926734...	5	Left: A young Susie King Taylor. Middle: Taylor’s school in Savannah. Right: Taylor in 1902. (Library of Congress) Born enslaved in 1848, as a child Susan Ann Baker was allowed to reside with her grandmother Dolly in Savannah. There, with her grandmother sending her to an illegal school for African-Americans, Susie learned how to read and write. Her illegal education process ended with the arrest of her grandmother for singing freedom hymns. Sent back to her mother in Fort Pulaski, the family soon fled to St. Catherines Island for Union protection before being transfered to St. Simons Island. Impressed with her ability to read and write, commanding officers offered her an opportunity to organize a school for the former enslaved. Here, she met Edward King, who like her brother, was a noncommissioned officer in the First South Carolina Volunteers of African Descent. Eventually, the designation of this regiment was changed to 33rd U. S. Colored Troops. In March 1863, the regiment was assigned to the occupation of Jacksonville. This expedition was intended to secure Unionist sentiment in the area and attract escaped enslaved, who could then be recruited as soldiers. Marrying King, she followed this regiment, serving as the country’s first Black Army nurse while also teaching soldiers how to read and write during their off-duty hours despite never being paid for her work. A Georgia Women of Achievement 2018 inductee, Susie eventually published a memoir of her wartime experiences, becoming the only African-American woman to achieve this accomplishment. Within this document, she provides a vivid account of experiencing the city as an African-American fighting for equality and against the confederacy. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, here is a look at her time in Jacksonville. Members of the 33rd U.S. Colored Troops. (Library of Congress) Military Expeditions, And Life In Camp By Susie King Taylor In the latter part of 1862 the regiment made an expedition into Darien, Georgia, and up the Ridge, and on January 23, 1863, another up St. Mary’s River, capturing a number of stores for the government; then on to Fernandina, Florida. They were gone ten or twelve days, at the end of which time they returned to camp. March 10, 1863, we were ordered to Jacksonville, Florida. Leaving Camp Saxton between four and five o’clock, we arrived at Jacksonville about eight o’clock next morning, accompanied by three or four gunboats. When the rebels saw these boats, they ran out of the city, leaving the women behind, and we found out afterwards that they thought we had a much larger fleet than we really had. Our regiment was kept out of sight until we made fast at the wharf where it landed, and while the gunboats were shelling up the river and as far inland as possible, the regiment landed and marched up the street, where they spied the rebels who had fled from the city. They were hiding a house about a mile or so away, their faces blackened to disguise themselves as negroes, and our boys, as they advanced toward them, halted a second, saying, “They are black men! Let them come to us, or we will make them know who we are.” With this, the firing was opened and several of our men were wounded and killed. The rebels had a number wounded and killed. It was through this way the discovery was made that they were white men. Our men drove them some distance in retreat and then threw out their pickets. While the fighting was on, a friend, Lizzie Lancaster, and I stopped at several of the rebel homes, and after talking with some of the women and children we asked them if they had any food. They claimed to have only some hard-tack, and evidently did not care to give us anything to eat, but this was not surprising. They were bitterly against our people and had no mercy or sympathy for us. The second day, our boys were reinforced by a regiment of white soldiers, a Maine regiment and by cavalry, and had quite a fight. On the third day, Edward Herron, who was a fine gunner on the steamer John Adams, came on shore, bringing a small cannon, which the men pulled along for more than five miles. This cannon was the only piece for shelling. On coming upon the enemy, all secured their places, and they had a lively fight, which lasted several hours, and they had a lively fight, which lasted several hours, and our boys were nearly captured by the Confederates; but the Union boys carried out all their plans that day, and succeeded in driving the enemy back. After this skirmish, every afternoon between four and five o’clock the Confederate General Finegan would send a flag of truce to Colonel Higginson, warning him to send all women and children out of the city, and threatening to bombard it if this was not done. Our colonel allowed all to go who wished, at first, but as General Finegan grew more hostile and kept sending these communications for nearly a week, Colonel Higginson thought it not best or necessary to send any more out of the city, and so informed General Finegan. This angered the general, for that night the rebels shelled directly toward Colonel Higginson’s headquarters. The shelling was so heavy that the colonel told my captain to have me taken up into the town to a hotel, which was used as a hospital. As my quarters were just in the rear of the colonel’s, he was compelled to leave his also before the night was over. I expected every moment to be killed by a shell, but on arriving at the hospital I knew I was safe, for the shells could not reach us there. It was plainly to be seen now, the ruse of the flag of truce coming so often to us. The bearer was evidently a spy getting the location of the headquarters, etc., for the shells were sent too accurately to be at random. Next morning Colonel Higginson took the cavalry and a regiment on another tramp after the rebels. They were gone several days and had the hardest fight they had, for they wanted to go as far as a station which was some distance from the city. The gunboats were of little assistance to them, yet notwithstanding this drawback our boys returned with only a few killed and wounded, and after this we were not troubled with General Finegan. l Source: Reminiscences of My Life in Camp with the 33rd United States Colored Troops Late 1st S.C. Volunteers, Susie King Taylor, 1902 Colonel Thomas W. Higginson. (Library of Congress) The regiment would later return to Jacksonville in February 1864 where its designation would officially be changed to 33rd U. S. Colored Troops on February 8th. Following the civil war and the death of King she opened schools in Savannah and Midway, Georgia, moved to Boston and remarried, only returning to the south occasionally. Article by Ennis Davis, AICP. Contact Ennis at email@example.com	1,511	ENGLISH	1
Reflecting on workers and history American history is often neglected in our society. Schools pay less attention to the presidents, legislators, battlefields and important dates that for generations made up our history curriculum. Even in the supposed “good old days,” the actual stories of the men and women who built this country were overlooked. That was – and is – a shame. If we had a better idea of what came before us, we would have a better handle on what we are seeing now. And the story of work – and how it affects everyday lives – would help us see why many conflicts cannot be resolved forever. Consider the cordwainers of Philadelphia. They were shoemakers, men proud of the craft and protective of their livelihood. To make sure they were not deprived of their wages, they went on what we today would call a strike. What is surprising about that? The year was 1794. George Washington was president. Philadelphia was the nation’s capital. And the “White House” was Robert Morris’ marble-and-brick mansion on Market Street. These strikes, or turnouts, as the cordwainers called them, continued until 1806 when a group of them were put on trial and charged with a conspiracy to raise their wages. Among their defense lawyers was Caesar A. Rodney, nephew of Delaware’s signer of the Declaration of Independence. The cordwainers were found guilty. They were fined $8 each, about a week’s wages, plus court costs. So began the battle between capital and labor. The cordwainers were demanding to be paid the same wages as cordwainers in New York and Baltimore. Sound familiar? People, whether rich or poor, high society or low, want to improve their lot, to make life better for themselves and their families. Throughout our history, there have been battles (legal and lethal) over issues like wages, work rules and children’s labor. American labor unions and reformers fought for generations to protect children from the horrors of unsafe conditions in mines and factories. Fears about safety were and are real. Consider the Triangle Shirtwaist fire in 1911 or gunpowder explosions at Hagley Mills or any number of coalmine catastrophes. Today, the fires and explosions tend to happen more often in other countries, the places where many industrial jobs were moved. Labor Day is a holiday. It recognizes what the working men and women did to build this country. It was organized and promoted by the union workers who made factories, mines and mills safer. It is worth studying their history. Ken Burns, the film documentarian from Newark, said that his series on baseball reflected the great conflicts in American society, race, labor and business. The story of American labor and the working men and women reflects that also. It is a story of courage and cowardice, peace and violence, loyalty and treachery, saints and scoundrels – on all sides. Today, therefore, is not just a day for a picnic. It is a day for American history. Look for the heroes and the villains. After all, they made this country.	<urn:uuid:7529daac-c248-476b-b568-a6f68bbc473f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.delawareonline.com/story/opinion/editorials/2015/09/06/day-reflect-workers-history/71727380/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00271.warc.gz	en	0.982949	649	3.265625	3	[ -0.33061981201171875, 0.5497962832450867, 0.17003580927848816, 0.4049331247806549, -0.07302850484848022, 0.24218688905239105, 0.15409517288208008, 0.15473127365112305, -0.1428758203983307, 0.04674770310521126, 0.27605411410331726, 0.4177727699279785, -0.08873787522315979, 0.291286200284957...	1	Reflecting on workers and history American history is often neglected in our society. Schools pay less attention to the presidents, legislators, battlefields and important dates that for generations made up our history curriculum. Even in the supposed “good old days,” the actual stories of the men and women who built this country were overlooked. That was – and is – a shame. If we had a better idea of what came before us, we would have a better handle on what we are seeing now. And the story of work – and how it affects everyday lives – would help us see why many conflicts cannot be resolved forever. Consider the cordwainers of Philadelphia. They were shoemakers, men proud of the craft and protective of their livelihood. To make sure they were not deprived of their wages, they went on what we today would call a strike. What is surprising about that? The year was 1794. George Washington was president. Philadelphia was the nation’s capital. And the “White House” was Robert Morris’ marble-and-brick mansion on Market Street. These strikes, or turnouts, as the cordwainers called them, continued until 1806 when a group of them were put on trial and charged with a conspiracy to raise their wages. Among their defense lawyers was Caesar A. Rodney, nephew of Delaware’s signer of the Declaration of Independence. The cordwainers were found guilty. They were fined $8 each, about a week’s wages, plus court costs. So began the battle between capital and labor. The cordwainers were demanding to be paid the same wages as cordwainers in New York and Baltimore. Sound familiar? People, whether rich or poor, high society or low, want to improve their lot, to make life better for themselves and their families. Throughout our history, there have been battles (legal and lethal) over issues like wages, work rules and children’s labor. American labor unions and reformers fought for generations to protect children from the horrors of unsafe conditions in mines and factories. Fears about safety were and are real. Consider the Triangle Shirtwaist fire in 1911 or gunpowder explosions at Hagley Mills or any number of coalmine catastrophes. Today, the fires and explosions tend to happen more often in other countries, the places where many industrial jobs were moved. Labor Day is a holiday. It recognizes what the working men and women did to build this country. It was organized and promoted by the union workers who made factories, mines and mills safer. It is worth studying their history. Ken Burns, the film documentarian from Newark, said that his series on baseball reflected the great conflicts in American society, race, labor and business. The story of American labor and the working men and women reflects that also. It is a story of courage and cowardice, peace and violence, loyalty and treachery, saints and scoundrels – on all sides. Today, therefore, is not just a day for a picnic. It is a day for American history. Look for the heroes and the villains. After all, they made this country.	635	ENGLISH	1
There are plenty of reasons why women wear high heels today — to dress up an outfit or lengthen one's silhouette, for example — but centuries ago, the shoes served a much different purpose. High heels weren't even originally invented for women. (Surprise!) Elizabeth Semmelhack, senior curator of the Bata Shoe Museum in Toronto, traces their history to Persian men in the 10th century, who wore heels while on horseback so their feet would fit better in the stirrups. This trend that was then adopted by Europeans at the turn of the 17th century. "There is a long history of men wearing heels for equestrian purposes," Semmelhack, author of "Standing Tall: The Curious History of Men in Heels," tells TODAY Style. "As we know, cowboys wear heels." The high heel was originally about function, not fashion, during times of war, she says. "The heel was an additional tool allowing the rider to steady himself, thus using weaponry better and transforming warfare," Semmelhack adds. Stuff We Love But soon after, women embraced the look — just like boyfriend jeans and button-up shirts, right? — and by the 18th century, high-heeled shoes were largely considered women's footwear. They slowly began to take the shape we know now, with a thinner heel and pointed toe. But the point of wearing heels was hardly to look good in a miniskirt. Women of the 1700s wore high heels to make their feet look smaller, Semmelhack explains. "As beauty ideals shifted, one of the principles that emerged was that beautiful women had very tiny feet," she says. "(The high heel) hid the majority of a woman's foot under her skirt, so she could just present the tiny part of the shoe, the toes, from under the skirt. "People say all the time that women wear heels because it elongates their legs or makes them taller or thinner, but that use of the high heel is very recent," Semmelhack continues. "Early on, it had nothing to do with lengthening the leg, because legs were hidden under skirts, so no one cared! It was about presenting a small foot." At the time, heels were mostly made of wood, so they could only be made so thin. It wasn't until the 1950s that shoemakers started to use steel for high heels, meaning they could be thinner and still support a woman's body weight. "That was when the stiletto was born, when you got those remarkably thin, needle-like high heels," Semmelhack says. "Prior to that, it was just a dream." Of course, any self-respecting shoe lover knows that's hardly the end of the story. Heels have continued to evolve, from platforms to wedges to armadillo boots and beyond. Who knew shoes were so complex, right? But at least the next time someone tells you that your pumps aren't practical, you can retort back: "Well, they used to be."	<urn:uuid:4ac964a8-c706-4208-8b32-a784996602a8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.today.com/style/surprisingly-functional-reason-high-heels-were-invented-t100969	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672440.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125101544-20200125130544-00391.warc.gz	en	0.982131	634	3.28125	3	[ -0.5403071045875549, 0.36599627137184143, 0.5283621549606323, 0.2923736572265625, -0.2744128108024597, 0.05831599980592728, -0.044772837311029434, 0.4521462321281433, -0.14672495424747467, -0.07556924968957901, 0.3121125400066376, -0.07471118867397308, 0.06571589410305023, 0.19116157293319...	1	There are plenty of reasons why women wear high heels today — to dress up an outfit or lengthen one's silhouette, for example — but centuries ago, the shoes served a much different purpose. High heels weren't even originally invented for women. (Surprise!) Elizabeth Semmelhack, senior curator of the Bata Shoe Museum in Toronto, traces their history to Persian men in the 10th century, who wore heels while on horseback so their feet would fit better in the stirrups. This trend that was then adopted by Europeans at the turn of the 17th century. "There is a long history of men wearing heels for equestrian purposes," Semmelhack, author of "Standing Tall: The Curious History of Men in Heels," tells TODAY Style. "As we know, cowboys wear heels." The high heel was originally about function, not fashion, during times of war, she says. "The heel was an additional tool allowing the rider to steady himself, thus using weaponry better and transforming warfare," Semmelhack adds. Stuff We Love But soon after, women embraced the look — just like boyfriend jeans and button-up shirts, right? — and by the 18th century, high-heeled shoes were largely considered women's footwear. They slowly began to take the shape we know now, with a thinner heel and pointed toe. But the point of wearing heels was hardly to look good in a miniskirt. Women of the 1700s wore high heels to make their feet look smaller, Semmelhack explains. "As beauty ideals shifted, one of the principles that emerged was that beautiful women had very tiny feet," she says. "(The high heel) hid the majority of a woman's foot under her skirt, so she could just present the tiny part of the shoe, the toes, from under the skirt. "People say all the time that women wear heels because it elongates their legs or makes them taller or thinner, but that use of the high heel is very recent," Semmelhack continues. "Early on, it had nothing to do with lengthening the leg, because legs were hidden under skirts, so no one cared! It was about presenting a small foot." At the time, heels were mostly made of wood, so they could only be made so thin. It wasn't until the 1950s that shoemakers started to use steel for high heels, meaning they could be thinner and still support a woman's body weight. "That was when the stiletto was born, when you got those remarkably thin, needle-like high heels," Semmelhack says. "Prior to that, it was just a dream." Of course, any self-respecting shoe lover knows that's hardly the end of the story. Heels have continued to evolve, from platforms to wedges to armadillo boots and beyond. Who knew shoes were so complex, right? But at least the next time someone tells you that your pumps aren't practical, you can retort back: "Well, they used to be."	626	ENGLISH	1
How has Anne Bronte used Helen Graham as a character to illustrate gender inequality in The Tenant of Wildfell Hall? Although this novel is unique in Victorian fiction because of its feminist themes, it nevertheless illustrates the gender inequalities of Victorian England while at the same time, rejecting those inequalities. Helen (Mrs. Graham) does many things in this novel that a nice Victorian woman would never do – argue with her husband, slam the bedroom door in her husband’s face, hatch a secret plan to leave her husband, plan to support herself, etc. While she was a scandalous example of a Victorian woman, rebelling against the role that her society had assigned to her, she was still trapped in a society in which women were relegated to second-class (or less) citizens, good for having babies and catering to their husbands. Helen starts out as a typical Victorian woman. She falls in love with a scoundrel and womanizer, but marries him in spite of her Aunt’s advice to the contrary, believing she can reform him. She puts up with her husband Arthur’s womanizing for quite some time, however. He leaves her to go to London for months at a time, and she is left at home to entertain herself. Even after she gives birth to a son, he continues in his wild ways. She is expected to remain at home and be the dutiful wife while he carries on to such an extent that he becomes ill from so much drinking and carousing. When Helen catches Arthur in the act of kissing her friend Annabella, she must still ask for his permission to leave him with her son, and he refuses. They are estranged, but they continue to live together because Helen has no means to... (The entire section contains 546 words.) check Approved by eNotes Editorial	<urn:uuid:2f5ea671-692c-4ede-a811-869078e1014c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-has-anne-bronte-used-helen-graham-character-185509?en_action=hh-question_click&en_label=hh-sidebar&en_category=internal_campaign	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690095.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126165718-20200126195718-00019.warc.gz	en	0.985825	375	3.34375	3	[ 0.26694929599761963, -0.1380147486925125, 0.24976427853107452, 0.20777294039726257, -0.30680882930755615, 0.1801830232143402, 0.09266318380832672, -0.007740205619484186, 0.08037000149488449, 0.02736779674887657, -0.1089429184794426, -0.33213260769844055, 0.10483217239379883, 0.018208062276...	2	How has Anne Bronte used Helen Graham as a character to illustrate gender inequality in The Tenant of Wildfell Hall? Although this novel is unique in Victorian fiction because of its feminist themes, it nevertheless illustrates the gender inequalities of Victorian England while at the same time, rejecting those inequalities. Helen (Mrs. Graham) does many things in this novel that a nice Victorian woman would never do – argue with her husband, slam the bedroom door in her husband’s face, hatch a secret plan to leave her husband, plan to support herself, etc. While she was a scandalous example of a Victorian woman, rebelling against the role that her society had assigned to her, she was still trapped in a society in which women were relegated to second-class (or less) citizens, good for having babies and catering to their husbands. Helen starts out as a typical Victorian woman. She falls in love with a scoundrel and womanizer, but marries him in spite of her Aunt’s advice to the contrary, believing she can reform him. She puts up with her husband Arthur’s womanizing for quite some time, however. He leaves her to go to London for months at a time, and she is left at home to entertain herself. Even after she gives birth to a son, he continues in his wild ways. She is expected to remain at home and be the dutiful wife while he carries on to such an extent that he becomes ill from so much drinking and carousing. When Helen catches Arthur in the act of kissing her friend Annabella, she must still ask for his permission to leave him with her son, and he refuses. They are estranged, but they continue to live together because Helen has no means to... (The entire section contains 546 words.) check Approved by eNotes Editorial	363	ENGLISH	1
The musical instruments played in the middle ages were unusual, varied, and used in a multitude of contexts. The idea of what was standard didn’t really exist, but there were classes of instruments such as keyboards, winds (which were blown), plucked (like a harp), bowed (like a violin), or percussion (like a drum). Instruments were also grouped by volume… as in “loud” or “soft.” The music that was performed was either vocal, dance, or anything in between. Pipe and Tabor One instrument that was both wind and percussion was the pipe and tabor, which has been around since at least the Middle Ages though hasn’t changed much in the ensuing centuries. Imagine the way a pipe and tabor is played: the performer often holds one end of a recorder-like instrument with his left hand while blowing into the other end. Around his left wrist is a leather strap from which hangs a small drum about the size of a tambourine. With his right hand, he beats the drum in time with the music. Sometimes beats with the music in a straightforward way, and, in others, he gets kind of funky. Slightly pear-shaped and resembling a violin, the medieval vielle was on the shoulder and resting on the legs like a small viola da gamba. It was a very expressive instrument used in accompanying the voice or even performing arrangements of vocal music. One of its ideal partners was the harp, another instrument widely played medieval Europe. The vielle was played in all parts of society… from peasants to the nobility. It was played at home, at court, as well as dances and parties. The organetto of the 14th and 15th centuries was no different than the organ except that it was smaller… much smaller. It was portable and was carried by a strap over the shoulder. It could sit quite easily on a table top or on one’s lap. The right hand pressed the keys while the left pumped the bellows. The organetto was heard alone or with other instruments such as percussion. Today, the recorder is associated with schoolchildren all over the world who are introduced to the fundamentals of music by playing melodies on it. Yet, the recorder has been around since the 13th Century when it was used to play vocal and dance music of all varieties (its use as teaching tool came much, much later). Professional musicians normally had a main instrument and played the recorder on the side (sometimes in a consort). Here's a video of the duo Per Far Lieto performing the anonymous song "Per non far lieto":	<urn:uuid:703e775a-177a-45b3-9c8e-be9e197344f2>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://indianapublicmedia.org/harmonia/medieval-instruments.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251678287.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125161753-20200125190753-00046.warc.gz	en	0.986605	551	3.96875	4	[ 0.07326286286115646, 0.05404704064130783, 0.46421802043914795, -0.6785003542900085, -0.3940228819847107, 0.06709393858909607, 0.06565764546394348, 0.11463639885187149, 0.312938392162323, -0.16942082345485687, 0.048152074217796326, 0.21067292988300323, 0.08825625479221344, 0.267975360155105...	1	The musical instruments played in the middle ages were unusual, varied, and used in a multitude of contexts. The idea of what was standard didn’t really exist, but there were classes of instruments such as keyboards, winds (which were blown), plucked (like a harp), bowed (like a violin), or percussion (like a drum). Instruments were also grouped by volume… as in “loud” or “soft.” The music that was performed was either vocal, dance, or anything in between. Pipe and Tabor One instrument that was both wind and percussion was the pipe and tabor, which has been around since at least the Middle Ages though hasn’t changed much in the ensuing centuries. Imagine the way a pipe and tabor is played: the performer often holds one end of a recorder-like instrument with his left hand while blowing into the other end. Around his left wrist is a leather strap from which hangs a small drum about the size of a tambourine. With his right hand, he beats the drum in time with the music. Sometimes beats with the music in a straightforward way, and, in others, he gets kind of funky. Slightly pear-shaped and resembling a violin, the medieval vielle was on the shoulder and resting on the legs like a small viola da gamba. It was a very expressive instrument used in accompanying the voice or even performing arrangements of vocal music. One of its ideal partners was the harp, another instrument widely played medieval Europe. The vielle was played in all parts of society… from peasants to the nobility. It was played at home, at court, as well as dances and parties. The organetto of the 14th and 15th centuries was no different than the organ except that it was smaller… much smaller. It was portable and was carried by a strap over the shoulder. It could sit quite easily on a table top or on one’s lap. The right hand pressed the keys while the left pumped the bellows. The organetto was heard alone or with other instruments such as percussion. Today, the recorder is associated with schoolchildren all over the world who are introduced to the fundamentals of music by playing melodies on it. Yet, the recorder has been around since the 13th Century when it was used to play vocal and dance music of all varieties (its use as teaching tool came much, much later). Professional musicians normally had a main instrument and played the recorder on the side (sometimes in a consort). Here's a video of the duo Per Far Lieto performing the anonymous song "Per non far lieto":	529	ENGLISH	1
The Whig Party was formed in mid-1834. Its founders were averse to Andrew Jackson’s policies. Notably, they formed the party following the “Good Feelings” era. During the era, the upper-class founders felt threatened by Jackson’s closing down of the BUS (Bank of the United States). They took the BUS as favorable to their desire to utilize government authority to put together a dependable fiscal system and improve the union’s infrastructure. The planters in the South were supported by industrialists and bankers in the North in campaigning for the assumption of these roles by the government. Even then, that agenda failed to get sufficient political traction. That was because of the then growing democratic ideals and politics. The agenda only gained the traction when the Whigs brought to their side generals who were highly regarded for their exploits in wars. Such generals included Zachary Taylor along with William Harrison. However, the slavery question became a more and more significant political issue across the union. For much of the 1850s the issue split that party (Anderson, 1983). Northern Conscience Whigs were in support of slavery’s eradication. They fought against the spread of slavery into additional territories. The southern Cotton Whigs opposed the eradication. The party performed dismally in 1852, which saw the Cotton Whigs turn into Democrats and the Conscience Whigs into Republicans. The Republicans increased in their numbers rather fast since their party easily brought the two sets of former Whigs into its fold, particularly between 1855 and 1860. Order Unique Answer Now	<urn:uuid:389823fc-1603-4a77-bf93-6aee39be540a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://uniquewritersbay.com/blog/rise-decline-whig-party/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00456.warc.gz	en	0.981137	322	4.125	4	[ -0.4384573698043823, -0.27932530641555786, 0.3079819977283478, -0.24509720504283905, -0.39995917677879333, 0.4576508700847626, -0.1202046275138855, -0.15420755743980408, -0.43991905450820923, 0.20620712637901306, 0.3984597623348236, 0.45038115978240967, 0.16424353420734406, 0.1406344771385...	1	The Whig Party was formed in mid-1834. Its founders were averse to Andrew Jackson’s policies. Notably, they formed the party following the “Good Feelings” era. During the era, the upper-class founders felt threatened by Jackson’s closing down of the BUS (Bank of the United States). They took the BUS as favorable to their desire to utilize government authority to put together a dependable fiscal system and improve the union’s infrastructure. The planters in the South were supported by industrialists and bankers in the North in campaigning for the assumption of these roles by the government. Even then, that agenda failed to get sufficient political traction. That was because of the then growing democratic ideals and politics. The agenda only gained the traction when the Whigs brought to their side generals who were highly regarded for their exploits in wars. Such generals included Zachary Taylor along with William Harrison. However, the slavery question became a more and more significant political issue across the union. For much of the 1850s the issue split that party (Anderson, 1983). Northern Conscience Whigs were in support of slavery’s eradication. They fought against the spread of slavery into additional territories. The southern Cotton Whigs opposed the eradication. The party performed dismally in 1852, which saw the Cotton Whigs turn into Democrats and the Conscience Whigs into Republicans. The Republicans increased in their numbers rather fast since their party easily brought the two sets of former Whigs into its fold, particularly between 1855 and 1860. Order Unique Answer Now	330	ENGLISH	1
Argentina - Tehuelche peoples At the museum inside the National Park Centre Glacier, located in the center of El Calafate, where are exposed photographs taken between the late 1800s and early 1900s where vine represented life and the characters of a population indigenous of Patagonia, the Tehuelche. The Patagonians, as they were called by Magellan, or Tehuelche as they called them Jesuit missionaries, populated the low Patagonia to Tierra del Fuego. Hunters semistanziali working with stone, as in the European Neolithic, produced pottery vessels, knew the metal but did not know how to work it. Divided into two main groups, those who occupied the area north and those who occupied the southernmost part, they lived mainly by hunting and moved following the seasonal migrations of animals. Typically they hunted guanacos in spring, hampered by pregnant females, while in summer they chased rheas. The introduction of the horse after 1670, favored a change in many ways, including the cultural one. Now the hunt was done on horseback chasing the prey so that it can catch with the bola, two or three stone balls tied together by long wires made from guanaco skin, bola, which was thrown to the birds' feet in the running to immobilize them. The typical house (the toldo) was shaped screen and consisted of two or three files degrading poles on which were supported guanaco skins sewn together. Each tribe consisted of several hundred people, and led by a chief called cacique. Each tribe owned a hunting ground that was defended firmly, often a cause of wars between neighboring tribes. The men were in charge of hunting, horses and war, women were dedicated to transporting water and firewood, food preparation, sewing and dyeing of hides and growth of offspring. Santa Cruz 1883 The quiet community of Okeke taken prisoner by the army for Argentine territorial issues	<urn:uuid:849bd6b7-0083-4d6d-aeb7-a839a8d43ffb>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.alisei.net/argentina-museo-en.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00178.warc.gz	en	0.982578	406	3.453125	3	[ -0.016978999599814415, 0.6296332478523254, 0.34960898756980896, 0.11078643798828125, 0.2133767008781433, -0.3329532742500305, 0.07223065942525864, 0.13727343082427979, -0.40892353653907776, -0.1778823286294937, 0.1674860119819641, -0.6967105269432068, 0.08694936335086823, 0.349563062191009...	2	Argentina - Tehuelche peoples At the museum inside the National Park Centre Glacier, located in the center of El Calafate, where are exposed photographs taken between the late 1800s and early 1900s where vine represented life and the characters of a population indigenous of Patagonia, the Tehuelche. The Patagonians, as they were called by Magellan, or Tehuelche as they called them Jesuit missionaries, populated the low Patagonia to Tierra del Fuego. Hunters semistanziali working with stone, as in the European Neolithic, produced pottery vessels, knew the metal but did not know how to work it. Divided into two main groups, those who occupied the area north and those who occupied the southernmost part, they lived mainly by hunting and moved following the seasonal migrations of animals. Typically they hunted guanacos in spring, hampered by pregnant females, while in summer they chased rheas. The introduction of the horse after 1670, favored a change in many ways, including the cultural one. Now the hunt was done on horseback chasing the prey so that it can catch with the bola, two or three stone balls tied together by long wires made from guanaco skin, bola, which was thrown to the birds' feet in the running to immobilize them. The typical house (the toldo) was shaped screen and consisted of two or three files degrading poles on which were supported guanaco skins sewn together. Each tribe consisted of several hundred people, and led by a chief called cacique. Each tribe owned a hunting ground that was defended firmly, often a cause of wars between neighboring tribes. The men were in charge of hunting, horses and war, women were dedicated to transporting water and firewood, food preparation, sewing and dyeing of hides and growth of offspring. Santa Cruz 1883 The quiet community of Okeke taken prisoner by the army for Argentine territorial issues	408	ENGLISH	1
No other country- not even China or India had such a long history as Ancient Egypt. For nearly, 3,000 years before the birth of Jesus, the Egyptians had already a high developed civilization. The Egyptians lived in an orderly government; they built great stone structures; most of important of all they established an acquired religion. For the Egyptians there was no break between their religious beliefs and their daily life. Even their culture would all lie at the bottom compared to their religious beliefs. For an example, Egyptian art was never reflected as a representation; however, it was a sense of symbolic pictures that spoke of the life of the gods and the hope of eternity to come. This desire for the renewal of life, and the creative urge to ensure it by ritual and symbolism existed in Egypt from the earliest times of the Neolithic Era. Archaeologist were able to uncover clay figurines of Osiris laced with sprouting corn. As the corn grew the model would open, as an image of life-in- death. Archaeologist were also able to find that their people also liked to keep the dead close to them. The Egyptians soon came to believe deeply that the good administration of the dead, just like the management of the Niles water could lead to an everlasting life. Many think of the Ancient Egyptians as a morbid, death-obsessed people. We think of this because all of what we have uncovered is mummies, tombs, and graves. However, we know more about the Egyptians in death than what we know about their lives. Since, the earliest times the Egyptians were very passionately concerned with the continued existence of their loved ones and their souls. The idea that Osiris had passes through death and risen into a new life was deeply rooted in the Egyptian consciousness that Osiris had to struggle against the forces of evil. So did the human soul now following him to gain eternity. By 2,500 BCE, helpful instructions, known as the pyramid texts were carved or painted on tomb walls to help the soul act in the various trials of it journey in the Netherworld (also referred to as the Under World). A thousand years later, in the New Kingdom, these instructions had been formalized into The Coming into Day, or The Egyptian Book of the Dead. This magical text for the underworld journey was a set of spells, incantations, and mummification techniques designed to help the dead person resurrect into a glorious afterlife in heaven, or The Hall of the Two Truths. These mystical texts are from the New Kingdom. The similar ones that were found in the pyramids from the Old Kingdom, and the coffins were from the Middle Kingdom. One can imagine these text by thinking about how church rituals are run. One goes to church, and the rituals are holy texts that come from a book known as the bible or genesis. In Ancient Egypt, these burial rituals are not read from a book. At first, they are read directly off of the wall in inner chambers of a pyramid; later they were read directly off sides of the coffins. The Coming into Day, which was from the New Kingdom, was read off of papyrus sheets, much as religious rituals are today as they are read out of books. The Book of the Dead was to be relatively cheap to purchase. As an Egyptian that had more riches in the New Kingdom, one would be able to buy a copy that would have blanks where the names go. A scribe would be hired to insert the name in all those blank spots. In the text, the blank spots were the name of the deceased. The letter N indicates it. If there were no name to be put in it they would refer to the Dead person as N. Wealthy Egyptians had a personalized version prepared before their death so many versions have been discovered. One of the most famous one was created for Ani, a Royal Scribe, who lived during the nineteenth dynasty, and died in 1250 BC. If one were to die or a loved one dies, one would be buried with the papyrus scroll. As a result, a few of these texts survived. In the book the body was represented as the Ka. The Ka was the spiritual body that everyone had, which was the mirror image of the physical body. When a person died it was the Ka, which lived on in the underworld. The Ka was not trapped inside a material body but lived symbiotically with it. This was why it was so vital to preserve the bodies of those who were believed to be living in the future world. In many of the great Egyptian tombs, spare heads and hearts were buried with the mummified body in case the mummy should be damaged. Many of the spells in the book for the dead are for protecting the physical body so that the Ka body could live free and happy in the Underworld. One of the most well renowned parts in the book of the dead is the Hall of Maat, which is first introduced in the book. The Hall of Matt is where the judgement of the dead was preformed. The goddess Matt stands for truth, justice, morality and balance. The symbol that was used to shows ones innocence was the heart. The Egyptians believed the heart was one of the most sacred parts of the body. In the Book of the Dead, it was the heart that was weighed against the feather of Maat to see if an individual was worthy of joining Osiris in the afterlife. In the book Anubis, the Jackal god of embalming leads N to the scales of Maat to be weighed. Anubis then weighs the heart against the feather to see if it is worthy. As, Thoth, the god of wisdom is right next to the scale recording the results. If passing this test one will be brought by Horus to meet Osiris, the king of the dead. To claim the purity and the principles of a sinless life is known as The Declaration of Innocence. Here during the Declarations of Independence, N (the deceased one) must claim his innocence. Much of this declaration was based on causing human suffrage and about taking care of everything that surrounds them. Many of these ethical laws pertain to the work social and personal goals according to Truth. It was important for N to declare innocence because nothing evil shall happen to go against N because N has proven innocence. After the declaration of innocence it was vital for N to know the name of the Gods. It was important for the deceased to know these names because the Gods lived on Truth. Hail to you, O you who are in the Hall of Justice who have no lies in your bodies, who live on truth and gulp down truth in the presence of Horus who is in his disc. Since the Gods lived on Truth it was up to the Gods to save and protect the soul of the deceased. That was the start of the introductory hymns to the Gods, which took up the first few chapters. One in particular is the Re, the Sun God. The ancient Egyptians considered Re as the creator of people. That is conceivably why Re is the first God mentioned in the Book of the Dead. Another God in the first few chapters is Osiris. Osiris is the god of death and re-birth, underworld and earth. Primarily in the first few chapters are hymns and praises to Gods. The beginning of the book is a transition to what I feel is the most important part, the afterlife rituals. Starting at chapters twenty-one and twenty-two, the giving to obtain an afterlife begins. One that stuck out to me was chapter two. This chapter is for out into the day and living after. O you Sole One who shine in the moon, O you Sole One who glow in the sun, may Ani go forth from among those multitudes of yours who are outside, may those who in the sunshine release him This section from the chapter means that the Sole One, you; is being freed into the daylight. An additional chapter that was very interesting was chapter seventy-four. This chapter talked about being swift-footed when going out from the earth. Part of the chapter reads, I shine in the sky, I ascend to the sky. This means to me that your passage to afterlife should be buoyant and easy. Many of the chapters were alike to one another in the middle of the book; however, each had a very distinct difference from one another. The book it seems to refer to how to obtain an afterlife. That starts out with the process of giving a mouth, magic, heart, or etc for Ani begins. One part of the body that is given is the mouth. The mouth would be open by Ptah, who was the human god the creator of Memphis would open the mouth. This part was fairly important in the book because N would be able to speak in the presence of the Gods. By this it also protects N. As for any magic spell of any words which may be uttered against me, the gods will rise up against it, even the entire Ennead. Another section of the book that was fascination was the chapters about transformation. These began and lasted from chapters seventy to eighty. One of the main chapters in the section was the transformation from human to a divine falcon. In the chapter it indeed depicts the actual transformation from the entry to the passage out. In this chapter there was also a real dialogue between character, which I found to be odd considering it was only the second dialogue was used besides the beginning of the book. The falcon must be one of the most important creatures in ancient Egypt because of its mention if the Book of the Dead and its use in the Egyptian writing, hieroglyphics. Another transformation is from human to crocodile. That is very interesting because there is also a transformation into a swallow. The connection between both is somewhat odd because a crocodile is supposed to evil and a swallow is a symbol of innocence. Those transformations are quite the opposite. The chapters were very interesting on the transformations because it was uncanny to see what the Egyptians thought of some of the animals and birds. My favorite chapter of the whole book was the Hall of the Two Truths. The Hall of Two Truths is where a persons would and actions from their life get weighed. If the balance is even between good and evil, the soul is sent to an afterlife. If the evil side over weighs the good side, then the person is sent to a bad place. The person must actually ask, Do you know the names of the upper and lower portions of the doors? This I think means have you weighed my good and evil. Then the person says, Lord of Truth, Master of his Two Legs is the name of the upper portion; Lord of Strength, the One who commands the Cattle is the name of the Lower. These I think means did my good outweigh my evil. This chapter was the most interesting to me because it really described what happens at the hall of the Two Truths. The lives of the ancient Egyptians were based upon religious gods and texts. The Egyptian Book of the Dead was perhaps the most important written record of the importance. It was essentially a book of praises and hymns to the Egyptian Gods. This book was one of the many ways to enter a complete afterlife. The Egyptian society heavily believed and based their lives on the Book of the Dead is on it phrases and hymns to the ancient Egyptian Gods and afterlife passage. The rest of the book just ends with what it started out with, which were eulogistic praises to the Gods. Reading the Book of the Dead made me think more about how religious the Egyptians truly were. I think the Book of the Dead was in fact the key of their whole culture. If they hadnt believed so strongly in something their purpose of living might have ceased to exist because afterlife is what made them go on with their lives and essentially the Book of the Dead was the passage to their blissful afterlife. The Egyptians probably had one of the most influential civilizations in all of history and the Book of the Dead was one of the key elements that made Egyptians have such a strong era.	<urn:uuid:b6c6c6f6-fd92-4909-877b-53d65bc6862a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://studyboss.com/topic/ancient-egypt	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592636.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118135205-20200118163205-00448.warc.gz	en	0.984649	2,465	3.28125	3	[ -0.36180955171585083, 0.7034436464309692, 0.235917866230011, 0.032792769372463226, -0.5723252296447754, 0.20461547374725342, 0.19005940854549408, -0.16705526411533356, 0.09440617263317108, -0.03230564296245575, 0.16822785139083862, -0.34738409519195557, -0.036318667232990265, 0.19095595180...	1	No other country- not even China or India had such a long history as Ancient Egypt. For nearly, 3,000 years before the birth of Jesus, the Egyptians had already a high developed civilization. The Egyptians lived in an orderly government; they built great stone structures; most of important of all they established an acquired religion. For the Egyptians there was no break between their religious beliefs and their daily life. Even their culture would all lie at the bottom compared to their religious beliefs. For an example, Egyptian art was never reflected as a representation; however, it was a sense of symbolic pictures that spoke of the life of the gods and the hope of eternity to come. This desire for the renewal of life, and the creative urge to ensure it by ritual and symbolism existed in Egypt from the earliest times of the Neolithic Era. Archaeologist were able to uncover clay figurines of Osiris laced with sprouting corn. As the corn grew the model would open, as an image of life-in- death. Archaeologist were also able to find that their people also liked to keep the dead close to them. The Egyptians soon came to believe deeply that the good administration of the dead, just like the management of the Niles water could lead to an everlasting life. Many think of the Ancient Egyptians as a morbid, death-obsessed people. We think of this because all of what we have uncovered is mummies, tombs, and graves. However, we know more about the Egyptians in death than what we know about their lives. Since, the earliest times the Egyptians were very passionately concerned with the continued existence of their loved ones and their souls. The idea that Osiris had passes through death and risen into a new life was deeply rooted in the Egyptian consciousness that Osiris had to struggle against the forces of evil. So did the human soul now following him to gain eternity. By 2,500 BCE, helpful instructions, known as the pyramid texts were carved or painted on tomb walls to help the soul act in the various trials of it journey in the Netherworld (also referred to as the Under World). A thousand years later, in the New Kingdom, these instructions had been formalized into The Coming into Day, or The Egyptian Book of the Dead. This magical text for the underworld journey was a set of spells, incantations, and mummification techniques designed to help the dead person resurrect into a glorious afterlife in heaven, or The Hall of the Two Truths. These mystical texts are from the New Kingdom. The similar ones that were found in the pyramids from the Old Kingdom, and the coffins were from the Middle Kingdom. One can imagine these text by thinking about how church rituals are run. One goes to church, and the rituals are holy texts that come from a book known as the bible or genesis. In Ancient Egypt, these burial rituals are not read from a book. At first, they are read directly off of the wall in inner chambers of a pyramid; later they were read directly off sides of the coffins. The Coming into Day, which was from the New Kingdom, was read off of papyrus sheets, much as religious rituals are today as they are read out of books. The Book of the Dead was to be relatively cheap to purchase. As an Egyptian that had more riches in the New Kingdom, one would be able to buy a copy that would have blanks where the names go. A scribe would be hired to insert the name in all those blank spots. In the text, the blank spots were the name of the deceased. The letter N indicates it. If there were no name to be put in it they would refer to the Dead person as N. Wealthy Egyptians had a personalized version prepared before their death so many versions have been discovered. One of the most famous one was created for Ani, a Royal Scribe, who lived during the nineteenth dynasty, and died in 1250 BC. If one were to die or a loved one dies, one would be buried with the papyrus scroll. As a result, a few of these texts survived. In the book the body was represented as the Ka. The Ka was the spiritual body that everyone had, which was the mirror image of the physical body. When a person died it was the Ka, which lived on in the underworld. The Ka was not trapped inside a material body but lived symbiotically with it. This was why it was so vital to preserve the bodies of those who were believed to be living in the future world. In many of the great Egyptian tombs, spare heads and hearts were buried with the mummified body in case the mummy should be damaged. Many of the spells in the book for the dead are for protecting the physical body so that the Ka body could live free and happy in the Underworld. One of the most well renowned parts in the book of the dead is the Hall of Maat, which is first introduced in the book. The Hall of Matt is where the judgement of the dead was preformed. The goddess Matt stands for truth, justice, morality and balance. The symbol that was used to shows ones innocence was the heart. The Egyptians believed the heart was one of the most sacred parts of the body. In the Book of the Dead, it was the heart that was weighed against the feather of Maat to see if an individual was worthy of joining Osiris in the afterlife. In the book Anubis, the Jackal god of embalming leads N to the scales of Maat to be weighed. Anubis then weighs the heart against the feather to see if it is worthy. As, Thoth, the god of wisdom is right next to the scale recording the results. If passing this test one will be brought by Horus to meet Osiris, the king of the dead. To claim the purity and the principles of a sinless life is known as The Declaration of Innocence. Here during the Declarations of Independence, N (the deceased one) must claim his innocence. Much of this declaration was based on causing human suffrage and about taking care of everything that surrounds them. Many of these ethical laws pertain to the work social and personal goals according to Truth. It was important for N to declare innocence because nothing evil shall happen to go against N because N has proven innocence. After the declaration of innocence it was vital for N to know the name of the Gods. It was important for the deceased to know these names because the Gods lived on Truth. Hail to you, O you who are in the Hall of Justice who have no lies in your bodies, who live on truth and gulp down truth in the presence of Horus who is in his disc. Since the Gods lived on Truth it was up to the Gods to save and protect the soul of the deceased. That was the start of the introductory hymns to the Gods, which took up the first few chapters. One in particular is the Re, the Sun God. The ancient Egyptians considered Re as the creator of people. That is conceivably why Re is the first God mentioned in the Book of the Dead. Another God in the first few chapters is Osiris. Osiris is the god of death and re-birth, underworld and earth. Primarily in the first few chapters are hymns and praises to Gods. The beginning of the book is a transition to what I feel is the most important part, the afterlife rituals. Starting at chapters twenty-one and twenty-two, the giving to obtain an afterlife begins. One that stuck out to me was chapter two. This chapter is for out into the day and living after. O you Sole One who shine in the moon, O you Sole One who glow in the sun, may Ani go forth from among those multitudes of yours who are outside, may those who in the sunshine release him This section from the chapter means that the Sole One, you; is being freed into the daylight. An additional chapter that was very interesting was chapter seventy-four. This chapter talked about being swift-footed when going out from the earth. Part of the chapter reads, I shine in the sky, I ascend to the sky. This means to me that your passage to afterlife should be buoyant and easy. Many of the chapters were alike to one another in the middle of the book; however, each had a very distinct difference from one another. The book it seems to refer to how to obtain an afterlife. That starts out with the process of giving a mouth, magic, heart, or etc for Ani begins. One part of the body that is given is the mouth. The mouth would be open by Ptah, who was the human god the creator of Memphis would open the mouth. This part was fairly important in the book because N would be able to speak in the presence of the Gods. By this it also protects N. As for any magic spell of any words which may be uttered against me, the gods will rise up against it, even the entire Ennead. Another section of the book that was fascination was the chapters about transformation. These began and lasted from chapters seventy to eighty. One of the main chapters in the section was the transformation from human to a divine falcon. In the chapter it indeed depicts the actual transformation from the entry to the passage out. In this chapter there was also a real dialogue between character, which I found to be odd considering it was only the second dialogue was used besides the beginning of the book. The falcon must be one of the most important creatures in ancient Egypt because of its mention if the Book of the Dead and its use in the Egyptian writing, hieroglyphics. Another transformation is from human to crocodile. That is very interesting because there is also a transformation into a swallow. The connection between both is somewhat odd because a crocodile is supposed to evil and a swallow is a symbol of innocence. Those transformations are quite the opposite. The chapters were very interesting on the transformations because it was uncanny to see what the Egyptians thought of some of the animals and birds. My favorite chapter of the whole book was the Hall of the Two Truths. The Hall of Two Truths is where a persons would and actions from their life get weighed. If the balance is even between good and evil, the soul is sent to an afterlife. If the evil side over weighs the good side, then the person is sent to a bad place. The person must actually ask, Do you know the names of the upper and lower portions of the doors? This I think means have you weighed my good and evil. Then the person says, Lord of Truth, Master of his Two Legs is the name of the upper portion; Lord of Strength, the One who commands the Cattle is the name of the Lower. These I think means did my good outweigh my evil. This chapter was the most interesting to me because it really described what happens at the hall of the Two Truths. The lives of the ancient Egyptians were based upon religious gods and texts. The Egyptian Book of the Dead was perhaps the most important written record of the importance. It was essentially a book of praises and hymns to the Egyptian Gods. This book was one of the many ways to enter a complete afterlife. The Egyptian society heavily believed and based their lives on the Book of the Dead is on it phrases and hymns to the ancient Egyptian Gods and afterlife passage. The rest of the book just ends with what it started out with, which were eulogistic praises to the Gods. Reading the Book of the Dead made me think more about how religious the Egyptians truly were. I think the Book of the Dead was in fact the key of their whole culture. If they hadnt believed so strongly in something their purpose of living might have ceased to exist because afterlife is what made them go on with their lives and essentially the Book of the Dead was the passage to their blissful afterlife. The Egyptians probably had one of the most influential civilizations in all of history and the Book of the Dead was one of the key elements that made Egyptians have such a strong era.	2,473	ENGLISH	1
Born: c. 1638, England. Died: May 1687, Philadelphia County (now Montgomery County), PA. Member of the Colonial Assembly: Philadelphia County, 1682-1683, 1684-1685. Affiliation: Anglican, Pro-Proprietary. Nicholas More was born in England circa 1638. While in England he trained as a physician. In 1670 he married the former Mary Hedge, the daughter of a wealthy Quaker, and the couple had 5 children: Mary, Samuel, Nicholas, Sarah, and Rebecca. Despite his wife’s religious affiliation, More remained an Anglican throughout his life. After purchasing 10,000 acres of land from William Penn, More traveled to Pennsylvania and arrived in October of 1682. From 1682 to April of 1684 he served as the first president of the Free Society of Traders, an organization Penn formed to promote economic development in the colony. More quickly became an important figure in Pennsylvania politics upon his arrival. More was a part of the first Colonial Assembly that convened on December 4, 1682, to ratify Penn’s Frame of Government. More was chosen twice during the first Assembly session as the chair to lead discussions when the Assembly formed a Committee of the Whole (a committee comprised of all the members of the Assembly to discuss important legislation or issues). More or Thomas Wynne are identified as a likely candidates to have been elected the first Speaker of the Assembly, although no Speaker is identified in the minutes. He also served on the Committee of Foresight, where he drafted legislation and chaired the Committee for Elections and Privileges. More was re-elected for the 1684 session, and on May 10, 1684, was elected the 3rd Speaker of the Assembly. More returned for a final term in the Assembly in 1685. While not elected Speaker, on the opening day of the session he was selected to chair a Committee of the Whole for a debate regarding the Frame of Government.However, on the fifth day of session, a complaint was filed against More demanding his impeachment from the Assembly due to his alleged dictatorial behavior as Chief Justice of the Provincial Court, on which he served from 1684-1685. Some of the complaints against him included badgering witnesses and jurors, refusal to hear a case, and giving a felony decision in a civil case. More was forced to withdraw from the Assembly while they voted on the impeachment. Eventually More was called back to the Assembly to answer impeachment charges, though he refused on the procedural grounds that he must be voted back into the Assembly before returning. He was ultimately expelled, thus ending his career in the Assembly. Despite the charges of impeachment and his conflict with many of his Quaker peers, Penn appointed him as deputy governor on a five-member board in February of 1687. The board did not take office until February of 1688, during which time More had passed away. More died in May of 1687 at his home in Philadelphia County (now Montgomery County), Pennsylvania. His burial location is unknown.	<urn:uuid:8fa7e391-8a46-40be-a015-6b6c4dc12227>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/SpeakerBios/SpeakerBio.cfm?id=111	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00298.warc.gz	en	0.986898	625	3.34375	3	[ -0.0028978129848837852, 0.1318291574716568, 0.4496464729309082, -0.09531359374523163, -0.41296637058258057, 0.11743193864822388, -0.031406886875629425, 0.35298168659210205, -0.07746434211730957, 0.040572986006736755, 0.19069573283195496, 0.10632745921611786, -0.11410945653915405, 0.3558430...	2	Born: c. 1638, England. Died: May 1687, Philadelphia County (now Montgomery County), PA. Member of the Colonial Assembly: Philadelphia County, 1682-1683, 1684-1685. Affiliation: Anglican, Pro-Proprietary. Nicholas More was born in England circa 1638. While in England he trained as a physician. In 1670 he married the former Mary Hedge, the daughter of a wealthy Quaker, and the couple had 5 children: Mary, Samuel, Nicholas, Sarah, and Rebecca. Despite his wife’s religious affiliation, More remained an Anglican throughout his life. After purchasing 10,000 acres of land from William Penn, More traveled to Pennsylvania and arrived in October of 1682. From 1682 to April of 1684 he served as the first president of the Free Society of Traders, an organization Penn formed to promote economic development in the colony. More quickly became an important figure in Pennsylvania politics upon his arrival. More was a part of the first Colonial Assembly that convened on December 4, 1682, to ratify Penn’s Frame of Government. More was chosen twice during the first Assembly session as the chair to lead discussions when the Assembly formed a Committee of the Whole (a committee comprised of all the members of the Assembly to discuss important legislation or issues). More or Thomas Wynne are identified as a likely candidates to have been elected the first Speaker of the Assembly, although no Speaker is identified in the minutes. He also served on the Committee of Foresight, where he drafted legislation and chaired the Committee for Elections and Privileges. More was re-elected for the 1684 session, and on May 10, 1684, was elected the 3rd Speaker of the Assembly. More returned for a final term in the Assembly in 1685. While not elected Speaker, on the opening day of the session he was selected to chair a Committee of the Whole for a debate regarding the Frame of Government.However, on the fifth day of session, a complaint was filed against More demanding his impeachment from the Assembly due to his alleged dictatorial behavior as Chief Justice of the Provincial Court, on which he served from 1684-1685. Some of the complaints against him included badgering witnesses and jurors, refusal to hear a case, and giving a felony decision in a civil case. More was forced to withdraw from the Assembly while they voted on the impeachment. Eventually More was called back to the Assembly to answer impeachment charges, though he refused on the procedural grounds that he must be voted back into the Assembly before returning. He was ultimately expelled, thus ending his career in the Assembly. Despite the charges of impeachment and his conflict with many of his Quaker peers, Penn appointed him as deputy governor on a five-member board in February of 1687. The board did not take office until February of 1688, during which time More had passed away. More died in May of 1687 at his home in Philadelphia County (now Montgomery County), Pennsylvania. His burial location is unknown.	679	ENGLISH	1
Imagine it, while away at college you receive word that your beloved father who had seemed in good health only a short while ago has died leaving your mother and yourself. This situation would be enough to bring great depression to even the strongest of souls but for Hamlet, the fictional prince of Denmark in Shakespeare’s play of the same name, this is not his imagination but cruel reality. Not only has his father passed but, as if to mock the very memory of the former king, Gertrude, Hamlet’s mother and queen, has married again within two months. This shock is further compounded by the fact the her new husband is one other than her former brother-in-law, Claudius. Unable to return to the university due to his over whelming despair, Hamlet is trapped by his loving parents and not allowed to leave Denmark until certified well. It is at this time he receives word from his friend Horatio that the spirit of his father has returned and walks the night. During the Elizabethan period of English literature, man and nature were thought to be linked as part of a “great chain of being”. To Hamlet, the fact that his father had returned showed that this chain had been disrupted by some evil in the world f man. That he had returned as a ghost could mean only one thing, his death was not an accident. The ghost beseeches Hamlet to avenge him but warns him, “taint not thy mind, nor let thy soul contrive against thy mother aught . . . leave her to heaven”. This statement by the ghost was left open enough for Hamlet to develop many questions about his mother’s actual involvement in his father’s death. At first, Hamlet’s rage is confined to his uncle Claudius but quickly and violently shifts towards his mother, dwelling upon the horrible thought that she might have been involved. Oh most pernicious women! ” He screams, “O villain, villain, smiling, damned villain! ” Hamlet speaks as though he has temporarily forgotten his promise to his father and has become insane with anger. The insanity through anger is a reoccurring motif throughout the play. After Hamlet has simmered down to the point where he is again lucid, he vows to his friend Horatio that he will take revenge upon Claudius, and he will do so by acting insane until the time is right. It’s clear by what the ghost has said that Claudius is guilty of murder, but what about Gertrude? She clearly disgusts Hamlet due to her hasty marriage. Throughout the play he makes satirical remarks and is generally cold towards her but does not make any direct accusations. This changes in act 3, scene ii after the performing of the “mouse trap”. Hamlet uses the traveling performers to provoke a response from the king in order to confirm what the ghost has told him. After his suspicions are concerned his confidence is so bolstered that he rushes to accuse his mother of the murder. Whether or not the queen had any prior knowledge of the murder is never ade entirely clear by Shakespeare but he does make clear what it is that Hamlet believes. Now sure that his mission is just, he becomes violent in his accusations to the point that he kills Polonius. As he falls the ground the queen screams, “O what a rash and bloody deed is this! ” To this Hamlet’s response is, “A bloody deed – almost as bad, good mother, as kill a king, and marry with his brother. ” This, Gertrude would have us believe, is the first she has known about the murder. ” As kill a king? ” Gertrude acts confused and surprised by the accusation but goes on to say, “O Hamlet, speak no more, Thou urn’st mine eyes into my very soul, and there I see such black and grained spots as will not leave their tinct. ” Is this statement a realization or an admission of guilt? Gertrude could simply have just seen through Claudius’s deception. If indeed she did have a part in the murder, the fact that her son has discovered the plot could have sent her over the edge. Working on the assumption that Gertrude is truly innocent of the murder, we are left with another unanswerable question, why then, did she choose to marry her former brother-in-law? If guilty, the answer is simple, greed and ower. If she did not know about the murder, however, than perhaps Claudius and Gertrude were working independently but for virtually the same goal. Claudius killed for power while Gertrude may have had a much more subtle approach to gaining power, she married it. While at first thought Gertrude may not seem to be as devious as Claudius, marrying the king would be the perfect way to come to power in a society governed by an elected monarchy. The final option is that Gertrude truly is innocent of all knowledge of her husband’s crime and is in fact a victim of circumstance. Based upon the literal interpretations this would seem to be the most plausible. Which interpretation Shakespeare had in mind when he wrote Hamlet we will probably never know, but it is the open ended questions in his works that make them great. Whether or not Gertrude was guilty of a crime the fact that such a thing could be asked served to give not only Gertrude depth as a character but also any character whom came in contact with her in the text. Truly this was the reason behind the ambiguous language of the play, in order to make it eternal and open to individual interpretation.	<urn:uuid:52f05435-72da-40da-9769-68e752cf505f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://mypaynetapps.com/hamlet-and-gertrude-love-or-hate/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120023523-20200120051523-00096.warc.gz	en	0.987642	1,203	3.296875	3	[ 0.0014562110882252455, 0.23598626255989075, 0.25830602645874023, -0.18480858206748962, -0.1817546933889389, 0.11610795557498932, 0.3323856294155121, 0.2481076568365097, 0.04945683106780052, -0.30535680055618286, 0.184653639793396, -0.14966830611228943, -0.22630083560943604, 0.1541244834661...	3	Imagine it, while away at college you receive word that your beloved father who had seemed in good health only a short while ago has died leaving your mother and yourself. This situation would be enough to bring great depression to even the strongest of souls but for Hamlet, the fictional prince of Denmark in Shakespeare’s play of the same name, this is not his imagination but cruel reality. Not only has his father passed but, as if to mock the very memory of the former king, Gertrude, Hamlet’s mother and queen, has married again within two months. This shock is further compounded by the fact the her new husband is one other than her former brother-in-law, Claudius. Unable to return to the university due to his over whelming despair, Hamlet is trapped by his loving parents and not allowed to leave Denmark until certified well. It is at this time he receives word from his friend Horatio that the spirit of his father has returned and walks the night. During the Elizabethan period of English literature, man and nature were thought to be linked as part of a “great chain of being”. To Hamlet, the fact that his father had returned showed that this chain had been disrupted by some evil in the world f man. That he had returned as a ghost could mean only one thing, his death was not an accident. The ghost beseeches Hamlet to avenge him but warns him, “taint not thy mind, nor let thy soul contrive against thy mother aught . . . leave her to heaven”. This statement by the ghost was left open enough for Hamlet to develop many questions about his mother’s actual involvement in his father’s death. At first, Hamlet’s rage is confined to his uncle Claudius but quickly and violently shifts towards his mother, dwelling upon the horrible thought that she might have been involved. Oh most pernicious women! ” He screams, “O villain, villain, smiling, damned villain! ” Hamlet speaks as though he has temporarily forgotten his promise to his father and has become insane with anger. The insanity through anger is a reoccurring motif throughout the play. After Hamlet has simmered down to the point where he is again lucid, he vows to his friend Horatio that he will take revenge upon Claudius, and he will do so by acting insane until the time is right. It’s clear by what the ghost has said that Claudius is guilty of murder, but what about Gertrude? She clearly disgusts Hamlet due to her hasty marriage. Throughout the play he makes satirical remarks and is generally cold towards her but does not make any direct accusations. This changes in act 3, scene ii after the performing of the “mouse trap”. Hamlet uses the traveling performers to provoke a response from the king in order to confirm what the ghost has told him. After his suspicions are concerned his confidence is so bolstered that he rushes to accuse his mother of the murder. Whether or not the queen had any prior knowledge of the murder is never ade entirely clear by Shakespeare but he does make clear what it is that Hamlet believes. Now sure that his mission is just, he becomes violent in his accusations to the point that he kills Polonius. As he falls the ground the queen screams, “O what a rash and bloody deed is this! ” To this Hamlet’s response is, “A bloody deed – almost as bad, good mother, as kill a king, and marry with his brother. ” This, Gertrude would have us believe, is the first she has known about the murder. ” As kill a king? ” Gertrude acts confused and surprised by the accusation but goes on to say, “O Hamlet, speak no more, Thou urn’st mine eyes into my very soul, and there I see such black and grained spots as will not leave their tinct. ” Is this statement a realization or an admission of guilt? Gertrude could simply have just seen through Claudius’s deception. If indeed she did have a part in the murder, the fact that her son has discovered the plot could have sent her over the edge. Working on the assumption that Gertrude is truly innocent of the murder, we are left with another unanswerable question, why then, did she choose to marry her former brother-in-law? If guilty, the answer is simple, greed and ower. If she did not know about the murder, however, than perhaps Claudius and Gertrude were working independently but for virtually the same goal. Claudius killed for power while Gertrude may have had a much more subtle approach to gaining power, she married it. While at first thought Gertrude may not seem to be as devious as Claudius, marrying the king would be the perfect way to come to power in a society governed by an elected monarchy. The final option is that Gertrude truly is innocent of all knowledge of her husband’s crime and is in fact a victim of circumstance. Based upon the literal interpretations this would seem to be the most plausible. Which interpretation Shakespeare had in mind when he wrote Hamlet we will probably never know, but it is the open ended questions in his works that make them great. Whether or not Gertrude was guilty of a crime the fact that such a thing could be asked served to give not only Gertrude depth as a character but also any character whom came in contact with her in the text. Truly this was the reason behind the ambiguous language of the play, in order to make it eternal and open to individual interpretation.	1,142	ENGLISH	1
In 1845, the United States annexed Texas, and a war for territorial expansion ensued with Mexico. The result was the taking of the northern half of Mexico, which included California, where gold was discovered in 1849. Americans from North and South moved westward in search of gold and fertile farm land. This opened debate over the Southern desire to take slaves as “property” protected by the Constitution into the West. When the ability to compromise failed, a War Between the States — then called “the Rebellion” — broke out in April of 1861. President Lincoln put forth an order for 75,000 volunteers to come forward to quash the rebellion. Later, Homer called for a special town meeting for August 19, 1862. By a vote of 360 to 3, a resolution was carried calling for “fifty dollars to be paid to each person who should volunteer from the town of Homer from July 2nd 1862 until the whole number of the quota should be raised… under the two last calls of the President of these United States.” The bounty was raised to higher amounts over the next three years. Three months short of the war’s end in 1865, the amount was $400 per volunteer who enlisted for one year, $500 for two years, and $600 for three years. Three men were to receive bounties for having secured substitutes to enlist in their places. To preserve the Union and end slavery, men from Homer served in such regiments as the 76th and the 157th, and men from Homer made the ultimate sacrifice. Among them, Private William Carpenter, Francis B. Carpenter’s 28-year old brother, died from wounds received at Gettysburg, and Asa Moore, a 17-year old bugler, starved to death in July of 1864 at the infamous prison camp at Andersonville, Georgia. The Spanish-American War of 1898 and the international military conflagrations of the twentieth century would exact their price, as well. Homer names would appear on casualty lists well into the 21st century, right up to the name of Private Shawn Falter, who died in Iraq on January 20, 2007. It was in Washington, D.C., in 1862, that Homer’s William Osborn Stoddard was asked to make copies of an order President Lincoln had drafted. It was the Emancipation Proclamation calling for the freeing of slaves in the rebel states and beginning the process that would lead to the Thirteenth Amendment, which ended slavery forever in the United States. In 1866, Francis B. Carpenter returned to his hometown with the painting he did in 1864 of Lincoln that would make this native son famous. The First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation before the Cabinet was exhibited on October 8. To see it, people filed up the stairs to what was later called the Keator Opera House on the third floor of the Barber Block on Main Street. Eventually, with the help of his good friend Stoddard, Carpenter would see the painting come to hang, as it does today, in the Capitol building in Washington, D.C. In 2007, Harold Holzer, acclaimed Lincoln scholar and Senior Vice President for External Affairs at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, credited Homer’s Carpenter with being “the most important artist ever to portray Abraham Lincoln.” Both Stoddard and Carpenter wrote books about Lincoln and life at the White House in the 1860s. These are primary sources used by Lincoln scholars to this very day. Stoddard even described how he had the pleasure of introducing Homer’s Jacob M. Schermerhorn and his daughter Anna to President and Mrs. Lincoln during the wealthy businessman’s visit to the Executive Mansion. Of course, Lincoln would never have been President were it not for the fine detective work of a man born in a log cabin on the Scott Road in 1809, the same year Lincoln was born in a log cabin in Kentucky. Eli DeVoe was his name. He was one of the men involved with thwarting a plot to assassinate the President-elect on February 23, 1861, when his train was scheduled to stop in Baltimore while en route to the nation’s capital. Ironically, in 1865, DeVoe would participate in arresting two of the conspirators in the successful plot to assassinate Lincoln and the unsuccessful attempt made on the life of Secretary of State William H. Seward (from Auburn, New York). Thus, three lads who grew up in Homer played pivotal roles in the life and iconic imagery of Abraham Lincoln. Yet another local hero of the era was Sgt. Llewellyn P. Norton of Company L, 10th New York Cavalry. For having charged, on horseback, a Confederate artillery position and for capturing two men and a fieldpiece, he was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. The actual presentation, however, was not made until 1888. Upon returning from the war, he lived in the house at the northeast corner of the Green and sold insurance. William Osborn Stoddard made a visit to the Village of Homer in 1863, just after the battle of Gettysburg had been fought. He found the place changed. The Common was now a park-like Green with a newly-built edifice of brick for the Congregationalists. These projects, along with a new cemetery west of the village, the Glenwood, were all spearheaded by the civic-minded Paris Barber. Paris was one of the sons of the merchant Jedediah Barber. “Uncle Jed,” in 1863, was rebuilding his Great Western store after the first one was destroyed in a fire in 1856. In 1867, “Uncle Jed” was in his 31st year (out of 33) as president of the academy’s trustees, and the original school needed to be replaced. On April 2, 1867, at a special town meeting, consideration was given to a resolution calling for the raising of $20,000 in taxes “for the erection of a new Academy building in the Village of Homer” to replace the edifice constructed in 1819. 466 were in favor of the tax, and 140 were opposed. A new school was built. Others would go up on the same site through the ensuing years. In 1876, the United States was one hundred years old. For the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Paris Barber planned to construct a colossal human figure made entirely of the stalks, husks, and tassels of corn. For the design of “King Corn,” he consulted Francis Carpenter, the portraitist he had befriended and abetted in the 1840s. Finding his lifelong friend and benefactor too ill to make the trip to Ithaca to seek financial support for the project from Cornell University, Carpenter went in his place. No financial support was forthcoming, and the project terminated in the spring of 1876 with the death of Paris, just two weeks after the death of his father, Jedediah. To celebrate the nation’s centennial locally, the Reverend William A. Robinson prepared a “Sketch of the History of Homer N.Y.” and read it on the Fourth of July. The oration began with these words: “To compress a hundred years into twenty minutes is a feat rivaling the achievements of the railroad and the telegraph in annihilating space.” If only this “unofficial” town historian could see what the technology of 136 additional years has done in “annihilating space.”	<urn:uuid:224622ca-5e4b-4663-94bb-15163c349fc0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://townofhomer.org/about-the-town-of-homer/history-of-homer-ny/n-history-homer-during-the-civil-war-the-nations-centennial/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251789055.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129071944-20200129101944-00214.warc.gz	en	0.98044	1,558	3.84375	4	[ -0.06326897442340851, 0.27087369561195374, 0.4351446330547333, 0.261119544506073, -0.029822293668985367, -0.016717523336410522, -0.2585374116897583, 0.09799584746360779, -0.014372308738529682, -0.04422716796398163, 0.32802891731262207, 0.06005776301026344, -0.03633366897702217, 0.442886769...	11	In 1845, the United States annexed Texas, and a war for territorial expansion ensued with Mexico. The result was the taking of the northern half of Mexico, which included California, where gold was discovered in 1849. Americans from North and South moved westward in search of gold and fertile farm land. This opened debate over the Southern desire to take slaves as “property” protected by the Constitution into the West. When the ability to compromise failed, a War Between the States — then called “the Rebellion” — broke out in April of 1861. President Lincoln put forth an order for 75,000 volunteers to come forward to quash the rebellion. Later, Homer called for a special town meeting for August 19, 1862. By a vote of 360 to 3, a resolution was carried calling for “fifty dollars to be paid to each person who should volunteer from the town of Homer from July 2nd 1862 until the whole number of the quota should be raised… under the two last calls of the President of these United States.” The bounty was raised to higher amounts over the next three years. Three months short of the war’s end in 1865, the amount was $400 per volunteer who enlisted for one year, $500 for two years, and $600 for three years. Three men were to receive bounties for having secured substitutes to enlist in their places. To preserve the Union and end slavery, men from Homer served in such regiments as the 76th and the 157th, and men from Homer made the ultimate sacrifice. Among them, Private William Carpenter, Francis B. Carpenter’s 28-year old brother, died from wounds received at Gettysburg, and Asa Moore, a 17-year old bugler, starved to death in July of 1864 at the infamous prison camp at Andersonville, Georgia. The Spanish-American War of 1898 and the international military conflagrations of the twentieth century would exact their price, as well. Homer names would appear on casualty lists well into the 21st century, right up to the name of Private Shawn Falter, who died in Iraq on January 20, 2007. It was in Washington, D.C., in 1862, that Homer’s William Osborn Stoddard was asked to make copies of an order President Lincoln had drafted. It was the Emancipation Proclamation calling for the freeing of slaves in the rebel states and beginning the process that would lead to the Thirteenth Amendment, which ended slavery forever in the United States. In 1866, Francis B. Carpenter returned to his hometown with the painting he did in 1864 of Lincoln that would make this native son famous. The First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation before the Cabinet was exhibited on October 8. To see it, people filed up the stairs to what was later called the Keator Opera House on the third floor of the Barber Block on Main Street. Eventually, with the help of his good friend Stoddard, Carpenter would see the painting come to hang, as it does today, in the Capitol building in Washington, D.C. In 2007, Harold Holzer, acclaimed Lincoln scholar and Senior Vice President for External Affairs at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, credited Homer’s Carpenter with being “the most important artist ever to portray Abraham Lincoln.” Both Stoddard and Carpenter wrote books about Lincoln and life at the White House in the 1860s. These are primary sources used by Lincoln scholars to this very day. Stoddard even described how he had the pleasure of introducing Homer’s Jacob M. Schermerhorn and his daughter Anna to President and Mrs. Lincoln during the wealthy businessman’s visit to the Executive Mansion. Of course, Lincoln would never have been President were it not for the fine detective work of a man born in a log cabin on the Scott Road in 1809, the same year Lincoln was born in a log cabin in Kentucky. Eli DeVoe was his name. He was one of the men involved with thwarting a plot to assassinate the President-elect on February 23, 1861, when his train was scheduled to stop in Baltimore while en route to the nation’s capital. Ironically, in 1865, DeVoe would participate in arresting two of the conspirators in the successful plot to assassinate Lincoln and the unsuccessful attempt made on the life of Secretary of State William H. Seward (from Auburn, New York). Thus, three lads who grew up in Homer played pivotal roles in the life and iconic imagery of Abraham Lincoln. Yet another local hero of the era was Sgt. Llewellyn P. Norton of Company L, 10th New York Cavalry. For having charged, on horseback, a Confederate artillery position and for capturing two men and a fieldpiece, he was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. The actual presentation, however, was not made until 1888. Upon returning from the war, he lived in the house at the northeast corner of the Green and sold insurance. William Osborn Stoddard made a visit to the Village of Homer in 1863, just after the battle of Gettysburg had been fought. He found the place changed. The Common was now a park-like Green with a newly-built edifice of brick for the Congregationalists. These projects, along with a new cemetery west of the village, the Glenwood, were all spearheaded by the civic-minded Paris Barber. Paris was one of the sons of the merchant Jedediah Barber. “Uncle Jed,” in 1863, was rebuilding his Great Western store after the first one was destroyed in a fire in 1856. In 1867, “Uncle Jed” was in his 31st year (out of 33) as president of the academy’s trustees, and the original school needed to be replaced. On April 2, 1867, at a special town meeting, consideration was given to a resolution calling for the raising of $20,000 in taxes “for the erection of a new Academy building in the Village of Homer” to replace the edifice constructed in 1819. 466 were in favor of the tax, and 140 were opposed. A new school was built. Others would go up on the same site through the ensuing years. In 1876, the United States was one hundred years old. For the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Paris Barber planned to construct a colossal human figure made entirely of the stalks, husks, and tassels of corn. For the design of “King Corn,” he consulted Francis Carpenter, the portraitist he had befriended and abetted in the 1840s. Finding his lifelong friend and benefactor too ill to make the trip to Ithaca to seek financial support for the project from Cornell University, Carpenter went in his place. No financial support was forthcoming, and the project terminated in the spring of 1876 with the death of Paris, just two weeks after the death of his father, Jedediah. To celebrate the nation’s centennial locally, the Reverend William A. Robinson prepared a “Sketch of the History of Homer N.Y.” and read it on the Fourth of July. The oration began with these words: “To compress a hundred years into twenty minutes is a feat rivaling the achievements of the railroad and the telegraph in annihilating space.” If only this “unofficial” town historian could see what the technology of 136 additional years has done in “annihilating space.”	1,647	ENGLISH	1
Both Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta’s travelled to many countries all over the world in between them. Their travels have some similarities and difference. On his part Ibn Battuta’s was born in 1304 at a town known as Tangier in Morocco. He is regarded as the most travelled individual in the medieval period. It took him nearly thirsty years to travel to over fifty states world wide. Ibn Battuta’s has travelled in various continents. He has travelled from Africa to the Spain, then on through central and southwest Asia, Southeast Asia, India, Arabian Peninsula and China, and back across North Africa. What’s more memorable about Ibn Battuta’s, is they how he managed to travel from Africa and then return home after a successful trip. Travelling has provided Ibn Battuta’s with great experience of many cultures all over the world. The first place he visited was the Dar al-Islam, which was known as the house of Islam. At this region, Ibn Battuta’s analyze religion and politics activities of this region (Gibb, pp. 376-77). Politically, Dar al-Islam was ruled by Muslims. The Islamic rules were used to govern the society. Arabic was the commonly used language for trade. Islamic customs and laws were used when making key decisions that will affect the community. Individual were punished using the Islamic laws. Spiritual leaders were prohibited from participating in political activities. In order for a spiritual leaders to participate in political activities they were suppose to step down from the religious posts they held. Individuals who were engaged in trade activities were expected to master the Arabic lingua. The experience that Ibn Battuta’s gained from the visit of Dar al-Islam was crucial to his life. Before travelling to this place Ibn Battuta’s was aware of the cultural activities of the Islamic religion. However he learned new things concerning the Islamic law and culture. The experience and knowledge he gained from visiting Dar al-Islam increase his knowhow of Islamic. The knowledge and experience he gained from the visit of Dar al-Islam helped Ibn Battuta’s diffuse new knowledge on Islamic religion. He learnt from the Islamic laws that tolerance is an important virtue in our societies. He was able to endure hardships with flying colors and adapt well to his new environment. Ibn Battuta’s demonstrated perseverance and daring in overcoming the hardships and hazards of various sorts of weather and all means of transport. His knowledge enabled him to deal with the natives without any problem. He also acquired good communication skills that enabled him to interact with the Islamic society well. The people of Dar al-Islam were expected to comply with the strict Islamic rules and no person ever complained about them. Hence Ibn Battuta’s learn how to be tolerant to the Islamic laws despite their strictness. The visit by Ibn Battuta’s to East Africa gave him a different life experience. The lifestyle of East African community was completely different to the Islamic culture. Ibn Battuta’s was used to the arid landscape of North Africa that is full of marginal grazing land and dunes. Consequently, East Africa provided him with a different climatic environment. In order to settle easily, Ibn Battuta’s had to adapt to the cropland and grazing land that was is located near the equator. Ibn Battuta’s experienced many trade activities in East Africa. The Indian Ocean trade was at its peak. The presence of dhows promoted the Indian Ocean trade; it enabled the transportation of products across the Indiana Ocean. Majority of the products exported from East Africa were raw materials while in return ready made products were exported to Europe (Gibb, p. 374). Slavery was practiced in East Africa when Ibn Battuta’s visited. Slaves were exported to Europe to go and work in foreign plantation. Commodities such as coconut oil, turtle-shell, gold, spices and ivory were exported to Europe and in return metal tools, wheat, glassware and textiles were brought to East Africa. It is in East Africa that Ibn Battuta’s met with visitors from various originalities such as Indians, Persians, Greeks and Arabs. From the visit of East Africa Ibn Battuta’s was able to learn a lot of new things. Apart from acquiring new skills of trade he was able to learn the Swahili language that is spoken in East Africa particularly in Kenya and Tanzania (Battuta 45). Thus, ravelling helped Ibn Battuta’s learn new things and ideas. Ibn Battuta’s experienced a new form of governance in East Africa. There was no specific ruling class in East Africa. The ruling class consisted of a mixture of Persian, Arab, African ancestry and Indian whom together controlled commerce and government. From this system of ruling Ibn Battuta’s discovered that different groups can rule a place without fighting each other. In the article, secret history the author analyzes the Tartar war and Northern religion. Their existed many quarrels and fight in the Turkestan region. The main catalyst of conflict in this region was power. The presence of two strong leaders in the religion was the main cause of wars in that region. On one side there was Kaidu who was the king of Turkestan and on the other side there was the Great Khan. The two leaders were nephew and they tried to outdo each other. However Kaidu was the real problem, since he wanted to expand his territory at the expense of Great Khan territory (Battuta 45). On the other hand the Great Khan was not willing to let the territory he had conquered for many years go. Marco Polo travelled from Japan to Zanzibar and from Java to Polar Sea. He was an eyewitness individual to all the fights at Turkestan. He had never encounter a fierce war like the one in this region. His case was totally different from Ibn Battuta’s who saw many development activities. Wars were mainly caused by power struggle and politics. All the powerful empire in the Turkestan fought for supremacy in this region. Therefore they fought against each other in a bid of establishing which empire is superior. Other fought to reclaim their land that was taken away by other empires. The empire that defeated others had the privilege of controlling trade activities in the region. Therefore different empires were involved in the battle field in a bid of claiming the rights of controlling trade. According to Marco Polo, travelling is adventurous but is also dangerous. On many occasion he encountered life threatening scenarios which he had to tackle. He was forced to adapt new survival tactics that will enable him to endure the long journeys. He used the survival tactics of merchant and practical travelers (Marco16). He carried with him adequate food and water and at the same time use safer routes when travelling. He avoided travelling on routes that pose man made and natural obstacles. Marco Polo sold commodities that were regarded as precious at a profit. Commodities such as gold, spices, gems and fabrics were held in high regards. Marco Polo took advantage of the high demand of these products at some regions to sell to the natives at a profit (Marco19). This is a strategy that Marco Polo did not have, but learned from the practical travelers. At Tartar, Marco Polo states that the natives depended on market and wild game as the only means of survival. Cloths and spices were sold to merchant from Genoa and Venice (Black Africa, p. 58). Wild animals were tamed through hunting. In Georgia, Marco Polo met with Georgian people who are Christians of the Greek church, good anchors and strong worriers who defends their territory from been invaded by foreign troops. In conclusion, the two travelers faced almost the same problems that challenge almost all travelers. This problems are hunger, thirsty and been attack on the way. On returning back to their societies they narrated about their travels to the society. This enabled their society to have some knowledge about other societies. It also enabled their societies to share ideas and lifestyles with other societies. They wrote books that were highly appreciated by their societies back at home. Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta’s stories changed the way things were perceived in their societies. Individual started seeing each other as brother. They influence peaceful coexistence in the society by preaching peace. The stories of wars discouraged the society from fighting with each other. Development activities were fundamental to the societies and societies that adopted them became successful. Abu Abdalla ibn Battuta, Ibn Battuta in Black Africa, 2000 Marco Polo, The Travels of Marco Polo, 1996	<urn:uuid:8e006fc2-9bd0-4730-bf94-c00229fee275>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.wowessays.com/free-samples/example-of-thesis-on-the-travels-of-marco-polo/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00459.warc.gz	en	0.980498	1,762	3.5	4	[ -0.26301735639572144, 0.458713561296463, -0.16007396578788757, -0.10056672245264053, -0.3200036287307739, -0.08376280963420868, 0.35837769508361816, -0.021878819912672043, 0.11792933195829391, -0.45411691069602966, -0.06025202199816704, -0.5838518142700195, 0.018725935369729996, -0.0537273...	3	Both Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta’s travelled to many countries all over the world in between them. Their travels have some similarities and difference. On his part Ibn Battuta’s was born in 1304 at a town known as Tangier in Morocco. He is regarded as the most travelled individual in the medieval period. It took him nearly thirsty years to travel to over fifty states world wide. Ibn Battuta’s has travelled in various continents. He has travelled from Africa to the Spain, then on through central and southwest Asia, Southeast Asia, India, Arabian Peninsula and China, and back across North Africa. What’s more memorable about Ibn Battuta’s, is they how he managed to travel from Africa and then return home after a successful trip. Travelling has provided Ibn Battuta’s with great experience of many cultures all over the world. The first place he visited was the Dar al-Islam, which was known as the house of Islam. At this region, Ibn Battuta’s analyze religion and politics activities of this region (Gibb, pp. 376-77). Politically, Dar al-Islam was ruled by Muslims. The Islamic rules were used to govern the society. Arabic was the commonly used language for trade. Islamic customs and laws were used when making key decisions that will affect the community. Individual were punished using the Islamic laws. Spiritual leaders were prohibited from participating in political activities. In order for a spiritual leaders to participate in political activities they were suppose to step down from the religious posts they held. Individuals who were engaged in trade activities were expected to master the Arabic lingua. The experience that Ibn Battuta’s gained from the visit of Dar al-Islam was crucial to his life. Before travelling to this place Ibn Battuta’s was aware of the cultural activities of the Islamic religion. However he learned new things concerning the Islamic law and culture. The experience and knowledge he gained from visiting Dar al-Islam increase his knowhow of Islamic. The knowledge and experience he gained from the visit of Dar al-Islam helped Ibn Battuta’s diffuse new knowledge on Islamic religion. He learnt from the Islamic laws that tolerance is an important virtue in our societies. He was able to endure hardships with flying colors and adapt well to his new environment. Ibn Battuta’s demonstrated perseverance and daring in overcoming the hardships and hazards of various sorts of weather and all means of transport. His knowledge enabled him to deal with the natives without any problem. He also acquired good communication skills that enabled him to interact with the Islamic society well. The people of Dar al-Islam were expected to comply with the strict Islamic rules and no person ever complained about them. Hence Ibn Battuta’s learn how to be tolerant to the Islamic laws despite their strictness. The visit by Ibn Battuta’s to East Africa gave him a different life experience. The lifestyle of East African community was completely different to the Islamic culture. Ibn Battuta’s was used to the arid landscape of North Africa that is full of marginal grazing land and dunes. Consequently, East Africa provided him with a different climatic environment. In order to settle easily, Ibn Battuta’s had to adapt to the cropland and grazing land that was is located near the equator. Ibn Battuta’s experienced many trade activities in East Africa. The Indian Ocean trade was at its peak. The presence of dhows promoted the Indian Ocean trade; it enabled the transportation of products across the Indiana Ocean. Majority of the products exported from East Africa were raw materials while in return ready made products were exported to Europe (Gibb, p. 374). Slavery was practiced in East Africa when Ibn Battuta’s visited. Slaves were exported to Europe to go and work in foreign plantation. Commodities such as coconut oil, turtle-shell, gold, spices and ivory were exported to Europe and in return metal tools, wheat, glassware and textiles were brought to East Africa. It is in East Africa that Ibn Battuta’s met with visitors from various originalities such as Indians, Persians, Greeks and Arabs. From the visit of East Africa Ibn Battuta’s was able to learn a lot of new things. Apart from acquiring new skills of trade he was able to learn the Swahili language that is spoken in East Africa particularly in Kenya and Tanzania (Battuta 45). Thus, ravelling helped Ibn Battuta’s learn new things and ideas. Ibn Battuta’s experienced a new form of governance in East Africa. There was no specific ruling class in East Africa. The ruling class consisted of a mixture of Persian, Arab, African ancestry and Indian whom together controlled commerce and government. From this system of ruling Ibn Battuta’s discovered that different groups can rule a place without fighting each other. In the article, secret history the author analyzes the Tartar war and Northern religion. Their existed many quarrels and fight in the Turkestan region. The main catalyst of conflict in this region was power. The presence of two strong leaders in the religion was the main cause of wars in that region. On one side there was Kaidu who was the king of Turkestan and on the other side there was the Great Khan. The two leaders were nephew and they tried to outdo each other. However Kaidu was the real problem, since he wanted to expand his territory at the expense of Great Khan territory (Battuta 45). On the other hand the Great Khan was not willing to let the territory he had conquered for many years go. Marco Polo travelled from Japan to Zanzibar and from Java to Polar Sea. He was an eyewitness individual to all the fights at Turkestan. He had never encounter a fierce war like the one in this region. His case was totally different from Ibn Battuta’s who saw many development activities. Wars were mainly caused by power struggle and politics. All the powerful empire in the Turkestan fought for supremacy in this region. Therefore they fought against each other in a bid of establishing which empire is superior. Other fought to reclaim their land that was taken away by other empires. The empire that defeated others had the privilege of controlling trade activities in the region. Therefore different empires were involved in the battle field in a bid of claiming the rights of controlling trade. According to Marco Polo, travelling is adventurous but is also dangerous. On many occasion he encountered life threatening scenarios which he had to tackle. He was forced to adapt new survival tactics that will enable him to endure the long journeys. He used the survival tactics of merchant and practical travelers (Marco16). He carried with him adequate food and water and at the same time use safer routes when travelling. He avoided travelling on routes that pose man made and natural obstacles. Marco Polo sold commodities that were regarded as precious at a profit. Commodities such as gold, spices, gems and fabrics were held in high regards. Marco Polo took advantage of the high demand of these products at some regions to sell to the natives at a profit (Marco19). This is a strategy that Marco Polo did not have, but learned from the practical travelers. At Tartar, Marco Polo states that the natives depended on market and wild game as the only means of survival. Cloths and spices were sold to merchant from Genoa and Venice (Black Africa, p. 58). Wild animals were tamed through hunting. In Georgia, Marco Polo met with Georgian people who are Christians of the Greek church, good anchors and strong worriers who defends their territory from been invaded by foreign troops. In conclusion, the two travelers faced almost the same problems that challenge almost all travelers. This problems are hunger, thirsty and been attack on the way. On returning back to their societies they narrated about their travels to the society. This enabled their society to have some knowledge about other societies. It also enabled their societies to share ideas and lifestyles with other societies. They wrote books that were highly appreciated by their societies back at home. Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta’s stories changed the way things were perceived in their societies. Individual started seeing each other as brother. They influence peaceful coexistence in the society by preaching peace. The stories of wars discouraged the society from fighting with each other. Development activities were fundamental to the societies and societies that adopted them became successful. Abu Abdalla ibn Battuta, Ibn Battuta in Black Africa, 2000 Marco Polo, The Travels of Marco Polo, 1996	1,723	ENGLISH	1
Friday, October 5, 2012 LBJ Library: President LBJ State of the Union Address, 1/12/66: President Johnson at The Height of His Power In January, 1966 President Lyndon Johnson was at the height of his power, just being elected in 1964. With an overwhelmingly landslide where he won something like forty States and 60% of the Popular Vote and an overwhelming Democratic Congress, of around 290 seats in the House, 67 in the Senate. Yes he had the Southern Caucus in Congress but he also had Progressive Republicans as well and with this Progressive Democratic/Republican Coalition, was able to pass the Civil and Voting Rights Act. In 1964 and 65, as well as his Great Society, President Johnson if anything had too much power, because he wasn't sure what to do with all of it and if anything probably felt untouchable. Without a strong Republican Opposition in Congress or around the country and I believe thats where he got trouble in Vietnam, which started in 1965, where our involvement there went. Downhill but his popularity tanked in 1966, because of the Vietnam War and Congressional Republicans, as well as potential Presidential Candidates like Richard Nixon. Who campaigned for Congressional Republicans, in 1966 were rewarded the benefits of President Johnson's unpopularity. Hugo Chavez is a Socialist Dictator if not a Communist, whose centralized a lot of the power in the country. With the Federal Government and media, with himself and he may be heading out of power, where real Democracy would have a chance to happen in Venezuela.	<urn:uuid:f2eabf5a-d24c-4f10-b0b7-8310771cbe9a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://thefreestatemd.blogspot.com/2012_10_05_archive.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250609478.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123071220-20200123100220-00315.warc.gz	en	0.981106	309	3.296875	3	[ -0.5044913291931152, 0.14851124584674835, 0.01658071018755436, -0.16011223196983337, 0.018283983692526817, 0.5399886965751648, -0.043554000556468964, 0.3876079022884369, 0.0182372834533453, 0.2524341344833374, 0.05756961554288864, 0.46609726548194885, -0.06654927879571915, 0.62007308006286...	2	Friday, October 5, 2012 LBJ Library: President LBJ State of the Union Address, 1/12/66: President Johnson at The Height of His Power In January, 1966 President Lyndon Johnson was at the height of his power, just being elected in 1964. With an overwhelmingly landslide where he won something like forty States and 60% of the Popular Vote and an overwhelming Democratic Congress, of around 290 seats in the House, 67 in the Senate. Yes he had the Southern Caucus in Congress but he also had Progressive Republicans as well and with this Progressive Democratic/Republican Coalition, was able to pass the Civil and Voting Rights Act. In 1964 and 65, as well as his Great Society, President Johnson if anything had too much power, because he wasn't sure what to do with all of it and if anything probably felt untouchable. Without a strong Republican Opposition in Congress or around the country and I believe thats where he got trouble in Vietnam, which started in 1965, where our involvement there went. Downhill but his popularity tanked in 1966, because of the Vietnam War and Congressional Republicans, as well as potential Presidential Candidates like Richard Nixon. Who campaigned for Congressional Republicans, in 1966 were rewarded the benefits of President Johnson's unpopularity. Hugo Chavez is a Socialist Dictator if not a Communist, whose centralized a lot of the power in the country. With the Federal Government and media, with himself and he may be heading out of power, where real Democracy would have a chance to happen in Venezuela.	349	ENGLISH	1
In Oedipus, he is the only man who is aware of the fact that Oedipus has killed his father and married his mother. Prior to the events of Oedipus Rex, Jocasta was forced to abandon Oedipus on Mount Cithaeron, where he was then found and raised by a shepherd. He tells his lover that once she realizes why he is leaving her, she will love and respect his decision. Oedipus and Antigone are both tragic heroes with many similarities and differences. Oedipus' pride is an essential characteristic throughout the play. But there were many stories about Jocasta that the playwright had to be consistent with. Question: In some versions of the Oedipus legend Jocasta outlives Oedipus. By planting this doubt in Oedipus' mind, the gods are able to test his faith, and his ruling power, through Jocasta - a test which he fails until it is too late. Though both eat off of the forbidden fruit, Eve is given the blame for the fall from the Garden of Eden, and is punished far more severely than Adam by being given excruciating pain during childbirth. When looking back throughout world history, it is clear to see that wars, plagues, and many other crises have put their mark on the world. This fits with the notion of the contest for the queen of fertility. Through him, Sophocles states the point that the individual who fails to recognize this knowledge and respect the wisdom will ultimately come to a tragic end like Oedipus. This illustrates one of the qualities that make Oedipus an admirable leader. The only way for her to deal with this was to find another man who could defepat her consort. Was Oedipus a sensible person to begin with. Then the shepherd gave the messenger Oedipus. Jocasta urges the men to stop, she comes off as a strong women. Both points could be argued to great effect. Sadly, Lucy thought Lovelace had perished in battle, and she married another man. In Sophocles' Oedipus the King, Antigone, and Medea, the dominant female characters impacted upon men with authority and political power. Yet, when he has the opportunity to grasp power at the end of that play, Creon seems quite eager. She is willing to give up her bright future and her life and disobey the edict of her uncle and bury her deceased brother. At his return, Creon declares that Thebes would be cured once the murderer of the previous king, Laius, was found. Question: what a her role as queen? Schiller to Goethe, 1797 We all know that Oedipus killed his father and slept with his mother, and that when he discovered who he had killed and who he had married, he blinded himself. Once a plague strikes the city, it is revealed that the murderer must be exiled or killed for it to be lifted. Oedipus solved the sphinx's riddle, and the grateful city elected Oedipus as its new king. Oedipus true identity is starting to become question, when he is told by a blind prophet that he is what plaguing the city. In fact, within the play we see her praying to the god Apollo, making offerings, and asking for his protection. However, some scholarly reviews of this play contend that Oedipus was stereotypical of the individual that chose to pursue the truth to its conclusion with the full knowledge that their choices could either bring great joy or great heartbreak. Taking leadership to the extreme can cause a person to act in ways that do not correspond with their personal beliefs. When she found out she was his mother she knew her life was destroyed. In an attempt to defy fate and avoid this catastrophe, the couple gives their son to a shepherd who binds the baby by the ankles and leaves him to die on an isolated mountain. Question: what did Jocosta look like, and did she still look oung when she killed herself, despite how old she truly was? He leaves after hearing the prophecy not wanting to slay who he believes to be his father and mother. She became pregnant and Laius became very angry. However Jocasta was more aware of the actions she took, even after the prophecy was told. Jocasta, the queen of Thebes, turns out it was not as glamorous as it sounds. The audience can see that Oedipus' sense of responsibility for his city-state drives his search for the truth, and because of this the hero gains sympathy — even when he is at his most arrogant, and especially at his fall from power. He is the old seer of Thebes who has been given immortality. Jocasta does seem to be a person more buffeted by events than in control of them. Answer: Jocasta committed suicide because she became extremely unhappy. She is portrayed as a wife and mother, as though this were a suitable role. Before the play begins, Jocasta and her husband, Laios, were given a prophecy that their son will grow up to kill his father and marry his mother. On his travels he kills his true father on the way to Thebes and being once again blind to the fact that it is King Laius. She doesn 't care what happens to her because the most important thing to her is that she does what is the right thing to do hence her brother may have a good after life. Even at this present time, the twenty-first century, humanity is still faced with many of these same crises experienced since the beginning of mankind. Oedipus was royalty and knew it as well did King Laius. Jocasta did commit most of her wrongs in innocence, but she did abandon Oedipus on the mountain side and did not even attempt to find out if her son had lived or in fact died, the less she knew the better. In the first stanza, the speaker is begging his lover not to think he is rude for leaving her. Oedipus it told by a herdsman that Oedipus was given to him by the queen herself to be casted on the mountain side and left to die. He was told that he would murder his father and marry his mother. This is a role that women often fall into because of their nurturing nature. Oedipus immediately swears to take action to find the murderer and save the city. Oedipus Rex is a true tragedy in the sense that fate and 2193 Words 9 Pages Characterization in Oedipus Rex The dialogue, action and motivation revolve about the characters in the story Abrams 32-33. How to Use this Guide: Expressly designed for 4-12th graders, Invent a Character can be used as a whole class instructional aide or in small group literature circles. Multiple time throughout history they have found way to manipulate or have created a new weapon or device to destroy their enemies. In each of these stories, the females struggle to overcome one major obstacle plaguing them by using their inner-strength. Thus, Oedipus swears to find the killer and banish him. Question: what is jocastas relationship to the truth Answer: It was too painful for her. Answer: She had simple tastes and wanted only to enjoy her family.	<urn:uuid:8f21da4a-3bbd-4ace-a486-65a76131428e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://georgiajudges.org/jocasta-analysis.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607118.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122131612-20200122160612-00381.warc.gz	en	0.988724	1,530	3.265625	3	[ -0.13669581711292267, 0.2729802429676056, 0.4652929902076721, -0.2940034866333008, 0.08014434576034546, -0.13251644372940063, 0.4871693551540375, 0.5511049628257751, 0.1117136999964714, -0.20435824990272522, -0.1220909059047699, -0.4566979706287384, -0.10824577510356903, -0.006270943209528...	1	In Oedipus, he is the only man who is aware of the fact that Oedipus has killed his father and married his mother. Prior to the events of Oedipus Rex, Jocasta was forced to abandon Oedipus on Mount Cithaeron, where he was then found and raised by a shepherd. He tells his lover that once she realizes why he is leaving her, she will love and respect his decision. Oedipus and Antigone are both tragic heroes with many similarities and differences. Oedipus' pride is an essential characteristic throughout the play. But there were many stories about Jocasta that the playwright had to be consistent with. Question: In some versions of the Oedipus legend Jocasta outlives Oedipus. By planting this doubt in Oedipus' mind, the gods are able to test his faith, and his ruling power, through Jocasta - a test which he fails until it is too late. Though both eat off of the forbidden fruit, Eve is given the blame for the fall from the Garden of Eden, and is punished far more severely than Adam by being given excruciating pain during childbirth. When looking back throughout world history, it is clear to see that wars, plagues, and many other crises have put their mark on the world. This fits with the notion of the contest for the queen of fertility. Through him, Sophocles states the point that the individual who fails to recognize this knowledge and respect the wisdom will ultimately come to a tragic end like Oedipus. This illustrates one of the qualities that make Oedipus an admirable leader. The only way for her to deal with this was to find another man who could defepat her consort. Was Oedipus a sensible person to begin with. Then the shepherd gave the messenger Oedipus. Jocasta urges the men to stop, she comes off as a strong women. Both points could be argued to great effect. Sadly, Lucy thought Lovelace had perished in battle, and she married another man. In Sophocles' Oedipus the King, Antigone, and Medea, the dominant female characters impacted upon men with authority and political power. Yet, when he has the opportunity to grasp power at the end of that play, Creon seems quite eager. She is willing to give up her bright future and her life and disobey the edict of her uncle and bury her deceased brother. At his return, Creon declares that Thebes would be cured once the murderer of the previous king, Laius, was found. Question: what a her role as queen? Schiller to Goethe, 1797 We all know that Oedipus killed his father and slept with his mother, and that when he discovered who he had killed and who he had married, he blinded himself. Once a plague strikes the city, it is revealed that the murderer must be exiled or killed for it to be lifted. Oedipus solved the sphinx's riddle, and the grateful city elected Oedipus as its new king. Oedipus true identity is starting to become question, when he is told by a blind prophet that he is what plaguing the city. In fact, within the play we see her praying to the god Apollo, making offerings, and asking for his protection. However, some scholarly reviews of this play contend that Oedipus was stereotypical of the individual that chose to pursue the truth to its conclusion with the full knowledge that their choices could either bring great joy or great heartbreak. Taking leadership to the extreme can cause a person to act in ways that do not correspond with their personal beliefs. When she found out she was his mother she knew her life was destroyed. In an attempt to defy fate and avoid this catastrophe, the couple gives their son to a shepherd who binds the baby by the ankles and leaves him to die on an isolated mountain. Question: what did Jocosta look like, and did she still look oung when she killed herself, despite how old she truly was? He leaves after hearing the prophecy not wanting to slay who he believes to be his father and mother. She became pregnant and Laius became very angry. However Jocasta was more aware of the actions she took, even after the prophecy was told. Jocasta, the queen of Thebes, turns out it was not as glamorous as it sounds. The audience can see that Oedipus' sense of responsibility for his city-state drives his search for the truth, and because of this the hero gains sympathy — even when he is at his most arrogant, and especially at his fall from power. He is the old seer of Thebes who has been given immortality. Jocasta does seem to be a person more buffeted by events than in control of them. Answer: Jocasta committed suicide because she became extremely unhappy. She is portrayed as a wife and mother, as though this were a suitable role. Before the play begins, Jocasta and her husband, Laios, were given a prophecy that their son will grow up to kill his father and marry his mother. On his travels he kills his true father on the way to Thebes and being once again blind to the fact that it is King Laius. She doesn 't care what happens to her because the most important thing to her is that she does what is the right thing to do hence her brother may have a good after life. Even at this present time, the twenty-first century, humanity is still faced with many of these same crises experienced since the beginning of mankind. Oedipus was royalty and knew it as well did King Laius. Jocasta did commit most of her wrongs in innocence, but she did abandon Oedipus on the mountain side and did not even attempt to find out if her son had lived or in fact died, the less she knew the better. In the first stanza, the speaker is begging his lover not to think he is rude for leaving her. Oedipus it told by a herdsman that Oedipus was given to him by the queen herself to be casted on the mountain side and left to die. He was told that he would murder his father and marry his mother. This is a role that women often fall into because of their nurturing nature. Oedipus immediately swears to take action to find the murderer and save the city. Oedipus Rex is a true tragedy in the sense that fate and 2193 Words 9 Pages Characterization in Oedipus Rex The dialogue, action and motivation revolve about the characters in the story Abrams 32-33. How to Use this Guide: Expressly designed for 4-12th graders, Invent a Character can be used as a whole class instructional aide or in small group literature circles. Multiple time throughout history they have found way to manipulate or have created a new weapon or device to destroy their enemies. In each of these stories, the females struggle to overcome one major obstacle plaguing them by using their inner-strength. Thus, Oedipus swears to find the killer and banish him. Question: what is jocastas relationship to the truth Answer: It was too painful for her. Answer: She had simple tastes and wanted only to enjoy her family.	1,536	ENGLISH	1
The Boston Tea Party: How coffee became the official morning beverage of America How does one start a revolution? It begins with a group of like-minded individuals who are bold enough to carry out an action against a superior entity, ultimately to change control of power. In the days of the American Revolution, these individuals were known as the Sons of Liberty, and their supporters — patriots like Sarah Bradlee Fulton, among others — predicated their success on secret preparation. How could they lead a rebellion against England's powerful King George III and inspire townspeople to join their cause? It didn't happen overnight, but a series of events emboldened them to launch into action with an idea that was formed behind closed doors. It became known as the Boston Tea Party and is one of the most impactful political protests in history. 1773: Working men disguised as Mohawks throw chests of tea into the harbour in protest against direct taxation by the British. (Original Artist: Robert Reid. Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images.) In the 1760s, the colonists living in Boston, Massachusetts, felt that the British were taking advantage of them. Benjamin Franklin, one of the Founding Fathers who later penned America's first political cartoon under the namesake "Join, or Die," saw firsthand the strength and influence of a unified people. He shared these observations about his displeasure with the British through the written word, including poetry: We have an old mother that peevish is grown, She snubs us like children that scarce walk alone; She forgets we're grown up and have sense of our own, Which nobody can deny, which nobody can deny. Meanwhile, Boston's economy thrived; they had successful taverns, the richest shipyard on the waterfront, 3,000 wooden and brick homes, and some 500 shops. The population of 16,000 were hardworking and young — half of them were teenagers. The majority in Boston were educated enough to read the ever-popular Boston Gazette newspaper and follow updates on how the British bullied and used them as pawns to fund their wartime debts (from the French and Indian Wars). In 1765, Parliament, England's governing body of the colonies, imposed the Stamp Act, which taxed Americans for anything made from paper after it arrived in colonial shipping ports. The Quartering Act followed, which demanded that citizens open their businesses and homes to British soldiers for housing and food. Two years later, the Townshend Act added paint, glass, lead, and tea to the list of taxable goods. Join, or Die. by Benjamin Franklin (1754), a political cartoon commentary on the disunity of the North American British colonies, was later used to encourage the former colonies to unite against British rule. (Photo courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.) The American colonists were naturally angry, and tensions were consolidated to an upheaval in anarchy. By this time, the secret society of rebels known as the Sons of Liberty had formed. Frontman Samuel Adams — among other members such as John Adams, John Hancock, and Paul Revere — held public gatherings at Faneuil Hall to gain notoriety. In secret, the future Founding Fathers also held private meetings at the Green Dragon Tavern or the "House of the Revolution," previously located on Union Street in Boston's North End. Samuel Adams' individual actions had the British publicly cast him as "the most dangerous man in Massachusetts." Their freedoms were being infringed upon, writes Kathleen Krull in her book "What Was The Boston Tea Party?" They protested in small boycotts and skirmishes against loyalist businesses (those who sided with the British), which made the headlines in the next day's newspaper — but, most importantly, it caught the attention of the royal tyrants. Adams encouraged other patriots who believed in their cause to act in defiance. They used intimidation, vandalism, and even defamation of tax collectors through a shameful punishment called tarring and feathering. On Feb. 22, 1770, one of these strong-armed attempts turned violent when British customs officer, Ebenezer Richardson, fired his musket upon a group in his backyard, killing 11-year-old Christopher Seider. A month later, on March 5, 1770, Private Hugh White, a British soldier, used his bayonet against a patriot at the Custom House on King Street. White escalated the verbal altercation to a physical one, and the angry mob countered with a volley of snowballs, rocks, and ice. Bells rang signalling a disturbance, and loyalists and patriots entered the street to see the commotion. As the riot ensued, the British fired their muskets, killing five colonists in what is today known as the Boston Massacre. The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Picture Collection, The New York Public Library. "Boston Massacre" The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1870. After these two incidents of bloodshed, the final straw was the imposition of the Tea Act, which was passed in May 1773. The Sons of Liberty had illegally smuggled tea from Holland because anything associated with the British infuriated them. Parliament countered with the enforcement of the British East India Company, the only tea that could be purchased. The once-adored tea from India and China, all 18 million pounds of it, had been outcasted by the colonists. So a group of American women began to make their own. Women also played important if lesser-known roles in the events leading up to the Boston Tea Party. Similar to the Sons of Liberty, a group comprised of approximately 300 women was referred to as the Daughters of Liberty, and they had significant influence. Sarah Bradlee Fulton was an important figure who became known as the "Mother of the Boston Tea Party"; she later became one of the first women to come under the orders of George Washington as a spy during the American Revolution. Fulton's role in the Boston Tea Party wasn't the infamous actions of dumping tea into Boston Harbor — it was more subtle, though equally important. Fulton is credited with suggesting that the patriots wear disguises during their great tea-dumping campaign to ensure that they couldn't be recognized from a distance and would remain incognito when they ditched their outfits after the event. Colonists also spread propaganda about British tea in the newspapers, instead valuing "Liberty Tea" made by American women in homemade batches. "Let us abjure the poisonous baneful plant and its odious infusion," wrote one colonist. "Poisonous and odious, I mean, not on account of the physical qualities but on account of the political diseases and death that are connected with every particle of it." The Green Dragon Tavern, the meeting place where the Sons of Liberty planned the Boston Tea Party. (Photo courtesy of The Green Dragon Tavern & Museum.) The Liberty Tea used the red root bush herb found growing on riverbanks. Red sumac berries and homegrown leaves were used to make Indian Lemonade Tea. Other recipes meticulously crafted delicious Raspberry Leaf Tea. It was declared "as good as any other tea, and much more wholesome in the end." While the Daughters of Liberty generally voiced their dissatisfaction with the British in quieter ways, they occasionally had to get a little rowdy. One such incident involved a merchant who was hoarding coffee, which was later dubbed the "Coffee Party." Abigail Adams wrote about it to her husband, John, on July 31, 1777. "There has been much rout and noise in the town for several weeks. Some stores had been opened by a number of people and the coffee and sugar carried into the market and dealt out by pounds. It was rumoured that an eminent, wealthy, stingy merchant (who is a bachelor) had a hogshead of coffee in his store which he refused to sell to the committee under 6 shillings per pound. A number of females some say a hundred, some say more assembled with a cart and trucks, marched down to the warehouse and demanded the keys, which he refused to deliver, upon which one of them seized him by his neck and tossed him into the cart. Upon his finding no quarter he delivered the keys, when they tipped up the cart and discharged him, then opened the warehouse, hoisted out the coffee themselves, put it into the trucks and drove off. It was reported that he had a spanking among them, but this I believe was not true. A large concourse of men stood amazed silent spectators of the whole transaction." But what happened in Boston Harbor four years prior was a pivotal moment in the fight for American independence. On Dec. 16, 1773, an assembly was called at the Old South Meeting House, the largest building in colonial Boston. This is where John Hancock made a passionate demand: "Let every man do what is right in his own eyes!" The historic meeting amassed an estimated 5,000 to 7,000 colonists unified together against tyranny. The Boston Tea Party was put into motion to resist British oppression and to rally against taxation without proper representation. The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Picture Collection, The New York Public Library. "Destruction of the tea" The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1881. That evening, disguised as American Indians, "Adams' Mohawks" marched toward Griffin's Wharf carrying axes and tomahawks, wearing feathers on their caps and warpaint on their faces. The only opposition between the liberators and 342 chests of tea was a British officer who had drawn his sword. He was no match for them and simply stepped aside as he was heavily outnumbered. The men split into three groups and boarded the three ships: the Dartmouth, the Eleanor, and the Beaver. They ordered the crew below deck, then used ropes and pulleys to hoist 90- to 400-pound chests of tea up from the cargo area, onto the deck, and into the harbor. A large crowd gathered on the shoreline and cheered on their patriots as they emptied the tea into the shallow harbor. With low tide, the harbor's height was only two feet, therefore the "Indians" had to stomp the piles of overflowing tea leaves to get them to sink. Some of the raiding force tried to sneak tea into their pockets — one was even brave enough to use a rowboat to collect his stash, but these canoes were overturned. After they emptied all of the crates, enough to fill 18.5 million teacups, the "Indians" ducked into safe houses, through the help of the Daughters of Liberty, and were home by 10 that night. John Andrews, an observer, later wrote, "They say the actors were Indians… Whether they were or not to a transient observer they appear'd as such, being cloth'd in blankets with the heads muffled and copper color'd countenances, each being arm'd with a hatchet or ax, and pair pistols, nor was their dialect different from what I conceive these [sic] geniusses to speak, as their jargon was unintelligible to all but themselves." To this day, due to a pledge of secrecy, it remains unclear of who was directly involved in the historic action of dumping tea into Boston Harbor. But the event — known now as the Boston Tea Party — has become one of the most iconic events of the American Revolution, igniting a revolt against British rule and the beginning of a new unified nation.	<urn:uuid:20bb3bb7-15e1-4764-9aec-c6175459ac4b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.wearethemighty.com/history/boston-tea-party-coffee-america	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610004.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123101110-20200123130110-00510.warc.gz	en	0.980668	2,365	3.3125	3	[ 0.08166490495204926, -0.20946350693702698, 0.19946901500225067, -0.4250241219997406, -0.2815842628479004, 0.3574856221675873, 0.28466686606407166, -0.02049585059285164, -0.3010663092136383, 0.2639615535736084, 0.02982506901025772, 0.2125629484653473, -0.19239002466201782, -0.05080800876021...	4	The Boston Tea Party: How coffee became the official morning beverage of America How does one start a revolution? It begins with a group of like-minded individuals who are bold enough to carry out an action against a superior entity, ultimately to change control of power. In the days of the American Revolution, these individuals were known as the Sons of Liberty, and their supporters — patriots like Sarah Bradlee Fulton, among others — predicated their success on secret preparation. How could they lead a rebellion against England's powerful King George III and inspire townspeople to join their cause? It didn't happen overnight, but a series of events emboldened them to launch into action with an idea that was formed behind closed doors. It became known as the Boston Tea Party and is one of the most impactful political protests in history. 1773: Working men disguised as Mohawks throw chests of tea into the harbour in protest against direct taxation by the British. (Original Artist: Robert Reid. Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images.) In the 1760s, the colonists living in Boston, Massachusetts, felt that the British were taking advantage of them. Benjamin Franklin, one of the Founding Fathers who later penned America's first political cartoon under the namesake "Join, or Die," saw firsthand the strength and influence of a unified people. He shared these observations about his displeasure with the British through the written word, including poetry: We have an old mother that peevish is grown, She snubs us like children that scarce walk alone; She forgets we're grown up and have sense of our own, Which nobody can deny, which nobody can deny. Meanwhile, Boston's economy thrived; they had successful taverns, the richest shipyard on the waterfront, 3,000 wooden and brick homes, and some 500 shops. The population of 16,000 were hardworking and young — half of them were teenagers. The majority in Boston were educated enough to read the ever-popular Boston Gazette newspaper and follow updates on how the British bullied and used them as pawns to fund their wartime debts (from the French and Indian Wars). In 1765, Parliament, England's governing body of the colonies, imposed the Stamp Act, which taxed Americans for anything made from paper after it arrived in colonial shipping ports. The Quartering Act followed, which demanded that citizens open their businesses and homes to British soldiers for housing and food. Two years later, the Townshend Act added paint, glass, lead, and tea to the list of taxable goods. Join, or Die. by Benjamin Franklin (1754), a political cartoon commentary on the disunity of the North American British colonies, was later used to encourage the former colonies to unite against British rule. (Photo courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.) The American colonists were naturally angry, and tensions were consolidated to an upheaval in anarchy. By this time, the secret society of rebels known as the Sons of Liberty had formed. Frontman Samuel Adams — among other members such as John Adams, John Hancock, and Paul Revere — held public gatherings at Faneuil Hall to gain notoriety. In secret, the future Founding Fathers also held private meetings at the Green Dragon Tavern or the "House of the Revolution," previously located on Union Street in Boston's North End. Samuel Adams' individual actions had the British publicly cast him as "the most dangerous man in Massachusetts." Their freedoms were being infringed upon, writes Kathleen Krull in her book "What Was The Boston Tea Party?" They protested in small boycotts and skirmishes against loyalist businesses (those who sided with the British), which made the headlines in the next day's newspaper — but, most importantly, it caught the attention of the royal tyrants. Adams encouraged other patriots who believed in their cause to act in defiance. They used intimidation, vandalism, and even defamation of tax collectors through a shameful punishment called tarring and feathering. On Feb. 22, 1770, one of these strong-armed attempts turned violent when British customs officer, Ebenezer Richardson, fired his musket upon a group in his backyard, killing 11-year-old Christopher Seider. A month later, on March 5, 1770, Private Hugh White, a British soldier, used his bayonet against a patriot at the Custom House on King Street. White escalated the verbal altercation to a physical one, and the angry mob countered with a volley of snowballs, rocks, and ice. Bells rang signalling a disturbance, and loyalists and patriots entered the street to see the commotion. As the riot ensued, the British fired their muskets, killing five colonists in what is today known as the Boston Massacre. The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Picture Collection, The New York Public Library. "Boston Massacre" The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1870. After these two incidents of bloodshed, the final straw was the imposition of the Tea Act, which was passed in May 1773. The Sons of Liberty had illegally smuggled tea from Holland because anything associated with the British infuriated them. Parliament countered with the enforcement of the British East India Company, the only tea that could be purchased. The once-adored tea from India and China, all 18 million pounds of it, had been outcasted by the colonists. So a group of American women began to make their own. Women also played important if lesser-known roles in the events leading up to the Boston Tea Party. Similar to the Sons of Liberty, a group comprised of approximately 300 women was referred to as the Daughters of Liberty, and they had significant influence. Sarah Bradlee Fulton was an important figure who became known as the "Mother of the Boston Tea Party"; she later became one of the first women to come under the orders of George Washington as a spy during the American Revolution. Fulton's role in the Boston Tea Party wasn't the infamous actions of dumping tea into Boston Harbor — it was more subtle, though equally important. Fulton is credited with suggesting that the patriots wear disguises during their great tea-dumping campaign to ensure that they couldn't be recognized from a distance and would remain incognito when they ditched their outfits after the event. Colonists also spread propaganda about British tea in the newspapers, instead valuing "Liberty Tea" made by American women in homemade batches. "Let us abjure the poisonous baneful plant and its odious infusion," wrote one colonist. "Poisonous and odious, I mean, not on account of the physical qualities but on account of the political diseases and death that are connected with every particle of it." The Green Dragon Tavern, the meeting place where the Sons of Liberty planned the Boston Tea Party. (Photo courtesy of The Green Dragon Tavern & Museum.) The Liberty Tea used the red root bush herb found growing on riverbanks. Red sumac berries and homegrown leaves were used to make Indian Lemonade Tea. Other recipes meticulously crafted delicious Raspberry Leaf Tea. It was declared "as good as any other tea, and much more wholesome in the end." While the Daughters of Liberty generally voiced their dissatisfaction with the British in quieter ways, they occasionally had to get a little rowdy. One such incident involved a merchant who was hoarding coffee, which was later dubbed the "Coffee Party." Abigail Adams wrote about it to her husband, John, on July 31, 1777. "There has been much rout and noise in the town for several weeks. Some stores had been opened by a number of people and the coffee and sugar carried into the market and dealt out by pounds. It was rumoured that an eminent, wealthy, stingy merchant (who is a bachelor) had a hogshead of coffee in his store which he refused to sell to the committee under 6 shillings per pound. A number of females some say a hundred, some say more assembled with a cart and trucks, marched down to the warehouse and demanded the keys, which he refused to deliver, upon which one of them seized him by his neck and tossed him into the cart. Upon his finding no quarter he delivered the keys, when they tipped up the cart and discharged him, then opened the warehouse, hoisted out the coffee themselves, put it into the trucks and drove off. It was reported that he had a spanking among them, but this I believe was not true. A large concourse of men stood amazed silent spectators of the whole transaction." But what happened in Boston Harbor four years prior was a pivotal moment in the fight for American independence. On Dec. 16, 1773, an assembly was called at the Old South Meeting House, the largest building in colonial Boston. This is where John Hancock made a passionate demand: "Let every man do what is right in his own eyes!" The historic meeting amassed an estimated 5,000 to 7,000 colonists unified together against tyranny. The Boston Tea Party was put into motion to resist British oppression and to rally against taxation without proper representation. The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Picture Collection, The New York Public Library. "Destruction of the tea" The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1881. That evening, disguised as American Indians, "Adams' Mohawks" marched toward Griffin's Wharf carrying axes and tomahawks, wearing feathers on their caps and warpaint on their faces. The only opposition between the liberators and 342 chests of tea was a British officer who had drawn his sword. He was no match for them and simply stepped aside as he was heavily outnumbered. The men split into three groups and boarded the three ships: the Dartmouth, the Eleanor, and the Beaver. They ordered the crew below deck, then used ropes and pulleys to hoist 90- to 400-pound chests of tea up from the cargo area, onto the deck, and into the harbor. A large crowd gathered on the shoreline and cheered on their patriots as they emptied the tea into the shallow harbor. With low tide, the harbor's height was only two feet, therefore the "Indians" had to stomp the piles of overflowing tea leaves to get them to sink. Some of the raiding force tried to sneak tea into their pockets — one was even brave enough to use a rowboat to collect his stash, but these canoes were overturned. After they emptied all of the crates, enough to fill 18.5 million teacups, the "Indians" ducked into safe houses, through the help of the Daughters of Liberty, and were home by 10 that night. John Andrews, an observer, later wrote, "They say the actors were Indians… Whether they were or not to a transient observer they appear'd as such, being cloth'd in blankets with the heads muffled and copper color'd countenances, each being arm'd with a hatchet or ax, and pair pistols, nor was their dialect different from what I conceive these [sic] geniusses to speak, as their jargon was unintelligible to all but themselves." To this day, due to a pledge of secrecy, it remains unclear of who was directly involved in the historic action of dumping tea into Boston Harbor. But the event — known now as the Boston Tea Party — has become one of the most iconic events of the American Revolution, igniting a revolt against British rule and the beginning of a new unified nation.	2,406	ENGLISH	1
"Mary Turner and the Lynching Rampage of 1918 Reexamined" By Phillip Williams. MA History. MLIS. 18 May 2018. It has been one hundred years since the tragic events of May 1918 in south Georgia. The story of Mary Turner and the Lynching Rampage of 1918 has been told and retold by historians since then. By in large, those accounts have been quality works that have done an adequate job looking at what exactly happened and the impact the lynching rampage had upon Brook and Lowndes Counties. There are a number of relatively minor inaccuracies that have crept into those accounts through the over reliance of historians upon the newspaper accounts from the time period over other sources. Those historians have fallen prey to one of the weaknesses of newspaper articles. In a rush to get the story out, reporters will play a bit fast and loose with some of the facts. Furthermore, corrections rarely make good headlines. The use of sources considered to be primarily genealogical have gone underused by many professional historians for far too long. There is a bias against genealogy by many historians. Traditionally genealogical sources are not that useful for providing additional information about the lives of the great men of history. Their lives are often better documented elsewhere. When one starts doing history from the bottom up, genealogical sources and methods become extremely valuable. Most people did not have time to write an autobiography, and were also not lucky enough to have a biographer. To piece together a narrative about the life of a common person, a good historian must rely upon every available scrap of information. Newspapers are a favorite source of many historians who write history from the bottom up. They are also a favorite source of genealogists. Census records, death certificates, marriage records, tombstones, and other traditionally genealogical sources have not caught on quite as quickly with historians. Those sources are not without their problems. There is not a source of any type without problems. A good historian must weigh the strength and weaknesses of the sources they use. A good genealogist must do the same. Historians would be quite surprised by how much in common they actually have with genealogists. In addition to demonstrating the benefits of using genealogical techniques to supplement information from the newspapers accounts, this article will be the first to cover additional information about the Hampton Smith murder that emerged in the months and years after May 1918. Including in a brief account of the trial of Leamon Wright for the murder of Hampton Smith, and his execution for the crime on Jefferson Davis' birthday in 1921. Leamon Wright went to his death denying any involvement in the murder of Hampton Smith and the attack on his wife. Mary Hattie Graham Turner's age and family: The newspaper accounts from the time period universally omitted any and all information about the family of Mary Turner besides her husband being Hayes Turner and her having an unborn child that was murdered with her. The primary sources vary as to what year she was born. Most newspapers covering the events made no mention of her age at all. Those include: - Albuquerque Morning Journal. 20 May 1918. - Alexandria Gazette. 20 May 1918. - Arizona Republican. 20 May 1918. - Atlanta Constitution. 20 May 1918. - Baltimore Herald. 20 May 1918. - Chattanooga News. 20 May 1918. - The Evening World. 20 May 1918. - Grand Forks Herald. 20 May 1918. - Harrisburg Telegraph. 20 May 1918. - New York Sun. 20 May 1918. - New York Times. 20 May 1918. - Norwich Bulletin. 20 May 1918. - Ogden Standard. 20 May 1918. - Pensacola Journal. 20 May 1918. - Richmond Times Dispatch. 20 May 1918. - Savannah Morning News. 20 May 1918. - South Bend Times. 20 May 1918. - Tägliche Omaha Tribüne. 20 May 1918. - Thomasville Daily Times. 20 May 1918. - Tulsa Daily World. 20 May 1918. - The Washington Times. 20 May 1918. - Watertown News. 20 May 1918. - The Wheeling Intelligencer. 20 May 1918. - The Hawaiian Gazette. 21 May 1918. - Monroe Journal. 21 May 1918. - Der Nordstern. 23 May 1918. - The Lancaster News. 24 May 1918. - Worth County Local. 24 May 1918. - Savannah Tribune. 25 May 1918. - The Idaho Recorder. 31 May 1918. - The Wallace Miner. 6 June 1918. - The Weekly Banner. 14 June 1918. - The Cleveland Gazette. 10 August 1918. - Kansas City Sun. 10 August 1918. - Richmond Planet. 10 August 1918. Similarly, the report given by Walter White to NAACP and published in The Crisis in September 1918 under the title "The Work of a Mob" made no mention of her age at all. Walter White's book Rope and Faggot: A Biography of Judge Lynch made no mention of her age either. The mention of her lynching in the Congressional record on 18 January 1919 made no mention of her age either. Christopher C Meyers' journal article “Killing Them by the Wholesale” A Lynching Rampage in South Georgia” did not mention her age at all. The mentions of her lynching in Lynching in America: A History in Documents (2006), The Way it was in the South: The Black Experience in Georgia (1993) , and Strange Fruit: Plays on Lynching by American Women (1998) all do not give her age. The Cleveland Gazette of 1 June 1918, gave her age as twenty. It is unknown how many other newspapers reported her age. The Cleveland Gazette paper was the only one found that mentions her while research was carried out. The primary Georgia newspapers of the period did not mention her age at all. In Armstrong's "The people... took exception to her remarks”, Mary Turner was said to have been 19 years of age. The source of her age is not cited. Armstrong in her book Mary Turner and the Memory of Lynching discussed how the wording of the marker was written. The Georgia Historical Society's proposed draft of the wording of the marker did not make mention of her age at all. The draft submitted by the Mary Turner Project gave her age as 21. Armstrong notes, "The latter version emphasizes Turner's young age (different from published sources)..." (p 197). Outside of the mention of her age related to the erecting of the marker in 2010 in the conclusion, Armstrong did not otherwise mention the age of Mary Turner in her book Mary Turner's age appearing as either 19, 20, or 21 increased dramatically with the renaissance of interest in her death following the erection of the historical marker in 2010. Modern newspaper accounts are generally reliant upon the historical marker or the Mary Turner Project for establishing her age or otherwise do not cite the sources for details. The Internet has created an echo chamber of these uncited facts. When asked via email on 17 May 2018 about how the age of 21 was chosen for the historical marker, Dr. Mark Patrick George, the former head of the Mary Turner Project, responded that they had built the website and erected the historical marker prior to coming into contact with Mary Turner's family. He went on to say "Family members who we work with put her age at 33 and we need to change it on our website," and that the project just had not gotten around to changing it yet. 33 puts her birth year at 1885. The only readily available account describing the extended family of Mary and Hayes Turner is "A Place to Lay Their Heads" by C. Tyrone Forehand. He claims to be a great grand nephew of Hayes and Mary Turner. His description of the family of Marry Hattie Graham Turner includes her parents' names' (Perry W Graham and Betty Graham), her siblings' names ( Pearlie, Perry G. , Otha, and Etha), and mentioned that she was born in 1885. From the perspective of a genealogist, this gives us a tremendous amount of information to go on. When looking for her in census records, we can crosscheck those records and see if people with the names of her parents and siblings show up. A Mary Hattie Graham showing up in a census with a father named Perry Graham could happen without it necessarily being the Mary Turner that we are looking for, but it would be highly unlikely for it not to be her if we find one whose also has siblings with the known names of her siblings. In the 1900 census for Brooks County, Georgia a family with a father named Perry Graham, a mother named Betty, a daughter named Pearlie, a daughter named Hattie born December 1884, a son named Perry Graham, and a son named Otha can be found. The 1900 census for the Graham family is depicted below. There is not much of an actual difference between a person being born 1885 and being born December 1884. The author has personally seen census records in which a person's proven birth year is off by over a decade in a census record. An 1884/1885 birth year would put Mary Turner about 32 to 33 years of age by her death on 19 May 1918. It is perfectly reasonable for a woman of that age to be pregnant with her third child. The author is going with the speculative birth time as December 1884 or sometime in 1885. The next positive record we have for Mary Hattie Graham Turner is her marriage to Hayes Turner. On 11 Feb 1917 Hayes Turner married Hattie Graham in Colquitt County, Georgia. (Colquitt County, Georgia, marriage book E, p 393). That date does raise some questions. Were the two surviving children of Mary Turner (Ocie Lee and Leaster) both fathered by Hayes Turner? Were they Mary Turner's biological children? Was one or possible both of them her step-children? Where was Mary Turner between 1900 and 1917? Her parents and her brother Otho/Ortha appear in the 1910 Brooks County census. Perry Graham, Jr is listed in the next household. She might have been living elsewhere or had just been skipped over by the census enumerator. Currently she cannot be located in the 1910 census. There is a grandchild who is shown living with Mary Turner's mother in the 1920 and 1930 census. In 1920, he is listed as Loyd Smith and 1930 as Willie L. Smith. In 1920 his birth year is shown as 1910 and in 1930 as 1907. It is possible that he could be the child of Mary Turner's sister instead and not Mary's child. There is a marriage record for a Pearlie Graham marrying a Joe Jenkins on 22 Aug 1901. This most likely Joseph R. Jenkins who lived in Brooks County during that same period. She appears to have died, as Joseph R. Jenkins remarried on 23 Dec 1909. There is a family tree on Ancestry.com that lists Willie L Smith as the son Mary and an unknown father. A sister, Leaster Manning, is also listed on that same family tree. More research needs to be conducted related to Mary Turner's children and if Willie Lloyd Smith and Leaster Manning are one in the same as Ocie Lee and Leaster who are said to have gone by assumed names after Mary Turner's lynching. In an interview conducted by the writer in May 2018, a relative of Mary Turner confirmed that "Lloyd was Mary’s son presumably prior to her marriage to Hayes." Lloyd being Mary Turner's son further suggests that her having been 19, 20, or 21 in 1918 as inaccurate. Her being 19 in 1918 would mean she would have given birth to him when she was 8 if the 1907 birth year for him is used and 11 if the 1910 birth year is used. Her being 21 in 1918 would mean she would have given birth to him when she was 10 if the 1907 birth year for him is used and 13 if the 1910 birth year is used. Ocie Lee appears to be the same as Willie Lloyd Smith. There is a marriage record in Lowndes County, Georgia for a Will Smith and a Hattie Graham dated 21 July 1903. This was more than likely her. There were not any other Hattie Grahams in the area during the time period. Even with the additional information of a possible husband she still cannot be found during the 1910 census. The family of Mary Turner should be consulted further by historians. Members of the Graham family still live in Brooks County. We know a bit more from records about Hazel B "Hayes" Turner than we do about Mary. Forehand also provided the names of his parents, siblings, and gave his birth date as August 1893. He can be positively identified in both the 1900 and 1910 censuses. The 1900 census gave his approximate birth date as August 1893, and the 1910 gave his birth year as 1893. He registered for the World War I era draft on 5 June 1917. At the time he was living in Berlin, Colquitt County (Berlin is 3 miles away from the Brooks County/Colquitt County line), and claimed to have a wife and four children. The draft card gave his birth date as 15 August 1892. Once again a year off is not that big of a deal. People did not always know what year they were born. Literacy and knowing exactly when one was born was a privilege during that time period. The 1910 census shows Hayes Turner's father John Wheeler Turner being able to read and write, but not Hayes himself. There is a marriage record for a Hayes Turner who married a Clara Cooper on 1 September 1912 in Brooks County, Georgia. Hayes Turner would have been of a marriageable age by that time. There are not any other Hayes Turner or variants of the name in the area during that time period. Hayes Turner having been married previously could explain why he shows up as having four children when he registered for the draft in 1917. Below is Hayes Turner's draft card, which he signed with an x. Members of Hayes Turner's family remained in Brooks County after the lynching and some still live there. Claude Hampton Smith, Sr : The historic newspaper accounts also got Hampton Smith's age wrong. The Savannah Morning News of 18 May 1918 and The Quitman Free Press of 24 May 1918 both gave his age as 31. Christopher Meyer's article, relying upon the newspaper accounts, also gave his age as 31. The 1910 Brooks County census gave his birth year as 1893. His World War I era draft card gave his birth date as 4 January 1893. His tombstone also gives his birth date as 4 January 1893. That puts him at just 25 years and four months at the time of his death. One would expect for The Quitman Free Press to have at least gotten Hampton Smith's age correct given it was the newspaper for his home county. This is even more evidence that newspapers can be unreliable for basic life details of individuals, and that facts gained from newspapers need to be supported by additional evidence. His wife, the former Leila Bertha Simmons remarried years after the incidents of 1918. She gave birth to Claude Hampton Smith, Jr on 13 September 1918. She went home to live with her family in Garden Valley, Macon County, Georgia. She died 13 February 1981. Claude Hampton Smith, Jr died 20 September 1984. The Non-Turner Victims of the 1918 Lynching Rampage: For the other victims of the 1918 Lynching Rampage, we often nothing more than their names, if that. The newspaper accounts of the lynchings provide some of the names, but Walter White's "The Work of A Mob" provides us with the most names of the victims of any available source. Will Head: Head was a generally uncommon name in Brooks County. By 1910 there were only four Head families in the county, that of a Willis Head of the Morven area, a Henry Head of the Hickory Head area, a Frank Head of the Tallokas areas, and a William Head born 1888 in the Tallokas area. Henry Head's family can also be found in 1900 census for Brooks County. Willis Head's family was in the area of Lowndes County across the river from Morven by 1900. By 1920, Willis Head was dead and his widow Emma is living in the Barney area. There was a Will Head born 3 November 1888 in Milltown (modern Lakeland), Georgia who registered for the World War I era draft in Brooks County on 5 June 1917. He is listed as being single (this discounts any theory that Willis Head is one in the same as this Will Head), and working in Morven as a blacksmith for C. F. Fry. Head was a similarly uncommon surname in neighboring Colquitt County and Lowndes County. In Berrien County, Georgia in 1900 (Milltown was part of Berrien County until Lanier County was established) we do find the Will Head who registered for the draft in Brooks County in 1917. This can be confirmed by this Will Head's Social Security application in which he lists 3 November 1888 as his birth date and his parents as Frank Head and Mary A. Tolliver. He is found with his parents in the 1900 census of Berrien County. This Will Head's father Frank Head is also in the 1910 Brooks County census. This Will Head can be found in the 1920 census, 1930 census, and 1940 census all for Coffee County, Georgia. That Will Head cannot be the Will Head that was lynched. Expanding the search for suitable candidates for Will Head further away did not bring up any more likely candidates. Most likely the Will Head that was lynched was either Willis Head or his son Willie Head. Willis Head's birth year is 1875 in 1900 and 1865 in 1910. Willie Head's birth year is 1898 in 1900 and 1899 in 1910. Neither Willis nor Willie can be found for certain in census records after the 1910 census. Willis' widow Emma moved to Cook County, Georgia and died there in 1974. Will Thompson: Will Thompson is too common of a name to distinguish in records without additional information. Julius Jones: Julius Jones is also too common of a name in the area of South Georgia to distinguish between the Julius Jones who was lynched and others. Eugene Rice alias James Isom: There is a James Isom who lived in the Barney area, but he can be found in the 1920 census. Somebody in the area named Eugene Rice cannot also be positively identified. Chime Riley: More than likely Chime was a nickname. There were a number of Riley families in the area and it impossible without further information to narrow who Chime Riley was down to just one. For now his life is just his name and the paragraph about him from the Walter White report. Three others in the river: The unknown bodies from the river were never positively identified with any name. Sidney Johnson: The newspaper accounts of the lynching rampage, described Sidney Johnson as having been 19 years of age, from Lowndes County, and having had parents still alive in 1918 since they were put in jail in Valdosta for safekeeping. There was a Sidney Johnson in the 1900 census, born March 1900 to Richard Johnson and his wife living near Clyattville, Lowndes County, Georgia. The census listed several siblings. The family shows up again in the 1910 Lowndes County census living near Dasher, Georgia. The ages of the children were way off in the 1910 census, but the names and birth order stay similar enough to confirm it to be the same family. The other Sidney Johnson in the area during this time period was a white man named Albert Sidney Johnson born about 1880. One does not find a better candidate for the Sidney Johnson when extending the search. Sidney Johnson appears to have been named for his paternal grandfather Sidney Johnson who first appears in records in the 1870 Lowndes County, Georgia census. Sidney Johnson's family stayed in Lowndes County until sometime after 1920. After that time his parents and several of his siblings moved to Pinellas County, Florida. Simon Shuman (also seen as Schuman): He is often listed among the victims of the 1918 lynching rampage, but this appears to be a mistake. In Walter White's "Work of A Mob", it is reported that Shuman was seized one night from his home his home near Berlin. White reported that Shuman had not been seen in the seven weeks since the incidents in May. The Athens Daily Herald of 21 June 1918, reported that a man named "Shorty" Brown who had been captured in Jacksonville, Florida, had implicated Shuman in the Hampton Smith attack. Shuman was arrested and placed in the Brooks County jail. An Associated Press article that appeared in the Thomasville Times Daily Times Enterprise on 25 June 1918, reported that Shuman had been removed from the Brooks County jail "to parts unknown, for safe keeping." Clearly Shuman did not die during the May 1918 rampage as some have since assumed. He had also clearly been seen since then. There is the possibility that White was confused about the timeline of Shuman's disappearance and that his report actually referred to Shuman having been moved elsewhere for safe keeping. White might also have simply not gotten word about the events related to Shuman for mid-June because of how long communication took in 1918. There is also further evidence that Shuman was not a victim of the lynching rampage. Shuman was an extremely uncommon name in Brooks County during the time period in question, and also generally uncommon throughout all of Georgia during that time period. The only Shuman family (or any other phonetically similar names) in the 1900 census for Brooks County was headed by a Simon Shuman born about March 1877. His wife was a woman named Mary. They have a daughter named Silla listed in the census. The family can be seen again in 1910 census for Brooks County, Georgia with additional children. They cannot be found in the 1920 census for Brooks County, Georgia. A Simon Shuman with a wife Mary and children of similar names to the 1910 census can be found in the Albany, Dougherty County, Georgia 1920 census. The names and birth years of the family in the 1920 census being more or less the same as those in the 1910 census, more or less confirm that Simon Shuman survived his ordeal in Brooks County and moved away. By the 1930 census, they had moved to St. Johns County, Florida. He and Mary are also found in the 1935 Florida state census living in St. Johns County, Florida. During that same time period, there were not that many other Simon Shuman's in the state of Georgia. There was one in Bryan County, Georgia from he 1870s to 1930s born in the 1850s who appears to be the father of Simon Shuman who was living in Brooks County in 1900 and 1910. The elder Shuman was married to a woman named Silla, the same name as Simon Shuman's of Brooks County firstborn child. During the time period those were the only Simon Shumans in the state of Georgia. It is unclear when Simon Shuman died. A man named Simon Shuman of his approximate birth year did die on 25 August 1962 in Glynn County, Georgia. A Simon Shuman of his approximate age does appear in the 1940 Glynn County, Georgia census. Two more Victims? Prior to this article, coverage by historians of the aftermath of the Hampton Smith's death and the subsequent lynching rampage ends with Walter White's report and the national reaction to it. There are are few other parts of the Hampton Smith case that have not previously been given attention by historians. Leamon Wright alias "Shorty" Ford alias Edmund Pipkins alias Julius Brown alias Rounder Ford alias Black Terror: The Athens Daily Herald of 31 May 1918 reported that a man named "Rounder Ford" had been captured in Jacksonville, Florida in connection with the Hampton Smith murder. He also went by the alias Julius Brown. The officers from Lowndes County who had traveled to Jacksonville to investigate the matter refused to allow Ford. When they returned to Valdosta, they were met by a crowd of hundreds. The citizens of Valdosta seemed to be hoping for another lynching, and law enforcement were not wanting to oblige them. By late June 1918, Ford was still being held in Duval County Jail, and had implicated Simon Shuman in the Hampton Smith affair. The newspapers articles mention Edmund Pipkins as yet another alias of "Short" Ford. By late March 1919, "Shorty" Ford had been transferred from Duval County Jail to Chatham County Jail in Savannah, Georgia. The Chattanooga News of 25 March 1919, reported that Ford was denying his confession of having been involved in the murder of Hampton Smith and was claiming that his arrest was a case of mistaken identity. Ford's first hearing was scheduled for 1 April 1919. Authorities believed that Brooks County was still too unsafe for Ford to be brought to Quitman for trial, and a change of venue request had been put in for much safer Savannah, Georgia. Revenge against those involved in the murder of Hampton Smith was still very much on the minds of citizens of Brooks County as the first anniversary of his death approached. In May a body was found in the Withlacoochee River west of Valdosta (The Atlanta Constitution 20 May 1919). The African American man whose body had been found decomposing had been bound, shot in the head, and wounded in other ways. He was believed to have been a prisoner from Hamilton County Jail just over the state line in Florida who had been implicated in the Hampton Smith murder. He had been taken from the jail in Jasper, Florida a few days before by men claiming to have official orders to take him. More research should be able to uncover who the man was. The Atlanta Constitution of 21 May 1919 gave another alias for "Shorty" Ford, Leamon Wright as the trial began in Chatham County. He continued to claim he was not the man known by "Shorty" Ford in the area around Brooks County. By December (Atlanta Constitution 16 December 1919) the trial was being postponed due to the absence of material witnesses. The defense claimed that the real "Shorty" Ford had been arrested, released, and drowned. He was found guilty of the murder of Hampton Smith and of assaulting Bertha Smith on 17 December 1919 and sentenced to death (Atlanta Constitution 17 December 1919). The defense could have been referring to the man drowned in the Withlachoochee River earlier that year in May. In June 1920 Judge P. W. Meldrum of Chatham Superior Court granted "Shorty" Ford, by this time also consistently referred to as Leamon Wright in press accounts a new trial (Atlanta Constitution 25 June 1920). He claimed to have had an alibi that could prove he was elsewhere. In July 1920, he was once again found guilty and sentenced to be executed on 13 August 1920 (Semi-Weekly Times Enterprise 6 July 1920). An aunt of Wright's named Mary Dozier of Newington, Georgia testified that she had never heard of him being called "Shorty" Ford. Oscar T. Hill of Valdosta, an agent for the Georgia Southern and Florida Railway, also testified that Wright was not who he had known as "Shorty" Ford back in Valdosta. Dixon Smith, the father of Hampton Smith Sr, testified that Wright was indeed the one that had killed his son. The prosecution had also relied upon the alleged confession that Wright had signed in Jacksonville two years earlier. Wright attempted to get another trial in August and his execution was temporarily stayed; however, a new trial was denied (The Union Daily Times 14 August 1920). Oscar T. Hill was also the police officer who had traveled to Jacksonville in late May 1918 to investigate the matter of the person being held in Duval County Jail (Atlanta Constitution 1 June 1918). Dixon Smith did not live with his son when he was murdered. The only surviving witness to the murder was Bertha Simmons Smith, Hampton Smith's wife. It is unknown how Dixon Smith was able to positively identify somebody from the scene of a crime that he was not present at himself. By May 1921, Wright's execution was scheduled for 3 June 1921. Several papers (Americus Time Recorder 12 May 1921, Atlanta Constitution 29 May 1921) noted at the time that 3 June was Jefferson Davis' birthday and also a public holiday in the state of Georgia. The Atlanta Constitution mentioned that some had suggested that the execution be delayed by a day because of the holiday. The Americus Times Recorder did not mention any suggestions of delay and report the two executions that were to happen on the holiday more as a matter of fact. He was successfully executed at 10:30 am on 3 June 1921 in Chatham County Jail. His last words were "Bos I'se shore innocent" (Atlanta Constitution 4 June 1921). The woman who had claimed to be his aunt during the trial, Mary Dozier, was also the informant for his death certificate. She gave the names of his parents as Will Wright and Hattie Hutch. His aunt gave his birth year as 1904. This would put him at only being 14 years of age back in 1918. He was buried in an unmarked grave in Laurel Grove Cemetery. The birth year she provided seems to be most likely inaccurate. Leamon Wright registered for the draft in Chatham County, Georgia on 12 September 1918 while in jail and gave his birth date as 5 September 1900. His birth year is given as 1900 when he appears in the 1920 Chatham County census. During that census, he was in Chatham County Jail and is listed as Julius Brown. There is the chance that the 1900 date on both the census record and the draft registration was decided upon by authorities in the Chatham County Jail to make it seem like they were not holding a minor against his will. Further information about Leamon Wright from before 1918 cannot be found for certain. Leamon Wright had two trials for the murder of Hampton Smith in Chatham County, Georgia. Somewhere in the Chatham County Courthouse are additional primary sources related to 1918 Lynching Rampage. There is a lot more that can be done as far as scholarship on the 1918 Lynching Rampage in Brooks County/Lowndes County. The time to have collected first hand oral histories about the rampage has sadly passed. There are a number of people who are still alive who knew people who were alive during the lynching rampage. These second hand accounts need to be collected while there is still time. Those second hand accounts should be looked at with a critical eye by historians. The court records in Chatham County Courthouse need to be consulted. When writing about people who are not the traditional white well off males with thoroughly documented lives, historians should contact surviving family members to see what can be learned to help improve the accuracy of the narrative. The use of genealogical techniques has its place in the research process of history. The bias against genealogical techniques needs to be confronted by historians and those techniques embraced. For historians that focus on local history or historians that focus on history from the bottom up, borrowing skills from genealogy can be extremely valuable. As this article has shown there is a lot that can be found out through these techniques that cannot be discovered through solely relying upon newspaper articles. This article shows that those seem techniques also have their limitations. People with very common names are nearly impossible to find out anything more about beyond their name without some sort of additional context, such as age or names of family members. Armstrong, Julie Buckner. “The people… took exception her remarks: Meta Warrick Fuller, Angelina Weld Grimké, and the Lynching of Mary Turner.” The Mississippi Quarterly 61 (2008): 114-141. Armstrong, Julie Buckner. Mary Turner and the Memory of Lynching. University of Georgia Press, 2011. Forehand, C. Tyrone. “A Place to Lay Their Heads.” Meyers, Christopher C. ““Killing Them by the Wholesale” A Lynching Rampage in South Georgia.” The Georgia Historical Quarterly 90 no. 2 (2006): 214-235. White, Walter. "The Work of A Mob." The Crisis 16 no. 5 (September 1918): 221-223.	<urn:uuid:f5532dfa-b1f3-428b-9aef-5126b3d00033>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://sites.google.com/view/wiregrassrdhp/mary-turner	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592636.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118135205-20200118163205-00127.warc.gz	en	0.980605	6,652	3.296875	3	[ 0.04402339458465576, 0.02470581606030464, 0.3295689821243286, 0.1050514206290245, 0.24789297580718994, -0.02247404307126999, -0.37387263774871826, -0.011379597708582878, -0.1457126885652542, -0.024819541722536087, 0.0410650335252285, 0.3265208303928375, 0.19690024852752686, 0.2183002531528...	1	"Mary Turner and the Lynching Rampage of 1918 Reexamined" By Phillip Williams. MA History. MLIS. 18 May 2018. It has been one hundred years since the tragic events of May 1918 in south Georgia. The story of Mary Turner and the Lynching Rampage of 1918 has been told and retold by historians since then. By in large, those accounts have been quality works that have done an adequate job looking at what exactly happened and the impact the lynching rampage had upon Brook and Lowndes Counties. There are a number of relatively minor inaccuracies that have crept into those accounts through the over reliance of historians upon the newspaper accounts from the time period over other sources. Those historians have fallen prey to one of the weaknesses of newspaper articles. In a rush to get the story out, reporters will play a bit fast and loose with some of the facts. Furthermore, corrections rarely make good headlines. The use of sources considered to be primarily genealogical have gone underused by many professional historians for far too long. There is a bias against genealogy by many historians. Traditionally genealogical sources are not that useful for providing additional information about the lives of the great men of history. Their lives are often better documented elsewhere. When one starts doing history from the bottom up, genealogical sources and methods become extremely valuable. Most people did not have time to write an autobiography, and were also not lucky enough to have a biographer. To piece together a narrative about the life of a common person, a good historian must rely upon every available scrap of information. Newspapers are a favorite source of many historians who write history from the bottom up. They are also a favorite source of genealogists. Census records, death certificates, marriage records, tombstones, and other traditionally genealogical sources have not caught on quite as quickly with historians. Those sources are not without their problems. There is not a source of any type without problems. A good historian must weigh the strength and weaknesses of the sources they use. A good genealogist must do the same. Historians would be quite surprised by how much in common they actually have with genealogists. In addition to demonstrating the benefits of using genealogical techniques to supplement information from the newspapers accounts, this article will be the first to cover additional information about the Hampton Smith murder that emerged in the months and years after May 1918. Including in a brief account of the trial of Leamon Wright for the murder of Hampton Smith, and his execution for the crime on Jefferson Davis' birthday in 1921. Leamon Wright went to his death denying any involvement in the murder of Hampton Smith and the attack on his wife. Mary Hattie Graham Turner's age and family: The newspaper accounts from the time period universally omitted any and all information about the family of Mary Turner besides her husband being Hayes Turner and her having an unborn child that was murdered with her. The primary sources vary as to what year she was born. Most newspapers covering the events made no mention of her age at all. Those include: - Albuquerque Morning Journal. 20 May 1918. - Alexandria Gazette. 20 May 1918. - Arizona Republican. 20 May 1918. - Atlanta Constitution. 20 May 1918. - Baltimore Herald. 20 May 1918. - Chattanooga News. 20 May 1918. - The Evening World. 20 May 1918. - Grand Forks Herald. 20 May 1918. - Harrisburg Telegraph. 20 May 1918. - New York Sun. 20 May 1918. - New York Times. 20 May 1918. - Norwich Bulletin. 20 May 1918. - Ogden Standard. 20 May 1918. - Pensacola Journal. 20 May 1918. - Richmond Times Dispatch. 20 May 1918. - Savannah Morning News. 20 May 1918. - South Bend Times. 20 May 1918. - Tägliche Omaha Tribüne. 20 May 1918. - Thomasville Daily Times. 20 May 1918. - Tulsa Daily World. 20 May 1918. - The Washington Times. 20 May 1918. - Watertown News. 20 May 1918. - The Wheeling Intelligencer. 20 May 1918. - The Hawaiian Gazette. 21 May 1918. - Monroe Journal. 21 May 1918. - Der Nordstern. 23 May 1918. - The Lancaster News. 24 May 1918. - Worth County Local. 24 May 1918. - Savannah Tribune. 25 May 1918. - The Idaho Recorder. 31 May 1918. - The Wallace Miner. 6 June 1918. - The Weekly Banner. 14 June 1918. - The Cleveland Gazette. 10 August 1918. - Kansas City Sun. 10 August 1918. - Richmond Planet. 10 August 1918. Similarly, the report given by Walter White to NAACP and published in The Crisis in September 1918 under the title "The Work of a Mob" made no mention of her age at all. Walter White's book Rope and Faggot: A Biography of Judge Lynch made no mention of her age either. The mention of her lynching in the Congressional record on 18 January 1919 made no mention of her age either. Christopher C Meyers' journal article “Killing Them by the Wholesale” A Lynching Rampage in South Georgia” did not mention her age at all. The mentions of her lynching in Lynching in America: A History in Documents (2006), The Way it was in the South: The Black Experience in Georgia (1993) , and Strange Fruit: Plays on Lynching by American Women (1998) all do not give her age. The Cleveland Gazette of 1 June 1918, gave her age as twenty. It is unknown how many other newspapers reported her age. The Cleveland Gazette paper was the only one found that mentions her while research was carried out. The primary Georgia newspapers of the period did not mention her age at all. In Armstrong's "The people... took exception to her remarks”, Mary Turner was said to have been 19 years of age. The source of her age is not cited. Armstrong in her book Mary Turner and the Memory of Lynching discussed how the wording of the marker was written. The Georgia Historical Society's proposed draft of the wording of the marker did not make mention of her age at all. The draft submitted by the Mary Turner Project gave her age as 21. Armstrong notes, "The latter version emphasizes Turner's young age (different from published sources)..." (p 197). Outside of the mention of her age related to the erecting of the marker in 2010 in the conclusion, Armstrong did not otherwise mention the age of Mary Turner in her book Mary Turner's age appearing as either 19, 20, or 21 increased dramatically with the renaissance of interest in her death following the erection of the historical marker in 2010. Modern newspaper accounts are generally reliant upon the historical marker or the Mary Turner Project for establishing her age or otherwise do not cite the sources for details. The Internet has created an echo chamber of these uncited facts. When asked via email on 17 May 2018 about how the age of 21 was chosen for the historical marker, Dr. Mark Patrick George, the former head of the Mary Turner Project, responded that they had built the website and erected the historical marker prior to coming into contact with Mary Turner's family. He went on to say "Family members who we work with put her age at 33 and we need to change it on our website," and that the project just had not gotten around to changing it yet. 33 puts her birth year at 1885. The only readily available account describing the extended family of Mary and Hayes Turner is "A Place to Lay Their Heads" by C. Tyrone Forehand. He claims to be a great grand nephew of Hayes and Mary Turner. His description of the family of Marry Hattie Graham Turner includes her parents' names' (Perry W Graham and Betty Graham), her siblings' names ( Pearlie, Perry G. , Otha, and Etha), and mentioned that she was born in 1885. From the perspective of a genealogist, this gives us a tremendous amount of information to go on. When looking for her in census records, we can crosscheck those records and see if people with the names of her parents and siblings show up. A Mary Hattie Graham showing up in a census with a father named Perry Graham could happen without it necessarily being the Mary Turner that we are looking for, but it would be highly unlikely for it not to be her if we find one whose also has siblings with the known names of her siblings. In the 1900 census for Brooks County, Georgia a family with a father named Perry Graham, a mother named Betty, a daughter named Pearlie, a daughter named Hattie born December 1884, a son named Perry Graham, and a son named Otha can be found. The 1900 census for the Graham family is depicted below. There is not much of an actual difference between a person being born 1885 and being born December 1884. The author has personally seen census records in which a person's proven birth year is off by over a decade in a census record. An 1884/1885 birth year would put Mary Turner about 32 to 33 years of age by her death on 19 May 1918. It is perfectly reasonable for a woman of that age to be pregnant with her third child. The author is going with the speculative birth time as December 1884 or sometime in 1885. The next positive record we have for Mary Hattie Graham Turner is her marriage to Hayes Turner. On 11 Feb 1917 Hayes Turner married Hattie Graham in Colquitt County, Georgia. (Colquitt County, Georgia, marriage book E, p 393). That date does raise some questions. Were the two surviving children of Mary Turner (Ocie Lee and Leaster) both fathered by Hayes Turner? Were they Mary Turner's biological children? Was one or possible both of them her step-children? Where was Mary Turner between 1900 and 1917? Her parents and her brother Otho/Ortha appear in the 1910 Brooks County census. Perry Graham, Jr is listed in the next household. She might have been living elsewhere or had just been skipped over by the census enumerator. Currently she cannot be located in the 1910 census. There is a grandchild who is shown living with Mary Turner's mother in the 1920 and 1930 census. In 1920, he is listed as Loyd Smith and 1930 as Willie L. Smith. In 1920 his birth year is shown as 1910 and in 1930 as 1907. It is possible that he could be the child of Mary Turner's sister instead and not Mary's child. There is a marriage record for a Pearlie Graham marrying a Joe Jenkins on 22 Aug 1901. This most likely Joseph R. Jenkins who lived in Brooks County during that same period. She appears to have died, as Joseph R. Jenkins remarried on 23 Dec 1909. There is a family tree on Ancestry.com that lists Willie L Smith as the son Mary and an unknown father. A sister, Leaster Manning, is also listed on that same family tree. More research needs to be conducted related to Mary Turner's children and if Willie Lloyd Smith and Leaster Manning are one in the same as Ocie Lee and Leaster who are said to have gone by assumed names after Mary Turner's lynching. In an interview conducted by the writer in May 2018, a relative of Mary Turner confirmed that "Lloyd was Mary’s son presumably prior to her marriage to Hayes." Lloyd being Mary Turner's son further suggests that her having been 19, 20, or 21 in 1918 as inaccurate. Her being 19 in 1918 would mean she would have given birth to him when she was 8 if the 1907 birth year for him is used and 11 if the 1910 birth year is used. Her being 21 in 1918 would mean she would have given birth to him when she was 10 if the 1907 birth year for him is used and 13 if the 1910 birth year is used. Ocie Lee appears to be the same as Willie Lloyd Smith. There is a marriage record in Lowndes County, Georgia for a Will Smith and a Hattie Graham dated 21 July 1903. This was more than likely her. There were not any other Hattie Grahams in the area during the time period. Even with the additional information of a possible husband she still cannot be found during the 1910 census. The family of Mary Turner should be consulted further by historians. Members of the Graham family still live in Brooks County. We know a bit more from records about Hazel B "Hayes" Turner than we do about Mary. Forehand also provided the names of his parents, siblings, and gave his birth date as August 1893. He can be positively identified in both the 1900 and 1910 censuses. The 1900 census gave his approximate birth date as August 1893, and the 1910 gave his birth year as 1893. He registered for the World War I era draft on 5 June 1917. At the time he was living in Berlin, Colquitt County (Berlin is 3 miles away from the Brooks County/Colquitt County line), and claimed to have a wife and four children. The draft card gave his birth date as 15 August 1892. Once again a year off is not that big of a deal. People did not always know what year they were born. Literacy and knowing exactly when one was born was a privilege during that time period. The 1910 census shows Hayes Turner's father John Wheeler Turner being able to read and write, but not Hayes himself. There is a marriage record for a Hayes Turner who married a Clara Cooper on 1 September 1912 in Brooks County, Georgia. Hayes Turner would have been of a marriageable age by that time. There are not any other Hayes Turner or variants of the name in the area during that time period. Hayes Turner having been married previously could explain why he shows up as having four children when he registered for the draft in 1917. Below is Hayes Turner's draft card, which he signed with an x. Members of Hayes Turner's family remained in Brooks County after the lynching and some still live there. Claude Hampton Smith, Sr : The historic newspaper accounts also got Hampton Smith's age wrong. The Savannah Morning News of 18 May 1918 and The Quitman Free Press of 24 May 1918 both gave his age as 31. Christopher Meyer's article, relying upon the newspaper accounts, also gave his age as 31. The 1910 Brooks County census gave his birth year as 1893. His World War I era draft card gave his birth date as 4 January 1893. His tombstone also gives his birth date as 4 January 1893. That puts him at just 25 years and four months at the time of his death. One would expect for The Quitman Free Press to have at least gotten Hampton Smith's age correct given it was the newspaper for his home county. This is even more evidence that newspapers can be unreliable for basic life details of individuals, and that facts gained from newspapers need to be supported by additional evidence. His wife, the former Leila Bertha Simmons remarried years after the incidents of 1918. She gave birth to Claude Hampton Smith, Jr on 13 September 1918. She went home to live with her family in Garden Valley, Macon County, Georgia. She died 13 February 1981. Claude Hampton Smith, Jr died 20 September 1984. The Non-Turner Victims of the 1918 Lynching Rampage: For the other victims of the 1918 Lynching Rampage, we often nothing more than their names, if that. The newspaper accounts of the lynchings provide some of the names, but Walter White's "The Work of A Mob" provides us with the most names of the victims of any available source. Will Head: Head was a generally uncommon name in Brooks County. By 1910 there were only four Head families in the county, that of a Willis Head of the Morven area, a Henry Head of the Hickory Head area, a Frank Head of the Tallokas areas, and a William Head born 1888 in the Tallokas area. Henry Head's family can also be found in 1900 census for Brooks County. Willis Head's family was in the area of Lowndes County across the river from Morven by 1900. By 1920, Willis Head was dead and his widow Emma is living in the Barney area. There was a Will Head born 3 November 1888 in Milltown (modern Lakeland), Georgia who registered for the World War I era draft in Brooks County on 5 June 1917. He is listed as being single (this discounts any theory that Willis Head is one in the same as this Will Head), and working in Morven as a blacksmith for C. F. Fry. Head was a similarly uncommon surname in neighboring Colquitt County and Lowndes County. In Berrien County, Georgia in 1900 (Milltown was part of Berrien County until Lanier County was established) we do find the Will Head who registered for the draft in Brooks County in 1917. This can be confirmed by this Will Head's Social Security application in which he lists 3 November 1888 as his birth date and his parents as Frank Head and Mary A. Tolliver. He is found with his parents in the 1900 census of Berrien County. This Will Head's father Frank Head is also in the 1910 Brooks County census. This Will Head can be found in the 1920 census, 1930 census, and 1940 census all for Coffee County, Georgia. That Will Head cannot be the Will Head that was lynched. Expanding the search for suitable candidates for Will Head further away did not bring up any more likely candidates. Most likely the Will Head that was lynched was either Willis Head or his son Willie Head. Willis Head's birth year is 1875 in 1900 and 1865 in 1910. Willie Head's birth year is 1898 in 1900 and 1899 in 1910. Neither Willis nor Willie can be found for certain in census records after the 1910 census. Willis' widow Emma moved to Cook County, Georgia and died there in 1974. Will Thompson: Will Thompson is too common of a name to distinguish in records without additional information. Julius Jones: Julius Jones is also too common of a name in the area of South Georgia to distinguish between the Julius Jones who was lynched and others. Eugene Rice alias James Isom: There is a James Isom who lived in the Barney area, but he can be found in the 1920 census. Somebody in the area named Eugene Rice cannot also be positively identified. Chime Riley: More than likely Chime was a nickname. There were a number of Riley families in the area and it impossible without further information to narrow who Chime Riley was down to just one. For now his life is just his name and the paragraph about him from the Walter White report. Three others in the river: The unknown bodies from the river were never positively identified with any name. Sidney Johnson: The newspaper accounts of the lynching rampage, described Sidney Johnson as having been 19 years of age, from Lowndes County, and having had parents still alive in 1918 since they were put in jail in Valdosta for safekeeping. There was a Sidney Johnson in the 1900 census, born March 1900 to Richard Johnson and his wife living near Clyattville, Lowndes County, Georgia. The census listed several siblings. The family shows up again in the 1910 Lowndes County census living near Dasher, Georgia. The ages of the children were way off in the 1910 census, but the names and birth order stay similar enough to confirm it to be the same family. The other Sidney Johnson in the area during this time period was a white man named Albert Sidney Johnson born about 1880. One does not find a better candidate for the Sidney Johnson when extending the search. Sidney Johnson appears to have been named for his paternal grandfather Sidney Johnson who first appears in records in the 1870 Lowndes County, Georgia census. Sidney Johnson's family stayed in Lowndes County until sometime after 1920. After that time his parents and several of his siblings moved to Pinellas County, Florida. Simon Shuman (also seen as Schuman): He is often listed among the victims of the 1918 lynching rampage, but this appears to be a mistake. In Walter White's "Work of A Mob", it is reported that Shuman was seized one night from his home his home near Berlin. White reported that Shuman had not been seen in the seven weeks since the incidents in May. The Athens Daily Herald of 21 June 1918, reported that a man named "Shorty" Brown who had been captured in Jacksonville, Florida, had implicated Shuman in the Hampton Smith attack. Shuman was arrested and placed in the Brooks County jail. An Associated Press article that appeared in the Thomasville Times Daily Times Enterprise on 25 June 1918, reported that Shuman had been removed from the Brooks County jail "to parts unknown, for safe keeping." Clearly Shuman did not die during the May 1918 rampage as some have since assumed. He had also clearly been seen since then. There is the possibility that White was confused about the timeline of Shuman's disappearance and that his report actually referred to Shuman having been moved elsewhere for safe keeping. White might also have simply not gotten word about the events related to Shuman for mid-June because of how long communication took in 1918. There is also further evidence that Shuman was not a victim of the lynching rampage. Shuman was an extremely uncommon name in Brooks County during the time period in question, and also generally uncommon throughout all of Georgia during that time period. The only Shuman family (or any other phonetically similar names) in the 1900 census for Brooks County was headed by a Simon Shuman born about March 1877. His wife was a woman named Mary. They have a daughter named Silla listed in the census. The family can be seen again in 1910 census for Brooks County, Georgia with additional children. They cannot be found in the 1920 census for Brooks County, Georgia. A Simon Shuman with a wife Mary and children of similar names to the 1910 census can be found in the Albany, Dougherty County, Georgia 1920 census. The names and birth years of the family in the 1920 census being more or less the same as those in the 1910 census, more or less confirm that Simon Shuman survived his ordeal in Brooks County and moved away. By the 1930 census, they had moved to St. Johns County, Florida. He and Mary are also found in the 1935 Florida state census living in St. Johns County, Florida. During that same time period, there were not that many other Simon Shuman's in the state of Georgia. There was one in Bryan County, Georgia from he 1870s to 1930s born in the 1850s who appears to be the father of Simon Shuman who was living in Brooks County in 1900 and 1910. The elder Shuman was married to a woman named Silla, the same name as Simon Shuman's of Brooks County firstborn child. During the time period those were the only Simon Shumans in the state of Georgia. It is unclear when Simon Shuman died. A man named Simon Shuman of his approximate birth year did die on 25 August 1962 in Glynn County, Georgia. A Simon Shuman of his approximate age does appear in the 1940 Glynn County, Georgia census. Two more Victims? Prior to this article, coverage by historians of the aftermath of the Hampton Smith's death and the subsequent lynching rampage ends with Walter White's report and the national reaction to it. There are are few other parts of the Hampton Smith case that have not previously been given attention by historians. Leamon Wright alias "Shorty" Ford alias Edmund Pipkins alias Julius Brown alias Rounder Ford alias Black Terror: The Athens Daily Herald of 31 May 1918 reported that a man named "Rounder Ford" had been captured in Jacksonville, Florida in connection with the Hampton Smith murder. He also went by the alias Julius Brown. The officers from Lowndes County who had traveled to Jacksonville to investigate the matter refused to allow Ford. When they returned to Valdosta, they were met by a crowd of hundreds. The citizens of Valdosta seemed to be hoping for another lynching, and law enforcement were not wanting to oblige them. By late June 1918, Ford was still being held in Duval County Jail, and had implicated Simon Shuman in the Hampton Smith affair. The newspapers articles mention Edmund Pipkins as yet another alias of "Short" Ford. By late March 1919, "Shorty" Ford had been transferred from Duval County Jail to Chatham County Jail in Savannah, Georgia. The Chattanooga News of 25 March 1919, reported that Ford was denying his confession of having been involved in the murder of Hampton Smith and was claiming that his arrest was a case of mistaken identity. Ford's first hearing was scheduled for 1 April 1919. Authorities believed that Brooks County was still too unsafe for Ford to be brought to Quitman for trial, and a change of venue request had been put in for much safer Savannah, Georgia. Revenge against those involved in the murder of Hampton Smith was still very much on the minds of citizens of Brooks County as the first anniversary of his death approached. In May a body was found in the Withlacoochee River west of Valdosta (The Atlanta Constitution 20 May 1919). The African American man whose body had been found decomposing had been bound, shot in the head, and wounded in other ways. He was believed to have been a prisoner from Hamilton County Jail just over the state line in Florida who had been implicated in the Hampton Smith murder. He had been taken from the jail in Jasper, Florida a few days before by men claiming to have official orders to take him. More research should be able to uncover who the man was. The Atlanta Constitution of 21 May 1919 gave another alias for "Shorty" Ford, Leamon Wright as the trial began in Chatham County. He continued to claim he was not the man known by "Shorty" Ford in the area around Brooks County. By December (Atlanta Constitution 16 December 1919) the trial was being postponed due to the absence of material witnesses. The defense claimed that the real "Shorty" Ford had been arrested, released, and drowned. He was found guilty of the murder of Hampton Smith and of assaulting Bertha Smith on 17 December 1919 and sentenced to death (Atlanta Constitution 17 December 1919). The defense could have been referring to the man drowned in the Withlachoochee River earlier that year in May. In June 1920 Judge P. W. Meldrum of Chatham Superior Court granted "Shorty" Ford, by this time also consistently referred to as Leamon Wright in press accounts a new trial (Atlanta Constitution 25 June 1920). He claimed to have had an alibi that could prove he was elsewhere. In July 1920, he was once again found guilty and sentenced to be executed on 13 August 1920 (Semi-Weekly Times Enterprise 6 July 1920). An aunt of Wright's named Mary Dozier of Newington, Georgia testified that she had never heard of him being called "Shorty" Ford. Oscar T. Hill of Valdosta, an agent for the Georgia Southern and Florida Railway, also testified that Wright was not who he had known as "Shorty" Ford back in Valdosta. Dixon Smith, the father of Hampton Smith Sr, testified that Wright was indeed the one that had killed his son. The prosecution had also relied upon the alleged confession that Wright had signed in Jacksonville two years earlier. Wright attempted to get another trial in August and his execution was temporarily stayed; however, a new trial was denied (The Union Daily Times 14 August 1920). Oscar T. Hill was also the police officer who had traveled to Jacksonville in late May 1918 to investigate the matter of the person being held in Duval County Jail (Atlanta Constitution 1 June 1918). Dixon Smith did not live with his son when he was murdered. The only surviving witness to the murder was Bertha Simmons Smith, Hampton Smith's wife. It is unknown how Dixon Smith was able to positively identify somebody from the scene of a crime that he was not present at himself. By May 1921, Wright's execution was scheduled for 3 June 1921. Several papers (Americus Time Recorder 12 May 1921, Atlanta Constitution 29 May 1921) noted at the time that 3 June was Jefferson Davis' birthday and also a public holiday in the state of Georgia. The Atlanta Constitution mentioned that some had suggested that the execution be delayed by a day because of the holiday. The Americus Times Recorder did not mention any suggestions of delay and report the two executions that were to happen on the holiday more as a matter of fact. He was successfully executed at 10:30 am on 3 June 1921 in Chatham County Jail. His last words were "Bos I'se shore innocent" (Atlanta Constitution 4 June 1921). The woman who had claimed to be his aunt during the trial, Mary Dozier, was also the informant for his death certificate. She gave the names of his parents as Will Wright and Hattie Hutch. His aunt gave his birth year as 1904. This would put him at only being 14 years of age back in 1918. He was buried in an unmarked grave in Laurel Grove Cemetery. The birth year she provided seems to be most likely inaccurate. Leamon Wright registered for the draft in Chatham County, Georgia on 12 September 1918 while in jail and gave his birth date as 5 September 1900. His birth year is given as 1900 when he appears in the 1920 Chatham County census. During that census, he was in Chatham County Jail and is listed as Julius Brown. There is the chance that the 1900 date on both the census record and the draft registration was decided upon by authorities in the Chatham County Jail to make it seem like they were not holding a minor against his will. Further information about Leamon Wright from before 1918 cannot be found for certain. Leamon Wright had two trials for the murder of Hampton Smith in Chatham County, Georgia. Somewhere in the Chatham County Courthouse are additional primary sources related to 1918 Lynching Rampage. There is a lot more that can be done as far as scholarship on the 1918 Lynching Rampage in Brooks County/Lowndes County. The time to have collected first hand oral histories about the rampage has sadly passed. There are a number of people who are still alive who knew people who were alive during the lynching rampage. These second hand accounts need to be collected while there is still time. Those second hand accounts should be looked at with a critical eye by historians. The court records in Chatham County Courthouse need to be consulted. When writing about people who are not the traditional white well off males with thoroughly documented lives, historians should contact surviving family members to see what can be learned to help improve the accuracy of the narrative. The use of genealogical techniques has its place in the research process of history. The bias against genealogical techniques needs to be confronted by historians and those techniques embraced. For historians that focus on local history or historians that focus on history from the bottom up, borrowing skills from genealogy can be extremely valuable. As this article has shown there is a lot that can be found out through these techniques that cannot be discovered through solely relying upon newspaper articles. This article shows that those seem techniques also have their limitations. People with very common names are nearly impossible to find out anything more about beyond their name without some sort of additional context, such as age or names of family members. Armstrong, Julie Buckner. “The people… took exception her remarks: Meta Warrick Fuller, Angelina Weld Grimké, and the Lynching of Mary Turner.” The Mississippi Quarterly 61 (2008): 114-141. Armstrong, Julie Buckner. Mary Turner and the Memory of Lynching. University of Georgia Press, 2011. Forehand, C. Tyrone. “A Place to Lay Their Heads.” Meyers, Christopher C. ““Killing Them by the Wholesale” A Lynching Rampage in South Georgia.” The Georgia Historical Quarterly 90 no. 2 (2006): 214-235. White, Walter. "The Work of A Mob." The Crisis 16 no. 5 (September 1918): 221-223.	7,571	ENGLISH	1
William Marshal is an incredible figure in English history. He was a dedicated Knight, loyally serving several Kings, and led an army that helped to save England from the French in the First Barons’ War. His story is amazing, even more so because it is true. William was born in 1146 into a minor, but noble family. Like many young men of the time he joined another household, the de Tancarvilles, at the age of twelve, for training as a knight. It is not known if William had his sights set upon becoming head of the army at the time. However by serving through the reign of several kings, from Stephen onwards, he rose to that position by the time of King John. William Marshal excelled at his profession as a Knight. He was a hero who cut through the tournament lists ‘like a hot knife through butter’. His proficiency quickly claimed the attention of other noble families and a marriage to Isabel de Clare brought him into one of the great families of the land, providing land, riches, and also prestige at court. In 1199 he became the Earl of Pembroke. Thus we find him at the centre of our story in the ‘Wars of the Magna Carta’. One of the things William Marshal will always be linked to is the Magna Carta. He was loyal to King John even after John’s signing and subsequent repudiation of the charter of rights which led to civil war in 1215. It is most likely William gave his support to the King because he wanted to preserve the State of England rather than believing power should remain with the King. In 1216 much of England, from the Wash to Bristol, was in the hands of rebel barons. King John and his remaining allies, including William, had the challenge of defeating the rebels and their French allies. The situation became even more complex when King John, who had been suffering from dysentery, died following a visit to Lincoln. The crown fell to John’s 9 year old son Henry III. How would the youngster manage the kingdom, how would he even survive in times when the life of a king was not guaranteed? To make matters even harder for the young monarch, his mother, Isabella of Angouleme, left England for France in high dudgeon for not being given a place on her son’s Council of Regents. William Marshal was one of the key figures to restore the peace. He, along with Hubert de Burgh and Peter des Roches, became the protectors of and key advisors to Henry III. One of the turning points in the war was the breaking of the Siege of Lincoln. Through the incredible work of Lincoln’s castellan Nicholaa de la Haye and Matilda of Laxton, the stronghold was holding. However, the invading French army was slowly wearing down the defenders. Perfect timing from William Marshal, who at the head of the English relieving army, broke the siege. After the end of the First Barons’ War William remained a loyal supporter of Henry III. He also had a role in the reissue of the Magna Carta, signing as one of the Barons to bear witness to the new King signing it. William’s tomb is in Temple Church, London. The tomb features an effigy of the Knight in life; you can view it in the image above. Part of William Marshal’s story is re-told in the series, ‘Wars of the Magna Carta’. The novel is available from Amazon in ebook as well as paperback.	<urn:uuid:df053428-3167-4f94-baef-f7e6dfdb672f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.history-reimagined.co.uk/tag/william-marshal/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251789055.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129071944-20200129101944-00404.warc.gz	en	0.980563	757	3.703125	4	[ -0.2896709442138672, 0.18660449981689453, 0.6411067247390747, -0.22797973453998566, -0.1390988826751709, -0.30403390526771545, 0.42971721291542053, -0.12121505290269852, -0.3462686538696289, -0.36060166358947754, -0.0039984723553061485, -0.43552830815315247, -0.020543064922094345, 0.368529...	11	William Marshal is an incredible figure in English history. He was a dedicated Knight, loyally serving several Kings, and led an army that helped to save England from the French in the First Barons’ War. His story is amazing, even more so because it is true. William was born in 1146 into a minor, but noble family. Like many young men of the time he joined another household, the de Tancarvilles, at the age of twelve, for training as a knight. It is not known if William had his sights set upon becoming head of the army at the time. However by serving through the reign of several kings, from Stephen onwards, he rose to that position by the time of King John. William Marshal excelled at his profession as a Knight. He was a hero who cut through the tournament lists ‘like a hot knife through butter’. His proficiency quickly claimed the attention of other noble families and a marriage to Isabel de Clare brought him into one of the great families of the land, providing land, riches, and also prestige at court. In 1199 he became the Earl of Pembroke. Thus we find him at the centre of our story in the ‘Wars of the Magna Carta’. One of the things William Marshal will always be linked to is the Magna Carta. He was loyal to King John even after John’s signing and subsequent repudiation of the charter of rights which led to civil war in 1215. It is most likely William gave his support to the King because he wanted to preserve the State of England rather than believing power should remain with the King. In 1216 much of England, from the Wash to Bristol, was in the hands of rebel barons. King John and his remaining allies, including William, had the challenge of defeating the rebels and their French allies. The situation became even more complex when King John, who had been suffering from dysentery, died following a visit to Lincoln. The crown fell to John’s 9 year old son Henry III. How would the youngster manage the kingdom, how would he even survive in times when the life of a king was not guaranteed? To make matters even harder for the young monarch, his mother, Isabella of Angouleme, left England for France in high dudgeon for not being given a place on her son’s Council of Regents. William Marshal was one of the key figures to restore the peace. He, along with Hubert de Burgh and Peter des Roches, became the protectors of and key advisors to Henry III. One of the turning points in the war was the breaking of the Siege of Lincoln. Through the incredible work of Lincoln’s castellan Nicholaa de la Haye and Matilda of Laxton, the stronghold was holding. However, the invading French army was slowly wearing down the defenders. Perfect timing from William Marshal, who at the head of the English relieving army, broke the siege. After the end of the First Barons’ War William remained a loyal supporter of Henry III. He also had a role in the reissue of the Magna Carta, signing as one of the Barons to bear witness to the new King signing it. William’s tomb is in Temple Church, London. The tomb features an effigy of the Knight in life; you can view it in the image above. Part of William Marshal’s story is re-told in the series, ‘Wars of the Magna Carta’. The novel is available from Amazon in ebook as well as paperback.	732	ENGLISH	1
Declared a National Historic Landmark in 2015, this historic home was once the residence of Marjory Stoneman Douglas (1890-1998), one of the giants of 20th-century environmentalism. She became nationally known for her actions towards preserving the Everglades of South Florida after publishing her most famous and consequential work in 1947 titled “The Everglades: River of Grass”, which discusses the vanishing Everglades due to encroaching development. The book completely changed the country's view that the Everglades was simply a swamp with little value to a complex, globally unique, and thriving ecosystem. Marjory produced much of her writing in this house and it often served as a meeting place for many conservationists. She and other conservationists often challenged the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which wanted to build canals, levees, and other structures in the Everglades. Marjory was born in Minneapolis in 1890 and moved to Massachusetts at a young age. She graduated from Wellesley Collge in 1912 with a degree in English. She would eventually become a reporter for the Miami Herald, which her father founded. Later, she began to work as a freelance writer, publishing over 100 short stories in popular magazines (she also wrote poetry). She was always a strong feminist advocate, fighting vigorously for women's suffrage and other women's issues throughout her life.	<urn:uuid:2d9f4d09-604d-4b4d-b0d9-27985dac87b4>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.theclio.com/entry/26644	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251779833.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128153713-20200128183713-00114.warc.gz	en	0.985064	286	3.578125	4	[ -0.08266006410121918, 0.5366774797439575, 0.6994541883468628, 0.022256163880228996, -0.13575491309165955, -0.06638370454311371, -0.07215478271245956, -0.012380138970911503, -0.13210700452327728, 0.19197134673595428, -0.3353884220123291, 0.06276744604110718, -0.38316234946250916, 0.27956315...	2	Declared a National Historic Landmark in 2015, this historic home was once the residence of Marjory Stoneman Douglas (1890-1998), one of the giants of 20th-century environmentalism. She became nationally known for her actions towards preserving the Everglades of South Florida after publishing her most famous and consequential work in 1947 titled “The Everglades: River of Grass”, which discusses the vanishing Everglades due to encroaching development. The book completely changed the country's view that the Everglades was simply a swamp with little value to a complex, globally unique, and thriving ecosystem. Marjory produced much of her writing in this house and it often served as a meeting place for many conservationists. She and other conservationists often challenged the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which wanted to build canals, levees, and other structures in the Everglades. Marjory was born in Minneapolis in 1890 and moved to Massachusetts at a young age. She graduated from Wellesley Collge in 1912 with a degree in English. She would eventually become a reporter for the Miami Herald, which her father founded. Later, she began to work as a freelance writer, publishing over 100 short stories in popular magazines (she also wrote poetry). She was always a strong feminist advocate, fighting vigorously for women's suffrage and other women's issues throughout her life.	307	ENGLISH	1
Bessie Coleman (January 26, 1892 – April 30, 1926) was an early American civil aviator. She was the first woman of African-American descent, and the first of Native-American descent, to hold a pilot license. She earned her pilot license from the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale on June 15, 1921, and was the first black person to earn an international pilot’s license.Born to a family of sharecroppers in Texas, Coleman went into the cotton fields at a young age while also studying in a small segregated school and went on to attend one term of college at Langston University. She developed an early interest in flying, but African Americans, Native Americans, and women had no flight training opportunities in the United States, so she saved up money and obtained sponsorships to go to France for flight school. She then became a high profile pilot in early but also dangerous air shows in the United States. She was popularly known as Queen Bess and Brave Bessie, and she hoped to start a school for African-American fliers. Coleman died in a plane crash in 1926 while testing a new aircraft. Her pioneering role was an inspiration to early pilots and to the African-American and Native American communities.	<urn:uuid:03c27424-cb50-4fb1-bfc1-af6f11d24b45>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://goodquotes.me/authors/bessie-coleman/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594603.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119122744-20200119150744-00164.warc.gz	en	0.98266	260	3.578125	4	[ 0.13768212497234344, 0.175737202167511, 0.016320427879691124, -0.016348231583833694, -0.3617037236690521, 0.527454137802124, 0.3037901222705841, 0.22499223053455353, 0.06758304685354233, -0.05237201228737831, -0.32711952924728394, -0.18185581266880035, -0.260307252407074, 0.130427211523056...	2	Bessie Coleman (January 26, 1892 – April 30, 1926) was an early American civil aviator. She was the first woman of African-American descent, and the first of Native-American descent, to hold a pilot license. She earned her pilot license from the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale on June 15, 1921, and was the first black person to earn an international pilot’s license.Born to a family of sharecroppers in Texas, Coleman went into the cotton fields at a young age while also studying in a small segregated school and went on to attend one term of college at Langston University. She developed an early interest in flying, but African Americans, Native Americans, and women had no flight training opportunities in the United States, so she saved up money and obtained sponsorships to go to France for flight school. She then became a high profile pilot in early but also dangerous air shows in the United States. She was popularly known as Queen Bess and Brave Bessie, and she hoped to start a school for African-American fliers. Coleman died in a plane crash in 1926 while testing a new aircraft. Her pioneering role was an inspiration to early pilots and to the African-American and Native American communities.	273	ENGLISH	1
A myth is a traditional tale that describes the adventures of superhuman beings that describes the originality of the people, their culture believes or the traditional mysterious happenings. Myths are perceptions or beliefs that are not true or unsupported. When a myth is alive, some groups of people believe that it is meaningful and it eventually provokes a strong response because it relies on vibrant symbols to tell the story. Additionally, a living myth expresses important views about the world, people’s beliefs, and values of persons who embrace it. Moreover, myths provide solutions to life’s challenges to people who accept it. It is symbolic, has a deeper meaning in it, and people judge it by its power to move people emotionally and to reassure people intellectually or to reaffirm how people experience the world. One of the Egyptian myths is Racial Myths. It is the worship of animals possessing the good and the bad spirits. Animals were not feared or worshipped but since they were believed to be in possession of either the good or an evil spirit, people worshiped them. People bargained with the good spirits and they would get the benefits. On the other hand, the evil spirits could not allow reconciliation. They worshipped different animals for different reasons. For example, the crocodile and serpents were at some point the enemies of humanity and the protectors. Serpents were worshipped as household defenders and their images were hung on walls for the purpose of protection. In addition, some people believed that reptiles provided protection to districts. One tribe may look upon a certain animal as a god but by another tribe as an incarnation of their Satan. The black pig was associated with conquers and the mightiest people in the society. The fish was sacred and priests were not at liberty to eat it and in Egypt, the food that was taboo to the priests was a taboo to the Egyptians. In addition, after a burial ceremony, the priests went out to look for an old bull and there was a celebration when the bull was found and the owner was gifted with gold. The elder brother gets the bull and takes it to Pharaoh and later on becoming rich and honored. The bull is then isolated for forty days and is not to be seen by men but by women only (Kramer, 30). In conclusion, Egyptians believed in the worship of animals as a way to provide and to protect the Egyptians. They believed that some animals were sacred and since they possessed spirits, they were worthy to be worshipped. At some point, Juvenal criticized the Egyptians for this practice that the fathers of the church regarded as paganism religion. It is believed that a massive conception of Egyptians and non-Egyptians began during a period when they were perpetrated by custom and conviction. Kramer, Ann. Egyptian Myth: A Treasury of Legends, Art, and History. Armonk, NY: Sharpe Focus, 2008. Print.	<urn:uuid:197cb26a-3d1f-4d29-b539-c8403e891887>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://freebookessay.com/free-essay-examples/egyptian-myth-essay-example/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251796127.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129102701-20200129132701-00393.warc.gz	en	0.982395	584	3.625	4	[ 0.2900375425815582, 0.7870525121688843, 0.30702537298202515, 0.4656733274459839, -0.3773118555545807, -0.05361013114452362, 0.755023181438446, -0.1561867594718933, 0.19704744219779968, 0.2702663838863373, 0.07255186885595322, -0.2200404852628708, -0.031222864985466003, 0.058357253670692444...	2	A myth is a traditional tale that describes the adventures of superhuman beings that describes the originality of the people, their culture believes or the traditional mysterious happenings. Myths are perceptions or beliefs that are not true or unsupported. When a myth is alive, some groups of people believe that it is meaningful and it eventually provokes a strong response because it relies on vibrant symbols to tell the story. Additionally, a living myth expresses important views about the world, people’s beliefs, and values of persons who embrace it. Moreover, myths provide solutions to life’s challenges to people who accept it. It is symbolic, has a deeper meaning in it, and people judge it by its power to move people emotionally and to reassure people intellectually or to reaffirm how people experience the world. One of the Egyptian myths is Racial Myths. It is the worship of animals possessing the good and the bad spirits. Animals were not feared or worshipped but since they were believed to be in possession of either the good or an evil spirit, people worshiped them. People bargained with the good spirits and they would get the benefits. On the other hand, the evil spirits could not allow reconciliation. They worshipped different animals for different reasons. For example, the crocodile and serpents were at some point the enemies of humanity and the protectors. Serpents were worshipped as household defenders and their images were hung on walls for the purpose of protection. In addition, some people believed that reptiles provided protection to districts. One tribe may look upon a certain animal as a god but by another tribe as an incarnation of their Satan. The black pig was associated with conquers and the mightiest people in the society. The fish was sacred and priests were not at liberty to eat it and in Egypt, the food that was taboo to the priests was a taboo to the Egyptians. In addition, after a burial ceremony, the priests went out to look for an old bull and there was a celebration when the bull was found and the owner was gifted with gold. The elder brother gets the bull and takes it to Pharaoh and later on becoming rich and honored. The bull is then isolated for forty days and is not to be seen by men but by women only (Kramer, 30). In conclusion, Egyptians believed in the worship of animals as a way to provide and to protect the Egyptians. They believed that some animals were sacred and since they possessed spirits, they were worthy to be worshipped. At some point, Juvenal criticized the Egyptians for this practice that the fathers of the church regarded as paganism religion. It is believed that a massive conception of Egyptians and non-Egyptians began during a period when they were perpetrated by custom and conviction. Kramer, Ann. Egyptian Myth: A Treasury of Legends, Art, and History. Armonk, NY: Sharpe Focus, 2008. Print.	592	ENGLISH	1
Ta'if is one of the fertile country towns of the Hijaz. It is situated in the south-east of Makkah at a distance of twelve leagues from there. It is one thousand metres above sea level. On account of its fine weather, gardens, and palm groves, the town of Ta'if was the centre of a group of people who led very comfortable lives. This town was inhabited by the tribe of Saqif who were one of the powerful and popular tribes of the Arabs. The Arabs of Saqif tribe were amongst those people, who fought against Islam in the Battle of Hunayn. After suffering a signal defeat they took refuge in their own town which possessed strong and elevated forts. In order to complete the victory, the Prophet ordered the fugitives of the Battle of Hunayn to be pursued. Abu 'Amar Ash'ari and Abu Musa Ash'ari were deputed along with a unit of the soldiers of Islam to pursue some of the fugitives who had taken refuge in Awtas. The first commander lost his life in the encounter, but the second one scored complete victory and dispersed the enemies.1 The Prophet himself proceeded to Ta'if along with the remaining army2 and, while on his way, destroyed the fort of Malik, (who had sparked off the Battle of Hunayn). Of course, the demolition of the fort of Malik did not carry an aspect of revenge. What the Prophet desired was that he should not leave a point which could serve as an asylum to the enemies. The groups of the army of Islam moved one after the other and made the various sides of the town their camping places. The Fort of Ta'if was situated at a great height and had very strong walls, and its watch towers fully controlled the outside area. The army of Islam proceeded to besiege the fort, but it had not yet been completely encircled, when the enemies checked their advance with a shower of arrows and killed some of them on the spot in the very first moment.3 The Prophet ordered the army to retreat and to transfer its encampment to a point which was beyond the reach of the arrows of the enemies.4 Salman Muhammadi, from whose military plans the Muslims had availed at the time of the Battle of the Ditch, suggested to the Prophet that the fort of the enemy might be stoned by means of catapults. During the battles of those days a catapult served the same purpose as artillery serves in modern warfare. The Muslim officers erected a catapult under the guidance of Salman and stoned the towers and the interior of the fort for about twenty days. However, the enemies, too, continued to shoot arrows and thereby inflicted injuries on the soldiers of Islam. Now let us see as to how the Muslims procured a catapult at that juncture. Some say that Salman made it himself and taught the Muslim soldiers how to operate it. Others believe that the Muslims came in possession of this military weapon at the time of the conquest of Khayber and brought it with them to Ta'if.5 It is not improbable that Salman himself made the catapult and taught the Muslims how to install and use it. History tells us that this was not the only catapult available with the Muslims, because, simultaneously with the Battles of Hunayn and Ta'if, the Prophet had sent Tufayl bin 'Amr Dowsi to pull down the idol-temples of the tribe of Dows. He returned after successfully carrying out his assignment and came to the Prophet at Ta'if along with four hundred soldiers, all of whom belonged to his own tribe, as well as a catapult and a military vehicle. And during this battle these military equipments, which had been acquired by Tufayl bin 'Amr Dowsi as war booty, came into use.6 In order to make the enemy surrender, it was necessary to attack it from all sides. It was, therefore, decided that, simultaneously with the installation of the catapult and throwing stones, the military vehicles should also be utilized to create a rent in the wall of the fort, so that the army of Islam might enter it. However, the battalions of the army of Islam were faced with a great difficulty in accomplishing this task, because arrows were showered on their heads from the towers and other spots of the fort and none could manage to approach the wall. The best means of achieving this purpose were the military vehicles which were available with the organized armies of those times in an imperfect shape. A military vehicle was made of wood and was covered with a thick hide. Strong soldiers took their places inside it and pushed it towards the fort and began making holes in the wall under its cover. By making use of this military device the soldiers of Islam busied themselves bravely in splitting the wall. However, the enemies threw melted iron and wires on the vehicle and burnt its covering; inflicted injuries on them. This military device, therefore, proved to be unsuccessful on account of the planning of the enemy and the Muslims failed to achieve victory. Hence, when a number of Muslims were wounded and killed, they abandoned their attempt."7 Achievement of victory does not depend on material military devices only. A skilful commander can diminish the power of the enemy by dealing economic and moral blows at him and can thus make him surrender. More often than not moral and economic blows prove to be more effective than corporal injuries which are occasionally sustained by the soldiers of the enemy. Ta'if was an area of date-palms and vine and was well-known throughout the Hijaz for its fertility. As its inhabitants had taken great pains in developing the palm-groves and the vineyards, they were keenly interested in their safety. In order to threaten those, who had shut themselves within the fort, the Prophet announced that, if they continued to resist, their gardens would be plundered. However, the enemies did not pay any heed to this threat, because they did not imagine that the kind and merciful Prophet would resort to such an action. However, as they observed, all of a sudden that compliance with the orders to pull down the gardens and to cut the date-palms and the vines had already commenced, they began to wail and cry and requested the Prophet to refrain from this action as a mark of respect for the proximity and relationship which existed between them. The Prophet, notwithstanding the fact that those who had now taken refuge in the fort were the very persons, who were responsible for the battles of Hunayn and Ta'if and these two battles had proved very costly, he showed his mercy and kindness once again in the battlefield, which is usually a theatre of wrath and vengeance. He ordered his companions to desist from cutting down the trees. Though he had lost many officers and men in these two battles (which had been occasioned by the conspiracy of the people of the Saqif tribe who had conducted a night attack on the army of Islam and had now taken refuge in their burrow like a fox) and would have been justified in destroying their farms and gardens as a measure of revenge, his kindness and mercy subdued his anger and he asked his friends to refrain from taking punitive action. From the conduct of the Prophet and the manner in which he always treated his enemies, it can be safely said that the orders given by him to cut down the trees were a mere threat and if this weapon had not proved effective, he would certainly have refrained from using it. The people of Saqif tribe were rich and affluent and possessed a large number of slaves and slave-girls. In order to obtain information about the state of affairs within the interior of the fort and to assess the strength of the enemy as well as to create differences amongst that organized group, the Prophet got announced that those slaves of the enemy, who came out of the fort and took refuge with the army of Islam, would become free. This device proved effective to some extent and about twenty slaves escaped from the fort very skillfully and joined the Muslims. On enquiries having been made from them it was known that those within the fort were not prepared to surrender at any cost, and even if the siege continued for one year they would not be faced with any shortage of provisions. The Prophet used all the physical and moral military devices in this battle, but the experience gained thereby proved that the conquest of the fort needed further activities and patience, whereas the conditions prevailing at the time, the prolongation of war, and the resources of the army of Islam, did not permit any further stay in Ta'if, because, firstly during the period of this siege thirteen persons had been killed. Out of them seven were from amongst Quraysh, four were Ansar and one belonged to some other tribe. Furthermore, some persons, whose number and names have not unfortunately been recorded in the books, were also killed as a result of the deceitful attack of the enemy in the valley of Hunayn and consequently there appeared lack of discipline and morale in the Muslim army. Secondly, the month of Shawwal was terminating and the month of Zi Qa'd (during which warfare was forbidden amongst the Arabs, and Islam later confirmed this tradition as well) was fast approaching.8 In order to safeguard this tradition it was necessary that the siege should be raised as early as possible so that the Arab tribe of Saqif might not be able to charge the Prophet with the violation of the good tradition. Moreover, the Haj season was near and the supervision of Haj ceremonies was the responsibility of the Muslims, because before this all the ceremonies of Haj were performed under the supervision of the polytheists of Makkah. A very large number of the people came to Makkah from all parts of Arabia to participate in Haj ceremonies and it was the best occasion to propagate Islam and to acquaint the people with the realities of the Divine faith. It was necessary that the Prophet should take full advantage of this opportunity, which had become available to him for the first time and should think of much more important matters as compared with the conquest of an outlying fort. Keeping all these matters in view, the Prophet raised the siege of Ta'if and proceeded, along with his soldiers, to Ji'ranah. The war of Hunayn and Ta'if terminated and, without achieving any final result, the Prophet proceeded to Ji'ranah to distribute the booty of the Battle of Ta'if. The war booty which fell in the hands of the Muslims in the Battle of Hunayn was the largest of the booties which had so far been acquired by the army of Islam in different battles, because, when the Prophet reached Ji'ranah, 6000 prisoners, 24,000 camels, more than 40,000 sheep and 852 grams of silver were with him9 and during those days a part of the expenses of the army of Islam was also met from this source. The Prophet stayed in Ji'ranah for thirteen days. During this period he was engaged in distributing the war booty in a special manner; setting some prisoners free and returned them to their kinsmen; drawing up a plan for the surrender and embracement of Islam by Malik bin Awf (the man who was solely responsible for the battles of Hunayn and Ta'if); manifesting the spirit of appreciation and gratefulness for the services rendered by different persons; attracting, with his wise policies, the hearts of the enemies of Islam to the true religion; and ending, by means of an attractive speech, a dispute which had arisen between him and a group of the Ansar. Here are the details of the matters mentioned above: 1. One of the distinguished qualities of the Prophet was that he never ignored the services rendered by the people or the rights belonging to them, however insignificant and small they might be. And if any person rendered some service to him, he compensated him for it to a longer extent than that. The Prophet had spent his childhood amongst the tribe of Bani Sa'd, which was a branch of the tribe of Hawazin, and Halimah Sa'diyah had fostered him and had brought him up in her tribe for five years. The tribe of Bani Sa'd who had taken part in the Battle of Hunayn against Islam, a number of their women and children as well as property had fallen into the hands of the Muslims, were now regretful for what they had done. However, they had in mind that Muhammad had been brought up in their tribe and had been nurtured by their women, and being a kind, magnanimous and grateful person, he would certainly set their prisoners free if he was reminded of his childhood. Hence, fourteen chiefs of the tribe, all of whom had embraced Islam, came to the Prophet. They were headed by two persons one of whom was Zuhayr bin Sa'd and the other was the foster-uncle of the Prophet and spoke thus: "Among the prisoners are your foster-aunts and foster-sisters as well as those, who served you during your childhood, and kindness and affection demands that, keeping in view the rights, which some of our women have upon you, you should free all our prisoners, including women, men and children. And in case we had made such a request to No'man bin Munzir or Harith bin Abi Shamir, the rulers of Iraq and Syria, we would have hoped for its acceptance by them, not to speak of yourself who are the embodiment of all kindness and love". In reply to this, the Prophet asked them: "What do you value more; your women and children or your property?" They replied: "We would not exchange our women and children for anything". The Prophet said: "I am prepared to forego my own share as well as that of the descendants of Abdul Muttalib, but the shares of the Muhajirs, the Ansar and other Muslims concern them and it is necessary that they themselves should give up their rights. When I have finished the noon prayers you should stand up between the rows of the Muslims and address them thus: "We make the Prophet our intercessor before the Muslims and make the Muslims our intermediaries before the Prophet so that our women and children may be returned to us". In the meantime I shall stand up and shall return to you my own share as well as that of the descendants of Abdul Muttalib and shall also advise others to do the same". The representatives of Hawazin addressed the Muslims after the noon prayers as advised by the Prophet and the Prophet gifted away to them his own share as well as that of the descendants of Abdul Muttalib. Imitating him the Muhajirs and the Ansar also agreed to forgo their shares. However, only a very few persons like Aqra' bin Habis and 'Uyainah bin Hisn Fazari declined to surrender their shares. The Prophet said to them: "If you hand over your prisoners, I shall give you, against every one of them, six prisoners, who fall into my hands in the first battle to be fought hereafter''.10 The practical steps taken by the Prophet and his impressive words occasioned the release of all the prisoners of the Hawazin tribe except one old woman whom 'Uyainah refused to release. Thus a good and pious action, the foundation of which was laid by Halimah Sa'diyah sixty years ago in the tribe of Bani Sa'd, proved fruitful after a very long time and as a result of it all the prisoners of Bani Hawazin got freedom. Then the Prophet called Shaymah, his foster-sister and having spread his own cloak on the ground made her sit on it and enquired about her own welfare as well as that of her family.11 By releasing their prisoners the Prophet made the people of Bani Hawazin incline towards Islam. All of them, therefore, embraced Islam whole-heartedly and consequently Ta'if lost its last ally as well. 2. In the meantime the Prophet availed of the opportunity to solve, through the representatives of Bani Sa'd, the problem of Malik, the headstrong chief of Nasr tribe, who had provoked the Battle of Hunayn, and to attract him towards Islam. In this connection he enquired about the state of his affairs and was informed that he (Malik) had taken refuge in Ta'if and was co-operating with Bani Saqif. The Prophet said: "Convey my message to him, that if he embraces Islam and joins us, I shall release his people and shall also give him one hundred camels". The representatives of Hawazin conveyed the Prophet's message to him. Malik had realized that the strength of Bani Saqif had weakened and was also aware of the ever-increasing power of Islam. He, therefore, decided to leave Ta'if and join the Muslims. He was, however, afraid that if Bani Saqif became aware of his decision they would detain him within the fort. He, therefore, chalked out a plan. He directed that a camel-litter might be kept ready for him at a place distant from Ta'if. Reaching that place he came to Ji'ranah immediately and embraced Islam. The Prophet meted out the same treatment to him as he had already promised and later appointed him as the chief of the Muslims belonging to the tribes of Nasr, Thamalah and Salimah. On account of his pride and the honour which he gained from the side of Islam, he made life miserable for the people of Saqif tribe and subjected them to economic distress. Malik felt ashamed of the kindness shown to him by the Prophet and recited verses in praise of his sublimity: "I have not seen or heard of amongst the entire mankind anyone, who may be like Muhammad''.12 3. The companions of the Prophet insisted that the war booty should be distributed as early as possible. The Prophet, in order to prove his disinterestedness, stood by the side of a camel, took some wool from its hump and, while holding it between his fingers, turned to the people and said: "I don't enjoy any right in your booty, even in this wool, except khums and I shall return to you even the khums to which I am entitled. Hence, everyone of you should return all kinds of booty, even though it may be a needle and a thread, so that it may be distributed amongst you equally". The Prophet distributed the entire contents of the treasury amongst the Muslims and also distributed its khums, which was his own share, amongst the chiefs of Quraysh, who were converted to Islam only recently. He gave one hundred camels to each including Abu Sufyan, his son Mu'awiyah, Hakim bin Hizam, Harith bin Harith, Harith bin Hisham, Suhayl bin Amr Huwaytab bin Abdul 'Uzza, 'Ala' bin Jariyah and others, all of whom had till a few days earlier been the chiefs of blasphemy and polytheism and the sworn enemies of Islam. To persons belonging to another group, whose position was lower as compared with the aforesaid persons, he gave fifty camels per head. On account of these big gifts and special shares these persons began entertaining feelings of love and affection for the Prophet and were, however, drawn to Islam. In Islamic jurisprudence such people are called Mu'allafatul Qulub (those whom it is desired to encourage) and one of the purposes for which zakat can be spent is expenditure on them.13 Ibn Sa'd said: "All these gifts were given from khums which was the personal property of the Prophet and not even a Dinar was spent out of the shares of the others for the encouragement of the people belonging to this group."14 These gifts and expenditures allowed by the Prophet were strongly resented by a number of the Muslims and especially by some of the Ansar. They, who were not aware of the higher interests kept in view by the Prophet in making these gifts, thought that ties of kinsmanship had prompted him to distribute the khums of the booty among his relatives. A man named Zul Khuwaysirah who belonged to the tribe of Bani Tamim showed so much impudence that he said to the Prophet: "Today I have studied your activities very minutely and have seen that you have not been just in distributing the booty". The Prophet was annoyed on hearing his words. Signs of anger appeared on his face and he said: "Woe be to you! If l don't act according to equity and justice who else will do so?" The Second Caliph requested the Prophet for permission to kill that man but the Prophet said: "Leave him alone. In future he will be the leader of a group who will quit Islam in the same manner in which an arrow quits a bow".15 As predicted by the Prophet, this man became the leader of the Khawarij (apostates) during the Rulership of Ali and undertook the guidance of that dangerous group. However, as it is opposed to the principles of Islam that punishment be awarded before an offence is committed, the Prophet did not take any action against him. Representing the Ansar, Sa'd 'Ubadah communicated their grievances to the Prophet, whereupon the Prophet said to him: "Assemble all of them at one place so that I may explain the matter to them". The Prophet arrived in the assembly of the Ansar with great dignity and addressed them thus: "You were a misguided group of people and you received guidance through me. You were poor and you became rich. You were enemies and became friends". All of them said: "O Prophet of Allah! All this is correct". Then the Prophet said; "You can give me a reply in another way as well and as against my services and can mention the rights which you have over me and may say: "O Prophet of Allah! When Quraysh refuted you, we acknowledged you. They didn't help you and we helped you. They made you shelterless and we provided you asylum. There was a time when you were penniless and we helped you". O group of Ansar! Why have you been grieved because I have given some small property to Quraysh so that they may become steadfast in Islam and have given over Islam to you? Are you not satisfied that others should take away the camels and the sheep whereas you should take away the Prophet with you. By Allah! If all other people go one way and the Ansar go the other way, I will choose the way adopted by the Ansar. Thereafter he invoked Allah's blessings for the Ansar and for their children. The words of the Prophet aroused their sentiments so much that all of them began to cry and said: "O Prophet of Allah! We are contented with our share and don't have the least complaint in this behalf". - 1. Mughazi-i Waqidi, vol. III, pp. 915 - 916. - 2. Biharul Anwar, vol. XXI, page 162. - 3. Seerah-i Halabi, vol III, page 132. - 4. Tabaqat, vol. II, page 158. - 5. Seerah-i Halabi, vol. III, page 134. - 6. Tabaqat, vol. II, page 157. - 7. Mughazi-i Waqidi, vol. III, page 928. - 8. This statement is supported by the fact that the Prophet left Makkah on the 5th of Shawwal and the period of the siege was 20 days and the remaining five days of the month were spent in the Battle of Hunayn as well as in journeying. As regards the period of the siege being 20 days it is in accordance with a narrative quoted by Ibn Hisham. However Ibn Sa'd has mentioned the period of the siege to be 40 days (vide Tabaqat, vol. II, page 158). - 9. Tabaqat-i Ibn Sa'd, vol. II, page 152. - 10. Mughazi-i Waqidi, vol. III, pp. 949 - 953. - 11. Tabaqat, vol. II, pp. 153-154 and Seerah-i Ibn Hisham, vol. II, page 49. - 12. Seerah-i Ibn Hisham, vol. II, page 491. - 13. Seerah-i Ibn Hisham, vol. III, page 493. - 14. Tabaqat, vol. III, page 153. - 15. Mughazi says that the Prophet said about him (i.e. Zul Khuwaysirah): "He will have friends as compared with whose worship your prayers and fasting will be insignificant. They will recite the Qur'an but their recitation will not go beyond their larynx. They will go out of the religion of Islam just as an arrow flings away from the bow". (Seerah-i Ibn Hisham, vol. II, page 496.)	<urn:uuid:aa30ca57-0b45-4887-978e-1ef7067ae86f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.al-islam.org/the-message-ayatullah-jafar-subhani/chapter-50-battle-taif	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251678287.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125161753-20200125190753-00409.warc.gz	en	0.985488	5,253	3.484375	3	[ -0.2016299068927765, 0.9207907915115356, -0.36098846793174744, 0.14532570540905, -0.30227741599082947, -0.2227991819381714, 0.35782378911972046, -0.03509460389614105, -0.08116552978754044, 0.18760627508163452, 0.1178542822599411, -0.8775802850723267, 0.4088481664657593, 0.4436569809913635,...	7	Ta'if is one of the fertile country towns of the Hijaz. It is situated in the south-east of Makkah at a distance of twelve leagues from there. It is one thousand metres above sea level. On account of its fine weather, gardens, and palm groves, the town of Ta'if was the centre of a group of people who led very comfortable lives. This town was inhabited by the tribe of Saqif who were one of the powerful and popular tribes of the Arabs. The Arabs of Saqif tribe were amongst those people, who fought against Islam in the Battle of Hunayn. After suffering a signal defeat they took refuge in their own town which possessed strong and elevated forts. In order to complete the victory, the Prophet ordered the fugitives of the Battle of Hunayn to be pursued. Abu 'Amar Ash'ari and Abu Musa Ash'ari were deputed along with a unit of the soldiers of Islam to pursue some of the fugitives who had taken refuge in Awtas. The first commander lost his life in the encounter, but the second one scored complete victory and dispersed the enemies.1 The Prophet himself proceeded to Ta'if along with the remaining army2 and, while on his way, destroyed the fort of Malik, (who had sparked off the Battle of Hunayn). Of course, the demolition of the fort of Malik did not carry an aspect of revenge. What the Prophet desired was that he should not leave a point which could serve as an asylum to the enemies. The groups of the army of Islam moved one after the other and made the various sides of the town their camping places. The Fort of Ta'if was situated at a great height and had very strong walls, and its watch towers fully controlled the outside area. The army of Islam proceeded to besiege the fort, but it had not yet been completely encircled, when the enemies checked their advance with a shower of arrows and killed some of them on the spot in the very first moment.3 The Prophet ordered the army to retreat and to transfer its encampment to a point which was beyond the reach of the arrows of the enemies.4 Salman Muhammadi, from whose military plans the Muslims had availed at the time of the Battle of the Ditch, suggested to the Prophet that the fort of the enemy might be stoned by means of catapults. During the battles of those days a catapult served the same purpose as artillery serves in modern warfare. The Muslim officers erected a catapult under the guidance of Salman and stoned the towers and the interior of the fort for about twenty days. However, the enemies, too, continued to shoot arrows and thereby inflicted injuries on the soldiers of Islam. Now let us see as to how the Muslims procured a catapult at that juncture. Some say that Salman made it himself and taught the Muslim soldiers how to operate it. Others believe that the Muslims came in possession of this military weapon at the time of the conquest of Khayber and brought it with them to Ta'if.5 It is not improbable that Salman himself made the catapult and taught the Muslims how to install and use it. History tells us that this was not the only catapult available with the Muslims, because, simultaneously with the Battles of Hunayn and Ta'if, the Prophet had sent Tufayl bin 'Amr Dowsi to pull down the idol-temples of the tribe of Dows. He returned after successfully carrying out his assignment and came to the Prophet at Ta'if along with four hundred soldiers, all of whom belonged to his own tribe, as well as a catapult and a military vehicle. And during this battle these military equipments, which had been acquired by Tufayl bin 'Amr Dowsi as war booty, came into use.6 In order to make the enemy surrender, it was necessary to attack it from all sides. It was, therefore, decided that, simultaneously with the installation of the catapult and throwing stones, the military vehicles should also be utilized to create a rent in the wall of the fort, so that the army of Islam might enter it. However, the battalions of the army of Islam were faced with a great difficulty in accomplishing this task, because arrows were showered on their heads from the towers and other spots of the fort and none could manage to approach the wall. The best means of achieving this purpose were the military vehicles which were available with the organized armies of those times in an imperfect shape. A military vehicle was made of wood and was covered with a thick hide. Strong soldiers took their places inside it and pushed it towards the fort and began making holes in the wall under its cover. By making use of this military device the soldiers of Islam busied themselves bravely in splitting the wall. However, the enemies threw melted iron and wires on the vehicle and burnt its covering; inflicted injuries on them. This military device, therefore, proved to be unsuccessful on account of the planning of the enemy and the Muslims failed to achieve victory. Hence, when a number of Muslims were wounded and killed, they abandoned their attempt."7 Achievement of victory does not depend on material military devices only. A skilful commander can diminish the power of the enemy by dealing economic and moral blows at him and can thus make him surrender. More often than not moral and economic blows prove to be more effective than corporal injuries which are occasionally sustained by the soldiers of the enemy. Ta'if was an area of date-palms and vine and was well-known throughout the Hijaz for its fertility. As its inhabitants had taken great pains in developing the palm-groves and the vineyards, they were keenly interested in their safety. In order to threaten those, who had shut themselves within the fort, the Prophet announced that, if they continued to resist, their gardens would be plundered. However, the enemies did not pay any heed to this threat, because they did not imagine that the kind and merciful Prophet would resort to such an action. However, as they observed, all of a sudden that compliance with the orders to pull down the gardens and to cut the date-palms and the vines had already commenced, they began to wail and cry and requested the Prophet to refrain from this action as a mark of respect for the proximity and relationship which existed between them. The Prophet, notwithstanding the fact that those who had now taken refuge in the fort were the very persons, who were responsible for the battles of Hunayn and Ta'if and these two battles had proved very costly, he showed his mercy and kindness once again in the battlefield, which is usually a theatre of wrath and vengeance. He ordered his companions to desist from cutting down the trees. Though he had lost many officers and men in these two battles (which had been occasioned by the conspiracy of the people of the Saqif tribe who had conducted a night attack on the army of Islam and had now taken refuge in their burrow like a fox) and would have been justified in destroying their farms and gardens as a measure of revenge, his kindness and mercy subdued his anger and he asked his friends to refrain from taking punitive action. From the conduct of the Prophet and the manner in which he always treated his enemies, it can be safely said that the orders given by him to cut down the trees were a mere threat and if this weapon had not proved effective, he would certainly have refrained from using it. The people of Saqif tribe were rich and affluent and possessed a large number of slaves and slave-girls. In order to obtain information about the state of affairs within the interior of the fort and to assess the strength of the enemy as well as to create differences amongst that organized group, the Prophet got announced that those slaves of the enemy, who came out of the fort and took refuge with the army of Islam, would become free. This device proved effective to some extent and about twenty slaves escaped from the fort very skillfully and joined the Muslims. On enquiries having been made from them it was known that those within the fort were not prepared to surrender at any cost, and even if the siege continued for one year they would not be faced with any shortage of provisions. The Prophet used all the physical and moral military devices in this battle, but the experience gained thereby proved that the conquest of the fort needed further activities and patience, whereas the conditions prevailing at the time, the prolongation of war, and the resources of the army of Islam, did not permit any further stay in Ta'if, because, firstly during the period of this siege thirteen persons had been killed. Out of them seven were from amongst Quraysh, four were Ansar and one belonged to some other tribe. Furthermore, some persons, whose number and names have not unfortunately been recorded in the books, were also killed as a result of the deceitful attack of the enemy in the valley of Hunayn and consequently there appeared lack of discipline and morale in the Muslim army. Secondly, the month of Shawwal was terminating and the month of Zi Qa'd (during which warfare was forbidden amongst the Arabs, and Islam later confirmed this tradition as well) was fast approaching.8 In order to safeguard this tradition it was necessary that the siege should be raised as early as possible so that the Arab tribe of Saqif might not be able to charge the Prophet with the violation of the good tradition. Moreover, the Haj season was near and the supervision of Haj ceremonies was the responsibility of the Muslims, because before this all the ceremonies of Haj were performed under the supervision of the polytheists of Makkah. A very large number of the people came to Makkah from all parts of Arabia to participate in Haj ceremonies and it was the best occasion to propagate Islam and to acquaint the people with the realities of the Divine faith. It was necessary that the Prophet should take full advantage of this opportunity, which had become available to him for the first time and should think of much more important matters as compared with the conquest of an outlying fort. Keeping all these matters in view, the Prophet raised the siege of Ta'if and proceeded, along with his soldiers, to Ji'ranah. The war of Hunayn and Ta'if terminated and, without achieving any final result, the Prophet proceeded to Ji'ranah to distribute the booty of the Battle of Ta'if. The war booty which fell in the hands of the Muslims in the Battle of Hunayn was the largest of the booties which had so far been acquired by the army of Islam in different battles, because, when the Prophet reached Ji'ranah, 6000 prisoners, 24,000 camels, more than 40,000 sheep and 852 grams of silver were with him9 and during those days a part of the expenses of the army of Islam was also met from this source. The Prophet stayed in Ji'ranah for thirteen days. During this period he was engaged in distributing the war booty in a special manner; setting some prisoners free and returned them to their kinsmen; drawing up a plan for the surrender and embracement of Islam by Malik bin Awf (the man who was solely responsible for the battles of Hunayn and Ta'if); manifesting the spirit of appreciation and gratefulness for the services rendered by different persons; attracting, with his wise policies, the hearts of the enemies of Islam to the true religion; and ending, by means of an attractive speech, a dispute which had arisen between him and a group of the Ansar. Here are the details of the matters mentioned above: 1. One of the distinguished qualities of the Prophet was that he never ignored the services rendered by the people or the rights belonging to them, however insignificant and small they might be. And if any person rendered some service to him, he compensated him for it to a longer extent than that. The Prophet had spent his childhood amongst the tribe of Bani Sa'd, which was a branch of the tribe of Hawazin, and Halimah Sa'diyah had fostered him and had brought him up in her tribe for five years. The tribe of Bani Sa'd who had taken part in the Battle of Hunayn against Islam, a number of their women and children as well as property had fallen into the hands of the Muslims, were now regretful for what they had done. However, they had in mind that Muhammad had been brought up in their tribe and had been nurtured by their women, and being a kind, magnanimous and grateful person, he would certainly set their prisoners free if he was reminded of his childhood. Hence, fourteen chiefs of the tribe, all of whom had embraced Islam, came to the Prophet. They were headed by two persons one of whom was Zuhayr bin Sa'd and the other was the foster-uncle of the Prophet and spoke thus: "Among the prisoners are your foster-aunts and foster-sisters as well as those, who served you during your childhood, and kindness and affection demands that, keeping in view the rights, which some of our women have upon you, you should free all our prisoners, including women, men and children. And in case we had made such a request to No'man bin Munzir or Harith bin Abi Shamir, the rulers of Iraq and Syria, we would have hoped for its acceptance by them, not to speak of yourself who are the embodiment of all kindness and love". In reply to this, the Prophet asked them: "What do you value more; your women and children or your property?" They replied: "We would not exchange our women and children for anything". The Prophet said: "I am prepared to forego my own share as well as that of the descendants of Abdul Muttalib, but the shares of the Muhajirs, the Ansar and other Muslims concern them and it is necessary that they themselves should give up their rights. When I have finished the noon prayers you should stand up between the rows of the Muslims and address them thus: "We make the Prophet our intercessor before the Muslims and make the Muslims our intermediaries before the Prophet so that our women and children may be returned to us". In the meantime I shall stand up and shall return to you my own share as well as that of the descendants of Abdul Muttalib and shall also advise others to do the same". The representatives of Hawazin addressed the Muslims after the noon prayers as advised by the Prophet and the Prophet gifted away to them his own share as well as that of the descendants of Abdul Muttalib. Imitating him the Muhajirs and the Ansar also agreed to forgo their shares. However, only a very few persons like Aqra' bin Habis and 'Uyainah bin Hisn Fazari declined to surrender their shares. The Prophet said to them: "If you hand over your prisoners, I shall give you, against every one of them, six prisoners, who fall into my hands in the first battle to be fought hereafter''.10 The practical steps taken by the Prophet and his impressive words occasioned the release of all the prisoners of the Hawazin tribe except one old woman whom 'Uyainah refused to release. Thus a good and pious action, the foundation of which was laid by Halimah Sa'diyah sixty years ago in the tribe of Bani Sa'd, proved fruitful after a very long time and as a result of it all the prisoners of Bani Hawazin got freedom. Then the Prophet called Shaymah, his foster-sister and having spread his own cloak on the ground made her sit on it and enquired about her own welfare as well as that of her family.11 By releasing their prisoners the Prophet made the people of Bani Hawazin incline towards Islam. All of them, therefore, embraced Islam whole-heartedly and consequently Ta'if lost its last ally as well. 2. In the meantime the Prophet availed of the opportunity to solve, through the representatives of Bani Sa'd, the problem of Malik, the headstrong chief of Nasr tribe, who had provoked the Battle of Hunayn, and to attract him towards Islam. In this connection he enquired about the state of his affairs and was informed that he (Malik) had taken refuge in Ta'if and was co-operating with Bani Saqif. The Prophet said: "Convey my message to him, that if he embraces Islam and joins us, I shall release his people and shall also give him one hundred camels". The representatives of Hawazin conveyed the Prophet's message to him. Malik had realized that the strength of Bani Saqif had weakened and was also aware of the ever-increasing power of Islam. He, therefore, decided to leave Ta'if and join the Muslims. He was, however, afraid that if Bani Saqif became aware of his decision they would detain him within the fort. He, therefore, chalked out a plan. He directed that a camel-litter might be kept ready for him at a place distant from Ta'if. Reaching that place he came to Ji'ranah immediately and embraced Islam. The Prophet meted out the same treatment to him as he had already promised and later appointed him as the chief of the Muslims belonging to the tribes of Nasr, Thamalah and Salimah. On account of his pride and the honour which he gained from the side of Islam, he made life miserable for the people of Saqif tribe and subjected them to economic distress. Malik felt ashamed of the kindness shown to him by the Prophet and recited verses in praise of his sublimity: "I have not seen or heard of amongst the entire mankind anyone, who may be like Muhammad''.12 3. The companions of the Prophet insisted that the war booty should be distributed as early as possible. The Prophet, in order to prove his disinterestedness, stood by the side of a camel, took some wool from its hump and, while holding it between his fingers, turned to the people and said: "I don't enjoy any right in your booty, even in this wool, except khums and I shall return to you even the khums to which I am entitled. Hence, everyone of you should return all kinds of booty, even though it may be a needle and a thread, so that it may be distributed amongst you equally". The Prophet distributed the entire contents of the treasury amongst the Muslims and also distributed its khums, which was his own share, amongst the chiefs of Quraysh, who were converted to Islam only recently. He gave one hundred camels to each including Abu Sufyan, his son Mu'awiyah, Hakim bin Hizam, Harith bin Harith, Harith bin Hisham, Suhayl bin Amr Huwaytab bin Abdul 'Uzza, 'Ala' bin Jariyah and others, all of whom had till a few days earlier been the chiefs of blasphemy and polytheism and the sworn enemies of Islam. To persons belonging to another group, whose position was lower as compared with the aforesaid persons, he gave fifty camels per head. On account of these big gifts and special shares these persons began entertaining feelings of love and affection for the Prophet and were, however, drawn to Islam. In Islamic jurisprudence such people are called Mu'allafatul Qulub (those whom it is desired to encourage) and one of the purposes for which zakat can be spent is expenditure on them.13 Ibn Sa'd said: "All these gifts were given from khums which was the personal property of the Prophet and not even a Dinar was spent out of the shares of the others for the encouragement of the people belonging to this group."14 These gifts and expenditures allowed by the Prophet were strongly resented by a number of the Muslims and especially by some of the Ansar. They, who were not aware of the higher interests kept in view by the Prophet in making these gifts, thought that ties of kinsmanship had prompted him to distribute the khums of the booty among his relatives. A man named Zul Khuwaysirah who belonged to the tribe of Bani Tamim showed so much impudence that he said to the Prophet: "Today I have studied your activities very minutely and have seen that you have not been just in distributing the booty". The Prophet was annoyed on hearing his words. Signs of anger appeared on his face and he said: "Woe be to you! If l don't act according to equity and justice who else will do so?" The Second Caliph requested the Prophet for permission to kill that man but the Prophet said: "Leave him alone. In future he will be the leader of a group who will quit Islam in the same manner in which an arrow quits a bow".15 As predicted by the Prophet, this man became the leader of the Khawarij (apostates) during the Rulership of Ali and undertook the guidance of that dangerous group. However, as it is opposed to the principles of Islam that punishment be awarded before an offence is committed, the Prophet did not take any action against him. Representing the Ansar, Sa'd 'Ubadah communicated their grievances to the Prophet, whereupon the Prophet said to him: "Assemble all of them at one place so that I may explain the matter to them". The Prophet arrived in the assembly of the Ansar with great dignity and addressed them thus: "You were a misguided group of people and you received guidance through me. You were poor and you became rich. You were enemies and became friends". All of them said: "O Prophet of Allah! All this is correct". Then the Prophet said; "You can give me a reply in another way as well and as against my services and can mention the rights which you have over me and may say: "O Prophet of Allah! When Quraysh refuted you, we acknowledged you. They didn't help you and we helped you. They made you shelterless and we provided you asylum. There was a time when you were penniless and we helped you". O group of Ansar! Why have you been grieved because I have given some small property to Quraysh so that they may become steadfast in Islam and have given over Islam to you? Are you not satisfied that others should take away the camels and the sheep whereas you should take away the Prophet with you. By Allah! If all other people go one way and the Ansar go the other way, I will choose the way adopted by the Ansar. Thereafter he invoked Allah's blessings for the Ansar and for their children. The words of the Prophet aroused their sentiments so much that all of them began to cry and said: "O Prophet of Allah! We are contented with our share and don't have the least complaint in this behalf". - 1. Mughazi-i Waqidi, vol. III, pp. 915 - 916. - 2. Biharul Anwar, vol. XXI, page 162. - 3. Seerah-i Halabi, vol III, page 132. - 4. Tabaqat, vol. II, page 158. - 5. Seerah-i Halabi, vol. III, page 134. - 6. Tabaqat, vol. II, page 157. - 7. Mughazi-i Waqidi, vol. III, page 928. - 8. This statement is supported by the fact that the Prophet left Makkah on the 5th of Shawwal and the period of the siege was 20 days and the remaining five days of the month were spent in the Battle of Hunayn as well as in journeying. As regards the period of the siege being 20 days it is in accordance with a narrative quoted by Ibn Hisham. However Ibn Sa'd has mentioned the period of the siege to be 40 days (vide Tabaqat, vol. II, page 158). - 9. Tabaqat-i Ibn Sa'd, vol. II, page 152. - 10. Mughazi-i Waqidi, vol. III, pp. 949 - 953. - 11. Tabaqat, vol. II, pp. 153-154 and Seerah-i Ibn Hisham, vol. II, page 49. - 12. Seerah-i Ibn Hisham, vol. II, page 491. - 13. Seerah-i Ibn Hisham, vol. III, page 493. - 14. Tabaqat, vol. III, page 153. - 15. Mughazi says that the Prophet said about him (i.e. Zul Khuwaysirah): "He will have friends as compared with whose worship your prayers and fasting will be insignificant. They will recite the Qur'an but their recitation will not go beyond their larynx. They will go out of the religion of Islam just as an arrow flings away from the bow". (Seerah-i Ibn Hisham, vol. II, page 496.)	5,267	ENGLISH	1
"No person will make a great business who wants to do it all himself or get all the credit." (Carnegie) One of the major characteristics that define the success of this Golden age was that of the onset of the multitude of inventions that played a major role in the reformation of agriculture and lifestyle.The transformation of the United States into an industrial nation took place largely after the Civil War and on the Britsih model. Although the Industrial Revolution brought many positive inventions, the class divisions were obvious because the workers were paid at horrible wages. The Industrial Revolution, wages, and class divisions were all part of the economic power. The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain, and …show more content… Rockefeller was the founder of the Standard Oil company, making millions of dollars. "The capital was $110 million, the profit was $45 million a year, and John D. Rockefeller's fortune was estimated at $200 million." (Zinn) J.P. Morgan was an American financier, banker and philanthropist during his time. He merged with Carnegie Steel Company and several other steel and iron companies to form the United Stated Steel Corporations. "We do not want financial convulsions and have one thing one day and another thing another day." (Zinn) While industries were building up they were willing to hire workers only to pay them at a low wage. In the early years of the Industrial Revolution, workers were not payed very well. Women found jobs mainly in domestic service, textile factories, and piece work shops. The typical female factory worker made $6 a week. Some working-class women turned to prostitution. "As much as 10 percent of New York's female working-age population worked in the sex business in the 1890's."(Goldfield 60) Children suffered the most working in the factories. For all there hard work they would do, children would make about $3 a week, or maybe not even get paid. Young boys were to pluck waste matter from coal tumbling down, inhaling harmful coal dust all day. Young girls were losing fingers from mill accidents. The treatment of children in the factories was often cruel and unusual, the children's safety was generally neglected. "...Pennsylvania and a few	<urn:uuid:524c1ff6-170f-4f14-ba66-8ff34ec62ffc>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.cram.com/essay/Industrial-Revolution-Essay/FKJ6DSMKXC	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610919.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123131001-20200123160001-00071.warc.gz	en	0.983042	460	3.59375	4	[ -0.0387193001806736, 0.2799552083015442, 0.026672419160604477, -0.005550546571612358, -0.1499965488910675, 0.10010779649019241, 0.15603376924991608, 0.31430113315582275, -0.49202167987823486, 0.16180582344532013, 0.2504694163799286, 0.3767271041870117, 0.15621964633464813, 0.13200113177299...	1	"No person will make a great business who wants to do it all himself or get all the credit." (Carnegie) One of the major characteristics that define the success of this Golden age was that of the onset of the multitude of inventions that played a major role in the reformation of agriculture and lifestyle.The transformation of the United States into an industrial nation took place largely after the Civil War and on the Britsih model. Although the Industrial Revolution brought many positive inventions, the class divisions were obvious because the workers were paid at horrible wages. The Industrial Revolution, wages, and class divisions were all part of the economic power. The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain, and …show more content… Rockefeller was the founder of the Standard Oil company, making millions of dollars. "The capital was $110 million, the profit was $45 million a year, and John D. Rockefeller's fortune was estimated at $200 million." (Zinn) J.P. Morgan was an American financier, banker and philanthropist during his time. He merged with Carnegie Steel Company and several other steel and iron companies to form the United Stated Steel Corporations. "We do not want financial convulsions and have one thing one day and another thing another day." (Zinn) While industries were building up they were willing to hire workers only to pay them at a low wage. In the early years of the Industrial Revolution, workers were not payed very well. Women found jobs mainly in domestic service, textile factories, and piece work shops. The typical female factory worker made $6 a week. Some working-class women turned to prostitution. "As much as 10 percent of New York's female working-age population worked in the sex business in the 1890's."(Goldfield 60) Children suffered the most working in the factories. For all there hard work they would do, children would make about $3 a week, or maybe not even get paid. Young boys were to pluck waste matter from coal tumbling down, inhaling harmful coal dust all day. Young girls were losing fingers from mill accidents. The treatment of children in the factories was often cruel and unusual, the children's safety was generally neglected. "...Pennsylvania and a few	464	ENGLISH	1
A team of researchers affiliated with several institutions in France has found evidence that suggests vaping can be used as a way to reduce cigarette smoking, but it can also lead to relapse. In their paper published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, the group describes their study involving thousands of volunteers over a nearly two-year period. Scientists have been looking into the dangers associated with smoking using electronic cigarettes as vaping rates have continued to rise, particularly among young people. Companies that make e-cigarettes have suggested that vaping is less dangerous than tobacco-based cigarettes, even when users consume nicotine-based products, because they do not have the cancer-causing chemicals that are found in tobacco-based products. Because of that, some have suggested that vaping could be used as a means to help people quit smoking cigarettes. In this new effort, the researchers carried out a study to find out if vaping does help people stop smoking regular cigarettes and what impact it might have on relapse. The study involved tracking the smoking habits of 5,400 daily smokers in France over the course of almost two years. Smokers included both cigarette smokers and vapers. The researchers also included 2,025 people who considered themselves former smokers—most of whom were vaping. The researchers report that they found an association between regular vaping and a significant decrease in smoking cigarettes. But they also found that those users who quit smoking cigarettes by switching to e-cigarettes were more likely to relapse to smoking cigarettes than were those who had quit smoking altogether —at least within the two-year study timeframe. They acknowledge that they found no evidence that would explain why vaping heightened the risk of relapse, but suggest it is possible that people go back to cigarettes because they do not find vaping as satisfying as cigarette smoking. Source: Read Full Article	<urn:uuid:1eadfc64-d0ce-4151-876b-87d3aa584e03>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://crunchtime-records.com/health-news/study-suggests-vaping-can-reduce-cigarette-smoking-but-also-leads-to-higher-relapse/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700675.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127112805-20200127142805-00200.warc.gz	en	0.980307	359	3.359375	3	[ -0.2590644955635071, 0.43706783652305603, 0.054120004177093506, -0.2133127599954605, -0.007465148810297251, 0.16976717114448547, 0.2422887086868286, 0.23909100890159607, 0.17808617651462555, -0.0020723016932606697, -0.14566867053508759, -0.17654286324977875, -0.12114818394184113, 0.2982992...	2	A team of researchers affiliated with several institutions in France has found evidence that suggests vaping can be used as a way to reduce cigarette smoking, but it can also lead to relapse. In their paper published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, the group describes their study involving thousands of volunteers over a nearly two-year period. Scientists have been looking into the dangers associated with smoking using electronic cigarettes as vaping rates have continued to rise, particularly among young people. Companies that make e-cigarettes have suggested that vaping is less dangerous than tobacco-based cigarettes, even when users consume nicotine-based products, because they do not have the cancer-causing chemicals that are found in tobacco-based products. Because of that, some have suggested that vaping could be used as a means to help people quit smoking cigarettes. In this new effort, the researchers carried out a study to find out if vaping does help people stop smoking regular cigarettes and what impact it might have on relapse. The study involved tracking the smoking habits of 5,400 daily smokers in France over the course of almost two years. Smokers included both cigarette smokers and vapers. The researchers also included 2,025 people who considered themselves former smokers—most of whom were vaping. The researchers report that they found an association between regular vaping and a significant decrease in smoking cigarettes. But they also found that those users who quit smoking cigarettes by switching to e-cigarettes were more likely to relapse to smoking cigarettes than were those who had quit smoking altogether —at least within the two-year study timeframe. They acknowledge that they found no evidence that would explain why vaping heightened the risk of relapse, but suggest it is possible that people go back to cigarettes because they do not find vaping as satisfying as cigarette smoking. Source: Read Full Article	357	ENGLISH	1
Amherst County was created in 1761 out of Albemarle County, and it was named in honor of Lord Jeffery Amherst, the so-called "Conqueror of Canada". The county was subsequently reduced in size in 1807 in order to give up land to form Nelson County. Tobacco was the major cash crop of the county during its early years. As of the 2010 census, the population of the county was 32,353, a small increase from the 31,894 people reported in the 2000 census. Native Americans were the first humans to populate the area. They hunted and fished mainly along the countless rivers and streams in the county. With the establishment of the Virginia Colony in 1607, English emigrants arrived in North America. By the late 17th century English explorers and traders traveled up the James River to this area. Early trading posts formed between 1710 and 1720. By 1730, many new families moved into the land currently known as Amherst County drawn by the desire for land and the good tobacco-growing soil.	<urn:uuid:7b419f37-f0d4-4326-a55a-645f26345516>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://wn.com/Amherst_County	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690379.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126195918-20200126225918-00548.warc.gz	en	0.983337	219	3.71875	4	[ -0.4039323925971985, 0.19993576407432556, 0.2686993479728699, -0.447696328163147, -0.14319470524787903, -0.262451171875, -0.13260269165039062, -0.2851061522960663, -0.3427219092845917, 0.5876575708389282, -0.0648057833313942, -0.59046870470047, -0.05575510859489441, -0.3231855034828186, ...	1	Amherst County was created in 1761 out of Albemarle County, and it was named in honor of Lord Jeffery Amherst, the so-called "Conqueror of Canada". The county was subsequently reduced in size in 1807 in order to give up land to form Nelson County. Tobacco was the major cash crop of the county during its early years. As of the 2010 census, the population of the county was 32,353, a small increase from the 31,894 people reported in the 2000 census. Native Americans were the first humans to populate the area. They hunted and fished mainly along the countless rivers and streams in the county. With the establishment of the Virginia Colony in 1607, English emigrants arrived in North America. By the late 17th century English explorers and traders traveled up the James River to this area. Early trading posts formed between 1710 and 1720. By 1730, many new families moved into the land currently known as Amherst County drawn by the desire for land and the good tobacco-growing soil.	251	ENGLISH	1
“The future of the world relies on the education of women, and by appointing them as leaders”. Born in Turin in 1909, Rita Levi-Montalcini was an Italian neurologist of Jewish origins who received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1986. After finishing her studies, she began research into the nervous system, but fled Italy as a result of Fascism under the government led by Mussolini. Following the end of World War II, she returned to Italy from Belgium, opening her own laboratory in Turin. Continuing her work, she accepted an invitation to research at Washington University (Missouri) for one semester, but stayed for thirty years, being appointed as a Professor in 1958. She discovered nerve growth factor (NGF), important for the growth, maintenance and survival of certain nerve cells, and established a Research Centre for Neurobiology in Rome in cooperation with the Italian National Research Council and Washington University. In 2001, she was named as Senator for Life by the Italian government. Rita died in 2012, at the age of 103 at her home in Rome – the first Nobel Laureate to live 100 years old. Levi-Montalcini made a great contribution not only to science, but also to society; she was a great activist for social issues such as education and the emancipation of women. She said that she had to fight her whole life to be accepted in the most exclusive of scientific environments: “Humanity is made of men and women, and it should be represented by both of them”. She always thought that women had to fight harder than men, and carry two weights: their private and their public lives. “The difference between a man and a woman is just environmental; they have the same brain, but in men its (development) was encouraged; in women has been historically repressed”. Levi-Montalcini always felt like a free woman but she grew up in a society where men were dominant and women had few opportunities – There was still a King on the throne in Italy until the 1946. She was optimistic about contemporary women’s conditions: Europe has made huge progress in the development of women in society. “In Africa – she said – women have to fight to study.” Because of this, Levi-Montalcini, together with her twin sister Paola, in 1992 created the Levi-Montalcini Foundation, to give young African girls the opportunity to study and achieve important leadership roles within society. “These girls are starving more for knowledge than for food, and they are much more determined than men: when they have the opportunity to study, they achieve great results!” Levi-Montalcini also started a campaign to involve women in Politics: “It’s just by having a female presence in government that we will begin to have equal opportunities”. Rita never married: “I am married to science… I did not feel the need to have a child, or to be attached to any man. I am happy like this. If in the past I have ever been courted by a man, I did not notice it. Love, on me has the same effect of water on ducks: I am totally waterproof”! Written by Filomena Raia.	<urn:uuid:228b4aa7-5067-4a6d-8cdd-85ea24d50d13>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://whitewatergroup.eu/women/rita-levi-montalcini-1909-2012/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589560.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117123339-20200117151339-00322.warc.gz	en	0.98332	669	3.3125	3	[ -0.42371225357055664, 0.8087185621261597, 0.06283532828092575, 0.21615029871463776, -0.7225782871246338, 0.5250341296195984, 0.3023546040058136, 0.22608938813209534, 0.19406655430793762, 0.23739448189735413, 0.2417081892490387, -0.0026167072355747223, 0.5068681240081787, 0.547497034072876,...	6	“The future of the world relies on the education of women, and by appointing them as leaders”. Born in Turin in 1909, Rita Levi-Montalcini was an Italian neurologist of Jewish origins who received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1986. After finishing her studies, she began research into the nervous system, but fled Italy as a result of Fascism under the government led by Mussolini. Following the end of World War II, she returned to Italy from Belgium, opening her own laboratory in Turin. Continuing her work, she accepted an invitation to research at Washington University (Missouri) for one semester, but stayed for thirty years, being appointed as a Professor in 1958. She discovered nerve growth factor (NGF), important for the growth, maintenance and survival of certain nerve cells, and established a Research Centre for Neurobiology in Rome in cooperation with the Italian National Research Council and Washington University. In 2001, she was named as Senator for Life by the Italian government. Rita died in 2012, at the age of 103 at her home in Rome – the first Nobel Laureate to live 100 years old. Levi-Montalcini made a great contribution not only to science, but also to society; she was a great activist for social issues such as education and the emancipation of women. She said that she had to fight her whole life to be accepted in the most exclusive of scientific environments: “Humanity is made of men and women, and it should be represented by both of them”. She always thought that women had to fight harder than men, and carry two weights: their private and their public lives. “The difference between a man and a woman is just environmental; they have the same brain, but in men its (development) was encouraged; in women has been historically repressed”. Levi-Montalcini always felt like a free woman but she grew up in a society where men were dominant and women had few opportunities – There was still a King on the throne in Italy until the 1946. She was optimistic about contemporary women’s conditions: Europe has made huge progress in the development of women in society. “In Africa – she said – women have to fight to study.” Because of this, Levi-Montalcini, together with her twin sister Paola, in 1992 created the Levi-Montalcini Foundation, to give young African girls the opportunity to study and achieve important leadership roles within society. “These girls are starving more for knowledge than for food, and they are much more determined than men: when they have the opportunity to study, they achieve great results!” Levi-Montalcini also started a campaign to involve women in Politics: “It’s just by having a female presence in government that we will begin to have equal opportunities”. Rita never married: “I am married to science… I did not feel the need to have a child, or to be attached to any man. I am happy like this. If in the past I have ever been courted by a man, I did not notice it. Love, on me has the same effect of water on ducks: I am totally waterproof”! Written by Filomena Raia.	675	ENGLISH	1
(Last Updated on : 13/11/2013) History of Chandannagar traces back to the year 1673, when it was a French colony in India. French colonization occurred immediately after the French were granted permission to install a trading post on the right banks of Hooghly River by the Nawab of Bengal , Ibrahim Khan. During that period, the province of Bengal belonged to the Mughal Empire . Chandannagar later became a French settlement in the year 1688 and Dupleix was declared the new governor of this city during 1730. It is said that under the supervision of Francois Dupleix, over 2000 brick houses were constructed in the town and maritime trade started flourishing. Till a particular period of time, Chandannagar was a significant centre which promoted European commerce in the province of Bengal. In the year 1756, a violent battle took place between Great Britain and France. During this point of time, Admiral Charles Watson of the British Navy as well as Robert Clive , of the British English East India Company bombed and conquered Chandannagar on 23rd March, 1757. Thereafter, the fortifications of this beautiful town were destroyed and it gradually began losing its importance as a major spot of commercial and business activities. This was due to the fact that it started being overshadowed by the city of Kolkata , which was nearby. During 1763, the French were able to regain administrative control of the region of Chandannagar before it was again recaptured by the British in Napoleanic Wars, in about 1794. However, it was again restored back to the French in the year 1816 and it was ruled as a portion of French India. This continued till 1950 and Chandannagar remained under the jurisdiction of the governor general in Pondicherry . The industrial significance of this region faded by 1900 and it started developing from a silent suburb of Kolkata to a town bustling with several sophisticated residences along the riverside. Following the independence of India from the British Raj in the year 1947, particularly during June 1948, it was discovered that around 97 percent of the regional inhabitants of Chandannagar desired their birthplace to be a portion of India. The Indian government was permitted by the French to exercise de facto administrative control over Chandannagar in May 1950. However, it was only on 2nd February, 1951 that the area was officially handed over to India, as part of its territories. During 9th June, 1952, the De Jure transfer occurred and on 2nd October, 1955, Chandannagar was absorbed into the eastern Indian state of West Bengal	<urn:uuid:b6a18ed4-cd75-442e-9c1e-f8fadc1a1a54>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.indianetzone.com/69/history_chandannagar.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594209.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119035851-20200119063851-00525.warc.gz	en	0.981466	535	3.390625	3	[ 0.1455889344215393, 0.19907043874263763, 0.030632495880126953, -0.27783203125, -0.46528127789497375, -0.240902841091156, 0.34712347388267517, 0.3513689935207367, 0.05157947912812233, -0.3140937387943268, 0.10205455124378204, -0.7437901496887207, -0.13817213475704193, 0.34205079078674316, ...	4	(Last Updated on : 13/11/2013) History of Chandannagar traces back to the year 1673, when it was a French colony in India. French colonization occurred immediately after the French were granted permission to install a trading post on the right banks of Hooghly River by the Nawab of Bengal , Ibrahim Khan. During that period, the province of Bengal belonged to the Mughal Empire . Chandannagar later became a French settlement in the year 1688 and Dupleix was declared the new governor of this city during 1730. It is said that under the supervision of Francois Dupleix, over 2000 brick houses were constructed in the town and maritime trade started flourishing. Till a particular period of time, Chandannagar was a significant centre which promoted European commerce in the province of Bengal. In the year 1756, a violent battle took place between Great Britain and France. During this point of time, Admiral Charles Watson of the British Navy as well as Robert Clive , of the British English East India Company bombed and conquered Chandannagar on 23rd March, 1757. Thereafter, the fortifications of this beautiful town were destroyed and it gradually began losing its importance as a major spot of commercial and business activities. This was due to the fact that it started being overshadowed by the city of Kolkata , which was nearby. During 1763, the French were able to regain administrative control of the region of Chandannagar before it was again recaptured by the British in Napoleanic Wars, in about 1794. However, it was again restored back to the French in the year 1816 and it was ruled as a portion of French India. This continued till 1950 and Chandannagar remained under the jurisdiction of the governor general in Pondicherry . The industrial significance of this region faded by 1900 and it started developing from a silent suburb of Kolkata to a town bustling with several sophisticated residences along the riverside. Following the independence of India from the British Raj in the year 1947, particularly during June 1948, it was discovered that around 97 percent of the regional inhabitants of Chandannagar desired their birthplace to be a portion of India. The Indian government was permitted by the French to exercise de facto administrative control over Chandannagar in May 1950. However, it was only on 2nd February, 1951 that the area was officially handed over to India, as part of its territories. During 9th June, 1952, the De Jure transfer occurred and on 2nd October, 1955, Chandannagar was absorbed into the eastern Indian state of West Bengal	604	ENGLISH	1
Fort Fred Steele was established on June 20, 1868, to guard the men who were building the Union Pacific Railroad across southern Wyoming against Indian attacks. Located on the west bank of the North Platte River, the site was selected by Colonel Richard Dodge, and named for Major General Frederick Steele, a Civil War hero. In the beginning, the post was little more than a tent city, until some 300 troops were tasked with building the fort. In addition to the troops, more civilians were hired to assist with the construction. The post eventually included a sawmill, engineer, blacksmith, saddler, wheelwright, and a sutler’s store, in addition to barracks, officer’s quarters and other fort buildings. Most of the buildings were constructed of wood cut from Elk Mountain. Before long, the railroad and the fort attracted cattlemen, sheepherders, loggers, miners, and merchants to the area and a small community sprang up around the fort. In September 1879, while Major Thomas T. Thornburgh was commanding Fort Fred Steele, Ute Indians, angry over prospectors invading their lands, were creating disturbances in northern Colorado. Thornburgh and his men were ordered to put down the uprising and soon set out toward the White River Indian Agency in Rio Blanca County, Colorado. However, before they arrived, the Ute burned the buildings of the agency and killed Indian Agent, Nathan C. Meeker, and nine employees in what is known as the Meeker Massacre on September 29, 1879. That very day, Thornburgh and his men arrived on the northern edge of the Ute Reservation and were ambushed by the Indians. Major Thomas T. Thornburgh and 13 of his soldiers were killed. In retaliation, over the next week, what is known as the Battle of Milk Creek took place, subduing the Ute Indians. Construction of the Union Pacific Railroad stimulated the growth of the timber industry in southern Wyoming. A sawmill was built on the east side of the North Platte River by Coe and Carbon, who supplied the lumber for Fort Fred Steele until 1886. After the railroad was completed, the soldiers continued to protect the area, especially the vulnerable railroad bridge across the North Platte River. However, by 1886, the area Indians had been subdued and the War Department deactivated the post on August 7th. The troops were transferred to other military facilities and the vast majority of the bodies buried at the post cemetery were moved to Fort McPherson National Cemetery in Nebraska. In the cemetery were the remains of 80 people who worked in or around the fort, including 1 officer, 24 soldiers, 8 children, 2 wives, and 45 unknowns or civilians. Today, the cemetery includes just a few remains and broken markers. Though the soldiers were gone, the small settlement that had grown up around the fort remained, prospering for a time as a logging center. During this time, the sawmill continued to prosper. Cutting and shaping the trees in the meantime, only a single guard remained at the post to oversee the property. In 1892 and 1893, most of the buildings were sold at public auction and were moved from the fort. In 1894, other remaining buildings and the land were sold to the Cosgriff Brothers, who began a major sheep operation. Establishing large herds in the area, the Cosgriffs constructed one of the largest sheep shearing plants in the state in 1903. In 1905, over 800,000 pounds of wool was shipped to Boston, the single largest shipment of wool ever sent out of Wyoming. Somewhere along the line, the sawmill was bought by the Carbon Timber Company, who floated over 1.5 million timbers down the North Platte River in 1909. Today, the remains of the Carbon Timber Company can still be seen across the river. In 1915, the Cosgriffs’ land, including that of the old post, was purchased by another large sheep owner by the name of L.E. Vivion. A house, lean-to and shed that was once part of the operation continue to stand. The small settlement got a reprieve when the Lincoln Highway, the nation’s first transcontinental highway, passed through the town, boosting the economy between 1920 and 1939. During this time, some of the old barracks and other buildings at Fort Steel were used as gasoline stations, cafes, and motels. The largest hotel, containing 22 rooms, was housed in an old military barracks building. Unfortunately, it burned down in November 1923. Until it was rerouted, the Lincoln Highway took motorists straight through the middle of Fort Fred Steele. However, in 1939, U.S. 30 was re-routed and paved a few years later at its present location near I-80. At that time, most of the commercial activity ended and the number of residents declined rapidly. With the beginning of World War II and the end of the timber industry, the town was dealt its final death blow. In 1973, the Wyoming State legislature created the Fort Fred Steel State Historic Site. Today, visitors to the fort can walk along an interpretive trail and see the remnants of two large warehouses, the officer’s quarters, and the powder magazine, the only fully intact structure remaining. A couple of wooden buildings also continue to stand, along with the remains of the cemetery. The old post is located about nine miles east of Sinclair, Wyoming just about one mile north of I-80 at exit 219. Fort Fred Steele c/o Seminoe State Park Box 30, HCR 67 Sinclair, Wyoming 82334-9801 Forts Across the United States (main page)	<urn:uuid:cc48892b-be9c-478c-818d-bd4465269bbd>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.legendsofamerica.com/wy-fortfredsteele/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606269.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122012204-20200122041204-00088.warc.gz	en	0.981682	1,171	3.546875	4	[ -0.19841089844703674, 0.026530126109719276, 0.26008370518684387, 0.36201342940330505, 0.08732032775878906, -0.045738156884908676, -0.2837311029434204, 0.18565934896469116, -0.5266647338867188, -0.2913215756416321, 0.06860437989234924, -0.22279304265975952, 0.07921287417411804, 0.2289829552...	1	Fort Fred Steele was established on June 20, 1868, to guard the men who were building the Union Pacific Railroad across southern Wyoming against Indian attacks. Located on the west bank of the North Platte River, the site was selected by Colonel Richard Dodge, and named for Major General Frederick Steele, a Civil War hero. In the beginning, the post was little more than a tent city, until some 300 troops were tasked with building the fort. In addition to the troops, more civilians were hired to assist with the construction. The post eventually included a sawmill, engineer, blacksmith, saddler, wheelwright, and a sutler’s store, in addition to barracks, officer’s quarters and other fort buildings. Most of the buildings were constructed of wood cut from Elk Mountain. Before long, the railroad and the fort attracted cattlemen, sheepherders, loggers, miners, and merchants to the area and a small community sprang up around the fort. In September 1879, while Major Thomas T. Thornburgh was commanding Fort Fred Steele, Ute Indians, angry over prospectors invading their lands, were creating disturbances in northern Colorado. Thornburgh and his men were ordered to put down the uprising and soon set out toward the White River Indian Agency in Rio Blanca County, Colorado. However, before they arrived, the Ute burned the buildings of the agency and killed Indian Agent, Nathan C. Meeker, and nine employees in what is known as the Meeker Massacre on September 29, 1879. That very day, Thornburgh and his men arrived on the northern edge of the Ute Reservation and were ambushed by the Indians. Major Thomas T. Thornburgh and 13 of his soldiers were killed. In retaliation, over the next week, what is known as the Battle of Milk Creek took place, subduing the Ute Indians. Construction of the Union Pacific Railroad stimulated the growth of the timber industry in southern Wyoming. A sawmill was built on the east side of the North Platte River by Coe and Carbon, who supplied the lumber for Fort Fred Steele until 1886. After the railroad was completed, the soldiers continued to protect the area, especially the vulnerable railroad bridge across the North Platte River. However, by 1886, the area Indians had been subdued and the War Department deactivated the post on August 7th. The troops were transferred to other military facilities and the vast majority of the bodies buried at the post cemetery were moved to Fort McPherson National Cemetery in Nebraska. In the cemetery were the remains of 80 people who worked in or around the fort, including 1 officer, 24 soldiers, 8 children, 2 wives, and 45 unknowns or civilians. Today, the cemetery includes just a few remains and broken markers. Though the soldiers were gone, the small settlement that had grown up around the fort remained, prospering for a time as a logging center. During this time, the sawmill continued to prosper. Cutting and shaping the trees in the meantime, only a single guard remained at the post to oversee the property. In 1892 and 1893, most of the buildings were sold at public auction and were moved from the fort. In 1894, other remaining buildings and the land were sold to the Cosgriff Brothers, who began a major sheep operation. Establishing large herds in the area, the Cosgriffs constructed one of the largest sheep shearing plants in the state in 1903. In 1905, over 800,000 pounds of wool was shipped to Boston, the single largest shipment of wool ever sent out of Wyoming. Somewhere along the line, the sawmill was bought by the Carbon Timber Company, who floated over 1.5 million timbers down the North Platte River in 1909. Today, the remains of the Carbon Timber Company can still be seen across the river. In 1915, the Cosgriffs’ land, including that of the old post, was purchased by another large sheep owner by the name of L.E. Vivion. A house, lean-to and shed that was once part of the operation continue to stand. The small settlement got a reprieve when the Lincoln Highway, the nation’s first transcontinental highway, passed through the town, boosting the economy between 1920 and 1939. During this time, some of the old barracks and other buildings at Fort Steel were used as gasoline stations, cafes, and motels. The largest hotel, containing 22 rooms, was housed in an old military barracks building. Unfortunately, it burned down in November 1923. Until it was rerouted, the Lincoln Highway took motorists straight through the middle of Fort Fred Steele. However, in 1939, U.S. 30 was re-routed and paved a few years later at its present location near I-80. At that time, most of the commercial activity ended and the number of residents declined rapidly. With the beginning of World War II and the end of the timber industry, the town was dealt its final death blow. In 1973, the Wyoming State legislature created the Fort Fred Steel State Historic Site. Today, visitors to the fort can walk along an interpretive trail and see the remnants of two large warehouses, the officer’s quarters, and the powder magazine, the only fully intact structure remaining. A couple of wooden buildings also continue to stand, along with the remains of the cemetery. The old post is located about nine miles east of Sinclair, Wyoming just about one mile north of I-80 at exit 219. Fort Fred Steele c/o Seminoe State Park Box 30, HCR 67 Sinclair, Wyoming 82334-9801 Forts Across the United States (main page)	1,246	ENGLISH	1
The Earl of Beaconsfield, Benjamin Disraeli was one of the great political minds of the nineteenth century. He helped bring Great Britain through effects of the Industrial Revolution, and maintain a large empire. Though his efforts the workers’ rights were enlarged, and England was able to peacefully transition to democracy. Disraeli, a commoner by birth, was yet an aristocrat in ideology. Through this unique combination of ideals, Disraeli was able navigate Britain through the mid nineteenth century, restore prestige to the monarchy and aristocracy, and enlarge the rights of the commoner. Disraeli sought to preserve the interests of the ruling aristocracy, and maintain the English predominance and freedom in the world. In this regard Disraeli was similar to many of the Tory aristocracy of the eighteenth and nineteenth century who sought to hold onto their power. Members of this class, such as James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardiganand George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan, disliked any kind of political reform, and sought to hold their power in parliament against the radical Whigs. As a member of a noble family that sought to protect him, James Brudenell was discouraged from entering into military service, but instead, though his father’s influence, obtained and place in the House of Commons. Brudenell was a Member of Parliament for several years, until the 1832 election, when, because of the passage of the Reform Bill, he had to fight a difficult and bitter fight and campaign to hold his seat in Parliament . From Parliament, Bundenell was able to make use of the purchase system to fulfill his lifelong ambition of making a career in the army. From there he took control of the 15th Hussars and made them into his model infantry. “Even the food eaten by the officers of the 15th earned the new lieutenant-colonel’s [Bundenell] scorn, and he ordered that in the mess, French dishes should replace plain roast to boiled.” Similar to his brother in law, George Bingham was able to quickly raise through the ranks of the army by use the purchase system and the vast sums of money and prestige of his family. Although similar in many ways to these great noble families, Disraeli was different. Disraeli grew up during the same time as both James Brudenell and George Bingham, but had completely different prospects. Disraeli’s father was the son of a Jewish immigrant to England. By the time Disraeli was born, he “grew up as a son of a mildly celebrated, comfortably-off author, with wide contacts in a certain society. But he did not grow up with the sense of security that so solid a middle class background might seem to imply.” Disraeli grew up with little maternal affection, and estranged to his family and Jewish culture. Although he was brought up in the Jewish faith, when he was thirteen, his father had his children baptized into the Church of England. Although his membership in the Anglican Church was to play an important role in Disraeli’s...	<urn:uuid:d845cb0d-a96d-4fe9-af7f-285ae61b2f87>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://brightkite.com/essay-on/the-earl-of-beaconsfield-benjamin-disraeli	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593295.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118164132-20200118192132-00520.warc.gz	en	0.984609	641	3.71875	4	[ -0.08387891948223114, 0.16467365622520447, 0.3154699206352234, -0.303500771522522, -0.0652361735701561, -0.03733128309249878, 0.24277448654174805, 0.18170249462127686, -0.33271080255508423, -0.3519824743270874, -0.03877121955156326, -0.3482031524181366, 0.11246693879365921, 0.1754670441150...	1	The Earl of Beaconsfield, Benjamin Disraeli was one of the great political minds of the nineteenth century. He helped bring Great Britain through effects of the Industrial Revolution, and maintain a large empire. Though his efforts the workers’ rights were enlarged, and England was able to peacefully transition to democracy. Disraeli, a commoner by birth, was yet an aristocrat in ideology. Through this unique combination of ideals, Disraeli was able navigate Britain through the mid nineteenth century, restore prestige to the monarchy and aristocracy, and enlarge the rights of the commoner. Disraeli sought to preserve the interests of the ruling aristocracy, and maintain the English predominance and freedom in the world. In this regard Disraeli was similar to many of the Tory aristocracy of the eighteenth and nineteenth century who sought to hold onto their power. Members of this class, such as James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardiganand George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan, disliked any kind of political reform, and sought to hold their power in parliament against the radical Whigs. As a member of a noble family that sought to protect him, James Brudenell was discouraged from entering into military service, but instead, though his father’s influence, obtained and place in the House of Commons. Brudenell was a Member of Parliament for several years, until the 1832 election, when, because of the passage of the Reform Bill, he had to fight a difficult and bitter fight and campaign to hold his seat in Parliament . From Parliament, Bundenell was able to make use of the purchase system to fulfill his lifelong ambition of making a career in the army. From there he took control of the 15th Hussars and made them into his model infantry. “Even the food eaten by the officers of the 15th earned the new lieutenant-colonel’s [Bundenell] scorn, and he ordered that in the mess, French dishes should replace plain roast to boiled.” Similar to his brother in law, George Bingham was able to quickly raise through the ranks of the army by use the purchase system and the vast sums of money and prestige of his family. Although similar in many ways to these great noble families, Disraeli was different. Disraeli grew up during the same time as both James Brudenell and George Bingham, but had completely different prospects. Disraeli’s father was the son of a Jewish immigrant to England. By the time Disraeli was born, he “grew up as a son of a mildly celebrated, comfortably-off author, with wide contacts in a certain society. But he did not grow up with the sense of security that so solid a middle class background might seem to imply.” Disraeli grew up with little maternal affection, and estranged to his family and Jewish culture. Although he was brought up in the Jewish faith, when he was thirteen, his father had his children baptized into the Church of England. Although his membership in the Anglican Church was to play an important role in Disraeli’s...	634	ENGLISH	1
Help Now > FREE Catholic Classes Archbishop of Armagh, Ireland, b. at Limerick early in the sixteenth century; d. in the Tower of London, in 1585. The son of a merchant, he followed the same calling in his youth and made many voyages to Spain. A providential escape from shipwreck led him to embrace a religious life, and after some years of study abroad he was ordained priest. Returning to Ireland, he taught school for a time at Limerick. He refused nominations for the Sees of Limerick and Cashel, but the Papal nuncio, David Wolfe, determined to conquer his humility, named him for the primacy when it became vacant, and would accept no refusal. Creagh was consecrated at Rome, and in 1564 returned to Ireland as Archbishop of Armagh. Shane O'Neill was then the most potent of the Ulster chiefs. From the first he and Creagh disagreed. O'Neill hated England ; Creagh preached loyalty to England in the cathedral of Armagh, even in his presence. O'Neill retorted by burning down the cathedral. Creagh then cursed him and refused to absolve him because he had put a priest to death. Shane retaliated by threatening the life of the primate, and by declaring publicly that there was no one on earth he hated so much, except the Queen of England, whom he confessed he hated more. In spite of all this, Creagh was arrested and imprisoned by the English. Twice he escaped, but he was retaken and in 1567 lodged in the Tower of London, and kept there till his death. From his repeated examinations before the English Privy Council his enmity to Shane O'Neill and his unwavering loyalty to England were made plain. But his steadfastness in the Faith and his great popularity in Ireland were considered crimes, and in consequence the Council refused to set him free. Not content with this his moral character was assailed. The daughter of his jailer was urged to charge him with having assaulted her. The charge was investigated in public court, where the girl retracted, declaring her accusation absolutely false. It has been said that Creagh was poisoned in prison, and this, whether true or false, was believed at the time of his death. His grand-nephew, Peter Creagh, was Bishop of Cork about 1676. He was imprisoned for two years in consequence of the false accusations of Titus Oates, but acquitted (1682), was transferred to the Archdiocese of Tuam in 1686. He followed James II to the Continent, was appointed Archbishop of Dublin in 1693, but was never able to return and take possession. He became Coadjutor Bishop of Strasburg, where he died (July, 1705). Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. All materials contained on this site, whether written, audible or visual are the exclusive property of Catholic Online and are protected under U.S. and International copyright laws, © Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. Any unauthorized use, without prior written consent of Catholic Online is strictly forbidden and prohibited. Catholic Online is a Project of Your Catholic Voice Foundation, a Not-for-Profit Corporation. Your Catholic Voice Foundation has been granted a recognition of tax exemption under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Federal Tax Identification Number: 81-0596847. Your gift is tax-deductible as allowed by law.	<urn:uuid:b4da1f46-e7a0-4b31-99f1-33286c57b4d0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=3474	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607596.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122221541-20200123010541-00086.warc.gz	en	0.984345	703	3.53125	4	[ 0.07142944633960724, 0.15916049480438232, -0.0712687224149704, -0.030058709904551506, 0.032811980694532394, -0.21445901691913605, 0.2706816494464874, 0.05764463171362877, -0.0014917029766365886, -0.49310266971588135, -0.295967698097229, -0.3480146527290344, -0.25143760442733765, 0.22937759...	1	Help Now > FREE Catholic Classes Archbishop of Armagh, Ireland, b. at Limerick early in the sixteenth century; d. in the Tower of London, in 1585. The son of a merchant, he followed the same calling in his youth and made many voyages to Spain. A providential escape from shipwreck led him to embrace a religious life, and after some years of study abroad he was ordained priest. Returning to Ireland, he taught school for a time at Limerick. He refused nominations for the Sees of Limerick and Cashel, but the Papal nuncio, David Wolfe, determined to conquer his humility, named him for the primacy when it became vacant, and would accept no refusal. Creagh was consecrated at Rome, and in 1564 returned to Ireland as Archbishop of Armagh. Shane O'Neill was then the most potent of the Ulster chiefs. From the first he and Creagh disagreed. O'Neill hated England ; Creagh preached loyalty to England in the cathedral of Armagh, even in his presence. O'Neill retorted by burning down the cathedral. Creagh then cursed him and refused to absolve him because he had put a priest to death. Shane retaliated by threatening the life of the primate, and by declaring publicly that there was no one on earth he hated so much, except the Queen of England, whom he confessed he hated more. In spite of all this, Creagh was arrested and imprisoned by the English. Twice he escaped, but he was retaken and in 1567 lodged in the Tower of London, and kept there till his death. From his repeated examinations before the English Privy Council his enmity to Shane O'Neill and his unwavering loyalty to England were made plain. But his steadfastness in the Faith and his great popularity in Ireland were considered crimes, and in consequence the Council refused to set him free. Not content with this his moral character was assailed. The daughter of his jailer was urged to charge him with having assaulted her. The charge was investigated in public court, where the girl retracted, declaring her accusation absolutely false. It has been said that Creagh was poisoned in prison, and this, whether true or false, was believed at the time of his death. His grand-nephew, Peter Creagh, was Bishop of Cork about 1676. He was imprisoned for two years in consequence of the false accusations of Titus Oates, but acquitted (1682), was transferred to the Archdiocese of Tuam in 1686. He followed James II to the Continent, was appointed Archbishop of Dublin in 1693, but was never able to return and take possession. He became Coadjutor Bishop of Strasburg, where he died (July, 1705). Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. All materials contained on this site, whether written, audible or visual are the exclusive property of Catholic Online and are protected under U.S. and International copyright laws, © Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. Any unauthorized use, without prior written consent of Catholic Online is strictly forbidden and prohibited. Catholic Online is a Project of Your Catholic Voice Foundation, a Not-for-Profit Corporation. Your Catholic Voice Foundation has been granted a recognition of tax exemption under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Federal Tax Identification Number: 81-0596847. Your gift is tax-deductible as allowed by law.	739	ENGLISH	1
Imagine if you will a young boy of about 12 years old. He is from a very privileged background; he has his own nanny and his own driver. He wants for nothing, he has pretty much everything that money can buy. However, his parents don’t speak English, they both speak colloquial Arabic, his nanny is from the Philippines and she speaks only Tagalog, his driver is from India and speaks a little broken English but mainly speaks Hindi, at school the language of instruction is English taught by native English speakers and he has a lesson of classical Arabic everyday. You would think that this language environment would create outstanding provision for vocabulary development but sadly no, this child does not have enough exposure, practice or opportunity to develop any of the languages to which he is exposed, he has not developed true fluency, in fact he has such little fluency in any language that he does not actually possess a ‘native language’ at all. The impact of this is far reaching for both the immediate and the more distant future. In school this boy is encouraged to develop a love of reading but the books that are suitable for his chronological age are not fully accessible to him, as he can only really understand about 60 – 70% of the text; what is hoped to be reading for pleasure becomes the very opposite. The gap between him and his peers who have a more established ‘mother tongue’ and have leaned how to express themselves with more and more specificity and subtlety, is widening. His disillusionment with formal education is growing, added to which he does not have the words to describe how he is feeling. As we move forward in this boy’s life, he begins to form more and more important relationships in his life, his friendships are deepening and his interest in the opposite sex is growing. How now does he speak the language of love? How will he express his emotions and communicate his thoughts? The development of a rich and varied vocabulary should be a life long quest; there are so many ways that this can be encouraged at home and at school some examples are: - Have regular ‘proper’ conversations with grown up words, resist the temptation to dumb down your language - Let your children tell the story - Play word games - Give alternate words for common verbs - Share books, support the understanding “The development of language is part of the development of the personality, for words are the natural means of expressing thoughts and establishing understanding between people.” Maria Montessori	<urn:uuid:a3e1d550-fb10-4858-ba84-94deb3793cd8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.nordangliaeducation.com/pt/our-schools/brazil/sao-paulo/british-college/article/2019/11/22/head-of-primary-blog--the-word-rich-get-richer-but-the-word-poor-get-poorer	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598726.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120110422-20200120134422-00072.warc.gz	en	0.98576	518	3.703125	4	[ -0.008614053949713707, 0.24818162620067596, 0.31881973147392273, -0.3537062406539917, -0.7248169183731079, 0.2356880158185959, 0.10054861009120941, 0.08692057430744171, -0.04704659432172775, -0.4033171534538269, 0.021960757672786713, -0.07450535893440247, 0.27097946405410767, 0.50631964206...	2	Imagine if you will a young boy of about 12 years old. He is from a very privileged background; he has his own nanny and his own driver. He wants for nothing, he has pretty much everything that money can buy. However, his parents don’t speak English, they both speak colloquial Arabic, his nanny is from the Philippines and she speaks only Tagalog, his driver is from India and speaks a little broken English but mainly speaks Hindi, at school the language of instruction is English taught by native English speakers and he has a lesson of classical Arabic everyday. You would think that this language environment would create outstanding provision for vocabulary development but sadly no, this child does not have enough exposure, practice or opportunity to develop any of the languages to which he is exposed, he has not developed true fluency, in fact he has such little fluency in any language that he does not actually possess a ‘native language’ at all. The impact of this is far reaching for both the immediate and the more distant future. In school this boy is encouraged to develop a love of reading but the books that are suitable for his chronological age are not fully accessible to him, as he can only really understand about 60 – 70% of the text; what is hoped to be reading for pleasure becomes the very opposite. The gap between him and his peers who have a more established ‘mother tongue’ and have leaned how to express themselves with more and more specificity and subtlety, is widening. His disillusionment with formal education is growing, added to which he does not have the words to describe how he is feeling. As we move forward in this boy’s life, he begins to form more and more important relationships in his life, his friendships are deepening and his interest in the opposite sex is growing. How now does he speak the language of love? How will he express his emotions and communicate his thoughts? The development of a rich and varied vocabulary should be a life long quest; there are so many ways that this can be encouraged at home and at school some examples are: - Have regular ‘proper’ conversations with grown up words, resist the temptation to dumb down your language - Let your children tell the story - Play word games - Give alternate words for common verbs - Share books, support the understanding “The development of language is part of the development of the personality, for words are the natural means of expressing thoughts and establishing understanding between people.” Maria Montessori	505	ENGLISH	1
Copley Square as seen from the steps of Trinity Church in Boston, around 1900-1910. Image courtesy of the Library of Congress, Detroit Publishing Company Collection. Copley Square in 2015: Today, Copley Square is one of the focal points of the Back Bay neighborhood in Boston. The park is often used for public events, such as the farmers market seen in the first photo. However, it wasn’t always that way. In a neighborhood where everything was meticulously planned by 19th century planners and landscape architects, Copley Square as we know it today did not come about until the 1960s. Like the rest of the Back Bay, Copley Square was once just a polluted tidal mudflat, but throughout the second half of the 19th century it was steadily filled, providing the overcrowded city with a new, upscale neighborhood. As the wealthier citizens moved west, so did many of the city’s major institutions. Many were located in the vicinity of Copley Square, including Trinity Church, Old South Church, the Museum of Fine Arts, MIT, and later the Boston Public Library. However, Copley Square itself was originally just a triangular intersection, where Huntington Avenue and Boylston Street met just west of Clarendon Street. The first photo shows Huntington Avenue crossing diagonally through the square, with a small triangular park on the right. Originally, even this was not intended to be a park; an atlas from 1874 shows a building on part of the triangle, and the rest of it was divided into housing lots. Because the Museum of Fine Arts was located here, it was called Art Square until 1883, when it became Copley Square. The new name was keeping with the art theme, though; it was named for John Singleton Copley, an early American painter from Boston. The two most prominent buildings in both photos are the Boston Public Library in the center and the New Old South Church to the right. Completed in 1895 and 1873, respectively, they are two major Copley Square landmarks that have survived largely unchanged. The only major difference in the buildings is the church tower, which was replaced in the 1930s after the ground under it began to subside, causing a three foot lean at the top of the tower. The most dramatic change in the two photos is the surrounding neighborhood. Huntington Avenue now ends at St. James Avenue, so now the square is literally a square. In the 2015 photo, much of it is in the shadow of the John Hancock Tower, which is located just behind and to the left of where I took the photo. The background shows some of the other high-rise construction that the Back Bay has seen over the years, including the Prudential Tower, 111 Huntington Avenue, and several other buildings in the Prudential Center complex.	<urn:uuid:f6dd3564-dffa-4f68-a6c0-7fe4c1908c30>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://lostnewengland.com/2015/09/copley-square-boston/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00316.warc.gz	en	0.983583	585	3.34375	3	[ 0.03124736063182354, -0.045761220157146454, -0.0625787079334259, -0.025786936283111572, -0.10859781503677368, 0.4694679379463196, -0.3133811354637146, -0.06800129264593124, -0.025648893788456917, -0.15840986371040344, 0.1152736246585846, -0.1493825912475586, -0.09107211232185364, 0.1661162...	17	Copley Square as seen from the steps of Trinity Church in Boston, around 1900-1910. Image courtesy of the Library of Congress, Detroit Publishing Company Collection. Copley Square in 2015: Today, Copley Square is one of the focal points of the Back Bay neighborhood in Boston. The park is often used for public events, such as the farmers market seen in the first photo. However, it wasn’t always that way. In a neighborhood where everything was meticulously planned by 19th century planners and landscape architects, Copley Square as we know it today did not come about until the 1960s. Like the rest of the Back Bay, Copley Square was once just a polluted tidal mudflat, but throughout the second half of the 19th century it was steadily filled, providing the overcrowded city with a new, upscale neighborhood. As the wealthier citizens moved west, so did many of the city’s major institutions. Many were located in the vicinity of Copley Square, including Trinity Church, Old South Church, the Museum of Fine Arts, MIT, and later the Boston Public Library. However, Copley Square itself was originally just a triangular intersection, where Huntington Avenue and Boylston Street met just west of Clarendon Street. The first photo shows Huntington Avenue crossing diagonally through the square, with a small triangular park on the right. Originally, even this was not intended to be a park; an atlas from 1874 shows a building on part of the triangle, and the rest of it was divided into housing lots. Because the Museum of Fine Arts was located here, it was called Art Square until 1883, when it became Copley Square. The new name was keeping with the art theme, though; it was named for John Singleton Copley, an early American painter from Boston. The two most prominent buildings in both photos are the Boston Public Library in the center and the New Old South Church to the right. Completed in 1895 and 1873, respectively, they are two major Copley Square landmarks that have survived largely unchanged. The only major difference in the buildings is the church tower, which was replaced in the 1930s after the ground under it began to subside, causing a three foot lean at the top of the tower. The most dramatic change in the two photos is the surrounding neighborhood. Huntington Avenue now ends at St. James Avenue, so now the square is literally a square. In the 2015 photo, much of it is in the shadow of the John Hancock Tower, which is located just behind and to the left of where I took the photo. The background shows some of the other high-rise construction that the Back Bay has seen over the years, including the Prudential Tower, 111 Huntington Avenue, and several other buildings in the Prudential Center complex.	614	ENGLISH	1
One aspect of a Clapham education that sets our school apart from many is our focus on narration. Why have students narrate? One cannot narrate well, unless one has listened and digested the information given. Narration requires the habit of attention, an immense focus on the task at hand with a responsibility to communicate back what has been offered. Children narrate naturally every day—telling back playtime stories, games they’ve played, or memories. Narration at school focuses this natural ability, refining and strengthening their attention for a wide variety of content and ideas. Karen Glass, who recently wrote Consider This: Charlotte Mason and the Classical Tradition, explains well the power of narration: “Do not be deceived by the superficial simplicity of this method! When you read a story, paragraph, or chapter to a child and ask him to narrate what he has heard, powerful mental "wheels" must spring into motion. The knowledge that he has passively gathered must now be sifted and sorted. His mind must recall the beginning, and then "what comes next," event by event. He must be sure the order of his knowledge is correct, and that nothing important is omitted. Then, he must find words to give shape to his knowledge.” Narrations are evaluated in this respect—does a student tell back the event or story in accurate sequence? Are details given in abundance? And does the student use vocabulary from the text (i.e. the author’s language)? For a written composition, additional items such as sentence and paragraph formatting, grammar, and spelling are evaluated. Be inspired as you read through a Class One student’s oral narration of the story “Theseus and the Minotaur,” told back and recorded after one reading in class. Question: Tell back the story of Theseus and the Minotaur. Begin with why King Minos of Crete sent for Athenian children and end with Theseus becoming king of Athens. Include the names Ariadne, King Minos, and Theseus. Theseus was a prince of Athens. He was going out for a walk on the beach one day when he saw parents crying. He said: “What is wrong?” The parents said, “Our children have been taken on a boat to be fed to the Minotaur.” He said, “Why haven’t I been told of this?” The woman said, “Because you are the prince. Your name will never be put into the jar.” Then he said, “I will fight this Minotaur and, if I return without being killed, I will raise a white sail on my ship.” His father begged him not to go, but Theseus soon had his way. He went on the ship with the 14 children that were chosen for the Minotaur. When he arrived in Crete, the King Minos and his daughter greeted him. Theseus fell in love with Ariadne and she fell in love with him. But he was put in prison by King Minos along with all the other children. Ariadne secretly went to Theseus in prison and asked him if he wanted to kill the Minotaur. He answered, “Yes,” and she gave him a ball of string, a sword and a torch. She unlocked the prison door and led him and the children to the passageway that went to the Minotaur. The Minotaur lived in the dark. As soon as Theseus came into the maze, he walked down the stairs and tied the string to the door. The string went down until it came to the center of the maze. There he found the Minotaur sleeping on a golden sofa. When Theseus was about to kill the Minotaur, he woke up and jumped. They fought for hours. Finally, Theseus struck the Minotaur. He took his torch and followed the string back up. Ariadne had told Theseus that he had to take her with him when he left the island. She escaped with the children. But something was hurling fire at them because none was allowed to leave the island. They stopped for supplies. They feasted and Ariadne fell asleep. Once Ariadne fell asleep a Greek god came to Theseus and said, “I forbid you to take her away, she will be my wife.” Theseus could not say no to a god. So he left her while she was still asleep. He left without her. He was so sad that he forgot to raise the white flag. But Ariadne woke up and saw a handsome man. She did not know that he was a god. They got married and lived happily ever after. Theseus’ dad thought that his son was dead when he saw the ship without the white flag. He was so sad that he jumped down the mountain and fell into the sea and drowned himself. They called that part of the sea the Aegean sea. When Theseus came home with the children a woman told him that his dad died, because he didn’t see a white flag. Then she said, “You are now king.” There was a sad ceremony for Theseus to crown him king. As quoted in the article, “Narration versus Questioning,” at http://www.charlottemasonhelp.com/2009/07/narration-versus-questioning.html.	<urn:uuid:923bad2d-83f9-43ed-93d7-d920dbc6cce6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.claphamschool.org/our-community/blog/theseus-minotaur	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00537.warc.gz	en	0.983237	1,125	4.28125	4	[ 0.4180920422077179, 0.16026660799980164, 0.3621823787689209, -0.5080444812774658, -0.2574104070663452, 0.032474782317876816, -0.04561271518468857, 0.14921537041664124, -0.2092868536710739, -0.26418742537498474, -0.2398509383201599, -0.10139162838459015, -0.08492742478847504, 0.540199875831...	7	One aspect of a Clapham education that sets our school apart from many is our focus on narration. Why have students narrate? One cannot narrate well, unless one has listened and digested the information given. Narration requires the habit of attention, an immense focus on the task at hand with a responsibility to communicate back what has been offered. Children narrate naturally every day—telling back playtime stories, games they’ve played, or memories. Narration at school focuses this natural ability, refining and strengthening their attention for a wide variety of content and ideas. Karen Glass, who recently wrote Consider This: Charlotte Mason and the Classical Tradition, explains well the power of narration: “Do not be deceived by the superficial simplicity of this method! When you read a story, paragraph, or chapter to a child and ask him to narrate what he has heard, powerful mental "wheels" must spring into motion. The knowledge that he has passively gathered must now be sifted and sorted. His mind must recall the beginning, and then "what comes next," event by event. He must be sure the order of his knowledge is correct, and that nothing important is omitted. Then, he must find words to give shape to his knowledge.” Narrations are evaluated in this respect—does a student tell back the event or story in accurate sequence? Are details given in abundance? And does the student use vocabulary from the text (i.e. the author’s language)? For a written composition, additional items such as sentence and paragraph formatting, grammar, and spelling are evaluated. Be inspired as you read through a Class One student’s oral narration of the story “Theseus and the Minotaur,” told back and recorded after one reading in class. Question: Tell back the story of Theseus and the Minotaur. Begin with why King Minos of Crete sent for Athenian children and end with Theseus becoming king of Athens. Include the names Ariadne, King Minos, and Theseus. Theseus was a prince of Athens. He was going out for a walk on the beach one day when he saw parents crying. He said: “What is wrong?” The parents said, “Our children have been taken on a boat to be fed to the Minotaur.” He said, “Why haven’t I been told of this?” The woman said, “Because you are the prince. Your name will never be put into the jar.” Then he said, “I will fight this Minotaur and, if I return without being killed, I will raise a white sail on my ship.” His father begged him not to go, but Theseus soon had his way. He went on the ship with the 14 children that were chosen for the Minotaur. When he arrived in Crete, the King Minos and his daughter greeted him. Theseus fell in love with Ariadne and she fell in love with him. But he was put in prison by King Minos along with all the other children. Ariadne secretly went to Theseus in prison and asked him if he wanted to kill the Minotaur. He answered, “Yes,” and she gave him a ball of string, a sword and a torch. She unlocked the prison door and led him and the children to the passageway that went to the Minotaur. The Minotaur lived in the dark. As soon as Theseus came into the maze, he walked down the stairs and tied the string to the door. The string went down until it came to the center of the maze. There he found the Minotaur sleeping on a golden sofa. When Theseus was about to kill the Minotaur, he woke up and jumped. They fought for hours. Finally, Theseus struck the Minotaur. He took his torch and followed the string back up. Ariadne had told Theseus that he had to take her with him when he left the island. She escaped with the children. But something was hurling fire at them because none was allowed to leave the island. They stopped for supplies. They feasted and Ariadne fell asleep. Once Ariadne fell asleep a Greek god came to Theseus and said, “I forbid you to take her away, she will be my wife.” Theseus could not say no to a god. So he left her while she was still asleep. He left without her. He was so sad that he forgot to raise the white flag. But Ariadne woke up and saw a handsome man. She did not know that he was a god. They got married and lived happily ever after. Theseus’ dad thought that his son was dead when he saw the ship without the white flag. He was so sad that he jumped down the mountain and fell into the sea and drowned himself. They called that part of the sea the Aegean sea. When Theseus came home with the children a woman told him that his dad died, because he didn’t see a white flag. Then she said, “You are now king.” There was a sad ceremony for Theseus to crown him king. As quoted in the article, “Narration versus Questioning,” at http://www.charlottemasonhelp.com/2009/07/narration-versus-questioning.html.	1,089	ENGLISH	1
Conny Waters - AncientPages.com - Accompanied by a band of tough warriors, she came riding from the mountains in the south. The year was 284 A.D. and it was time to change history. Her name was Lady Trieu and she was a very experienced warrior who had participated in dozens of battles. Left: "Ba Trieu" - Oil painting by Hoang Hoa Mai. Credit: baodulich.net.vn - Right: Lady Trieu illustration by Josie Jammet. Credit: Stylist Once again, it was time to engage the enemy. Together with thousands of heroic warriors, she launched a rebellion. The goal was to put an end to China’s oppression against the people of Vietnam. Who Was Lady Trieu? Lady Trieu is today celebrated as a national hero In Vietnam. Her historical importance is clearly visible in her home country where many streets are named after her. Sometimes, referred to as the Vietnamese Joan of Arc, Lady Trieu was undoubtedly an extraordinary female warrior who struck the fear in the Chinese. The real name of Lady Trieu (Bà Triệu) is unknown, but she is also mentioned in historical records as Triệu Thị Trinh. Lady Trieu was born in 225 A.D. Her parents died when she was a baby and she lived with her older brother Trieu Quoc Dat. Lady Trieu could most likely have chosen a different path in life, but becoming a subordinate concubine never crossed her mind. She lived during a particularly troublesome period that was characterized by Chinese domination in Vietnam. In the year 43, Vietnam came under the rule of the Chinese Han Dynasty, and this led to several conflicts. The Chinese wanted to ‘civilize’ the natives, and the Vietnamese, naturally objected to the foreign domination that lasted for hundreds of years. Rebellions were common during this time. Still, there were also many people in Vietnam who had grown accustomed to the Chinese’ culture, and they were not overenthusiastic when Lady Trieu launched her revolt. “Two hundred years of further Chinese domination and assimilation had unmistakably shown their mark; the Vietnamese population no longer responded with the same enthusiasm to the calls to drive out the foreign dominators. They have, on the contrary, become either so assimilated culturally to or so mixed up ethnically with the Chinese that they no longer recognized themselves in the insurgents led by lady Trieu,” Truong Buu Lam writes in the book “A Story of Vietman”. According to Vietnamese historian Tran Trong Kim, Lady Trieu was only 20-year-old when she killed her cruel sister-in-law. Then, she took refuge in the mountains and she became a brave, strong warrior. Lady Trieu Gathered 1,000 Followers And Trained Them To Become Warriors Lady Trieu convinced thousands of people to join her and rebel against the Chinese. According to Truong Buu Lam, “half of her followers were made of women who constituted what the people call her Ashock troops.” When her brother learned about her plans, he tried to discourage her from launching the attack against the huge Chinese army, but Lady Trieu was stubborn. She explained that she would not follow in the footsteps of other ordinary women. “I will not resign myself to the lot of women who bow their heads and become concubines. I wish to ride the tempest, tame the waves, kill the sharks. I have no desire to take abuse,” Lady Trieu said Lady Trieu’s Rebellion And Ever-Lasting Legacy Lady Trieu is remembered not only for showing outstanding courage in battle, but also for her large-scale feminine attributes. In the book Even the Women Must Fight : Memories of War from North Vietnam, Karen Gottschang Turner writes that “according to an eighteenth-century account”, Lady Trieu was “was nine feet tall, with breasts three feet long.” “Around 240 C.E. she rode into battle against the Chinese, perched on an elephant, her huge breasts slung over her shoulder. “ Lady Trieu and her warriors were well-trained and brave, but they could not defeat the huge Chinese army. Why and how, Lady Trieu’s rebellion was defeated is still debated. Truong Buu Lam thinks that the “Chinese troops who found themselves on the point of being driven away from their fortified position shed all their clothes and exposed themselves stark naked to the opposing forces. Folk art depiction of Lady Trieu. Credit: Public Domain Lady Trieu and her shock troops were so embarrassed that she ordered her followers to retreat. Seizing upon that advantage, the Chinese army pursued her troops all the way to their encampment, destroyed it, and doing so, automatically sealed the fate of the rebellion. It is believed that Lady Trieu Au, like her predecessors the Trung Sisters, also committed suicide: she preferred to die honorably rather than be captured and humiliated. “ Lady Trieu become a problem to the Chinese even after her death, and many still feared her. According to Karen Gottschang Turner, “it is said that Lady Trieu so troubled the Chinese commander she fought that he blamed a pestilence on her and ordered woodcarvers to hang phallic images on doors to counteract her female potency. She could serve good causes as well: a Vietnamese rebel against the Chinese dreamed that she supported him. Today she is one of Vietnam’s most beloved heroines.” Lady Trieu was defeated, and she did not win her battle against the might Chinese army, but her actions and courage served as inspiration to those who followed in her footsteps and continued to fight against the Chinese. From being just an orphan with an uncertain future, Lady Trieu rose to become a celebrated national hero in Vietnam. Looking through the eyes of the Chinese, Lady Trieu and her warriors were just a bunch of uncivilized outlaws, but to the people of Vietnam, they were heroes. As Keith W. Taylor, an American Professor said, this explains also why Chinese records do not mention Lady Trieu and our knowledge of her comes only from Vietnamese sources. Written by Conny Waters – AncientPages.com Staff Writer	<urn:uuid:0a191691-8e05-4d5f-b624-507bd997f17b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.ancientpages.com/2019/02/26/lady-trieu-fierce-warrior-rebel-freedom-fighter-and-national-hero-in-vietnam/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783621.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129010251-20200129040251-00339.warc.gz	en	0.980108	1,359	3.546875	4	[ -0.23631247878074646, 0.33953189849853516, 0.35642367601394653, 0.22235232591629028, 0.004195667803287506, 0.11559182405471802, 0.08650696277618408, 0.09125970304012299, -0.03906214237213135, 0.06423366069793701, 0.024720720946788788, -0.6398264169692993, 0.08669011294841766, -0.0501701459...	2	Conny Waters - AncientPages.com - Accompanied by a band of tough warriors, she came riding from the mountains in the south. The year was 284 A.D. and it was time to change history. Her name was Lady Trieu and she was a very experienced warrior who had participated in dozens of battles. Left: "Ba Trieu" - Oil painting by Hoang Hoa Mai. Credit: baodulich.net.vn - Right: Lady Trieu illustration by Josie Jammet. Credit: Stylist Once again, it was time to engage the enemy. Together with thousands of heroic warriors, she launched a rebellion. The goal was to put an end to China’s oppression against the people of Vietnam. Who Was Lady Trieu? Lady Trieu is today celebrated as a national hero In Vietnam. Her historical importance is clearly visible in her home country where many streets are named after her. Sometimes, referred to as the Vietnamese Joan of Arc, Lady Trieu was undoubtedly an extraordinary female warrior who struck the fear in the Chinese. The real name of Lady Trieu (Bà Triệu) is unknown, but she is also mentioned in historical records as Triệu Thị Trinh. Lady Trieu was born in 225 A.D. Her parents died when she was a baby and she lived with her older brother Trieu Quoc Dat. Lady Trieu could most likely have chosen a different path in life, but becoming a subordinate concubine never crossed her mind. She lived during a particularly troublesome period that was characterized by Chinese domination in Vietnam. In the year 43, Vietnam came under the rule of the Chinese Han Dynasty, and this led to several conflicts. The Chinese wanted to ‘civilize’ the natives, and the Vietnamese, naturally objected to the foreign domination that lasted for hundreds of years. Rebellions were common during this time. Still, there were also many people in Vietnam who had grown accustomed to the Chinese’ culture, and they were not overenthusiastic when Lady Trieu launched her revolt. “Two hundred years of further Chinese domination and assimilation had unmistakably shown their mark; the Vietnamese population no longer responded with the same enthusiasm to the calls to drive out the foreign dominators. They have, on the contrary, become either so assimilated culturally to or so mixed up ethnically with the Chinese that they no longer recognized themselves in the insurgents led by lady Trieu,” Truong Buu Lam writes in the book “A Story of Vietman”. According to Vietnamese historian Tran Trong Kim, Lady Trieu was only 20-year-old when she killed her cruel sister-in-law. Then, she took refuge in the mountains and she became a brave, strong warrior. Lady Trieu Gathered 1,000 Followers And Trained Them To Become Warriors Lady Trieu convinced thousands of people to join her and rebel against the Chinese. According to Truong Buu Lam, “half of her followers were made of women who constituted what the people call her Ashock troops.” When her brother learned about her plans, he tried to discourage her from launching the attack against the huge Chinese army, but Lady Trieu was stubborn. She explained that she would not follow in the footsteps of other ordinary women. “I will not resign myself to the lot of women who bow their heads and become concubines. I wish to ride the tempest, tame the waves, kill the sharks. I have no desire to take abuse,” Lady Trieu said Lady Trieu’s Rebellion And Ever-Lasting Legacy Lady Trieu is remembered not only for showing outstanding courage in battle, but also for her large-scale feminine attributes. In the book Even the Women Must Fight : Memories of War from North Vietnam, Karen Gottschang Turner writes that “according to an eighteenth-century account”, Lady Trieu was “was nine feet tall, with breasts three feet long.” “Around 240 C.E. she rode into battle against the Chinese, perched on an elephant, her huge breasts slung over her shoulder. “ Lady Trieu and her warriors were well-trained and brave, but they could not defeat the huge Chinese army. Why and how, Lady Trieu’s rebellion was defeated is still debated. Truong Buu Lam thinks that the “Chinese troops who found themselves on the point of being driven away from their fortified position shed all their clothes and exposed themselves stark naked to the opposing forces. Folk art depiction of Lady Trieu. Credit: Public Domain Lady Trieu and her shock troops were so embarrassed that she ordered her followers to retreat. Seizing upon that advantage, the Chinese army pursued her troops all the way to their encampment, destroyed it, and doing so, automatically sealed the fate of the rebellion. It is believed that Lady Trieu Au, like her predecessors the Trung Sisters, also committed suicide: she preferred to die honorably rather than be captured and humiliated. “ Lady Trieu become a problem to the Chinese even after her death, and many still feared her. According to Karen Gottschang Turner, “it is said that Lady Trieu so troubled the Chinese commander she fought that he blamed a pestilence on her and ordered woodcarvers to hang phallic images on doors to counteract her female potency. She could serve good causes as well: a Vietnamese rebel against the Chinese dreamed that she supported him. Today she is one of Vietnam’s most beloved heroines.” Lady Trieu was defeated, and she did not win her battle against the might Chinese army, but her actions and courage served as inspiration to those who followed in her footsteps and continued to fight against the Chinese. From being just an orphan with an uncertain future, Lady Trieu rose to become a celebrated national hero in Vietnam. Looking through the eyes of the Chinese, Lady Trieu and her warriors were just a bunch of uncivilized outlaws, but to the people of Vietnam, they were heroes. As Keith W. Taylor, an American Professor said, this explains also why Chinese records do not mention Lady Trieu and our knowledge of her comes only from Vietnamese sources. Written by Conny Waters – AncientPages.com Staff Writer	1,264	ENGLISH	1
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt became the first US President to fly in an aircraft for official business. FDR was to meet Winston Churchill in Casablanca, Morocco to discuss strategy in WWII. For previous meetings the President and Prime Minister had travelled by warship, but the US military was concerned about heightened U-Boat activity in the Atlantic. As a result President Roosevelt agreed to make the trip by plane, specifically a Boeing 314 four engine flying boat named the Dixie Clipper. The flight flew from Florida to South America and crossed to North Africa. After the meeting, FDR celebrated his 61st birthday on the return flight. He was already in poor health and the 1700 mile trip took its toll. Thirty-three years earlier, FDR’s cousin Theodore Roosevelt had become the first president to fly in an aircraft. After having left office, TR was on a speaking tour when he encountered pilot Arch Hoxley at Kinloch Field in St. Louis, Missouri. The always adventurous TR could not resist the offer to go for a jaunt in the Wright built airplane…little more than a powered kite, and much less luxurious than the Clipper his cousin would use. In fact, TR’s pilot, Hoxley, would die in a plane crash the following December. I have to wonder if this is historic coincidence or much more. FDR grew up in TR’s very large shadow, and greatly admired him. FDR followed TR’s path as much as he could…Under Secretary of the Navy, the New York legislature and New York governor. While TR was a Republican and FDR was a Democrat, FDR traded on TR’s legend…and TR supported his prodigy. TR wanted to break tradition and serve a third term, which did not happen. FDR was into his fourth term when he died. So of course one has to wonder if from competitiveness or emulation, was the opportunity to follow up on a Presidentially pioneering flight just too much too pass up? “Death had to take Roosevelt sleeping, for if he had been awake, there would have been a fight.” -Vice President Thomas Marshall. President Theodore Roosevelt dies at Sagamore Hill, Oyster Bay, New York in his sleep of a heart attack. “Teddy” had taken every last drop of adventure and worthiness that he could squeeze out of life in the preceding 60 years. Roosevelt had been a sickly child; constantly plagued by breathing problems, he could rarely play with the other children. His father, Theodore Sr., a remarkable man himself, told “Teedie” that if he wanted to have a successful life, he would have to take charge and force his body into the form he needed to match his intellect. Roosevelt did just that. He took exercise as his “raison detre” until he was barrel chested and of vigorous health. Each time he became sick during his life, he would simply work through it. As a young man, while serving in the New York Assembly, Roosevelt was called home from Albany by an urgent message. After the train ride to NYC, he arrived home to be met at the door by his brother, “There is a curse upon this house.” Roosevelt’s wife and mother died on the same day…February 14, 1884, within hours of each other. Writing in his diary only a large X and the words “The light has gone out of my life”, Roosevelt fled into the west, becoming a rancher and for a time a lawman in the Dakota Territory. The experience would strengthen him and give him a background people respected. During his life he was a state rep from New York, the Police Commissioner for New York City, Governor of New York, the Assistant Secretary of the Navy (he oversaw the building of a modern US Navy while his boss was not paying attention), he led the “Rough Riders” (1st Volunteer US Cavalry) up San Juan Hill in the Spanish-American War, became Vice President, and the President after President McKinley was assassinated. As President he defined the modern presidency, breaking up monopolies, seeing that mistreated workers got a fair shake, sent the “Great White Fleet” around the world establishing American as a world influence, saw the Panama Canal built, saw the establishment of the National Parks Service, and countless other accomplishments. He worked tirelessly for the American people. After the Presidency he traveled extensively, going on an African Safari, and exploring an unknown region of South America, “The River of Doubt”; a region so treacherous that it was considered a no-man’s land. He nearly died in the mapping of the river, now called “Rio Roosevelt” in his honor. All of his male children fought in WWI, and the only reason Teddy didn’t was because the Democrat President (Wilson) refused to let him, afraid Roosevelt would run against him in the next election and win. One of his sons, Quentin, would be shot down over France and be killed. That was the last straw for the “Old Lion”. He mourned dreadfully until his death. One of his other children, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., would be the only General to go ashore with the troops at D-Day in WWII; Teddy Jr would die of a heart attack himself several weeks after the Normandy invasion. The entire world would mourn President Roosevelt’s passing; he had become larger that life, a hero to people the world over. The quintessential American. And in case you couldn’t tell, my favorite Hero. At TR’s funeral at Oyster Bay, what I believe is the best, most heartfelt eulogy was spoken in passing. Walking from the church a New York City Police Captain who had served with Roosevelt more than 20 years earlier when he was Police Commissioner, was overcome with emotion. He turned to TR’s sister and asked, “Oh…do you remember the FUN of him?” President John Fitzgerald Kennedy was a US Navy Veteran of the Second World War. He had served in the Pacific Theater, commanding PT-109, a “Patrol-Torpedo” boat about 77 feet in length. His boat was sunk in the Solomon Islands and he became a war hero for his efforts in his crew’s rescue. But that is another story. As President it was his habit to attend the annual Army-Navy game to unabashedly root for Navy. He planned to attend the game on December 1, 1963. However he was cut down by an assassin’s bullet in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963. Out of respect for their commander in chief the services postponed the game. Kennedy’s widow asked that the game be played in his honor. On December 7 the game was held in Philadelphia. It would become a landmark game because when Army scored a touchdown, the producers decided to use a new technology for the very first time. They used their new machinery to instantly replay the touchdown for viewers. Their phones immediately lit up as viewers were confused as to whether Army had scored twice! Of course this technology has advanced markedly since and is frequently utilized to decide debated plays. Navy Quarterback Midshipman Roger Staubach led “The President’s Team” to a 21-15 victory over Army. Staubach would receive the Heisman Trophy and go on to lead the Dallas Cowboys in a remarkable career. The First Naval Battle of Guadalcanal takes place in what would become known as “Iron-bottom Sound” off Guadalcanal. US intelligence had warned US Navy forces that the IJN planned to bombard Henderson Field and its Marines, and land reinforcements on the embattled island. Admirals Callahan and Scott took their forces to interdict IJN Admiral Abe’s forces. In a fierce, confusing, intense night action the Japanese won a tactical victory by sinking more American ships, while the Americans won a strategic victory…Henderson was not bombarded and the American troop ships remained undamaged. But it came at a heavy cost for both sides. Admirals Callahan and Scott would be the only US Admirals to be killed in direct ship to ship combat in the war, and aboard the USS Juneau, the five “Fighting Sullivan” brothers would all be lost. Of course many more Americans died that night, good Irish names or not. For the Japanese, surviving battleship Hiei, among others, would fall prey to air attacks from Henderson, Espirito Santo, and the USS Enterprise. And this was only the beginning of the battle. The American aircrews missed by the Japanese were eager to get some retribution for their big gun Navy comrades. Lessons came out of the devastation. Commanders learned how to utilize their newly assigned radar equipment to their advantage; they learned how effectively trained the Japanese were at night fighting. And, they changed the rules to forbid siblings and close relatives from serving in the same units…so some poor Officer wouldn’t have to knuckle a door and tell a mother that ALL FIVE of her sons who she had raised and loved were gone from one horrific action. The Battle of Mobile Bay. During the Civil War, Confederate “blockade runners” (Rhett Butler types) kept the South in vital supplies by running past the Union Navy blockade from Cuba to ports like Mobile Bay, Alabama. US Navy Admiral David Glasgow Farragut was tasked with closing this last Confederate source of supplies. His fleet had to fight past the Confederate fleet of ironclads and two forts that guarded the bay. As the battle progressed, the Union fleet began to fragment, until Farragut rallied his sailors with famous admonition, winning the battle. Mobile would remain in Confederate hands, but access to it was cut off for the duration. Farragut was the adopted son of US Naval Officer David Porter, who also raised his biological sons, famous Naval officers David Dixon Porter, and William Porter. One family played such a vital role in the glory of the US Navy. Can you imagine being a part of it? Reversal of Fortunes, exhibited by “The Great Marianas Turkey Shoot”, or the First Battle of the Philippine Sea. US Marines, supported by their parent service, the US Navy, are invading Saipan and other islands in the Marianas Islands, which is such a threat to Japan that the Imperial Japanese Navy finally comes out to fight a definitive battle. When the war began the Japanese had the most advanced aircraft available, while the US Navy lagged sorely behind. The Japanese Zero, for example, was much faster and more maneuverable than the American Wildcat fighter. But by 1944 the American industrial complex had engaged fully. As late as 1943 the USS Enterprise stood alone in the Pacific against numerous IJN Carriers. But by June of 1944 the Americans put to sea 15 Aircraft Carriers in 4 Task Groups equipped with modern aircraft that far out matched Japan’s aircraft, which had not been updated since the war began. In addition, Japan’s air service had lost nearly all of it’s experienced pilots, while the Americans had thousands of combat hardened, well-trained pilots and crews. When the IJN sent it’s carriers and their crews against TF 58, they were massacred. In two days the Japanese lost over 400 aircraft and their crews, 3 aircraft carriers they could not spare, and the Americans lost 29 aircraft (some of the crews were rescued) and no ships. So many Japanese aircraft fell from the skies that a Lexington pilot referred to it as an old time turkey shoot, and the name stuck. The air crews of the task force had been launched late in the day on the 20th to attack the Japanese fleet. When they returned, it was well after dark and they began landing their planes in the sea, unable to see the carriers well enough for landings aboard. With the threat from enemy submarines and aircraft during the war, blackout conditions were the rule. Admiral Marc Mitscher wasn’t going to lose his boys and their planes, however. With his order the fleet lit up, and the planes began landing on fumes.	<urn:uuid:df663de0-c9be-489f-9afc-975a5ef79e09>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://markloveshistory.com/tag/us-navy/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00251.warc.gz	en	0.984117	2,567	3.421875	3	[ 0.04141632840037346, 0.16125604510307312, 0.31060805916786194, -0.24992291629314423, 0.08607542514801025, 0.3427234888076782, 0.3430786728858948, 0.4702736735343933, 0.1815202534198761, -0.18625622987747192, 0.4906817078590393, 0.16413922607898712, 0.1582733392715454, 0.8745911121368408, ...	1	President Franklin Delano Roosevelt became the first US President to fly in an aircraft for official business. FDR was to meet Winston Churchill in Casablanca, Morocco to discuss strategy in WWII. For previous meetings the President and Prime Minister had travelled by warship, but the US military was concerned about heightened U-Boat activity in the Atlantic. As a result President Roosevelt agreed to make the trip by plane, specifically a Boeing 314 four engine flying boat named the Dixie Clipper. The flight flew from Florida to South America and crossed to North Africa. After the meeting, FDR celebrated his 61st birthday on the return flight. He was already in poor health and the 1700 mile trip took its toll. Thirty-three years earlier, FDR’s cousin Theodore Roosevelt had become the first president to fly in an aircraft. After having left office, TR was on a speaking tour when he encountered pilot Arch Hoxley at Kinloch Field in St. Louis, Missouri. The always adventurous TR could not resist the offer to go for a jaunt in the Wright built airplane…little more than a powered kite, and much less luxurious than the Clipper his cousin would use. In fact, TR’s pilot, Hoxley, would die in a plane crash the following December. I have to wonder if this is historic coincidence or much more. FDR grew up in TR’s very large shadow, and greatly admired him. FDR followed TR’s path as much as he could…Under Secretary of the Navy, the New York legislature and New York governor. While TR was a Republican and FDR was a Democrat, FDR traded on TR’s legend…and TR supported his prodigy. TR wanted to break tradition and serve a third term, which did not happen. FDR was into his fourth term when he died. So of course one has to wonder if from competitiveness or emulation, was the opportunity to follow up on a Presidentially pioneering flight just too much too pass up? “Death had to take Roosevelt sleeping, for if he had been awake, there would have been a fight.” -Vice President Thomas Marshall. President Theodore Roosevelt dies at Sagamore Hill, Oyster Bay, New York in his sleep of a heart attack. “Teddy” had taken every last drop of adventure and worthiness that he could squeeze out of life in the preceding 60 years. Roosevelt had been a sickly child; constantly plagued by breathing problems, he could rarely play with the other children. His father, Theodore Sr., a remarkable man himself, told “Teedie” that if he wanted to have a successful life, he would have to take charge and force his body into the form he needed to match his intellect. Roosevelt did just that. He took exercise as his “raison detre” until he was barrel chested and of vigorous health. Each time he became sick during his life, he would simply work through it. As a young man, while serving in the New York Assembly, Roosevelt was called home from Albany by an urgent message. After the train ride to NYC, he arrived home to be met at the door by his brother, “There is a curse upon this house.” Roosevelt’s wife and mother died on the same day…February 14, 1884, within hours of each other. Writing in his diary only a large X and the words “The light has gone out of my life”, Roosevelt fled into the west, becoming a rancher and for a time a lawman in the Dakota Territory. The experience would strengthen him and give him a background people respected. During his life he was a state rep from New York, the Police Commissioner for New York City, Governor of New York, the Assistant Secretary of the Navy (he oversaw the building of a modern US Navy while his boss was not paying attention), he led the “Rough Riders” (1st Volunteer US Cavalry) up San Juan Hill in the Spanish-American War, became Vice President, and the President after President McKinley was assassinated. As President he defined the modern presidency, breaking up monopolies, seeing that mistreated workers got a fair shake, sent the “Great White Fleet” around the world establishing American as a world influence, saw the Panama Canal built, saw the establishment of the National Parks Service, and countless other accomplishments. He worked tirelessly for the American people. After the Presidency he traveled extensively, going on an African Safari, and exploring an unknown region of South America, “The River of Doubt”; a region so treacherous that it was considered a no-man’s land. He nearly died in the mapping of the river, now called “Rio Roosevelt” in his honor. All of his male children fought in WWI, and the only reason Teddy didn’t was because the Democrat President (Wilson) refused to let him, afraid Roosevelt would run against him in the next election and win. One of his sons, Quentin, would be shot down over France and be killed. That was the last straw for the “Old Lion”. He mourned dreadfully until his death. One of his other children, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., would be the only General to go ashore with the troops at D-Day in WWII; Teddy Jr would die of a heart attack himself several weeks after the Normandy invasion. The entire world would mourn President Roosevelt’s passing; he had become larger that life, a hero to people the world over. The quintessential American. And in case you couldn’t tell, my favorite Hero. At TR’s funeral at Oyster Bay, what I believe is the best, most heartfelt eulogy was spoken in passing. Walking from the church a New York City Police Captain who had served with Roosevelt more than 20 years earlier when he was Police Commissioner, was overcome with emotion. He turned to TR’s sister and asked, “Oh…do you remember the FUN of him?” President John Fitzgerald Kennedy was a US Navy Veteran of the Second World War. He had served in the Pacific Theater, commanding PT-109, a “Patrol-Torpedo” boat about 77 feet in length. His boat was sunk in the Solomon Islands and he became a war hero for his efforts in his crew’s rescue. But that is another story. As President it was his habit to attend the annual Army-Navy game to unabashedly root for Navy. He planned to attend the game on December 1, 1963. However he was cut down by an assassin’s bullet in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963. Out of respect for their commander in chief the services postponed the game. Kennedy’s widow asked that the game be played in his honor. On December 7 the game was held in Philadelphia. It would become a landmark game because when Army scored a touchdown, the producers decided to use a new technology for the very first time. They used their new machinery to instantly replay the touchdown for viewers. Their phones immediately lit up as viewers were confused as to whether Army had scored twice! Of course this technology has advanced markedly since and is frequently utilized to decide debated plays. Navy Quarterback Midshipman Roger Staubach led “The President’s Team” to a 21-15 victory over Army. Staubach would receive the Heisman Trophy and go on to lead the Dallas Cowboys in a remarkable career. The First Naval Battle of Guadalcanal takes place in what would become known as “Iron-bottom Sound” off Guadalcanal. US intelligence had warned US Navy forces that the IJN planned to bombard Henderson Field and its Marines, and land reinforcements on the embattled island. Admirals Callahan and Scott took their forces to interdict IJN Admiral Abe’s forces. In a fierce, confusing, intense night action the Japanese won a tactical victory by sinking more American ships, while the Americans won a strategic victory…Henderson was not bombarded and the American troop ships remained undamaged. But it came at a heavy cost for both sides. Admirals Callahan and Scott would be the only US Admirals to be killed in direct ship to ship combat in the war, and aboard the USS Juneau, the five “Fighting Sullivan” brothers would all be lost. Of course many more Americans died that night, good Irish names or not. For the Japanese, surviving battleship Hiei, among others, would fall prey to air attacks from Henderson, Espirito Santo, and the USS Enterprise. And this was only the beginning of the battle. The American aircrews missed by the Japanese were eager to get some retribution for their big gun Navy comrades. Lessons came out of the devastation. Commanders learned how to utilize their newly assigned radar equipment to their advantage; they learned how effectively trained the Japanese were at night fighting. And, they changed the rules to forbid siblings and close relatives from serving in the same units…so some poor Officer wouldn’t have to knuckle a door and tell a mother that ALL FIVE of her sons who she had raised and loved were gone from one horrific action. The Battle of Mobile Bay. During the Civil War, Confederate “blockade runners” (Rhett Butler types) kept the South in vital supplies by running past the Union Navy blockade from Cuba to ports like Mobile Bay, Alabama. US Navy Admiral David Glasgow Farragut was tasked with closing this last Confederate source of supplies. His fleet had to fight past the Confederate fleet of ironclads and two forts that guarded the bay. As the battle progressed, the Union fleet began to fragment, until Farragut rallied his sailors with famous admonition, winning the battle. Mobile would remain in Confederate hands, but access to it was cut off for the duration. Farragut was the adopted son of US Naval Officer David Porter, who also raised his biological sons, famous Naval officers David Dixon Porter, and William Porter. One family played such a vital role in the glory of the US Navy. Can you imagine being a part of it? Reversal of Fortunes, exhibited by “The Great Marianas Turkey Shoot”, or the First Battle of the Philippine Sea. US Marines, supported by their parent service, the US Navy, are invading Saipan and other islands in the Marianas Islands, which is such a threat to Japan that the Imperial Japanese Navy finally comes out to fight a definitive battle. When the war began the Japanese had the most advanced aircraft available, while the US Navy lagged sorely behind. The Japanese Zero, for example, was much faster and more maneuverable than the American Wildcat fighter. But by 1944 the American industrial complex had engaged fully. As late as 1943 the USS Enterprise stood alone in the Pacific against numerous IJN Carriers. But by June of 1944 the Americans put to sea 15 Aircraft Carriers in 4 Task Groups equipped with modern aircraft that far out matched Japan’s aircraft, which had not been updated since the war began. In addition, Japan’s air service had lost nearly all of it’s experienced pilots, while the Americans had thousands of combat hardened, well-trained pilots and crews. When the IJN sent it’s carriers and their crews against TF 58, they were massacred. In two days the Japanese lost over 400 aircraft and their crews, 3 aircraft carriers they could not spare, and the Americans lost 29 aircraft (some of the crews were rescued) and no ships. So many Japanese aircraft fell from the skies that a Lexington pilot referred to it as an old time turkey shoot, and the name stuck. The air crews of the task force had been launched late in the day on the 20th to attack the Japanese fleet. When they returned, it was well after dark and they began landing their planes in the sea, unable to see the carriers well enough for landings aboard. With the threat from enemy submarines and aircraft during the war, blackout conditions were the rule. Admiral Marc Mitscher wasn’t going to lose his boys and their planes, however. With his order the fleet lit up, and the planes began landing on fumes.	2,500	ENGLISH	1
Valmont Layne is director of the District Six Museum, a Charles Stewart Mott Foundation grantee in Cape Town, South Africa. The museum was created in 1994 to preserve the heritage of a racially integrated and ethnically diverse community that was destroyed by apartheid policies. After people of color were forcefully removed from District Six, their homes were bulldozed. Today, the museum serves as an educational heritage project and also a catalyst for rebuilding, repopulating and revitalizing the overall District Six community. Layne shares his views with Mott Communications Officer Maggie I. Jaruzel. Mott: What was life like in the District Six community before forced removals? Valmont Layne (VL): District Six was a diverse place. There was a wave of Jewish immigration. There were former slaves who came from a wide range of places — the West Indies, Malaysia and East Africa. They were so-called free blacks, people who had come to Cape Town looking for work from the Caribbean and West Africa. People living in the District Six area might belong to the local church or mosque or Hindu temple or Jewish synagogue. We identified something like 60 different religious institutions. All of these people lived in this small, densely populated neighborhood. Of course, it wasn’t paradise. I am not saying there were no problems. But it was a community that was able to regulate itself and function. It invested its own resources to make sure that none of its members went hungry. It was a diverse community where people were different, but the quality of life, even for poor people, was high. That is a major part of why today they feel so attached to this region. They had such a high quality of life even though they were poor. District Six was cosmopolitan, but it served the interest of the apartheid government to prevent it from remaining a racially integrated place. Mott: Describe how life changed after the forced resettlements. VL: About 60,000 to 70,000 people were moved out from District Six between 1966 and 1982. You can imagine the impact that it made, because the city center was deserted. You no longer had a population of people who could use the shops, use public transport, etc. The downtown area of the city became a ghost town after 5 o’clock in the evening when people left work. Besides the violations of peoples’ rights, it was bad for the city and the local economy. The people that moved away from the city found themselves in places with little infrastructure. Very often the homes were not built properly. There were no schools. They were far away from places of work. Before, they could walk to work from their homes to their places of work in the city. Now, they had to commute for two hours, and there were problems walking through dangerous bush. All the securities, all the safety nets that a poor community has, that District Six had, were eliminated. These safety nets had been built up over generations. There had been families living in community; neighbors helping each other. The geography of Cape Town is such that there is this beautiful mountain and you have the view of the ocean and the view of the city. When the town was much smaller, the District Six area was the least desirable place to live, but it became a very desirable place to live. So people from District Six were removed from the area. Many were sent to the Cape Flats, which is basically an area on the other side of the mountain. The Flats area is a big plain of land that has been environmentally eroded. The government created an urban sprawl — vast townships of black, brown and Indian people who live on these plains. The further you move away from the mountain, in general, the poorer people become and the darker their skin becomes. “People are entitled to forget if they want to forget. But we have to make sure that the option to remember is available for people who choose to do so.” — Valmont Layne Mott: Discuss how the idea for the District Six Museum was developed. VL: The founders of the museum felt very, very strongly about what we were trying to do here, which is to transcend racial language and racial discord. We also are trying to say that District Six is not only a story about the past. We would like to work with it as a model of the city that we want to live in for the future. With these messages, people can go into the world, and they can make decisions about their lives that, hopefully, will develop a more civic-minded, diverse citizenship in the country. Some of our founders said, “District Six was a new South Africa, but it was a new South Africa way ahead of its time.” Today, we want to move away from racially ghettoized neighborhoods, but we are still living with apartheid inside peoples’ minds — and inside their value systems and their practices. The key principles, the primary agenda of the redevelopment here, is to achieve a level of social justice. Mott: How does remembering the past — instead of burying it — help bring reconciliation and actually strengthen the nation? VL: People are entitled to forget if they want to forget. But we have to make sure that the option to remember is available for people who choose to do so. There are many people who still come into the museum and say, “It has taken me five years to build up the courage to come in and see this place.” We try to create an environment where people can feel and express emotions. Some people cry. Some people get nostalgic. Sometimes they do both in the same moment. It gives me goosebumps to see white kids come into the museum and say: “I am so embarrassed. I didn’t know this was happening in my country.” The point is not to make the kids feel bad, but to have their eyes opened about what has gone on before and to say to themselves, “I need to play my part in making sure this kind of thing does not happen in the future.” Mott: What are some of the objects that help visitors experience the museum? VL: The defining feature of this museum is that District Six was destroyed. We are remembering something that is not there anymore, so when people come into this place, one of the first things they see is a column of street signs. It is amazing how people respond to that column. Very often, it is the first tangible evidence that this place used to exist. It is a new affirmation that says, “This really happened.” Our first exhibition is called “Retracing the Streets” because life was so profoundly in public places — playgrounds and the streets. People try to remember what street the school was on, where the shop was, where they used to go dancing. These street signs have become an important part — the symbolic part — of the story and an affirmation of their experiences. The other important artifact in the museum is the map on the floor, which was an important innovation. It’s a reproduction of the old neighborhood. People come into the space and get on their knees with a pen, and they write their family name on the spot where they used to live. They often put in another detail, maybe saying they were close neighbors with the Smith family. This all stays on the map. The most amazing transactions happen on the floor. Sometimes, neighbors meet people on the map whom they haven’t seen in years. It is a funny balance that one has to manage because, for some people, it is a sacred place. It is almost a place of pilgrimage. For others, especially the younger generation, and for some of the older generation, it is a place of celebration. We have to remember that our constituency is demographically getting older. Within 20 years time, most of the generation which experienced forced removals will be gone. If we’re going to be delivering on our mission to make sure that human rights issues are addressed and that the habits of public discussion and public engagement endure, then we have to be building interactions between the older generation and younger one. The story of the district isn’t finished. We are still telling the story of the reconstruction of the district, and it is happening as we speak.	<urn:uuid:7a67dada-88cf-4102-b938-e2dab5153650>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.mott.org/news/articles/museum-preserves-south-africas-pre-apartheid-history/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00437.warc.gz	en	0.984633	1,720	3.28125	3	[ 0.3340051472187042, 0.4006022810935974, 0.41521215438842773, -0.4018304944038391, 0.10299765318632126, -0.2442774474620819, 0.009032480418682098, 0.02376886084675789, -0.8871622085571289, 0.6090975403785706, 0.717774510383606, 0.015893397852778435, 0.030549004673957825, 0.4004756212234497,...	2	Valmont Layne is director of the District Six Museum, a Charles Stewart Mott Foundation grantee in Cape Town, South Africa. The museum was created in 1994 to preserve the heritage of a racially integrated and ethnically diverse community that was destroyed by apartheid policies. After people of color were forcefully removed from District Six, their homes were bulldozed. Today, the museum serves as an educational heritage project and also a catalyst for rebuilding, repopulating and revitalizing the overall District Six community. Layne shares his views with Mott Communications Officer Maggie I. Jaruzel. Mott: What was life like in the District Six community before forced removals? Valmont Layne (VL): District Six was a diverse place. There was a wave of Jewish immigration. There were former slaves who came from a wide range of places — the West Indies, Malaysia and East Africa. They were so-called free blacks, people who had come to Cape Town looking for work from the Caribbean and West Africa. People living in the District Six area might belong to the local church or mosque or Hindu temple or Jewish synagogue. We identified something like 60 different religious institutions. All of these people lived in this small, densely populated neighborhood. Of course, it wasn’t paradise. I am not saying there were no problems. But it was a community that was able to regulate itself and function. It invested its own resources to make sure that none of its members went hungry. It was a diverse community where people were different, but the quality of life, even for poor people, was high. That is a major part of why today they feel so attached to this region. They had such a high quality of life even though they were poor. District Six was cosmopolitan, but it served the interest of the apartheid government to prevent it from remaining a racially integrated place. Mott: Describe how life changed after the forced resettlements. VL: About 60,000 to 70,000 people were moved out from District Six between 1966 and 1982. You can imagine the impact that it made, because the city center was deserted. You no longer had a population of people who could use the shops, use public transport, etc. The downtown area of the city became a ghost town after 5 o’clock in the evening when people left work. Besides the violations of peoples’ rights, it was bad for the city and the local economy. The people that moved away from the city found themselves in places with little infrastructure. Very often the homes were not built properly. There were no schools. They were far away from places of work. Before, they could walk to work from their homes to their places of work in the city. Now, they had to commute for two hours, and there were problems walking through dangerous bush. All the securities, all the safety nets that a poor community has, that District Six had, were eliminated. These safety nets had been built up over generations. There had been families living in community; neighbors helping each other. The geography of Cape Town is such that there is this beautiful mountain and you have the view of the ocean and the view of the city. When the town was much smaller, the District Six area was the least desirable place to live, but it became a very desirable place to live. So people from District Six were removed from the area. Many were sent to the Cape Flats, which is basically an area on the other side of the mountain. The Flats area is a big plain of land that has been environmentally eroded. The government created an urban sprawl — vast townships of black, brown and Indian people who live on these plains. The further you move away from the mountain, in general, the poorer people become and the darker their skin becomes. “People are entitled to forget if they want to forget. But we have to make sure that the option to remember is available for people who choose to do so.” — Valmont Layne Mott: Discuss how the idea for the District Six Museum was developed. VL: The founders of the museum felt very, very strongly about what we were trying to do here, which is to transcend racial language and racial discord. We also are trying to say that District Six is not only a story about the past. We would like to work with it as a model of the city that we want to live in for the future. With these messages, people can go into the world, and they can make decisions about their lives that, hopefully, will develop a more civic-minded, diverse citizenship in the country. Some of our founders said, “District Six was a new South Africa, but it was a new South Africa way ahead of its time.” Today, we want to move away from racially ghettoized neighborhoods, but we are still living with apartheid inside peoples’ minds — and inside their value systems and their practices. The key principles, the primary agenda of the redevelopment here, is to achieve a level of social justice. Mott: How does remembering the past — instead of burying it — help bring reconciliation and actually strengthen the nation? VL: People are entitled to forget if they want to forget. But we have to make sure that the option to remember is available for people who choose to do so. There are many people who still come into the museum and say, “It has taken me five years to build up the courage to come in and see this place.” We try to create an environment where people can feel and express emotions. Some people cry. Some people get nostalgic. Sometimes they do both in the same moment. It gives me goosebumps to see white kids come into the museum and say: “I am so embarrassed. I didn’t know this was happening in my country.” The point is not to make the kids feel bad, but to have their eyes opened about what has gone on before and to say to themselves, “I need to play my part in making sure this kind of thing does not happen in the future.” Mott: What are some of the objects that help visitors experience the museum? VL: The defining feature of this museum is that District Six was destroyed. We are remembering something that is not there anymore, so when people come into this place, one of the first things they see is a column of street signs. It is amazing how people respond to that column. Very often, it is the first tangible evidence that this place used to exist. It is a new affirmation that says, “This really happened.” Our first exhibition is called “Retracing the Streets” because life was so profoundly in public places — playgrounds and the streets. People try to remember what street the school was on, where the shop was, where they used to go dancing. These street signs have become an important part — the symbolic part — of the story and an affirmation of their experiences. The other important artifact in the museum is the map on the floor, which was an important innovation. It’s a reproduction of the old neighborhood. People come into the space and get on their knees with a pen, and they write their family name on the spot where they used to live. They often put in another detail, maybe saying they were close neighbors with the Smith family. This all stays on the map. The most amazing transactions happen on the floor. Sometimes, neighbors meet people on the map whom they haven’t seen in years. It is a funny balance that one has to manage because, for some people, it is a sacred place. It is almost a place of pilgrimage. For others, especially the younger generation, and for some of the older generation, it is a place of celebration. We have to remember that our constituency is demographically getting older. Within 20 years time, most of the generation which experienced forced removals will be gone. If we’re going to be delivering on our mission to make sure that human rights issues are addressed and that the habits of public discussion and public engagement endure, then we have to be building interactions between the older generation and younger one. The story of the district isn’t finished. We are still telling the story of the reconstruction of the district, and it is happening as we speak.	1,681	ENGLISH	1
John Quincy Adams was born on July 11, 1767, at Braintree (now Quincy), Mass., the son of John Adams, the second president. He spent his early years in Europe with his father, graduated from Harvard, and entered law practice. His anti-Paine newspaper articles won him political attention. In 1794, he became minister to the Netherlands, the first of several diplomatic posts that occupied him until his return to Boston in 1801. In 1797, he married Louisa Catherine Johnson. In 1803, Adams was elected to the Senate, nominally as a Federalist, but his repeated displays of independence on such issues as the Louisiana Purchase and the embargo caused his party to demand his resignation and ostracize him socially. In 1809, Madison rewarded him for his support of Jefferson by appointing him minister to St. Petersburg. He helped negotiate the Treaty of Ghent in 1814, and in 1815 became minister to London. In 1817 Monroe appointed him Secretary of State where he served with great distinction, gaining Florida from Spain without hostilities and playing an equal part with Monroe in formulating the Monroe Doctrine. When no presidential candidate received a majority of electoral votes in 1824, Adams, with the support of Henry Clay, was elected by the House in 1825 over Andrew Jackson, who had the original plurality. Adams had ambitious plans of government activity to foster internal improvements and promote the arts and sciences, but congressional obstructionism, combined with his own unwillingness or inability to play the role of a politician, resulted in little being accomplished. After being defeated for re-election by Jackson in 1828, he successfully ran for the House of Representatives in 1830. There though nominally a Whig, he pursued as ever an independent course. He led the fight to force Congress to receive antislavery petitions and fathered the Smithsonian Institution. Adams had a stroke while on the floor of the House, and died two days later on Feb. 23, 1848. His long and detailed Diary gives a unique picture of the personalities and politics of the times. John Quincy Adams Who2. Copyright © 1998-2006 by Who2?, LLC. All rights reserved. Also Born on July 11 Who Shares Your Birthday? The Day You Were Born The Year You Were Born	<urn:uuid:6bb47abc-1bc9-4d17-91eb-18e9368a813f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.infoplease.com/birthday/july-11	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00544.warc.gz	en	0.984623	468	3.578125	4	[ -0.19463971257209778, 0.46350613236427307, 0.3345654606819153, -0.19534410536289215, -0.34502556920051575, 0.32598036527633667, 0.22769290208816528, 0.005872280336916447, -0.16272389888763428, -0.12004999071359634, -0.06710010021924973, 0.432205468416214, 0.313006728887558, 0.3556482195854...	2	John Quincy Adams was born on July 11, 1767, at Braintree (now Quincy), Mass., the son of John Adams, the second president. He spent his early years in Europe with his father, graduated from Harvard, and entered law practice. His anti-Paine newspaper articles won him political attention. In 1794, he became minister to the Netherlands, the first of several diplomatic posts that occupied him until his return to Boston in 1801. In 1797, he married Louisa Catherine Johnson. In 1803, Adams was elected to the Senate, nominally as a Federalist, but his repeated displays of independence on such issues as the Louisiana Purchase and the embargo caused his party to demand his resignation and ostracize him socially. In 1809, Madison rewarded him for his support of Jefferson by appointing him minister to St. Petersburg. He helped negotiate the Treaty of Ghent in 1814, and in 1815 became minister to London. In 1817 Monroe appointed him Secretary of State where he served with great distinction, gaining Florida from Spain without hostilities and playing an equal part with Monroe in formulating the Monroe Doctrine. When no presidential candidate received a majority of electoral votes in 1824, Adams, with the support of Henry Clay, was elected by the House in 1825 over Andrew Jackson, who had the original plurality. Adams had ambitious plans of government activity to foster internal improvements and promote the arts and sciences, but congressional obstructionism, combined with his own unwillingness or inability to play the role of a politician, resulted in little being accomplished. After being defeated for re-election by Jackson in 1828, he successfully ran for the House of Representatives in 1830. There though nominally a Whig, he pursued as ever an independent course. He led the fight to force Congress to receive antislavery petitions and fathered the Smithsonian Institution. Adams had a stroke while on the floor of the House, and died two days later on Feb. 23, 1848. His long and detailed Diary gives a unique picture of the personalities and politics of the times. John Quincy Adams Who2. Copyright © 1998-2006 by Who2?, LLC. All rights reserved. Also Born on July 11 Who Shares Your Birthday? The Day You Were Born The Year You Were Born	519	ENGLISH	1
The Civil War During both the civil war and civil war reconstruction time periods, there were many changes going on in the Union. The Emancipation Proclamation, as well as legislation such as the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth amendments, was causing a new awakening of democracy; while the renouncing of secession by the South marked a definite triumph for Nationalism. As well, the government was involved in altercations of its own. During reconstruction, the legislative and executive branches eventually came to blows over the use of power. The nation was being altered by forces which caused, and later repaired, a broken Union. The first of these “forces”, was the expansion of democracy. As early as 1862, Lincoln was taking a major step in that direction. On September 22, Lincoln announced the freeing of all slaves in areas not in Union control. Although the proclamation did not free all slaves everywhere, it was the action that would push Congress to pass the thirteenth amendment in 1865. The amendment, ratified later in 1865, stated that “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude . . . shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” It seemed democracy had triumphed by giving freedom to slaves, but the amendment was not complete. It only stopped slavery, and made no provisions for citizenship; therefore, blacks were still not considered United States citizens. The fourteenth amendment was the democratic expansion that fixed that problem. Originally passed to “put a number of matters beyond the control or discretion of the president,” the amendment also made “All persons born or naturalized in the United States . . . citizens of the United States.” It also provided that, “No State shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States.” This not only gave new meaning to black men’s freedom, but it also gave a new and broader meaning to citizenship. Those drafting the amendment hoped that the broadness of would cover “unanticipated abuses”, yet, the general phrasing was only an advantage to abusers. There is no listing of the “privileges or immunities” offered to U.S. citizens. In fact, there is not even a clarification of what rights a “citizen” has. These generalities, and the abuses that went with them, prompted the adoption of the fifteenth amendment in 1870. The final major step towards democratic expansion during reconstruction, the fifteenth amendment granted ” The right of citizens of the United States to vote,” and that right, “shall not be denied on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” This amendment finally took out loopholes existent in the thirteenth and fourteenth amendments. The government of the United States was coming closer to being a government by all of the people, and not just whites. Civil war reconstruction offered more than just extended democracy, however. It was also a time of national unification. One of the major boosts to United States nationalism, began with the simple Union victory over the confederacy. Secession was unconstitutional according to those who supported the Union. By defeating the confederacy, the Union had only confirmed that fact. As well, the radical Republican reconstruction plan called for an official renunciation of secession, before states could be readmitted to the Union. If secession from the Union was now illegal, then Daniel Webster’s theory of the Constitution being a people’s government, and not a compact of states had to be true. “The Constitution . . . begins with the words ‘We the people,’ and it was the people, not the states, who . . . created it,” Webster claimed in his nationalist theory of the Constitution. The Union became more united than ever before, because now it truly was a Union, “. . . now and forever, one and inseparable.” There were changes, though, that were occurring in the reconstruction time period that were not as helpful to the Union as democracy and nationalism. While the nation was reveling in these more encouraging developments, the Union government was having internal conflicts. Congress and the president began dueling over power distribution starting at about the time of Andrew Johnson’s presidency. Johnson became president after Lincoln’s death and immediately set the tone for the rest of The Civil War	<urn:uuid:a6ca0a19-2af0-417a-bab8-a0e08a2755a8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://pennsylvaniaangerclass.com/the-civil-war/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594603.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119122744-20200119150744-00254.warc.gz	en	0.980511	909	4.5	4	[ -0.6435081958770752, 0.04277995228767395, 0.23424747586250305, 0.00424874946475029, -0.15453587472438812, 0.12800146639347076, -0.050767768174409866, -0.03982464224100113, -0.310362845659256, 0.36745911836624146, 0.2675798833370209, 0.16838745772838593, -0.2994721829891205, 0.1675279289484...	1	The Civil War During both the civil war and civil war reconstruction time periods, there were many changes going on in the Union. The Emancipation Proclamation, as well as legislation such as the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth amendments, was causing a new awakening of democracy; while the renouncing of secession by the South marked a definite triumph for Nationalism. As well, the government was involved in altercations of its own. During reconstruction, the legislative and executive branches eventually came to blows over the use of power. The nation was being altered by forces which caused, and later repaired, a broken Union. The first of these “forces”, was the expansion of democracy. As early as 1862, Lincoln was taking a major step in that direction. On September 22, Lincoln announced the freeing of all slaves in areas not in Union control. Although the proclamation did not free all slaves everywhere, it was the action that would push Congress to pass the thirteenth amendment in 1865. The amendment, ratified later in 1865, stated that “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude . . . shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” It seemed democracy had triumphed by giving freedom to slaves, but the amendment was not complete. It only stopped slavery, and made no provisions for citizenship; therefore, blacks were still not considered United States citizens. The fourteenth amendment was the democratic expansion that fixed that problem. Originally passed to “put a number of matters beyond the control or discretion of the president,” the amendment also made “All persons born or naturalized in the United States . . . citizens of the United States.” It also provided that, “No State shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States.” This not only gave new meaning to black men’s freedom, but it also gave a new and broader meaning to citizenship. Those drafting the amendment hoped that the broadness of would cover “unanticipated abuses”, yet, the general phrasing was only an advantage to abusers. There is no listing of the “privileges or immunities” offered to U.S. citizens. In fact, there is not even a clarification of what rights a “citizen” has. These generalities, and the abuses that went with them, prompted the adoption of the fifteenth amendment in 1870. The final major step towards democratic expansion during reconstruction, the fifteenth amendment granted ” The right of citizens of the United States to vote,” and that right, “shall not be denied on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” This amendment finally took out loopholes existent in the thirteenth and fourteenth amendments. The government of the United States was coming closer to being a government by all of the people, and not just whites. Civil war reconstruction offered more than just extended democracy, however. It was also a time of national unification. One of the major boosts to United States nationalism, began with the simple Union victory over the confederacy. Secession was unconstitutional according to those who supported the Union. By defeating the confederacy, the Union had only confirmed that fact. As well, the radical Republican reconstruction plan called for an official renunciation of secession, before states could be readmitted to the Union. If secession from the Union was now illegal, then Daniel Webster’s theory of the Constitution being a people’s government, and not a compact of states had to be true. “The Constitution . . . begins with the words ‘We the people,’ and it was the people, not the states, who . . . created it,” Webster claimed in his nationalist theory of the Constitution. The Union became more united than ever before, because now it truly was a Union, “. . . now and forever, one and inseparable.” There were changes, though, that were occurring in the reconstruction time period that were not as helpful to the Union as democracy and nationalism. While the nation was reveling in these more encouraging developments, the Union government was having internal conflicts. Congress and the president began dueling over power distribution starting at about the time of Andrew Johnson’s presidency. Johnson became president after Lincoln’s death and immediately set the tone for the rest of The Civil War	879	ENGLISH	1
There’s no doubt that when it comes to skills that are necessary to get through life, reading and writing are among the most important ones to learn. The best time to learn these skills is in childhood and it usually begins with parents reading books to children and teaching them the basics before they start school. School curriculum do their best to accommodate every child but some children learn differently than others and some need some extra help to grasp new skills. This is where Reading Intervention Australia comes in. When a child seems to be struggling with reading, it’s important to intervene sooner than later to get them on track and at the same level as their classmates. An intervention has someone work one-on-one with the child to learn what issues they are having, why they are having them and what needs to be done to correct it. Once these things are established, a curriculum is developed to help the child learn these important skills.	<urn:uuid:239c149c-8813-4741-aa29-8cdd15456d2c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://atsco.org/staging-a-reading-intervention/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591234.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117205732-20200117233732-00204.warc.gz	en	0.983444	189	3.546875	4	[ 0.28953561186790466, -0.18722710013389587, 0.20677924156188965, -0.40336257219314575, -0.5476775169372559, 0.4220835268497467, -0.004073859192430973, 0.09308470040559769, -0.2732853591442108, -0.02934976853430271, 0.23846137523651123, -0.12033766508102417, 0.13218311965465546, 0.6145663857...	2	There’s no doubt that when it comes to skills that are necessary to get through life, reading and writing are among the most important ones to learn. The best time to learn these skills is in childhood and it usually begins with parents reading books to children and teaching them the basics before they start school. School curriculum do their best to accommodate every child but some children learn differently than others and some need some extra help to grasp new skills. This is where Reading Intervention Australia comes in. When a child seems to be struggling with reading, it’s important to intervene sooner than later to get them on track and at the same level as their classmates. An intervention has someone work one-on-one with the child to learn what issues they are having, why they are having them and what needs to be done to correct it. Once these things are established, a curriculum is developed to help the child learn these important skills.	181	ENGLISH	1
The Tyrannosaurus Rex lived 65 million years ago in the forested valleys of North America. The T-Rex is often known as the king of all dinosaurs. Its name means ‘tyrant lizard’ in Greek and as far as we know from studies this massive beast lived up to its name. There were larger dinosaurs and possibly even dinosaurs that may have dined upon the T-Rex themselves but those dinosaurs died out from defects that, in the end, made them evolutionarily weaker than the T-Rex. The T-rex was built to be killer. It had strong jaws, a large heavy tail, strong hind limbs, and even though it’s fore limbs were short than were unusually powerful for their size. These short powerful arms featured two clawed digits.	<urn:uuid:129a440d-b33d-4224-8f06-baf2071add65>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.proprofs.com/discuss/q/711264/which-dinosaur-eats-plants-and-animals	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00211.warc.gz	en	0.990899	157	3.59375	4	[ -0.11833122372627258, 0.2670191526412964, 0.3699111044406891, 0.008348135277628899, -0.27526426315307617, -0.35686948895454407, 0.412609726190567, 0.38392511010169983, -0.3352516293525696, 0.10743900388479233, 0.16553981602191925, -0.13823768496513367, 0.3155204951763153, 0.080593772232532...	2	The Tyrannosaurus Rex lived 65 million years ago in the forested valleys of North America. The T-Rex is often known as the king of all dinosaurs. Its name means ‘tyrant lizard’ in Greek and as far as we know from studies this massive beast lived up to its name. There were larger dinosaurs and possibly even dinosaurs that may have dined upon the T-Rex themselves but those dinosaurs died out from defects that, in the end, made them evolutionarily weaker than the T-Rex. The T-rex was built to be killer. It had strong jaws, a large heavy tail, strong hind limbs, and even though it’s fore limbs were short than were unusually powerful for their size. These short powerful arms featured two clawed digits.	157	ENGLISH	1
Jesus was not the only one thought to be a miracle-working son of God, even within Judaism in his own day. His two most famous peers were probably Honi the “circle-drawer” and Hanina ben Dosa, both of whom are known through the writings of later Jewish rabbis. Honi was a Galilean teacher who died about one hundred years before Jesus. He was given his nickname because of a tradition that he prayed to God for much-needed rain and drew a circle around himself on the ground, declaring that he would not leave it until God granted his request. Luckily for him, God complied. Later sources indicate that Honi was a revered teacher and a miracle worker who called himself the son of God. Like Jesus, he was martyred outside of the walls of Jerusalem around the time of Passover. To punish the Jews who had brought about his death, God sent a powerful wind storm that devastated their crops. Hanina ben Dosa (= son of Dosa) was a rabbi in Galilee in the middle of the first century C.E. just after the time of Jesus. He was famous as a righteous and powerful worker of miracles, who (like Honi) could intervene with God to make the rain fall, who had the power to heal the sick, and who could confront demons and force them to do his bidding. Like Jesus, he was reputedly called the Son of God by a voice coming from the heavens. Both of these miracle-working sons of God are portrayed somewhat differently from Jesus, of course. Most of their miracles, for example, were achieved through prayer rather than through their own power. But they are also different in significant ways from each other: Jesus and Hanina, for example, are both portrayed as exorcists, whereas Honi is not. What is most interesting, however, is that anyone who called Jesus a miracle-working Jewish rabbi, the Son of God, would have been easily understood: other righteous Jews, both before Jesus and afterward, were portrayed similarly. The Bible: A Historical and Literary Introduction by renowned biblical scholar and New York Times Bestselling author Dr Bart D. Ehrman, p. 248.	<urn:uuid:6cea130e-5f55-41fb-9a4e-2755867b0f90>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://bloggingtheology.com/2020/01/14/other-jewish-miracle-working-sons-of-god/comment-page-1/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687958.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126074227-20200126104227-00304.warc.gz	en	0.989358	450	3.671875	4	[ 0.051937345415353775, 0.3944375216960907, -0.06715767830610275, -0.01475063432008028, -0.2080606371164322, 0.16741245985031128, 0.5314885377883911, 0.1695377677679062, 0.16464148461818695, 0.13662219047546387, -0.057525455951690674, -0.07328058034181595, -0.05482855066657066, 0.12933357059...	6	Jesus was not the only one thought to be a miracle-working son of God, even within Judaism in his own day. His two most famous peers were probably Honi the “circle-drawer” and Hanina ben Dosa, both of whom are known through the writings of later Jewish rabbis. Honi was a Galilean teacher who died about one hundred years before Jesus. He was given his nickname because of a tradition that he prayed to God for much-needed rain and drew a circle around himself on the ground, declaring that he would not leave it until God granted his request. Luckily for him, God complied. Later sources indicate that Honi was a revered teacher and a miracle worker who called himself the son of God. Like Jesus, he was martyred outside of the walls of Jerusalem around the time of Passover. To punish the Jews who had brought about his death, God sent a powerful wind storm that devastated their crops. Hanina ben Dosa (= son of Dosa) was a rabbi in Galilee in the middle of the first century C.E. just after the time of Jesus. He was famous as a righteous and powerful worker of miracles, who (like Honi) could intervene with God to make the rain fall, who had the power to heal the sick, and who could confront demons and force them to do his bidding. Like Jesus, he was reputedly called the Son of God by a voice coming from the heavens. Both of these miracle-working sons of God are portrayed somewhat differently from Jesus, of course. Most of their miracles, for example, were achieved through prayer rather than through their own power. But they are also different in significant ways from each other: Jesus and Hanina, for example, are both portrayed as exorcists, whereas Honi is not. What is most interesting, however, is that anyone who called Jesus a miracle-working Jewish rabbi, the Son of God, would have been easily understood: other righteous Jews, both before Jesus and afterward, were portrayed similarly. The Bible: A Historical and Literary Introduction by renowned biblical scholar and New York Times Bestselling author Dr Bart D. Ehrman, p. 248.	445	ENGLISH	1
The six previously unpublished daguerreotypes on the following pages represent an extraordinary historical find. Made in Columbia, South Carolina, in 1850 at the behest of Louis Agassiz, the celebrated father of American natural science, they are among the earliest known photographs of Southern slaves. So far as we know they are also the earliest for which the subjects are identified by name and by the plantation on which each one toiled. And, perhaps most remarkable, all but one of the slaves they depict were born in Africa, and three can be identified with the tribe or region from which they came. These pictures, part of a cache of fifteen, might have remained unknown had it not been for Elinor Reichlin, a former staff member of Harvard’s Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, who found them early last year in an unused storage cabinet in the museum’s attic. Each daguerreotype case was embossed “J. T. Zealy, Photographer, Columbia” and several had handwritten labels. Nothing further was known about them. Ms. Reichlin spent months tracking down their story, and in the following article she explains just how and why these poignant images were made. Until the late 1830’s, American scientists had little reason to question the Biblical explanation for mankind’s racial diversity. They assumed that all men were descended from the sons of Noah, who had dispersed across the world as the waters of the Great Flood receded. Racial differences were the result of centuries spent in different climates. Then, Dr. Samuel Morton, an eminent Philadelphia anatomist, published two books, Crania Americana (1839) and Crania Aegypticus (1844), which seemed to cast doubt on mankind’s unity. After examining hundreds of ancient and modern skulls from both the Old World and the New, he noted that each region had been peopled by distinct races since antiquity. The Biblical time allotted to man’s dispersal was far too short to account for such an ancient and extensive settlement of two widely separated continents by distinct races. Therefore, he reasoned, “mankind” must not be one species but several, each specially created by God to suit its own geographical environment. Abolitionists decried Morion’s theory; so did many religious persons, who considered it an attack on Scriptural truth. But it was eagerly seized upon by defenders of slavery who saw in it a “scientific” basis for racial inequality. The battle lines were drawn. The most prestigious convert to the doctrine of separate creations was Louis Agassiz, who arrived from Switzerland in 1846, already persuaded from fossil studies that all animal species except man had been separately created and confined to the “zoological province” in which they lived. Talks with Morton and his followers helped convince Agassiz that the races, too, were different species. In March of 1850, before a meeting of the Association for the Advancement of American Science at Charleston, South Carolina, he declared that the races were “well marked and distinct” and did not originate “from a common center … nor from a common pair.” Special creationists were jubilant: ”… with Agassiz in the war,” wrote one, “the battle is ours.” Their opponents were stunned. Agassiz was accused of unorthodoxy and was attacked for advocating slavery. Such assaults bewildered him; Agassiz was, in fact, deeply religious and largely indifferent to politics. Scientists, he believed, had a duty to search for truth wherever it led them, regardless of political and social consequences. His method was to “study nature, not books,” and after the Charleston meeting he traveled to Columbia to conduct field research on race. His host was Dr. Robert W. Gibbes, an admirer of Morton. Together, Gibbes and his illustrious guest traveled to nearby plantations where, Gibbes wrote, “Agassiz was delighted with his examinations of Ebo, Foulah, Gullah, Guinea, Coromantee, Mandrigo and Congo Negroes,” and found enough evidence to “satisfy him they have differences from other races.” Agassiz concentrated exclusively on African-born slaves and their first-generation offspring. By means of this restricted sample he hoped both to define the anatomical variations unique to “the African race” in its original form and to establish a standard against which to measure the permanence of racial characteristics among American-born slaves of more remote African ancestry who had been exposed to a temperate climate for several generations. (African-born slaves in fact constituted only a tiny fraction of the U.S. slave population in 1850, more than four decades after Congress declared the importation of slaves illegal; some of those whom Agassiz examined must have been smuggled into America as part of the illicit trade that continued until the Civil War.) His firsthand studies completed, Agassiz departed from Columbia at the end of March, but he evidently left instructions for Gibbes to gather corroborative photographic evidence — one of the first such instances in scientific history. Gibbes enthusiastically complied, arranging for J. T. Zealy to photograph the slaves Agassiz had examined, then posing each one nude to point up anatomical details in which the scientist had shown special interest and, finally, labeling each image with the subject’s first name, tribe, and owner. Gibbes was pleased with his work. “I have just finished the daguerreotypes for Agassiz of native Africans of various tribes,” he wrote to Morton in June. “I wish you could see them.” Agassiz was probably satisfied as well; certainly his Columbia visit had reinforced his belief that Africans were a distinct species. Although Agassiz never wavered in his belief, the theory of special creations was soon to be supplanted by the theory of evolution propounded by Charles Darwin in his Origin of Species (1859). Modern anthropologists, of course, are unanimous in their belief that mankind is a single species. Agassiz’ theory was discredited by the mid-1860’s, but the daguerreotypes survived; and it is ironic that these pictures, made to demonstrate the supposed inferiority of their subjects, instead conferred a kind of immortality on the men and women we know only as Renty and Delia, Jem and Jack. It was no consolation for the humiliation they endured both as slaves and as objects of scientific curiosity, but a rare gain for those who now encounter these people as memorably real survivors of a painful epoch.	<urn:uuid:268715b2-6eb6-455c-939e-7dd568db6f45>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.americanheritage.com/faces-slavery-historical-find	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607596.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122221541-20200123010541-00256.warc.gz	en	0.981803	1,386	3.625	4	[ -0.1433173269033432, 0.7425968647003174, -0.05662175267934799, -0.15332990884780884, -0.04540460556745529, -0.05351652204990387, -0.1905132532119751, -0.06383628398180008, -0.341374933719635, 0.034482963383197784, 0.5087809562683105, -0.19402743875980377, -0.184920072555542, 0.251843243837...	10	The six previously unpublished daguerreotypes on the following pages represent an extraordinary historical find. Made in Columbia, South Carolina, in 1850 at the behest of Louis Agassiz, the celebrated father of American natural science, they are among the earliest known photographs of Southern slaves. So far as we know they are also the earliest for which the subjects are identified by name and by the plantation on which each one toiled. And, perhaps most remarkable, all but one of the slaves they depict were born in Africa, and three can be identified with the tribe or region from which they came. These pictures, part of a cache of fifteen, might have remained unknown had it not been for Elinor Reichlin, a former staff member of Harvard’s Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, who found them early last year in an unused storage cabinet in the museum’s attic. Each daguerreotype case was embossed “J. T. Zealy, Photographer, Columbia” and several had handwritten labels. Nothing further was known about them. Ms. Reichlin spent months tracking down their story, and in the following article she explains just how and why these poignant images were made. Until the late 1830’s, American scientists had little reason to question the Biblical explanation for mankind’s racial diversity. They assumed that all men were descended from the sons of Noah, who had dispersed across the world as the waters of the Great Flood receded. Racial differences were the result of centuries spent in different climates. Then, Dr. Samuel Morton, an eminent Philadelphia anatomist, published two books, Crania Americana (1839) and Crania Aegypticus (1844), which seemed to cast doubt on mankind’s unity. After examining hundreds of ancient and modern skulls from both the Old World and the New, he noted that each region had been peopled by distinct races since antiquity. The Biblical time allotted to man’s dispersal was far too short to account for such an ancient and extensive settlement of two widely separated continents by distinct races. Therefore, he reasoned, “mankind” must not be one species but several, each specially created by God to suit its own geographical environment. Abolitionists decried Morion’s theory; so did many religious persons, who considered it an attack on Scriptural truth. But it was eagerly seized upon by defenders of slavery who saw in it a “scientific” basis for racial inequality. The battle lines were drawn. The most prestigious convert to the doctrine of separate creations was Louis Agassiz, who arrived from Switzerland in 1846, already persuaded from fossil studies that all animal species except man had been separately created and confined to the “zoological province” in which they lived. Talks with Morton and his followers helped convince Agassiz that the races, too, were different species. In March of 1850, before a meeting of the Association for the Advancement of American Science at Charleston, South Carolina, he declared that the races were “well marked and distinct” and did not originate “from a common center … nor from a common pair.” Special creationists were jubilant: ”… with Agassiz in the war,” wrote one, “the battle is ours.” Their opponents were stunned. Agassiz was accused of unorthodoxy and was attacked for advocating slavery. Such assaults bewildered him; Agassiz was, in fact, deeply religious and largely indifferent to politics. Scientists, he believed, had a duty to search for truth wherever it led them, regardless of political and social consequences. His method was to “study nature, not books,” and after the Charleston meeting he traveled to Columbia to conduct field research on race. His host was Dr. Robert W. Gibbes, an admirer of Morton. Together, Gibbes and his illustrious guest traveled to nearby plantations where, Gibbes wrote, “Agassiz was delighted with his examinations of Ebo, Foulah, Gullah, Guinea, Coromantee, Mandrigo and Congo Negroes,” and found enough evidence to “satisfy him they have differences from other races.” Agassiz concentrated exclusively on African-born slaves and their first-generation offspring. By means of this restricted sample he hoped both to define the anatomical variations unique to “the African race” in its original form and to establish a standard against which to measure the permanence of racial characteristics among American-born slaves of more remote African ancestry who had been exposed to a temperate climate for several generations. (African-born slaves in fact constituted only a tiny fraction of the U.S. slave population in 1850, more than four decades after Congress declared the importation of slaves illegal; some of those whom Agassiz examined must have been smuggled into America as part of the illicit trade that continued until the Civil War.) His firsthand studies completed, Agassiz departed from Columbia at the end of March, but he evidently left instructions for Gibbes to gather corroborative photographic evidence — one of the first such instances in scientific history. Gibbes enthusiastically complied, arranging for J. T. Zealy to photograph the slaves Agassiz had examined, then posing each one nude to point up anatomical details in which the scientist had shown special interest and, finally, labeling each image with the subject’s first name, tribe, and owner. Gibbes was pleased with his work. “I have just finished the daguerreotypes for Agassiz of native Africans of various tribes,” he wrote to Morton in June. “I wish you could see them.” Agassiz was probably satisfied as well; certainly his Columbia visit had reinforced his belief that Africans were a distinct species. Although Agassiz never wavered in his belief, the theory of special creations was soon to be supplanted by the theory of evolution propounded by Charles Darwin in his Origin of Species (1859). Modern anthropologists, of course, are unanimous in their belief that mankind is a single species. Agassiz’ theory was discredited by the mid-1860’s, but the daguerreotypes survived; and it is ironic that these pictures, made to demonstrate the supposed inferiority of their subjects, instead conferred a kind of immortality on the men and women we know only as Renty and Delia, Jem and Jack. It was no consolation for the humiliation they endured both as slaves and as objects of scientific curiosity, but a rare gain for those who now encounter these people as memorably real survivors of a painful epoch.	1,351	ENGLISH	1
Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337), was a painter, sculptor, and architect who is recognized one of the first geniuses of the Italian Renaissance. While he continued artistic tradition and painted mostly the traditional religious images, he gave his subjects an earthly, full-blooded life and force that had not been seen before. The 16th-century biographer Giorgio Vasari says of him "...He made a decisive break with the ...Byzantine style, and brought to life the great art of painting as we know it today, introducing the technique of drawing accurately from life, which had been neglected for more than two hundred years." Vasari also tells how Cimabue, a well-known Florentine painter, discovered Giotto's talents. Cimabue supposedly saw the 12-year-old boy sketching one of his father's sheep on a flat rock and was so impressed with his talent that he persuaded the father to let Giotto become his pupil. The earliest of Giotto's works is a series of frescoes on the life of St. Francis in the church at Assisi. In about 1305 Giotto painted a notable series of 38 frescoes in the Arena Chapel in Padua. The compositions are simple, the backgrounds are subordinated, and the faces are studies in emotional expression. Like other artists of his day, Giotto lacked the technical knowledge of anatomy and perspective that later painters learned. Even so, Giotto's figures have a completely new sense of three-dimensionality and physical presence, and in portraying the sacred events he creates a feeling of moral weight rather than divine splendor. He seems to base the representations upon personal experience, and no artist has surpassed his ability to go straight to the heart of a story and express its essence with gestures and expressions of unerring conviction. He had a grasp of human emotion and of what was significant in human life. In concentrating on these essentials he created compelling pictures of people under stress, of people caught up in crises and soul-searching decisions. Modern artists often seek inspiration from Giotto. In him they find a direct approach to human experience that remains valid for every age. Giotto is regarded as the founder of the central tradition of Western painting because his work broke free from the stylizations of Byzantine art, introducing new ideals of naturalism and creating a convincing sense of pictorial space. His achievement was recognized by his contemporaries. Dante praised him in a famous passage of The Divine Comedy, and in about 1400 Cennini wrote "Giotto translated the art of painting from Greek to Latin."	<urn:uuid:20043263-654b-4f1a-99a8-c2f8d750f81d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://toursandvacationsforwomen.com/giotto	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598800.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120135447-20200120164447-00463.warc.gz	en	0.980814	533	3.328125	3	[ -0.10084909945726395, -0.08229908347129822, 0.36100274324417114, 0.24560558795928955, -0.32725656032562256, 0.1624741554260254, 0.34154078364372253, -0.03661855310201645, 0.017468905076384544, -0.11382374912500381, -0.18500176072120667, 0.15081903338432312, 0.47508203983306885, 0.534528255...	2	Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337), was a painter, sculptor, and architect who is recognized one of the first geniuses of the Italian Renaissance. While he continued artistic tradition and painted mostly the traditional religious images, he gave his subjects an earthly, full-blooded life and force that had not been seen before. The 16th-century biographer Giorgio Vasari says of him "...He made a decisive break with the ...Byzantine style, and brought to life the great art of painting as we know it today, introducing the technique of drawing accurately from life, which had been neglected for more than two hundred years." Vasari also tells how Cimabue, a well-known Florentine painter, discovered Giotto's talents. Cimabue supposedly saw the 12-year-old boy sketching one of his father's sheep on a flat rock and was so impressed with his talent that he persuaded the father to let Giotto become his pupil. The earliest of Giotto's works is a series of frescoes on the life of St. Francis in the church at Assisi. In about 1305 Giotto painted a notable series of 38 frescoes in the Arena Chapel in Padua. The compositions are simple, the backgrounds are subordinated, and the faces are studies in emotional expression. Like other artists of his day, Giotto lacked the technical knowledge of anatomy and perspective that later painters learned. Even so, Giotto's figures have a completely new sense of three-dimensionality and physical presence, and in portraying the sacred events he creates a feeling of moral weight rather than divine splendor. He seems to base the representations upon personal experience, and no artist has surpassed his ability to go straight to the heart of a story and express its essence with gestures and expressions of unerring conviction. He had a grasp of human emotion and of what was significant in human life. In concentrating on these essentials he created compelling pictures of people under stress, of people caught up in crises and soul-searching decisions. Modern artists often seek inspiration from Giotto. In him they find a direct approach to human experience that remains valid for every age. Giotto is regarded as the founder of the central tradition of Western painting because his work broke free from the stylizations of Byzantine art, introducing new ideals of naturalism and creating a convincing sense of pictorial space. His achievement was recognized by his contemporaries. Dante praised him in a famous passage of The Divine Comedy, and in about 1400 Cennini wrote "Giotto translated the art of painting from Greek to Latin."	551	ENGLISH	1
The16th and the17th centuries were a great period of Enlightenment for Europe concerning issues that influenced public perception besides shaping the general view on matters that defined the lives of people during that period. Art works like books and painting would easily catch the attention of different groups including the political class, the religious organizations, and many others that were in the business of shaping debates and issues in the society. One of the artworks that resonated well with the Enlightenment period was the play Tartuffe by Moliere. It, in a manner, satirized the social, religious, and political class causing jitters among them because of the simple issues that were revealed in the play (Leigh 35). In writing the play, the playwright sought to bring to the attention of different groups the hypocrisy as well as interconnectivity of the groups that were serving as the light of the social development and enlightenment. In using Tartuffe as a religious, yet a hypocritical man, the play definitely comes into confrontation with religious groups. This is because during this time, the church held a special place in the political as well as social development of the people in the society. This paper discusses how the play Tartuffe transformed the social and political worldviews during the European Enlightenment period by the themes, which are revealed therein. European Enlightenment as reflected through Tartuffe by Moliere Buy The Enlightenment of Tartuffe essay paper online The Enlightenment era was characterized by a number of transformations in philosophical, rational, and scientific development. The period was defined by voices of reason from different people. For instance, in the play Tartuffe, Doriane the servant of Orgon, comes about as the voice of reason in Orgon’s household. She comes about swiftly to oppose the plans of Orgon to marry his daughter. It is also evident that the Enlightenment period was highly defined by order in nature. There is order in the family of Orgon as seen from his orders concerning Tartuffe (Leigh 39). In fact, when he comes home and finds his wife sick, he has the discretion to decide what matters to him, and to the surprise of many people in his family, he decides to look for Tartuffe rather than his ailing wife. Order is also seen in the way the King is dragged into the matter. He only comes in the matter of legal concerns where Tartuffe expects that he will be favored before the King because of the legality of the documents that Orgon has given to him. However, he is in for a rude shock when the King decides to detain him instead of Orgon and claims that he has also witnessed the deception and hypocrisy of a man who is trusted by a friend to the point of giving his personal belongings to him and disowning his own son for the sake of the friend, yet in the end the friend forsakes him and threatens to legally evict him from his home (Hammes 9). In addition, the Enlightenment period was also characterized by lack of individualism in the society. During this time, people were expected to belong to either one or several political, social, or religious groups that were shaping the society at the time. People were living in unity as a universal approach to the problems and challenges that were facing them in their daily lives. In the play Tartuffe, we find the basic functional unit of the society, a family, which is headed by a man and who is also in charge of the family’s property. In the play, also the issue of interdependence is evident as Tartuffe comes about as a person who is heavily inclined to the side of religion as well as the political one. Orgon is so much concerned with social undertakings and this is the reason why he takes in Tartuffe as a beggar in the first place. He is also concerned with the wedding of his daughter to the extent that he makes eleven decisions to change the wedding when he feels that the man his daughter is going to marry is not the right person for her. He also decides to give much of the family property to Tartuffe despite the several red lights he has had about his trusted friends. He only has a change of heart when he himself witnesses Tartuffe seducing his wife and that is when he changes his attitude to him. As noted by the playwright himself, the play Tartuffe attacks the vices that were happening in the Enlightenment period by the use of satire and other forms of art to bring out the vices happening in the society. Thus, Moliere stated that “as the duty of comedy is to correct men by amusing them, I believed that in my occupation I could do nothing better than to attack the vices of my age by making them ridiculous…”(Hammes 15). As was the case in the Enlightenment period, a number of characteristics were reflected in the play Tartuffe, which was typical of the Enlightenment period. For instance, the subject of religion, which defined political and social lives of the people at the time, is presented through the emphasis on reason. The playwright views the religious fanaticism as unreasonable given that the society trusts religious people with several issues including their spiritual nourishment and therefore cannot afford to have religious fanaticism amongst themselves as reflected through Tartuffe’s actions in public (Simonds 91). As for the writer of the play, the Enlightenment period was stuck in a period of extremes when people were completely different from what they pretended to be in public. However, even in the midst of confusion and lack of direction, there is always a small voice of reason, which requires much listening. In the play, Cleante and Doriane are the little voices of reason. In fact, this is not only in the play, but also in the society in which they live. The fact that Moliere used a lowly person like a servant in a wealthy family as the voice of reason is an indication that the Enlightenment Period in Europe was full of surprises with people who might be looked down upon in the society coming up with reasonable suggestions that impacted the whole society. The social and political as well as economic development was no longer a preserve of the elite in the society. This is simply because reason and enlightenment were not reserved for them alone, but for anyone capable of reasoning and coming up with decisions that would impact the society (McMahon 34). The play also espouses a number of elements that were typical of the Enlightenment period in Europe where different institutions were attacked through the work of art. For instance, in the play, Orgon and his mother Perniele trust Tartuffe to the extent of leaving him in control of their family. The reason for their unquestionable trust is because Tartuffe carries and presents himself as a trustworthy person and this is reflected in the way he dresses in priestly manner and comes out a representative of the church and looks so much like a prayerful person. However, he is just the opposite of what he presents himself to be. This pretension is not lost to other family members since they see mischief and pretention in the person from the word ‘go’ and plan to stop him at all costs or better still to make Orgon and his mother realize who the real Tartuffe is. In the light of happenings in Europe at this time, Moliere is just saying that religious rhetoric was capable of presenting an incontrovertible answer to many questions that were facing the society. However, the corruptive nature of the carriers of good news as envisaged in the religious doctrines is the spoiler of the incontrovertibility of the message. Such people are represented by Tartuffe in the play. In other words, the play helps to bring out the rot in the society, which was happening, but to which no one was willing to speak out against. Because of this, the play was opposed by many religious groups. They view it as attacking their moral authority to influence the society. This is because the same society was coming out to ask the authenticity of many religious leaders and indeed if they were interested in helping their society come up with solutions to the challenges that were facing the society. Inadvertently, Moliere is simply bringing up religious discernment, which he feels is going to prevent the abuse of religion as was evident during this period (Leigh 50). In other instances, the play puts emphasis on the ignorance of the society at this time. Inasmuch as the evidence is clear that Tartuffe is a pretentious person, Orgon and his mother are not moved with this revelation and continue to give him their unwavering support and trust. However, the truth is that the rest of the family, including a simple servant in their house, has recognized the hypocritical nature of their visitor. In the same manner, few people in Europe were willing to question the actions of their political and religious leaders, even though some were already aware of their mistakes. The society at this period was deeply rooted in ignorance for fear of reprisal from their leaders but for Moliere, the play through Tartuffe and other characters brings out the undoing of the leaders. He is also seen urging the society to rise up and question the actions of people who look glorious in their characters and do what is opposed to the expectations of the society (Hammes 23). The other enlightenment that is evident in the play is the faith that people are supposed to have in the monarch. Inasmuch as Orgon has committed a punishable act by relinquishing his properties to Tartuffe, he does not expect any mercy or leniency from the King. Everyone including Tartuffe himself is convinced that the King will give Tartuffe the property as was agreed between him and Orgon. However, the King’s change of heart and his confession that he has known about the hypocrisy of Tartuffe is an indication that justice was coming to Europe at a time when people had been denied justice for a long period. Because of the supreme authority that the King has, he is able to a make a decision that he thinks is just to the society as opposed to earlier times when all such decisions were based on the law whether the law was unjust or not. Because the King has supreme authority and is acting on behalf of God, his decisions are final and thus Tartuffe has no other option, but to accept the decision of the King to give back the property to the rightful owner who is Orgon. As a representative authority from God, the King was mandated to act justly in all cases just like Orgon was also mandated to act justly to his family members, although he had failed in his duties. The King thus exercises discernment in his ruling concerning the case between Orgon and Tartuffe, a character that has been lacking in the society before the coming of the Enlightenment period(McMahon 40). Finally, the issue of suicide is brought out clearly in the play to satirize the changing views of the society about death through suicide. Prior to this awakening in Europe, many people believed that suicide was a simple way of transiting from one life to the other. However, the Enlightenment period came with a change of view about suicide. For instance, when Mariane threatens to take away her life when she is forced to marry Tartuffe, Dorine sarcastically tells her to go on with the plan because it was a simple way of running away from problems. To Dorine, this is a ridiculous statement that avoids reason and that would be dealt with through a sarcastic approach that mocks the person who is contemplating suicide. During this period, it was expected that all situations and challenges could be tackled from a reasoning point of view rather than acting as a result on the impulse of the circumstances. As such, people who were going to react to unpleasant circumstances with a mind of killing themselves were worthy of ridicule for their unreasonable responses. The other element that comes out in this scene and that could relate to the awakening is that despite the challenges that people were facing in the society at this time, there were still others who were ready to embrace reason in their thinking and actions. This includes Dorine who has come out as the agent of reason not in one instance, but in several instances where she speaks to the society about the need to have a reasonable approach to the challenges facing the society (Simonds 88). In conclusion, the play Tartuffe brings about a number of issues that Enlightenment Europe was struggling with during this period of Enlightenment. The importance of reason, discernment, justice, morality, and rule of law is emphasized through the acts of the characters like Orgon, Tartuffe, the King, Dorine, and many others who espouse the practices prevailing in the society. Related Free World Literature Essays Most popular orders	<urn:uuid:39f18dab-db12-471e-b703-5759ed5c87cf>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://exclusivepapers.com/essays/world-literature/the-enlightenment-of-tartuffe.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00425.warc.gz	en	0.988738	2,602	3.34375	3	[ 0.33873802423477173, 0.6151142716407776, 0.07987107336521149, -0.3373631238937378, 0.01187301054596901, -0.010209012776613235, 0.23978646099567413, 0.1674106866121292, 0.01453669648617506, -0.13688378036022186, -0.04202958568930626, 0.2066526859998703, -0.04538516327738762, 0.0823632329702...	1	The16th and the17th centuries were a great period of Enlightenment for Europe concerning issues that influenced public perception besides shaping the general view on matters that defined the lives of people during that period. Art works like books and painting would easily catch the attention of different groups including the political class, the religious organizations, and many others that were in the business of shaping debates and issues in the society. One of the artworks that resonated well with the Enlightenment period was the play Tartuffe by Moliere. It, in a manner, satirized the social, religious, and political class causing jitters among them because of the simple issues that were revealed in the play (Leigh 35). In writing the play, the playwright sought to bring to the attention of different groups the hypocrisy as well as interconnectivity of the groups that were serving as the light of the social development and enlightenment. In using Tartuffe as a religious, yet a hypocritical man, the play definitely comes into confrontation with religious groups. This is because during this time, the church held a special place in the political as well as social development of the people in the society. This paper discusses how the play Tartuffe transformed the social and political worldviews during the European Enlightenment period by the themes, which are revealed therein. European Enlightenment as reflected through Tartuffe by Moliere Buy The Enlightenment of Tartuffe essay paper online The Enlightenment era was characterized by a number of transformations in philosophical, rational, and scientific development. The period was defined by voices of reason from different people. For instance, in the play Tartuffe, Doriane the servant of Orgon, comes about as the voice of reason in Orgon’s household. She comes about swiftly to oppose the plans of Orgon to marry his daughter. It is also evident that the Enlightenment period was highly defined by order in nature. There is order in the family of Orgon as seen from his orders concerning Tartuffe (Leigh 39). In fact, when he comes home and finds his wife sick, he has the discretion to decide what matters to him, and to the surprise of many people in his family, he decides to look for Tartuffe rather than his ailing wife. Order is also seen in the way the King is dragged into the matter. He only comes in the matter of legal concerns where Tartuffe expects that he will be favored before the King because of the legality of the documents that Orgon has given to him. However, he is in for a rude shock when the King decides to detain him instead of Orgon and claims that he has also witnessed the deception and hypocrisy of a man who is trusted by a friend to the point of giving his personal belongings to him and disowning his own son for the sake of the friend, yet in the end the friend forsakes him and threatens to legally evict him from his home (Hammes 9). In addition, the Enlightenment period was also characterized by lack of individualism in the society. During this time, people were expected to belong to either one or several political, social, or religious groups that were shaping the society at the time. People were living in unity as a universal approach to the problems and challenges that were facing them in their daily lives. In the play Tartuffe, we find the basic functional unit of the society, a family, which is headed by a man and who is also in charge of the family’s property. In the play, also the issue of interdependence is evident as Tartuffe comes about as a person who is heavily inclined to the side of religion as well as the political one. Orgon is so much concerned with social undertakings and this is the reason why he takes in Tartuffe as a beggar in the first place. He is also concerned with the wedding of his daughter to the extent that he makes eleven decisions to change the wedding when he feels that the man his daughter is going to marry is not the right person for her. He also decides to give much of the family property to Tartuffe despite the several red lights he has had about his trusted friends. He only has a change of heart when he himself witnesses Tartuffe seducing his wife and that is when he changes his attitude to him. As noted by the playwright himself, the play Tartuffe attacks the vices that were happening in the Enlightenment period by the use of satire and other forms of art to bring out the vices happening in the society. Thus, Moliere stated that “as the duty of comedy is to correct men by amusing them, I believed that in my occupation I could do nothing better than to attack the vices of my age by making them ridiculous…”(Hammes 15). As was the case in the Enlightenment period, a number of characteristics were reflected in the play Tartuffe, which was typical of the Enlightenment period. For instance, the subject of religion, which defined political and social lives of the people at the time, is presented through the emphasis on reason. The playwright views the religious fanaticism as unreasonable given that the society trusts religious people with several issues including their spiritual nourishment and therefore cannot afford to have religious fanaticism amongst themselves as reflected through Tartuffe’s actions in public (Simonds 91). As for the writer of the play, the Enlightenment period was stuck in a period of extremes when people were completely different from what they pretended to be in public. However, even in the midst of confusion and lack of direction, there is always a small voice of reason, which requires much listening. In the play, Cleante and Doriane are the little voices of reason. In fact, this is not only in the play, but also in the society in which they live. The fact that Moliere used a lowly person like a servant in a wealthy family as the voice of reason is an indication that the Enlightenment Period in Europe was full of surprises with people who might be looked down upon in the society coming up with reasonable suggestions that impacted the whole society. The social and political as well as economic development was no longer a preserve of the elite in the society. This is simply because reason and enlightenment were not reserved for them alone, but for anyone capable of reasoning and coming up with decisions that would impact the society (McMahon 34). The play also espouses a number of elements that were typical of the Enlightenment period in Europe where different institutions were attacked through the work of art. For instance, in the play, Orgon and his mother Perniele trust Tartuffe to the extent of leaving him in control of their family. The reason for their unquestionable trust is because Tartuffe carries and presents himself as a trustworthy person and this is reflected in the way he dresses in priestly manner and comes out a representative of the church and looks so much like a prayerful person. However, he is just the opposite of what he presents himself to be. This pretension is not lost to other family members since they see mischief and pretention in the person from the word ‘go’ and plan to stop him at all costs or better still to make Orgon and his mother realize who the real Tartuffe is. In the light of happenings in Europe at this time, Moliere is just saying that religious rhetoric was capable of presenting an incontrovertible answer to many questions that were facing the society. However, the corruptive nature of the carriers of good news as envisaged in the religious doctrines is the spoiler of the incontrovertibility of the message. Such people are represented by Tartuffe in the play. In other words, the play helps to bring out the rot in the society, which was happening, but to which no one was willing to speak out against. Because of this, the play was opposed by many religious groups. They view it as attacking their moral authority to influence the society. This is because the same society was coming out to ask the authenticity of many religious leaders and indeed if they were interested in helping their society come up with solutions to the challenges that were facing the society. Inadvertently, Moliere is simply bringing up religious discernment, which he feels is going to prevent the abuse of religion as was evident during this period (Leigh 50). In other instances, the play puts emphasis on the ignorance of the society at this time. Inasmuch as the evidence is clear that Tartuffe is a pretentious person, Orgon and his mother are not moved with this revelation and continue to give him their unwavering support and trust. However, the truth is that the rest of the family, including a simple servant in their house, has recognized the hypocritical nature of their visitor. In the same manner, few people in Europe were willing to question the actions of their political and religious leaders, even though some were already aware of their mistakes. The society at this period was deeply rooted in ignorance for fear of reprisal from their leaders but for Moliere, the play through Tartuffe and other characters brings out the undoing of the leaders. He is also seen urging the society to rise up and question the actions of people who look glorious in their characters and do what is opposed to the expectations of the society (Hammes 23). The other enlightenment that is evident in the play is the faith that people are supposed to have in the monarch. Inasmuch as Orgon has committed a punishable act by relinquishing his properties to Tartuffe, he does not expect any mercy or leniency from the King. Everyone including Tartuffe himself is convinced that the King will give Tartuffe the property as was agreed between him and Orgon. However, the King’s change of heart and his confession that he has known about the hypocrisy of Tartuffe is an indication that justice was coming to Europe at a time when people had been denied justice for a long period. Because of the supreme authority that the King has, he is able to a make a decision that he thinks is just to the society as opposed to earlier times when all such decisions were based on the law whether the law was unjust or not. Because the King has supreme authority and is acting on behalf of God, his decisions are final and thus Tartuffe has no other option, but to accept the decision of the King to give back the property to the rightful owner who is Orgon. As a representative authority from God, the King was mandated to act justly in all cases just like Orgon was also mandated to act justly to his family members, although he had failed in his duties. The King thus exercises discernment in his ruling concerning the case between Orgon and Tartuffe, a character that has been lacking in the society before the coming of the Enlightenment period(McMahon 40). Finally, the issue of suicide is brought out clearly in the play to satirize the changing views of the society about death through suicide. Prior to this awakening in Europe, many people believed that suicide was a simple way of transiting from one life to the other. However, the Enlightenment period came with a change of view about suicide. For instance, when Mariane threatens to take away her life when she is forced to marry Tartuffe, Dorine sarcastically tells her to go on with the plan because it was a simple way of running away from problems. To Dorine, this is a ridiculous statement that avoids reason and that would be dealt with through a sarcastic approach that mocks the person who is contemplating suicide. During this period, it was expected that all situations and challenges could be tackled from a reasoning point of view rather than acting as a result on the impulse of the circumstances. As such, people who were going to react to unpleasant circumstances with a mind of killing themselves were worthy of ridicule for their unreasonable responses. The other element that comes out in this scene and that could relate to the awakening is that despite the challenges that people were facing in the society at this time, there were still others who were ready to embrace reason in their thinking and actions. This includes Dorine who has come out as the agent of reason not in one instance, but in several instances where she speaks to the society about the need to have a reasonable approach to the challenges facing the society (Simonds 88). In conclusion, the play Tartuffe brings about a number of issues that Enlightenment Europe was struggling with during this period of Enlightenment. The importance of reason, discernment, justice, morality, and rule of law is emphasized through the acts of the characters like Orgon, Tartuffe, the King, Dorine, and many others who espouse the practices prevailing in the society. Related Free World Literature Essays Most popular orders	2,607	ENGLISH	1
There was no Kotel prior to the middle of 16th century. The area that we call the Western Wall is not the last remaining ruin of the Second Temple. The four retaining walls of the Temple Mount, including the western wall, existed since King Herod directed the expansion of the Second Temple in 20-19 BCE. Jews did not pray at the Western Wall until some time in the 16th or 17th century. One of the reasons why Jews did not pray there was because for many centuries access to it was blocked by residential buildings – just as the Northern Wall is inaccessible even today. Ishtori Haparchi (1280-1366), author of one of the earliest geography books of the Holy Land, made no mention of a western wall when he described the geography of Jerusalem of his time in great detail. He did note that in his day Jews prayed at the eastern wall and outside the gates of the southern wall. They did not pray at the western wall because there was no way to reach it. The area currently known as the Western Wall is not mentioned in any Jewish source prior to the sixteenth century. It is not mentioned even once in either the Babylonian Talmud (completed in the sixth century CE) or the Jerusalem Talmud (completed about two centuries earlier). There is an ancient tradition (cited in Midrash Exodus Rabbah 2) that “the Shechina [God’s presence] will never move from the Western Wall.” This saying did not refer to the present Western Wall but, instead, described the ruins of the western wall of the Second Temple building, ruins that were mentioned by many medieval pilgrims, including Benjamin of Tudela (1130-1173). All this changed at noon on Thursday January 14, 1546. On that day a severe earthquake hit the region. According to eye witnesses, hundreds of people were killed. A landslide stopped the flow of the Jordan River for two days. A tsunami battered the Mediterranean coast from Acre to Gaza. The Mediterranean coast line retreated so that one could walk on the seabed with dry feet. When the sea came back, a great many people were killed. In Jerusalem the Temple Mount and the quarters surrounding it were the area hardest hit by this earthquake. The golden roof of the Dome of the Rock (or Al Aqsa, according to another source) collapsed, as did many of the houses that had been built along the western wall. These were the very houses that for centuries had prevented access to the western wall. The approach to the western wall was no longer blocked by houses occupied by many people. Now Suleiman was ready to instruct his engineers to clear the ruins and to prepare an area of the western wall as a Jewish prayer site. The new Jewish site was not large. Until 1967 it was a narrow alley. On one side of it were the houses of a thickly settled Arab neighborhood known as the Mughrabi Quarter that was first settled in the 12th century by Muslim immigrants from North Africa. On the other side of this alley was the retaining wall of the Temple Mount. This prayer area, was only 28 meters long; it occupied less than six percent of the western wall’s total length of 488 meters. It was a very small area could barely accommodate a few hundred people. In the first few centuries after Sultain Sulamein designated it as a place of prayer, the Western Wall was utilized only infrequently by its intended users. Early descriptions indicate that Jews came to the wall to pray for Divine help only when they faced very critical problems. Regular daily prayer services were not held there until the middle of the 19th century. *Meir Loewenberg is professor emeritus at Bar Ilan University’s School of Social Work. He earned his bachelor’s degree in history and literature at Harvard University, a MSW degree from Columbia University, and a Ph.D. in sociology and social work from Wayne State University. He and his family moved to Israel in 1971 and now live in Efrat. He is the author of more than one hundred publications, many of them resulting from his research on the history of Jerusalem and the Temple Mount.	<urn:uuid:d1702cea-37bf-425a-af07-f4884810f281>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://israelbehindthenews.com/earthquake-1546-made-kotel-possible/16041/?utm_source=wysija&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=ibn-today	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591763.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118023429-20200118051429-00329.warc.gz	en	0.986902	862	3.78125	4	[ -0.17455971240997314, 0.28001731634140015, -0.086859330534935, 0.122422955930233, -0.1742982566356659, 0.36167973279953003, -0.5936768054962158, 0.30617815256118774, 0.14841260015964508, 0.07890582829713821, -0.17753756046295166, -0.33484524488449097, 0.03503044322133064, 0.215618312358856...	2	There was no Kotel prior to the middle of 16th century. The area that we call the Western Wall is not the last remaining ruin of the Second Temple. The four retaining walls of the Temple Mount, including the western wall, existed since King Herod directed the expansion of the Second Temple in 20-19 BCE. Jews did not pray at the Western Wall until some time in the 16th or 17th century. One of the reasons why Jews did not pray there was because for many centuries access to it was blocked by residential buildings – just as the Northern Wall is inaccessible even today. Ishtori Haparchi (1280-1366), author of one of the earliest geography books of the Holy Land, made no mention of a western wall when he described the geography of Jerusalem of his time in great detail. He did note that in his day Jews prayed at the eastern wall and outside the gates of the southern wall. They did not pray at the western wall because there was no way to reach it. The area currently known as the Western Wall is not mentioned in any Jewish source prior to the sixteenth century. It is not mentioned even once in either the Babylonian Talmud (completed in the sixth century CE) or the Jerusalem Talmud (completed about two centuries earlier). There is an ancient tradition (cited in Midrash Exodus Rabbah 2) that “the Shechina [God’s presence] will never move from the Western Wall.” This saying did not refer to the present Western Wall but, instead, described the ruins of the western wall of the Second Temple building, ruins that were mentioned by many medieval pilgrims, including Benjamin of Tudela (1130-1173). All this changed at noon on Thursday January 14, 1546. On that day a severe earthquake hit the region. According to eye witnesses, hundreds of people were killed. A landslide stopped the flow of the Jordan River for two days. A tsunami battered the Mediterranean coast from Acre to Gaza. The Mediterranean coast line retreated so that one could walk on the seabed with dry feet. When the sea came back, a great many people were killed. In Jerusalem the Temple Mount and the quarters surrounding it were the area hardest hit by this earthquake. The golden roof of the Dome of the Rock (or Al Aqsa, according to another source) collapsed, as did many of the houses that had been built along the western wall. These were the very houses that for centuries had prevented access to the western wall. The approach to the western wall was no longer blocked by houses occupied by many people. Now Suleiman was ready to instruct his engineers to clear the ruins and to prepare an area of the western wall as a Jewish prayer site. The new Jewish site was not large. Until 1967 it was a narrow alley. On one side of it were the houses of a thickly settled Arab neighborhood known as the Mughrabi Quarter that was first settled in the 12th century by Muslim immigrants from North Africa. On the other side of this alley was the retaining wall of the Temple Mount. This prayer area, was only 28 meters long; it occupied less than six percent of the western wall’s total length of 488 meters. It was a very small area could barely accommodate a few hundred people. In the first few centuries after Sultain Sulamein designated it as a place of prayer, the Western Wall was utilized only infrequently by its intended users. Early descriptions indicate that Jews came to the wall to pray for Divine help only when they faced very critical problems. Regular daily prayer services were not held there until the middle of the 19th century. *Meir Loewenberg is professor emeritus at Bar Ilan University’s School of Social Work. He earned his bachelor’s degree in history and literature at Harvard University, a MSW degree from Columbia University, and a Ph.D. in sociology and social work from Wayne State University. He and his family moved to Israel in 1971 and now live in Efrat. He is the author of more than one hundred publications, many of them resulting from his research on the history of Jerusalem and the Temple Mount.	885	ENGLISH	1
A show of power is often conceived as being able to affect the other side negatively. While politically, it can seem like a necessity at times, this is not what should be promoted amongst children. Children and adults can benefit from being able to compete in and show power is a neutral level without adversely affecting themselves or others. Sports is the perfect recipe for anyone who has a competitive spirit and who want to be able to showcase abilities in a positive direction. Countries are brought together through sport. Wars have been halted in the name of the game. Thus, is the power of sports in an individual, community and nation. Here are some ways, sports can be used to promote Character Education in the development of a child. Children can benefit from being exposed to emotional regulations. Emotional regulation will help them calm down and even out their breathing while keeping in focus, the situations that can aid in the release of the pressure built-in. This is done through at-bats, end-of-game situations and free throws that come during gameplay. Decision making and problem-solving are other valuable skills that will help children analyse their performance and focusing on improvements. Communication and empathy are built through, knowing what is happening with their teammates and coordinating their actions. As a team and as an individual, there are several opportunities to overcome adverse situations through persistence. Very rarely, teams can find success uniformly. In sports like baseball, there are several individual outs and few hits. In soccer teams, there are only a few that can manage to score the goals. One person in the team is always laden with the responsibility to step up to leadership at some point. Integrity, consideration as well as humility comes into play when playing both individual and group sports. For character education to develop, teachers need to be updated on their teaching skills as well. They would have to understand the pressure points that they need to focus on each child, and sports give them the ability to understand their wards better. While leadership training and sportsman summits are great, an actual on-the-ground, play-by-play of what happens with their students, is what gives them the real information they need to work on as well. Sports events and summits help coaches equip themselves with that is required to be better at what they do. The skills that sportspeople develop is often not just constrained just to their individual selves. Whatever is learnt is given back to the society, school and their peers and thus keeping up with the cycle of character education and SEL in a child’s education. Most sportspeople are also looked up to by the society and others, making them great examples and mentors who can confidently pass on their skills to others around them. When working with special children, sportspeople understand the influence of handicap sports and also learn how equality and inclusion become prominent in society. In turn, both their character and what they can give back to people grow profoundly.	<urn:uuid:c336d8c2-d1c3-4cba-8604-76cd2b6d0182>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://teachvalues.org/how-sports-can-help-with-character-education/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250620381.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124130719-20200124155719-00209.warc.gz	en	0.98361	594	3.265625	3	[ -0.010016100481152534, 0.40799665451049805, 0.46934473514556885, -0.6276966333389282, -0.15131394565105438, 0.703557550907135, 0.22170761227607727, 0.24598170816898346, -0.008208285085856915, 0.22531136870384216, 0.23743820190429688, -0.3604789078235626, 0.16585294902324677, 0.173201769590...	8	A show of power is often conceived as being able to affect the other side negatively. While politically, it can seem like a necessity at times, this is not what should be promoted amongst children. Children and adults can benefit from being able to compete in and show power is a neutral level without adversely affecting themselves or others. Sports is the perfect recipe for anyone who has a competitive spirit and who want to be able to showcase abilities in a positive direction. Countries are brought together through sport. Wars have been halted in the name of the game. Thus, is the power of sports in an individual, community and nation. Here are some ways, sports can be used to promote Character Education in the development of a child. Children can benefit from being exposed to emotional regulations. Emotional regulation will help them calm down and even out their breathing while keeping in focus, the situations that can aid in the release of the pressure built-in. This is done through at-bats, end-of-game situations and free throws that come during gameplay. Decision making and problem-solving are other valuable skills that will help children analyse their performance and focusing on improvements. Communication and empathy are built through, knowing what is happening with their teammates and coordinating their actions. As a team and as an individual, there are several opportunities to overcome adverse situations through persistence. Very rarely, teams can find success uniformly. In sports like baseball, there are several individual outs and few hits. In soccer teams, there are only a few that can manage to score the goals. One person in the team is always laden with the responsibility to step up to leadership at some point. Integrity, consideration as well as humility comes into play when playing both individual and group sports. For character education to develop, teachers need to be updated on their teaching skills as well. They would have to understand the pressure points that they need to focus on each child, and sports give them the ability to understand their wards better. While leadership training and sportsman summits are great, an actual on-the-ground, play-by-play of what happens with their students, is what gives them the real information they need to work on as well. Sports events and summits help coaches equip themselves with that is required to be better at what they do. The skills that sportspeople develop is often not just constrained just to their individual selves. Whatever is learnt is given back to the society, school and their peers and thus keeping up with the cycle of character education and SEL in a child’s education. Most sportspeople are also looked up to by the society and others, making them great examples and mentors who can confidently pass on their skills to others around them. When working with special children, sportspeople understand the influence of handicap sports and also learn how equality and inclusion become prominent in society. In turn, both their character and what they can give back to people grow profoundly.	575	ENGLISH	1
In this article, you will learn about C programming history from its inception to its evolution. You will also learn from which languages C descended from. Who developed C programming language? C programming language was first introduced by Denis Ritchie at the AT &T’s Bell Laboratories USA in 1972 and was implemented for the first time in DEC PDP-11 computer. C evolved from two previous programming languages BCPL (developed by Martin Richards) and B (developed by Ken Thompson). Denise Ritchie used the concepts of BCPL and B to develop C and added data typing and some other powerful features. History of C programming – How did it all begin? In 1960s Dennis Ritchie was working at AT&T Bell Labs to develop an operating system. At those times all the systems used assembly language which required pages of codes for even simple tasks. The UNIX system which was built by both Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson was built using assembly language. Later they changed the chip system of UNIX from PDA-7 to PDP-11. At that time B (developed by Thompson himself) was the most advanced programming language and they thought of implementing it on UNIX but the compatibility issue of B with PDA-11 led to the development of new high-level programming language which was later named C as it was the successor and influenced from B. Initially, C was widely used to develop the UNIX operating system and nowadays also almost all major operating systems are written in C and C++. In 1978 a book named The C Programming Language was published written by Denise and Kernighan which became widely popular and became one of the most successful books written about computer science. Why was it named as C? This programming language was named C because many of the ideas and principles were derived from previous programming language named B. A Brief Timeline of C Programming History	<urn:uuid:ccff20bb-bf6a-473a-b35b-1da925c0a1a1>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.trytoprogram.com/c-programming/c-programming-history/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593994.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118221909-20200119005909-00303.warc.gz	en	0.981661	384	3.375	3	[ -0.6861006021499634, 0.10302368551492691, 0.07554014027118683, -0.09116281569004059, -0.6260287165641785, 0.04618708789348602, -0.037217557430267334, 0.19877329468727112, -0.04972739517688751, 0.12070504575967789, 0.1285983771085739, 0.07094340026378632, 0.17782460153102875, -0.26958039402...	13	In this article, you will learn about C programming history from its inception to its evolution. You will also learn from which languages C descended from. Who developed C programming language? C programming language was first introduced by Denis Ritchie at the AT &T’s Bell Laboratories USA in 1972 and was implemented for the first time in DEC PDP-11 computer. C evolved from two previous programming languages BCPL (developed by Martin Richards) and B (developed by Ken Thompson). Denise Ritchie used the concepts of BCPL and B to develop C and added data typing and some other powerful features. History of C programming – How did it all begin? In 1960s Dennis Ritchie was working at AT&T Bell Labs to develop an operating system. At those times all the systems used assembly language which required pages of codes for even simple tasks. The UNIX system which was built by both Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson was built using assembly language. Later they changed the chip system of UNIX from PDA-7 to PDP-11. At that time B (developed by Thompson himself) was the most advanced programming language and they thought of implementing it on UNIX but the compatibility issue of B with PDA-11 led to the development of new high-level programming language which was later named C as it was the successor and influenced from B. Initially, C was widely used to develop the UNIX operating system and nowadays also almost all major operating systems are written in C and C++. In 1978 a book named The C Programming Language was published written by Denise and Kernighan which became widely popular and became one of the most successful books written about computer science. Why was it named as C? This programming language was named C because many of the ideas and principles were derived from previous programming language named B. A Brief Timeline of C Programming History	383	ENGLISH	1
This campaign poster for McKinley and Roosevelt advocates their re-election by contrasting the previous impoverished economic conditions of the United States with the prosperity brought about by McKinley's presidency. Theodore Roosevelt was born on October 27, 1858, in New York City. In 1880, he graduated from Harvard University and immediately embarked upon a political career, winning election to the New York Assembly as a member of the Republican Party in 1881. Roosevelt's mother and first wife, Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt, died on the same date, February 14, 1884, and shortly after Roosevelt moved to the American West, where he began a literary career. Roosevelt did not remain out of politics for long, unsuccessfully running for mayor of New York City in 1886. Roosevelt spent the next two years traveling in Europe, remarrying, and authoring additional books. Most of his writings focused on the West, including his most famous series, The Winning of the West, a four-volume collection originally published between 1889 and 1896. Despite his unsuccessful bid in the mayoral race, Roosevelt remained active in the Republican Party. In 1888, Roosevelt campaigned for Benjamin Harrison for the presidency of the United States. Harrison won the election and appointed Roosevelt as the United States Civil Service Commissioner. Roosevelt was a firm believer that government appointees must be qualified for the positions that they held. When Grover Cleveland, a member of the Democratic Party, won the presidency in 1892, he retained Roosevelt as commissioner, despite the fact that Roosevelt had campaigned against him in both 1888 and 1892. Roosevelt eventually resigned as commissioner and became, in 1895, president of New York City's police board. Roosevelt succeeded in creating a more professional and less corrupt police force, despite holding the position for only a year. In 1896, President-elect William McKinley appointed Roosevelt as assistant secretary of the navy. Roosevelt resigned this post once the Spanish-American War erupted. He volunteered for service in the United States Army and was commissioned as a lieutenant colonel with the First United States Volunteer Cavalry. The Rough Riders, as this unit became known, performed admirably in the conflict, and Roosevelt was promoted to colonel. He became a war hero and utilized his newfound fame to enhance his political career. While fighting in the Spanish-American War in 1898, his action earned him the Medal of Honor, which was awarded posthumously in 2001. During the war, he and a small detachment of his soldiers charged a Spanish task force, despite the overwhelming odds. He persisted the men to keep going, even if that meant charging first into the trenches of the adversary; this gave his men hope to keep enduring the mission they were on (Battle of San Juan Hill). Upon the war's conclusion in 1898, Roosevelt sought the governor's seat of New York, winning by a small majority. In 1900, President McKinley chose Roosevelt as his vice-presidential running mate. The pair won the election. With McKinley's assassination in September 1901, Roosevelt became president. As president, Roosevelt implemented numerous Progressive reforms. He opposed monopolies and actively assisted industrial workers against their employers, including coal miners in a strike in 1902. Roosevelt named his domestic policy the “Square Deal,” hoping to provide Americans with the opportunity to better themselves socially, economically, and politically. In his foreign policy, Roosevelt desired to enhance the United States' reputation abroad. His greatest accomplishment was negotiating a treaty with Panama that allowed the United States to construct the Panama Canal. In 1904, Roosevelt sought to retain the presidency. He won easily. During this term, Roosevelt continued to implement Progressive programs, including signing into law the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act. Both of these laws helped protect Americans from unsafe food and drugs. Roosevelt also continued to play a role in international affairs, including helping to negotiate the end to the Russo-Japanese War. Roosevelt's actions in this war helped win him the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906. In 1908, Roosevelt did not seek reelection. Instead, he threw his support behind William Howard Taft, an Ohioan. Taft won the election. Roosevelt intended to retire from public life at this point. He traveled to Africa, where he collected animal specimens for the Smithsonian Institution, and visited Europe with his family. During that time Roosevelt became increasing disenchanted with Taft 's policies as president. By 1912, Roosevelt decided to try to unseat his fellow Republican. At the Republican National Convention in 1912, delegates eventually chose Taft as the party's candidate. Members of the Ohio Progressive Republican League, as well as many other Progressives, left the convention to form their own political party. This new party was named the Progressive Party, and its members chose Roosevelt as their presidential candidate. Because of this split in the Republican Party, Woodrow Wilson, the Democratic Party's candidate, won the Presidential Election of 1912. Wilson was only the second Democratic elected to the presidency since the American Civil War's conclusion. Roosevelt remained active in politics following this defeat, but he never attained another elective office. Roosevelt was also known to be a conversationalist, having an enthusiast personality, having many interests, and obtaining many achievements as an author, hunter, and soldier. During the Spanish American War, he often studied botany (flora and fauna) to kill time. As an undergraduate from Harvard, he had an affinity with nature, both scientifically and emotionally. He is also the only president in the history of the United States to be awarded both the Congressional Medal of Honor as well as the Nobel Peace Prize award. He died on January 6, 1919.	<urn:uuid:94df4cd3-49bc-4b3d-b917-7b473032f255>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://ohiohistorycentral.org/index.php?title=Theodore_Roosevelt&oldid=25219	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251737572.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127235617-20200128025617-00479.warc.gz	en	0.981619	1,146	3.875	4	[ -0.2478548288345337, 0.16128180921077728, 0.35268929600715637, 0.006199600175023079, 0.08253715932369232, 0.43264469504356384, -0.45103368163108826, 0.11128982901573181, -0.07032722234725952, -0.3539924621582031, 0.2895529568195343, 0.2616507112979889, 0.15485741198062897, 0.25682413578033...	2	This campaign poster for McKinley and Roosevelt advocates their re-election by contrasting the previous impoverished economic conditions of the United States with the prosperity brought about by McKinley's presidency. Theodore Roosevelt was born on October 27, 1858, in New York City. In 1880, he graduated from Harvard University and immediately embarked upon a political career, winning election to the New York Assembly as a member of the Republican Party in 1881. Roosevelt's mother and first wife, Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt, died on the same date, February 14, 1884, and shortly after Roosevelt moved to the American West, where he began a literary career. Roosevelt did not remain out of politics for long, unsuccessfully running for mayor of New York City in 1886. Roosevelt spent the next two years traveling in Europe, remarrying, and authoring additional books. Most of his writings focused on the West, including his most famous series, The Winning of the West, a four-volume collection originally published between 1889 and 1896. Despite his unsuccessful bid in the mayoral race, Roosevelt remained active in the Republican Party. In 1888, Roosevelt campaigned for Benjamin Harrison for the presidency of the United States. Harrison won the election and appointed Roosevelt as the United States Civil Service Commissioner. Roosevelt was a firm believer that government appointees must be qualified for the positions that they held. When Grover Cleveland, a member of the Democratic Party, won the presidency in 1892, he retained Roosevelt as commissioner, despite the fact that Roosevelt had campaigned against him in both 1888 and 1892. Roosevelt eventually resigned as commissioner and became, in 1895, president of New York City's police board. Roosevelt succeeded in creating a more professional and less corrupt police force, despite holding the position for only a year. In 1896, President-elect William McKinley appointed Roosevelt as assistant secretary of the navy. Roosevelt resigned this post once the Spanish-American War erupted. He volunteered for service in the United States Army and was commissioned as a lieutenant colonel with the First United States Volunteer Cavalry. The Rough Riders, as this unit became known, performed admirably in the conflict, and Roosevelt was promoted to colonel. He became a war hero and utilized his newfound fame to enhance his political career. While fighting in the Spanish-American War in 1898, his action earned him the Medal of Honor, which was awarded posthumously in 2001. During the war, he and a small detachment of his soldiers charged a Spanish task force, despite the overwhelming odds. He persisted the men to keep going, even if that meant charging first into the trenches of the adversary; this gave his men hope to keep enduring the mission they were on (Battle of San Juan Hill). Upon the war's conclusion in 1898, Roosevelt sought the governor's seat of New York, winning by a small majority. In 1900, President McKinley chose Roosevelt as his vice-presidential running mate. The pair won the election. With McKinley's assassination in September 1901, Roosevelt became president. As president, Roosevelt implemented numerous Progressive reforms. He opposed monopolies and actively assisted industrial workers against their employers, including coal miners in a strike in 1902. Roosevelt named his domestic policy the “Square Deal,” hoping to provide Americans with the opportunity to better themselves socially, economically, and politically. In his foreign policy, Roosevelt desired to enhance the United States' reputation abroad. His greatest accomplishment was negotiating a treaty with Panama that allowed the United States to construct the Panama Canal. In 1904, Roosevelt sought to retain the presidency. He won easily. During this term, Roosevelt continued to implement Progressive programs, including signing into law the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act. Both of these laws helped protect Americans from unsafe food and drugs. Roosevelt also continued to play a role in international affairs, including helping to negotiate the end to the Russo-Japanese War. Roosevelt's actions in this war helped win him the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906. In 1908, Roosevelt did not seek reelection. Instead, he threw his support behind William Howard Taft, an Ohioan. Taft won the election. Roosevelt intended to retire from public life at this point. He traveled to Africa, where he collected animal specimens for the Smithsonian Institution, and visited Europe with his family. During that time Roosevelt became increasing disenchanted with Taft 's policies as president. By 1912, Roosevelt decided to try to unseat his fellow Republican. At the Republican National Convention in 1912, delegates eventually chose Taft as the party's candidate. Members of the Ohio Progressive Republican League, as well as many other Progressives, left the convention to form their own political party. This new party was named the Progressive Party, and its members chose Roosevelt as their presidential candidate. Because of this split in the Republican Party, Woodrow Wilson, the Democratic Party's candidate, won the Presidential Election of 1912. Wilson was only the second Democratic elected to the presidency since the American Civil War's conclusion. Roosevelt remained active in politics following this defeat, but he never attained another elective office. Roosevelt was also known to be a conversationalist, having an enthusiast personality, having many interests, and obtaining many achievements as an author, hunter, and soldier. During the Spanish American War, he often studied botany (flora and fauna) to kill time. As an undergraduate from Harvard, he had an affinity with nature, both scientifically and emotionally. He is also the only president in the history of the United States to be awarded both the Congressional Medal of Honor as well as the Nobel Peace Prize award. He died on January 6, 1919.	1,229	ENGLISH	1
Blueberries aren't actually blue, but deep purple, which is the colour of anthocyanin, a pigment that is especially rich in blueberries. Humans have evolved to be attracted to, and to want to eat, coloured foods. For example, our ancestors would have known to eat berries that had a rich colour, because that meant they were sweet and ripe. Animals would also have been attracted to the vivid colour of ripe berries, and would have eaten the berries, resulting in the seeds being spread around afterwards when they went to the toilet. This effectively ensures that there are more berries available the following year, so it's a clever way for a plant species to survive. Blueberries are known to be high in antioxidants, which are good for the human body; the anthocyanin is thought to be useful for combating inflammation. A good rule to follow is, the darker the berry, the more anthocyanins are present. • If you're 10 or under, and have a question that needs answering, email firstname.lastname@example.org, and we'll find an expert to look into it for you.	<urn:uuid:a69faa15-7079-4ab6-b138-957da8b8a08a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/jul/12/ask-a-grown-up-why-are-blueberries-blue	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598800.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120135447-20200120164447-00097.warc.gz	en	0.985287	237	3.5	4	[ -0.24755096435546875, -0.29511359333992004, -0.3600083887577057, -0.12145490199327469, 0.4473259150981903, 0.2099820226430893, 0.4404531419277191, 0.2863022983074188, -0.11231350153684616, 0.13489383459091187, 0.16903148591518402, -0.599319577217102, 0.49635207653045654, -0.203536823391914...	1	Blueberries aren't actually blue, but deep purple, which is the colour of anthocyanin, a pigment that is especially rich in blueberries. Humans have evolved to be attracted to, and to want to eat, coloured foods. For example, our ancestors would have known to eat berries that had a rich colour, because that meant they were sweet and ripe. Animals would also have been attracted to the vivid colour of ripe berries, and would have eaten the berries, resulting in the seeds being spread around afterwards when they went to the toilet. This effectively ensures that there are more berries available the following year, so it's a clever way for a plant species to survive. Blueberries are known to be high in antioxidants, which are good for the human body; the anthocyanin is thought to be useful for combating inflammation. A good rule to follow is, the darker the berry, the more anthocyanins are present. • If you're 10 or under, and have a question that needs answering, email firstname.lastname@example.org, and we'll find an expert to look into it for you.	226	ENGLISH	1
The conclusion that the brain works differently in winter than it does in summer came as a result of a study conducted by Gilles Vandewalle and Christelle Meyer of the University of Liege in Belgium. …For the purpose of the study, researchers scanned participants’ brains while they performed tasks, the primary aim of which was to test their ability to sustain attention as well as to store, update and compare information in their memories. The results of this study were published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and they showed that participants’ performance didn’t change regardless of the season. …On the other hand, levels of brain activity that are linked with sustaining attention peaked in June – around the summer solstice – and they were at their lowest in December around the winter solstice. This is the first study ever to show that brain functions differ depending on the season.	<urn:uuid:893cea53-dc72-496b-ba3a-b84785a9c5cb>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.parent.com/does-your-brain-work-differently-depending-on-the-season/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610919.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123131001-20200123160001-00052.warc.gz	en	0.981126	181	3.5625	4	[ -0.08578844368457794, 0.2155209332704544, 0.35127878189086914, 0.039080556482076645, 0.13963088393211365, 0.563758909702301, 0.6039066910743713, 0.38840678334236145, 0.27731186151504517, -0.34697648882865906, -0.06785545498132706, 0.0018482012674212456, 0.33493971824645996, 0.3686237335205...	1	The conclusion that the brain works differently in winter than it does in summer came as a result of a study conducted by Gilles Vandewalle and Christelle Meyer of the University of Liege in Belgium. …For the purpose of the study, researchers scanned participants’ brains while they performed tasks, the primary aim of which was to test their ability to sustain attention as well as to store, update and compare information in their memories. The results of this study were published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and they showed that participants’ performance didn’t change regardless of the season. …On the other hand, levels of brain activity that are linked with sustaining attention peaked in June – around the summer solstice – and they were at their lowest in December around the winter solstice. This is the first study ever to show that brain functions differ depending on the season.	172	ENGLISH	1
We continue our tour of Imperial Rome with the tomb of Cestius. Now, can anyone tell me what’s interesting about this tomb? It’s a pyramid! But don’t be fooled by the shape: it’s still a tomb. The reason as to why it was built in this fashion can be found when we consider when it was constructed. Any guesses? Well, it’s thought to have been made between the years of 18 and 12 BC (Pyramid of Cestius). However, many have now pinpointed it more towards 15 BC (Kleiner). What’s particularly significant about this time is that the Romans had recently managed to conquer Egypt in 30 BC and the Egyptian style had become the fashionable thing! A notably important victory was that over Mark Anthony and Cleopatra in the Battle of Actium. So, for Augustus, this wasn’t simply an Egyptian fad: he hadn’t just stolen hair styles and home furnishing ideas. This pyramid symbolizes a political turning point not only a social trend. Augustus had conquered Egypt and this is a manifestation of his pride (Kleiner). In fact, he also carried off obelisks as trophies and the funny thing is that today you can find more obelisks in Rome than in Egypt! (Armen, 273-283). First-Class Online Research Paper Writing Service - Your research paper is written by a PhD professor - Your requirements and targets are always met - You are able to control the progress of your writing assignment - You get a chance to become an excellent student! This is not the only pyramid built by the Romans although it is the only one surviving today. We’ll look more into why that probably was later on. No-one actually knows for certain how many pyramids there could have been (Kleiner). There used to be a larger and more elaborate one based by the Castel St. Angelo. However, this was demolished and the marble used for its sheathing is what now makes up the staircase to St. Peter’s Basilica (Alfano, 7-17). This pyramid shape in particular, with its sharp angled sides, is thought to reflect those built in Nubia. They were especially popular in Meroe which had only recently been attacked and captured in 23 BC (Amanda, 364-366). This style not only reflects the conquests of the Romans and the influence this country had but also their ability to adapt how they built and their resourcefulness. Now, does anyone have any ideas as to who this Cestius could be? The funny thing is that no-one knows completely for sure. However, the main consensus is that he was a magistrate and a member of the Septemviri Epulonum which was one of the four major religious bodies in Rome (Amanda, 364-366). It is said that he was part of the body of priests in charge of sacred banquets. It’s also believed that, due to the style of the tomb and its sharp angled sides, he may have been part of the attack against Meroe. So, in a sense, this could be seen as a form of commemoration to the victory they had here (Amanda, 364-366). However, there are other reasons that have been put forward for this particular design. These range from incorrect information on pyramid structures, poetic license on the part of the Romans or the fact that they had concrete to play with and not stone so could build higher structures (Pyramid of Cestius). Nevertheless, what we do know about Cestius is that he lavished strict deadlines: he ordered in his will (and in a moment we’ll be able to read it on this monument) that his tomb be built in a mere 330 days! He was a real stickler for time schedules it would appear! (Pyramid of Cestius). This tomb does not only echo the cultural influences Egypt had on Rome. It also reflects the economic status Rome had at the time of Augustus’ reign. This amazing building was built for one man! True, he was a rich man but this structure would have been constructed for Pharaohs in Egypt. Plus, only three Egyptian pyramids are taller than this one (Pyramid of Caius Cestius). This truly reflects the power and wealth Rome had at the time that this was built. On a wider scale, this tomb also reflects how elaborate the burial places were for Romans with wealth. Maybe some of you have seen the tombs of Hadrian or Augustus: these are far more elaborate though maybe not as intriguing in shape. Basically, if you had wealth you flaunted it, both in life and in death. Likewise, this represents the importance that hierarchy or social order had in Roman times. Essentially there were two classes: an upper class and a lower class. These classes were, in turn, then divided within themselves. Status was very relevant for the Romans and so publically showing what you had was of the utmost importance and the only real way to make it meaningful (McManus, 2009). As you can see, even in death the rich strode to show their wealth. So, let’s take a closer look at what materials the Romans used to create this intriguing piece of architecture. Well, as you can see, the outer layer is composed of carrara, white marble slabs or, more specifically, Italian Luna marble. The inside, however, is composed of brick-faced Roman concrete while the whole structure rests on a travertine base (Pyramid of Cestius). It is also thought that the tip of the pyramid was guided. Now, travertine is only found in tombs built for the aristocracy so obviously it was a choice material for this class (Kleiner). You can see how carefully these blocks were carved: real craftsmanship. The concrete is a good reflection of how far the Romans had come with building materials. They’d moved away from cut stone and beam as used by the Greeks and developed a better material. Concrete was flexible (as it could be poured), capable of being used to stretch over distances (for example with arches), quicker to make, easier to use, fireproof and cheaper to produce (Yegul). Concrete is, in fact, considered by many as one of the Romans best discoveries. It’s what they used to build their famous Roman roads, vital for good connections to other provinces! They created three different types but the one we can see here is called opus caementicium. This was made of volcanic ash, lime, sand, gravel and stone: all materials which the Romans could find in this area (Grundmann and Fürst, 38). It was a waste of time and effort to use cut stone. Plus, it required more skill: unskilled workmen could use concrete mking it much more financially viable. Due to this the Romans were able to build a pyramid at a more acute angle than those built by the Egyptians as well as higher. Any guesses as to the dimensions? It is in fact about 37 meters in height and around 30 meters in diameter. Or, in Roman measurements: 100 Roman feet square and 125 Roman feet high (Claridge, 364-366). The main issue with the concrete, however, was that it was ugly. Aesthetics is especially important with a construction like a monument or tomb. Hence the marble. Italian Luna marble, so called because it was excavated from the quarries close to the city Luna, was particularly popular in the time of Augustus. A lot of public architecture at this time was made from marble. It was brought in from the north-west coast of Italy. Quarrying started in 1 BC and a lot of buildings used it (Kleiner). In fact, Augustus was quoted as saying that he found Rome constructed of clay but left it made of marble. This elaborate monument is a good example of how it was in the time of Augustus. This emperor was very keen to show himself as the leader who would restore Rome to its previous glory. As Julius Caesar had attempted to recreate Alexandria so Augustus wanted to recreate Athens. This is a fine example of Augustus’ attempts at Helenisation (Kleiner). He was very eager to bring back traditional ideals and religious practices (The Roman Empire). Now, this temple was rediscovered during the 1660s and at this time there were also two marble bases (Pyramid of Cestius (Atlas Obscura)). Furthermore, remnants were also found of bronze statues, one of which would have adorned each of the pillars. Although the pillars don’t remain a record was made of the inscriptions found on the bases. Basically, they listed the heirs of Cestius as Marcus Valerius Messala Corvinus, who was a famous general, Publius Rutilius Lupus, who was an orator and whose father had been in consul during 90 BC, and Lucius Junius Silanus, known for being a member of the gens Junia, a very important family in Rome. Now, in Cestius’ will he had stated that he wanted his Pergamene tapestries to be put into the tomb with him. However, this was forbidden by recent laws passed by the aediles. (Basically, the aedile were like the police and local authorities rolled into one. They were in charge of taking care of particular matters from the up keep of public buildings to enforcing law and order). So, almost as a replacement, the tapestries were sold and the statues were purchased instead (Pyramid of Caius Cestius (Cemetery)). One name in particular that stands out in the inscriptions is that of Agrippa. This man was a boyhood friend, son-in-law and confident to Augustus. Now, the fact that Cestius has some connection to Agrippa is a clear indicator of his aristocracy (Kleiner). Also, let’s think back to what I was talking about at the start in terms of the social and political context of this structure. Augustus was proud to have defeated Egypt and wanted to flaunt it. If there was a connection between these three men then this tomb could also be regarded as a form of memorial to Augustus’ victory. Let’s move closer to the temple now. As you can see there is an inscription on the east and west side walls. This artistically backs up some of what I’ve just explained. However, it is in Latin so most of you will probably have to take my word for it! This is inscribed on the two walls this side of the fortress: ‘Caius Cestius, son of Lucius, of the gens Pobilia, member of the College of Epulones, praetor, tribune of the plebs, septemvir of the Epulones’. (Amanda, 364-366). So, what’s the purpose of all this? Why record it so blatantly? Well, it makes people who knew and respected him feel proud. But, and probably more to the point, it preserves his name. I mean, look at us now! He has truly succeeded in memorializing himself and achieving some form of immortality. The third wall faces out into the Protestant cemetery which, in itself, is another very interesting place to visit. If you have time to investigate this inner wall you’ll find another inscription which states: ‘The work was completed, in accordance with the will, in 330 days, by the decision of the heir Pontus Mela, son of Publius of the Claudia, and Pothus, freedman’ (Amanda, 364-366). Basically, this refers to who was concerned with the construction of the monument. There is also another inscription which was added in 1663 by Pope Alexander VII which commemorates the finding of the pyramid and the restoration work done in 1660 to 1662 (Amanda, 364-366). An interesting social point is that of the freedman. As I mentioned before, there were essentially two classes in Roman times. However, there was also a class of non-citizens which consisted of women, foreigners, slaves and freedmen. Freedmen were essentially freed slaves. By being freed they were granted a Latin Right. They could become part of what was called the plebeian class and any children they went onto have were given full citizenship. If the slave became a citizen, however, depended on a number of factors: if their master was a citizen himself, if the ceremony was a formal one and the age that the slave was (The Roman Empire). For the Romans, not everyone was created equal. In fact, as some of you may have noticed, there wasn’t even a middle class. I’d like to make one more point before we enter the tomb. Now, as you can see, the tomb is currently standing within the city of Rome. However, when it was built it resided outside the city walls. Does anyone know why this would have been? Because it was forbidden for tombs to be built in the city. A necropolis, which is Greek for city of the dead, was always built outside the city. On a practical level, this reduced the risk of disease spreading, especially when burial (or inhumation) became more popular with the influence of Christianity in the 3rd century. At this time, however, cremation was mainly used. This is also a reflection of tthe politics at that time. The Law of the Twelve Tables was the core of Roman law and in Table X, the funeral regulations, it states that no-one could be buried or cremated within the city limits. Burial places, for those who could afford it, were along the sides of the roads leading up to Rome (Nock, 321 - 359). They were put there purposefully so that everyone could view the beautiful burial sites and see the wealth as they entered the city. Monuments, this one being a prime example, would have cost a lot of money. It was during the reign of Emperor Aurelian in around 271 CE that, as the city had expanded, the tomb was made part of the fortifications and formed one of the bastions (Kleiner). You can see there to your right the gateway of the wall. That is St. Paul Gate but it was originally the Porta Ostiensis and part of the Aurelian Wall (Aldrete, 41). The reason why this memorial was incorporated is thought to be that it enabled costs to be cut as well as the time it would take to build the fortifications. The reason why it had to be build in the first place is simply a reflection of the increase in power within the Roman Empire during the 3rd century CE. Now, I don’t know how you’d feel about your tomb being made part of a wall but, due to this, this structure is one of the most well preserved ancient structures within Rome. It’s also the reason why the outside is in so much better condition than the inside, as we shall see. Maybe the Romans even realized its worth at the time themselves and so made special efforts to make sure it was well maintained. Now, if you’d all like to follow me this way we can make our way into the tomb. It’s only recently that visitors have been able to actually enter the tomb. This pyramid was originally built without an entrance. Does anyone know why this is strange compared to an Egyptian pyramid? Well, this is because Egyptians believed in an after life and so they constructed their pyramids with an entrance. The Romans, however, did not share the same beliefs (Aires and Duby, 219). This is an example of how the Romans adapted a religious symbol to incorporate their own values and purposes. This is the burial chamber. I don’t know how much you know about burial chambers but the shape you can see here is a barrel-vaulted rectangular cavity. This was the simplest kind of vault and was used by the Egyptians as well as the Romans. However, it’s thought that the Romans adopted this design from the Etruscan civilization which was based in ancient Italy (Amanda, 364-366). This is another reflection of how different societies had a large influence on Roman design. As you can see this tomb is very small. However, it’s believed that this was, in fact, a family tomb (Kleiner). It used to be decorated with beautiful frescoes and stuccoes of female figures. We know this because it was recorded when discovered in 1660. However, as you can, or rather can’t, see, much of this art has now faded away. Now, the style of the painting would have been what’s known as third style. Does anyone know what this means? Third style was a style of painting very popular at the time of Augustus. Basically it consisted of mythological figures painted in the middle of a panel as if they were floating (Kleiner). They wanted to give the impression of framing the painting. You can see this figure here, painted onto what would have been a completely white panel. Backgrounds of one color were also a feature of the third style. This is a victory figure and she’s carrying a wreath. Here you can also see a thin candelabra. This was painted on instead of having columns. Historians have dated this art back to 15 BC. This is a great indicator as to Roman culture at the time (Kleiner). Artists wanted to move away from imitation, as was the second style, and concentrate on creating their own images. There was also a shift away from illusion and towards surface ornamentation (Heilbrunn Timeline). It was very popular at the time and was the style of art used by Augustus, and his close friend Agrippa, in the court. Art is a big indicator of the culture of a civilization. The Romans were influenced by the tomb art they’d encountered with the Etruscans but went on not only to decorate the homes of their dead with such designs but also their own living quarters (Ramage and Ramage, 23). They particularly focused on deity images. Now, this is a clear reflection of the Roman belief system in that period. Basically, the Romans were polytheistic and so they worshipped many deities, each of which represented something in particular. Nike, for instance: does anyone know why she was worshipped? (And no-one say footwear!) She is, basically, the goddess of victory. Each deity also had its own image and altars and temples were built where people could worship them. However, they transferred to monotheism with the rise of Christianity between the ages of 1 to 4 CE. This being a religious structure it’s clear to see why images of gods and goddesses would have been used. Now, tombs were very popular with the Romans. Well, for the rich as we’ve established. However, it wasn’t simply a representation of social status. Religiously, the tomb was considered a home for the dead. You see, the dead were considered as sacred. But this was only really noticeable in the burial of those with wealth. Not many people associate Romans and Italy with pyramids and rightly so in many ways. This is the only Roman pyramid left today and, as I said, although many speculate we can’t be certain how many were actually built. However, as I hope you’ve come to realize, this is a fantastic example of the wealth and power that the Romans had and a great reflection of the mixture of cultures which made up this civilization. Burial places in general are a superb way in which to gain information about a civilization. So, ladies and gentlemen, if you would like to make your way back outside we’ll continue with our tour. Most popular orders	<urn:uuid:c6437cf5-3d34-4f39-934b-89832c98ceb2>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://essaysexperts.com/essays/history/the-tomb-of-cestius.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604397.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121132900-20200121161900-00325.warc.gz	en	0.985664	4,155	3.984375	4	[ -0.39347076416015625, 0.4977095425128937, 0.7041622400283813, 0.2654162347316742, -0.6557552218437195, -0.128557950258255, -0.03301292657852173, 0.3530253469944, -0.2762807011604309, -0.13584892451763153, 0.1820935606956482, -0.7253533005714417, -0.06565595418214798, -0.039684370160102844,...	1	We continue our tour of Imperial Rome with the tomb of Cestius. Now, can anyone tell me what’s interesting about this tomb? It’s a pyramid! But don’t be fooled by the shape: it’s still a tomb. The reason as to why it was built in this fashion can be found when we consider when it was constructed. Any guesses? Well, it’s thought to have been made between the years of 18 and 12 BC (Pyramid of Cestius). However, many have now pinpointed it more towards 15 BC (Kleiner). What’s particularly significant about this time is that the Romans had recently managed to conquer Egypt in 30 BC and the Egyptian style had become the fashionable thing! A notably important victory was that over Mark Anthony and Cleopatra in the Battle of Actium. So, for Augustus, this wasn’t simply an Egyptian fad: he hadn’t just stolen hair styles and home furnishing ideas. This pyramid symbolizes a political turning point not only a social trend. Augustus had conquered Egypt and this is a manifestation of his pride (Kleiner). In fact, he also carried off obelisks as trophies and the funny thing is that today you can find more obelisks in Rome than in Egypt! (Armen, 273-283). First-Class Online Research Paper Writing Service - Your research paper is written by a PhD professor - Your requirements and targets are always met - You are able to control the progress of your writing assignment - You get a chance to become an excellent student! This is not the only pyramid built by the Romans although it is the only one surviving today. We’ll look more into why that probably was later on. No-one actually knows for certain how many pyramids there could have been (Kleiner). There used to be a larger and more elaborate one based by the Castel St. Angelo. However, this was demolished and the marble used for its sheathing is what now makes up the staircase to St. Peter’s Basilica (Alfano, 7-17). This pyramid shape in particular, with its sharp angled sides, is thought to reflect those built in Nubia. They were especially popular in Meroe which had only recently been attacked and captured in 23 BC (Amanda, 364-366). This style not only reflects the conquests of the Romans and the influence this country had but also their ability to adapt how they built and their resourcefulness. Now, does anyone have any ideas as to who this Cestius could be? The funny thing is that no-one knows completely for sure. However, the main consensus is that he was a magistrate and a member of the Septemviri Epulonum which was one of the four major religious bodies in Rome (Amanda, 364-366). It is said that he was part of the body of priests in charge of sacred banquets. It’s also believed that, due to the style of the tomb and its sharp angled sides, he may have been part of the attack against Meroe. So, in a sense, this could be seen as a form of commemoration to the victory they had here (Amanda, 364-366). However, there are other reasons that have been put forward for this particular design. These range from incorrect information on pyramid structures, poetic license on the part of the Romans or the fact that they had concrete to play with and not stone so could build higher structures (Pyramid of Cestius). Nevertheless, what we do know about Cestius is that he lavished strict deadlines: he ordered in his will (and in a moment we’ll be able to read it on this monument) that his tomb be built in a mere 330 days! He was a real stickler for time schedules it would appear! (Pyramid of Cestius). This tomb does not only echo the cultural influences Egypt had on Rome. It also reflects the economic status Rome had at the time of Augustus’ reign. This amazing building was built for one man! True, he was a rich man but this structure would have been constructed for Pharaohs in Egypt. Plus, only three Egyptian pyramids are taller than this one (Pyramid of Caius Cestius). This truly reflects the power and wealth Rome had at the time that this was built. On a wider scale, this tomb also reflects how elaborate the burial places were for Romans with wealth. Maybe some of you have seen the tombs of Hadrian or Augustus: these are far more elaborate though maybe not as intriguing in shape. Basically, if you had wealth you flaunted it, both in life and in death. Likewise, this represents the importance that hierarchy or social order had in Roman times. Essentially there were two classes: an upper class and a lower class. These classes were, in turn, then divided within themselves. Status was very relevant for the Romans and so publically showing what you had was of the utmost importance and the only real way to make it meaningful (McManus, 2009). As you can see, even in death the rich strode to show their wealth. So, let’s take a closer look at what materials the Romans used to create this intriguing piece of architecture. Well, as you can see, the outer layer is composed of carrara, white marble slabs or, more specifically, Italian Luna marble. The inside, however, is composed of brick-faced Roman concrete while the whole structure rests on a travertine base (Pyramid of Cestius). It is also thought that the tip of the pyramid was guided. Now, travertine is only found in tombs built for the aristocracy so obviously it was a choice material for this class (Kleiner). You can see how carefully these blocks were carved: real craftsmanship. The concrete is a good reflection of how far the Romans had come with building materials. They’d moved away from cut stone and beam as used by the Greeks and developed a better material. Concrete was flexible (as it could be poured), capable of being used to stretch over distances (for example with arches), quicker to make, easier to use, fireproof and cheaper to produce (Yegul). Concrete is, in fact, considered by many as one of the Romans best discoveries. It’s what they used to build their famous Roman roads, vital for good connections to other provinces! They created three different types but the one we can see here is called opus caementicium. This was made of volcanic ash, lime, sand, gravel and stone: all materials which the Romans could find in this area (Grundmann and Fürst, 38). It was a waste of time and effort to use cut stone. Plus, it required more skill: unskilled workmen could use concrete mking it much more financially viable. Due to this the Romans were able to build a pyramid at a more acute angle than those built by the Egyptians as well as higher. Any guesses as to the dimensions? It is in fact about 37 meters in height and around 30 meters in diameter. Or, in Roman measurements: 100 Roman feet square and 125 Roman feet high (Claridge, 364-366). The main issue with the concrete, however, was that it was ugly. Aesthetics is especially important with a construction like a monument or tomb. Hence the marble. Italian Luna marble, so called because it was excavated from the quarries close to the city Luna, was particularly popular in the time of Augustus. A lot of public architecture at this time was made from marble. It was brought in from the north-west coast of Italy. Quarrying started in 1 BC and a lot of buildings used it (Kleiner). In fact, Augustus was quoted as saying that he found Rome constructed of clay but left it made of marble. This elaborate monument is a good example of how it was in the time of Augustus. This emperor was very keen to show himself as the leader who would restore Rome to its previous glory. As Julius Caesar had attempted to recreate Alexandria so Augustus wanted to recreate Athens. This is a fine example of Augustus’ attempts at Helenisation (Kleiner). He was very eager to bring back traditional ideals and religious practices (The Roman Empire). Now, this temple was rediscovered during the 1660s and at this time there were also two marble bases (Pyramid of Cestius (Atlas Obscura)). Furthermore, remnants were also found of bronze statues, one of which would have adorned each of the pillars. Although the pillars don’t remain a record was made of the inscriptions found on the bases. Basically, they listed the heirs of Cestius as Marcus Valerius Messala Corvinus, who was a famous general, Publius Rutilius Lupus, who was an orator and whose father had been in consul during 90 BC, and Lucius Junius Silanus, known for being a member of the gens Junia, a very important family in Rome. Now, in Cestius’ will he had stated that he wanted his Pergamene tapestries to be put into the tomb with him. However, this was forbidden by recent laws passed by the aediles. (Basically, the aedile were like the police and local authorities rolled into one. They were in charge of taking care of particular matters from the up keep of public buildings to enforcing law and order). So, almost as a replacement, the tapestries were sold and the statues were purchased instead (Pyramid of Caius Cestius (Cemetery)). One name in particular that stands out in the inscriptions is that of Agrippa. This man was a boyhood friend, son-in-law and confident to Augustus. Now, the fact that Cestius has some connection to Agrippa is a clear indicator of his aristocracy (Kleiner). Also, let’s think back to what I was talking about at the start in terms of the social and political context of this structure. Augustus was proud to have defeated Egypt and wanted to flaunt it. If there was a connection between these three men then this tomb could also be regarded as a form of memorial to Augustus’ victory. Let’s move closer to the temple now. As you can see there is an inscription on the east and west side walls. This artistically backs up some of what I’ve just explained. However, it is in Latin so most of you will probably have to take my word for it! This is inscribed on the two walls this side of the fortress: ‘Caius Cestius, son of Lucius, of the gens Pobilia, member of the College of Epulones, praetor, tribune of the plebs, septemvir of the Epulones’. (Amanda, 364-366). So, what’s the purpose of all this? Why record it so blatantly? Well, it makes people who knew and respected him feel proud. But, and probably more to the point, it preserves his name. I mean, look at us now! He has truly succeeded in memorializing himself and achieving some form of immortality. The third wall faces out into the Protestant cemetery which, in itself, is another very interesting place to visit. If you have time to investigate this inner wall you’ll find another inscription which states: ‘The work was completed, in accordance with the will, in 330 days, by the decision of the heir Pontus Mela, son of Publius of the Claudia, and Pothus, freedman’ (Amanda, 364-366). Basically, this refers to who was concerned with the construction of the monument. There is also another inscription which was added in 1663 by Pope Alexander VII which commemorates the finding of the pyramid and the restoration work done in 1660 to 1662 (Amanda, 364-366). An interesting social point is that of the freedman. As I mentioned before, there were essentially two classes in Roman times. However, there was also a class of non-citizens which consisted of women, foreigners, slaves and freedmen. Freedmen were essentially freed slaves. By being freed they were granted a Latin Right. They could become part of what was called the plebeian class and any children they went onto have were given full citizenship. If the slave became a citizen, however, depended on a number of factors: if their master was a citizen himself, if the ceremony was a formal one and the age that the slave was (The Roman Empire). For the Romans, not everyone was created equal. In fact, as some of you may have noticed, there wasn’t even a middle class. I’d like to make one more point before we enter the tomb. Now, as you can see, the tomb is currently standing within the city of Rome. However, when it was built it resided outside the city walls. Does anyone know why this would have been? Because it was forbidden for tombs to be built in the city. A necropolis, which is Greek for city of the dead, was always built outside the city. On a practical level, this reduced the risk of disease spreading, especially when burial (or inhumation) became more popular with the influence of Christianity in the 3rd century. At this time, however, cremation was mainly used. This is also a reflection of tthe politics at that time. The Law of the Twelve Tables was the core of Roman law and in Table X, the funeral regulations, it states that no-one could be buried or cremated within the city limits. Burial places, for those who could afford it, were along the sides of the roads leading up to Rome (Nock, 321 - 359). They were put there purposefully so that everyone could view the beautiful burial sites and see the wealth as they entered the city. Monuments, this one being a prime example, would have cost a lot of money. It was during the reign of Emperor Aurelian in around 271 CE that, as the city had expanded, the tomb was made part of the fortifications and formed one of the bastions (Kleiner). You can see there to your right the gateway of the wall. That is St. Paul Gate but it was originally the Porta Ostiensis and part of the Aurelian Wall (Aldrete, 41). The reason why this memorial was incorporated is thought to be that it enabled costs to be cut as well as the time it would take to build the fortifications. The reason why it had to be build in the first place is simply a reflection of the increase in power within the Roman Empire during the 3rd century CE. Now, I don’t know how you’d feel about your tomb being made part of a wall but, due to this, this structure is one of the most well preserved ancient structures within Rome. It’s also the reason why the outside is in so much better condition than the inside, as we shall see. Maybe the Romans even realized its worth at the time themselves and so made special efforts to make sure it was well maintained. Now, if you’d all like to follow me this way we can make our way into the tomb. It’s only recently that visitors have been able to actually enter the tomb. This pyramid was originally built without an entrance. Does anyone know why this is strange compared to an Egyptian pyramid? Well, this is because Egyptians believed in an after life and so they constructed their pyramids with an entrance. The Romans, however, did not share the same beliefs (Aires and Duby, 219). This is an example of how the Romans adapted a religious symbol to incorporate their own values and purposes. This is the burial chamber. I don’t know how much you know about burial chambers but the shape you can see here is a barrel-vaulted rectangular cavity. This was the simplest kind of vault and was used by the Egyptians as well as the Romans. However, it’s thought that the Romans adopted this design from the Etruscan civilization which was based in ancient Italy (Amanda, 364-366). This is another reflection of how different societies had a large influence on Roman design. As you can see this tomb is very small. However, it’s believed that this was, in fact, a family tomb (Kleiner). It used to be decorated with beautiful frescoes and stuccoes of female figures. We know this because it was recorded when discovered in 1660. However, as you can, or rather can’t, see, much of this art has now faded away. Now, the style of the painting would have been what’s known as third style. Does anyone know what this means? Third style was a style of painting very popular at the time of Augustus. Basically it consisted of mythological figures painted in the middle of a panel as if they were floating (Kleiner). They wanted to give the impression of framing the painting. You can see this figure here, painted onto what would have been a completely white panel. Backgrounds of one color were also a feature of the third style. This is a victory figure and she’s carrying a wreath. Here you can also see a thin candelabra. This was painted on instead of having columns. Historians have dated this art back to 15 BC. This is a great indicator as to Roman culture at the time (Kleiner). Artists wanted to move away from imitation, as was the second style, and concentrate on creating their own images. There was also a shift away from illusion and towards surface ornamentation (Heilbrunn Timeline). It was very popular at the time and was the style of art used by Augustus, and his close friend Agrippa, in the court. Art is a big indicator of the culture of a civilization. The Romans were influenced by the tomb art they’d encountered with the Etruscans but went on not only to decorate the homes of their dead with such designs but also their own living quarters (Ramage and Ramage, 23). They particularly focused on deity images. Now, this is a clear reflection of the Roman belief system in that period. Basically, the Romans were polytheistic and so they worshipped many deities, each of which represented something in particular. Nike, for instance: does anyone know why she was worshipped? (And no-one say footwear!) She is, basically, the goddess of victory. Each deity also had its own image and altars and temples were built where people could worship them. However, they transferred to monotheism with the rise of Christianity between the ages of 1 to 4 CE. This being a religious structure it’s clear to see why images of gods and goddesses would have been used. Now, tombs were very popular with the Romans. Well, for the rich as we’ve established. However, it wasn’t simply a representation of social status. Religiously, the tomb was considered a home for the dead. You see, the dead were considered as sacred. But this was only really noticeable in the burial of those with wealth. Not many people associate Romans and Italy with pyramids and rightly so in many ways. This is the only Roman pyramid left today and, as I said, although many speculate we can’t be certain how many were actually built. However, as I hope you’ve come to realize, this is a fantastic example of the wealth and power that the Romans had and a great reflection of the mixture of cultures which made up this civilization. Burial places in general are a superb way in which to gain information about a civilization. So, ladies and gentlemen, if you would like to make your way back outside we’ll continue with our tour. Most popular orders	4,159	ENGLISH	1
Repin was skilled at depicting real people in real situations and preferred to paint for moral and social purposes. While he did not normally paint historical pieces or ones with violence and bloodshed, Ivan the Terrible and his Son (1885) is a major exception. It is believed that Repin painted this piece as a rejection to violence and bloodshed. He was apparently inspired by the assassination of Alexander II as it caused him to reflect on other tragic events in Russia's history. The painting was shown in 1885 at the 12th Itinerant's Society Exhibition in St. Petersburg, of which he was a member for many years. Repin did some restoration work on this notable painting in 1913, which can be seen today at the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow, Russia. To better appreciate the painting, a short history on the subject - Ivan the Terrible - may be necessary. Ivan the Terrible was the Grand Prince of Moscow and ruler of Russia from 1547-1584. While he was intelligent, diplomatic and popular among the common population of Russia, he was known for having a dark side. He is notorious for having a temper as he would fall into rages that became more frequent in his old age. During one of his episodes, he killed his son and the heir to the throne, Ivan Ivanovich. In 1581, Ivan the Terrible beat Yelena Sheremateva, the wife of his son Ivan, because he thought her clothes were immodest. This is believed to have cause a miscarriage. As a result, Ivan the son confronted his father and started an argument that resulted in Ivan the Terrible striking his son in the head with his pointed staff. This injury ended up being fatal and the heir, Ivan, passed away. This event was significant to the history of Russia as well because it left the nation without it's rightful heir. Instead, Ivan the Terrible's unfit and childless middle son, Feodor, took the throne. Feodor left no heirs, which led to the Time of Troubles from 1598 to 1613. Ivan the Terrible has been depicted many times by various artists throughout history. The painting Ivan the Terrible and his Son is Repin's portrayal of this event. It is quite a beautiful painting despite it's horrible origins. Even if one did not know the story behind the painting, there are clues to show what happened. The staff is seen in the foreground on the ground as the obvious weapon. It is clear the man in black, Ivan the Terrible, has killed the younger man in the pinkish robe. There has been a skirmish of sorts as the rug is askew and some furniture in the background has been knocked over. The painting's beauty can be found in the many details. There is a lot of detail in the carpet and the shoes the young Ivan is wearing. The emotion in Ivan the Terrible's face is also very apparent. He has look of horror and a heartbreaking realization of what he has done. His emotion is juxtaposed with the lack of expression on the face of his son who has been killed. The painting can bring out mixed feelings because you feel sad for Ivan the Terrible but also realize he is the murderer. It is quite an astonishing piece of art and only one of the many amazing works of art in Repin's portfolio.	<urn:uuid:b96c057c-4aa0-49bd-811d-79be68c81d77>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.ilyarepin.net/ivan-the-terrible-and-his-son/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783000.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128184745-20200128214745-00202.warc.gz	en	0.987327	682	3.296875	3	[ -0.3209877014160156, -0.03190315142273903, 0.36433619260787964, 0.31951770186424255, 0.04241853207349777, -0.22032135725021362, 0.35800424218177795, 0.09408512711524963, -0.13135039806365967, -0.05520787835121155, -0.1583968698978424, 0.11619555950164795, 0.3535478711128235, 0.491597592830...	4	Repin was skilled at depicting real people in real situations and preferred to paint for moral and social purposes. While he did not normally paint historical pieces or ones with violence and bloodshed, Ivan the Terrible and his Son (1885) is a major exception. It is believed that Repin painted this piece as a rejection to violence and bloodshed. He was apparently inspired by the assassination of Alexander II as it caused him to reflect on other tragic events in Russia's history. The painting was shown in 1885 at the 12th Itinerant's Society Exhibition in St. Petersburg, of which he was a member for many years. Repin did some restoration work on this notable painting in 1913, which can be seen today at the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow, Russia. To better appreciate the painting, a short history on the subject - Ivan the Terrible - may be necessary. Ivan the Terrible was the Grand Prince of Moscow and ruler of Russia from 1547-1584. While he was intelligent, diplomatic and popular among the common population of Russia, he was known for having a dark side. He is notorious for having a temper as he would fall into rages that became more frequent in his old age. During one of his episodes, he killed his son and the heir to the throne, Ivan Ivanovich. In 1581, Ivan the Terrible beat Yelena Sheremateva, the wife of his son Ivan, because he thought her clothes were immodest. This is believed to have cause a miscarriage. As a result, Ivan the son confronted his father and started an argument that resulted in Ivan the Terrible striking his son in the head with his pointed staff. This injury ended up being fatal and the heir, Ivan, passed away. This event was significant to the history of Russia as well because it left the nation without it's rightful heir. Instead, Ivan the Terrible's unfit and childless middle son, Feodor, took the throne. Feodor left no heirs, which led to the Time of Troubles from 1598 to 1613. Ivan the Terrible has been depicted many times by various artists throughout history. The painting Ivan the Terrible and his Son is Repin's portrayal of this event. It is quite a beautiful painting despite it's horrible origins. Even if one did not know the story behind the painting, there are clues to show what happened. The staff is seen in the foreground on the ground as the obvious weapon. It is clear the man in black, Ivan the Terrible, has killed the younger man in the pinkish robe. There has been a skirmish of sorts as the rug is askew and some furniture in the background has been knocked over. The painting's beauty can be found in the many details. There is a lot of detail in the carpet and the shoes the young Ivan is wearing. The emotion in Ivan the Terrible's face is also very apparent. He has look of horror and a heartbreaking realization of what he has done. His emotion is juxtaposed with the lack of expression on the face of his son who has been killed. The painting can bring out mixed feelings because you feel sad for Ivan the Terrible but also realize he is the murderer. It is quite an astonishing piece of art and only one of the many amazing works of art in Repin's portfolio.	706	ENGLISH	1
Elsie Maud Inglis Elsie’s efforts had a massive impact on thousands of lives during WWI. For starters, she was the founder of the Scottish Women’s Hospitals which arranged for groups of nurses to travel to the frontlines to treat allied soldiers during the First World War. Although she was initially told to “go home and sit still” by the war office, by 1918, her organisation had seen 14 medical units outfitted and sent to Corsica, France, Malta, Romania, Russia, Salonika, and Serbia. Before the war, Elsie was passionate about women’s health. Standards of care for women were very poor at the time and so to improve conditions, she opened a maternity ward for Edinburgh’s poor, staffed entirely by women. Although she passed away only aged 53, Elsie’s life had a very positive, life changing impact on many. If you’d like to learn more about Elsie Inglis we have two more blogs sharing the story of this incredible woman. Mrs. Mary Barbour While most husbands were fighting on the frontlines during WWI and citizens flocked to cities for work, opportunistic landlords took the chance to hike up rents. They did this not only due to the demand for housing but because they thought women were easy targets and wouldn’t resist. The practice was particularly prominent in Glasgow and many were unfairly evicted because of it. Fortunately, Mrs. Mary Barbour wouldn’t stand for this malpractice and led an entire movement in opposition to the rent increases. The brave mother of 2 set up the South Govan branch of the Glasgow Women’s Housing Association and built an army of activists. Together they protested and were successful in having several unfair evictions dropped and the 'The Increase of Rent and Mortgage Interest (War Restrictions) Act, 1915' was brought into place. As for Mary, she became one of Glasgow’s first female Labour councilors as well as an inspiring reminder to always stick up for what you know to be right. Catherine Hogg Blair As a Suffragist, Catherine Hogg Blair from East Lothian believed passionately in equal rights for women. Hence, she assisted fellow female activists in any way she could. Taking direct action, Catherine founded the Scottish Women’s Rural Institute which taught women new skills. It aimed to help poor women from rural areas realise their full potential. As suffragettes passed by her family’s farm on their way to demonstrations in London, Catherine opened her doors to them. She provided them with food as well as a place to rest. She also provided refuge to exhausted suffragettes who had just been released from prison after being part of a hunger-strike. With her initiative, Catherine helped many and assisted in achieving the rights that women value today. Miss Georgiana Fyfe Georgiana, from Glasgow, was the Girl Guide’s commissioner for the West of Scotland before WWI, but quickly signed up to Dr. Hector Munro’s Flying Ambulance Corps in 1914. From there she was sent to Ypres in Belgium where she worked among the civilians. Georgiana had a big heart and as Christmas approached that year she couldn’t help but think of the refugee children. So, using her links to the Girl Guides, she started a fundraiser to buy them gifts. This saw large shipments of presents leave Leith which likely brought a smile to many children’s faces that December. In 1915 Georgiana saved thousands of lives. She evacuated around 1,000 civilians from Ypres with her team and helped to evacuate roughly 1,300 children to France and Switzerland. Her team also financed four hospices. For Georgiana’s incredible work, she was awarded the Croix de Guerre and the Ordre de Leopold. Humbly, she returned to the Girl Guides after the war and also adopted one of the orphaned children.	<urn:uuid:d3dd297e-089f-4ad0-bb62-baa290ae5953>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.mercattoursinternational.com/blog/blog-post/4-brave-scottish-women-from-wwi	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250603761.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121103642-20200121132642-00338.warc.gz	en	0.981694	828	3.390625	3	[ -0.410347044467926, -0.1755969375371933, 0.025136351585388184, 0.25198861956596375, -0.06517671048641205, 0.21769553422927856, -0.009215252473950386, 0.2720121741294861, -0.005906048230826855, 0.0234699547290802, -0.18391472101211548, -0.48207688331604004, -0.12850767374038696, 0.145098567...	5	Elsie Maud Inglis Elsie’s efforts had a massive impact on thousands of lives during WWI. For starters, she was the founder of the Scottish Women’s Hospitals which arranged for groups of nurses to travel to the frontlines to treat allied soldiers during the First World War. Although she was initially told to “go home and sit still” by the war office, by 1918, her organisation had seen 14 medical units outfitted and sent to Corsica, France, Malta, Romania, Russia, Salonika, and Serbia. Before the war, Elsie was passionate about women’s health. Standards of care for women were very poor at the time and so to improve conditions, she opened a maternity ward for Edinburgh’s poor, staffed entirely by women. Although she passed away only aged 53, Elsie’s life had a very positive, life changing impact on many. If you’d like to learn more about Elsie Inglis we have two more blogs sharing the story of this incredible woman. Mrs. Mary Barbour While most husbands were fighting on the frontlines during WWI and citizens flocked to cities for work, opportunistic landlords took the chance to hike up rents. They did this not only due to the demand for housing but because they thought women were easy targets and wouldn’t resist. The practice was particularly prominent in Glasgow and many were unfairly evicted because of it. Fortunately, Mrs. Mary Barbour wouldn’t stand for this malpractice and led an entire movement in opposition to the rent increases. The brave mother of 2 set up the South Govan branch of the Glasgow Women’s Housing Association and built an army of activists. Together they protested and were successful in having several unfair evictions dropped and the 'The Increase of Rent and Mortgage Interest (War Restrictions) Act, 1915' was brought into place. As for Mary, she became one of Glasgow’s first female Labour councilors as well as an inspiring reminder to always stick up for what you know to be right. Catherine Hogg Blair As a Suffragist, Catherine Hogg Blair from East Lothian believed passionately in equal rights for women. Hence, she assisted fellow female activists in any way she could. Taking direct action, Catherine founded the Scottish Women’s Rural Institute which taught women new skills. It aimed to help poor women from rural areas realise their full potential. As suffragettes passed by her family’s farm on their way to demonstrations in London, Catherine opened her doors to them. She provided them with food as well as a place to rest. She also provided refuge to exhausted suffragettes who had just been released from prison after being part of a hunger-strike. With her initiative, Catherine helped many and assisted in achieving the rights that women value today. Miss Georgiana Fyfe Georgiana, from Glasgow, was the Girl Guide’s commissioner for the West of Scotland before WWI, but quickly signed up to Dr. Hector Munro’s Flying Ambulance Corps in 1914. From there she was sent to Ypres in Belgium where she worked among the civilians. Georgiana had a big heart and as Christmas approached that year she couldn’t help but think of the refugee children. So, using her links to the Girl Guides, she started a fundraiser to buy them gifts. This saw large shipments of presents leave Leith which likely brought a smile to many children’s faces that December. In 1915 Georgiana saved thousands of lives. She evacuated around 1,000 civilians from Ypres with her team and helped to evacuate roughly 1,300 children to France and Switzerland. Her team also financed four hospices. For Georgiana’s incredible work, she was awarded the Croix de Guerre and the Ordre de Leopold. Humbly, she returned to the Girl Guides after the war and also adopted one of the orphaned children.	807	ENGLISH	1
Through clever characterization, underlying symbolism, and an in-depth point of view, the short story "Gimpel the Fool", written by Isaac Bashevis Singer, clearly reinforces the age-old concept that repentance, along with good deeds, will ultimately be rewarded in time. Gimpel's whole-hearted yet gullible characterization weaves an important pattern in the story's meaning. The deeply embedded religious connotation and use of dynamic symbols both aid in allowing the reader to pick out the lesson learned in the story. With the help of the first person point of view, the reader can better understand the main character and his thought processes, tying all three fictional elements together to help the reader interpret the true significance of the story. Singer uses a couple of different ways to create the character Gimpel. Although Gimpel appears to be a fool, he is really a wise man and can even be characterized as a saint. He shows he is wise by loving the children that are not his, is an avid believer in his religion, and is not swayed by the temptations of the Devil. First of all he uses what other characters say about him and do to him. The other kids at school say he is a fool, and take advantage of him for their own entertainment. This is not used to make him into a foolish character, but rather a victim, a sympathetic character. He has an honest personality as well, and it shines through when introduces himself to us at the beginning. He doesn't even try to make it sound as if it was even hard to fool him. He just tells it the exact way that it took place; they told him a lie and he didn't even question it, he just believed it. "In the first place, everything is possible, as it is written in the Wisdom of the Fathers." He doesn't try to make the lie sound anymore believable than it was either; he is very honest and straightforward. He also gives you insight on his thought process, which is very open and unguarded. After his second example of... Please join StudyMode to read the full document	<urn:uuid:c51a5ff4-222f-4519-90f4-07326bead060>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.studymode.com/essays/Gimpel-The-Fool-63601096.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778272.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128122813-20200128152813-00522.warc.gz	en	0.98221	430	3.640625	4	[ -0.11693334579467773, 0.18203991651535034, 0.12527643144130707, -0.07207091897726059, -0.48652100563049316, 0.024623461067676544, 0.4900548756122589, 0.08728824555873871, 0.22789651155471802, -0.3149039149284363, -0.20823831856250763, -0.08427669107913971, 0.10520163923501968, -0.066579841...	1	Through clever characterization, underlying symbolism, and an in-depth point of view, the short story "Gimpel the Fool", written by Isaac Bashevis Singer, clearly reinforces the age-old concept that repentance, along with good deeds, will ultimately be rewarded in time. Gimpel's whole-hearted yet gullible characterization weaves an important pattern in the story's meaning. The deeply embedded religious connotation and use of dynamic symbols both aid in allowing the reader to pick out the lesson learned in the story. With the help of the first person point of view, the reader can better understand the main character and his thought processes, tying all three fictional elements together to help the reader interpret the true significance of the story. Singer uses a couple of different ways to create the character Gimpel. Although Gimpel appears to be a fool, he is really a wise man and can even be characterized as a saint. He shows he is wise by loving the children that are not his, is an avid believer in his religion, and is not swayed by the temptations of the Devil. First of all he uses what other characters say about him and do to him. The other kids at school say he is a fool, and take advantage of him for their own entertainment. This is not used to make him into a foolish character, but rather a victim, a sympathetic character. He has an honest personality as well, and it shines through when introduces himself to us at the beginning. He doesn't even try to make it sound as if it was even hard to fool him. He just tells it the exact way that it took place; they told him a lie and he didn't even question it, he just believed it. "In the first place, everything is possible, as it is written in the Wisdom of the Fathers." He doesn't try to make the lie sound anymore believable than it was either; he is very honest and straightforward. He also gives you insight on his thought process, which is very open and unguarded. After his second example of... Please join StudyMode to read the full document	427	ENGLISH	1
John Baptist de La Salle is credited as one of the founders of modern classroom-style education. As a priest living in 17th-century France, De La Salle was led by the spirit of God to become involved in the education of youth. Education became his vocation. During his lifetime, he founded a religious order of men, the Brothers of the Christian Schools, who devoted themselves to teaching boys and young men. To assist the Brothers in this ministry, he developed the first real strategy for teaching, created a teacher’s manual, wrote student textbooks, and opened a school to train teachers. He challenged the Brothers of his community to look upon everything with the eyes of faith, to see the person of Christ in their students, and to approach their ministry with great zeal for the evangelization of youth. By the time of his death in 1719, he had established numerous schools throughout France that followed his ideals. This success was later copied in Europe and in America. An Innovative Educator John Baptist de La Salle was an educational innovator. He looked at the world and saw a need to educate all children, and responded to that calling. In De La Salle’s day, education was reserved for the privileged; generally only those boys and young men whose families could afford private tutors studied at all. Relatively few of these men went on to university. All subjects were taught in Latin, greatly limiting the spread of education and texts. There were no programs to train teachers. The tutors of the day were well-educated men who performed this gentleman’s occupation to earn a living. De La Salle realized that this approach closed education to all but the very wealthy, perpetuating an entrenched upper class while cutting off opportunities for bright but poor children. He believed that the working class and poor had a right to quality education, so he directed his efforts to these youth. What was truly revolutionary was De La Salle’s understanding that a tutorial approach to instruction would never be able to reach the masses-a new technique for instruction was needed. Thus, he developed the simultaneous approach to instruction, using monitors to educate small groups within a larger group. These groups were the first “classrooms,” and this form of instruction remains the principal form of instruction worldwide some 300 years later. St. John also understood the critical need for teacher training to ensure success in the classroom, as well as the benefit of teachers continuing their training throughout their careers. Before placing teachers in the classroom, De La Salle trained them and called the teachers aside periodically to renew their instruction. He wrote a training manual for his teachers, The Conduct of Christian Schools, that included extraordinary insight to the task of the classroom instructor. The book outlined rules and techniques for class teaching, including regulations for maintaining discipline, steps for teaching reading, and even for student assessment and discipline.* “Take even more care of the education of the young people entrusted to you than if they were the children of a king.” — Meditation 133.2 (on St. Margaret, Queen of Scotland) Concern for the Poor and Vulnerable John Baptist de La Salle had great love for the poor. He demonstrated this devotion by taking the poor teachers into his home to feed them, by giving away his patrimony, and by requiring the brothers to teach the poor and working class. He held school on Sundays for those working-class youth who had to labor during the week. De La Salle even opened a school for “incorrigible delinquents.” Probably at least some of these youths we today would classify as special-needs students. De La Salle and his Brothers succeeded in creating a network of quality schools throughout France that featured instruction in the vernacular, students grouped according to ability and achievement, integration of religious instruction with secular subjects, well-prepared teachers with a sense of vocation and mission, and the involvement of parents. In 1900, John Baptist de La Salle was declared a Saint. In 1950, because of his life and inspirational writings, he was made Patron Saint of all those who work in the field of education. At the present time, there are De La Salle schools in 80 different countries around the globe. As we look at the life of St. John Baptist de La Salle, a man who lived hundreds of years ago and in a very different world, we see that the principles that guided his life are still those that guide us today. These same principles can be the driving force for all of us involved in the glorious ministry of Catholic education. De La Salle must be in awe when he sees the work that he began continuing today all over the globe by faithful Catholic educators. St. John Baptist de La Salle, Patron of Teachers, pray for us.	<urn:uuid:a46bf5ce-9322-4fd2-b843-2147f3af2362>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://tracesdefrance.fr/2017/04/01/john-baptist-de-la-salle/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594705.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119180644-20200119204644-00413.warc.gz	en	0.981718	990	3.6875	4	[ -0.02773602306842804, 0.2464156299829483, 0.453779935836792, -0.5466871857643127, -0.522774338722229, -0.040977828204631805, -0.3242191672325134, 0.31074661016464233, 0.04968486726284027, -0.22711028158664703, -0.27977651357650757, 0.09226978570222855, 0.03884775936603546, 0.19395761191844...	10	John Baptist de La Salle is credited as one of the founders of modern classroom-style education. As a priest living in 17th-century France, De La Salle was led by the spirit of God to become involved in the education of youth. Education became his vocation. During his lifetime, he founded a religious order of men, the Brothers of the Christian Schools, who devoted themselves to teaching boys and young men. To assist the Brothers in this ministry, he developed the first real strategy for teaching, created a teacher’s manual, wrote student textbooks, and opened a school to train teachers. He challenged the Brothers of his community to look upon everything with the eyes of faith, to see the person of Christ in their students, and to approach their ministry with great zeal for the evangelization of youth. By the time of his death in 1719, he had established numerous schools throughout France that followed his ideals. This success was later copied in Europe and in America. An Innovative Educator John Baptist de La Salle was an educational innovator. He looked at the world and saw a need to educate all children, and responded to that calling. In De La Salle’s day, education was reserved for the privileged; generally only those boys and young men whose families could afford private tutors studied at all. Relatively few of these men went on to university. All subjects were taught in Latin, greatly limiting the spread of education and texts. There were no programs to train teachers. The tutors of the day were well-educated men who performed this gentleman’s occupation to earn a living. De La Salle realized that this approach closed education to all but the very wealthy, perpetuating an entrenched upper class while cutting off opportunities for bright but poor children. He believed that the working class and poor had a right to quality education, so he directed his efforts to these youth. What was truly revolutionary was De La Salle’s understanding that a tutorial approach to instruction would never be able to reach the masses-a new technique for instruction was needed. Thus, he developed the simultaneous approach to instruction, using monitors to educate small groups within a larger group. These groups were the first “classrooms,” and this form of instruction remains the principal form of instruction worldwide some 300 years later. St. John also understood the critical need for teacher training to ensure success in the classroom, as well as the benefit of teachers continuing their training throughout their careers. Before placing teachers in the classroom, De La Salle trained them and called the teachers aside periodically to renew their instruction. He wrote a training manual for his teachers, The Conduct of Christian Schools, that included extraordinary insight to the task of the classroom instructor. The book outlined rules and techniques for class teaching, including regulations for maintaining discipline, steps for teaching reading, and even for student assessment and discipline.* “Take even more care of the education of the young people entrusted to you than if they were the children of a king.” — Meditation 133.2 (on St. Margaret, Queen of Scotland) Concern for the Poor and Vulnerable John Baptist de La Salle had great love for the poor. He demonstrated this devotion by taking the poor teachers into his home to feed them, by giving away his patrimony, and by requiring the brothers to teach the poor and working class. He held school on Sundays for those working-class youth who had to labor during the week. De La Salle even opened a school for “incorrigible delinquents.” Probably at least some of these youths we today would classify as special-needs students. De La Salle and his Brothers succeeded in creating a network of quality schools throughout France that featured instruction in the vernacular, students grouped according to ability and achievement, integration of religious instruction with secular subjects, well-prepared teachers with a sense of vocation and mission, and the involvement of parents. In 1900, John Baptist de La Salle was declared a Saint. In 1950, because of his life and inspirational writings, he was made Patron Saint of all those who work in the field of education. At the present time, there are De La Salle schools in 80 different countries around the globe. As we look at the life of St. John Baptist de La Salle, a man who lived hundreds of years ago and in a very different world, we see that the principles that guided his life are still those that guide us today. These same principles can be the driving force for all of us involved in the glorious ministry of Catholic education. De La Salle must be in awe when he sees the work that he began continuing today all over the globe by faithful Catholic educators. St. John Baptist de La Salle, Patron of Teachers, pray for us.	973	ENGLISH	1
While the rancor surrounding the current presidential impeachment drama is intense, it certainly is not new. In his book “Profiles in Courage,” then senator John F Kennedy recounted the story of the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson and the heroic actions of an obscure, first-term senator from Kansas named Edmund G. Ross. According to Kennedy, in 1868 Johnson was involved in an intense political battle with a faction of his own party. These so-called “Radical Republicans” advocated a stance that would regard the southern states as “conquered provinces” and would deal with them harshly during reconstruction. Born in Raleigh, Johnson was opposed to secession and was elected vice president after serving as a senator from Tennessee. Johnson became president when Lincoln was assassinated and was determined to carry out Lincoln’s more conciliatory policies toward the southern states post war. Almost as soon as Johnson assumed the presidency, a profound struggle broke out between the legislative and executive branches. Bill after bill was passed, only to be vetoed and sent back. In some cases, the vetoes were overridden and the bills became law. Even though the southern states were not represented in Congress, the two-thirds majority in the Senate was still “unreliable.” In time, according to JFK, the hatred between these two political opponents became more intense than the animosity between the slave and free states during the war. Congress made plain their intentions to impeach President Johnson and took actions intended to shore up their majority, such as hastily admitting Nebraska as a new state into the union along with their two sympathetic senators. Kansas was one of the “most radical” states at the time, but one of its senators, Jim Lane, sided with President Johnson on several occasions. After a period of ill health and intense ridicule because of his votes, Senator Lane took his own life. His replacement, Edmund G. Ross, had been one of Lane’s most outspoken critics and was sure to “vote the right way” when called upon. Now certain of their vital two-thirds majority in the Senate, the US Congress had their plan in place. They passed, over Johnson’s veto, the “Tenure-of-Office Bill” which prohibited the president from removing any cabinet member without Congress’ approval. Johnson was certain that the law was unconstitutional and looked to have it tested by the Supreme Court. He fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton who subsequently refused to leave and barricaded himself in his office for several months. Congress viewed Johnson’s actions as a wanton violation of law. Previous attempts by the House had failed, but this time they cobbled together 11 “Articles of Impeachment.” On March 5, 1868, the trial began in the Senate. Kennedy says “as the trial progressed, it became clear that the Radical Republicans had no interest in fair proceedings, but intended to depose him from the White House on any grounds, real or imagined, for refusing to accept their policies.” There were 27 admitted and recognized states in the Union at that time so the entire Senate consisted of 54 votes, so 36 votes were required to constitute a two-thirds majority. There were 42 Republicans, but six of them had already stated that the evidence was not sufficient in their minds to warrant the removal of a president. That meant that the remaining 36 Republican senators had to stand firm. Edmund G Ross, junior senator of Kansas, was one of those 36, and despite inquiries, would not divulge his verdict. Even though he had never voted against the Republicans on any matter, before the proceedings he had stated that he thought the president should have “... as fair a trial as an accused man ever had on earth.” Because of this statement, he was considered “shaky” and was inundated by letters, telegraphs and personal appeals to vote for removal. The New York Tribune said he was “hunted like a fox night and day and badgered by his own colleagues.” He was warned that a vote for acquittal would mean his political death. On the day of the vote, the gallery was packed and seats were sold for enormous sums. The tension of the moment cannot be overstated. In an act of character and courage Ross voted “Not Guilty” and Johnson was acquitted. He said after “If the President must step down … upon insufficient proofs and from partisan considerations, the office of the President would be degraded … and ever after subordinated to the legislative will.” As a result, he was ostracized and never held elected office again. Lee Comer lives in Davidson County, appreciates history, and can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org.	<urn:uuid:1170e505-2a77-437a-86cd-a3569f4612ce>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.courier-tribune.com/opinion/20191211/impeachment-drama-is-not-new	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00040.warc.gz	en	0.990382	996	3.359375	3	[ -0.23969025909900665, 0.03432726114988327, 0.4166383743286133, 0.07202190160751343, 0.1521126925945282, 0.2623544931411743, 0.02615128830075264, 0.04134736210107803, -0.0999220460653305, -0.1753348559141159, 0.3719532787799835, 0.4027867913246155, 0.016822965815663338, 0.38384684920310974,...	2	While the rancor surrounding the current presidential impeachment drama is intense, it certainly is not new. In his book “Profiles in Courage,” then senator John F Kennedy recounted the story of the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson and the heroic actions of an obscure, first-term senator from Kansas named Edmund G. Ross. According to Kennedy, in 1868 Johnson was involved in an intense political battle with a faction of his own party. These so-called “Radical Republicans” advocated a stance that would regard the southern states as “conquered provinces” and would deal with them harshly during reconstruction. Born in Raleigh, Johnson was opposed to secession and was elected vice president after serving as a senator from Tennessee. Johnson became president when Lincoln was assassinated and was determined to carry out Lincoln’s more conciliatory policies toward the southern states post war. Almost as soon as Johnson assumed the presidency, a profound struggle broke out between the legislative and executive branches. Bill after bill was passed, only to be vetoed and sent back. In some cases, the vetoes were overridden and the bills became law. Even though the southern states were not represented in Congress, the two-thirds majority in the Senate was still “unreliable.” In time, according to JFK, the hatred between these two political opponents became more intense than the animosity between the slave and free states during the war. Congress made plain their intentions to impeach President Johnson and took actions intended to shore up their majority, such as hastily admitting Nebraska as a new state into the union along with their two sympathetic senators. Kansas was one of the “most radical” states at the time, but one of its senators, Jim Lane, sided with President Johnson on several occasions. After a period of ill health and intense ridicule because of his votes, Senator Lane took his own life. His replacement, Edmund G. Ross, had been one of Lane’s most outspoken critics and was sure to “vote the right way” when called upon. Now certain of their vital two-thirds majority in the Senate, the US Congress had their plan in place. They passed, over Johnson’s veto, the “Tenure-of-Office Bill” which prohibited the president from removing any cabinet member without Congress’ approval. Johnson was certain that the law was unconstitutional and looked to have it tested by the Supreme Court. He fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton who subsequently refused to leave and barricaded himself in his office for several months. Congress viewed Johnson’s actions as a wanton violation of law. Previous attempts by the House had failed, but this time they cobbled together 11 “Articles of Impeachment.” On March 5, 1868, the trial began in the Senate. Kennedy says “as the trial progressed, it became clear that the Radical Republicans had no interest in fair proceedings, but intended to depose him from the White House on any grounds, real or imagined, for refusing to accept their policies.” There were 27 admitted and recognized states in the Union at that time so the entire Senate consisted of 54 votes, so 36 votes were required to constitute a two-thirds majority. There were 42 Republicans, but six of them had already stated that the evidence was not sufficient in their minds to warrant the removal of a president. That meant that the remaining 36 Republican senators had to stand firm. Edmund G Ross, junior senator of Kansas, was one of those 36, and despite inquiries, would not divulge his verdict. Even though he had never voted against the Republicans on any matter, before the proceedings he had stated that he thought the president should have “... as fair a trial as an accused man ever had on earth.” Because of this statement, he was considered “shaky” and was inundated by letters, telegraphs and personal appeals to vote for removal. The New York Tribune said he was “hunted like a fox night and day and badgered by his own colleagues.” He was warned that a vote for acquittal would mean his political death. On the day of the vote, the gallery was packed and seats were sold for enormous sums. The tension of the moment cannot be overstated. In an act of character and courage Ross voted “Not Guilty” and Johnson was acquitted. He said after “If the President must step down … upon insufficient proofs and from partisan considerations, the office of the President would be degraded … and ever after subordinated to the legislative will.” As a result, he was ostracized and never held elected office again. Lee Comer lives in Davidson County, appreciates history, and can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org.	949	ENGLISH	1
The river Vecht, that runs from the Rhine and Utrecht to the former Zuyderzee, has been a main traffic route for thousands of years. During all that time, people have thrown stuff in it, lost things, and over time, scores of boats did sink here. And also, the ever slower flowing water deposited gigantic quantities of mud. With the river level being structurally higher than the land on most places, something had to be done to improve the water circulation. Recently, and for the first time ever, the whole river has been dredged, and cleaned. That objects of the past millennia would be found was logical and expected. But the amount and quality surprised everybody. In 2014, an exhibition with a first selection was on display in the city hall of Weesp, and later travelled to other towns along the river. The dredging of the river has taken years, also because of delay due to World War II bombs and dumped ammunition. See 1945 bombs. The job should be finished completely in 2015. By that time about 2.5 million cube meters of mud will have been dredged, and removed by barge to other locations. Cleaning and studying all the new finds will also take many more years.	<urn:uuid:66783cf8-46d5-49bb-b908-57009eb7fb36>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://guideholland.com/news/140120riverfinds.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594333.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119064802-20200119092802-00469.warc.gz	en	0.981662	258	3.28125	3	[ -0.3146169185638428, 0.05540221929550171, 0.5109300017356873, -0.25048577785491943, 0.02925717644393444, -0.25991514325141907, -0.27780455350875854, 0.14276579022407532, -0.6132206320762634, -0.16792252659797668, 0.2368614822626114, -0.3869434595108032, -0.30378153920173645, 0.093363039195...	3	The river Vecht, that runs from the Rhine and Utrecht to the former Zuyderzee, has been a main traffic route for thousands of years. During all that time, people have thrown stuff in it, lost things, and over time, scores of boats did sink here. And also, the ever slower flowing water deposited gigantic quantities of mud. With the river level being structurally higher than the land on most places, something had to be done to improve the water circulation. Recently, and for the first time ever, the whole river has been dredged, and cleaned. That objects of the past millennia would be found was logical and expected. But the amount and quality surprised everybody. In 2014, an exhibition with a first selection was on display in the city hall of Weesp, and later travelled to other towns along the river. The dredging of the river has taken years, also because of delay due to World War II bombs and dumped ammunition. See 1945 bombs. The job should be finished completely in 2015. By that time about 2.5 million cube meters of mud will have been dredged, and removed by barge to other locations. Cleaning and studying all the new finds will also take many more years.	263	ENGLISH	1
What does the Bible mean when it refers to the Diaspora? Question: "What does the Bible mean when it refers to the Diaspora?" Answer: The word Diaspora is a transliteration of a Greek word that means “to sow throughout” or “to distribute in foreign lands” or “scatter abroad.” Some form of the Greek word is seen in six different New Testament passages, and at its simplest meaning, the Diaspora refers to Jews who were living outside of Israel having been dispersed or scattered to other Gentile countries. In modern parlance, the Diaspora refers to the scattering of the Jews throughout Europe who returned to their homeland in 1948 with the creation of the state of Israel by a United Nations resolution. Throughout the history of Israel, the Jewish people were conquered and sent into exile several different times. While many of them had returned to Israel when the opportunity arose, many others stayed in the Gentile countries. But the forced exile of Jews was only a small part of the reason that Jews would have been scattered throughout much of the Roman Empire during the New Testament time. Other economic and political influences led to many other Jews leaving Israel for more comfortable and profitable lands. There were large Jewish populations in both Egypt and Syria, with an estimated Jewish population in Alexandria, Egypt, alone, of more than one million Jews. During Roman rule many Jews were also taken to Rome as slaves, and there were large Jewish populations in several different parts of the Roman Empire. The Roman historian Mommsen wrote, “The inhabitants of Palestine were only a portion, and not the most important portion, of the Jews; the Jewish communities of Babylonia, Syria, Asia Minor and Egypt were far superior to those of Palestine.” Jews were scattered across so much of the known world that the Jewish historian Josephus wrote that “there is no city, no tribe, whether Greek or barbarian, in which Jewish law and Jewish customs have not taken root.” Clearly, by the time of Christ’s coming, Jews were scattered throughout the Roman Empire. So at the time Jesus began His earthly ministry, there were likely more Jews living outside of Israel than in it. This is important to realize because it helps us to understand just how perfect the timing of Jesus’ coming was. With Greek being widely spoken throughout the Roman Empire and Jews having been scattered or dispersed among the nations, the time was right for Jesus to come and the gospel to spread throughout the Roman Empire. As Galatians 4:4-5 says, “But when the fullness of the time had come, God sent forth His Son, born of a woman, born under the law, to redeem those who were under the law, that we might receive the adoption as sons” (emphasis added). So, in the broadest meaning of the word, the Diaspora would refer to the countless Jews living outside of Israel, and that is exactly the meaning we see in John 7:35 where the Jewish religious leaders would wonder where Jesus was going and if He was intending to go to “the Dispersion among the Greeks and teach the Greeks.” Jesus had told them that where He was going they could not come, nor could they find Him. Jesus, of course, was speaking of returning to be with God the Father, but the Jewish leaders thought He was going to be with Jews scattered abroad instead. However, in the rest of the New Testament, the meaning of the Diaspora seems to evolve somewhat. First it refers more specifically to Jewish Christians who were spread out all over the Roman Empire rather than Jews in general. In Acts 8:1–4 we see the gospel being spread as the persecution of Jewish Christians began in Jerusalem, so the Jewish Christians were “scattered” or dispersed “throughout the regions of Judea and Samaria” and “those that were scattered went everywhere preaching the word.” Those first Jewish Christians who fled Israel because of the persecution that started after the death of Stephen would have gone throughout the Roman Empire taking the message of Jesus Christ to already established and sizable Jewish communities and synagogues all over the Roman Empire. Again, in Acts 11:19, we see the word used referring to Jewish Christians, who “scattered after the persecution that arose over Stephen [and] traveled as far as Phoenicia, Cyprus, and Antioch, preaching the word to no one but the Jews only.” God had allowed—even orchestrated—the spreading of millions of Jews throughout the Roman Empire to serve as a key part in the rapid spread of the gospel. As Jewish Christians were forced to flee Jerusalem due to persecution, they were able to travel to almost any part of the world and find a Jewish population and a Jewish synagogue from which to share the gospel of Christ. Because the Jews already knew the Old Testament, the background was set and the timing was perfect for the gospel to spread throughout the nations. So, when James wrote in his Epistle that he was writing to “the twelve tribes which are scattered abroad” (James 1:1), he was clearly writing to Jewish Christians whom God had scattered throughout the Roman Empire. But then Peter’s use of the term takes on an even fuller meaning and now involves both Jewish and Gentile Christians who were scattered throughout the provinces in Asia Minor: “To the pilgrims of the Dispersion in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia and Bithynia” (1 Peter 1:1). We know from the context of 1 Peter that he is writing to both Jewish and Gentile Christians, so we see the word Diaspora now referring to Christians in general, both Jew and Gentile. In looking at the different passages where this word is found, we can see how the meaning of Diaspora has somewhat evolved in the New Testament. Originally, it referred to all Jews who lived outside of Israel. Then it took on a more limited meaning, referring specifically to Jewish Christians who were scattered throughout the Roman Empire. Finally, we see an even more general meaning as it applies to both Jewish and Gentile Christians who were scattered around an often hostile world. Recommended Resource: Faith of Israel, 2d ed.: A Theological Survey of the Old Testament by William Dumbrell More insights from your Bible study - Get Started with Logos Bible Software for Free! Why did God love Jacob and hate Esau (Malachi 1:3; Romans 9:13)? What happened to the lost tribes of Israel? What are the twelve tribes of Israel? Who are the people of God? What is the difference between Christianity and Judaism? Miscellaneous Bible Questions What does the Bible mean when it refers to the Diaspora?	<urn:uuid:a89e1575-e0df-42e7-8711-e0ac54fdd2d5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.gotquestions.org/diaspora.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250603761.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121103642-20200121132642-00323.warc.gz	en	0.980476	1,406	3.6875	4	[ 0.12770295143127441, 0.10409855842590332, 0.1933438926935196, -0.10272794961929321, -0.014994336292147636, -0.4738449454307556, 0.1561865508556366, 0.24384699761867523, 0.26976943016052246, 0.3271676003932953, 0.2371450662612915, -0.18125325441360474, -0.2560461759567261, -0.15010187029838...	1	What does the Bible mean when it refers to the Diaspora? Question: "What does the Bible mean when it refers to the Diaspora?" Answer: The word Diaspora is a transliteration of a Greek word that means “to sow throughout” or “to distribute in foreign lands” or “scatter abroad.” Some form of the Greek word is seen in six different New Testament passages, and at its simplest meaning, the Diaspora refers to Jews who were living outside of Israel having been dispersed or scattered to other Gentile countries. In modern parlance, the Diaspora refers to the scattering of the Jews throughout Europe who returned to their homeland in 1948 with the creation of the state of Israel by a United Nations resolution. Throughout the history of Israel, the Jewish people were conquered and sent into exile several different times. While many of them had returned to Israel when the opportunity arose, many others stayed in the Gentile countries. But the forced exile of Jews was only a small part of the reason that Jews would have been scattered throughout much of the Roman Empire during the New Testament time. Other economic and political influences led to many other Jews leaving Israel for more comfortable and profitable lands. There were large Jewish populations in both Egypt and Syria, with an estimated Jewish population in Alexandria, Egypt, alone, of more than one million Jews. During Roman rule many Jews were also taken to Rome as slaves, and there were large Jewish populations in several different parts of the Roman Empire. The Roman historian Mommsen wrote, “The inhabitants of Palestine were only a portion, and not the most important portion, of the Jews; the Jewish communities of Babylonia, Syria, Asia Minor and Egypt were far superior to those of Palestine.” Jews were scattered across so much of the known world that the Jewish historian Josephus wrote that “there is no city, no tribe, whether Greek or barbarian, in which Jewish law and Jewish customs have not taken root.” Clearly, by the time of Christ’s coming, Jews were scattered throughout the Roman Empire. So at the time Jesus began His earthly ministry, there were likely more Jews living outside of Israel than in it. This is important to realize because it helps us to understand just how perfect the timing of Jesus’ coming was. With Greek being widely spoken throughout the Roman Empire and Jews having been scattered or dispersed among the nations, the time was right for Jesus to come and the gospel to spread throughout the Roman Empire. As Galatians 4:4-5 says, “But when the fullness of the time had come, God sent forth His Son, born of a woman, born under the law, to redeem those who were under the law, that we might receive the adoption as sons” (emphasis added). So, in the broadest meaning of the word, the Diaspora would refer to the countless Jews living outside of Israel, and that is exactly the meaning we see in John 7:35 where the Jewish religious leaders would wonder where Jesus was going and if He was intending to go to “the Dispersion among the Greeks and teach the Greeks.” Jesus had told them that where He was going they could not come, nor could they find Him. Jesus, of course, was speaking of returning to be with God the Father, but the Jewish leaders thought He was going to be with Jews scattered abroad instead. However, in the rest of the New Testament, the meaning of the Diaspora seems to evolve somewhat. First it refers more specifically to Jewish Christians who were spread out all over the Roman Empire rather than Jews in general. In Acts 8:1–4 we see the gospel being spread as the persecution of Jewish Christians began in Jerusalem, so the Jewish Christians were “scattered” or dispersed “throughout the regions of Judea and Samaria” and “those that were scattered went everywhere preaching the word.” Those first Jewish Christians who fled Israel because of the persecution that started after the death of Stephen would have gone throughout the Roman Empire taking the message of Jesus Christ to already established and sizable Jewish communities and synagogues all over the Roman Empire. Again, in Acts 11:19, we see the word used referring to Jewish Christians, who “scattered after the persecution that arose over Stephen [and] traveled as far as Phoenicia, Cyprus, and Antioch, preaching the word to no one but the Jews only.” God had allowed—even orchestrated—the spreading of millions of Jews throughout the Roman Empire to serve as a key part in the rapid spread of the gospel. As Jewish Christians were forced to flee Jerusalem due to persecution, they were able to travel to almost any part of the world and find a Jewish population and a Jewish synagogue from which to share the gospel of Christ. Because the Jews already knew the Old Testament, the background was set and the timing was perfect for the gospel to spread throughout the nations. So, when James wrote in his Epistle that he was writing to “the twelve tribes which are scattered abroad” (James 1:1), he was clearly writing to Jewish Christians whom God had scattered throughout the Roman Empire. But then Peter’s use of the term takes on an even fuller meaning and now involves both Jewish and Gentile Christians who were scattered throughout the provinces in Asia Minor: “To the pilgrims of the Dispersion in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia and Bithynia” (1 Peter 1:1). We know from the context of 1 Peter that he is writing to both Jewish and Gentile Christians, so we see the word Diaspora now referring to Christians in general, both Jew and Gentile. In looking at the different passages where this word is found, we can see how the meaning of Diaspora has somewhat evolved in the New Testament. Originally, it referred to all Jews who lived outside of Israel. Then it took on a more limited meaning, referring specifically to Jewish Christians who were scattered throughout the Roman Empire. Finally, we see an even more general meaning as it applies to both Jewish and Gentile Christians who were scattered around an often hostile world. Recommended Resource: Faith of Israel, 2d ed.: A Theological Survey of the Old Testament by William Dumbrell More insights from your Bible study - Get Started with Logos Bible Software for Free! Why did God love Jacob and hate Esau (Malachi 1:3; Romans 9:13)? What happened to the lost tribes of Israel? What are the twelve tribes of Israel? Who are the people of God? What is the difference between Christianity and Judaism? Miscellaneous Bible Questions What does the Bible mean when it refers to the Diaspora?	1,359	ENGLISH	1
The sixteen-year-old narrator, David Balfour, begins his story one morning in June 1751 as he is leaving his family home in Essendean, in the Lowlands of Scotland to seek his fortune. His father has recently died and his mother has been dead for some time. Mr. Campbell, the preacher who has looked after David since his father’s death, meets him at the garden gate. Mr. Campbell reveals that before David’s father died, he gave him a letter for David detailing David’s inheritance. Mr. Campbell adds that David’s father wanted his son to go to the house of Shaws, near Edinburgh, which is where David’s father came from. Mr. Campbell explains that the house of Shaws belongs to the Balfour family, and that David is a relative of theirs. Mr. Campbell gives David the letter, which is addressed to Ebenezer Balfour of Shaws. Mr. Campbell encourages David to go to the house of Shaws, as the worst that can happen is that David’s relatives turn him away and he has to make the two-day journey back. Before David departs, Mr. Campbell gives him four things: the small sum of money left to him from his father’s estate, a shilling from Mr. Campbell and his wife, a Bible, and a recipe for a healing water made from lilies of the valley. On his second day of walking, David reaches the neighborhood of the house of Shaws. When he asks passers-by for directions, he finds that they are wary of the place and of Ebenezer, and warn him against going there. Near sundown, David asks a woman for further directions. She points out a ruined house in the next valley. David’s heart sinks, as he was expecting to find wealthy relatives. The woman bitterly curses the house of Shaws and its laird (lord), Ebenezer. David trembles with shock, but approaches the house, which on closer inspection proves to be in a run-down condition, with one wing unfinished. David knocks at the door. After some time, a man appears at an upstairs window, pointing a blunderbuss (an early form of shotgun) at David. David tells the man that he has a letter for Ebenezer Balfour. The man tells him to put the letter on the step and leave, but David insists that he must deliver it into Ebenezer’s hands. David reveals his name, and the man starts in surprise. The man speculates that David has come because his father is dead. David wonders how he knows this. The man reluctantly says he will let David in. The man lets David into the house, which is as bare and run-down on the inside as it is on the outside. The table is set with a poor meal of porridge. The man is wearing a nightgown over a ragged shirt, and David wonders if he is an elderly servant. The man demands to see David’s letter, but David says it is for Mr. Balfour. The man reveals that he is Ebenezer Balfour, David’s uncle, and David’s late father’s brother. David, shocked, hands him the letter. Ebenezer asks if he knows what is in it, and David says he does not. Ebenezer asks if he hopes for something. David confesses that when he heard he had wealthy relatives, he hoped they might help him, but he wants no favors that are not freely given. Ebenezer sends David to bed without any candles to light his way. The room is filthy and unkempt. Once David has entered the room, Ebenezer locks him in from the outside. The next morning, David shouts for Ebenezer to let him out, which he does. Over a porridge breakfast, Ebenezer questions David about who his friends are. David tells him about Mr. Campbell. Ebenezer tells David that he means to help him, but warns him not to speak about him and the house of Shaws to anyone. David reports Jennet Clouston’s message to Ebenezer, and Ebenezer reveals that it was he who forced her to sell up her house and belongings. Ebenezer is about to go out when he says that he cannot leave David by himself in the house. He will have to lock him out. David is angry with the mean-minded Ebenezer, and says this will mark the end of any friendship between them. David says that it is plain that Ebenezer does not like him, and says he will leave, but Ebenezer insists that they will get along fine. Examining Ebenezer’s books, David finds one with an inscription on the flyleaf in his father’s mature style of handwriting. It reads: “To my brother Ebenezer on his fifth birthday.” David is baffled. He had assumed that his father was the younger brother, as then Ebenezer, as the elder and first-born son, would have inherited the house of Shaws by the laws of primogeniture (inheritance by the first-born, normally male, child). But the inscription suggests that David’s father was the elder brother - unless David’s father was able to write well before he was five. David questions Ebenezer about this, and he becomes angry and threatening. David feels he can cope, as he is stronger than his uncle. Both men mistrust one another. Ebenezer says that he once informally promised David’s father to put a little money aside for him, and gives David forty pounds. David thanks him, and asks what he can do in return. Ebenezer says he can help him with the house and garden, and begins by sending David up the stair-tower at the unfinished end of the house to fetch a chest containing some papers. Ebenezer says he has no lights, so David sets off up the stairs in pitch darkness. At one point, a flash of lightning reveals that David is within inches of stepping into mid-air, and falling into the well. He knows now that Ebenezer wanted to send him to his death. He comes back down the stairs and enters the main part of the house, surprising his uncle, who falls to the floor as if in shock. David arms himself with a dagger he finds in a cupboard. As Ebenezer comes round, David tries to question him, but all Ebenezer will say is that he will tell David everything in the morning. This time, it is David who locks Ebenezer in his bedroom for the night. David feels proud of having defeated his uncle’s plot to kill him, and fantasizes about taking “the upper hand,” driving him “like a herd of sheep,” and becoming “that man’s king and ruler.” When he confronts his uncle the next morning, Ebenezer tries to pass off his actions as a joke. There is a knock at the door. It is a cabin boy with a letter from Captain Hoseason to Ebenezer. In the letter, Hoseason says he is waiting at Queensferry harbor with his boat, the Covenant, and wants to know if Ebenezer has any further orders. It appears that Ebenezer and Hoseason have some kind of business partnership and that these business interests have run into problems. Hoseason also writes that he has had a disagreement with Mr. Rankeillor, a lawyer who has been acting as Ebenezer’s agent. Ebenezer says that he must go to see Hoseason on business and that if David will go with him, they will both call on Mr. Rankeillor, a well-respected lawyer who knew David’s father. Though David does not trust Ebenezer, he reasons that he can come to little harm in a populated area like the harbor, and he wishes to consult the lawyer, so he agrees to go. On the journey, David chats to the cabin boy, whose name is Ransome. Ransome talks about life on board the Covenant. He describes Hoseason as brutal, a quality that Ransome admires, and proudly shows David a wound on his leg caused by Mr. Shuan, the navigator. Ransome boasts about the wild and bad things he has done, but David only feels sorry for him. David learns that the Covenant has transported criminals to slavery in North America, as well as innocent people who were kidnapped for private interest or vengeance. David, Ebenezer and Ransome arrive at the Hawes Inn, Queensferry, where they are to meet Hoseason. David catches sight of the Covenant in the harbor, and pities all those who sail in her. While Ebenezer and Hoseason talk business in an upstairs room, Ebenezer sends David downstairs to amuse himself. David walks to the beach and chats to some of the sailors, who are a rough bunch of men. Then he talks to the landlord of the inn, who calls Ebenezer a wicked old man. He says that Jennet Clouston is not the only person who has been driven out of her home by Ebenezer. He also says that there is a rumor that Ebenezer killed David’s father to get the house of Shaws. The landlord adds that David’s father was the eldest son (and therefore would normally have inherited the estate of Shaws). David is stunned by this news of his good fortune: he is the heir to the estate. Ebenezer and Hoseason emerge from their meeting. Hoseason invites David on board the Covenant, saying he will set him ashore at the town pier, near Rankeillor’s house. He whispers in David’s ear that Ebenezer “means mischief” towards him. David has always wanted to see the inside of a ship, and is convinced by Hoseason’s warning that he is an ally, so steps aboard the Covenant. Immediately, the ship casts off. David sees Ebenezer in a separate boat heading for the town. David cries out, and Ebenezer turns to look at him, his face full of “cruelty and terror.” At that moment, David is knocked unconscious. Analysis of Chapters I-VI In Kidnapped, Stevenson often uses foreshadowing, an element introduced into the story that predicts future events, to create a sense of suspense. The first major example of foreshadowing occurs when David asks passers-by directions to the house of Shaws, and they give an overwhelmingly negative impression of the place and its laird, Ebenezer Balfour. These negative responses reach a mini-climax in the melodramatic curse of Jennet Clouston, which shocks David in its violence. Such warnings are, of course, a typical element of gothic novels and the horror and suspense genres: the innocent stranger, when approaching the place of evil, is advised against going there by local inhabitants. Such foreshadowing sets up an expectation in the reader that something bad is going to happen to the innocent character in that place, and make the reader want to find out exactly what. Another example of foreshadowing comes in Chapter IV. David feels that he is like a character in an old ballad, “of a poor lad that was a rightful heir and a wicked kinsman that tried to keep him from his own.” David’s intuition summarizes the story of Kidnapped. David’s comment is also an example of a character transcending the usual limitations of his role and standing outside his situation, looking at it from a privileged viewpoint. In this instance, he takes on the role of a particularly prescient reader, who knows what will happen to a character in advance. However, David’s prescience in this instance does not prevent him from falling into Ebenezer’s traps: the first time, he narrowly escapes death through luck when a lightning strike illuminates his dangerous position in the stair-tower; and the second time, he fails to escape when he is tricked aboard the Covenant and kidnapped. The reader is entitled to ask whether David is unusually naïve. In David’s defense, he is only sixteen; he has lived a sheltered life among well-meaning people and is not used to dealing with evil-natured people; and it is reasonable for him to expect a relative (especially one to whom he has been sent by his loving father) to be kindly disposed towards him. In addition, David is an orphan, and it is natural for him to desire to find a parent-figure to stand in the place of the father he has just lost. It is his tragedy that the person best placed to take on the paternal role - Ebenezer - is, in fact, trying to do away with him. David’s immaturity (a quality for which, at the age of sixteen, he can hardly be blamed severely) shows in the dangerous pride that blinds him as a result of foiling Ebenezer’s plot to have him fall to his death from the stairs. “I saw myself in fancy smell out his secrets one after another, and grow to be that man’s king and ruler,” reflects David in Chapter V. In the light of what follows, there is much irony in this, as what actually happens is the opposite. David may have momentarily got the better of Ebenezer, but he does not know that he is about to be kidnapped and sold into slavery on Ebenezer’s orders. He makes the mistake of submitting once again to Ebenezer’s direction in leaving the house before Ebenezer has explained his story. David’s mistaken thoughts about gaining control over his uncle show his naivety, as well as highlighting the dangers of pride, which frequently comes before a fall. In a deft psychological touch by Stevenson, David falls into the kidnapping trap for two convincingly realistic reasons. The first is that, while Ebenezer is something of a storybook villain - a ragged, mean and miserly old man living in a run-down house - Captain Hoseason is a respectable-seeming man with polite and hospitable manners. To David, he must seem a welcome contrast to Ebenezer, to such an extent that he is eager to assume that he is a good man. The second reason is that Hoseason quietly warns David that Ebenezer “means mischief,” and invites him aboard the Covenant in order to tell him more. Thus Hoseason has all the appearance of being an ally for David against a common enemy, Ebenezer. However, David makes a serious mistake in leaving Hoseason and Ebenezer alone in conversation while going off to look at the ship. Overcome by the heat in Hoseason’s room, David is drawn instead to an essentially childish activity, which helps to blind him to the fact that his life and liberty are at risk. The reader, in another example of foreshadowing, has been warned of the fate that awaits David on board the Covenant by hearing Ransome’s account of the brutalities of the crew and the wound that he received from Mr. Shuan. The name of the ship, the Covenant, merits some discussion. A covenant is a one-way agreement or promise (the agreement or promise is binding on the covenanter but not on the recipient). Hoseason and the crew of the Covenant keep, and break, certain promises. In tricking David into coming aboard the ship, Hoseason breaks an unspoken covenant that was traditionally held dear in Scotland (and that Stevenson introduces later in the novel in the episode with James of the Glens) - that of hospitality to the stranger. Hoseason offers David “a bowl” of food or drink, tobacco, or anything he wishes, but he dishonors this covenant because his real motive is to lure David into his power. Hoseason also breaks the implicit covenant of common humanity that should prevent him from doing harm to David, who is little more than a boy. But neither of these spiritual covenants have any power over Hoseason because he has signed a worldly covenant with Ebenezer: to sell David into white slavery in the Carolinas. This is the one covenant that he intends to keep. It is governed by greed, not by humanity. In the light of the slavery plot, it is noteworthy that Hoseason offers David various gifts from the Carolinas, such as Indian featherwork and tobacco. With these gifts, he is symbolically buying David’s liberty - and his innocence. Hoseason here takes on something of the flavor of the devil in a morality play, who tempts man with promises of worldly goods in exchange for his soul. The name of Ransome, too, has symbolic resonance. The cabin boy has ransomed (exchanged) his innocence for the dubious rewards of his job on the Covenant.	<urn:uuid:80c42bdb-5c40-460c-a6d6-e70517e0ef2c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.novelguide.com/kidnapped/summaries/chapter1-6	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601628.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121074002-20200121103002-00083.warc.gz	en	0.980507	3,593	3.328125	3	[ -0.21893134713172913, 0.18996146321296692, 0.04269306734204292, -0.23390015959739685, -0.04699769988656044, -0.5036583542823792, 0.023889821022748947, -0.051121436059474945, 0.08637593686580658, 0.08099321275949478, 0.19223256409168243, 0.021384645253419876, 0.1538349837064743, -0.04618965...	5	The sixteen-year-old narrator, David Balfour, begins his story one morning in June 1751 as he is leaving his family home in Essendean, in the Lowlands of Scotland to seek his fortune. His father has recently died and his mother has been dead for some time. Mr. Campbell, the preacher who has looked after David since his father’s death, meets him at the garden gate. Mr. Campbell reveals that before David’s father died, he gave him a letter for David detailing David’s inheritance. Mr. Campbell adds that David’s father wanted his son to go to the house of Shaws, near Edinburgh, which is where David’s father came from. Mr. Campbell explains that the house of Shaws belongs to the Balfour family, and that David is a relative of theirs. Mr. Campbell gives David the letter, which is addressed to Ebenezer Balfour of Shaws. Mr. Campbell encourages David to go to the house of Shaws, as the worst that can happen is that David’s relatives turn him away and he has to make the two-day journey back. Before David departs, Mr. Campbell gives him four things: the small sum of money left to him from his father’s estate, a shilling from Mr. Campbell and his wife, a Bible, and a recipe for a healing water made from lilies of the valley. On his second day of walking, David reaches the neighborhood of the house of Shaws. When he asks passers-by for directions, he finds that they are wary of the place and of Ebenezer, and warn him against going there. Near sundown, David asks a woman for further directions. She points out a ruined house in the next valley. David’s heart sinks, as he was expecting to find wealthy relatives. The woman bitterly curses the house of Shaws and its laird (lord), Ebenezer. David trembles with shock, but approaches the house, which on closer inspection proves to be in a run-down condition, with one wing unfinished. David knocks at the door. After some time, a man appears at an upstairs window, pointing a blunderbuss (an early form of shotgun) at David. David tells the man that he has a letter for Ebenezer Balfour. The man tells him to put the letter on the step and leave, but David insists that he must deliver it into Ebenezer’s hands. David reveals his name, and the man starts in surprise. The man speculates that David has come because his father is dead. David wonders how he knows this. The man reluctantly says he will let David in. The man lets David into the house, which is as bare and run-down on the inside as it is on the outside. The table is set with a poor meal of porridge. The man is wearing a nightgown over a ragged shirt, and David wonders if he is an elderly servant. The man demands to see David’s letter, but David says it is for Mr. Balfour. The man reveals that he is Ebenezer Balfour, David’s uncle, and David’s late father’s brother. David, shocked, hands him the letter. Ebenezer asks if he knows what is in it, and David says he does not. Ebenezer asks if he hopes for something. David confesses that when he heard he had wealthy relatives, he hoped they might help him, but he wants no favors that are not freely given. Ebenezer sends David to bed without any candles to light his way. The room is filthy and unkempt. Once David has entered the room, Ebenezer locks him in from the outside. The next morning, David shouts for Ebenezer to let him out, which he does. Over a porridge breakfast, Ebenezer questions David about who his friends are. David tells him about Mr. Campbell. Ebenezer tells David that he means to help him, but warns him not to speak about him and the house of Shaws to anyone. David reports Jennet Clouston’s message to Ebenezer, and Ebenezer reveals that it was he who forced her to sell up her house and belongings. Ebenezer is about to go out when he says that he cannot leave David by himself in the house. He will have to lock him out. David is angry with the mean-minded Ebenezer, and says this will mark the end of any friendship between them. David says that it is plain that Ebenezer does not like him, and says he will leave, but Ebenezer insists that they will get along fine. Examining Ebenezer’s books, David finds one with an inscription on the flyleaf in his father’s mature style of handwriting. It reads: “To my brother Ebenezer on his fifth birthday.” David is baffled. He had assumed that his father was the younger brother, as then Ebenezer, as the elder and first-born son, would have inherited the house of Shaws by the laws of primogeniture (inheritance by the first-born, normally male, child). But the inscription suggests that David’s father was the elder brother - unless David’s father was able to write well before he was five. David questions Ebenezer about this, and he becomes angry and threatening. David feels he can cope, as he is stronger than his uncle. Both men mistrust one another. Ebenezer says that he once informally promised David’s father to put a little money aside for him, and gives David forty pounds. David thanks him, and asks what he can do in return. Ebenezer says he can help him with the house and garden, and begins by sending David up the stair-tower at the unfinished end of the house to fetch a chest containing some papers. Ebenezer says he has no lights, so David sets off up the stairs in pitch darkness. At one point, a flash of lightning reveals that David is within inches of stepping into mid-air, and falling into the well. He knows now that Ebenezer wanted to send him to his death. He comes back down the stairs and enters the main part of the house, surprising his uncle, who falls to the floor as if in shock. David arms himself with a dagger he finds in a cupboard. As Ebenezer comes round, David tries to question him, but all Ebenezer will say is that he will tell David everything in the morning. This time, it is David who locks Ebenezer in his bedroom for the night. David feels proud of having defeated his uncle’s plot to kill him, and fantasizes about taking “the upper hand,” driving him “like a herd of sheep,” and becoming “that man’s king and ruler.” When he confronts his uncle the next morning, Ebenezer tries to pass off his actions as a joke. There is a knock at the door. It is a cabin boy with a letter from Captain Hoseason to Ebenezer. In the letter, Hoseason says he is waiting at Queensferry harbor with his boat, the Covenant, and wants to know if Ebenezer has any further orders. It appears that Ebenezer and Hoseason have some kind of business partnership and that these business interests have run into problems. Hoseason also writes that he has had a disagreement with Mr. Rankeillor, a lawyer who has been acting as Ebenezer’s agent. Ebenezer says that he must go to see Hoseason on business and that if David will go with him, they will both call on Mr. Rankeillor, a well-respected lawyer who knew David’s father. Though David does not trust Ebenezer, he reasons that he can come to little harm in a populated area like the harbor, and he wishes to consult the lawyer, so he agrees to go. On the journey, David chats to the cabin boy, whose name is Ransome. Ransome talks about life on board the Covenant. He describes Hoseason as brutal, a quality that Ransome admires, and proudly shows David a wound on his leg caused by Mr. Shuan, the navigator. Ransome boasts about the wild and bad things he has done, but David only feels sorry for him. David learns that the Covenant has transported criminals to slavery in North America, as well as innocent people who were kidnapped for private interest or vengeance. David, Ebenezer and Ransome arrive at the Hawes Inn, Queensferry, where they are to meet Hoseason. David catches sight of the Covenant in the harbor, and pities all those who sail in her. While Ebenezer and Hoseason talk business in an upstairs room, Ebenezer sends David downstairs to amuse himself. David walks to the beach and chats to some of the sailors, who are a rough bunch of men. Then he talks to the landlord of the inn, who calls Ebenezer a wicked old man. He says that Jennet Clouston is not the only person who has been driven out of her home by Ebenezer. He also says that there is a rumor that Ebenezer killed David’s father to get the house of Shaws. The landlord adds that David’s father was the eldest son (and therefore would normally have inherited the estate of Shaws). David is stunned by this news of his good fortune: he is the heir to the estate. Ebenezer and Hoseason emerge from their meeting. Hoseason invites David on board the Covenant, saying he will set him ashore at the town pier, near Rankeillor’s house. He whispers in David’s ear that Ebenezer “means mischief” towards him. David has always wanted to see the inside of a ship, and is convinced by Hoseason’s warning that he is an ally, so steps aboard the Covenant. Immediately, the ship casts off. David sees Ebenezer in a separate boat heading for the town. David cries out, and Ebenezer turns to look at him, his face full of “cruelty and terror.” At that moment, David is knocked unconscious. Analysis of Chapters I-VI In Kidnapped, Stevenson often uses foreshadowing, an element introduced into the story that predicts future events, to create a sense of suspense. The first major example of foreshadowing occurs when David asks passers-by directions to the house of Shaws, and they give an overwhelmingly negative impression of the place and its laird, Ebenezer Balfour. These negative responses reach a mini-climax in the melodramatic curse of Jennet Clouston, which shocks David in its violence. Such warnings are, of course, a typical element of gothic novels and the horror and suspense genres: the innocent stranger, when approaching the place of evil, is advised against going there by local inhabitants. Such foreshadowing sets up an expectation in the reader that something bad is going to happen to the innocent character in that place, and make the reader want to find out exactly what. Another example of foreshadowing comes in Chapter IV. David feels that he is like a character in an old ballad, “of a poor lad that was a rightful heir and a wicked kinsman that tried to keep him from his own.” David’s intuition summarizes the story of Kidnapped. David’s comment is also an example of a character transcending the usual limitations of his role and standing outside his situation, looking at it from a privileged viewpoint. In this instance, he takes on the role of a particularly prescient reader, who knows what will happen to a character in advance. However, David’s prescience in this instance does not prevent him from falling into Ebenezer’s traps: the first time, he narrowly escapes death through luck when a lightning strike illuminates his dangerous position in the stair-tower; and the second time, he fails to escape when he is tricked aboard the Covenant and kidnapped. The reader is entitled to ask whether David is unusually naïve. In David’s defense, he is only sixteen; he has lived a sheltered life among well-meaning people and is not used to dealing with evil-natured people; and it is reasonable for him to expect a relative (especially one to whom he has been sent by his loving father) to be kindly disposed towards him. In addition, David is an orphan, and it is natural for him to desire to find a parent-figure to stand in the place of the father he has just lost. It is his tragedy that the person best placed to take on the paternal role - Ebenezer - is, in fact, trying to do away with him. David’s immaturity (a quality for which, at the age of sixteen, he can hardly be blamed severely) shows in the dangerous pride that blinds him as a result of foiling Ebenezer’s plot to have him fall to his death from the stairs. “I saw myself in fancy smell out his secrets one after another, and grow to be that man’s king and ruler,” reflects David in Chapter V. In the light of what follows, there is much irony in this, as what actually happens is the opposite. David may have momentarily got the better of Ebenezer, but he does not know that he is about to be kidnapped and sold into slavery on Ebenezer’s orders. He makes the mistake of submitting once again to Ebenezer’s direction in leaving the house before Ebenezer has explained his story. David’s mistaken thoughts about gaining control over his uncle show his naivety, as well as highlighting the dangers of pride, which frequently comes before a fall. In a deft psychological touch by Stevenson, David falls into the kidnapping trap for two convincingly realistic reasons. The first is that, while Ebenezer is something of a storybook villain - a ragged, mean and miserly old man living in a run-down house - Captain Hoseason is a respectable-seeming man with polite and hospitable manners. To David, he must seem a welcome contrast to Ebenezer, to such an extent that he is eager to assume that he is a good man. The second reason is that Hoseason quietly warns David that Ebenezer “means mischief,” and invites him aboard the Covenant in order to tell him more. Thus Hoseason has all the appearance of being an ally for David against a common enemy, Ebenezer. However, David makes a serious mistake in leaving Hoseason and Ebenezer alone in conversation while going off to look at the ship. Overcome by the heat in Hoseason’s room, David is drawn instead to an essentially childish activity, which helps to blind him to the fact that his life and liberty are at risk. The reader, in another example of foreshadowing, has been warned of the fate that awaits David on board the Covenant by hearing Ransome’s account of the brutalities of the crew and the wound that he received from Mr. Shuan. The name of the ship, the Covenant, merits some discussion. A covenant is a one-way agreement or promise (the agreement or promise is binding on the covenanter but not on the recipient). Hoseason and the crew of the Covenant keep, and break, certain promises. In tricking David into coming aboard the ship, Hoseason breaks an unspoken covenant that was traditionally held dear in Scotland (and that Stevenson introduces later in the novel in the episode with James of the Glens) - that of hospitality to the stranger. Hoseason offers David “a bowl” of food or drink, tobacco, or anything he wishes, but he dishonors this covenant because his real motive is to lure David into his power. Hoseason also breaks the implicit covenant of common humanity that should prevent him from doing harm to David, who is little more than a boy. But neither of these spiritual covenants have any power over Hoseason because he has signed a worldly covenant with Ebenezer: to sell David into white slavery in the Carolinas. This is the one covenant that he intends to keep. It is governed by greed, not by humanity. In the light of the slavery plot, it is noteworthy that Hoseason offers David various gifts from the Carolinas, such as Indian featherwork and tobacco. With these gifts, he is symbolically buying David’s liberty - and his innocence. Hoseason here takes on something of the flavor of the devil in a morality play, who tempts man with promises of worldly goods in exchange for his soul. The name of Ransome, too, has symbolic resonance. The cabin boy has ransomed (exchanged) his innocence for the dubious rewards of his job on the Covenant.	3,422	ENGLISH	1
The two continents of North and South America were named, by Martin Waldseemuller, a German clergyman-scholar, in 1507 for the Italian navigator, Amerigo Vespucci. Vespucci traveled to the New World on three occasions and wrote lengthy, but believable, reports of his observations. Waldseemuller printed a wood block map called “Carta Mariana” on which he portrayed America as a two continent new world. This map is now referred to as America’s Birth Certificate. French, Spanish, and European colonization, or invasion, of this new world began in the mid-1500’s, but were unsuccessful until 1607. The English are credited for the first surviving colony built that year in Jamestown. The colony almost failed due to poor leadership and unforeseen perils. By the winter of 1607, there were only 38 survivors of the original 104 men whom had arrived in search of wealth. John Smith came to their rescue with lucrative trade ventures with the Algonkin Indians. Securing corn, beans , and other foods; ensuring their continued existence throughout the coming winter. The English flourished in the area now known as Virginia and in 1608 the French began their first thriving settlement of Quebec. The Dutch began a prosperous venture in what is now New York, and by 1621 were sending thousands of colonists, including women and children, to the New World. The Europeans nearly didn’t make it in the New World due in part to their aversion to work. They were there for money and expected the labor to come from somewhere else. This way of thinking led to slavery in this harsh environment. They captured Indians and used indentured workers in the beginning, but as the colonization grew, so did the need for more laborers. Thus began the importation of slave labor from Africa. 1773 to 1776 was a confused time for America. Many colonists wanted to remain subjects to Great Britain. Others knew that they had to separate themselves to gain freedom and independence. The richness of the New World should have been theirs. It was their work, their sweat, their hopes and dreams that were forging a life in this rough country. It was harsh, at times terrifying, and they loved it. On July 4, 1776, America declared Her freedom and became an independent country. It had a long way to go, but the men and women who bought us freedom set a good stage for us to act upon. Westward expansion was inevitable. As more immigrants came to the new country and conditions improved to the point of more surviving births, the brave began looking for new and better places to build. This led, in part, to what has become know as “the greatest real estate deal in history”, the Louisiana Purchase. President Jefferson originally set out to purchase the city of New Orleans. He sent two of his top men, James Madison and Robert Livingston to France to negotiate with Napoleon for the port town and free navigation of the Mississippi River. What they returned with was an almost unbelievable deal offered by Napoleon. 800,000 square miles of land for the price of 60 million Francs, about 15 million dollars. The French owed a debt to the United States, so the finale payment was $11,250,00. The purchase doubled the size of the fledgling country. President Jefferson selected Meriwether Lewis to lead an exploration expedition into the newly acquired wilderness. He in turn chose William Clark to help with the intimidating project. On May 14, 1804, the two men along with 38 others began their historic journey. Leaving St. Charles, Missouri, they headed west on the Missouri River. They met with their first Indian encounter on August 3 of that year. Presenting them with gifts and trinkets, the explorers ensured their abundance in the future, as long as they did not attack the white settlers that would be following. The only death that befell the expedition was on August 20 when Charles Floyd died of a burst appendix. October 24 found the explorers near what is now know as Bismarck, North Dakota. It was the land of the Mandan Indians. Their villages were immense and contained more people than most large American cities. The expedition, known as the Corps of Discovery, built Fort Mandan across the river from the villages. They also hired a French-Canadian fur-trapper named Toussaint Charbonneau and his Indian wife, Sacagawea, as interpreters to aid in the communication between them and the different tribes they would meet throughout their journey. They spent the hard winter of 1804-1805 with the Mandans and on April 7, 1805, they headed out again westward down the Missouri River. They were astonished by the new and breathtaking wildlife they saw. Buffalo herds with upwards of 10,000 animals, deer, and elk. Lewis was even chased by a gigantic Grizzly Bear that they were forced to kill. They never found what they were originally looking for, the Northwest Passage, but what they did find turned out to be much more land than they believed was there, abundant wildlife that could sustain life for years, and mountains. The Continental Divide was almost their undoing. Steep cliffs, virtually no animal life for food, and the end of their rations almost ended the expedition. September 10, 1805 found them at Traveler’s Rest, in the valley of the Bitterroot Mountains. On September 17, amidst rain, hail, and 8 inches of snow, the men resorted to eating their horses to stay alive. Soon they were gone, as well, and Clark, along with several hunters went ahead in hopes of finding food. They found the Nez Perce Indians who supplied them with fish, dried roots, and the knowledge to build stronger canoes. They spent a wet, miserable winter with the Clatsop Indians along an estuary of the Columbia River. The men built a fort, Lewis documented the areas wildlife, and Clark worked on mapping their excursion west. On March 23, 1806, with the disheartening knowledge that there truly was no water route to the Pacific, they began their journey home. September 23, 1806, they were welcomed into St. Louis as heroes. They had opened the door to the west. The Civil War, fought from April 12, 1861 to April 9, 1865 is still known as the bloodiest war America has seen. Stemming from disagreements over slavery, seven states seceded from the Union in an attempt to form their own government and allow slavery to continue to be the way for noblemen to amass their fortunes without having to actually work for it themselves. The remaining states worked hard and fought hard for slavery to be abolished. Abe Lincoln believed that the Constitution, in saying all men are created equal, meant that all men should be allowed their freedom, as well as, all men should work for their own fortunes. He was right and the north won the war, slavery was abolished, and the Union was reunited. The end of the Civil War brought the beginning of the Industrial rise of America. Railroads lessened the gap between the East and West borders allowing for the country to work together on a national market economy. New industry arose and expanded, such as; electrical power, steel manufacturing, and petroleum refining. The vast diversity of wealth versus the labor force led to the formation of labor unions. Falling prices on farm products led many young people to leave their homes for the city and dreams of prosperity. Life was rapidly changing across the country. Inventions abounded with the new technologies available. The candle became the kerosene lamp which quickly turned into an electric light bulb. Horses gave way to steam-powered transportation that was replaced with electric trolley cars and gasoline-powered automobiles. People who were born into a society that had been mostly agricultural would see tremendous changes in every aspect of life. America has been a land of war. She gained her independence through war and war marked almost every year of her existence. Civil war, Indian wars, Mexican wars all formed the fabric of life in this great land. The mid-1800’s saw a reaching out to other lands to lend assistance and to search for new foreign markets. By the end of the 1800’s America was had a wealth of experience at overseas interventions and diplomacy. By 1891 Standard Oil Company accounted for almost 90% of American export of kerosene and controlled approximately 70% of the world market. Second only to cotton as Americas exports. In the next century expansion of business and progressive reform was everywhere. People were coming to realize that American society needed to be overhauled, to made safer and a better place to live. Regulations, laws, government clean-ups, improvements in working conditions, and conservation of resources were seen nation-wide. Women were allowed to vote! Democracy was expounded upon to the world. War again was inevitable. The first Great War, World War I, democratic nations against autocratic nations, brought a desire for peace to America for the first time. The “Roaring Twenties” saw continued growth in America’s economy. With the beginning of automobile manufacturing came a new way of life and many reform movements that had been going strong got left behind. Americans were in love. All of their thoughts, that had been so important just a few years before, were forgotten. They were mobile and they loved it. America was high on success. They had won the war and they had automobiles. Prosperity was widespread, even the working man was making money. Black October, 1929 devastated America’s economy. The stock market crash and the great depression which followed took people’s jobs, savings, homes, and even many lives. Almost one-third of the population was out of work. As the twenties rolled into the thirties, the economic instability of America began to travel abroad. Political uncertainty led to the rise of tyrannical organizations such as Adolf Hitler’s Germany and the military dictatorship in Japan. When the inevitable war broke out in Europe at the end of the 1930’s, America tried to remain neutral. December 7, 1941 and the destruction at Pearl Harbor saw the end of that neutrality. The end of the depression came with the new jobs and women in the military that World War II brought. America had become a superpower and by 1945 became a member of the United Nations, ensuring further involvement in international affairs. The Soviet Union and America were contending for influence and power on a global scale. Thus began the Cold War with these two countries unable to draft a true peace treaty the first and only Doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction was formed. Wherein both sides agreed that, in case of nuclear attack on one from the other, the result would be total world annihilation. The Cold War brought the fear of communism to America ands a series of deadly conflicts to the world. Among them were the Korean War, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Vietnam War. The Cold War also brought the Civil Rights Movement to the United States. Great social reform swept the nation throughout the 60’s and 70’s. The end of legal segregation, equal rights, and a new environmental awareness brought about immense social and political change. Americans began to clean up their act. The Industrial age was becoming the technology age. NASA came into being on July 29, 1958 and American space exploration began. In just three short years the first American made a flight into space at a distance of 116 miles above ground. By the end of the decade NASA, and America, had sent men to the moon. The early 1980’s were hard for America. Unemployment was up to 9.7 percent and by 1982 over 17,000 businesses had failed. Debt ran rampant through the working class. In 1983, under Ronald Regan, America began to see a turn-around. Inflation rates dropped, unemployment dropped, and the economic growth soared. The end of the 80’s saw the decline of the Soviet Union and in 1991 it collapsed, finally ending the Cold War for good. Terrorism was the new threat to the well-being of the American people. In 1993, Kuwaiti nationals bombed the World Trade Center which set off a string of terrorist attacks on United States soil. America was at war with terrorism, not only in the Gulf War of Iraq, but also on their own soil. For only the second time in America’s history, in 1998 the President was impeached. In February of 1999, the Senate reversed that decision and for the first time ever a formerly impeached president was allowed to continue in office. The new millennium brought a devastating blow to the people of this great nation when, on Sept. 11, 2000, Islamic terrorists crashed two airplanes into the twin towers of the World Trade Center. What had been attempted previously was carried out. The towers fell and thousands of innocent lives were lost. In the same attack, they also crashed another plane into the Pentagon. Thanks to the passengers of the fourth plane, which all lost their lives defending their homeland, it crashed in a field in Somerset County, PA. Never had there been such an outcry for justice. The Iraqi War intensified as did homeland security. There have been numerous threats and attempts, but the American people and the government have come together to protect and preserve this great land. The new millennium has also brought a new realization of America’s dependence on fossil fuels and a new push to wean this nation from high-priced non-renewable energy sources. New pilot projects are being explored and research is being done to ensure the country will not be shut down or totally devastated in the event of the disappearance of the supply of fossil fuels. 2008 saw the worst economic downturn that America has ever faced. Inflation was soaring while businesses failed and jobs were lost. Even the nations top financial institutions were failing. 2008 was also a presidential election year. The failing economy, the ongoing war in Iraq, and the shaky future of the automotive industry brought about an historic turnout at the voting polls and of even greater consequence, the first Afro-American to be elected president of the United States. On January 20, 2009, Barack Hussein Obama was sworn in as the 44th president of the United States of America. With the nation in a tail-spin, the people pulled together like American’s have done since the beginning of this great country, and voted for change. With an 82 percent approval rating, most believe that President Obama can bring about the changes that America needs to regain Her place as the worlds superpower.	<urn:uuid:36a90638-d58a-4e43-92cc-357a4e99dd07>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://yuptab.com/american-history-at-a-glance/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251689924.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126135207-20200126165207-00464.warc.gz	en	0.980157	2,994	3.90625	4	[ -0.3230547308921814, 0.14939633011817932, 0.4359857738018036, -0.0358201265335083, -0.18108674883842468, -0.20707248151302338, -0.13547483086585999, 0.06622914969921112, -0.027340039610862732, 0.01735706999897957, 0.06670082360506058, -0.2107948362827301, 0.06453928351402283, 0.17958308756...	2	The two continents of North and South America were named, by Martin Waldseemuller, a German clergyman-scholar, in 1507 for the Italian navigator, Amerigo Vespucci. Vespucci traveled to the New World on three occasions and wrote lengthy, but believable, reports of his observations. Waldseemuller printed a wood block map called “Carta Mariana” on which he portrayed America as a two continent new world. This map is now referred to as America’s Birth Certificate. French, Spanish, and European colonization, or invasion, of this new world began in the mid-1500’s, but were unsuccessful until 1607. The English are credited for the first surviving colony built that year in Jamestown. The colony almost failed due to poor leadership and unforeseen perils. By the winter of 1607, there were only 38 survivors of the original 104 men whom had arrived in search of wealth. John Smith came to their rescue with lucrative trade ventures with the Algonkin Indians. Securing corn, beans , and other foods; ensuring their continued existence throughout the coming winter. The English flourished in the area now known as Virginia and in 1608 the French began their first thriving settlement of Quebec. The Dutch began a prosperous venture in what is now New York, and by 1621 were sending thousands of colonists, including women and children, to the New World. The Europeans nearly didn’t make it in the New World due in part to their aversion to work. They were there for money and expected the labor to come from somewhere else. This way of thinking led to slavery in this harsh environment. They captured Indians and used indentured workers in the beginning, but as the colonization grew, so did the need for more laborers. Thus began the importation of slave labor from Africa. 1773 to 1776 was a confused time for America. Many colonists wanted to remain subjects to Great Britain. Others knew that they had to separate themselves to gain freedom and independence. The richness of the New World should have been theirs. It was their work, their sweat, their hopes and dreams that were forging a life in this rough country. It was harsh, at times terrifying, and they loved it. On July 4, 1776, America declared Her freedom and became an independent country. It had a long way to go, but the men and women who bought us freedom set a good stage for us to act upon. Westward expansion was inevitable. As more immigrants came to the new country and conditions improved to the point of more surviving births, the brave began looking for new and better places to build. This led, in part, to what has become know as “the greatest real estate deal in history”, the Louisiana Purchase. President Jefferson originally set out to purchase the city of New Orleans. He sent two of his top men, James Madison and Robert Livingston to France to negotiate with Napoleon for the port town and free navigation of the Mississippi River. What they returned with was an almost unbelievable deal offered by Napoleon. 800,000 square miles of land for the price of 60 million Francs, about 15 million dollars. The French owed a debt to the United States, so the finale payment was $11,250,00. The purchase doubled the size of the fledgling country. President Jefferson selected Meriwether Lewis to lead an exploration expedition into the newly acquired wilderness. He in turn chose William Clark to help with the intimidating project. On May 14, 1804, the two men along with 38 others began their historic journey. Leaving St. Charles, Missouri, they headed west on the Missouri River. They met with their first Indian encounter on August 3 of that year. Presenting them with gifts and trinkets, the explorers ensured their abundance in the future, as long as they did not attack the white settlers that would be following. The only death that befell the expedition was on August 20 when Charles Floyd died of a burst appendix. October 24 found the explorers near what is now know as Bismarck, North Dakota. It was the land of the Mandan Indians. Their villages were immense and contained more people than most large American cities. The expedition, known as the Corps of Discovery, built Fort Mandan across the river from the villages. They also hired a French-Canadian fur-trapper named Toussaint Charbonneau and his Indian wife, Sacagawea, as interpreters to aid in the communication between them and the different tribes they would meet throughout their journey. They spent the hard winter of 1804-1805 with the Mandans and on April 7, 1805, they headed out again westward down the Missouri River. They were astonished by the new and breathtaking wildlife they saw. Buffalo herds with upwards of 10,000 animals, deer, and elk. Lewis was even chased by a gigantic Grizzly Bear that they were forced to kill. They never found what they were originally looking for, the Northwest Passage, but what they did find turned out to be much more land than they believed was there, abundant wildlife that could sustain life for years, and mountains. The Continental Divide was almost their undoing. Steep cliffs, virtually no animal life for food, and the end of their rations almost ended the expedition. September 10, 1805 found them at Traveler’s Rest, in the valley of the Bitterroot Mountains. On September 17, amidst rain, hail, and 8 inches of snow, the men resorted to eating their horses to stay alive. Soon they were gone, as well, and Clark, along with several hunters went ahead in hopes of finding food. They found the Nez Perce Indians who supplied them with fish, dried roots, and the knowledge to build stronger canoes. They spent a wet, miserable winter with the Clatsop Indians along an estuary of the Columbia River. The men built a fort, Lewis documented the areas wildlife, and Clark worked on mapping their excursion west. On March 23, 1806, with the disheartening knowledge that there truly was no water route to the Pacific, they began their journey home. September 23, 1806, they were welcomed into St. Louis as heroes. They had opened the door to the west. The Civil War, fought from April 12, 1861 to April 9, 1865 is still known as the bloodiest war America has seen. Stemming from disagreements over slavery, seven states seceded from the Union in an attempt to form their own government and allow slavery to continue to be the way for noblemen to amass their fortunes without having to actually work for it themselves. The remaining states worked hard and fought hard for slavery to be abolished. Abe Lincoln believed that the Constitution, in saying all men are created equal, meant that all men should be allowed their freedom, as well as, all men should work for their own fortunes. He was right and the north won the war, slavery was abolished, and the Union was reunited. The end of the Civil War brought the beginning of the Industrial rise of America. Railroads lessened the gap between the East and West borders allowing for the country to work together on a national market economy. New industry arose and expanded, such as; electrical power, steel manufacturing, and petroleum refining. The vast diversity of wealth versus the labor force led to the formation of labor unions. Falling prices on farm products led many young people to leave their homes for the city and dreams of prosperity. Life was rapidly changing across the country. Inventions abounded with the new technologies available. The candle became the kerosene lamp which quickly turned into an electric light bulb. Horses gave way to steam-powered transportation that was replaced with electric trolley cars and gasoline-powered automobiles. People who were born into a society that had been mostly agricultural would see tremendous changes in every aspect of life. America has been a land of war. She gained her independence through war and war marked almost every year of her existence. Civil war, Indian wars, Mexican wars all formed the fabric of life in this great land. The mid-1800’s saw a reaching out to other lands to lend assistance and to search for new foreign markets. By the end of the 1800’s America was had a wealth of experience at overseas interventions and diplomacy. By 1891 Standard Oil Company accounted for almost 90% of American export of kerosene and controlled approximately 70% of the world market. Second only to cotton as Americas exports. In the next century expansion of business and progressive reform was everywhere. People were coming to realize that American society needed to be overhauled, to made safer and a better place to live. Regulations, laws, government clean-ups, improvements in working conditions, and conservation of resources were seen nation-wide. Women were allowed to vote! Democracy was expounded upon to the world. War again was inevitable. The first Great War, World War I, democratic nations against autocratic nations, brought a desire for peace to America for the first time. The “Roaring Twenties” saw continued growth in America’s economy. With the beginning of automobile manufacturing came a new way of life and many reform movements that had been going strong got left behind. Americans were in love. All of their thoughts, that had been so important just a few years before, were forgotten. They were mobile and they loved it. America was high on success. They had won the war and they had automobiles. Prosperity was widespread, even the working man was making money. Black October, 1929 devastated America’s economy. The stock market crash and the great depression which followed took people’s jobs, savings, homes, and even many lives. Almost one-third of the population was out of work. As the twenties rolled into the thirties, the economic instability of America began to travel abroad. Political uncertainty led to the rise of tyrannical organizations such as Adolf Hitler’s Germany and the military dictatorship in Japan. When the inevitable war broke out in Europe at the end of the 1930’s, America tried to remain neutral. December 7, 1941 and the destruction at Pearl Harbor saw the end of that neutrality. The end of the depression came with the new jobs and women in the military that World War II brought. America had become a superpower and by 1945 became a member of the United Nations, ensuring further involvement in international affairs. The Soviet Union and America were contending for influence and power on a global scale. Thus began the Cold War with these two countries unable to draft a true peace treaty the first and only Doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction was formed. Wherein both sides agreed that, in case of nuclear attack on one from the other, the result would be total world annihilation. The Cold War brought the fear of communism to America ands a series of deadly conflicts to the world. Among them were the Korean War, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Vietnam War. The Cold War also brought the Civil Rights Movement to the United States. Great social reform swept the nation throughout the 60’s and 70’s. The end of legal segregation, equal rights, and a new environmental awareness brought about immense social and political change. Americans began to clean up their act. The Industrial age was becoming the technology age. NASA came into being on July 29, 1958 and American space exploration began. In just three short years the first American made a flight into space at a distance of 116 miles above ground. By the end of the decade NASA, and America, had sent men to the moon. The early 1980’s were hard for America. Unemployment was up to 9.7 percent and by 1982 over 17,000 businesses had failed. Debt ran rampant through the working class. In 1983, under Ronald Regan, America began to see a turn-around. Inflation rates dropped, unemployment dropped, and the economic growth soared. The end of the 80’s saw the decline of the Soviet Union and in 1991 it collapsed, finally ending the Cold War for good. Terrorism was the new threat to the well-being of the American people. In 1993, Kuwaiti nationals bombed the World Trade Center which set off a string of terrorist attacks on United States soil. America was at war with terrorism, not only in the Gulf War of Iraq, but also on their own soil. For only the second time in America’s history, in 1998 the President was impeached. In February of 1999, the Senate reversed that decision and for the first time ever a formerly impeached president was allowed to continue in office. The new millennium brought a devastating blow to the people of this great nation when, on Sept. 11, 2000, Islamic terrorists crashed two airplanes into the twin towers of the World Trade Center. What had been attempted previously was carried out. The towers fell and thousands of innocent lives were lost. In the same attack, they also crashed another plane into the Pentagon. Thanks to the passengers of the fourth plane, which all lost their lives defending their homeland, it crashed in a field in Somerset County, PA. Never had there been such an outcry for justice. The Iraqi War intensified as did homeland security. There have been numerous threats and attempts, but the American people and the government have come together to protect and preserve this great land. The new millennium has also brought a new realization of America’s dependence on fossil fuels and a new push to wean this nation from high-priced non-renewable energy sources. New pilot projects are being explored and research is being done to ensure the country will not be shut down or totally devastated in the event of the disappearance of the supply of fossil fuels. 2008 saw the worst economic downturn that America has ever faced. Inflation was soaring while businesses failed and jobs were lost. Even the nations top financial institutions were failing. 2008 was also a presidential election year. The failing economy, the ongoing war in Iraq, and the shaky future of the automotive industry brought about an historic turnout at the voting polls and of even greater consequence, the first Afro-American to be elected president of the United States. On January 20, 2009, Barack Hussein Obama was sworn in as the 44th president of the United States of America. With the nation in a tail-spin, the people pulled together like American’s have done since the beginning of this great country, and voted for change. With an 82 percent approval rating, most believe that President Obama can bring about the changes that America needs to regain Her place as the worlds superpower.	3,126	ENGLISH	1
Artist Bill Reid said: “Western art starts with the figure: West Coast Indian Art starts with the canoe.” Perhaps the most famous Canadian canoe artwork ever produced is the Spirit of Haida Gwaii, subtitled “The Black Canoe” by Bill Reid. It appears on the Canadian twenty dollar banknote. “Here we are at last, a long way from Haida Gwaii, not too sure where we are or where we’re going, still squabbling and vying for position in the boat, but somehow managing to appear to be heading in some direction; at least the paddles are together, and the man in the middle seems to have some vision of what is to come.” Starting in the late 1700s, Europeans became interested in acquiring souvenirs from North America. This metre long war canoe by Jean-Baptiste Assiginack, was made circa 1820. Assiginack, a chief of the Ottawa (Odawa) Nation, carved and painted these wooden figures (originally seven) with distinct facial features representing real people known to Assiginack, among them a distinguished orator, a chief, and a warrior. Assiginack provided the paddlers with leggings, breechcloths, garters, sashes and feather head-dresses; one even has a tiny pair of moccasins. According to the Canadian Museum of Civilization, the canoe itself is much older than any of the Museum’s full-sized bark craft and its painted decorations on both bark cover and wooden framework are of an unusual type that is very rare in ethnographic collections. Frances Anne Beechey Hopkins painted during her travels by canoe accompanied by her husband who worked for the Hudson’s Bay Company. Led by voyageurs, Hopkins travelled the routes of the fur trade. Tom Thomson was a skilled canoeist and the wilderness of Ontario was a major source of inspiration. Beginning in 1914 he acted as a fire fighter and guide in Algonquin Park in Ontario. During the next three years he produced many of his most famous works, including The Jack Pine and The West Wind. Thomson featured his canoe in two of his paintings and there were several photographs of him by his canoe. Coincidentally enough, Thomson was believed to have drowned after falling from his canoe although it was never recovered. From the blog steersman.ca: “…debates about his canoe are less well-known. What kind of canoe was it? Where did it end up? Was it somehow responsible for Tom’s death? All we know is that the vessel tipped over at some point, and Tom was found with a suspicious head wound and an even more suspicious length of fishing line bound around his left leg 17 times. There was a campaign to recover the canoe in 1930 at Camp Ahmek, but none of the canoes investigated were Tom’s. This seems to have been the last attempt to rescue the vessel.” Emily Carr (1871-1945), painted Indian War Canoe while visiting Alert Bay near the Broughton Archipelago in 1912. This painting depicts a large canoe bearing an image of a wolf. In the background, two large sculptures and a totem pole occupy the space in front of the houses. The canoe, displayed in the public square at the entrance to the village, was one of three old war canoes commemorating the history of the Kwakiutl nation (now Kwakwaka’wakw). Walter J. Phillips made several woodcut prints including this one during a stay at Kingcome Inlet in 1933. Phillips, an art teacher originally from England, was inspired by his travels to the west coast and some of his art was later published by the Hudson Bay Company in their magazine, “The Beaver.” The Hudson Bay Company held a retrospective of his work in 1970. “I once enjoyed a long canoe trip with a professor who was very sure of his knowledge, but denied that there is colour in stars or in the aurora, that there is a patina of blue in a distant landscape, and that colours are reflected on adjacent surfaces. He was blind to half the beauty of nature.” The Lost Art of Cree Birch Bark Canoe building Cree elder Noah Custer agreed to build a full-sized sixteen-foot Cree canoe for the Museum of Manitoba in 1967. Apart from the length, he was given no other specifications as the Museum wanted to be sure that the canoe was a purely Cree canoe, uninfluenced by any other design. The whole process was photographed and documented by a local amateur historian Doug Evans. In 2008, Evans published his book, Noah’s Last Canoe: The Lost Art of Cree Birch Bark Canoe Building. This book is a must read for anyone interested in birch bark canoes. Evans was a thorough note taker, even the stitching is thoroughly explained. This video, taken in 1971, follows a 67 year old Cree elder as he takes down a birch tree and makes a canoe. What a feat! To learn more about the craft of canoe making,	<urn:uuid:8cb73caf-d11d-4c59-ba3a-c22dab80d8c7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://bcgoldrushpress.com/canadian-canoe-art	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594391.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119093733-20200119121733-00132.warc.gz	en	0.98168	1,070	3.703125	4	[ 0.0700116753578186, 0.14137643575668335, 0.30980879068374634, -0.0847848504781723, -0.1816408336162567, -0.07988367229700089, 0.23657727241516113, 0.05831252783536911, -0.3851603865623474, -0.05810987949371338, 0.12970228493213654, -0.4066356420516968, -0.3646261692047119, 0.63359057903289...	3	Artist Bill Reid said: “Western art starts with the figure: West Coast Indian Art starts with the canoe.” Perhaps the most famous Canadian canoe artwork ever produced is the Spirit of Haida Gwaii, subtitled “The Black Canoe” by Bill Reid. It appears on the Canadian twenty dollar banknote. “Here we are at last, a long way from Haida Gwaii, not too sure where we are or where we’re going, still squabbling and vying for position in the boat, but somehow managing to appear to be heading in some direction; at least the paddles are together, and the man in the middle seems to have some vision of what is to come.” Starting in the late 1700s, Europeans became interested in acquiring souvenirs from North America. This metre long war canoe by Jean-Baptiste Assiginack, was made circa 1820. Assiginack, a chief of the Ottawa (Odawa) Nation, carved and painted these wooden figures (originally seven) with distinct facial features representing real people known to Assiginack, among them a distinguished orator, a chief, and a warrior. Assiginack provided the paddlers with leggings, breechcloths, garters, sashes and feather head-dresses; one even has a tiny pair of moccasins. According to the Canadian Museum of Civilization, the canoe itself is much older than any of the Museum’s full-sized bark craft and its painted decorations on both bark cover and wooden framework are of an unusual type that is very rare in ethnographic collections. Frances Anne Beechey Hopkins painted during her travels by canoe accompanied by her husband who worked for the Hudson’s Bay Company. Led by voyageurs, Hopkins travelled the routes of the fur trade. Tom Thomson was a skilled canoeist and the wilderness of Ontario was a major source of inspiration. Beginning in 1914 he acted as a fire fighter and guide in Algonquin Park in Ontario. During the next three years he produced many of his most famous works, including The Jack Pine and The West Wind. Thomson featured his canoe in two of his paintings and there were several photographs of him by his canoe. Coincidentally enough, Thomson was believed to have drowned after falling from his canoe although it was never recovered. From the blog steersman.ca: “…debates about his canoe are less well-known. What kind of canoe was it? Where did it end up? Was it somehow responsible for Tom’s death? All we know is that the vessel tipped over at some point, and Tom was found with a suspicious head wound and an even more suspicious length of fishing line bound around his left leg 17 times. There was a campaign to recover the canoe in 1930 at Camp Ahmek, but none of the canoes investigated were Tom’s. This seems to have been the last attempt to rescue the vessel.” Emily Carr (1871-1945), painted Indian War Canoe while visiting Alert Bay near the Broughton Archipelago in 1912. This painting depicts a large canoe bearing an image of a wolf. In the background, two large sculptures and a totem pole occupy the space in front of the houses. The canoe, displayed in the public square at the entrance to the village, was one of three old war canoes commemorating the history of the Kwakiutl nation (now Kwakwaka’wakw). Walter J. Phillips made several woodcut prints including this one during a stay at Kingcome Inlet in 1933. Phillips, an art teacher originally from England, was inspired by his travels to the west coast and some of his art was later published by the Hudson Bay Company in their magazine, “The Beaver.” The Hudson Bay Company held a retrospective of his work in 1970. “I once enjoyed a long canoe trip with a professor who was very sure of his knowledge, but denied that there is colour in stars or in the aurora, that there is a patina of blue in a distant landscape, and that colours are reflected on adjacent surfaces. He was blind to half the beauty of nature.” The Lost Art of Cree Birch Bark Canoe building Cree elder Noah Custer agreed to build a full-sized sixteen-foot Cree canoe for the Museum of Manitoba in 1967. Apart from the length, he was given no other specifications as the Museum wanted to be sure that the canoe was a purely Cree canoe, uninfluenced by any other design. The whole process was photographed and documented by a local amateur historian Doug Evans. In 2008, Evans published his book, Noah’s Last Canoe: The Lost Art of Cree Birch Bark Canoe Building. This book is a must read for anyone interested in birch bark canoes. Evans was a thorough note taker, even the stitching is thoroughly explained. This video, taken in 1971, follows a 67 year old Cree elder as he takes down a birch tree and makes a canoe. What a feat! To learn more about the craft of canoe making,	1,063	ENGLISH	1
It is feared that the devastating bushfires in Australia have wiped out almost a third of the koala population in New South Wales. More than three million hectares have been destroyed in the eastern states of Queensland and New South Wales, which is where thousands of koalas live. The marsupials (not bears) are native to Australia but it was estimated there was less than 80,000 left in the wild before the bushfires started. There were around 28,000 koalas in New South Wales but Australia’s environment minister said to 30 per cent of their habitat had been destroyed, and it was unlikely they would have survived. Other animals have also been affected by the fires, such as the western ground parrot in Western Australia and the Kangaroo Island dunnart in Southern Australia. An ecology professor at the University of Sydney estimated the bushfires have claimed the lives of almost 480 million animals. The Australian military and navy have joined the rescue efforts after the bushfires ripped through tourist locations and rural areas over Christmas. Navy ships helped evacuate people who were trapped on beaches after being forced to flee their homes, while firefighters were flown in by military helicopters where roads were inaccessible.	<urn:uuid:1f09bed0-0f7d-48c4-80bb-c78495b0c3c3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.theprimaryplanet.ie/news/posts/koala-population-slashed-by-bushfires/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593994.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118221909-20200119005909-00493.warc.gz	en	0.986255	246	3.390625	3	[ 0.11639167368412018, 0.21514585614204407, -0.012071429751813412, 0.329171359539032, 0.6135931611061096, 0.5812476873397827, -0.2553984820842743, 0.18602493405342102, -0.09500162303447723, 0.5273410081863403, -0.018820948898792267, -0.6739230155944824, 0.26376423239707947, 0.556219518184661...	3	It is feared that the devastating bushfires in Australia have wiped out almost a third of the koala population in New South Wales. More than three million hectares have been destroyed in the eastern states of Queensland and New South Wales, which is where thousands of koalas live. The marsupials (not bears) are native to Australia but it was estimated there was less than 80,000 left in the wild before the bushfires started. There were around 28,000 koalas in New South Wales but Australia’s environment minister said to 30 per cent of their habitat had been destroyed, and it was unlikely they would have survived. Other animals have also been affected by the fires, such as the western ground parrot in Western Australia and the Kangaroo Island dunnart in Southern Australia. An ecology professor at the University of Sydney estimated the bushfires have claimed the lives of almost 480 million animals. The Australian military and navy have joined the rescue efforts after the bushfires ripped through tourist locations and rural areas over Christmas. Navy ships helped evacuate people who were trapped on beaches after being forced to flee their homes, while firefighters were flown in by military helicopters where roads were inaccessible.	250	ENGLISH	1
Flipping CardsPro Problems > Math > Algebra > Equations > Word Problems > Linear > Mixtures Andy, Bertha and Chris each have a deck of 52 cards. They all have some cards face up and some cards face down. The number of cards Andy has face up is ten more than the number of cards Bertha has face down. The number of cards Bertha has face up is twice the number of cards Chris has face down. The total number of face-up cards is 99. How many cards does Andy have face up? SolutionIn order to make it feasible for teachers to use these problems in their classwork, no solutions are publicly visible, so students cannot simply look up the answers. If you would like to view the solutions to these problems, you must have a Virtual Classroom subscription. I start with 10 quarts of a 10% solution of antifreeze. How much pure (100%) antifreeze do I need to add to end up with a 20% solution? Ants have six legs, spiders have eight legs, and dogs have four legs. There are 37 ants, spiders, and dogs in a room, and they have a total of 208 legs. There are four more dogs than ants. How many spiders are there? While Linus is sitting in his pumpkin patch waiting for the arrival of The Great Pumpkin, he begins counting his pumpkins. He notices that one third of his pumpkins are small pumpkins, and two thirds are large. He picked 24 small pumpkins and 4 large pumpkins, and a quarter of his remaining pumpkins were small. How many were there in the patch originally? A fruit basket contains apples, oranges, and bananas. There are four more apples than oranges, and twice as many bananas as oranges. After I ate two oranges and four bananas, one fifth of the fruit remaining was oranges. If I then ate two apples and three bananas, what percent of the fruit basket would be apples?	<urn:uuid:7458e4ce-a730-4cd2-9b53-5e63720bfb1e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.theproblemsite.com/pro-problems/math/algebra/equations/word-problems/linear/mixtures/flipping-cards	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00490.warc.gz	en	0.98093	406	3.40625	3	[ -0.31676509976387024, -0.49896425008773804, 0.11113537847995758, 0.27502331137657166, -0.4022349417209625, 0.10861457884311676, 0.02993798442184925, 0.24174664914608002, -0.011724111624062061, 0.2611074149608612, -0.09204291552305222, -0.29887154698371887, -0.22302809357643127, 0.099081210...	2	Flipping CardsPro Problems > Math > Algebra > Equations > Word Problems > Linear > Mixtures Andy, Bertha and Chris each have a deck of 52 cards. They all have some cards face up and some cards face down. The number of cards Andy has face up is ten more than the number of cards Bertha has face down. The number of cards Bertha has face up is twice the number of cards Chris has face down. The total number of face-up cards is 99. How many cards does Andy have face up? SolutionIn order to make it feasible for teachers to use these problems in their classwork, no solutions are publicly visible, so students cannot simply look up the answers. If you would like to view the solutions to these problems, you must have a Virtual Classroom subscription. I start with 10 quarts of a 10% solution of antifreeze. How much pure (100%) antifreeze do I need to add to end up with a 20% solution? Ants have six legs, spiders have eight legs, and dogs have four legs. There are 37 ants, spiders, and dogs in a room, and they have a total of 208 legs. There are four more dogs than ants. How many spiders are there? While Linus is sitting in his pumpkin patch waiting for the arrival of The Great Pumpkin, he begins counting his pumpkins. He notices that one third of his pumpkins are small pumpkins, and two thirds are large. He picked 24 small pumpkins and 4 large pumpkins, and a quarter of his remaining pumpkins were small. How many were there in the patch originally? A fruit basket contains apples, oranges, and bananas. There are four more apples than oranges, and twice as many bananas as oranges. After I ate two oranges and four bananas, one fifth of the fruit remaining was oranges. If I then ate two apples and three bananas, what percent of the fruit basket would be apples?	416	ENGLISH	1
Hecuba lies on the stage in despair. She slowly gets up and begins to speak. She speaks in commands, but there is no one else on stage; she seems to be talking to herself. She implores herself to get up off the ground and face her unhappy, uncertain future. She wonders if there’s any point in continuing to cry over the death of her husband (Priam) and many sons. Lying on the ground and crying has only brought her more physical and emotional pain. However, she acknowledges that there can be music in the song of “wretchedness.” Hecuba begins to sing. The intended recipient is Helen, although she is not present. According to Hecuba, as Helen crossed the sea from Greece to Troy, she brought with her death and devastation. Hecuba calls Helen a “fatal bride” and accuses her of killing Priam, her late husband and the father of her children. Hecuba feels no solidarity with Helen. She does not see them as two women brought low together by the military losses of their nations. Instead, Hecuba sees Helen as a self-serving traitor who, through her selfishness, began the Trojan War and destroyed Hecuba’s home and family. Now, Hecuba is “an old, unhappy woman, like my city ruined and pitiful.” She blames Helen for this, too. She calls upon the other widowed Trojan women to mourn with her, remembering their daughters, now “brides of disaster,” and their broken city. Hecuba sees herself as a mother hen, leading her chicks (the other women of Troy) in a song of mourning. She compares this to how she led celebratory songs back when Priam was alive, when she was the Queen of Troy overseeing celebrations in her court. Half of the Chorus enters the stage from the tent. They begin to sing with Hecuba, and the song becomes a call and response. The chorus asks Hecuba why she is crying. They say they could hear her through the tent, and were filled with fear, concerned that she was announcing some new degradation. Hecuba announces that the Greeks will set sail today, and take the women of Troy with them. Once royalty or nobility, the women of Troy have been reduced to mere property. Still, as low as their fortunes are, they fear their lives could get even worse—after the dramatic upheaval of their initial enslavement, any future indignity seems possible. Hecuba hopes that Cassandra will not come to see her in this moment. Seeing her daughter, who has been “driven delirious”, would only cause Hecuba more pain. Hecuba then addresses Troy itself, and announces “your last sad people leave you now,” “living and broken.” Hecuba does her best to remain dignified even in the face of misery and disaster. Still, she is a mother, and knows that seeing her daughter in pain would make it difficult for her to keep up her strong outward appearances. The second half of the Chorus enters from the tent. They begin to sing with Hecuba as well. Hecuba, an old woman, wonders what will happen to her. She was once a princess, but she imagines she’ll be reduced to a nurse or even a guard in her new home. The Trojan women are being claimed by Greek warriors as wives and as sex slaves. Hecuba wonders what her place in her new life will be, now that she is too old to bear children, and too old to be a kind of beautiful trophy. The two Choruses, who had been singing separately, unite and sing together. They agree their situation is “pitiful.” This is the last time they’ll see their parents’ homes, the last time they’ll be free women. They wonder if they will be raped by the Greek men who claim them, or if they’ll be used as servants. They hope they’ll be taken to Athens, where Theseus is from, but not to Sparta, where Helen and Menelaus once lived. The women of the Chorus try to make light of their situation. They say they would be happy in the city of Peneus, which is near Mount Olympus, or Aetna, which is supposedly beautiful. Even during what is likely the darkest time of their lives, the Trojan women do their best to comfort one another, and to imagine the ways their fortunes could improve if they are taken somewhere beautiful. Still, the silver linings they seek out—being a servant instead of a sex slave, being taken to a beautiful or historically significant site against their will—only further illustrate how dire their situation is. A herald approaches and the Chorus stops singing and begins chanting, announcing his arrival. They wonder if he will come with a command that they, now officially slaves, will have to obey. The Trojan women are slowly getting used to their new condition. Although they were recently noblewomen with personal agency, they are quickly learning to be subservient. Talthybius, along with a group of soldiers, enters from offstage. Although he is a Greek herald, he and Hecuba know each other from earlier in the war and are friendly. Hecuba and the Chorus are nonetheless nervous, wondering what news Talthybius will bring. He announces they have all been officially assigned to masters. The women had expected to be taken as a single group to a single place, but Talthybius explains they have each been “allotted separately,” each woman assigned to a different man. Talthybius remains respectful of Hecuba, even though she is no longer technically a queen. This demonstrates that Greek soldiers are not inherently selfish or domineering, as Talthybius remains considerate of the Trojan women’s feelings. Still, his orders bring them more pain, and remind them that they are no longer fully people, but property. Hecuba wonders where her daughter Cassandra will go. Talthybius says Agamemnon has claimed her as a sex slave. Hecuba is distraught. Not only will Agamemnon take Cassandra’s agency, but his sexual demands will ruin her ability to get married later. In Classical Greece, a woman’s virginity was an essential component of her identity, and was directly tied to her eligibility as a wife. Cassandra has already been raped by Ajax, and Agamemnon will likely rape her many more times, taking from her any potential to marry in the future and continue her family’s lineage. Hecuba hopes Cassandra will tear the sacred garlands of the gods off of her body in protest of her upcoming forced marriage. Talthybius, confused, wonders why Hecuba does not think it “high favor to be brought to a king’s bed?” Talthybius, perhaps because of his gender, which puts him at less of a risk of being taken as a sex slave, does not understand how violating forced marriage and forced intercourse can be. He rather callously assumes that the status of the man violating the woman has some impact on her willingness or level of trauma. Hecuba asks who has claimed her youngest daughter, Polyxena. Talthybius tells her Polyxena no longer feels pain, and will guard Achilles’ tomb, which confuses Hecuba. In fact, Polyxena has died, and Talthybius is trying to protect Hecuba from her grief. Talthybius, although technically Hecuba’s enemy, respects her enough to try and protect her feelings. However, hiding the death of her daughter from her does not erase the horrors of war. Hecuba is devastated to learn that Odysseus has claimed her for himself. She despises Odysseus, who she believes to be a slippery, treacherous beast, and feels she has been given “the worst lot of all.” Although no woman is happy to be enslaved to a man who is her enemy, Hecuba seems to believe she is being personally singled out and punished by fortune and the gods.	<urn:uuid:7af2a771-0c31-4288-8626-15be7cbe8931>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.litcharts.com/lit/the-trojan-women/line-98-294	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251669967.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125041318-20200125070318-00059.warc.gz	en	0.982405	1,745	3.5	4	[ -0.0857955738902092, 0.25718146562576294, 0.3509922921657562, 0.2626466453075409, -0.21348837018013, 0.28348350524902344, 0.13911369442939758, 0.1595902442932129, 0.26757335662841797, -0.03934019058942795, 0.12377803772687912, -0.5007739663124084, 0.3890325725078583, 0.2804289758205414, ...	6	Hecuba lies on the stage in despair. She slowly gets up and begins to speak. She speaks in commands, but there is no one else on stage; she seems to be talking to herself. She implores herself to get up off the ground and face her unhappy, uncertain future. She wonders if there’s any point in continuing to cry over the death of her husband (Priam) and many sons. Lying on the ground and crying has only brought her more physical and emotional pain. However, she acknowledges that there can be music in the song of “wretchedness.” Hecuba begins to sing. The intended recipient is Helen, although she is not present. According to Hecuba, as Helen crossed the sea from Greece to Troy, she brought with her death and devastation. Hecuba calls Helen a “fatal bride” and accuses her of killing Priam, her late husband and the father of her children. Hecuba feels no solidarity with Helen. She does not see them as two women brought low together by the military losses of their nations. Instead, Hecuba sees Helen as a self-serving traitor who, through her selfishness, began the Trojan War and destroyed Hecuba’s home and family. Now, Hecuba is “an old, unhappy woman, like my city ruined and pitiful.” She blames Helen for this, too. She calls upon the other widowed Trojan women to mourn with her, remembering their daughters, now “brides of disaster,” and their broken city. Hecuba sees herself as a mother hen, leading her chicks (the other women of Troy) in a song of mourning. She compares this to how she led celebratory songs back when Priam was alive, when she was the Queen of Troy overseeing celebrations in her court. Half of the Chorus enters the stage from the tent. They begin to sing with Hecuba, and the song becomes a call and response. The chorus asks Hecuba why she is crying. They say they could hear her through the tent, and were filled with fear, concerned that she was announcing some new degradation. Hecuba announces that the Greeks will set sail today, and take the women of Troy with them. Once royalty or nobility, the women of Troy have been reduced to mere property. Still, as low as their fortunes are, they fear their lives could get even worse—after the dramatic upheaval of their initial enslavement, any future indignity seems possible. Hecuba hopes that Cassandra will not come to see her in this moment. Seeing her daughter, who has been “driven delirious”, would only cause Hecuba more pain. Hecuba then addresses Troy itself, and announces “your last sad people leave you now,” “living and broken.” Hecuba does her best to remain dignified even in the face of misery and disaster. Still, she is a mother, and knows that seeing her daughter in pain would make it difficult for her to keep up her strong outward appearances. The second half of the Chorus enters from the tent. They begin to sing with Hecuba as well. Hecuba, an old woman, wonders what will happen to her. She was once a princess, but she imagines she’ll be reduced to a nurse or even a guard in her new home. The Trojan women are being claimed by Greek warriors as wives and as sex slaves. Hecuba wonders what her place in her new life will be, now that she is too old to bear children, and too old to be a kind of beautiful trophy. The two Choruses, who had been singing separately, unite and sing together. They agree their situation is “pitiful.” This is the last time they’ll see their parents’ homes, the last time they’ll be free women. They wonder if they will be raped by the Greek men who claim them, or if they’ll be used as servants. They hope they’ll be taken to Athens, where Theseus is from, but not to Sparta, where Helen and Menelaus once lived. The women of the Chorus try to make light of their situation. They say they would be happy in the city of Peneus, which is near Mount Olympus, or Aetna, which is supposedly beautiful. Even during what is likely the darkest time of their lives, the Trojan women do their best to comfort one another, and to imagine the ways their fortunes could improve if they are taken somewhere beautiful. Still, the silver linings they seek out—being a servant instead of a sex slave, being taken to a beautiful or historically significant site against their will—only further illustrate how dire their situation is. A herald approaches and the Chorus stops singing and begins chanting, announcing his arrival. They wonder if he will come with a command that they, now officially slaves, will have to obey. The Trojan women are slowly getting used to their new condition. Although they were recently noblewomen with personal agency, they are quickly learning to be subservient. Talthybius, along with a group of soldiers, enters from offstage. Although he is a Greek herald, he and Hecuba know each other from earlier in the war and are friendly. Hecuba and the Chorus are nonetheless nervous, wondering what news Talthybius will bring. He announces they have all been officially assigned to masters. The women had expected to be taken as a single group to a single place, but Talthybius explains they have each been “allotted separately,” each woman assigned to a different man. Talthybius remains respectful of Hecuba, even though she is no longer technically a queen. This demonstrates that Greek soldiers are not inherently selfish or domineering, as Talthybius remains considerate of the Trojan women’s feelings. Still, his orders bring them more pain, and remind them that they are no longer fully people, but property. Hecuba wonders where her daughter Cassandra will go. Talthybius says Agamemnon has claimed her as a sex slave. Hecuba is distraught. Not only will Agamemnon take Cassandra’s agency, but his sexual demands will ruin her ability to get married later. In Classical Greece, a woman’s virginity was an essential component of her identity, and was directly tied to her eligibility as a wife. Cassandra has already been raped by Ajax, and Agamemnon will likely rape her many more times, taking from her any potential to marry in the future and continue her family’s lineage. Hecuba hopes Cassandra will tear the sacred garlands of the gods off of her body in protest of her upcoming forced marriage. Talthybius, confused, wonders why Hecuba does not think it “high favor to be brought to a king’s bed?” Talthybius, perhaps because of his gender, which puts him at less of a risk of being taken as a sex slave, does not understand how violating forced marriage and forced intercourse can be. He rather callously assumes that the status of the man violating the woman has some impact on her willingness or level of trauma. Hecuba asks who has claimed her youngest daughter, Polyxena. Talthybius tells her Polyxena no longer feels pain, and will guard Achilles’ tomb, which confuses Hecuba. In fact, Polyxena has died, and Talthybius is trying to protect Hecuba from her grief. Talthybius, although technically Hecuba’s enemy, respects her enough to try and protect her feelings. However, hiding the death of her daughter from her does not erase the horrors of war. Hecuba is devastated to learn that Odysseus has claimed her for himself. She despises Odysseus, who she believes to be a slippery, treacherous beast, and feels she has been given “the worst lot of all.” Although no woman is happy to be enslaved to a man who is her enemy, Hecuba seems to believe she is being personally singled out and punished by fortune and the gods.	1,670	ENGLISH	1
In this essay, I will be looking at how Miller presents the themes of truth and justice in ‘The Crucible’. To achieve this, I will examine a variety of characters including John Proctor because Miller uses his characters actions to convey the themes. Before I conclude, I will compare Miller’s work to other plays. ‘The Crucible’, by Arthur Miller, is not an accurate historical account, but rather an accurate portrayal of the Salem witch trials of 1692 in Massachusetts. Miller makes minor changes to the events that occurred during the trials such as the genuine names of the victims, the total number of people that were executed, and the correct ages of the characters. During the time of the witch trials, people follow their strict Puritan beliefs. They believe in hard work, prayer, Bible study, and introspection. Miller tells of how the Salem minister catches several young girls dancing in the forest. This is a sign that the girls are practicing evil, because dancing is not permitted in the Puritan faith.Order now The witch trials were a time of much grief, because many innocent people died without proof and guilt ruined many lives. Miller tells in detail about the witch trials and how the townspeople accept guilt of “witches” without evidence. People use witchcraft to gain vengeance. One of the most important themes in Arthur Miller’s ‘The Crucible’ is that good, mercy, and justice do not always triumph over evil. Miller uses his character John Proctor to represent justice in his work, ‘The Crucible’. John Proctor opposes authority in Miller’s play. He is portrayed as the protagonist. From the general feel of the scene, we can gather that the common room of Proctor’s house is cold, empty and unwelcoming. This parallels with the relationship between John and Elizabeth. There’s is a great amount of tension between the pair, and they idly make chit-chat at the table, as they feel they need to: “Proctor: Pray now for a good summer. It should be noted that it is Proctor who is trying to make conversation; Elizabeth is spoiling his attempts with one-word answers. Proctor is feeling frustrated because Elizabeth is not acknowledging that Proctor is trying his hardest to repair the relationship. He is forever claiming his desire to please Elizabeth: “I mean to please you Elizabeth.” – Proctor The audience would get frustrated with Elizabeth for not forgiving him. Although Proctor is guilty for the false relationship with Abigail, he is going below his stature to earn trust and respect from Elizabeth. This shows the personal integrity of John Proctor. He loathes hypocrisy because they are testifying to something that is not true. Proctor has strong moral principles with one exception. Hale asks him to recite the Ten Commandments and he forgets one of them, which in his case is the most important, “Thou shalt not commit adultery.” He denies all accusations of his affair with Abigail until the trial. He then admits to the affair in order to save his name and his wife. His confession shows that his principles are stronger than anything else is. Though John Proctor tries to do the right thing in the end, his death shows that justice does not always triumph over evil. This also shows that Miller presents themes through the actions of the characters. Judge Danforth is a prominent character in the play, and one of main persecutors of those accused of witchcraft. He seems a hard man, and one not willing to change his views. He is the main judge we see in the play, and is in charge of hearing all evidence against people, and judging them. The simple fact that he does not let any one of those accused off the charges unless they confess creates the impression that he is a hard man, with very little sympathy or any kinder human traits. However, during the play, there are times when he seems to be gentler with some people. The first mention of Danforth is in Act three. Miller includes notes about many of the characters in the stage directions, and those of Danforth give an instant impression about him. ‘Danforth is a grave man in his sixties, of some humour and sophistication, that does not, however interfere with an exact loyalty to his position and his cause.’ He brings religion into his arguments a lot, mainly criticising those who do not attend church regularly. He seems to have more respect for those who are what he thinks of as ‘good Christians.’ Danforth: ‘You are in all respects a gospel Christian?’ Procter: ‘I am, sir’ Danforth: ‘Such a Christian that will not come to church but once a month?’ Danforth: ‘â€¦Plough on Sunday?’ In this last quote, Danforth seems disbelieving that a man who considered himself a Christian could plough on a Sunday. While nowadays this would be acceptable, in the days Miller was writing about, a man generally could not call himself a Christian unless he adopted a rather strict way of life, and obeyed the rigid rules of the church. Judge Danforth wants to respect Christians, and while using an apparent lack of Christianity against the people accused of witchcraft, he seems to admire the use of it to accuse them, just. When the girls are questioned, they frequently protest ‘I am with God’ or ‘I am with God now.’ Danforth seems to believe them when they say this. He seems to want to believe they are ‘with God’ although he refuses to believe it about any accused. This seems quite hypocritical. However, if he believes that any people accused were ‘with God’ and announced them innocent, he would be accusing the girls of lying. This would mean he did not believe that they were with God. Therefore, Danforth feels he has to choose someone to believe and stick to their point of view. Believing the girls, would certainly be a popular decision, at least at first, as the public would be keen to ‘carry out God’s work’ and condemn who they thought were involved in witchcraft. He shows some kind human traits, although the select conditions under which he does this, makes it seem a lot more false. When he is talking to Goody Proctor, he seems kind and respectful. When he dies this, she is already a condemned woman, and this may be for his own gain, as he is trying to get Procter to confess. This clearly shows that justice does not always triumph over evil.	<urn:uuid:3f2cab8d-0d17-43c7-9a49-2fd5047bf772>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://artscolumbia.org/literary-arts/prose/discuss-how-miller-presents-the-themes-of-truth-and-justice-in-the-crucible-2-45299/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592261.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118052321-20200118080321-00000.warc.gz	en	0.981467	1,396	3.4375	3	[ -0.4422556757926941, 0.1649458408355713, 0.06712552160024643, 0.05582744628190994, -0.32935887575149536, 0.3194405138492584, 0.3638947606086731, 0.06528890877962112, -0.16169928014278412, -0.009971365332603455, -0.5955216884613037, 0.012209700420498848, -0.41222918033599854, 0.104480147361...	1	In this essay, I will be looking at how Miller presents the themes of truth and justice in ‘The Crucible’. To achieve this, I will examine a variety of characters including John Proctor because Miller uses his characters actions to convey the themes. Before I conclude, I will compare Miller’s work to other plays. ‘The Crucible’, by Arthur Miller, is not an accurate historical account, but rather an accurate portrayal of the Salem witch trials of 1692 in Massachusetts. Miller makes minor changes to the events that occurred during the trials such as the genuine names of the victims, the total number of people that were executed, and the correct ages of the characters. During the time of the witch trials, people follow their strict Puritan beliefs. They believe in hard work, prayer, Bible study, and introspection. Miller tells of how the Salem minister catches several young girls dancing in the forest. This is a sign that the girls are practicing evil, because dancing is not permitted in the Puritan faith.Order now The witch trials were a time of much grief, because many innocent people died without proof and guilt ruined many lives. Miller tells in detail about the witch trials and how the townspeople accept guilt of “witches” without evidence. People use witchcraft to gain vengeance. One of the most important themes in Arthur Miller’s ‘The Crucible’ is that good, mercy, and justice do not always triumph over evil. Miller uses his character John Proctor to represent justice in his work, ‘The Crucible’. John Proctor opposes authority in Miller’s play. He is portrayed as the protagonist. From the general feel of the scene, we can gather that the common room of Proctor’s house is cold, empty and unwelcoming. This parallels with the relationship between John and Elizabeth. There’s is a great amount of tension between the pair, and they idly make chit-chat at the table, as they feel they need to: “Proctor: Pray now for a good summer. It should be noted that it is Proctor who is trying to make conversation; Elizabeth is spoiling his attempts with one-word answers. Proctor is feeling frustrated because Elizabeth is not acknowledging that Proctor is trying his hardest to repair the relationship. He is forever claiming his desire to please Elizabeth: “I mean to please you Elizabeth.” – Proctor The audience would get frustrated with Elizabeth for not forgiving him. Although Proctor is guilty for the false relationship with Abigail, he is going below his stature to earn trust and respect from Elizabeth. This shows the personal integrity of John Proctor. He loathes hypocrisy because they are testifying to something that is not true. Proctor has strong moral principles with one exception. Hale asks him to recite the Ten Commandments and he forgets one of them, which in his case is the most important, “Thou shalt not commit adultery.” He denies all accusations of his affair with Abigail until the trial. He then admits to the affair in order to save his name and his wife. His confession shows that his principles are stronger than anything else is. Though John Proctor tries to do the right thing in the end, his death shows that justice does not always triumph over evil. This also shows that Miller presents themes through the actions of the characters. Judge Danforth is a prominent character in the play, and one of main persecutors of those accused of witchcraft. He seems a hard man, and one not willing to change his views. He is the main judge we see in the play, and is in charge of hearing all evidence against people, and judging them. The simple fact that he does not let any one of those accused off the charges unless they confess creates the impression that he is a hard man, with very little sympathy or any kinder human traits. However, during the play, there are times when he seems to be gentler with some people. The first mention of Danforth is in Act three. Miller includes notes about many of the characters in the stage directions, and those of Danforth give an instant impression about him. ‘Danforth is a grave man in his sixties, of some humour and sophistication, that does not, however interfere with an exact loyalty to his position and his cause.’ He brings religion into his arguments a lot, mainly criticising those who do not attend church regularly. He seems to have more respect for those who are what he thinks of as ‘good Christians.’ Danforth: ‘You are in all respects a gospel Christian?’ Procter: ‘I am, sir’ Danforth: ‘Such a Christian that will not come to church but once a month?’ Danforth: ‘â€¦Plough on Sunday?’ In this last quote, Danforth seems disbelieving that a man who considered himself a Christian could plough on a Sunday. While nowadays this would be acceptable, in the days Miller was writing about, a man generally could not call himself a Christian unless he adopted a rather strict way of life, and obeyed the rigid rules of the church. Judge Danforth wants to respect Christians, and while using an apparent lack of Christianity against the people accused of witchcraft, he seems to admire the use of it to accuse them, just. When the girls are questioned, they frequently protest ‘I am with God’ or ‘I am with God now.’ Danforth seems to believe them when they say this. He seems to want to believe they are ‘with God’ although he refuses to believe it about any accused. This seems quite hypocritical. However, if he believes that any people accused were ‘with God’ and announced them innocent, he would be accusing the girls of lying. This would mean he did not believe that they were with God. Therefore, Danforth feels he has to choose someone to believe and stick to their point of view. Believing the girls, would certainly be a popular decision, at least at first, as the public would be keen to ‘carry out God’s work’ and condemn who they thought were involved in witchcraft. He shows some kind human traits, although the select conditions under which he does this, makes it seem a lot more false. When he is talking to Goody Proctor, he seems kind and respectful. When he dies this, she is already a condemned woman, and this may be for his own gain, as he is trying to get Procter to confess. This clearly shows that justice does not always triumph over evil.	1,325	ENGLISH	1
More than two centuries ago, an enslaved man named Gabriel was making final preparations to lead a revolt in Richmond that he hoped would spur the end of slavery. He was smart, he was armed and he was bold. Were it not for a fierce rainstorm, he might have succeeded. As Virginia remembers the first enslaved people brought to the English colony of Jamestown in 1619 this weekend, it is also worth remembering those who resisted their bondage. Gabriel was born enslaved in 1776 — a year synonymous with freedom — on a plantation north of Richmond owned by Thomas Prosser. (Gabriel is sometimes referred to using “Prosser” as his surname, but historians say this is inaccurate.) The identity of his parents is lost to history, but he was known to have two older brothers. The plantation he grew up on was “typical” of the day, according to historian Douglas R. Egerton in the book ” Gabriel’s Rebellion ,” but his upbringing was anything but. Only about 5 percent of enslaved people at that time could read. Gabriel was one of them. Most plantation slaves were unskilled laborers. Gabriel was taught to be a blacksmith. This probably meant he was able to dress better than other enslaved people. [ Some white people don’t want to hear about slavery at plantations built by slaves ] Newspaper accounts later described him as “six feet two or three inches high” with a “bony face, well made” and “two or three scars on his head.” He was “a fellow of courage and intellect above his rank in life.” In 1798, Prosser died, leaving the plantation and its inhabitants to a son the same age as Gabriel. In a letter, a friend of Thomas Jefferson’s wrote to say the younger Prosser “behaved with great barbarity to his slaves.” By this time, tobacco was drying up as a cash crop. Some plantation owners found themselves with more enslaved labor than they needed, so they would “lease out” some of them for extra income. Gabriel was among them and spent several days each month working in downtown Richmond, where he was allowed to keep a small share of his wages. “Though no less a slave in the eyes of the law, Gabriel therefore enjoyed a rough form of freedom,” Egerton wrote. “Indeed, his ties to his owner became so tenuous that numerous historians have identified him as a free man.” In Richmond, he worked alongside working-class white and free black artisans, plus other leased slaves with some degree of autonomy. He was exposed to rhetoric and news of liberty — not only of Jefferson’s dictum that “all men are created equal,” but of the successful slave revolt in Saint Domingue — what is now Haiti. In September 1799, Gabriel stole a pig from a plantation owner — a relatively common act among poorly fed enslaved people, Egerton wrote. He was caught by a white overseer and a struggle ensued, during which Gabriel bit off part of the man’s ear. The sentence for the crime of a slave attacking a white man was death, but perhaps because of his value to Prosser, he was let off with a brand burned into his hand, a bond paid by his owner and a promise that Gabriel would behave. Spoiler alert: He didn’t. The next spring, Gabriel began to plot and enlist co-conspirators. This was the plan: On the night of Saturday, Aug. 30, 1800, he and his fellow rebels would take up arms and kill Prosser first. Then they would kill the man who got Gabriel branded. The army of rebels would grow as they moved toward Richmond. Gabriel guessed it could be 1,000 strong by the time they arrived. Once there, they would break up into columns, move through the city, burning bridges, raiding the treasury and taking the governor hostage — at the time, that was future president James Monroe — until they could convince him that all the enslaved people in Virginia should be set free. [ Virginia is the birthplace of American slavery and segregation — and it still can’t escape that legacy ] If that last part sounds far-fetched, it’s important to understand the political environment of the day. Growing tensions between the first two U.S. political parties — the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans — led many to worry this young country was headed toward civil war. And there was a presidential election coming in the fall of 1800. Would Democratic-Republican candidate Thomas Jefferson unseat Federalist incumbent John Adams? If so, would Adams accept the loss and step down? A statue of Thomas Jefferson in the main lobby of the Jefferson Hotel in Richmond. (Steve Helber/AP) No one knew, but Gabriel surmised he could use this split among white elites to his advantage. He had come to see merchants, who were mostly Federalists and cheated leased slaves with impunity, as his primary enemy. He thought that if enslaved people rebelled, they would be joined by freed blacks, working-class whites, abolitionists, Quakers and Methodists. Plus, Federalists were spreading rumors that if Jefferson won, he was going to liberate all enslaved people. Gabriel may have believed that. Although Jefferson owned slaves throughout his life, his views on the institution underwent several evolutions. In 1783, he submitted a bill to Congress that would free all slaves by 1800, which the Library of Congress marks as the “high point” of his opposition to it. But Jefferson freed only a handful of people upon his death in 1827. The rest, at least 130 people , were sold to pay debts. [ The birthplace of American slavery debated abolishing it after Nat Turner’s bloody revolt ] Throughout the summer, Gabriel recruited his army until it spread across 11 Virginia counties. They met in slave cabins, blacksmith shops, at a bridge where enslaved people gathered on their day off. They gathered muskets, powder, knives and split harvesting scythes into weapons resembling machetes. “Most of his contemporaries, white as well as black, believed that his plan stood a good chance of succeeding. Had it done so, it might have changed not only the course of American race relations but also the course of American political history,” Egerton wrote. But on the day of the revolt, disaster struck. A large summer thunderstorm moved in and drenched the region. A prisoner later said it was the worst he had ever witnessed in the state. It took out bridges, cut off communication and made it impossible for the revolt to begin. Gabriel tried to get word out that they would postpone until the following night. In the meantime, he was betrayed. Two enslaved men at a neighboring plantation lost their nerve and confessed to the owner. The storm had cleared by the next morning, and roving white patrols picked up and detained dozens of conspirators. By the time they came for Gabriel, he was gone. Over the next few weeks, at least 10 conspirators were tried and hanged, including Gabriel’s two older brothers. In the end, 26 were sentenced to death. Gov. Monroe wrote to Jefferson that dozens more could meet the “hand of the Executioner.” On Sept. 22, 1800, Jefferson responded, advising that “there is strong sentiment that there has been hanging enough.” The next day, Gabriel was again betrayed by another slave, who told authorities that the man they wanted was on a ship on the James River. Gabriel was arrested in Norfolk — just across the water from where Africans were first enslaved by English colonists 181 years earlier at what is now Fort Monroe. Gabriel was hanged on Oct. 10, 1800, at the age of 24. Recent scholarship disputes the exact location of his execution, but it is likely he was buried in a slave cemetery at 15th and Broad streets in Richmond, said Ryan K. Smith of Virginia Commonwealth University. The African Burial Ground in Richmond, where Gabriel was probably buried. (Ryan K. Smith) The site of the burial ground later became a white school, then a jail, and then part of it was destroyed by the construction of Interstate 95, according to the Richmond Cemeteries website that Smith maintains. What remains is the African Burial Ground, which is marked with a few plaques and makeshift altars. A community of activists are rallying for an expansive memorial park that would include the burial ground and other slave sites nearby, Smith said. It’s unclear what the city will ultimately decide, but every year for the past five or six years, local activists have met there on Aug. 30 to remember Gabriel and what he tried to do. Read more Retropolis: She was captured and enslaved 400 years ago. Now Angela symbolizes a brutal history. Missouri v. Celia, a Slave: She killed the white master raping her, then claimed self-defense ‘My mother was sold from me’: After slavery, the desperate search for loved ones in ‘last seen ads’ ‘Unflinching’: The day John Brown was hanged for his raid on Harpers Ferry The Dawn of American Slavery: Jamestown 400 special report	<urn:uuid:ac4b0a91-c852-4698-a957-84c78c6de083>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://mundinews.com/2019/08/23/gabriels-revolt-in-1800-he-was-savvy-armed-and-determined-to-end-slavery-in-virginias-capital/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606226.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121222429-20200122011429-00546.warc.gz	en	0.985155	1,952	3.890625	4	[ -0.3317275941371918, 0.5987407565116882, 0.6062164902687073, -0.03891698271036148, 0.0007987371645867825, 0.050794877111911774, -0.09228377044200897, -0.266642689704895, 0.044898808002471924, 0.19274426996707916, -0.37438899278640747, -0.05446038767695427, -0.48471182584762573, 0.086434751...	1	More than two centuries ago, an enslaved man named Gabriel was making final preparations to lead a revolt in Richmond that he hoped would spur the end of slavery. He was smart, he was armed and he was bold. Were it not for a fierce rainstorm, he might have succeeded. As Virginia remembers the first enslaved people brought to the English colony of Jamestown in 1619 this weekend, it is also worth remembering those who resisted their bondage. Gabriel was born enslaved in 1776 — a year synonymous with freedom — on a plantation north of Richmond owned by Thomas Prosser. (Gabriel is sometimes referred to using “Prosser” as his surname, but historians say this is inaccurate.) The identity of his parents is lost to history, but he was known to have two older brothers. The plantation he grew up on was “typical” of the day, according to historian Douglas R. Egerton in the book ” Gabriel’s Rebellion ,” but his upbringing was anything but. Only about 5 percent of enslaved people at that time could read. Gabriel was one of them. Most plantation slaves were unskilled laborers. Gabriel was taught to be a blacksmith. This probably meant he was able to dress better than other enslaved people. [ Some white people don’t want to hear about slavery at plantations built by slaves ] Newspaper accounts later described him as “six feet two or three inches high” with a “bony face, well made” and “two or three scars on his head.” He was “a fellow of courage and intellect above his rank in life.” In 1798, Prosser died, leaving the plantation and its inhabitants to a son the same age as Gabriel. In a letter, a friend of Thomas Jefferson’s wrote to say the younger Prosser “behaved with great barbarity to his slaves.” By this time, tobacco was drying up as a cash crop. Some plantation owners found themselves with more enslaved labor than they needed, so they would “lease out” some of them for extra income. Gabriel was among them and spent several days each month working in downtown Richmond, where he was allowed to keep a small share of his wages. “Though no less a slave in the eyes of the law, Gabriel therefore enjoyed a rough form of freedom,” Egerton wrote. “Indeed, his ties to his owner became so tenuous that numerous historians have identified him as a free man.” In Richmond, he worked alongside working-class white and free black artisans, plus other leased slaves with some degree of autonomy. He was exposed to rhetoric and news of liberty — not only of Jefferson’s dictum that “all men are created equal,” but of the successful slave revolt in Saint Domingue — what is now Haiti. In September 1799, Gabriel stole a pig from a plantation owner — a relatively common act among poorly fed enslaved people, Egerton wrote. He was caught by a white overseer and a struggle ensued, during which Gabriel bit off part of the man’s ear. The sentence for the crime of a slave attacking a white man was death, but perhaps because of his value to Prosser, he was let off with a brand burned into his hand, a bond paid by his owner and a promise that Gabriel would behave. Spoiler alert: He didn’t. The next spring, Gabriel began to plot and enlist co-conspirators. This was the plan: On the night of Saturday, Aug. 30, 1800, he and his fellow rebels would take up arms and kill Prosser first. Then they would kill the man who got Gabriel branded. The army of rebels would grow as they moved toward Richmond. Gabriel guessed it could be 1,000 strong by the time they arrived. Once there, they would break up into columns, move through the city, burning bridges, raiding the treasury and taking the governor hostage — at the time, that was future president James Monroe — until they could convince him that all the enslaved people in Virginia should be set free. [ Virginia is the birthplace of American slavery and segregation — and it still can’t escape that legacy ] If that last part sounds far-fetched, it’s important to understand the political environment of the day. Growing tensions between the first two U.S. political parties — the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans — led many to worry this young country was headed toward civil war. And there was a presidential election coming in the fall of 1800. Would Democratic-Republican candidate Thomas Jefferson unseat Federalist incumbent John Adams? If so, would Adams accept the loss and step down? A statue of Thomas Jefferson in the main lobby of the Jefferson Hotel in Richmond. (Steve Helber/AP) No one knew, but Gabriel surmised he could use this split among white elites to his advantage. He had come to see merchants, who were mostly Federalists and cheated leased slaves with impunity, as his primary enemy. He thought that if enslaved people rebelled, they would be joined by freed blacks, working-class whites, abolitionists, Quakers and Methodists. Plus, Federalists were spreading rumors that if Jefferson won, he was going to liberate all enslaved people. Gabriel may have believed that. Although Jefferson owned slaves throughout his life, his views on the institution underwent several evolutions. In 1783, he submitted a bill to Congress that would free all slaves by 1800, which the Library of Congress marks as the “high point” of his opposition to it. But Jefferson freed only a handful of people upon his death in 1827. The rest, at least 130 people , were sold to pay debts. [ The birthplace of American slavery debated abolishing it after Nat Turner’s bloody revolt ] Throughout the summer, Gabriel recruited his army until it spread across 11 Virginia counties. They met in slave cabins, blacksmith shops, at a bridge where enslaved people gathered on their day off. They gathered muskets, powder, knives and split harvesting scythes into weapons resembling machetes. “Most of his contemporaries, white as well as black, believed that his plan stood a good chance of succeeding. Had it done so, it might have changed not only the course of American race relations but also the course of American political history,” Egerton wrote. But on the day of the revolt, disaster struck. A large summer thunderstorm moved in and drenched the region. A prisoner later said it was the worst he had ever witnessed in the state. It took out bridges, cut off communication and made it impossible for the revolt to begin. Gabriel tried to get word out that they would postpone until the following night. In the meantime, he was betrayed. Two enslaved men at a neighboring plantation lost their nerve and confessed to the owner. The storm had cleared by the next morning, and roving white patrols picked up and detained dozens of conspirators. By the time they came for Gabriel, he was gone. Over the next few weeks, at least 10 conspirators were tried and hanged, including Gabriel’s two older brothers. In the end, 26 were sentenced to death. Gov. Monroe wrote to Jefferson that dozens more could meet the “hand of the Executioner.” On Sept. 22, 1800, Jefferson responded, advising that “there is strong sentiment that there has been hanging enough.” The next day, Gabriel was again betrayed by another slave, who told authorities that the man they wanted was on a ship on the James River. Gabriel was arrested in Norfolk — just across the water from where Africans were first enslaved by English colonists 181 years earlier at what is now Fort Monroe. Gabriel was hanged on Oct. 10, 1800, at the age of 24. Recent scholarship disputes the exact location of his execution, but it is likely he was buried in a slave cemetery at 15th and Broad streets in Richmond, said Ryan K. Smith of Virginia Commonwealth University. The African Burial Ground in Richmond, where Gabriel was probably buried. (Ryan K. Smith) The site of the burial ground later became a white school, then a jail, and then part of it was destroyed by the construction of Interstate 95, according to the Richmond Cemeteries website that Smith maintains. What remains is the African Burial Ground, which is marked with a few plaques and makeshift altars. A community of activists are rallying for an expansive memorial park that would include the burial ground and other slave sites nearby, Smith said. It’s unclear what the city will ultimately decide, but every year for the past five or six years, local activists have met there on Aug. 30 to remember Gabriel and what he tried to do. Read more Retropolis: She was captured and enslaved 400 years ago. Now Angela symbolizes a brutal history. Missouri v. Celia, a Slave: She killed the white master raping her, then claimed self-defense ‘My mother was sold from me’: After slavery, the desperate search for loved ones in ‘last seen ads’ ‘Unflinching’: The day John Brown was hanged for his raid on Harpers Ferry The Dawn of American Slavery: Jamestown 400 special report	1,919	ENGLISH	1
Volkswagen is a car company from Germany. The word volkswagen means "People's car" in German. Its headquarters are in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony. It was started in the 1930s, at the request of the country's leader, Adolf Hitler, to produce a car designed by Ferdinand Porsche. History[change \| change source] In the 1930s Adolf Hitler was looking for someone who could make a cheap car that the common German worker could afford. At the same time, Ferdinand Porsche had been working for years on a cheap car that could hold a family and would drive like a real car, not a micro car. He had already designed and built small cars with rear engines and shaped like a beetle (for better aerodynamics). At this time, owning a car in Germany was something only for the rich people, and most car companies were not interested in making a low-cost car. Porsche's company, also called Porsche, only made designs for others at that time. So Porsche could not find anyone to make the small car that he wanted. Though Hitler never learned to drive, he was very interested in cars (he also created the autobahn, which led to the U.S. interstate highways). Hitler wanted the car to hold four people. It was to be cooled by oil instead of water. The car needed to be able to travel at least 100 km/h, or about 60 mph, and use no more than 7 liters of gasoline for 100 kilometers (about 34 mpg). The car companies in Germany at the time didn't want to make this new low-cost car, so Hitler formed a new company, run by the government. The first name given to the car was "KdF-Wagen." "KdF" stood for Kraft durch Freude, or "Strength through Joy." Some were made, but by the time the factory was finished in 1938, World War II started. The factory then built jeep-like cars for the German military instead. After the war, people from the United Kingdom and the United States reopened the factory and started making cars again. The factory was in ruins from the war and could only make a few cars at a time. The British military were in charge of this section of Germany. At first they tried to find another car company to rebuild the factory. Henry Ford was offered the company for free. After looking it over, his adviser said "Mr. Ford, what we are being offered here is not worth a damn!" So the Volkswagen company went ahead by itself to make the car. The man who led the Volkswagen company during this time was Heinz Nordhoff. At first they only made one type of car, the Volkswagen Beetle. (It was simply called the Type 1 Sedan by the company, it also had the nickname "Bug" in the U.S. and other nicknames elsewhere). In 1950, the Type 2 (the bus) was introduced, also built with an engine in the back of the vehicle. The cars became popular and well-known all over the world. The Beetle later became one of the best selling cars in history. It was built for many years afterward in factories in Germany, Brazil and Mexico. The last original Volkswagen Beetle to be built was built in Mexico. It was built in July of 2003. Volkswagen has a new car called the "New Beetle." which began selling in 1997, It looks like the old car, but is built quite differently. It is faster, safer, and has an engine in the front, not the back, and is water-cooled (using a radiator). It is much more suited to today's modern world in terms of design and security. Volkswagen is currently involved in an emissions test scandal. Recent vehicles[change \| change source] Some of Volkswagen's popular cars are the Golf, Jetta, Polo,Beetle and the Passat. VW's as they are commonly known, have also entered the off road segment with cars like the Touarag, and the commercial segment with the Touran. This year sees VW's 21st anniversary since the Golf 1 went on sale in the 1980s. Since its birth VW has sold over 315,000 units of the Golf 1 alone. 2006 saw the entry of the fifth generation of the Golf. The flagbearer - the GTI - is powered by a 147Kw 2.0l 4 cylinder turbo charged engine,with VW DSG and FSI technology. The Golf GTI has evolved a long way since the 80's but the fifth generation GTI is criticised by some as it does not live up to the expectations and standards set by the legendary Mk1 GTI, which was fitted with an 1600, 8 valve motor. Models[change \| change source] Air-cooled[change \| change source] - Type 1: Beetle(also known as "Bug"), Karmann Ghia, and some specialty models, like the Fridolin, a mini-delivery van - Type 2: Bus (several styles, like an ambulance version, a camper van, and the 21-window touring van) - Type 3: Squareback, Notchback and Fastback In 1968 these cars were the first general production cars in the world to have fuel-injection - Type 4: 411-412 - not many were sold, but the large fuel-injected engine, made in common with Porsche for the Porsche 914, was later used in the VW bus Water-cooled[change \| change source] The water-cooled line was started in 1974. - Golf (or Rabbit) - Passat (or Dasher) - Transporter (or Eurovan) - New Beetle References[change \| change source] - Nelson, Walter (1967). Small Wonder. Little, Brown & Company. p. 333. - Hotten, Russell (10 December 2015). "Volkswagen: The scandal explained" – via www.bbc.co.uk.	<urn:uuid:52633cf4-b26a-48c4-848f-10673f9bff2d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250625097.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124191133-20200124220133-00492.warc.gz	en	0.980576	1,242	3.5	4	[ -0.019037321209907532, 0.542610764503479, 0.023601461201906204, 0.5950937271118164, -0.19213074445724487, 0.29566216468811035, -0.13931933045387268, 0.2023373395204544, -0.09909390658140182, -0.3598681092262268, 0.2940511703491211, -0.1854298710823059, 0.015621758997440338, 0.2459572106599...	3	Volkswagen is a car company from Germany. The word volkswagen means "People's car" in German. Its headquarters are in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony. It was started in the 1930s, at the request of the country's leader, Adolf Hitler, to produce a car designed by Ferdinand Porsche. History[change \| change source] In the 1930s Adolf Hitler was looking for someone who could make a cheap car that the common German worker could afford. At the same time, Ferdinand Porsche had been working for years on a cheap car that could hold a family and would drive like a real car, not a micro car. He had already designed and built small cars with rear engines and shaped like a beetle (for better aerodynamics). At this time, owning a car in Germany was something only for the rich people, and most car companies were not interested in making a low-cost car. Porsche's company, also called Porsche, only made designs for others at that time. So Porsche could not find anyone to make the small car that he wanted. Though Hitler never learned to drive, he was very interested in cars (he also created the autobahn, which led to the U.S. interstate highways). Hitler wanted the car to hold four people. It was to be cooled by oil instead of water. The car needed to be able to travel at least 100 km/h, or about 60 mph, and use no more than 7 liters of gasoline for 100 kilometers (about 34 mpg). The car companies in Germany at the time didn't want to make this new low-cost car, so Hitler formed a new company, run by the government. The first name given to the car was "KdF-Wagen." "KdF" stood for Kraft durch Freude, or "Strength through Joy." Some were made, but by the time the factory was finished in 1938, World War II started. The factory then built jeep-like cars for the German military instead. After the war, people from the United Kingdom and the United States reopened the factory and started making cars again. The factory was in ruins from the war and could only make a few cars at a time. The British military were in charge of this section of Germany. At first they tried to find another car company to rebuild the factory. Henry Ford was offered the company for free. After looking it over, his adviser said "Mr. Ford, what we are being offered here is not worth a damn!" So the Volkswagen company went ahead by itself to make the car. The man who led the Volkswagen company during this time was Heinz Nordhoff. At first they only made one type of car, the Volkswagen Beetle. (It was simply called the Type 1 Sedan by the company, it also had the nickname "Bug" in the U.S. and other nicknames elsewhere). In 1950, the Type 2 (the bus) was introduced, also built with an engine in the back of the vehicle. The cars became popular and well-known all over the world. The Beetle later became one of the best selling cars in history. It was built for many years afterward in factories in Germany, Brazil and Mexico. The last original Volkswagen Beetle to be built was built in Mexico. It was built in July of 2003. Volkswagen has a new car called the "New Beetle." which began selling in 1997, It looks like the old car, but is built quite differently. It is faster, safer, and has an engine in the front, not the back, and is water-cooled (using a radiator). It is much more suited to today's modern world in terms of design and security. Volkswagen is currently involved in an emissions test scandal. Recent vehicles[change \| change source] Some of Volkswagen's popular cars are the Golf, Jetta, Polo,Beetle and the Passat. VW's as they are commonly known, have also entered the off road segment with cars like the Touarag, and the commercial segment with the Touran. This year sees VW's 21st anniversary since the Golf 1 went on sale in the 1980s. Since its birth VW has sold over 315,000 units of the Golf 1 alone. 2006 saw the entry of the fifth generation of the Golf. The flagbearer - the GTI - is powered by a 147Kw 2.0l 4 cylinder turbo charged engine,with VW DSG and FSI technology. The Golf GTI has evolved a long way since the 80's but the fifth generation GTI is criticised by some as it does not live up to the expectations and standards set by the legendary Mk1 GTI, which was fitted with an 1600, 8 valve motor. Models[change \| change source] Air-cooled[change \| change source] - Type 1: Beetle(also known as "Bug"), Karmann Ghia, and some specialty models, like the Fridolin, a mini-delivery van - Type 2: Bus (several styles, like an ambulance version, a camper van, and the 21-window touring van) - Type 3: Squareback, Notchback and Fastback In 1968 these cars were the first general production cars in the world to have fuel-injection - Type 4: 411-412 - not many were sold, but the large fuel-injected engine, made in common with Porsche for the Porsche 914, was later used in the VW bus Water-cooled[change \| change source] The water-cooled line was started in 1974. - Golf (or Rabbit) - Passat (or Dasher) - Transporter (or Eurovan) - New Beetle References[change \| change source] - Nelson, Walter (1967). Small Wonder. Little, Brown & Company. p. 333. - Hotten, Russell (10 December 2015). "Volkswagen: The scandal explained" – via www.bbc.co.uk.	1,295	ENGLISH	1
Civil Rights Movement was one of the most important events in the history of United States of America. Let us rewind in history to know some Civil Rights Movements Facts. The Civil Rights movement in America was one of the most important events in America’s history. It was a movement against discrimination, inequality, injustice, and against segregation of society on the basis of race and ethnicity. Although it is generally agreed that the Civil Rights Movement began in the 1960s, it is not clear on what date the movement actually first started. There is a consensus among historians that after the World War II was over, the struggle for racial equality gained prominence. Some incidents that incited the movement were the Supreme Court decision in the case of Brown v. The Board of Education in 1954 and the refusal of Rosa Parks to give up her seat to a white man while traveling in a bus in Montgomery, Alabama. After the World War II was over, African-American leaders felt that their condition in America was similar to those of Jews in Germany. They had fought the war for America and felt that they deserved equal rights. This was one of the major factors that led to the 1960s Civil Rights Movement in America. Mentioned below are some facts about the Civil Rights Movement in America. - In 1942, James Farmer and George Houser founded Congress for Racial Equality (CORE). CORE started its agitation by protesting against restaurants that refused to serve Black Americans. - Nine Black students were not allowed to enroll in a school on the orders of Governor Orval Faubus. Later, with the help of federal troops and National Guard, these nine students got admission in the school and despite being constantly threatened, they managed to graduate from the Central High. These nine students were later known as “Little Rock Nine”. - James Meredith, the first Black student in the University of Mississippi was denied admission in the University, but later, on the orders of Supreme Court, he was permitted to enroll in the University. His first day at the University attracted a mob and two people were killed and hundreds injured in the race riot. - Martin Luther King, one of the prominent leaders of the Civil Rights Movements attracted a crowd of more than 250,000 people in his call to March to Washington. It was during this march that he delivered the famous “I Have a Dream” speech. - Sixteenth Street Baptist Church was attacked which resulted in the death of four young girls who were attending Sunday school. - Three activists, James E. Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner, working for voting rights of Blacks were murdered by Ku Klux Klan (KKK), a white supremacy group. - The State troopers attacked people protesting peacefully when they tried to pass Pettus Bridge in Selma, Ala. In another attack, police used tear gas, whips and clubs to disperse the mob. - The Lorraine Hotel where Martin Luther King was assassinated by James Earl Ray on April 4, 1968 is now the location of National Civil Rights Museum. - In August, 1965, a race riot in Watts, a Los Angeles suburb, caused the death of 34 people and resulted in losses of millions of dollars. - Emmett Till, a 14-year old Black student was murdered by two white men, J. W. Milam and Roy Bryant, and his body was dumped into Tallahatchie River. These two men were tried but were later evicted. The two men had no remorse in killing a minor and boasted of their act in an interview to ‘Look’ magazine. - Lamar Smith, a civil rights activist was murdered in broad daylight in Mississippi. All the witnesses to this crime were white, including the Sheriff and because of this reason nobody was convicted. The movement played an important part in ensuring that Blacks got their due place in America and paved the way for their prosperity and growth. Perhaps the biggest contribution of the Civil Rights Movement is that a country which once did not even grant African-Americans the right to vote, now has an African-American President in Barack Hussein Obama. We would like to conclude this article by quoting two great men in the history of America. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. ~ Martin Luther King There is not a black America and white America and Latino America and Asian America — there is the United States of America. ~ Barack Hussein Obama	<urn:uuid:f97bebb2-082f-4767-a110-c51791e6743a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://historyplex.com/civil-rights-movement-facts	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00380.warc.gz	en	0.980095	928	4.1875	4	[ -0.3089416027069092, -0.1617007702589035, 0.06909541040658951, -0.14833404123783112, -0.3275873363018036, 0.6097893714904785, -0.2597033977508545, -0.1686915159225464, -0.001450937008485198, 0.40999698638916016, 0.02942955493927002, 0.5442749261856079, -0.18371376395225525, -0.037459943443...	7	Civil Rights Movement was one of the most important events in the history of United States of America. Let us rewind in history to know some Civil Rights Movements Facts. The Civil Rights movement in America was one of the most important events in America’s history. It was a movement against discrimination, inequality, injustice, and against segregation of society on the basis of race and ethnicity. Although it is generally agreed that the Civil Rights Movement began in the 1960s, it is not clear on what date the movement actually first started. There is a consensus among historians that after the World War II was over, the struggle for racial equality gained prominence. Some incidents that incited the movement were the Supreme Court decision in the case of Brown v. The Board of Education in 1954 and the refusal of Rosa Parks to give up her seat to a white man while traveling in a bus in Montgomery, Alabama. After the World War II was over, African-American leaders felt that their condition in America was similar to those of Jews in Germany. They had fought the war for America and felt that they deserved equal rights. This was one of the major factors that led to the 1960s Civil Rights Movement in America. Mentioned below are some facts about the Civil Rights Movement in America. - In 1942, James Farmer and George Houser founded Congress for Racial Equality (CORE). CORE started its agitation by protesting against restaurants that refused to serve Black Americans. - Nine Black students were not allowed to enroll in a school on the orders of Governor Orval Faubus. Later, with the help of federal troops and National Guard, these nine students got admission in the school and despite being constantly threatened, they managed to graduate from the Central High. These nine students were later known as “Little Rock Nine”. - James Meredith, the first Black student in the University of Mississippi was denied admission in the University, but later, on the orders of Supreme Court, he was permitted to enroll in the University. His first day at the University attracted a mob and two people were killed and hundreds injured in the race riot. - Martin Luther King, one of the prominent leaders of the Civil Rights Movements attracted a crowd of more than 250,000 people in his call to March to Washington. It was during this march that he delivered the famous “I Have a Dream” speech. - Sixteenth Street Baptist Church was attacked which resulted in the death of four young girls who were attending Sunday school. - Three activists, James E. Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner, working for voting rights of Blacks were murdered by Ku Klux Klan (KKK), a white supremacy group. - The State troopers attacked people protesting peacefully when they tried to pass Pettus Bridge in Selma, Ala. In another attack, police used tear gas, whips and clubs to disperse the mob. - The Lorraine Hotel where Martin Luther King was assassinated by James Earl Ray on April 4, 1968 is now the location of National Civil Rights Museum. - In August, 1965, a race riot in Watts, a Los Angeles suburb, caused the death of 34 people and resulted in losses of millions of dollars. - Emmett Till, a 14-year old Black student was murdered by two white men, J. W. Milam and Roy Bryant, and his body was dumped into Tallahatchie River. These two men were tried but were later evicted. The two men had no remorse in killing a minor and boasted of their act in an interview to ‘Look’ magazine. - Lamar Smith, a civil rights activist was murdered in broad daylight in Mississippi. All the witnesses to this crime were white, including the Sheriff and because of this reason nobody was convicted. The movement played an important part in ensuring that Blacks got their due place in America and paved the way for their prosperity and growth. Perhaps the biggest contribution of the Civil Rights Movement is that a country which once did not even grant African-Americans the right to vote, now has an African-American President in Barack Hussein Obama. We would like to conclude this article by quoting two great men in the history of America. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. ~ Martin Luther King There is not a black America and white America and Latino America and Asian America — there is the United States of America. ~ Barack Hussein Obama	933	ENGLISH	1
“Joseph Smith’s Surgeon,” Ensign, Mar. 1978, 59–60 Church members have been thrilled by the story of eight-year-old Joseph Smith’s courage during the time when the bone in his leg became infected and amputation seemed the only solution. We remember his willingness to endure the pain of an alternative operation in his father’s arms, rather than dull its edge with alcohol.1 As a surgeon I have always wondered about Joseph Smith’s operation and particularly about the physicians who successfully carried it out. This was, after all, 1813, in the most rural area of New Hampshire. The infection in Joseph’s bone (osteomyelitis) followed in the wake of an epidemic of typhoid fever that affected all the Smith children. In those days and up until the discovery of antibiotics in this century, osteomyelitis was a devastating problem. Since the days of Hippocrates of ancient Greece, the standard method of treatment had been the simple application of poultices and plasters to the inflamed flesh. This had little effect: when infection occurs in the bone, long segments of the bony shaft die, and the body, growing new bone, encases the dead material within a living layer. Inevitably, the dead bone separates and lies in the center of an abscess cavity, draining continuously or spreading infection to other parts of the body, resulting in death. Usually in the late stages the leg had to be amputated. In 1874 the techniques of operating on the bone to remove the dead fragments and allow drainage were described and widely accepted. This operation, known as sequestrectomy, became standard procedure after World War I. That was a century later. But here is Lucy Mack Smith’s description of the operation in 1813: “The surgeons commenced operating by boring into the bone of his leg, first on the one side where it was affected, then on the other side, after which they broke it off with a pair of forceps or pincers. Thus they took away large pieces of bone.”2 What Lucy Smith is here describing is the technique that became known in 1874! How was such a surgical feat possible eighty years before its time in the tiny community of Lebanon, New Hampshire? The answer is one that Latter-day Saints would hardly call coincidence. In a little known note to the Manuscript History of the Church, Joseph named his doctors: “Smith, Stone and Perkins” of Dartmouth Medical School in Hanover, New Hampshire,3 five miles from the Smith home. These were not the ordinary, poorly trained country physicians so commonly found in those days. Nathan Smith, graduate of Harvard Medical School, sole founder of Dartmouth Medical School, later to found three additional New England medical schools, was also president of the New Hampshire Medical Society and had, prior to treating Joseph Smith, accepted the position of the first professor of medicine and surgery at Yale Medical School.4 He had delayed moving to New Haven so he could care for the victims of the 1813 typhoid epidemic in the communities surrounding Hanover, New Hampshire. Cyrus Perkins was Nathan Smith’s former pupil and a graduate of the Dartmouth Medical School. Perkins had later returned to the area to become the professor of anatomy and to join his former teacher in a medical practice. Stone was very likely also a former student of Smith’s: earlier class rolls of the Dartmouth Medical School list several Stones. Even more significantly, Nathan Smith was one of early America’s greatest medical men and had, on his own, devised an operation for osteomyelitis as early as 1798 that he would later publish in 1827 but that would lapse into disuse for two generations.5 In other words, generations ahead of his time, he was the only man in America who could have saved Joseph Smith’s leg. Without a college education, Nathan Smith apprenticed himself to a country physician for three years, then began his own practice in Cornish, New Hampshire. Dissatisfied with his preparation, he applied to the newly founded Harvard Medical School three years later. He became its fifth graduate and returned to his country practice in 1790. Now his sense of mission included raising medical standards and proficiency among his colleagues as well. He petitioned Dartmouth College trustees to establish a medical school and spent a year in Edinburgh, Scotland, accumulating equipment, books, and clinical experience. His opening lecture in 1797 was the beginning of Dartmouth’s medical college. For thirteen years, he singlehandedly taught anatomy, chemistry (Daniel Webster was enrolled in that course), surgery, remedies, and the theory and practice of medicine, until the New Hampshire legislature allowed Perkins to join him as professor of anatomy in 1810. Neither one received a salary for the teaching; tuition fees and their joint medical practice made up their income. Since Dr. Smith had trained many of the physicians in upper New England, he was consulted on many difficult cases, which meant traveling up to a hundred miles on horseback over rough dirt roads. He routinely invited ten to twenty of his medical students along on these trips as part of their training. This pattern was repeated in Joseph Smith’s case. After Dr. Stone had unsuccessfully performed two operations on Joseph’s diseased leg, his mother insisted on another opinion and requested a “council of surgeons.” Nathan Smith, his partner, Cyrus Perkins, and medical students from Dartmouth came to carry out the necessary surgery. At first an amputation was suggested; Lucy Mack Smith instead asked for the experimental operation of removing only the diseased bone. Her description of the procedure is accurate and parallels the description of the operation found in early Dartmouth medical student notebooks. The operation was successful, and Joseph’s wounds healed. The fact that a wound with the exposed shaft of bone healed so readily is truly miraculous; however, Nathan Smith had achieved an unusual record of good results—he never described amputation following his operation. Joseph used crutches for three years but his life and his leg were spared. After the epidemic and the operation, both Nathan Smith and Joseph Smith left New Hampshire, Nathan Smith to occupy his chair at Yale Medical School and Joseph to return to Vermont for three years before moving to Palmyra, New York, where he eventually began his great work. It is hard to call it an accident—a boy plucky enough to refuse amputation despite two unsuccessful operations; a mother who requested the experimental procedure, not knowing Nathan Smith was the only surgeon in the United States who had such a successful experience treating osteomyelitis; and the undramatic conjunction between the right man and the right time.	<urn:uuid:bda14a8a-2310-45b2-a43c-2ee382afb16c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1978/03/discovery/joseph-smiths-surgeon?lang=eng	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250611127.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123160903-20200123185903-00253.warc.gz	en	0.980786	1,386	3.671875	4	[ -0.02830686792731285, 0.2734930217266083, 0.3844296634197235, -0.020763227716088295, -0.2560069262981415, -0.017153071239590645, 0.47955992817878723, 0.7105917930603027, -0.22440354526042938, 0.1895856261253357, 0.16526994109153748, 0.29536786675453186, 0.21229925751686096, 0.1559837013483...	2	“Joseph Smith’s Surgeon,” Ensign, Mar. 1978, 59–60 Church members have been thrilled by the story of eight-year-old Joseph Smith’s courage during the time when the bone in his leg became infected and amputation seemed the only solution. We remember his willingness to endure the pain of an alternative operation in his father’s arms, rather than dull its edge with alcohol.1 As a surgeon I have always wondered about Joseph Smith’s operation and particularly about the physicians who successfully carried it out. This was, after all, 1813, in the most rural area of New Hampshire. The infection in Joseph’s bone (osteomyelitis) followed in the wake of an epidemic of typhoid fever that affected all the Smith children. In those days and up until the discovery of antibiotics in this century, osteomyelitis was a devastating problem. Since the days of Hippocrates of ancient Greece, the standard method of treatment had been the simple application of poultices and plasters to the inflamed flesh. This had little effect: when infection occurs in the bone, long segments of the bony shaft die, and the body, growing new bone, encases the dead material within a living layer. Inevitably, the dead bone separates and lies in the center of an abscess cavity, draining continuously or spreading infection to other parts of the body, resulting in death. Usually in the late stages the leg had to be amputated. In 1874 the techniques of operating on the bone to remove the dead fragments and allow drainage were described and widely accepted. This operation, known as sequestrectomy, became standard procedure after World War I. That was a century later. But here is Lucy Mack Smith’s description of the operation in 1813: “The surgeons commenced operating by boring into the bone of his leg, first on the one side where it was affected, then on the other side, after which they broke it off with a pair of forceps or pincers. Thus they took away large pieces of bone.”2 What Lucy Smith is here describing is the technique that became known in 1874! How was such a surgical feat possible eighty years before its time in the tiny community of Lebanon, New Hampshire? The answer is one that Latter-day Saints would hardly call coincidence. In a little known note to the Manuscript History of the Church, Joseph named his doctors: “Smith, Stone and Perkins” of Dartmouth Medical School in Hanover, New Hampshire,3 five miles from the Smith home. These were not the ordinary, poorly trained country physicians so commonly found in those days. Nathan Smith, graduate of Harvard Medical School, sole founder of Dartmouth Medical School, later to found three additional New England medical schools, was also president of the New Hampshire Medical Society and had, prior to treating Joseph Smith, accepted the position of the first professor of medicine and surgery at Yale Medical School.4 He had delayed moving to New Haven so he could care for the victims of the 1813 typhoid epidemic in the communities surrounding Hanover, New Hampshire. Cyrus Perkins was Nathan Smith’s former pupil and a graduate of the Dartmouth Medical School. Perkins had later returned to the area to become the professor of anatomy and to join his former teacher in a medical practice. Stone was very likely also a former student of Smith’s: earlier class rolls of the Dartmouth Medical School list several Stones. Even more significantly, Nathan Smith was one of early America’s greatest medical men and had, on his own, devised an operation for osteomyelitis as early as 1798 that he would later publish in 1827 but that would lapse into disuse for two generations.5 In other words, generations ahead of his time, he was the only man in America who could have saved Joseph Smith’s leg. Without a college education, Nathan Smith apprenticed himself to a country physician for three years, then began his own practice in Cornish, New Hampshire. Dissatisfied with his preparation, he applied to the newly founded Harvard Medical School three years later. He became its fifth graduate and returned to his country practice in 1790. Now his sense of mission included raising medical standards and proficiency among his colleagues as well. He petitioned Dartmouth College trustees to establish a medical school and spent a year in Edinburgh, Scotland, accumulating equipment, books, and clinical experience. His opening lecture in 1797 was the beginning of Dartmouth’s medical college. For thirteen years, he singlehandedly taught anatomy, chemistry (Daniel Webster was enrolled in that course), surgery, remedies, and the theory and practice of medicine, until the New Hampshire legislature allowed Perkins to join him as professor of anatomy in 1810. Neither one received a salary for the teaching; tuition fees and their joint medical practice made up their income. Since Dr. Smith had trained many of the physicians in upper New England, he was consulted on many difficult cases, which meant traveling up to a hundred miles on horseback over rough dirt roads. He routinely invited ten to twenty of his medical students along on these trips as part of their training. This pattern was repeated in Joseph Smith’s case. After Dr. Stone had unsuccessfully performed two operations on Joseph’s diseased leg, his mother insisted on another opinion and requested a “council of surgeons.” Nathan Smith, his partner, Cyrus Perkins, and medical students from Dartmouth came to carry out the necessary surgery. At first an amputation was suggested; Lucy Mack Smith instead asked for the experimental operation of removing only the diseased bone. Her description of the procedure is accurate and parallels the description of the operation found in early Dartmouth medical student notebooks. The operation was successful, and Joseph’s wounds healed. The fact that a wound with the exposed shaft of bone healed so readily is truly miraculous; however, Nathan Smith had achieved an unusual record of good results—he never described amputation following his operation. Joseph used crutches for three years but his life and his leg were spared. After the epidemic and the operation, both Nathan Smith and Joseph Smith left New Hampshire, Nathan Smith to occupy his chair at Yale Medical School and Joseph to return to Vermont for three years before moving to Palmyra, New York, where he eventually began his great work. It is hard to call it an accident—a boy plucky enough to refuse amputation despite two unsuccessful operations; a mother who requested the experimental procedure, not knowing Nathan Smith was the only surgeon in the United States who had such a successful experience treating osteomyelitis; and the undramatic conjunction between the right man and the right time.	1,371	ENGLISH	1
Emigrants leaving Ireland A story of the Irish in early California In 1845, in the waning years of Mexican rule, a Catholic Priest and former missionary in British Guinea, Fr. Eugene Macnamara (1814-1853) had a big idea which he began to promote in Mexico City. He proposed that the Mexican government should allow 3000 families (this could amount to 10-12,000 people) from Ireland to immigrate to California and settle along the coast of California. There were only about 75,000 people in California in 1845, so an influx of this size would boost the population significantly. Their catholic religion would help the Irish assimilate quickly and remain loyal to the Mexican government, he argued. Macnamara implied that the scheme had the backing of the British government. The Mexican authorities were receptive and Fr. Macnamara was granted a land contract and encouraged to precede. There is no hard documentary evidence that McNamara’s plan had the formal approval of the British government, but Britain did have a special interest in California. For one thing, almost two centuries earlier, during his three years (1577-1589) circumnavigation of the globe, the famous British explorer Sir Francis Drake sailed along the coast of California. In May 1579 he pulled into a harbor to repair his ship, the Golden Hind, making extensive and peaceful contact with the natives. Historians debate the exact location but it was somewhere near San Francisco. Drake claimed the land for Queen Elizabeth and named it Nova Albion. A colonizing party was dispersed by the Spanish off the coast of Brazil, and no further attempts were made by the English to occupy this land. However, Britain felt that if any country was to succeed in Mexico in governing California, it had a stronger claim than any other major powers. California became more well known to the English in the 19th century. Frederick Beechey (1796-1856) visited California in 1826 during a scientific expedition to the Pacific. In 1831 Captain (later Admiral) Beechey published a book Narratives of a Voyage to the Pacific and Bering's Strait.that stirred considerable interest in this wondrous land. Sketches made by Beechey’s expedition artist included this pencil and watercolor drawing “the Mission of San Carlos, Monterey.” By this time there were already a significant number of former British subjects in Alta California, many of them with financial and political clout. William Edward Petty Hartnell (1798-1854) had arrived in 1822 and had become a successful hide and tallow merchant. In 1839 Hartnell had been appointed to the politically sensitive position of Visitator General, overseeing the administration of the former missions. Robert Livermore (1799-1858) arrived the same year as Hartnell. He was the first settler of Livermore Valley. Another Englishman, William Richardson was Captain of the Port of San Francisco. He had married the daughter of the presidio Commandante and had a close working relationship with the most powerful man in Northern California, General Mariano Vallejo. John Forster (1815-1882) arrived in Los Angeles in 1833 and was already accumulating land and considerable wealth. Dr. Edward Turner Bale arrived directly from England in 1837, married a niece of General Vallejo in 1839. He had received a large land grant, Rancho Carne Humana, in Napa Valley in 1841. He built a successful that supplied most of Napa Valley. William Workman, yet another Englishman had organized the first wagon train of eastern settlers to Southern California in 1841, coming via New Mexico along the Old Spanish Trail. Encourage by all these factors, Fr. Macnamara visited Alta California in 1846 to try to get local support for his scheme. It soon became clear that all the choice land along the coast had been granted. Whatever informal British support existed quickly evaporated when it became clear that any land for the Irish immigrants would be far inland, probably in the San Juaquin Valley. Fr. Macnamara pressed ahead anyway and spent a month and a half visiting potential sites and building local support. However, while Macnamara was still in California, the Americans occupied Monterey and began a takeover of the entire country. Macnamara made his way back to Mexico to continue to push his scheme but the idea was overtaken by events. He is rumored to have died at sea rounding Cape Horn sometime in 1853. An Irish Historian who tried to find more about his fate concluded: “he is lost to history and left to the tender mercy of memories.” Ironically while Fr. Macnamara was pursuing his scheme, Irish were beginning to arrive in America in increasing numbers due to the Irish Potato Famine. In October 1845, a serious blight began among the Irish potatoes, ruining about three-quarters of the country's crop. This was a disaster as many people in Ireland depended on the potato as their chief food. The blight returned in 1846 and over the next year, an estimated 350,000 people died of starvation. The famine stimulated the emigration of a scale that made Fr. Macnamara’s proposal look almost irrelevant. In 1846 data shows that 92,484 Irish arrived in America and the figure doubled the next year to 196,224. While most of the Irish arrived and stayed on the east coast hundreds made their way to California. In less than two decades after Fr. Macnamara’s scheme was proposed a man born in Ireland, John Downey, became governor of California. Downey was an early emigrant to America (1818) who was drawn to California during the gold rush, although he made most of his money in real estate. Whether Fr. Macnamara was a visionary or not, the Irish certainly did make their way to California.	<urn:uuid:9f7c4b45-ac10-4260-a288-a3797741a008>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://missionscalifornia.com/stories/three-thousand-irishmen	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607118.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122131612-20200122160612-00296.warc.gz	en	0.981066	1,227	3.6875	4	[ 0.23969849944114685, 0.13791191577911377, 0.18916824460029602, -0.20757126808166504, -0.016353484243154526, -0.26957499980926514, -0.10710875689983368, -0.15816234052181244, -0.014915782026946545, -0.14348429441452026, -0.27165138721466064, -0.30429592728614807, 0.006560688838362694, 0.237...	3	Emigrants leaving Ireland A story of the Irish in early California In 1845, in the waning years of Mexican rule, a Catholic Priest and former missionary in British Guinea, Fr. Eugene Macnamara (1814-1853) had a big idea which he began to promote in Mexico City. He proposed that the Mexican government should allow 3000 families (this could amount to 10-12,000 people) from Ireland to immigrate to California and settle along the coast of California. There were only about 75,000 people in California in 1845, so an influx of this size would boost the population significantly. Their catholic religion would help the Irish assimilate quickly and remain loyal to the Mexican government, he argued. Macnamara implied that the scheme had the backing of the British government. The Mexican authorities were receptive and Fr. Macnamara was granted a land contract and encouraged to precede. There is no hard documentary evidence that McNamara’s plan had the formal approval of the British government, but Britain did have a special interest in California. For one thing, almost two centuries earlier, during his three years (1577-1589) circumnavigation of the globe, the famous British explorer Sir Francis Drake sailed along the coast of California. In May 1579 he pulled into a harbor to repair his ship, the Golden Hind, making extensive and peaceful contact with the natives. Historians debate the exact location but it was somewhere near San Francisco. Drake claimed the land for Queen Elizabeth and named it Nova Albion. A colonizing party was dispersed by the Spanish off the coast of Brazil, and no further attempts were made by the English to occupy this land. However, Britain felt that if any country was to succeed in Mexico in governing California, it had a stronger claim than any other major powers. California became more well known to the English in the 19th century. Frederick Beechey (1796-1856) visited California in 1826 during a scientific expedition to the Pacific. In 1831 Captain (later Admiral) Beechey published a book Narratives of a Voyage to the Pacific and Bering's Strait.that stirred considerable interest in this wondrous land. Sketches made by Beechey’s expedition artist included this pencil and watercolor drawing “the Mission of San Carlos, Monterey.” By this time there were already a significant number of former British subjects in Alta California, many of them with financial and political clout. William Edward Petty Hartnell (1798-1854) had arrived in 1822 and had become a successful hide and tallow merchant. In 1839 Hartnell had been appointed to the politically sensitive position of Visitator General, overseeing the administration of the former missions. Robert Livermore (1799-1858) arrived the same year as Hartnell. He was the first settler of Livermore Valley. Another Englishman, William Richardson was Captain of the Port of San Francisco. He had married the daughter of the presidio Commandante and had a close working relationship with the most powerful man in Northern California, General Mariano Vallejo. John Forster (1815-1882) arrived in Los Angeles in 1833 and was already accumulating land and considerable wealth. Dr. Edward Turner Bale arrived directly from England in 1837, married a niece of General Vallejo in 1839. He had received a large land grant, Rancho Carne Humana, in Napa Valley in 1841. He built a successful that supplied most of Napa Valley. William Workman, yet another Englishman had organized the first wagon train of eastern settlers to Southern California in 1841, coming via New Mexico along the Old Spanish Trail. Encourage by all these factors, Fr. Macnamara visited Alta California in 1846 to try to get local support for his scheme. It soon became clear that all the choice land along the coast had been granted. Whatever informal British support existed quickly evaporated when it became clear that any land for the Irish immigrants would be far inland, probably in the San Juaquin Valley. Fr. Macnamara pressed ahead anyway and spent a month and a half visiting potential sites and building local support. However, while Macnamara was still in California, the Americans occupied Monterey and began a takeover of the entire country. Macnamara made his way back to Mexico to continue to push his scheme but the idea was overtaken by events. He is rumored to have died at sea rounding Cape Horn sometime in 1853. An Irish Historian who tried to find more about his fate concluded: “he is lost to history and left to the tender mercy of memories.” Ironically while Fr. Macnamara was pursuing his scheme, Irish were beginning to arrive in America in increasing numbers due to the Irish Potato Famine. In October 1845, a serious blight began among the Irish potatoes, ruining about three-quarters of the country's crop. This was a disaster as many people in Ireland depended on the potato as their chief food. The blight returned in 1846 and over the next year, an estimated 350,000 people died of starvation. The famine stimulated the emigration of a scale that made Fr. Macnamara’s proposal look almost irrelevant. In 1846 data shows that 92,484 Irish arrived in America and the figure doubled the next year to 196,224. While most of the Irish arrived and stayed on the east coast hundreds made their way to California. In less than two decades after Fr. Macnamara’s scheme was proposed a man born in Ireland, John Downey, became governor of California. Downey was an early emigrant to America (1818) who was drawn to California during the gold rush, although he made most of his money in real estate. Whether Fr. Macnamara was a visionary or not, the Irish certainly did make their way to California.	1,294	ENGLISH	1
On the banks of the Ohio River in what is now Baden, PA (Beaver County), 15-18 miles northwest of Pittsburgh PA, once stood a town of as many as 80 structures called Logstown. This small town would host visitors from British and French as well as meetings between native tribes and representatives from the French and British governments. Logstown is believed to have been established in the early to mid 1740’s. In 1748, Conrad Weiser, a German settler from Eastern Pennsylvania visited Logstown. Weiser was a well known interpreter of Native American languages. Upon Weiser’s arrival he was greeted by the natives firing muskets in the air to welcome him. Weiser worked as a diplomat and negotiator between the Native nations and the Pennsylvania colony. Weiser’s visit was to bring gifts and maintain the friendship between Penn’s British Colony and those who lived at Logstown including members of the Leni Lanape (Delaware), Shawnee, Seneca-Cayuga, Miami, Mohawk, and Wyandot. After the arrival of Europeans, many tribes were pushed to the west and many other died from diseases that came with the Europeans that previously had not existed on the continent. In 1749, Ensign Celeron de Blainville led a French Military expedition down the Allegheny River and onto the Ohio River to explore and map the area as French territory. In their travels, Blainville buried lead markers marking the areas his group explored as French Territory. Blainville was not happy to find British traders present at Logstown, nor was he happy to find that the native people within the camp were also loyal to the British whom they had been trading with. Blainville and his men, including a Jesuit priest named Joseph Pierre Bonnecomps stayed at Logstown for three tense days, then continued on their journey. In 1752, Treaty Negotiation were held between British representatives including Christopher Gist who was well known to the people at Logstown and was there representing the Ohio Company, Colonel Joshua Fry, James Patton, and Lunsford Lomax representing the Virginia Colony. Andrew Montour attended as a translator for the Virginians. Tanacharison also known as Half-King spoke as one of the representatives of the Iroquois Confederacy. Tanacharison stated his people did not consider that the 1744 Anglo-Iroquois Treaty of Lancaster had ceded the colonists any land beyond the Allegheny Mountains, but he promised the Iroquois would not molest any English settlements southeast of the Ohio River. Tanacharison also formally requested a fort to be built at the Forks of the Ohio. Construction of which was started by Captain William Trent of the Ohio Company in February of 1754. The limited parts of the fort that had been built were taken by the French in April of 1754. There is a great deal of information on the treaty and negotiations here. Logstown was much more than a trading post along the Ohio River. The rivers were the highways of the time period, each of these stops whether they were native, settler or military were important to trade and travel. Logstown became very important to diplomacy in the colonies. Ohio History Central: http://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Logstown Explore PA History: http://www.explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-210 Treaties Portal: http://treatiesportal.unl.edu/earlytreaties/treaty.00004.html	<urn:uuid:f4e80f1f-5aea-4630-9889-8e066f21d138>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://magicalhistory.blog/2020/01/07/logstown/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251796127.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129102701-20200129132701-00204.warc.gz	en	0.984417	745	3.671875	4	[ -0.24819107353687286, 0.40085023641586304, -0.15364791452884674, -0.562301754951477, -0.17905589938163757, -0.1327095925807953, -0.20050033926963806, -0.2618904709815979, -0.4525308609008789, -0.4608078598976135, 0.223618745803833, -0.7430880665779114, -0.22493471205234528, 0.2808415889739...	10	On the banks of the Ohio River in what is now Baden, PA (Beaver County), 15-18 miles northwest of Pittsburgh PA, once stood a town of as many as 80 structures called Logstown. This small town would host visitors from British and French as well as meetings between native tribes and representatives from the French and British governments. Logstown is believed to have been established in the early to mid 1740’s. In 1748, Conrad Weiser, a German settler from Eastern Pennsylvania visited Logstown. Weiser was a well known interpreter of Native American languages. Upon Weiser’s arrival he was greeted by the natives firing muskets in the air to welcome him. Weiser worked as a diplomat and negotiator between the Native nations and the Pennsylvania colony. Weiser’s visit was to bring gifts and maintain the friendship between Penn’s British Colony and those who lived at Logstown including members of the Leni Lanape (Delaware), Shawnee, Seneca-Cayuga, Miami, Mohawk, and Wyandot. After the arrival of Europeans, many tribes were pushed to the west and many other died from diseases that came with the Europeans that previously had not existed on the continent. In 1749, Ensign Celeron de Blainville led a French Military expedition down the Allegheny River and onto the Ohio River to explore and map the area as French territory. In their travels, Blainville buried lead markers marking the areas his group explored as French Territory. Blainville was not happy to find British traders present at Logstown, nor was he happy to find that the native people within the camp were also loyal to the British whom they had been trading with. Blainville and his men, including a Jesuit priest named Joseph Pierre Bonnecomps stayed at Logstown for three tense days, then continued on their journey. In 1752, Treaty Negotiation were held between British representatives including Christopher Gist who was well known to the people at Logstown and was there representing the Ohio Company, Colonel Joshua Fry, James Patton, and Lunsford Lomax representing the Virginia Colony. Andrew Montour attended as a translator for the Virginians. Tanacharison also known as Half-King spoke as one of the representatives of the Iroquois Confederacy. Tanacharison stated his people did not consider that the 1744 Anglo-Iroquois Treaty of Lancaster had ceded the colonists any land beyond the Allegheny Mountains, but he promised the Iroquois would not molest any English settlements southeast of the Ohio River. Tanacharison also formally requested a fort to be built at the Forks of the Ohio. Construction of which was started by Captain William Trent of the Ohio Company in February of 1754. The limited parts of the fort that had been built were taken by the French in April of 1754. There is a great deal of information on the treaty and negotiations here. Logstown was much more than a trading post along the Ohio River. The rivers were the highways of the time period, each of these stops whether they were native, settler or military were important to trade and travel. Logstown became very important to diplomacy in the colonies. Ohio History Central: http://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Logstown Explore PA History: http://www.explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-210 Treaties Portal: http://treatiesportal.unl.edu/earlytreaties/treaty.00004.html	753	ENGLISH	1
Priestley wrote the play just after the Second World War because it was a time when people were meant to be unifying and sharing the very little resources left. He was telling his audience of 1945 (mostly upper class citizens because only they could afford to watch a play at a time of poverty) that the desire for infallibility caused the “fire blood and anguish” of the two World Wars. He was showing us that the governments were depriving people of their money and instead of spending it on society they invested it on wars and weapons (i.e. Nuclear Bombs). In the process the rich got richer with their firms making contracts to supply goods to the government and the poor got poorer being treated as mere possessions existing only to serve. This is the idea behind social stratification in society. This way the elite (the rich) stayed at the top of the social ladder and the poor had only dreams of becoming one of the elite. Priestley portrays each character in the play as a stereotypical representation of a certain social class and certain generation. Mrs Birling is described as a cold unsympathetic upper class woman who is the chairwomen of the “Brumley Woman’s charity Organisation” and yet she doesn’t seem to care about the lower class, as can be seen from this example: Birling: Well, well – this is a very nice. Very nice. Good dinner too, Sybil. Tell cook for me. Mrs B: (reproachfully) Arthur, you’re not supposed to say such things. This shows that Mr Birling (middle class) recognises the fact that the cook (lower class) has done/cooked something good. But Mrs Birling (upper class) thinks that the poor should never be congratulated and never be validated for their work. According to Mrs Birling the poor are nothing more than the dirt on the bottom of her shoes. Mr Birling is described as the middle class man who speaks in a pompous manner, owns a factory and does paperwork. He is sexist in his attitudes in dealing with people and he tends to preach at his family. Because he had said that he fired Eva smith only because she wanted a pay rise. He later goes on to say that “Well it’s my duty to keep labour cost down, and if… ” Which means he kept the girls at his factory only to serve as cheap labour and nothing else. He was defining the meaning of Human rights. Eva Smith is the lower class woman who has been neglected, abandoned and tortured with the fear of having no money to support her unborn baby.	<urn:uuid:37544878-e295-45da-9ec0-7cb2f504d7be>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://jardinmahoney.com/8129-two-world-wars/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598800.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120135447-20200120164447-00174.warc.gz	en	0.984411	541	3.328125	3	[ -0.28645849227905273, 0.41847532987594604, -0.04159343242645264, -0.6608263254165649, 0.4960995018482208, 0.03796625882387161, 0.01704678311944008, 0.2489909529685974, 0.18887019157409668, -0.4961518347263336, 0.1900554597377777, 0.10434973239898682, 0.1823321431875229, 0.13396964967250824...	3	Priestley wrote the play just after the Second World War because it was a time when people were meant to be unifying and sharing the very little resources left. He was telling his audience of 1945 (mostly upper class citizens because only they could afford to watch a play at a time of poverty) that the desire for infallibility caused the “fire blood and anguish” of the two World Wars. He was showing us that the governments were depriving people of their money and instead of spending it on society they invested it on wars and weapons (i.e. Nuclear Bombs). In the process the rich got richer with their firms making contracts to supply goods to the government and the poor got poorer being treated as mere possessions existing only to serve. This is the idea behind social stratification in society. This way the elite (the rich) stayed at the top of the social ladder and the poor had only dreams of becoming one of the elite. Priestley portrays each character in the play as a stereotypical representation of a certain social class and certain generation. Mrs Birling is described as a cold unsympathetic upper class woman who is the chairwomen of the “Brumley Woman’s charity Organisation” and yet she doesn’t seem to care about the lower class, as can be seen from this example: Birling: Well, well – this is a very nice. Very nice. Good dinner too, Sybil. Tell cook for me. Mrs B: (reproachfully) Arthur, you’re not supposed to say such things. This shows that Mr Birling (middle class) recognises the fact that the cook (lower class) has done/cooked something good. But Mrs Birling (upper class) thinks that the poor should never be congratulated and never be validated for their work. According to Mrs Birling the poor are nothing more than the dirt on the bottom of her shoes. Mr Birling is described as the middle class man who speaks in a pompous manner, owns a factory and does paperwork. He is sexist in his attitudes in dealing with people and he tends to preach at his family. Because he had said that he fired Eva smith only because she wanted a pay rise. He later goes on to say that “Well it’s my duty to keep labour cost down, and if… ” Which means he kept the girls at his factory only to serve as cheap labour and nothing else. He was defining the meaning of Human rights. Eva Smith is the lower class woman who has been neglected, abandoned and tortured with the fear of having no money to support her unborn baby.	530	ENGLISH	1
Главная > Реферат >Остальные работы Athens Vs. Sparta Essay, Research Paper Athens Vs. Sparta Athens and Sparta were both City-states in Greece in ancient times, yet they had no social similarities. They were constantly at war, and at one time at a stalemate. They existed in the same time and place, but had totally different views on life and lifestyles. There were differences in the family life of people and paradigm of Athenians and Spartans. Sparta was Drastically unlike Athens and all other city-states in this aspect. In Sparta the men were full time soldiers. Even though there were few Spartans, there well-trained warriors were feared by other city-states. The way Spartans should act was based on keeping the slaves (also known as serfs or heliots) from revolting becuase heliots vastly outnumbered Spartans. Citizens were taught to think alike to keep from fighting because this might encourage heliots to attack. Boys lived in barracks and had the same education. As well, drunken soldiers would make it easier for heliots to revolt so prohibition was practiced in Sparta. Family Life was almost nonexistent. Sparta resembled more an army camp. Males of all ages were kept together and spent a lot of time with each other. This was meant to make them grow similar in character as well as devoted to each other so they would be an efficient fighting force. Family life would breed diversity and the Spartans believed in unity to be more important than families. At a very young age boys were taken from the home to train together. Girls might sleep at home, but during the day they worked and exercised together, spending less time with their families than most Greek girls. Men could marry young but were not allowed to spend time with their wives until the age of thirty. Most married couples met in secret. The Spartans knew of these secret meetings, but did not care. They wanted them to take place so the couples could breed more Spartans. These meetings, however, were not allowed to be too frequent because then soldier might become more interested in his wife than his army. This shows very much what family meant to Spartans. Family was a man and wife getting together to breed children, but to have a functional family setting was hurtful to the army and was not practiced. Women in Sparta were given more freedom and held more responsible than women in Athens. Men were either at war or training most of their lives leaving women free to go out and spend time with each other. They had much more freedom and wealth than women in Athens. When men went to war women were left to make decisions for the community– women in Athens would never have been left alone to do this. Mothers of Spartan soldiers were very harsh towards their sons. If a soldier throws their shield down it is to run away from battle like a coward.. To come home on a shield means the soldier is dead. Spartan mothers would send their sons with these words: ” Come home with a shield or on one.” This meant if you lost your shield don’t bother coming home. In conclusion, Spartans had no family life, boys were kept together to create unity, and women had more power, respect, and equality than Athenian women. In Athens there was a family life, but it was often separated by genders. In a wealthy family, husband and wife lived in almost different worlds. He was outdoors in the community with the other men. The wife stayed indoors with her daughters and other female relatives. Neither did housework or shopping. Slaves took care of that. In a rich house their were different place to live for men and women. The Husband and wife would not converse very much. Another reason for separation was the age difference. The man was often married in his thirties and the women was in her teens. They never had much in common at first so most women had young boyfriends near their age. This way of life was common, but in poorer houses life was different under the circumstances. Poverty forced husbands and wives to live together because of small quarters. Women and children would do the work in these houses. Sometimes young girls would go out into the market to shop. Poor Athenians often married young and for love spite tradition common in richer houses. Sometimes men would not marry until they were over thirty which caused problems in the house. The child of thirty would want independence as an adult but the father still wanted to maintain his reign over his household. This caused a lot of fighting between father and son in Athenian households. Women in Athens were not respected. They were not seen to have any opinions on anything, and were better seen and not heard. They were weak and were controlled by their husbands. If a women had a child, she could be a little relaxed becuase the man was then less likely to divorce her. A divorced women was shunned by Athenians. This shows that a women’s usefulness to her husband ends if she cannot bear children. They could own no land or objects. All in all, women stayed indoors, men worked outside the home, women had no power or respect, and families were kept together as having war-ready men was not as important. No similarities can be found within the social aspect of culture between Athens and Sparta. Athens was much like the rest of Greece, but Sparta was truly the black sheep. As far as my studies reach, I could not find any research or evidence that would lead me to believe that there were any similarities between Athens and Sparta in this respect. These City-states were flashes in the pan of history. They were both way ahead of thier time, yet had different veiws on life. There were differences in the family life of people and paradigm of Athenians and Spartans. Sparta concentrated on unity while Athens made the individual important. Sparta gave equality to women while Athens allowed women to own nothing. Sparta chose to open the city to its surroundings, while Athens built a wall around its city. Which made for a better City-state, and a better life for each citizen? Each city state came up with its own view on how we should live, and each can be held as an example of how a community can have a brilliant answer to these questions and its neighbor can have the inverted answer just as brilliant. Pearson, Anne. Eyewitness Books Ancient Greece. New York: Afred A Knopf, 1992. Pearson Anne. What do we know about the Greeks? New York: Peter Bedrick Books, 1992. Schofield, Louise. Ancient Greece. New South Whales: Weldon Owen Pty Limited, 1997. - ATHENS vs. SPARTA Athens and Sparta were the two major ... ideas, values, and institution. Each of these will be explained ... was a priority to Athens. They expected each citizen to hold public ... during a meeting or session. Each of these groups helped make ... - The Gods Vs. Man Essay, Research Paper The Gods vs. Man God. That one ... in Athens. He died during the Peloponneseian war with Sparta. He ... won the drama competition in Athens over twenty times, beating ... oracles and had prophets to spread their message. There are a ... - Communism Vs. Democracy Essay, Research Paper Communism and Democracy Communism, ... had no political rights. Athens, the greatest of the ... them, perhaps because they support a particular political party ... , who can mobilize support for their initiatives through ... - Sparta and Athens – Explain and Contrast Both Sparta and Athens were Greek city-states. Sparta ... powerful city-state. Although Athens and Sparta believed in two completely ... government, It was Sparta not Athens who emerged victorious. Athens way of economy ... - The Slaughter House Five Essay, Research Paper THE NOVEL - THE PLOT - ... life doesn’t work. - ART VS. REALITY Vonnegut spends a good deal ... , the Tralfamadorians. - DARWIN VS. JESUS Vonnegut feels that Charles ... . In the play, Athens and Sparta have been at war ...	<urn:uuid:2d1eff44-9a77-437d-9845-7640463c25f4>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://works.doklad.ru/view/us_8zOeHpIU.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783342.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128215526-20200129005526-00205.warc.gz	en	0.989031	1,708	3.671875	4	[ -0.18134677410125732, 0.4576961398124695, 0.10069288313388824, -0.34009191393852234, -0.25311052799224854, -0.2294720709323883, -0.20185020565986633, 0.43059974908828735, -0.24256417155265808, -0.3225037753582001, -0.1900489777326584, -0.04942581057548523, 0.10669566690921783, 0.3380144536...	2	Главная > Реферат >Остальные работы Athens Vs. Sparta Essay, Research Paper Athens Vs. Sparta Athens and Sparta were both City-states in Greece in ancient times, yet they had no social similarities. They were constantly at war, and at one time at a stalemate. They existed in the same time and place, but had totally different views on life and lifestyles. There were differences in the family life of people and paradigm of Athenians and Spartans. Sparta was Drastically unlike Athens and all other city-states in this aspect. In Sparta the men were full time soldiers. Even though there were few Spartans, there well-trained warriors were feared by other city-states. The way Spartans should act was based on keeping the slaves (also known as serfs or heliots) from revolting becuase heliots vastly outnumbered Spartans. Citizens were taught to think alike to keep from fighting because this might encourage heliots to attack. Boys lived in barracks and had the same education. As well, drunken soldiers would make it easier for heliots to revolt so prohibition was practiced in Sparta. Family Life was almost nonexistent. Sparta resembled more an army camp. Males of all ages were kept together and spent a lot of time with each other. This was meant to make them grow similar in character as well as devoted to each other so they would be an efficient fighting force. Family life would breed diversity and the Spartans believed in unity to be more important than families. At a very young age boys were taken from the home to train together. Girls might sleep at home, but during the day they worked and exercised together, spending less time with their families than most Greek girls. Men could marry young but were not allowed to spend time with their wives until the age of thirty. Most married couples met in secret. The Spartans knew of these secret meetings, but did not care. They wanted them to take place so the couples could breed more Spartans. These meetings, however, were not allowed to be too frequent because then soldier might become more interested in his wife than his army. This shows very much what family meant to Spartans. Family was a man and wife getting together to breed children, but to have a functional family setting was hurtful to the army and was not practiced. Women in Sparta were given more freedom and held more responsible than women in Athens. Men were either at war or training most of their lives leaving women free to go out and spend time with each other. They had much more freedom and wealth than women in Athens. When men went to war women were left to make decisions for the community– women in Athens would never have been left alone to do this. Mothers of Spartan soldiers were very harsh towards their sons. If a soldier throws their shield down it is to run away from battle like a coward.. To come home on a shield means the soldier is dead. Spartan mothers would send their sons with these words: ” Come home with a shield or on one.” This meant if you lost your shield don’t bother coming home. In conclusion, Spartans had no family life, boys were kept together to create unity, and women had more power, respect, and equality than Athenian women. In Athens there was a family life, but it was often separated by genders. In a wealthy family, husband and wife lived in almost different worlds. He was outdoors in the community with the other men. The wife stayed indoors with her daughters and other female relatives. Neither did housework or shopping. Slaves took care of that. In a rich house their were different place to live for men and women. The Husband and wife would not converse very much. Another reason for separation was the age difference. The man was often married in his thirties and the women was in her teens. They never had much in common at first so most women had young boyfriends near their age. This way of life was common, but in poorer houses life was different under the circumstances. Poverty forced husbands and wives to live together because of small quarters. Women and children would do the work in these houses. Sometimes young girls would go out into the market to shop. Poor Athenians often married young and for love spite tradition common in richer houses. Sometimes men would not marry until they were over thirty which caused problems in the house. The child of thirty would want independence as an adult but the father still wanted to maintain his reign over his household. This caused a lot of fighting between father and son in Athenian households. Women in Athens were not respected. They were not seen to have any opinions on anything, and were better seen and not heard. They were weak and were controlled by their husbands. If a women had a child, she could be a little relaxed becuase the man was then less likely to divorce her. A divorced women was shunned by Athenians. This shows that a women’s usefulness to her husband ends if she cannot bear children. They could own no land or objects. All in all, women stayed indoors, men worked outside the home, women had no power or respect, and families were kept together as having war-ready men was not as important. No similarities can be found within the social aspect of culture between Athens and Sparta. Athens was much like the rest of Greece, but Sparta was truly the black sheep. As far as my studies reach, I could not find any research or evidence that would lead me to believe that there were any similarities between Athens and Sparta in this respect. These City-states were flashes in the pan of history. They were both way ahead of thier time, yet had different veiws on life. There were differences in the family life of people and paradigm of Athenians and Spartans. Sparta concentrated on unity while Athens made the individual important. Sparta gave equality to women while Athens allowed women to own nothing. Sparta chose to open the city to its surroundings, while Athens built a wall around its city. Which made for a better City-state, and a better life for each citizen? Each city state came up with its own view on how we should live, and each can be held as an example of how a community can have a brilliant answer to these questions and its neighbor can have the inverted answer just as brilliant. Pearson, Anne. Eyewitness Books Ancient Greece. New York: Afred A Knopf, 1992. Pearson Anne. What do we know about the Greeks? New York: Peter Bedrick Books, 1992. Schofield, Louise. Ancient Greece. New South Whales: Weldon Owen Pty Limited, 1997. - ATHENS vs. SPARTA Athens and Sparta were the two major ... ideas, values, and institution. Each of these will be explained ... was a priority to Athens. They expected each citizen to hold public ... during a meeting or session. Each of these groups helped make ... - The Gods Vs. Man Essay, Research Paper The Gods vs. Man God. That one ... in Athens. He died during the Peloponneseian war with Sparta. He ... won the drama competition in Athens over twenty times, beating ... oracles and had prophets to spread their message. There are a ... - Communism Vs. Democracy Essay, Research Paper Communism and Democracy Communism, ... had no political rights. Athens, the greatest of the ... them, perhaps because they support a particular political party ... , who can mobilize support for their initiatives through ... - Sparta and Athens – Explain and Contrast Both Sparta and Athens were Greek city-states. Sparta ... powerful city-state. Although Athens and Sparta believed in two completely ... government, It was Sparta not Athens who emerged victorious. Athens way of economy ... - The Slaughter House Five Essay, Research Paper THE NOVEL - THE PLOT - ... life doesn’t work. - ART VS. REALITY Vonnegut spends a good deal ... , the Tralfamadorians. - DARWIN VS. JESUS Vonnegut feels that Charles ... . In the play, Athens and Sparta have been at war ...	1,678	ENGLISH	1
How successful were the New Deals? Leading up to The Great Depression, there were many issues in America that required significant attention. The Wall Street stock market crash of 1929 was one of the main contributors to the long years of national depression in the 1930’s. However the events that came along with it were also very demanding. Bank failures, unemployment, farming collapses and industrial letdowns were all key factors in this time of devastating depression, but with the American Presidential elections of 1932, a set of New Plans were formed by President Roosevelt to save America’s Capitalistic Economy. President Roosevelt's new deals of the 1930’s were seen as the radical action needed during The Great Depression to help the American people and the American economy. However some people criticized it for not being radical enough as it didn't help all Americans, whereas others saw it as completely ridiculous. Roosevelt started off by introducing many different acts in his first 100 days of government including the alphabet agencies and the famous beer act. These acts and agencies were designed to help certain groups of people but also meant that others were left out. Therefore Roosevelt had to create a second new deal to target other issues. America; 1930-1939 At its early stages in 1929 and the early 1930’s, The Great Depression was only an economic problem, which could have been resolved by giving more money to consumers to spend and boost the economy again. However President Hoover believed that the problem was entirely at the businesses and banks fault and that they could fix their problems themselves, but he was wrong. Hoover simply ignored the problem and businesses did not fix the problem, so it only got worse. People had no jobs or money and they were unable to bring the economy back to its feet. But with the approach of the election of 1932 there arose new promises and new visions for the American economy. Franklin... Please join StudyMode to read the full document	<urn:uuid:b7bd9dee-62f8-4cbd-9e79-dde1b6eba1de>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.studymode.com/essays/New-Deal-Analysis-50981486.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251799918.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129133601-20200129163601-00079.warc.gz	en	0.987929	386	3.671875	4	[ -0.29336079955101013, -0.04284506291151047, 0.018336035311222076, 0.07767200469970703, -0.035431377589702606, 0.23740655183792114, -0.3838987946510315, 0.0970214232802391, -0.29849743843078613, -0.11787226051092148, 0.48246800899505615, 0.5558432936668396, 0.13697706162929535, 0.2476174682...	2	How successful were the New Deals? Leading up to The Great Depression, there were many issues in America that required significant attention. The Wall Street stock market crash of 1929 was one of the main contributors to the long years of national depression in the 1930’s. However the events that came along with it were also very demanding. Bank failures, unemployment, farming collapses and industrial letdowns were all key factors in this time of devastating depression, but with the American Presidential elections of 1932, a set of New Plans were formed by President Roosevelt to save America’s Capitalistic Economy. President Roosevelt's new deals of the 1930’s were seen as the radical action needed during The Great Depression to help the American people and the American economy. However some people criticized it for not being radical enough as it didn't help all Americans, whereas others saw it as completely ridiculous. Roosevelt started off by introducing many different acts in his first 100 days of government including the alphabet agencies and the famous beer act. These acts and agencies were designed to help certain groups of people but also meant that others were left out. Therefore Roosevelt had to create a second new deal to target other issues. America; 1930-1939 At its early stages in 1929 and the early 1930’s, The Great Depression was only an economic problem, which could have been resolved by giving more money to consumers to spend and boost the economy again. However President Hoover believed that the problem was entirely at the businesses and banks fault and that they could fix their problems themselves, but he was wrong. Hoover simply ignored the problem and businesses did not fix the problem, so it only got worse. People had no jobs or money and they were unable to bring the economy back to its feet. But with the approach of the election of 1932 there arose new promises and new visions for the American economy. Franklin... Please join StudyMode to read the full document	413	ENGLISH	1
From spring 2009 onwards, a new influenza A virus of the H1N1 subtype started to circulate among humans in Mexico. Tens of thousands were infected before the virus spread to Texas and California, where it was first identified as a new human virus that probably had originated from pigs. The virus had initially not been identified in pigs, although it has spilled back from humans to pigs, and it is not clear whether the reassortment had indeed taken place in this species. Since April 2009, the virus spread efficiently among people in the USA and Canada. By the middle of June it was already identified in more than 80 countries, to eventually spread world-wide in the following months. Transportation via air traffic has largely contributed to this rapid spread. In several countries little sustained human transmission took place initially. In some countries initial societal as well as targeted medical interventions to prevent its spread may have delayed the spread even further. These included intensive surveillance activities among travelers from Mexico and other areas where sustained transmission did take place initially, and antiviral treatment of infected individuals and their contacts.	<urn:uuid:3185524c-07c0-469a-8eb6-691dd2c8f728>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://eswi.org/knowledge-center/spread-of-h1n1-virus/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607118.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122131612-20200122160612-00101.warc.gz	en	0.985814	213	3.375	3	[ -0.0875299796462059, 0.04792798310518265, 0.08926313370466232, 0.088749460875988, 0.21186967194080353, 0.22827839851379395, 0.2156611680984497, 0.3443170487880707, -0.006285375915467739, 0.10696057975292206, 0.1800144612789154, -0.3225909173488617, 0.17793922126293182, 0.12307242304086685,...	7	From spring 2009 onwards, a new influenza A virus of the H1N1 subtype started to circulate among humans in Mexico. Tens of thousands were infected before the virus spread to Texas and California, where it was first identified as a new human virus that probably had originated from pigs. The virus had initially not been identified in pigs, although it has spilled back from humans to pigs, and it is not clear whether the reassortment had indeed taken place in this species. Since April 2009, the virus spread efficiently among people in the USA and Canada. By the middle of June it was already identified in more than 80 countries, to eventually spread world-wide in the following months. Transportation via air traffic has largely contributed to this rapid spread. In several countries little sustained human transmission took place initially. In some countries initial societal as well as targeted medical interventions to prevent its spread may have delayed the spread even further. These included intensive surveillance activities among travelers from Mexico and other areas where sustained transmission did take place initially, and antiviral treatment of infected individuals and their contacts.	225	ENGLISH	1
Wilhelmina of Prussia was born on 7 August 1751 as the daughter of Prince Augustus William of Prussia and Duchess Luise of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Her brother eventually became King Frederick William II of Prussia. She barely knew her father because he died when she was just seven years old. She was raised mostly by her grandmother, Sophia Dorothea of Hanover and her aunt, Elisabeth Christine. One of her first governesses was abusive and neglected her often, and her family never realised. It must have been a relief when another governess replaced her. Wilhelmina’s education was limited to religion, geography, history and French. She shared a household with her brothers Henry and Frederick William and Frederick William’s wife and their cousin Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Lüneburg. This setup ended rather suddenly when Henry died, and Elisabeth was disgraced after having an affair. At the age of 16, Wilhelmina married 19-year-old William V, Prince of Orange. They met for the first time on the day of their wedding. Their first child was born in 1769, but tragically, the baby died at birth. A healthy daughter, Louise, followed in 1770. Wilhelmina again had a stillborn child in 1771. She gave then birth to two healthy sons in 1772 en 1774, William Frederick (William) and William George Frederick (Frederick). She was loyal to her husband, but their characters were mismatched. By 1785, the country was on the brink of a civil war. The family left and headed towards Nijmegen. Wilhelmina took charge and on 28 June 1787, she took a small following to The Hague to plead William’s case. She was stopped and promptly arrested. She was taken to a farm where she was questioned and then escorted back. She was not allowed to continue her journey to The Hague and was eventually forced to return to Nijmegen. She demanded reparation for her mistreatment, and she was now supported by her brother, the King of Prussia. On 13 September, Prussian troops entered the Republic, and by October the country was back under control. William and Wilhelmina were finally able to return to The Hague, and the people involved in her arrest were severely punished. However, her perceived harsh reaction made her unpopular, even with those in favour of their cause. However, more trouble was soon to come. In 1789, the French Revolution began, and by 1793, the French King and Queen had been guillotined and Wilhelmina’s cousin the King of Sweden had also been murdered. Wilhelmina began receiving death threats. In 1793, the French Revolutionary government declared war on William and the Dutch Republic was invaded by the French in the winter of 1794. Wilhelmina and her family were forced to flee to England on 18 January 1795. Their shared exile was to last almost 20 years. Part of this time, they lived at Hampton Court Palace on an allowance from William’s cousin, King George III of Great Britain. Their eldest son left for Berlin while their second Frederick died in 1799 while in Austrian military service. Their daughter Louise married Hereditary Prince Charles George August of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel on 14 October 1790 and was now living in Brunswick. In 1801, her husband left to live in one of their properties in Germany, and she followed him there in 1802. Wilhelmina’s husband died on 9 April 1806. Wilhelmina went to live with her daughter Louise, who had also recently been widowed. The Napoleonic German expansion forced them to flee, and Louise and Wilhelmina went to Schwerin and Schleswig, where they spent the winter. They travelled on to Weimar and then to Berlin, arriving in late 1807. The fall of Napoleon changed everything. Her eldest son William was welcomed back home as the Netherlands’ first sovereign. He returned to the Netherlands in November 1813. Wilhelmina and Louise followed him in early 1814. On 16 March 1815, William was proclaimed King William I of the Netherlands. Wilhelmina died on 9 June 1820, a year after her daughter Louise. She was interred in the crypt in Delft on 7 November 1822.	<urn:uuid:d15c1b65-06f9-4259-bf12-0268db0a729a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.historyofroyalwomen.com/wilhelmina-of-prussia-princess-of-orange/princesses-orange-wilhelmina-prussia/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00405.warc.gz	en	0.989096	917	3.4375	3	[ -0.04446045681834221, 0.5334019660949707, 0.34166496992111206, -0.11166834831237793, -0.07238200306892395, -0.2413630187511444, -0.08729404211044312, 0.3936452567577362, -0.2649807333946228, -0.3222336173057556, -0.05555449053645134, -0.26872408390045166, 0.02753523364663124, 0.19521220028...	6	Wilhelmina of Prussia was born on 7 August 1751 as the daughter of Prince Augustus William of Prussia and Duchess Luise of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Her brother eventually became King Frederick William II of Prussia. She barely knew her father because he died when she was just seven years old. She was raised mostly by her grandmother, Sophia Dorothea of Hanover and her aunt, Elisabeth Christine. One of her first governesses was abusive and neglected her often, and her family never realised. It must have been a relief when another governess replaced her. Wilhelmina’s education was limited to religion, geography, history and French. She shared a household with her brothers Henry and Frederick William and Frederick William’s wife and their cousin Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Lüneburg. This setup ended rather suddenly when Henry died, and Elisabeth was disgraced after having an affair. At the age of 16, Wilhelmina married 19-year-old William V, Prince of Orange. They met for the first time on the day of their wedding. Their first child was born in 1769, but tragically, the baby died at birth. A healthy daughter, Louise, followed in 1770. Wilhelmina again had a stillborn child in 1771. She gave then birth to two healthy sons in 1772 en 1774, William Frederick (William) and William George Frederick (Frederick). She was loyal to her husband, but their characters were mismatched. By 1785, the country was on the brink of a civil war. The family left and headed towards Nijmegen. Wilhelmina took charge and on 28 June 1787, she took a small following to The Hague to plead William’s case. She was stopped and promptly arrested. She was taken to a farm where she was questioned and then escorted back. She was not allowed to continue her journey to The Hague and was eventually forced to return to Nijmegen. She demanded reparation for her mistreatment, and she was now supported by her brother, the King of Prussia. On 13 September, Prussian troops entered the Republic, and by October the country was back under control. William and Wilhelmina were finally able to return to The Hague, and the people involved in her arrest were severely punished. However, her perceived harsh reaction made her unpopular, even with those in favour of their cause. However, more trouble was soon to come. In 1789, the French Revolution began, and by 1793, the French King and Queen had been guillotined and Wilhelmina’s cousin the King of Sweden had also been murdered. Wilhelmina began receiving death threats. In 1793, the French Revolutionary government declared war on William and the Dutch Republic was invaded by the French in the winter of 1794. Wilhelmina and her family were forced to flee to England on 18 January 1795. Their shared exile was to last almost 20 years. Part of this time, they lived at Hampton Court Palace on an allowance from William’s cousin, King George III of Great Britain. Their eldest son left for Berlin while their second Frederick died in 1799 while in Austrian military service. Their daughter Louise married Hereditary Prince Charles George August of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel on 14 October 1790 and was now living in Brunswick. In 1801, her husband left to live in one of their properties in Germany, and she followed him there in 1802. Wilhelmina’s husband died on 9 April 1806. Wilhelmina went to live with her daughter Louise, who had also recently been widowed. The Napoleonic German expansion forced them to flee, and Louise and Wilhelmina went to Schwerin and Schleswig, where they spent the winter. They travelled on to Weimar and then to Berlin, arriving in late 1807. The fall of Napoleon changed everything. Her eldest son William was welcomed back home as the Netherlands’ first sovereign. He returned to the Netherlands in November 1813. Wilhelmina and Louise followed him in early 1814. On 16 March 1815, William was proclaimed King William I of the Netherlands. Wilhelmina died on 9 June 1820, a year after her daughter Louise. She was interred in the crypt in Delft on 7 November 1822.	974	ENGLISH	1
All the reform movements aimed to better the society and produce people who were responsible and improved their living conditions. Temperance dealt with the increasing number of alcohol cases that had shocked the nation. The American temperance association was thus formed to combat increased cases of alcohol (Blocker et al., 2012). Temperance demanded reduced or complete abstinence from alcohol. Lyman Beecher was a leader who advocated for total abstinence. Therefore, temperance, asylums and feminists groups aimed to improve the lives of the people who had been affected negatively by the conditions they were passing through. Feminists concentrated on fighting for equality between men and women and ending the oppression that had long been meted on women by men. Elizabeth Stanton was at the forefront in fighting for the rights of women especially when she and others were denied a chance because they were women at the world anti-slavery convention (DuBois & Cándida, 2007). She formed many bodies that fought for the rights of both black and white women like voting. The reformist on the asylums fought for the rights of the mentally and thus insane. Dorothea Dix was the reformer pushing for better treatment of the mentally ill and sick people who were kept in prisons and workhouses among others (Hermsen, 2011). She wanted the insane to be treated as humans. The current facilities were in poor conditions and the patients lived in total misery. She vouched for better living conditions that led to the establishment of asylums that had better conditions for the insane, and thus, mentally ill. The reformers in public education like Horace Mann had the intentions of ensuring that the citizens were properly educated and that the system of education would benefit them later after they have finished (Volo J. & Volo, D., 2004). There was a greater reformation of public education in the north than the south. Asylum and public education did well as compared to feminism and temperance. Various conditions were improved, and the neglected people were given a chance to improve their lives for the betterment of society. Order Unique Answer Now	<urn:uuid:f1ffa9ba-dcda-4873-a7d5-d40ef9d9f390>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://uniquewritersbay.com/blog/comparing-contrasting-reform-movements/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126043644-20200126073644-00285.warc.gz	en	0.98589	427	3.921875	4	[ -0.021492132917046547, -0.0002938107936643064, 0.3079981505870819, 0.27995428442955017, 0.1952751725912094, 0.37176513671875, -0.3963548541069031, 0.5200012922286987, -0.37631839513778687, 0.11382266134023666, 0.2198849618434906, 0.004910192918032408, -0.27091091871261597, -0.1496666818857...	1	All the reform movements aimed to better the society and produce people who were responsible and improved their living conditions. Temperance dealt with the increasing number of alcohol cases that had shocked the nation. The American temperance association was thus formed to combat increased cases of alcohol (Blocker et al., 2012). Temperance demanded reduced or complete abstinence from alcohol. Lyman Beecher was a leader who advocated for total abstinence. Therefore, temperance, asylums and feminists groups aimed to improve the lives of the people who had been affected negatively by the conditions they were passing through. Feminists concentrated on fighting for equality between men and women and ending the oppression that had long been meted on women by men. Elizabeth Stanton was at the forefront in fighting for the rights of women especially when she and others were denied a chance because they were women at the world anti-slavery convention (DuBois & Cándida, 2007). She formed many bodies that fought for the rights of both black and white women like voting. The reformist on the asylums fought for the rights of the mentally and thus insane. Dorothea Dix was the reformer pushing for better treatment of the mentally ill and sick people who were kept in prisons and workhouses among others (Hermsen, 2011). She wanted the insane to be treated as humans. The current facilities were in poor conditions and the patients lived in total misery. She vouched for better living conditions that led to the establishment of asylums that had better conditions for the insane, and thus, mentally ill. The reformers in public education like Horace Mann had the intentions of ensuring that the citizens were properly educated and that the system of education would benefit them later after they have finished (Volo J. & Volo, D., 2004). There was a greater reformation of public education in the north than the south. Asylum and public education did well as compared to feminism and temperance. Various conditions were improved, and the neglected people were given a chance to improve their lives for the betterment of society. Order Unique Answer Now	438	ENGLISH	1
In Mr. Noon’s Science class, students built small-scale model roller coasters, (a.k. a Marble Coasters), out of pipe insulation and masking tape. They designed their models, refined their models and finally tested their models. They tested the models using three different types of marbles, each of different masses. The criteria was to have two hills and one loop, the marble had to stay on the track, and it had to end up in a cup. Many elements of the Engineering Design Process were in play during the construction and testing. Also, many science skills such as measuring, observing, collecting and analyzing data, and especially cooperation were also in play. The students were very excited about the activity and at times, frustrated. They gave the coasters bizarre and unusual names. Ultimately, students learned about the conversions between potential and kinetic energy. They learned how to calculate average speed. They determined the forces acting against and with the marble. As a summary, we will utilize a controlled coaster track to collect data and then graph the relationship between kinetic energy and mass and separately, kinetic energy and speed.	<urn:uuid:3c342832-3f15-4874-8d6d-fbcb8fd795d1>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://nissitissitmiddle.wordpress.com/2018/09/28/marble-coasters/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00398.warc.gz	en	0.98596	228	4.0625	4	[ -0.33035537600517273, 0.19615715742111206, 0.45661380887031555, -0.059129856526851654, -0.6663219928741455, 0.19552668929100037, 0.13766130805015564, 0.051230862736701965, 0.02042453922331333, -0.008881074376404285, 0.29665130376815796, -0.4891723692417145, -0.07300341874361038, 0.17132258...	2	In Mr. Noon’s Science class, students built small-scale model roller coasters, (a.k. a Marble Coasters), out of pipe insulation and masking tape. They designed their models, refined their models and finally tested their models. They tested the models using three different types of marbles, each of different masses. The criteria was to have two hills and one loop, the marble had to stay on the track, and it had to end up in a cup. Many elements of the Engineering Design Process were in play during the construction and testing. Also, many science skills such as measuring, observing, collecting and analyzing data, and especially cooperation were also in play. The students were very excited about the activity and at times, frustrated. They gave the coasters bizarre and unusual names. Ultimately, students learned about the conversions between potential and kinetic energy. They learned how to calculate average speed. They determined the forces acting against and with the marble. As a summary, we will utilize a controlled coaster track to collect data and then graph the relationship between kinetic energy and mass and separately, kinetic energy and speed.	223	ENGLISH	1
\|Siege of Eshowe\| \|Part of the Anglo-Zulu War\| Wagons crossing Amatikulu drift on the way to Eshowe \|British Empire\|\|Zulu Kingdom\| \|Commanders and leaders\| \|Charles Pearson\|\|Dabulamanzi kaMpande\| \|Casualties and losses\| \|137 killed\|\|~1,000 killed\| The Siege of Eshowe was part of a three-pronged attack on the Zulu Impis of king Cetshwayo at Ulundi during the Anglo-Zulu War. After a successful incursion as far as Eshowe (then also known as Fort Ekowe or kwaMondi), Colonel Charles Pearson was besieged there for two months by the Zulus. No.1 Column of the British invasion force, under Colonel Charles Pearson, had been ordered to establish an advanced base at Eshowe before continuing the advance upon Ulundi. The force crossed the Tugela River from Natal into Zululand on 12 January 1879. The advance was smooth and steady until 22 January, when a Zulu force attempted to bar their way. The British were camped about 4 miles south of the Inyezane River, which they had crossed the previous day, beneath a steep ridge with three spurs leading down towards the river, and surrounded by scrub. A prominent knoll sat about halfway, and a small kraal near the left of the crest. Shortly after 08:00 a small number of Zulus appeared near the knoll on the ridge, and a company of the Natal Native Contingent (NNC), under Lieutenant Hart, were sent up the spur after them. While this company gave chase a mass of Zulus appeared over the crest of the ridge and began pouring downwards. These men were the left "horn" of a 6,000 strong force, dispatched at the same time as the army that engaged the British at Isandlwana, who were preparing just over the crest, to attack the British camp. This left horn had been prompted into a premature attack by the advance of Lieutenant Hart's company, and in the face of this advance the NNC fled, leaving their European officers and NCOs to make a fruitless stand before being swept aside. As soon as Hart and his men began firing, the camp prepared for defence, forming a hasty firing line. A naval company and two companies of Buffs with a Gatling gun and 7-pounders moved up to the knoll, opening up across the advancing Zulu column. Thus, when the Zulus emerged from scrub and began their assault on the camp, they were taking heavy fire on both their flank and front of their force. The Zulus wavered and then withdrew the way they had come. While the left horn was being repulsed, the rest of the Zulu impi appeared over the crest. The kraal was taken, and switching their guns to focus on it, the force previously attacking the left horn's flank advanced up the slope and captured the kraal. This position allowed the British to move the Gatling gun onto the crest where its rapid fire soon drove the Zulus off the centre and left end of the ridge, as the British mounted troops came up the right-hand spur to complete the action. The successful counter-attack resulted in 10 British killed and 16 wounded. The Zulu impi withdrew with 350 killed. Pearson continued his march unhindered and the following day reached the mission fort near Eshowe at Norwegian missionary. Low hills surrounded it about a quarter of a mile away to the north, east and west, but to the south the Indian Ocean could be seen. Pearson sent a group of empty wagons, with escorts, to collect fresh supplies from the Lower Drift while the rest of his force began entrenching themselves. The next day, 24 January, bore a disturbing message for Pearson: Col. Anthony Durnford's No. 2 column had been wiped out in the Middle Drift, leaving the Lower Drift behind Eshowe in grave danger. If the Zulus took the lower drift, Eshowe would be cut off and there would be nothing between the Zulu Army and Natal., 2,000 feet above sea level. Eshowe consisted of a deserted church, school and the house of a Two days later, Lord Chelmsford contacted Pearson. Without giving any details of the disaster at Isandlwana he informed him that all previous orders were cancelled, and that he was to take such as action as he thought fit to preserve his column, including withdrawal from Eshowe if necessary. If he withdrew, he was to hold the bridgehead at the Lower Drift, but he might be attacked by the whole Zulu Army. Pearson had no precise information on the whereabouts of the enemy, and although his defences around the mission would soon be complete, it was not an ideal position to defend. His force was good for ammunition, but other supplies were insufficient and the general consensus of his subordinates was to pull back to the Lower Drift. The decision to stay was settled on when news arrived of the return of the supply wagons, with five further companies as reinforcement from the Lower Drift. The fort enclosing the mission was roughly rectangular, 200 yards long and 50 yards wide, with loopholed walls 6 feet high, and was surrounded by a broad ditch in which sharpened sticks were embedded. A second line of defence, should the outer rampart fall, was formed by laagering the wagons inside the walls. A horse and cattle kraal was constructed, as was an abattis, and a field of fire was cleared all round out to 800 yards. The garrison numbered 1,300 soldiers and sailors, plus 400 wagoners. The appearance of large bodies of Zulu on the surrounding hills on 2 February, although they retreated under shelling from the 7-pounders, compelled Pearson to request reinforcements. A week later, he learned for the first time the full extent of the centre column's defeat at Isandlwana and was told that no reinforcements could be made. Pearson was on his own, but could still withdraw. Pearson considered withdrawing part of his garrison, if Chelmsford agreed, but receiving no response and no further runners, it became clear that Eshowe was now completely cut off. The garrison would run out of provisions by the beginning of April. February passed with no Zulu attack, save for sniping attacks and skirmishes between patrols. The beginning of March led Pearson to attack a kraal 7 miles away, to keep the soldiers from idling. The next day a heliostat was spotted signalling from Fort Tenedos and a makeshift apparatus allowed Eshowe to reply. The garrison learnt that a relief force would depart the Lower Drift on 13 March and that they were to advance to the Inyezane to meet it. This was cheering news for the garrison, with rations running low and sickness having killed 20 men. A few days later another message advised a delay in the arrival of the relief column until 1 April. Lord Chelmsford led this column, consisting of 3,390 Europeans and 2,280 Africans to relieve the forces at Eshowe. The force had a range of artillery, including two 9-pounders, four 24-pounder rocket tubes and two Gatling guns. The progress was slow, as in addition to taking a roundabout route to avoid ambush, the rivers they had to traverse were swollen by heavy rains. By the evening of 1 April, Pearson's observers at Eshowe could see the relief column laagering on the south bank of the Inyezane. The laager was sited on a 300-foot ridge running roughly west-east. West of the ridge, the ground dipped, only to rise again to the 470-foot Umisi Hill. The ground sloped away in all directions, allowing a good field of fire. A trench surrounded a waist high wall of earth, which itself encompassed 120 wagons formed a square with sides of 130 yards in length. Here the relief column fought the Battle of Gingindlovu, a British victory, before continuing on to Eshowe. On 3 April, the relief column entered Eshowe, led by the pipers of the 91st Highlanders. The two-month siege had been lifted. Chelmsford concluded that Eshowe did not need to be retained, and the laboriously constructed defences were demolished. Bivouacking on the first night after their departure from it on 6 April, Pearson's men could see that the Zulus had set Eshowe alight.	<urn:uuid:68e35d5a-1602-4409-ba7e-0ce71c90b4c6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://popflock.com/learn?s=Siege_of_Eshowe	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250615407.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124040939-20200124065939-00233.warc.gz	en	0.980299	1,789	3.265625	3	[ -0.5375276803970337, 0.6058739423751831, 0.4827926754951477, 0.41843724250793457, 0.15529026091098785, -0.09460718184709549, -0.06652051210403442, 0.08314702659845352, -0.2901400029659271, 0.05431951582431793, 0.10273071378469467, -0.7360347509384155, 0.2395307719707489, 0.3120076656341553...	1	\|Siege of Eshowe\| \|Part of the Anglo-Zulu War\| Wagons crossing Amatikulu drift on the way to Eshowe \|British Empire\|\|Zulu Kingdom\| \|Commanders and leaders\| \|Charles Pearson\|\|Dabulamanzi kaMpande\| \|Casualties and losses\| \|137 killed\|\|~1,000 killed\| The Siege of Eshowe was part of a three-pronged attack on the Zulu Impis of king Cetshwayo at Ulundi during the Anglo-Zulu War. After a successful incursion as far as Eshowe (then also known as Fort Ekowe or kwaMondi), Colonel Charles Pearson was besieged there for two months by the Zulus. No.1 Column of the British invasion force, under Colonel Charles Pearson, had been ordered to establish an advanced base at Eshowe before continuing the advance upon Ulundi. The force crossed the Tugela River from Natal into Zululand on 12 January 1879. The advance was smooth and steady until 22 January, when a Zulu force attempted to bar their way. The British were camped about 4 miles south of the Inyezane River, which they had crossed the previous day, beneath a steep ridge with three spurs leading down towards the river, and surrounded by scrub. A prominent knoll sat about halfway, and a small kraal near the left of the crest. Shortly after 08:00 a small number of Zulus appeared near the knoll on the ridge, and a company of the Natal Native Contingent (NNC), under Lieutenant Hart, were sent up the spur after them. While this company gave chase a mass of Zulus appeared over the crest of the ridge and began pouring downwards. These men were the left "horn" of a 6,000 strong force, dispatched at the same time as the army that engaged the British at Isandlwana, who were preparing just over the crest, to attack the British camp. This left horn had been prompted into a premature attack by the advance of Lieutenant Hart's company, and in the face of this advance the NNC fled, leaving their European officers and NCOs to make a fruitless stand before being swept aside. As soon as Hart and his men began firing, the camp prepared for defence, forming a hasty firing line. A naval company and two companies of Buffs with a Gatling gun and 7-pounders moved up to the knoll, opening up across the advancing Zulu column. Thus, when the Zulus emerged from scrub and began their assault on the camp, they were taking heavy fire on both their flank and front of their force. The Zulus wavered and then withdrew the way they had come. While the left horn was being repulsed, the rest of the Zulu impi appeared over the crest. The kraal was taken, and switching their guns to focus on it, the force previously attacking the left horn's flank advanced up the slope and captured the kraal. This position allowed the British to move the Gatling gun onto the crest where its rapid fire soon drove the Zulus off the centre and left end of the ridge, as the British mounted troops came up the right-hand spur to complete the action. The successful counter-attack resulted in 10 British killed and 16 wounded. The Zulu impi withdrew with 350 killed. Pearson continued his march unhindered and the following day reached the mission fort near Eshowe at Norwegian missionary. Low hills surrounded it about a quarter of a mile away to the north, east and west, but to the south the Indian Ocean could be seen. Pearson sent a group of empty wagons, with escorts, to collect fresh supplies from the Lower Drift while the rest of his force began entrenching themselves. The next day, 24 January, bore a disturbing message for Pearson: Col. Anthony Durnford's No. 2 column had been wiped out in the Middle Drift, leaving the Lower Drift behind Eshowe in grave danger. If the Zulus took the lower drift, Eshowe would be cut off and there would be nothing between the Zulu Army and Natal., 2,000 feet above sea level. Eshowe consisted of a deserted church, school and the house of a Two days later, Lord Chelmsford contacted Pearson. Without giving any details of the disaster at Isandlwana he informed him that all previous orders were cancelled, and that he was to take such as action as he thought fit to preserve his column, including withdrawal from Eshowe if necessary. If he withdrew, he was to hold the bridgehead at the Lower Drift, but he might be attacked by the whole Zulu Army. Pearson had no precise information on the whereabouts of the enemy, and although his defences around the mission would soon be complete, it was not an ideal position to defend. His force was good for ammunition, but other supplies were insufficient and the general consensus of his subordinates was to pull back to the Lower Drift. The decision to stay was settled on when news arrived of the return of the supply wagons, with five further companies as reinforcement from the Lower Drift. The fort enclosing the mission was roughly rectangular, 200 yards long and 50 yards wide, with loopholed walls 6 feet high, and was surrounded by a broad ditch in which sharpened sticks were embedded. A second line of defence, should the outer rampart fall, was formed by laagering the wagons inside the walls. A horse and cattle kraal was constructed, as was an abattis, and a field of fire was cleared all round out to 800 yards. The garrison numbered 1,300 soldiers and sailors, plus 400 wagoners. The appearance of large bodies of Zulu on the surrounding hills on 2 February, although they retreated under shelling from the 7-pounders, compelled Pearson to request reinforcements. A week later, he learned for the first time the full extent of the centre column's defeat at Isandlwana and was told that no reinforcements could be made. Pearson was on his own, but could still withdraw. Pearson considered withdrawing part of his garrison, if Chelmsford agreed, but receiving no response and no further runners, it became clear that Eshowe was now completely cut off. The garrison would run out of provisions by the beginning of April. February passed with no Zulu attack, save for sniping attacks and skirmishes between patrols. The beginning of March led Pearson to attack a kraal 7 miles away, to keep the soldiers from idling. The next day a heliostat was spotted signalling from Fort Tenedos and a makeshift apparatus allowed Eshowe to reply. The garrison learnt that a relief force would depart the Lower Drift on 13 March and that they were to advance to the Inyezane to meet it. This was cheering news for the garrison, with rations running low and sickness having killed 20 men. A few days later another message advised a delay in the arrival of the relief column until 1 April. Lord Chelmsford led this column, consisting of 3,390 Europeans and 2,280 Africans to relieve the forces at Eshowe. The force had a range of artillery, including two 9-pounders, four 24-pounder rocket tubes and two Gatling guns. The progress was slow, as in addition to taking a roundabout route to avoid ambush, the rivers they had to traverse were swollen by heavy rains. By the evening of 1 April, Pearson's observers at Eshowe could see the relief column laagering on the south bank of the Inyezane. The laager was sited on a 300-foot ridge running roughly west-east. West of the ridge, the ground dipped, only to rise again to the 470-foot Umisi Hill. The ground sloped away in all directions, allowing a good field of fire. A trench surrounded a waist high wall of earth, which itself encompassed 120 wagons formed a square with sides of 130 yards in length. Here the relief column fought the Battle of Gingindlovu, a British victory, before continuing on to Eshowe. On 3 April, the relief column entered Eshowe, led by the pipers of the 91st Highlanders. The two-month siege had been lifted. Chelmsford concluded that Eshowe did not need to be retained, and the laboriously constructed defences were demolished. Bivouacking on the first night after their departure from it on 6 April, Pearson's men could see that the Zulus had set Eshowe alight.	1,853	ENGLISH	1
(Last Updated on : 24/02/2015) Role of Khalsa in the Indian Army was significant. After the death of Guru Gobind Singh , Khalsa or the entire community became the guru. Shortly before his death Gobind Singh had chosen Banda, a bairagi as his chief disciple. All the Sikhs in the country-side flocked to his banner. With his limited resources and small armies he soon brought the whole of Punjab south-east of Lahore under the Sikh banner and laid the foundation of the first political empire of the Sikhs. Coins were struck in the name of the guru. He appointed governors at the places captured by him and also levied taxes. Guru Gobind Singh introduced the institution of the pahul for the Khalsa which was meant to initiate the followers. Baptism by the sword has a great significance for all fighting men. This process did change the meek and unassuming followers into singhs or lions. Henceforth all Sikhs were known as singhs and Gobind Singh himself gave the lead by being initiated by his five followers. All those who accepted his baptism were called the Khalsa. Khalis in Arabic means 'pure'. So far the Sikhs had no distinguishing marks and in times of severe trial some of the followers would escape persecution and torture by denying the fact of their religion. The arms that they carried could be easily thrown away to avoid detection. So, as a step to further unify the followers, he enjoined on all those who accepted the pahul to wear the five Ks: kesh or hair; kangha or comb; kirpan or dagger; kacha or underwear and kara or bangle. The Sikhs were also required to abjure wine and tobacco. Another step based on the Sikhs' deep reverence and devotion to their guru went very far in making their religion into a strong political unit. The guru became the Khalsa and the Khalsa the guru. All guidance was to come from the Holy Book and there was to be no difference between the disciple and the guru. They were all to be members of one family, a vast brotherhood. It is a historical fact that the first five converts under the new system and known as the panch pyare - the beloved five, were all men from different castes and did earn many a victory and fame in the battle-field, thus proving Gobind Singh's injunction that on imitation even jackals become lions. The Mughals again attacked the Sikhs. Hurried defences were put up and Banda had to fight at a great disadvantage as the siege was daily tightened and provisions soon ran short. This campaign ended up as a long drawn out siege. Disagreements in the Sikh camp made matters still worse. Banda and his small band of followers were starved out and further resistance was found to be impossible. Thus, after this incident, the Sikhs virtually disappeared from the scene as a political force for some time now. But, eventually Banda had started a new tradition in resisting tyranny and he awakened a national consciousness that 'not to die so easily now'. The idea of a national state which had received an impetus at his hands gradually became a living symbol and continued to inspire the Sikhs all through the next generations. They formed themselves into small states and their leaders started new dynasties and kingdoms. During this period reorganisation was started in the lower ranks and after some time the institution of the Khalsa and the panth assumed their rightful place in society. The sanctity of the panth which it enjoyed earlier is still given to it, although with the changed conditions it is merely a figure-head. As defence slowed up with the passage of time, the Sikhs would meet regularly twice each year on the occasion of Diwali , secretly or openly as circumstances would permit and discuss matters both secular and temporal. These annual meetings assumed more and more importance and the higher councils were known as the Guru Panth. Thus, the Guru Granth Sahib and the Guru Panth went hand in hand at all these councils and the decisions arrived at the meetings came to be known as 'gurmatta' or decisions of the guru. The evolution of this theocratic confederation is considered to be another important level in Sikh military history. Nothing like that had existed before. It must, however, be noted that there was no proper planning for this and the evolution came as a matter of circumstances directed. New leaders came to the fore-front among whom Kapur Singh had great influence. Under his guidance the army was divided into two groups - the elder set and the younger set. Leaders of these divisions were all capable men. Each one had his own followers. Being tired of the constant campaigning and the unbending character of the Sikhs the Muslims started placating them. At the annual meeting of the Panth in 1748 the Khalsa was declared a state and Jassa Singh Ahluwalia elected as Supreme Commander of the Khalsa army. Building of forts was encouraged and the activities of the Sikhs continued to increase in the Punjab with no central or provincial authority interfering with them. Now they also played their part in the internal dissensions of the Muslim hierarchy. Gradually, the Sikhs became supreme in the area south and east of Lahore.	<urn:uuid:c689bce0-d3c2-4548-8518-6235856cb622>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.indianetzone.com/50/role_khalsa.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251678287.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125161753-20200125190753-00513.warc.gz	en	0.986867	1,090	3.8125	4	[ -0.1527409702539444, 0.657663106918335, 0.313943088054657, -0.2759658694267273, -0.45460766553878784, 0.014080839231610298, 0.8986049294471741, -0.16228431463241577, 0.035639695823192596, -0.06920427083969116, 0.44743669033050537, -0.5772483348846436, 0.20713470876216888, -0.17132012546062...	1	(Last Updated on : 24/02/2015) Role of Khalsa in the Indian Army was significant. After the death of Guru Gobind Singh , Khalsa or the entire community became the guru. Shortly before his death Gobind Singh had chosen Banda, a bairagi as his chief disciple. All the Sikhs in the country-side flocked to his banner. With his limited resources and small armies he soon brought the whole of Punjab south-east of Lahore under the Sikh banner and laid the foundation of the first political empire of the Sikhs. Coins were struck in the name of the guru. He appointed governors at the places captured by him and also levied taxes. Guru Gobind Singh introduced the institution of the pahul for the Khalsa which was meant to initiate the followers. Baptism by the sword has a great significance for all fighting men. This process did change the meek and unassuming followers into singhs or lions. Henceforth all Sikhs were known as singhs and Gobind Singh himself gave the lead by being initiated by his five followers. All those who accepted his baptism were called the Khalsa. Khalis in Arabic means 'pure'. So far the Sikhs had no distinguishing marks and in times of severe trial some of the followers would escape persecution and torture by denying the fact of their religion. The arms that they carried could be easily thrown away to avoid detection. So, as a step to further unify the followers, he enjoined on all those who accepted the pahul to wear the five Ks: kesh or hair; kangha or comb; kirpan or dagger; kacha or underwear and kara or bangle. The Sikhs were also required to abjure wine and tobacco. Another step based on the Sikhs' deep reverence and devotion to their guru went very far in making their religion into a strong political unit. The guru became the Khalsa and the Khalsa the guru. All guidance was to come from the Holy Book and there was to be no difference between the disciple and the guru. They were all to be members of one family, a vast brotherhood. It is a historical fact that the first five converts under the new system and known as the panch pyare - the beloved five, were all men from different castes and did earn many a victory and fame in the battle-field, thus proving Gobind Singh's injunction that on imitation even jackals become lions. The Mughals again attacked the Sikhs. Hurried defences were put up and Banda had to fight at a great disadvantage as the siege was daily tightened and provisions soon ran short. This campaign ended up as a long drawn out siege. Disagreements in the Sikh camp made matters still worse. Banda and his small band of followers were starved out and further resistance was found to be impossible. Thus, after this incident, the Sikhs virtually disappeared from the scene as a political force for some time now. But, eventually Banda had started a new tradition in resisting tyranny and he awakened a national consciousness that 'not to die so easily now'. The idea of a national state which had received an impetus at his hands gradually became a living symbol and continued to inspire the Sikhs all through the next generations. They formed themselves into small states and their leaders started new dynasties and kingdoms. During this period reorganisation was started in the lower ranks and after some time the institution of the Khalsa and the panth assumed their rightful place in society. The sanctity of the panth which it enjoyed earlier is still given to it, although with the changed conditions it is merely a figure-head. As defence slowed up with the passage of time, the Sikhs would meet regularly twice each year on the occasion of Diwali , secretly or openly as circumstances would permit and discuss matters both secular and temporal. These annual meetings assumed more and more importance and the higher councils were known as the Guru Panth. Thus, the Guru Granth Sahib and the Guru Panth went hand in hand at all these councils and the decisions arrived at the meetings came to be known as 'gurmatta' or decisions of the guru. The evolution of this theocratic confederation is considered to be another important level in Sikh military history. Nothing like that had existed before. It must, however, be noted that there was no proper planning for this and the evolution came as a matter of circumstances directed. New leaders came to the fore-front among whom Kapur Singh had great influence. Under his guidance the army was divided into two groups - the elder set and the younger set. Leaders of these divisions were all capable men. Each one had his own followers. Being tired of the constant campaigning and the unbending character of the Sikhs the Muslims started placating them. At the annual meeting of the Panth in 1748 the Khalsa was declared a state and Jassa Singh Ahluwalia elected as Supreme Commander of the Khalsa army. Building of forts was encouraged and the activities of the Sikhs continued to increase in the Punjab with no central or provincial authority interfering with them. Now they also played their part in the internal dissensions of the Muslim hierarchy. Gradually, the Sikhs became supreme in the area south and east of Lahore.	1,090	ENGLISH	1
Kingsley Plantation is located on an island. Between 1765 and 1865, this area was used as a plantation, which was a type of farm. Crops were grown and sold for profit. However, unlike a farm today, the workers on a plantation were forced into labor against their will and were called slaves. Considered property, a slave was owned by another person and could be sold to someone else at any time. Familes could be sold apart. Enslaved people were not paid for their work. Sea Island cotton was the cash crop (the crop grown to make money) at the plantation. Working in the cotton fields was one task, or job, that was given to the slaves. Sometimes they also worked inside the owner's house, cooked, worked as blacksmiths or carpenters. After finishing a day's task, slaves returned to their homes at the slave quarters. However, their work days still was not over. Personal needs to tended to, such as growing their own food in their gardens, cooking, or making repairs to their homes. This was also the time when familes would spend time together, sharing traditions such as stories, games, and songs. Learn more about Kingsley Plantation by clicking here. Last updated: March 5, 2018	<urn:uuid:712e2e60-39ec-4bb5-ad76-665945ad817a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.nps.gov/timu/learn/kidsyouth/forkids_kp_dailylife.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778272.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128122813-20200128152813-00344.warc.gz	en	0.995181	263	4.09375	4	[ -0.009176122955977917, 0.5093459486961365, -0.11395349353551865, -0.39510130882263184, 0.5145502686500549, 0.17862556874752045, 0.3009747266769409, -0.48720023036003113, -0.19105979800224304, 0.3800334930419922, 0.1893644630908966, -0.43850377202033997, -0.25996237993240356, 0.664869964122...	1	Kingsley Plantation is located on an island. Between 1765 and 1865, this area was used as a plantation, which was a type of farm. Crops were grown and sold for profit. However, unlike a farm today, the workers on a plantation were forced into labor against their will and were called slaves. Considered property, a slave was owned by another person and could be sold to someone else at any time. Familes could be sold apart. Enslaved people were not paid for their work. Sea Island cotton was the cash crop (the crop grown to make money) at the plantation. Working in the cotton fields was one task, or job, that was given to the slaves. Sometimes they also worked inside the owner's house, cooked, worked as blacksmiths or carpenters. After finishing a day's task, slaves returned to their homes at the slave quarters. However, their work days still was not over. Personal needs to tended to, such as growing their own food in their gardens, cooking, or making repairs to their homes. This was also the time when familes would spend time together, sharing traditions such as stories, games, and songs. Learn more about Kingsley Plantation by clicking here. Last updated: March 5, 2018	271	ENGLISH	1
If a painter is a Jew and paints life, how is he to keep Jewish elements out of his work! But if he is a good painter, his painting will contain a great deal more. The Jewish content will be there, of course, but his art will aim at universal relevance. —Marc Chagall, 1933 Monographs about Chagall Artist Marc Chagall (1887–1985) was born to a Hasidic Jewish family in Vitebsk, Russia. Many of his works include broad, rich colors and imagery of Russian and Jewish provincial life. After Chagall and his family settled in Paris in 1923, his works gained popularity within Europe. However, Chagall's Jewish subject matter and non-realistic style made him an outcast to the Nazis, who burned monographs about his work during the book burnings of 1933. The Nazis also confiscated his works from various museums and displayed many of them in a "Degenerate Art" exhibition in Munich in 1937. Fearing persecution upon the Nazi invasion of France in 1940, Chagall fled with his family to New York. He returned to France in 1948. Critical Thinking Questions - How did the German public react to the book burnings? What were some of the reactions outside of Germany? - Why do oppressive regimes promote or support censorship and book burning? How might this be a warning sign of mass atrocity?	<urn:uuid:fe82a2f3-d44c-42bf-be11-57c95167d90d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/marc-chagall	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690095.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126165718-20200126195718-00090.warc.gz	en	0.982397	286	4.03125	4	[ -0.29306718707084656, 0.7090314030647278, 0.009215055964887142, 0.31827619671821594, -0.25930923223495483, 0.16698499023914337, 0.5207780599594116, -0.010892770253121853, -0.19443844258785248, -0.21224315464496613, -0.15125809609889984, -0.09705156832933426, -0.22796323895454407, 0.6401346...	6	If a painter is a Jew and paints life, how is he to keep Jewish elements out of his work! But if he is a good painter, his painting will contain a great deal more. The Jewish content will be there, of course, but his art will aim at universal relevance. —Marc Chagall, 1933 Monographs about Chagall Artist Marc Chagall (1887–1985) was born to a Hasidic Jewish family in Vitebsk, Russia. Many of his works include broad, rich colors and imagery of Russian and Jewish provincial life. After Chagall and his family settled in Paris in 1923, his works gained popularity within Europe. However, Chagall's Jewish subject matter and non-realistic style made him an outcast to the Nazis, who burned monographs about his work during the book burnings of 1933. The Nazis also confiscated his works from various museums and displayed many of them in a "Degenerate Art" exhibition in Munich in 1937. Fearing persecution upon the Nazi invasion of France in 1940, Chagall fled with his family to New York. He returned to France in 1948. Critical Thinking Questions - How did the German public react to the book burnings? What were some of the reactions outside of Germany? - Why do oppressive regimes promote or support censorship and book burning? How might this be a warning sign of mass atrocity?	316	ENGLISH	1
The Smell of Food Tied to DNA, Study Reports The taste of food and drinks is unique for every individual. For example, blue cheese is one of the types of food that people often debate about. Some people love the smell and the taste of this cheese while others find it pungent and hard to eat. Although people's opinions about blue cheese and other foods for that matter have a lot to do with taste buds, how individuals smell food plays a huge part. According to a new study, the researchers report that people are capable of smelling foods differently from one another due to genetic mutations in one's DNA. For this study, the research team headed by geneticist, Richard Newcomb from the New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, decided to shift its focus from examining the sense of smell in insect to humans. Newcomb stated that not enough research is done on how humans use the sense of smell when it comes to tasting food and drink. With his research team, Newcomb picked 10 scents, which ranged from blue cheese to eucalyptus, to test. The researchers recruited around two hundred of people in order to test their sense of smell. The participants were given three wine glasses. Two of the glasses were filled with regular water while the third one was filled with the particular scent that was diluted in water. The participants were asked to sniff all three and identify the glass that contained the particular scent. The researchers then took blood samples to look for any relationship between DNA and sensitivity to the scent. "We were surprised how many odors had genes associated with them," commented Jeremy McRae from the New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research reported by Daily Mail. "If this extends to other odors, then we might expect everyone to have their own unique set of smells that they are sensitive to." The researchers were able to identify four fragrances that could be tied to genetics. These scents were apples, violets, blue cheese and malt. Newcomb explained that there was a specific gene for each particular scent. People who had the gene had the inclination of preferring these types of food to people without the gene. In a follow-up study, the researchers identified the gene mutation specifically for violets. According to the team, the mutation occurred on chromosome 11. The researchers noted for some people with this genetic mutation, they were 10,000 times better at sniffing out this fragrance. "I appreciate that we're all different, and there are many different combinations of abilities to smell different compounds," Newcomb said. "So don't give your mate a hard time when you're having a glass of wine and he doesn't quite get the violet not that's written on the back of the bottle." The studying was published in Current Biology.	<urn:uuid:8b5ead73-f940-4581-a977-ed33e0ff009c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.counselheal.com/articles/6276/20130805/smell-food-tied-dna-study-reports.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251684146.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126013015-20200126043015-00546.warc.gz	en	0.983015	569	3.390625	3	[ 0.07991001009941101, 0.2483333796262741, 0.19084325432777405, -0.05882345139980316, 0.07658745348453522, 0.15238533914089203, 0.7834475040435791, -0.11352497339248657, -0.2963899075984955, -0.22417566180229187, 0.1295638233423233, -0.5551283359527588, 0.11867648363113403, 0.294352293014526...	5	The Smell of Food Tied to DNA, Study Reports The taste of food and drinks is unique for every individual. For example, blue cheese is one of the types of food that people often debate about. Some people love the smell and the taste of this cheese while others find it pungent and hard to eat. Although people's opinions about blue cheese and other foods for that matter have a lot to do with taste buds, how individuals smell food plays a huge part. According to a new study, the researchers report that people are capable of smelling foods differently from one another due to genetic mutations in one's DNA. For this study, the research team headed by geneticist, Richard Newcomb from the New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, decided to shift its focus from examining the sense of smell in insect to humans. Newcomb stated that not enough research is done on how humans use the sense of smell when it comes to tasting food and drink. With his research team, Newcomb picked 10 scents, which ranged from blue cheese to eucalyptus, to test. The researchers recruited around two hundred of people in order to test their sense of smell. The participants were given three wine glasses. Two of the glasses were filled with regular water while the third one was filled with the particular scent that was diluted in water. The participants were asked to sniff all three and identify the glass that contained the particular scent. The researchers then took blood samples to look for any relationship between DNA and sensitivity to the scent. "We were surprised how many odors had genes associated with them," commented Jeremy McRae from the New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research reported by Daily Mail. "If this extends to other odors, then we might expect everyone to have their own unique set of smells that they are sensitive to." The researchers were able to identify four fragrances that could be tied to genetics. These scents were apples, violets, blue cheese and malt. Newcomb explained that there was a specific gene for each particular scent. People who had the gene had the inclination of preferring these types of food to people without the gene. In a follow-up study, the researchers identified the gene mutation specifically for violets. According to the team, the mutation occurred on chromosome 11. The researchers noted for some people with this genetic mutation, they were 10,000 times better at sniffing out this fragrance. "I appreciate that we're all different, and there are many different combinations of abilities to smell different compounds," Newcomb said. "So don't give your mate a hard time when you're having a glass of wine and he doesn't quite get the violet not that's written on the back of the bottle." The studying was published in Current Biology.	567	ENGLISH	1
The morning of April 16, 1912, was damp and chilly. The sky overcast and tinged with fog. For days, it had set Harriet Quimby back from attaining the thing she wanted most. Standing aside her Blériot XI monoplane, Quimby assessed the skies undeterred, for not even the thickest of fog could hold her back from the greatest flight of her life; the crossing of the English Channel. Were she successful, Harriet Quimby would become the first female pilot to achieve such a monumental feat. Two years prior, while working as a journalist for the San Francisco Chronicle and the Dramatic Review, Quimby was introduced to the world of aviation. While covering the first-ever U.S. air show in Los Angeles in 1910, Ms. Quimby became enamored with the sport. Soon after, fortune crossed her path with the great pilot, Alfred Moisant, whom she asked to give her flying lessons. He agreed, however, died in a plane accident shortly thereafter. Undeterred, Harriet, then employed in New York as a journalist for Leslie’s Weekly as its drama critic, attended the aviation school named in his honor; Moisant Aviation School in New York. Deep discrimination at the time forced the young pilot to hide her femininity during training and nearly cost her the opportunity for licensure from the Aero Club, the principle licensing organization of the time. However, due to her “splendid flying that day” the judges couldn’t not grant her the license. On August 1, 1911, she became the first female licensed pilot in the U.S. and the second internationally behind the French pilot Baroness Raymonde de la Roche. Aviation was a natural extension for the sports and motoring enthusiast. Following her licensure, Harriet was invited to join the Moisant International Aviators Exhibition team. She traveled the world with this group, where her skills earned her enormous prize money for the day as well as the title of “the first woman to fly over Mexico City”; a feat attained when the group performed at a celebration in honor of the city’s new president. Demonstrating excellence both in the skies and on the page, Quimby was driven to achieve all that her male peers had attained and encouraged other women to do the same. Having seen Louis Blériot make the crossing prior, she set her mind to it. By March 1912, Quimby had gained a letter of introduction to Louis Blériot and had set sail for France where she was to meet him. Upon her arrival, she as told that the 70 hp plane she had ordered from him wasn’t yet completed and so, she arranged to borrow his personal 50 hp Blériot XI monoplane. Shipping it secretly to Dover, England and with Blériot and Gustav Hamel, another Channel crossing celebrity at her side, she prepared for the flight. According to Hamel, she would need to use a compass to guide her for the entire flight, something she had never done before. Donning her signature plum-colored jumpsuit, she took to the skies. The first hour of her flight was mired in thick fog that obscured her vision and made her heavily reliant on Hamel’s compass. Dipping down to check her path, Quimby found a break in the fog, revealing the shores of France. She was elated at her victory. The rest of the world, however, failed to notice. Just two days prior, the great “unsinkable” Titanic had met its demise losing over 1,500 souls, and back in New York, the male-dominated city governance was still recovering from the recent suffragette march of 20,000 women. It was a terrible blow for the great aviator. Following this upset, she returned to the exhibition circuit. July 1st of that year, after having participated in a Boston exhibition, she was enjoying at leisure flight with the event’s main organizer when the plane had a fatal malfunction ejecting both passengers from the aircraft. Harriet Quimby was 37 years old. In the years to come, her legacy lived in the pages of the papers for which she wrote and in aviation periodicals but much of her successes had been forgotten. In 1991, the U.S. Postal Service issued a commemorative 50 cent stamp in her honor. In her plum jumpsuit and aviator’s cap, she is superimposed over her Blériot XI beside the caption “Pioneer Pilot.”	<urn:uuid:202e56e7-bb19-4d29-8191-0aafae10b748>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://alexis-george.com/2019/11/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778168.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128091916-20200128121916-00079.warc.gz	en	0.981592	944	3.296875	3	[ -0.10900755226612091, 0.07227767258882523, 0.04400809109210968, 0.00019854586571455002, -0.12067538499832153, 0.5202380418777466, 0.2672821283340454, 0.4230583608150482, 0.15938878059387207, 0.13660043478012085, -0.03560437634587288, 0.04415098577737808, 0.11541242897510529, 0.255040407180...	2	The morning of April 16, 1912, was damp and chilly. The sky overcast and tinged with fog. For days, it had set Harriet Quimby back from attaining the thing she wanted most. Standing aside her Blériot XI monoplane, Quimby assessed the skies undeterred, for not even the thickest of fog could hold her back from the greatest flight of her life; the crossing of the English Channel. Were she successful, Harriet Quimby would become the first female pilot to achieve such a monumental feat. Two years prior, while working as a journalist for the San Francisco Chronicle and the Dramatic Review, Quimby was introduced to the world of aviation. While covering the first-ever U.S. air show in Los Angeles in 1910, Ms. Quimby became enamored with the sport. Soon after, fortune crossed her path with the great pilot, Alfred Moisant, whom she asked to give her flying lessons. He agreed, however, died in a plane accident shortly thereafter. Undeterred, Harriet, then employed in New York as a journalist for Leslie’s Weekly as its drama critic, attended the aviation school named in his honor; Moisant Aviation School in New York. Deep discrimination at the time forced the young pilot to hide her femininity during training and nearly cost her the opportunity for licensure from the Aero Club, the principle licensing organization of the time. However, due to her “splendid flying that day” the judges couldn’t not grant her the license. On August 1, 1911, she became the first female licensed pilot in the U.S. and the second internationally behind the French pilot Baroness Raymonde de la Roche. Aviation was a natural extension for the sports and motoring enthusiast. Following her licensure, Harriet was invited to join the Moisant International Aviators Exhibition team. She traveled the world with this group, where her skills earned her enormous prize money for the day as well as the title of “the first woman to fly over Mexico City”; a feat attained when the group performed at a celebration in honor of the city’s new president. Demonstrating excellence both in the skies and on the page, Quimby was driven to achieve all that her male peers had attained and encouraged other women to do the same. Having seen Louis Blériot make the crossing prior, she set her mind to it. By March 1912, Quimby had gained a letter of introduction to Louis Blériot and had set sail for France where she was to meet him. Upon her arrival, she as told that the 70 hp plane she had ordered from him wasn’t yet completed and so, she arranged to borrow his personal 50 hp Blériot XI monoplane. Shipping it secretly to Dover, England and with Blériot and Gustav Hamel, another Channel crossing celebrity at her side, she prepared for the flight. According to Hamel, she would need to use a compass to guide her for the entire flight, something she had never done before. Donning her signature plum-colored jumpsuit, she took to the skies. The first hour of her flight was mired in thick fog that obscured her vision and made her heavily reliant on Hamel’s compass. Dipping down to check her path, Quimby found a break in the fog, revealing the shores of France. She was elated at her victory. The rest of the world, however, failed to notice. Just two days prior, the great “unsinkable” Titanic had met its demise losing over 1,500 souls, and back in New York, the male-dominated city governance was still recovering from the recent suffragette march of 20,000 women. It was a terrible blow for the great aviator. Following this upset, she returned to the exhibition circuit. July 1st of that year, after having participated in a Boston exhibition, she was enjoying at leisure flight with the event’s main organizer when the plane had a fatal malfunction ejecting both passengers from the aircraft. Harriet Quimby was 37 years old. In the years to come, her legacy lived in the pages of the papers for which she wrote and in aviation periodicals but much of her successes had been forgotten. In 1991, the U.S. Postal Service issued a commemorative 50 cent stamp in her honor. In her plum jumpsuit and aviator’s cap, she is superimposed over her Blériot XI beside the caption “Pioneer Pilot.”	956	ENGLISH	1

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