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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna
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Sotāpanna
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The three fetters which the sotāpanna eradicates are:
Self-view — The view of substance, or that what is compounded (sankhata), could be eternal in the five aggregates (form, feelings, perception, intentions, cognizance) and thus possessed or owned as 'I', 'me', or 'mine'. A sotāpanna lacks a view about self (sakkāya-ditthi), as that doctrine is proclaimed to be a subtle form of clinging.
Clinging to rites and rituals — The view that one becomes pure simply through performing rituals (animal sacrifices, ablutions, chanting, etc.), adhering to rigid moralism, or relying on a god for non-causal delivery (issara nimmāna). Rites and rituals now function more to obscure than to support the right view of the sotāpanna's now-opened dharma eye. The sotāpanna realizes that deliverance can be won only through the practice of the Noble Eightfold Path. It is the elimination of the notion that there are shortcuts to perfecting all virtues.
Skeptical doubt (Vicikitsa) — Doubt about the Buddha, his teaching (dharma), and his community (sangha) is eradicated because the sotāpanna personally experiences the true nature of reality through insight, and this insight confirms the accuracy of the Buddha's teaching. Seeing removes doubt, because the sight is a form of vision (dassana), that allows one to know (ñāṇa).
Defilements
According to the Pali commentary, six types of defilement are eventually abandoned by a sotāpanna:
Envy
Jealousy
Hypocrisy
Fraud
Denigration
Domineering
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Sotāpanna
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Rebirth
A sotāpanna is safe from falling into the states of misery (they will not be born as an animal, ghost, or hell being). Their lust, hatred, and delusion are not strong enough to cause rebirth in the lower realms. A sotāpanna will have to be reborn at most only seven more times in the human or heavenly worlds before attaining nibbāna. It is not necessary for a sotāpanna to be reborn seven more times before attaining nibbāna, as an ardent practitioner may progress to the higher stages in the same life in which he/she reaches the sotāpanna level by making an aspiration and persistent effort to reach the final goal of nibbāna.
According to Buddha, there are three types of sotāpannas, classifiable according to their possible rebirths:
"If a man, after the disappearance of the 3 fetters [the samyojana: personality-belief, skeptical doubt, attachment to rules and rituals], has entered the stream [to Nibbāna], he is no more subject to rebirth in lower worlds, is firmly established, destined to full enlightenment. After having passed amongst the heavenly and human beings only seven times more through the round of rebirths, he puts an end to suffering. Such a man is called 'one with 7 births at the utmost' [sattakkhattu-parama]."
"If a man, after the disappearance of the 3 fetters.... is destined to full enlightenment, he, after having passed among noble families two or three times through the round of rebirths, puts an end to suffering. Such a man is called 'one passing from one noble family to another' [kolankola]."
"If a man, after the disappearance of the 3 fetters.... is destined to full enlightenment, he, after having only once more returned to human existence, puts an end to suffering. Such a man is called 'one germinating only once more' [eka-bījī]."
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Michell%20%28writer%29
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John Michell (writer)
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John Frederick Carden Michell (9 February 1933 – 24 April 2009) was an English author and esotericist who was a prominent figure in the development of the pseudoscientific Earth mysteries movement. Over the course of his life he published over forty books on an array of different subjects, being a proponent of the Traditionalist school of esoteric thought.
Born in London to a wealthy family, Michell was educated at Cheam School and Eton College before serving as a Russian translator in the Royal Navy for two years. After failing a degree in Russian and German at Trinity College, Cambridge, he qualified as a chartered surveyor then returned to London and worked for his father's property business, there developing his interest in Ufology.
Embracing the counter-cultural ideas of the Earth mysteries movement during the 1960s, in The Flying Saucer Vision he built on Alfred Watkins' ideas of ley lines by arguing that they represented linear marks created in prehistory to guide extraterrestrial spacecraft. He followed this with his most influential work, The View Over Atlantis, in 1969. His ideas were at odds with those of academic archaeologists, for whom he expressed contempt.
Michell believed in the existence of an ancient spiritual tradition that connected humanity to divinity, but which had been lost as a result of modernity. He believed however that this tradition would be revived and that humanity would enter a Golden Age, with Britain as the centre of this transformation.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Michell%20%28writer%29
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John Michell (writer)
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In 1966 one of his properties, the basement of his own residence, became the base of the London Free School. The Black Power activist Michael X, having previously run a gambling club in the basement, had now become active in the organisation of the LFS and brought Michell into counter-culture activities. Michell began to offer courses in UFOs and ley lines.
In 1964, with Jocasta Innes, Michell fathered a son, Jason Goodwin, who also became a writer. The relationship with Innes did not last. Jason Goodwin did not meet his natural father until 1992, at the age of 28, at which point they became quite close.
Embracing the Earth Mysteries movement
Michell developed an interest in Ufology and Earth mysteries after attending a talk given by Jimmy Goddard at Kensington Central Library on the subject of "Leys and Orthonies" in November 1965. Michell's first publication on the subject of Ufology was the article "Flying Saucers", which appeared in the 30 January 1967 edition of the counter-cultural newspaper International Times. He proceeded to write a book on the subject, but lost the original manuscript after accidentally leaving it in a North London café, at which he had to rewrite it. The book eventually saw publication as The Flying Saucer Vision, published in 1967, when Michell was 35 years old.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Michell%20%28writer%29
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John Michell (writer)
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In May 1969 Michell established a group known as the Research Into Lost Knowledge Organisation (RILKO) with his friends Keith Critchlow and Mary Williams. In conjunction with the Garnstone Press, RILKO founded the Prehistory and Ancient Science Library, a book series that brought out reprints of older works, such as Watkins' The Old Straight Track and William Stirling's The Canon, both of which contained forewords by Michell. Michell also founded a small publishing company of his own, West Country Editions, through which he brought out his own A Little History of Bladud in 1973 as well as a reprint of Howard C. Levis's 1919 book Bladud of Bath. With his friend John "Peewee" Michael, who lived in Bristol, Michell also established a second small press, Pentacle Books, although it failed to become a commercial success and was short lived.
Michell was involved in the summer 1971 Glastonbury Fayre music festival near Pilton, Somerset, where the pyramid stage was built to Michell's specifications and situated at what he claimed were the apex of two ley lines. Through Michael Rainey, Michell was introduced to the members of rock band The Rolling Stones at the Courtfield Road home of band member Brian Jones. Michell befriended the band's lead singer, Mick Jagger, and he accompanied the band on a visit to Stonehenge. Michell then went on a visit to Woolhope in Herefordshire with Keith Richards, Anita Pallenberg, Christopher Gibbs, and the filmmaker Kenneth Anger, where they hunted for ley lines and UFOs. Marianne Faithfull later recounted that band member Jones was particularly interested in Michell's ideas. He would later meet with the members of The Grateful Dead on their 1972 European tour; band members Phil Lesh and Jerry Garcia expressed an interest in Michell's Earth Mysteries ideas.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Michell%20%28writer%29
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John Michell (writer)
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Michell's impact on the hippie subculture was recognised by mainstream media, and he was invited to submit an article titled "Flying saucers" to The Listener in May 1968, which was accompanied by a critical piece by editor Karl Miller, in which Michell was described as "less a hippy, perhaps, than a hippy's counsellor, one of their junior Merlins."
Hale noted that Michell promoted the idea of "England as a site of spiritual redemption in the New Age", bringing together "popular ideas about sacred geometry, Druids, sacred landscapes, earth energies, Atlantis, and UFOs".
In 1972 Michell published a sequel to The View Over Atlantis as City of Revelation. Shortly after publication he stated that he had written the work in "almost two years of near total solitude and intense study in Bath." This work was more complex than its predecessor, including chapters on sacred geometry, numerology, gematria, and the esoteric concept of the New Jerusalem, and required an understanding of mathematics and Classics to follow its arguments.
Bob Rickard, founding editor of Fortean Times, has written that Michell's first three works "provided a synthesis of and a context for all the other weirdness of the era. It’s fair to say that it played a big part in the foundation of Fortean Times itself by helping create a readership that wanted more things to think about and a place to discuss them. The overall effect was to help the burgeoning interest in strange phenomena spread out into mainstream culture."
Challenging academic archaeology
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John Michell (writer)
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The work of Michell and others in the ley-hunting and Earth mysteries communities were rejected by the professional archaeological establishment, with the prominent British archaeologist Glyn Daniel denouncing what he perceived as the "lunatic fringe". In turn, Michell was hostile to professional and academic archaeologists, accusing them of "treasure hunting and grave robbery" and viewing them as representations of what he interpreted as the evils of modernity. In response to the academic archaeological community's refusal to take the idea of ley lines seriously, in 1970 Michell offered a challenge for professional archaeologists to disprove his ideas regarding the West Peninsula leys. He stated that were he to be proved wrong then he would donate a large sum to charity, but at the time no one took up his offer.
However, in 1983 his case study was analysed by two archaeologists, Tom Williamson and Liz Bellamy, as part of their work Ley Lines in Question, a critical analysis of the evidence for ley-lines. They highlighted that Michell had erroneously included medieval crosses and natural features under his definition of late prehistoric monuments, and that arguments for ley-lines more widely could not be sustained. The impact of their work on the ley-hunting community was substantial, with one section moving in a more fully religious direction by declaring that leys could only be detected by intuition, and the other renouncing a ley line belief in favour of a more ethnographically rooted analysis of linear connections in the landscape. Responding to their work, Michell said that "I just feel sorry for Williamson and Bellamy that the most exciting thing they can find to do with their youth is to discredit the ley vision."
In 1983 Michell published an altered version of his best known work as The New View Over Atlantis.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Michell%20%28writer%29
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John Michell (writer)
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Ioan Culianu, a specialist in gnosticism and Renaissance esoteric studies, in a review in 1991 of The Dimensions of Paradise: The Proportions and Symbolic Numbers in Ancient Cosmology, expressed the view that, "After some deliberation the reader of this book will oscillate between two hypotheses: either that many mysteries of the universe are based on numbers, or that the book's author is a fairly learned crank obsessed with numbers."
In 1970, Michell founded the Anti-Metrification Board to oppose the adoption of the metric system of measurement in the United Kingdom. Believing that the established imperial system of measurement had both ancient and sacred origins, through the Board he brought out a newsletter, Just Measure. In 1972 he published the first of his "Radical Traditionalist Papers", A Defence of Sacred Measures, in which he laid out his opposition to the metric system.
In his third Radical Traditionalist Paper, published in 1973, he argued against population control, critiquing the ideas of Thomas Robert Malthus and arguing that correct use of resources could maintain an ever-growing human population.
His fifth Radical Traditionalist Paper, Concordance to High Monarchists, offered Michell's proposed solution to The Troubles of Northern Ireland; in his view, Ireland should be divided into four provinces, each administered separately but all ultimately pledging allegiance to a High King, in this way mirroring what Michell believed was the socio-political organisation of prehistoric Ireland.
Other publications
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Michell%20%28writer%29
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John Michell (writer)
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Following the 1975 execution of Michael X for a murder committed in Trinidad, Michell published a souvenir pamphlet to commemorate the execution, claiming that all royalties from its publication would go to Michael X's widow. In 1976 he published The Hip Pocket Hitler, a book containing those quotations from Adolf Hitler, the leader of Nazi Germany, which Michell deemed to be humorous or insightful, thus seeking to portray a side to Hitler that was more favourable than the dominant paradigm. In 1979 he provided an introduction to a translation of Pliny the Elder's Inventorum Natura, which had been illustrated by Una Woodruff. That same year he brought out Simulcra, a work in which he examined perceived faces in natural forms such as trees. In collaboration with Bob Rickard, in 1977 Michell published Phenomena: A Book of Wonders, an encyclopedic work devoted to paranormal and fortean phenomena which covered such topics as UFOs, werewolves, lake monsters, and spontaneous human combustion. They followed this with a second encyclopedic volume, Living Wonders: Mysteries and Curiosities of the Animal World, which appeared in 1982 and was devoted to fortean topics involving animals, with much of it focusing on cryptozoological topics.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Michell%20%28writer%29
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John Michell (writer)
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In 1984 he published Eccentric Lives and Peculiar Notions, in which he provided brief biographies of various figures whose ideas had been rejected by mainstream scholarship and society, among them Nesta Webster, Iolo Morganwg, Brinsley Trench, and Comyns Beaumont. In Euphonics: A Poet's Dictionary of Sounds he then argued that every name represents a "vocal imitation" of the subject that it describes, for instance arguing that "s" appears in the words "snake" and "serpent" because it resembles the curved movement of the animal.
Following the controversy that erupted around Salman Rushdie's 1988 book The Satanic Verses, Michell published a tract condemning Rushdie, accusing him of deliberately and provocatively insulting Islam. Titled Rushdie's Insult, Michell later withdrew the publication.
Michell was keenly interested in the crop circle phenomenon, and with Christine Rhone and Richard Adams he established a magazine devoted to the subject in 1990. Initially titled The Cereologist, some issues would be alternately titled The Cerealogist, and although Michell initially served as the magazine's editor, he stepped down after the ninth issue, although continued to contribute articles to it. In 1991, he published a book on the subject, Dowsing the Crop Circles, and in 2001 followed this with a booklet titled The Face and the Message, which was devoted to a circle depicting the face of a Grey alien which had appeared in Hampshire in August 2001. Despite the longstanding animosity with which Michell held academic archaeology, in 1991 the peer-reviewed archaeological journal Antiquity invited him to author a review of a Southbank exhibit, "From Art to Archaeology", which was duly published in the journal.
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John Michell (writer)
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Angered by the idea of evolution, Michell repeatedly authored articles denouncing it as a false creation myth. Instead he embraced a viewpoint that Screeton referred to as "intelligent design creationism". Accordingly, he was particularly critical of Charles Darwin and Dawkins, lambasting the latter alongside physicist Stephen Hawking as belonging with "the disappointed Marxists, pandering politicians, pettifoggers, grievance-mongers and atheistic bishops who set the tone in modern society." Condemning the scientific community's view of the development of the Earth and humanity, he embraced Richard Milton's claim that the Earth was only 20,000 years old, as well as Rupert Sheldrake's idea regarding "morphogenetic fields", believing that it was these – and not biological evolution – that resulted in changes occurring within species.
Michell's conception of the physical and spiritual worlds was strongly influenced by the ancient Greek philosopher Plato. He believed that sacred geometry revealed a universal scheme in the landscape which reflected the structure of the heavens. His views on geometry led him to the belief that pre-industrial societies across the world respected the Earth as a living creature imbued with its own spirit, and that humans then created permanent residences for this spirit.
He also embraced a belief in the tenets of astrology, alchemy, and prophecy, believing that all had been unfairly rejected by the modern world.
Described as an exponent of "British nativist spirituality", he adopted the view of the British-Israelite movement that the British people represented the descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes who are mentioned in the Old Testament. Michell sometimes referred to his approach as "mystic nationalism" and interpreted the island of Britain as being sacred, connecting this attitude to those of William Blake and Lewis Spence. Adopting a millennialist attitude, he believed that in future Britain would be reborn as the New Jerusalem with the coming of a new Golden Age.
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John Michell (writer)
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He believed that humans really desired to live in a state of extreme order, deeming a societal hierarchy to be natural and inevitable. Generally opposed to democracy, except within small groups in which every person knew the individual being elected, Michell instead believed that communities should be led by a strong leader who personified the solar deity. This embrace of the Divine Right of Kings led him to believe that Queen Elizabeth II should take control of Britain as an authoritarian leader who could intercede between the British people and the divine. He was critical of multiculturalism in Britain, believing that each ethnic or cultural group should live independently in an area segregated from other groups, stating that this would allow a people's traditions to remain vibrant. He did not espouse racial supremacy, with his ideas on this subject instead being similar to the ethnopluralism of Alain de Benoist and other New Right thinkers. He was an opponent of British membership of the European Union and also opposed the UK's transition to the metric system, instead favouring the continued use of imperial measurement, believing that the latter had links to the divine order used by ancient society.
Personal life
At over six feet in height, Michell was described by biographer and friend Paul Screeton as having "a charismatic personality and imposing presence", being "placidly outgoing and the epitome of gentlemanly charm", and usually appeared "cheerful and optimistic".
In keeping with his upper-class background, he was described as having an "unmistakable patrician hauteur", with "all the self-assurance, impeccable manners and debonair charm of one born to wealth." Screeton described Michell as "gregarious but slightly shy, unassuming but opinionated. Quixotic in behaviour, he was an exemplary host and fastidious and single-minded when embarked upon a project", although also noted that Michell was impatient with those who did not share his Traditionalist beliefs and values.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gin%C3%A9s%20de%20Mafra
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Ginés de Mafra
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Ginés de Mafra (1493–1546) was a Portuguese or Spanish explorer who sailed with the Magellan expedition in search of a western passage to Asia. His later account of the voyage is an important supplement to the historical record. In 1536 he served as the chief pilot for Pedro de Alvarado on a voyage to Peru and in 1542 he sailed with Ruy López de Villalobos to the Philippines.
History
Mafra was born in the town of Mafra, north of Lisbon, Portugal, or, according to other sources, in the town of Jérez de la Frontera, in Cadiz, Andalusia. He later became a resident of Palos de la Frontera in southern Spain. In court documents dated August 1527, Mafra stated he was 33 years old, indicating he was probably born around 1493 or 1494.
Voyage to the Philippine Islands
In 1519, he became a crew member of the Magellan expedition. Mafra started as a seaman in the galleon Trinidad, the armada's flagship. In 1521, after many hardships, the expedition reached the Philippines where Magellan was killed in a battle with the islanders. The only remaining ships, the Victoria and Trinidad (with Mafra still on board) decided to split up and find their own ways home. The Victoria continued west and eventually became the first ship to circumnavigate the globe. Meanwhile, the Trinidad planned to retrace their path across the Pacific but were unable to make much headway and were eventually captured by the Portuguese in the Moluccas.
Mafra and his surviving crewmates were held captive in the Moluccas and then in 1523 transported to Cochin on the east coast of India where most of his companions died from mistreatment and disease. After two more years of imprisonment, Mafra was finally brought by the Portuguese to Lisbon along with Gonzalo Gómez de Espinosa and Hans Bergen.
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Ginés de Mafra
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Upon their arrival in Portugal in 1526, Mafra and his crew members were thrown in prison. Bergen died in jail while Espinosa was later released that year. Mafra himself was detained due to his possession of important documents which included the books and papers from the Trinidad. The manuscripts included navigational notes of Andrés de San Martín, who was the fleet's chief pilot and astrologer.
These manuscripts were later transferred to Spain during the Iberian Union in 1580-1640. The letters were accessed by several Spanish chroniclers, including Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas. These papers have been lost and now exist only in quotes, references, and citations by these historians.
Finally freed only to find his wife had remarried
After numerous pleas by Mafra to the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V of Spain to have him released, he was freed in early 1527, and immediately proceeded to Spain. He was given an audience with the emperor after which he went straight to Palos only to discover his wife, Catalina Martínez del Mercado, believing he had died during the voyage, had remarried, and sold their personal fortunes, and land properties. Mafra wrote to the emperor complaining of his marital trouble, and asking for his intercession for the return of his possessions. The emperor agreed, and ordered an investigation be made by officials, and to have the matter resolved.
Expedition to the New World
Mafra went back to the sea in 1531 and sailed to the Americas. The governor of Guatemala, Pedro de Alvarado, in a letter written on November 20, 1536, told the emperor he had hired the services of Mafra as pilot, who was considered as one of the best sailors due to his experiences with the Magellan voyage. It's not clear where the expedition went but most scholars believe the fleet sailed to Peru.
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Ginés de Mafra
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Villalobos expedition (1542–1546)
In 1542 Mafra joined the expedition of Ruy López de Villalobos as pilot of the San Juan de Letrán, one of six ships bound for the Philippines. The galleon was separated from the fleet during a severe storm as they sailed between Eniwetok and Ulithi. While stranded in one of those islands, he wrote an account of the Magellan voyage and discussed meeting Rajah Siaiu, chieftain of Mazaua. Mafra wrote, "This same chief [Rajah Siaiu] we saw in the year 1543 by those of us in the fleet of general Ruy López de Villalobos, and he still remembered Magellan, and displayed to us some of the things he [Magellan] had given him." According to historian Antonio Pigafetta, "Magellan's gift consisted of a garment of red and yellow cloth made in the Turkish fashion, a red cap, knives, and mirrors".
Mafra and his crew members stayed on the island for about 5–6 months. There Mafra, age 53, elected to stay together with 29 other crew members. The other survivors sailed for Lisbon in a Portuguese ship. Mafra handed his manuscript to an unnamed sailor. This eventually reached Spain after having been transcribed by an unknown editor, where it remained unnoticed for many centuries in Madrid's Archive of the Indies. It was eventually discovered and published in 1920.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egbert%20Xavier%20Kelly
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Egbert Xavier Kelly
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Brother Egbert Xavier Kelly, F.S.C. (1894–1945) was an Irish De La Salle Brother who was last assigned to the De La Salle Brothers in the Philippines and was kidnapped and then murdered by the retreating Japanese Imperial Forces at the De La Salle College, of which he was President, during the Allied Liberation of Manila during World War II.
Early life
He was born William Kelly on 4 March 1894 in County Wicklow, Ireland. During his youth decided to become a De La Salle brother and went to the Christian Brothers Retreat in Castletown to test his vocation. He was then admitted to the novitiate and became a member of the Institute.
Assignment to the Philippines
In 1911 Kelly was assigned to the Christian Brothers District of Penang. During his trip, he went for a brief stay in Colombo, Ceylon after which he proceeded to De La Salle College in Manila. He began teaching in the grade school department until he was tasked to teach in the high school department.
Assignment to Belgium
Kelly was selected by the Christian Brothers Superiors to help in the establishment of a Second Novitiate at the General Motherhouse in Lebecq-les-Hal, Belgium. This assignment was completed in 1930.
Return to the Philippines
Upon the completion of his assignment to the Motherhouse, Brother Xavier returned to Asia to teach for three years in Rangoon, Burma, and another three years in Hong Kong. In 1935, he was reassigned to Manila and was appointed President of De La Salle College in 1937.
Kelly's first six years as President was spent in expanding the facilities of the College. A large classroom wing was constructed at the north end of St. La Salle Hall and a new chapel was constructed at its south end. This chapel was considered the most beautiful in the Philippines and had few rivals in the District, although the Brothers would regret about the chapel's limited size. The chapel was dedicated in 1940 and was large enough to accommodate the school's entire student body, which was then 1,200.
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Egbert Xavier Kelly
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World War II
Kelly was the President of De La Salle College in Manila when the Japanese army invaded the Philippines on 8 December 1941.
In January 1942, Japanese troops forcibly entered De La Salle College and began to occupy all but a small portion of the building. The Irish Brothers were left to the chapel and a few small rooms while the American De La Salle Christian Brothers were interned, first in a retreat house of the Society of Jesus at Santa Ana, Manila, and then in a Spanish hospital in San Pedro, Makati. They were later put in a Japanese concentration camp in Los Baños, Laguna, until they were rescued and freed together with their other fellow clergy-prisoners by the American Forces under General Douglas MacArthur in February 1945.
The other De La Salle Christian Brothers on the De La Salle Taft Campus, including Kelly, were not imprisoned by the Japanese at the start of the Japanese Occupation and permitted to stay on the De La Salle campus on Taft Avenue.
On 10 February 1945, a Japanese detail forcibly took Kelly and separated him from the others in the building. He was never seen again and his body was never recovered.
Kelly, plus the other 16 De La Salle Christian Brothers soon murdered by the Japanese inside De La Salle College during February 1945, are now honored with an elegant marble plaque at the entrance of the De La Salle Main Chapel.
Beatification
While the Congregation for the Causes of Saints has preserved the cause of Bro. Kelly, it hasn't given the decree of nihil obstat and Kelly hasn't been given the title of "Servant of God" by the Holy See.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20White%20%28conscientious%20objector%29
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William White (conscientious objector)
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William "Bill" White was a Sydney school teacher during the Vietnam War. In July 1966, White defied a notice to report for duty at an army induction centre. White was the first Australian to be a public conscientious objector to the Vietnam War. Both this initial application for total exemption and subsequent appeals were rejected. White was removed from his classroom and ordered to report to Army quarters at Watsons Bay. He refused to comply and waited at home for the authorities to make the next move.
This standoff lasted for several days and gained wide press coverage causing considerable embarrassment for the Australian Government. The standoff ended when White was dragged from his home after refusing to comply with an order to enter the army. A photo of this event became a potent symbol of the nature of conscription.
He was jailed just before the 1966 election, and continued to seek conscientious objector status until he eventually succeeded on 23 December 1966.
White's main objection was that he felt he was being asked to kill other human beings. However, he also had objections to the war itself and to conscription.
Quote
Firstly, I am standing against killing - the taking of human life... Morality, to me, is based on the respect for life. I respect people, I respect their feelings, I respect their property and I respect their equality, on the basic conscientious assumption that they have, as I have, the unquestionable right to live.
Secondly, I am standing against the war itself as a national and international policy. As war, by definition, has always incorporated killing, I would have been opposed to any war on this basis.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliezer%20ben%20Jacob%20I
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Eliezer ben Jacob I
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Eliezer ben Jacob I (Hebrew: אליעזר בן יעקב) was a Tanna of the 1st century; contemporary of Eleazar Chisma and Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, and senior to Judah ben Ilai.
Of his personal history nothing is known, except that he had seen the Temple at Jerusalem and was familiar with the specific purposes of its many apartments, a subject on which he was considered an authority. Some of the details, however, he eventually forgot, and was reminded of them by Abba Saul ben Batnit.
Simon ben Azzai, Rabbi Akiva's contemporary, relates that he had discovered a genealogical roll wherein was stated, "The Mishnah of R. Eliezer ben Jacob is only a kab [small in proportion], but clean [of all deficiencies]"; as a result, subsequent generations generally adopted Eliezer's views as law.
In the aggadah, too, he is mentioned. According to him, Deuteronomy 11:13 ("To serve Him with all your heart and with all your soul") is an admonition to the priests that, when officiating, they shall entertain no thought foreign to their duty.
Eliezer ben Jacob bequeathed to Israel many agrarian laws, such as the laws concerning the bringing of the Bikkurim to Jerusalem and who is eligible to recite the Avowal, as well as the laws concerning Kil'ayim grown in a vineyard.
He is buried near the old Kefar Hanaiah, in Galilee.
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9172964
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastwater%20Cavern
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Eastwater Cavern
|
Eastwater Cavern is a cave near Priddy in the limestone of the Mendip Hills, in Somerset, England. It is also known as Eastwater Swallet. It was first excavated in April 1902 by a team led by Herbert E. Balch composed of paid labourers and volunteers from the Wells Natural History Society. Progress was initially slow, but by February 1903 Balch and Willcox had discovered substantial passage, following the streamway down to the bottom of the cave. Dolphin Pot was dug in 1940 by the Wessex Cave Club, with Primrose Pot following in 1950. West End series was the most recent significant discovery, in 1983.
On 28 August 1910 severe flooding rendered the boulder ruckles unstable, and the bottom of the cave was not reached again for another three years. The cavern was the site of a fatal accident in 1960, when Alan Hartnell was hit by rock-fall. Several areas of the boulder chokes remain unstable.
Dolphin ladder pitch also suffered a rock fall and was blocked by a sofa-sized boulder in 1959, but the route was re-opened in 1966.
The water resurges at Wookey Hole Caves to the south, and below the cave entrance.
Description
The entrance proceeds through boulders towards the upper traverse, a wide bedding-plane angled 40 degrees downwards. Further passage takes the caver downwards towards the canyon. The lower levels are accessed via pitches and climbs, including Primrose Pot, which at is one of the deepest vertical pitches on the Mendips.
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9172991
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20Ford%20Bridge
|
Indian Ford Bridge
|
The Indian Ford Bridge was one of nine metal highway bridges in Fulton County, Illinois listed on the National Register of Historic Places. This particular one was located along County Highway 20 as spans the Spoon River, southwest of London Mills. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 29, 1980, along with the eight other bridges, as one of the "Metal Highway Bridges of Fulton County." Some of the other bridges included London Mill's only other Registered Historic Place, the now demolished London Mills Bridge. Other demolished bridges include the Elrod Bridge, Duncan Mills Bridge and Buckeye Bridge.
Indian Ford Bridge is one of the five bridges submitted under the Fulton County Metal Highway Bridges Multiple Property Submission to have been demolished since its inclusion on the Register.
Indian Ford was a crossing of the Spoon River named by Job Babbit, an early Fulton County pioneer who helped survey a road from Farmington to Burlington in 1835 and named Union Township. According to Chapman's History of Fulton County (p. 886), Babbit discovered, where the road crossed the river, a trough made from an elm log that was fastened to the fork of a tree. It contained the skeletal remains of an American Indian.
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9173010
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry%20Jackson%20%28director%29
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Barry Jackson (director)
|
Sir Barry Vincent Jackson (6 September 1879 – 3 April 1961) was an English theatre director, entrepreneur and the founder of the Birmingham Repertory Theatre and, alongside George Bernard Shaw, the Malvern Festival.
Early life
Jackson was born on 6 September 1879 in Kings Norton, Worcestershire the son of George and Jane ( Spreadborough) Jackson. The Jacksons were a prominent and wealthy family of merchant grocers. His father, George, was a prominent businessman who was passionate about the theatre, reportedly naming his son for renowned British stage actor Barry Sullivan.
From a young age, Jackson was exposed to the theatre and to the arts, from school where he was privately educated, to regularly attending the theatre, opera and ballet. The young Jackson saw his first Shakespeare production, The Taming of the Shrew, performed by the Frank Benson Company when he was ten years old.
In his teenage years, he travelled around Europe, visiting Greece and Italy, living in Geneva for eighteen months where he studied French and learnt to paint. He desired to become an artist, but his father persuaded him to take a job in the architect's office of Frank Osborn in Birmingham, beginning working there in 1897. His time there did now inspire him creativity, as he had already turned his focus to writing and performing plays with a group of his friends.
Along with his friends they christened the company, The Pilgrim Players. This was to be the amateur foundations for the future Birmingham Repertory Theatre Company. Jackson alongside his friends, John Drinkwater, H S Milligan and C. R. Dawes had been performing their own productions at the Jackson's family home of the Grange in Moseley, from around 1902 to family and friends. Their first public appearance took place on 2 October 1907 at the Mission Hall in Inge Street.
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9173010
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry%20Jackson%20%28director%29
|
Barry Jackson (director)
|
The following year performances moved to the Edgbaston Assembly Rooms. The company was increasingly gaining in reputation and popularity in the city. Jackson was confident in the potential that the dedicated company possessed. He employed Drinkwater as the company Secretary from 1909, and from 1911, all of the Players were paid. At the start of 1912, Jackson began to identify and develop plans to build a permanent theatre for the expanding company. He had clear ideas about the design which he discussed with the architect S. N. Cooke, who had studied with Jackson at the School of Art.
Birmingham Repertory Theatre
In 1913 Jackson officially founded the Birmingham Repertory Company and after just four months building work (which took place day and night), on 15 February 1913, Jackson opened the Birmingham Repertory Theatre on Station Street, when it opened it became the first purpose built repertory theatre in the world.
The theatre rapidly became home to one of the most famous and exciting repertory theatre companies in the country with the repertoire ranging from innovative modern dress Shakespeare, medieval moralities, Greek drama and modern experimental drama, as well as presenting many world premieres including George Bernard Shaw's epic Back to Methuselah in 1923.
Jackson had an exceptional eye for young talent, later employing many young actors who later went on to become stars in their own right. Some of the early names included; Laurence Olivier, Peggy Ashcroft, Edith Evans, Stewart Granger and Ralph Richardson all gaining valuable early experience with the then thriving repertory system. He toured plays to the city's parks, established a theatre school and made Birmingham Repertory Theatre one of the most renowned theatres in the world.
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9173012
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duroliponte
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Duroliponte
|
Duroliponte or Durolipons was a small town in the Roman province of Britannia on the site of what is now the city of Cambridge.
The site of Roman Cambridge is located on Castle Hill, just northwest of the city centre. The fort () was bounded on two sides by the lines formed by the present Mount Pleasant, continuing across Huntingdon Road into Clare Street. The eastern side followed Magrath Avenue, with the southern side running near to Chesterton Lane and Kettle's Yard before turning northwest at Honey Hill.
It was originally an Iron Age hillfort in which the Romans may have constructed a small military station about AD 70. The settlement seems to have become civilian in nature around fifty years later. Most of the buildings discovered so far were of timber construction. They had both tiled and thatched roofs and some had painted plaster internal walls. Only one stone building has been located. The town went into decline during the 3rd century, but expanded after its walled defences were put in place a hundred years later. There were four gates and a cemetery to the south. Occupation seems to have continued until the Roman departure from Britain around 410, but it has been identified as the listed among the 28 cities of Britain by the History of the Britons and the invading Saxons had begun occupying the area by the end of the century.
The settlement was served by the River Cam (then still known as the Granta) and two Roman roads: Akeman Street ran from Ermine Street north east through Cambridge to The Fens and the Via Devana ran northwest through the town on its way to Godmanchester.
| 2.359375
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9173054
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming%20at%20the%201912%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20100%20metre%20freestyle
|
Swimming at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre freestyle
|
The men's 100 metre freestyle was a swimming event held as part of the swimming at the 1912 Summer Olympics programme. It was the fourth appearance of the event, which had not been featured at the 1900 Games. The competition was held from Saturday July 6, 1912, to Wednesday July 10, 1912. Thirty-four swimmers from twelve nations competed. The event was won by Duke Kahanamoku of the United States, the nation's second consecutive victory in the event (tying Hungary for most all-time). Cecil Healy took silver, the only medal in the event for Australasia, the short-lived joint team of Australia and New Zealand. Another American, Ken Huszagh, took bronze.
Background
This was the fourth appearance of the men's 100 metre freestyle (including the 100 yard event in 1904 but excluding the Intercalated Games in 1906). The event has been held at every Summer Olympics except 1900 (when the shortest freestyle was the 200 metres), though the 1904 version was measured in yards rather than metres.
One of the four finalists from 1908 returned: bronze medalist Harald Julin of Sweden. Charles Daniels, the defending gold medalist who had also won at the 1906 Intercalated Games and taken silver at the 1904 Olympics, had retired. The favorite was Kurt Bretting of Germany, who had broken Daniels' world record earlier in 1912. An intriguing entrant was the Hawaiian Duke Kahanamoku, rumored to have posted phenomenal times which were unverified because of the distance from the American mainland.
Germany, Norway, and Russia each made their debut in the event. Hungary and the United States each made their fourth appearance, having competed at each edition of the event to date.
Competition format
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9173057
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20Cable%2C%201st%20Baron%20Cable
|
Ernest Cable, 1st Baron Cable
|
Ernest Cable, 1st Baron Cable (1 December 1859 – 28 March 1927) was a British merchant and financier.
Background
Born in Calcutta, he was the eldest son of George Hebberd Cable, a superintendent with the Indian Customs and Excise Service. His mother, Emily Maria, was the daughter of William Pickersgill, who had served in the Royal Navy. Cable was educated privately and at the University of Calcutta.
Mercantile career
After his education Cable became first employed in Calcutta at Ashburner and Co and then worked for Lyall, Rennie and Co, both trading agencies. Aged seventeen he joined Bird and Co, a merchant house which had interests in many different areas of commerce, especially labour contracting (in which it had started), coal and jute.
In 1886, he became a partner in the company. By 1896 it directly employed 15,000 people and contracted 15,000 more. Much of this expansion was due to Cable's business acumen and his knowledge of India and good relations with its people. He also set up a subsidiary in the City of London to ease British investments in the company. By 1914 he was senior partner of the company. In 1917 Bird acquired a controlling interest in F. W. Heilgers and Co, another Calcutta merchant house, creating by far the largest company in India, employing 100,000 people.
Cable was also a director of the Western Assurance Company, the Tanganyika Development Company, and the British America Assurance Company.
Political career
In 1903, Cable was elected president of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce and from then sat in the Imperial Legislative Council, headed by the Viceroy of India. He was nominated Sheriff of Calcutta in 1905 and during his tenure was knighted when George, Prince of Wales and his wife Mary of Teck visited the city in the following year.
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9173057
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20Cable%2C%201st%20Baron%20Cable
|
Ernest Cable, 1st Baron Cable
|
After his return to England by 1913, Cable was invited into the Royal Commission on Indian Finance and Currency and in 1916 he was appointed High Sheriff of Devon. In the 1921 New Year's Honours he was raised to Peerage of the United Kingdom with the title Baron Cable, of Ideford, in the County of Devon.
Personal life
On 10 October 1888, he married Lilian Sarah, daughter of Weston Joseph Sparkes.
The couple had two daughters and two sons, both named George. The first died at or near birth and was buried on 6 February 1891 in Calcutta, Bengal, India. The second was born on 5 December 1891 at Ideford. He was killed in action in the First World War in 1915.
His daughter, Ruth McCarthy Cable, married businessman and public servant Sir Edward Benthall, who followed Lord Cable to Bird and Co. in India; she was the mother of the theatre director Michael Benthall.
Cable became a widower in 1924, dying three years later in London in 1927; he was buried in Ideford on 31 March. With his death, the barony became extinct.
A Junior Wing House at St Paul's School, Darjeeling, India, where all the houses bear names after colonial age figures, is named after him.
| 2.125
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9173086
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonije%20Abramovi%C4%87
|
Antonije Abramović
|
Antonije Abramović (Cyrillic: Антоније Абрамовић; 16 July 1919 – 18 November 1996) was an Eastern Orthodox archimandrite, who became the first primate of the canonically unrecognized Montenegrin Orthodox Church, serving from 1993 to 1996. He was styled as His Beatitude the Archbishop of Cetinje and Metropolitan of Montenegro.
Early life
Antonije was born Ilija Abramović in Orahovac, near Kotor, on 16 July 1919. His father had recently moved to the Bay of Kotor from the Bjelice tribe in Old Montenegro. His mother was from the town next to Orahovac, Dobrota. After graduation from junior gymnasium in Kotor in 1935, Abramović became a novice at Praskvica Monastery.
Monastic life at Visoki Dečani
He stayed at Praskvica until 1937, at which time he transferred to Visoki Dečani, where he completed the monastic school in 1941. The abbot there at the time was Dionisije Milivojević, who was elected Bishop of North America by the Serbian Orthodox Church in 1939 and was sent to the United States to take up his post in 1940.
Antonije remained at Visoki Dečani throughout World War II, surviving at least one major raid by the Balli Kombëtar. He was ordained to the priesthood and became a hieromonk in November 1941 in the Cathedral of Saint George in Prizren. Abramović was tonsured to the little schema in April 1943 in Dečani and took on the name of Antonije, in honor of St. Anthony of Rome. He was elevated to the title of hegumen in August 1950 in Dečani. Concurrently, Abramović enrolled at the Prizren Seminary in 1947 and graduated in 1951.
| 1.90625
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9173086
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonije%20Abramovi%C4%87
|
Antonije Abramović
|
Career in the SOC and contact with the Yugoslav state apparatus
From October 1955 to January 1956, Abramović was the acting abbot of the Patriarchate of Peć monastery. In 1957, he studied a theological course in New York City at the invitation of the dissident Metropolitan Leontius Turkevich, during which he performed priestly service at a church in Syracuse. During this time, he was entering financial hardships and the State Secretariat for Foreign Affairs wrote to the Religious Commission of the Federal Executive Council (SIV) in May 1957 requesting that he be awarded a monthly stipend of $75–100 due to his "useful and positive attitude about our country" which would be "useful for keeping contact with protestants and other religious groups in America".
After that, he was the abbot of Rakovica Monastery until July 1959, when he became the abbot of Savina Monastery in his native Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral. Soon after the consecration of the new Metropolitan of the Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral, Danilo Dajković, in December 1961, Abramović was transferred to the Eparchy of Banja Luka where he became the abbot of Moštanica Monastery.
Service in the Orthodox Church in America (Metropolia)
In mid 1962, Abramović left socialist Yugoslavia for Greece, and from there emigrated to Canada a year later. He settled in Montreal, where he was received into the Diocese of Canada of the Russian Orthodox Church in America, then known informally as the Metropolia. He was offered the position of assistant to the parish priest of St. Peter and St. Paul Russian Orthodox Church on Champlain Street.
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9173111
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGED%20Society
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FGED Society
|
The Functional GEnomics Data Society (FGED) (formerly known as the MGED Society)
was a non-profit, volunteer-run international organization
of biologists, computer scientists, and data analysts that aims to
facilitate biological and biomedical discovery through data
integration. The approach of FGED was to promote the sharing of basic research
data generated primarily via high-throughput technologies
that generate large data sets within the domain of functional genomics.
Members of the FGED Society worked with other organizations to support the effective sharing and reproducibility
of functional genomics data; facilitate the creation of
standards and software tools that leverage the standards; and promote the sharing of high quality, well
annotated data within the life sciences and biomedical communities.
Founded in 1999 as the "Microarray Gene Expression Data (MGED) Society", this organization changed its name to the "Functional Genomics Data Society" in 2010 to reflect the fact that it has broadened its focus beyond the application of DNA microarrays for gene expression analysis to include technologies such as high-throughput sequencing. The scope of the FGED Society includes data generated using any functional genomics technology when applied to genome-scale studies of gene expression, binding, modification and other related applications.
In September 2021, the FGED Society ceased operations.
History
The FGED Society was formed in 1999 at a meeting on Microarray Gene
Expression Databases in recognition of the need to establish standards
for sharing and storing data from DNA microarray experiments. Originally named the "MGED Society," the society began with
a focus on DNA microarrays and gene expression data.
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9173124
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Lagos%20%281693%29
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Battle of Lagos (1693)
|
The Battle of Lagos was a sea battle during the Nine Years' War on 27 June 1693 (17 June 1693 O.S.), when a French fleet under Anne Hilarion de Tourville defeated an Anglo-Dutch fleet under George Rooke near Lagos Bay in Portugal. Rooke's squadron was protecting the Smyrna convoy, and it is by this name that the action is sometimes known.
Prelude
In the spring of 1693, a large convoy was organized to transport English and Dutch merchant ships which were bound for Spain and the Mediterranean; they had been held back by the threat of attack by the French fleet, or by commerce raiders.
The convoy, consisting of upwards of 200 sail, was to be escorted by a strong squadron of eight English and five Dutch ships of the line, with fireships, scouts and other auxiliaries, under the command of Vice-Admiral George Rooke and Rear Admiral Philips van der Goes. This squadron was bound for the Mediterranean, to take up station there. The convoy was to be covered by the combined allied fleet for its passage across the Channel, until it was past the port of Brest, to guard against attack by the French stationed there. The fleet, which was also charged with protecting England from the threat of invasion, would then double back to cover the Channel.
The French, however, whilst they had made good their losses of the previous year, had abandoned the intent to invade in favour of a guerre de course, a war against the allies' trade and commercial interests.
To this end, Louis XIV had dispatched the French fleet under Tourville, his most able commander, to set an ambush for the convoy before it entered the Straits of Gibraltar. By the end of May, Tourville had assembled a fleet of 70 ships of the line, plus fireships, stores vessels and other auxiliaries, about 100 sail in total; and taken up station near Lagos Bay in Portugal.
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9173138
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton%20Township%2C%20Adams%20County%2C%20Illinois
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Burton Township, Adams County, Illinois
|
Burton Township is one of twenty-two townships in Adams County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 929 and it contained 395 housing units.
Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of , of which (or 99.95%) is land and (or 0.05%) is water.
Unincorporated towns
Adams
Burton
Cemeteries
The township contains five cemeteries: Burton, Independence, Kimmons, Newton and Tandy.
Major highways
Illinois State Route 104
Demographics
As of the 2020 census there were 929 people, 296 households, and 215 families residing in the township. The population density was . There were 395 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the township was 97.09% White, 0.22% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.22% Asian, 0.11% Pacific Islander, 0.32% from other races, and 2.05% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.43% of the population.
There were 296 households, out of which 29.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.57% were married couples living together, 5.07% had a female householder with no spouse present, and 27.36% were non-families. 17.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 2.79.
The township's age distribution consisted of 24.3% under the age of 18, 0.0% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 26.4% from 45 to 64, and 23.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.9 males.
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9173171
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Guard%20Hill
|
Battle of Guard Hill
|
The Battle of Guard Hill, Battle of Crooked Run, Battle of Cedarville, or the Battle of Front Royal took place on August 16, 1864, in Warren County, Virginia as part of Philip H. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign of the American Civil War. Confederate forces under Richard H. Anderson were sent from Petersburg to reinforce Early. Brig. Gen. Wesley Merritt's Union cavalry division surprised the Confederate columns while they were crossing the Shenandoah River, capturing about 300. The Confederates rallied and advanced, gradually pushing back Merritt's men to Cedarville. The battle was inconclusive.
Battle
On the morning of August 16, Confederate troopers scattered the Federal pickets at the Shenandoah River crossing at Front Royal. The troopers pursued them down the Front Royal Pike, eventually coming to Guard Hill, a prominent landmark. There, they were hit by Union Brig. Gen. Thomas C. Devin's dismounted cavalry brigade and sustained heavy losses. Confederate Brig. Gen. William T. Wofford's brigade attempted a flanking movement by wading across Crooked Run. There, they were attacked by two New York brigades, who took 300 of them captive. Union Brig. Gen. George A. Custer's Michigan Brigade rode toward the battle and sustained Devin's line along Crooked Run until they were forced to withdraw to Cedarville by Confederate artillery now on Guard Hill.
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9173171
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Guard%20Hill
|
Battle of Guard Hill
|
During the afternoon of August 16, Williams C. Wickham led a charge of Brig. Gen. Thomas C. Devin's brigade army towards Cedarville. Devin brought two of his regiments forward in order counterattack, but a Confederate and a Union regiment strikes each other in a sword fight. The Confederate broke apart and retreated back to their positions and Wickham led another charge resulting in the Union's force to weakened to the point where his own men have to cross the river again. While Devin's unit captured two flags and 139 soldiers. The Union's victory had been planned out very well. Brig. Gen. Wesley Merritt, commander of the 1st Division, Cavalry Corps of the Army of the Shenandoah, confirmed the presence of the Confederate which forced Sheridan to order a retreat down the valley from the town, Front Royal. On the night of the battle, Sheridan's unit went back to their lines at Harper's Ferry, West Virginia and once the night had passed by, Merritt and his unit went to Nineveh, Virginia.
Outcome
According to Patchan, the Union's superior numbers and quality leadership routed the Confederate infantry, and the battle proved a watershed event in the Shenandoah Valley campaign.
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9173179
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luko%20Zore
|
Luko Zore
|
Luko Zore (; January 15, 1846 – November 26, 1906) was a philologist and Slavist from Dubrovnik. He was one of the leaders of the opposition to Austro-Hungarian Empire and Italy in Dubrovnik and a member of the Serb Catholic movement in Dubrovnik. Later in life he lived in Montenegro.
Biography
Luko Zore was born in Cavtat on 15 January 1846, as the son of Antun Zore and Marija Sabadin Pupiza. He finished elementary school in his hometown, completed high school in Dubrovnik before going to Vienna where he studied classical philology and Slavic studies.
After returning to Dubrovnik, he worked as a high school teacher and in 1878 became one of the initiators of the literary journal Slovinac, where he published discussions and poems. He was also its editor before its discontinuation in 1884.
From 1879 to 1880, he worked as a school counselor in the Bosnia and Herzegovina Land's Government, as district school supervisor in Dubrovnik from 1890 to 1895 and as manager of the men's prep school in Arbanasi near Zadar from 1895 to 1897. In 1902, he co-founded the journal Srđ with Antun Fabris and was also its editor. There, he published his first dramatic piece, Pokora, a bold attempt at challenging the capricious Thalia (Muse), the muse of comedy. The play—a farce—is set in Cavtat, Zore's birthplace, in the nineteenth century.
He published his song Objavljenje under the pseudonym Milivoj Strahinić.
At that time there were two major intellectual trends in Dubrovnik as well as in the whole of Dalmatia: one favoured the union of all the Slavic peoples, believing that they were of one nation (Illyrian movement), which was most prevalent in Dubrovnik. Luko Zore was active in Slavic associations, trying to fight the foreign political power and attempted to develop the idea of a national identity of the language and Slavic origins. He published a series of discussions in the field of philology and literary history in school annual reports, in various magazines and journals such as Rad JAZU, Spomenica SAN and Srđ.
| 1.992188
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9173235
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas%20v.%20Colorado
|
Kansas v. Colorado
|
Kansas v. Colorado is a longstanding litigation before the Supreme Court of the United States between US states: Kansas and Colorado regarding the payment for the use of the Arkansas River. The Court has rendered numerous opinions on the case:
Kansas v. Colorado,
Kansas v. Colorado,
Colorado v. Kansas,
Kansas v. Colorado,
Kansas v. Colorado,
Kansas v. Colorado,
Kansas v. Colorado,
When two states have a controversy between each other, the case is filed for original jurisdiction with the US Supreme Court. It is one of the very limited circumstances in which the court acts with original jurisdiction, as a trial court. In all other cases the court acts as the highest appellate court of the United States.
1902
The issue in the case in 1902 (185 U.S. 125) was whether Colorado, as is claimed by Kansas, is taking too much of the water of the Arkansas River, making the land along the river in Kansas much less valuable due to reduced water flow. The court chose to delay making a decision until all of the facts were in evidence.
1907
In the 1907 case (206 U.S. 46), the Supreme Court affirmed its authority to settle the dispute between the states, but at the same time dismissed Kansas's petition on other grounds. After examining over 8,000 pages of transcripts that had been produced as a result of the litigation, it found that the "perceptible injury to portions of the Arkansas valley in Kansas" was justified by "the reclamation of large areas in Colorado, transforming thousands of acres into fertile fields." The court explicitly invited Kansas to institute new proceedings if the situation worsened significantly.
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9173236
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip%20coach
|
Slip coach
|
Disadvantages
There were disadvantages to slip coaches. The slip portion was mostly isolated from the main train and its facilities such as a restaurant car; this didn't matter in the early days, for at that time it was not possible to move through a train from carriage to carriage. Gangway connections began to be used from 1882 and throughout a train by 1892, but most slip connections were not fitted with gangways, even if the rest of the train was. The LNWR seems to have been the only exception, using slips with gangways for a few months before the First World War.
The slip service needed additional staff – at least one extra guard for the slip portion and possibly the use of a locomotive and its crew (or sometimes a horse) if the slip wasn't able to reach the platform; often the slip portion would be attached to another train or locomotive for an onward journey. While these additional staff requirements were lower than if an additional train had been provided, they were still substantial. If the weather was bad, usually because of snow or fog, it might not be possible for the slip to be safely effected, in which case the train usually halted to detach the coach.
Slip carriages were also confusing to some passengers: there are frequent reports of passengers who boarded the wrong carriage of a train and ended up at an unintended destination. This could occasionally lead to passengers causing trains to stop by using the emergency communication system.
Slip carriages are quiet: they are usually equipped with a horn to sound warnings to people near the track if there is time, but their silence has proven fatal, as in the case of a railway worker whose inquest returned a verdict of accidental death when he stepped into the way of a recently released slip at .
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9173236
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip%20coach
|
Slip coach
|
A few examples of slips being used in other countries will be found below. In some countries, such as India, the term slip coach refers to a coach that terminates its journey at a station prior to the final destination of the rest of the train. The coach or coaches are left behind after being detached from the train while it is stationary.
Slipped coaches were often also through coaches in that they often continued to another destination either by having a separate locomotive attached or by being attached to another train.
History
The earliest example of slipping occurred on the London and Greenwich Railway (L&GR) when it opened in February 1836 between and . There was limited space at the terminals; they consequently used a system known as fly-shunting. The system allowed the company to operate three trains with a single locomotive. There were two platforms at each end of the short, line, as a locomotive and its train approached the points before a terminus the driver would signal the guard who would detach the carriages from the locomotive and apply his brakes to slow down while the locomotive ran through the points to another waiting train, the points would be changed after the locomotive had passed and the carriages run into the platform under their own momentum and brakes. The locomotive and its new train then proceeded to the other terminus where the process would be repeated.
Samuel Wilfred Haugton, the locomotive superintendent of the Dublin and Kingstown Railway following a visit to the L&GR in September 1849 took the technique back to Ireland, where following alterations to locomotives and installation of semi-automatic points, it remained in use for several years.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip%20coach
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Slip coach
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Carriage design
Design principles for slip coaches would have been the same as for most other coaches, with a few modifications:
they might need to cater for all classes of traveller, although this would not be as necessary if the slip coach was to be used in conjunction with others to make up a slip portion.
they would need a guard's compartment equipped with slip and braking controls at at least one end, coaches with a suitable compartment at both ends could be used in either direction without the use of a turntable.
the slip guard would need to see forwards once the slip was effected, so the end had to have windows; in some cases the guard needed outside access to effect the slip, in which case the window needed to open.
toilet facilities may be required for longer trips.
Not all slip carriages were originally designed as such; often a carriage would be converted, at least in the early stages of a company's operations.
Block working and lights
Block working was the normal way of train signalling which ensured an interval of space was maintained between trains, the normal rule was that only one train was allowed in a block at a time, once a train slipped a coach there were two trains in a block and regulations had to be created to overcome this problem and still work safely.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip%20coach
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Slip coach
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Trains were fitted with a red tail-lamp so that signalling staff could tell the train was complete when it passed a signal box, no tail-lamp indicating that the train had divided somehow and part of the train was still in the previous section of track. Special arrangements had to be made for slip portions to show this was deliberate, in 1897 the Railway Clearing House published guidelines to standardise these arrangements. If there was only one slip portion it had to carry a red and a white light set between two red tail lamps, one above the other, if there were two slips to be made the first to be detached was marked as described and the last slip had to carry a red light beside a white light, and in one case, the Cornish Riviera Express took three slip portions, the middle slip had a triangle of three red lights.
Slipping mechanism
There were two main types of slipping mechanism:
In the first type, the outer shackle of a three link screw coupling was hinged, it was held closed by spring latch. The slip guard operated it by a rope release which released the spring which in turn allowed the screw coupling to open and release from the main train.
The second type uses a modified hook on the front of the slip coach. The front part of the hook is hinged so that it opens forwards and releases the main train screw coupling. The hook is held closed by a bolt operated by a lever in the guards compartment.
A method was also required to disconnect any continuous brake system running through the train, this was usually managed by the slip guard turning a stop or slip cock, this closed the pipe off from the main train. In later years trains were often steam heated with pipes running from the locomotive through the length of the train, these pipes had to be closed off prior to slipping, this was often done at the station before the slip until pipe connectors were invented that sealed automatically when the pipe separated.
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9173255
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnagara
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Minnagara
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Minnagara () was a city of the Indo-Scythian kingdom, located on the Indus river in Pakistan, north of the coastal city of Barbaricum, North and West of Barygaza.
Minnagara is mentioned in the 1st century CE Periplus of the Erythraean Sea:
"Beyond this region (Gedrosia), the continent making a wide curve from the east across the depths of the bays, there follows the coast district of Scythia, which lies above toward the north; the whole marshy; from which flows down the river Sinthus, the greatest of all the rivers that flow into the Erythraean Sea, bringing down an enormous volume of water (...) This river has seven mouths, very shallow and marshy, so that they are not navigable, except the one in the middle; at which by the shore, is the market-town, Barbaricum. Before it there lies a small island, and inland behind it is the metropolis of Scythia, Minnagara; it is subject to Parthian princes who are constantly driving each other out."
A second Minnagara is mentioned in the Periplus, which seems to be upstream of Barigaza:
Ptolemy also mentioned Minnagara, which, according to his explanations, would be along the Narmada River, upstream of Barigaza, and below Ujjain:
Minnagara may be identical with the Manjábarí of the Arab geographers.
Alternatively, "Nagara" being the Sanskrit word for "town", the city itself may have been called "Min", a name found in Isidorus of Charax as a Scythian city in Sakastan (Lassen).
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9173273
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal%20loop
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Coronal loop
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The strong interaction of the magnetic field with the dense plasma on and below the Sun's surface tends to tie the magnetic field lines to the motion of the Sun's plasma; thus, the two footpoints (the location where the loop enters the photosphere) are anchored to and rotate with the Sun's surface. Within each footpoint, the strong magnetic flux tends to inhibit the convection currents which carry hot plasma from the Sun's interior to the surface, so the footpoints are often (but not always) cooler than the surrounding photosphere. These appear as dark spots on the Sun's surface, known as sunspots. Thus, sunspots tend to occur under coronal loops, and tend to come in pairs of opposite magnetic polarity; a point where the magnetic field loop emerges from the photosphere is a North magnetic pole, and the other where the loop enters the surface again is a South magnetic pole.
Coronal loops form in a wide range of sizes, from 10 km to 10,000 km. Coronal loops have a wide variety of temperatures along their lengths. Loops at temperatures below 1 megakelvin (MK) are generally known as cool loops; those existing at around 1 MK are known as warm loops; and those beyond 1 MK are known as hot loops. Naturally, these different categories radiate at different wavelengths.
A related phenomenon is the open flux tube, in which magnetic fields extend from the surface far into the corona and heliosphere; these are the source of the Sun's large scale magnetic field (magnetosphere) and the solar wind.
Location
Coronal loops have been shown on both active and quiet regions of the solar surface. Active regions on the solar surface take up small areas but produce the majority of activity and are often the source of flares and coronal mass ejections due to the intense magnetic field present. Active regions produce 82% of the total coronal heating energy.
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9173273
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal%20loop
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Coronal loop
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Dynamic flows
Many solar observation missions have observed strong plasma flows and highly dynamic processes in coronal loops. For example, SUMER observations suggest flow velocities of 5–16 km/s in the solar disk, and other joint SUMER/TRACE observations detect flows of 15–40 km/s. Very high plasma velocities (in the range of 40–60 km/s) have been detected by the Flat Crystal Spectrometer (FCS) on board the Solar Maximum Mission.
History of observations
Before 1991
Despite progress made by ground-based telescopes and eclipse observations of the corona, space-based observations became necessary to escape the obscuring effect of the Earth's atmosphere. Rocket missions such as the Aerobee flights and Skylark rockets successfully measured solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and X-ray emissions. However, these rocket missions were limited in lifetime and payload. Later, satellites such as the Orbiting Solar Observatory series (OSO-1 to OSO-8), Skylab, and the Solar Maximum Mission (the first observatory to last the majority of a solar cycle: from 1980 to 1989) were able to gain far more data across a much wider range of emission.
1991–present day
In August 1991, the solar observatory spacecraft Yohkoh launched from the Kagoshima Space Center. During its 10 years of operation, it revolutionized X-ray observations. Yohkoh carried four instruments; of particular interest is the SXT instrument, which observed X-ray-emitting coronal loops. This instrument observed X-rays in the 0.25–4.0 keV range, resolving solar features to 2.5 arc seconds with a temporal resolution of 0.5–2 seconds. SXT was sensitive to plasma in the 2–4 MK temperature range, making its data ideal for comparison with data later collected by TRACE of coronal loops radiating in the extra ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths.
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9173273
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal%20loop
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Coronal loop
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The next major step in solar physics came in December 1995, with the launch of the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. SOHO originally had an operational lifetime of two years. The mission was extended to March 2007 due to its resounding success, allowing SOHO to observe a complete 11-year solar cycle. SOHO has 12 instruments on board, all of which are used to study the transition region and corona. In particular, the Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) instrument is used extensively in coronal loop observations. EIT images the transition region through to the inner corona by using four band passes—171 Å FeIX, 195 Å FeXII, 284 Å FeXV, and 304 Å HeII, each corresponding to different EUV temperatures—to probe the chromospheric network to the lower corona.
In April 1998, the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE) was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base. Its observations of the transition region and lower corona, made in conjunction with SOHO, give an unprecedented view of the solar environment during the rising phase of the solar maximum, an active phase in the solar cycle. Due to the high spatial (1 arc second) and temporal resolution (1–5 seconds), TRACE has been able to capture highly detailed images of coronal structures, whilst SOHO provides the global (lower resolution) picture of the Sun. This campaign demonstrates the observatory's ability to track the evolution of steady-state (or 'quiescent') coronal loops. TRACE uses filters sensitive to various types of electromagnetic radiation; in particular, the 171 Å, 195 Å, and 284 Å band passes are sensitive to the radiation emitted by quiescent coronal loops.
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9173295
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eimhin
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Eimhin
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Eimhin was the abbot and bishop of Ros-mic-Truin (Ireland), probably in the sixth century.
Eimhin came from Munster, and was the son of Eoghan, and brother of three other saints, Corbmac, Culain, and Diarmuid. Of the early part of his religious life little is known.
The Abbey of Ros-mic-Truin was founded by St. Abban of Magheranoidhe, who entrusted it to Eimhin, and from the number of religious and students belonging to the south of Ireland who dwelt there the place came to be called "Ros-glas of the Munstermen". St Eimhin is said by some to have been the author of the life of St Patrick, called the Vita Tripartita originally published by the Franciscan John Colgan.
Eimhin was famous for many and great miracles. The date of Eimhin's death has not been recorded; however, competent authorities assign it to the earlier half of the sixth century.
Eimhin secured special status for the Monasterevin area placing it outside the common law, making it a sanctuary. After Eimhin's death, it is said, his consecrated bell was held in great veneration, and was used as a swearing relic down to the fourteenth century, oaths and promises made upon it being deemed inviolable.
The feast-day of Saint Eimhin is observed in the Irish calendars on 22 December.
The town of Monasterevin in County Kildare and the village of Effin in County Limerick are named after Eimhin. St. Evin's School is a Catholic Primary School in Monasterevin, County Kildare.
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9173303
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernadotte%20Bridge
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Bernadotte Bridge
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The Bernadotte Bridge at Bernadotte, built in 1910, is one of nine metal highway bridges in Fulton County, Illinois listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The bridge is located along County Route 2 between Smithfield, Illinois to the north, and Ipava, Illinois to the south. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 29, 1980, along with the eight other bridges, as one of the "Metal Highway Bridges of Fulton County". The bridge is one of three near Smithfield listed on the Register, the others are the Buckeye Bridge (now demolished) and the Tartar's Ferry Bridge. A fourth bridge near the Smithfield was included on the Register but removed in 1996, following its 1995 destruction.
Bernadotte Bridge is one of the few remaining bridges in this Multiple Property Submission group still standing, five of the nine having been destroyed. In late 2010 part of the bridge collapsed due to flooding. In late 2014, the residue was cleaned up from the site. It is currently closed due to safety concerns. Fundraising is in place with the hope of restoring the bridge.
| 1.992188
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9173322
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GB%20Cave
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GB Cave
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GB Cave is a cave between Charterhouse and Shipham in the limestone of the Mendip Hills, in Somerset, England.
The cave was first entered on 19 November 1939, after ten months of digging, by the University of Bristol Spelæological Society, and was named in recognition of the two members, F. J. Goddard and C. C. Barker, who had done most of the work involved in its discovery. The cave is located within the Cheddar Complex and the 17-acre GB Gruffy nature reserve and is close to Charterhouse Cave, the deepest cave in the region.
Ladder Dig broke through in 1966 to gain access to the extremely well-decorated Bat Passage.
The entrance to the cave is kept locked, and access is controlled by the Charterhouse Caving Company.
Description
GB Cave is remarkable for the Gorge, a river-passage up to wide, high and long, which opens into the even larger Main Chamber ( wide, high, long). Together these two form what was thought to be largest known space under the Mendip Hills, until the discovery of "The Frozen Deep" in Reservoir Hole in 2012.
Further into the cave is the Great Chamber, another large space, and a number of other chambers in the cave that are well decorated.
The trace elements magnesium, strontium and barium have been found by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) from three Holocene speleothems taken from the Great Chamber.
| 2.078125
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9173341
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckeye%20Bridge
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Buckeye Bridge
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Buckeye Bridge also known as White's Ferry Bridge was one of nine metal highway bridges in Fulton County, Illinois once listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Buckeye is one of the five bridges that have been demolished out of nine similar bridges in the county. This particular one was over the Spoon River near Smithfield, Illinois. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 29, 1980, along with the eight other bridges, as one of the "Metal Highway Bridges of Fulton County". The bridge was one of three near Smithfield listed on the Register, the others are the Bernadotte Bridge and the Tartar's Ferry Bridge. Others, such as the Babylon Bend Bridge in Ellisville, are located throughout the county. Another Smithfield area bridge, Elrod Bridge, was nominated with the original Multiple Property Submission but removed from the Register after its 1995 destruction by an F-4 tornado.
The Buckeye Bridge is one of the bridges in this particular Multiple Property Submission that has been demolished since its inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
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9173356
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop%20Shanahan%20High%20School
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Bishop Shanahan High School
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Bishop Shanahan High School is a coeducational Catholic secondary school of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia, located in Downingtown, Pennsylvania. The school is named after Right Rev. John W. Shanahan, the third bishop of the Diocese of Harrisburg, and is the only archdiocesan secondary school in Chester County. The school originally opened in 1957 in West Chester, and moved to its current campus in Downingtown in 1998.
The current president of Bishop Shanahan is Teresa Dellicompagni, who has served in the role since July 1, 2024. The current principal is Dr. Robert W. Moran, Ed.D., who has served in the role since July 7, 2022.
History
The predecessor to Bishop Shanahan High School was Saint Agnes Parish High School, which was originally founded in 1909 by Monsignor Henry C. Schuyler. The school was located on the grounds of St. Agnes Parish in downtown West Chester, Pennsylvania, and was run by the Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (I.H.M.).
In the 1950s, plans were made to construct a new school building in order to accommodate growing enrollment. The town's local Knights of Columbus council donated a nearby parcel of land, and ground was broken in 1956 on the new building, which would open one year later. On September 9, 1957, Cardinal John Francis O'Hara dedicated the new school as "Bishop Shanahan High School", honoring the late Bishop John W. Shanahan of the Diocese of Harrisburg. An addition to the building was completed in 1980, bringing its size up to 62,000 square feet.
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9173356
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop%20Shanahan%20High%20School
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Bishop Shanahan High School
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From 1980 to 1997, Chester County saw a 40% increase in its Catholic population. The rise in population resulted in a dramatic increase in enrollment at Bishop Shanahan, which was the only archdiocesan high school in the county. By 1995, the school was operating above capacity and was forced to install portable classrooms to accommodate overcrowding conditions. In that same year, plans were developed to construct a new and larger school on one of two Archdiocese-owned properties in nearby Downingtown. Downingtown was ultimately chosen to be the location of the new school due to its central location within the county, along with its proximity to the US 30 bypass, allowing for easier access to the school for residents of Exton and western portions of the county. Ground was broken on the new, $30 million school on October 27, 1996, with Cardinal Anthony Bevilacqua presiding over the ceremony.
The new Bishop Shanahan High School opened to students in September 1998. Upon its opening, the new building was 220,000 square feet, over three times larger than the previous building, and could accommodate up to 1,200 students. In addition, the new school featured a 60-seat chapel, a 14,000 square-foot gymnasium, a 5,000 square-foot library, a 1,200 seat auditorium, 31 classrooms, and additional athletic fields throughout the 80-acre campus. Upon the time of the previous building's closure in 1997, the school had experienced an enrollment increase of nearly 200 students since 1993. When the new building opened, enrollment continued to grow, and a two-story expansion was completed in 2001 to provide 14 additional classrooms, bringing capacity up to 1,600 students.
In 2005, a 2,000-seat football stadium was completed on the campus of the school. Further upgrades to the stadium in 2015 provided lighting, a resurfaced track, and a new synthetic turf field.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop%20Shanahan%20High%20School
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Bishop Shanahan High School
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In 2023, the school was awarded the National Certificate for STEM Excellence (NCSE) from the National Institute for STEM Education (NISE), becoming the first high school in Pennsylvania and the first Catholic high school nationwide to receive the certification. Additionally, the NISE awarded six teachers at the school with a National Certificate in STEM Teaching.
Academics
Bishop Shanahan offers three levels of course difficulty, including college prep (CP) and honors, along with Advanced Placement (AP) for select courses. Students also have the opportunity to take dual enrollment courses at nearby colleges, including Immaculata University and Neumann University. The school also offers STEM-focused courses, along with partnering with a local technical school to offer courses on specific trades.
Bishop Shanahan's most recent graduating class of 2024 amassed a total of over $53 million in scholarship awards from colleges and universities.
Extracurricular activities
Bishop Shanahan has over 30 clubs and extracurricular activities. Some of these include: academic bowl, community service corps, DECA, language clubs, mock trial, mathletes, world affairs club, and yearbook club.
The school hosts the Monsignor Schuyler Chapter of the National Honor Society, named after Monsignor Henry C. Schuyler, who founded the original St. Agnes High School.
The fine arts department at Bishop Shanahan offers multiple bands, choruses, and art courses. The department also puts on an annual fall musical, with the most recent production being Grease.
Athletics
Bishop Shanahan High School is a member of the Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association (PIAA) Division One, where they compete in the National Division of the Ches-Mont League. Bishop Shanahan is the only non-public school in the Ches-Mont League, as other schools in their division include: Avon Grove, Coatesville, Downingtown East and West, Henderson, and West Chester East.
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9173388
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%20cochineal
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Polish cochineal
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The cysts are small dark red or violet bubbles clustered on the host plant's roots. Female cysts are in diameter. Males are half the size of their female counterparts and fewer in number, with only one male per 500 females. The cysts undergo ecdysis a number of times. When the male larva reaches the third-instar developmental stage, it forms a delicate white cocoon and transforms into a pupa in early June. In late June or early July, females, which are neotenous and retain their larval form, re-emerge from the ground and slowly climb to the top of the host plant, where they wait until winged adult males, with characteristic plumes at the end of their abdomens, leave the cocoons and join them a few days later. Male imagines (adult insects) do not feed and die shortly after mating, while their female counterparts return underground to lay eggs. After oviposition, the female insects shrink and die.
Host plants and geographic distribution
The Polish cochineal lives on herbaceous plants growing in sandy and arid, infertile soils. Its primary host plant is the perennial knawel (Scleranthus perennis), but it has also been known to feed on plants of 20 other genera, including mouse-ear hawkweed (Hieracium pilosella), bladder campion (Silene inflata), velvet bent (Agrostis canina), Caragana, smooth rupturewort (Herniaria glabra), strawberry (Fragaria), and cinquefoil (Potentilla).
The insect was once commonly found throughout the Palearctic and was recognised across Eurasia, from France and England to China, but it was mainly in Central Europe where it was common enough to make its industrial use economically viable. Excessive economic exploitation as well as the shrinking and degradation of its habitat have made the Polish cochineal a rare species. In 1994, it was included in the Ukrainian Red Book of endangered species. In Poland, where it was still common in the 1960s, there is insufficient data to determine its conservation status, and no protective measures are in place.
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9173388
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%20cochineal
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Polish cochineal
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Polish cochineal was widely traded in Europe during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. In the 15th and 16th centuries, along with grain, timber, and salt, it was one of Poland's chief exports, mainly to southern Germany and northern Italy as well as to France, England, the Ottoman Empire, and Armenia. In Poland, the cochineal trade was mostly monopolized by Jewish merchants, who bought the dye from peasants in Red Ruthenia and other regions of Poland and Lithuania. The merchants shipped the dye to major Polish cities such as Kraków, Danzig (Gdańsk), and Poznań. From there, the merchandise was exported to wholesalers in Breslau (Wrocław), Nuremberg, Frankfurt, Augsburg, Venice, and other destinations. The Polish cochineal trade was a lucrative business for the intermediaries; according to Marcin of Urzędów (1595), one pound of Polish cochineal cost between four and five Venetian pounds. In terms of quantities, the trade reached its peak in the 1530s. In 1534, 1963 stones (about 30 metric tons) of the dye were sold in Poznań alone.
The advent of cheaper Mexican cochineal led to an abrupt slump in the Polish cochineal trade, and the 1540s saw a steep decline in quantities of the red dye exported from Poland. In 1547, Polish cochineal disappeared from the Poznań customs registry; a Volhynian clerk noted in 1566 that the dye no longer paid in Gdańsk. Perennial knawel plantations were replaced with cereal fields or pastures for raising cattle. Polish cochineal, which until then was mostly used by the rich nobles and the royals and as an export product, continued to be used locally by the peasants who collected it; it was employed not only for dyeing fabric but also as a vodka colorant, an ingredient in folk medicine, crafts or even for decorative coloring of horses' tails.
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9173388
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%20cochineal
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Polish cochineal
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With the partitions of Poland at the end of the 18th century, vast markets in Russia and Central Asia opened to Polish cochineal, which became an export product again – this time, to the East. In the 19th century, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, became the principal Polish cochineal trading center in Central Asia; from there the dye was shipped to Kashgar in Xinjiang, and Kabul and Herat in Afghanistan. It is possible that the Polish dye was used to manufacture some of the famous oriental rugs.
Studies
The earliest known scientific study of the Polish cochineal is found in the (Polish Herbal) by Marcin of Urzędów (1595), where it was described as "small red seeds" that grow under plant roots, becoming "ripe" in April and from which a little "bug" emerges in June. The first scientific comments by non-Polish authors were written by Segerius (1670) and von Bernitz (1672). In 1731, Johann Philipp Breyne, wrote (translated into English during the same century), the first major treatise about the insect, including the results of his research on its physiology and life cycle. In 1934, Polish biologist Antoni Jakubski wrote (Polish cochineal), a monograph taking into account both the insect's biology and historical role.
Linguistics
The historical importance of the Polish cochineal is still reflected in most modern Slavic languages where the words for the color red and for the month of June both derive from the Proto-Slavic (probably pronounced ), meaning "a worm" or "larva". (See examples in the table below.)
In Czech, as well as old Bulgarian, this is true for both June and July, the two months when harvest of the insect's larvae was possible. In modern Polish, is a word for June, as well as for the Polish cochineal () and its host plant, the perennial knawel ().
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9173395
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Tiger%20Who%20Came%20to%20Tea
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The Tiger Who Came to Tea
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Former Children’s Laureate Michael Rosen has drawn parallels between the book and the author’s life. Kerr spent her early years in Berlin just before the start of the Third Reich and her father was on a death list because of his opposition to the Nazis. Her family fled Germany and most of their property was seized in 1933 when she was nine years old. Rosen claims the tiger could be based on her memory of the past threat: something that could have disrupted her life as a young child and taken everything the family owned. He said "Judith knows about dangerous people who come to your house and take people away. She was told as a young child that her father could be grabbed at any moment by either the Gestapo or the SS – he was in great danger. So I don't know whether Judith did it consciously or not – I wouldn't want to go there – but the point is he's a jokey tiger, but he is a tiger." Kerr, however, stated more than once that the tiger represents nothing more than a tiger, and had no relevance to her upbringing.
Foreign language editions
This book has been produced in Braille. It is also published in German with the title . It has been adapted into Welsh, entitled . In this version, the little girl is renamed Catrin. There is also a Japanese edition "おちゃのじかんにきたとら" (Ocha no Jikan ni Kita Tora). The book was also translated into Hebrew, with the title (). A Brazilian version, under the Portuguese title , was also released.
Theatre adaptation
The book has been adapted for stage with music by David Wood. The original production featured the actors Devon Black, Alan Atkins and Abbey Norman.
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9173457
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out%20of%20the%20Hitler%20Time
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Out of the Hitler Time
|
The story starts in Berlin, in March 1933, when nine-year-old Anna, the main character in the trilogy, finds out one morning that her father is missing. She and her brother, Max, discover that Papa thinks that Adolf Hitler might win the elections, and has fled to Prague. Because the family is of Jewish heritage, and Papa is also a well-known critic of the Nazis, this is important. If Hitler wins the elections, Mama, Max and Anna will join Papa in Switzerland. If Hitler loses, then Papa will come back home to Berlin. However the parents decide not to wait until after the elections and Mama and the children rushed into Switzerland in alarming secrecy. It is at this time that Anna has to choose which toy she wishes to take with her. She opts to take her new woolly dog, and leave behind her pink rabbit toy, believing she will return to Berlin after a short time. It is from this that the title is derived as she considers that Hitler and the Nazis have "stolen" her toy. In Switzerland, they settle in a gasthof on the shore of Lake Zurich, and the family stay there for six months. Soon, however, Papa thinks that they should move to Paris, and goes there to find out about accommodation. He comes back and wants Mama to come back with him as a prospective buyer. So Max and Anna are left on their own for a little while.
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9173465
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain%20Harlock%20and%20the%20Queen%20of%20a%20Thousand%20Years
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Captain Harlock and the Queen of a Thousand Years
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Captain Harlock and the Queen of a Thousand Years is an animated science fiction television series produced by Harmony Gold USA. The series was created by Carl Macek by combining footage from Leiji Matsumoto's Captain Harlock and Queen Millennia anime series.
This is the second time the 1978 Captain Harlock series was treated for English language distribution. The first attempt was in 1981 with the lesser known ZIV International, who only released two volumes of two episodes each, the first (episodes 1 and 9) a relatively faithful adaptation, the second (episodes 2 and 3) retooling the approach to a more farcical one. This attempt is often confused with the Harmony Gold production, but the two productions are not related.
The plot of Macek's creation is extremely different to the plots of Matsumoto's original works.
Plot
Captain Harlock and the Queen of a Thousand Years takes place in an undisclosed point in the future (the only reference to its date being a single reference to "the eruption of Krakatoa 700 years ago", placing its approximate date at 2583), after mankind has colonized the distant stars, but prosperity has corrupted the people of Earth, who have become corrupt and decadent.
The Mazone, a race of sentient plants, hatch a plot to seize Earth after their own planet is destroyed. A lone scientist attempts to warn the people of Earth, but at the cost of his reputation and life. The titular Harlock is blamed for the various instances of the Mazones' attacks upon the Earth, and, despite being an outcast amongst his own people, plans to stop the Mazone and save humanity from the alien threat with aid from Princess Olivia, next in line to throne of Millennia, the Mazones' supposed allies in the invasion.
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9173467
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Augusta%2C%20Ontario
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North Augusta, Ontario
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Over the years, there were three separate Methodist churches located within North Augusta. There were two Wesleyan Methodist churches, one being called the Wesleyan Methodist New Connexion and one Methodist Episcopal church. There is little record of the Methodist Episcopal church's existence; it is possible only a congregation existed with no building. The first Wesleyan Methodist church was a frame building with no tower, steeple or bell. It was probably torn down around 1851, as that is the date a new church was built to serve as the Wesleyan Methodist church. This second church was torn down around 1913 and replaced by a new stone church which still stands along Main Street in North Augusta. This church became known as North Augusta United Church around 1925 during a church union.
The Wesleyan Methodist New Connexion Church was built around 1858 on the south side of Branch Road. This church was used until the church union of 1874, when the congregation amalgamated with the Wesleyan Methodist Church and began using their church. The building was unused for a period before being converted into a private home. The building still stands, however it has been renovated extensively. The outside is covered in white stucco, however the outlines of the Gothic-style church windows can still be seen.
Cemeteries
North Augusta is home to three cemeteries, two of which accompany one of the community's churches. The North Augusta Anglican Cemetery is located behind the Anglican church along Branch Road. It is said by some local historians that this burial ground was an old native burial ground before it was used by the European settlers. The earliest legible stone in the cemetery belongs to a Robert Blake, who died September 17, 1836. This burial took place around two decades before many of the other burials, with the second earliest stone being from 1854. This cemetery is still in use today.
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9173467
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Augusta%2C%20Ontario
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North Augusta, Ontario
|
North Augusta's Presbyterian cemetery is located behind the current community hall, which was once the Presbyterian church. This cemetery was used since at least since the early-to-mid 1800s, with the first legible stone reading: "Samuel son of Hiram and Polly Bellamy d. 8 May 1833 in 17th year of his age." This cemetery is cared for by the township council and has not been used in recent years. The man credited with being the founder of the village of North Augusta, Justus Bellamy is buried here.
The North Augusta United cemetery, called Sandy Hill cemetery is located south of the village along County Road 15. The land for this cemetery was purchased from locals in two parts, with one piece of land bought for $25 and the other for $15 in 1877 and 1878 respectively. The earliest known burial is that of one Mary Ethel Whitworth, who died in June 1877 at five years of age.
Education
In the early nineteenth century, there were two schoolhouses recorded as being present in the area on maps of the township; there are no records of these schools, so little details are known of how they operated. In the same century, the township of Augusta was divided into school sections each of which had its own schoolhouse to serve the section. North Augusta was labelled school section seventeen, and in 1915 a school aptly titled S.S. #17 North Augusta School was built. The school was a two-storey building with a basement, much larger than the other schoolhouses operating here at the time. It was a concrete block building with a built-up tar and gravel roof and a brick chimney constructed from the foundation; the floors were made of hardwood and the hallways and ceilings were plaster. The school had a total of four classrooms, two on each floor with a chemistry lab located on the second floor. The school was heated by a coal-fed furnace and water needed to be transported from a separate dwelling.
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9173467
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Augusta%2C%20Ontario
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North Augusta, Ontario
|
Through an Act of Parliament, continuation schools which served both elementary and post-elementary grades (grades 1 through 12) were authorized to operate and North Augusta School became one. As enrolment fell into the 1970s, the school became a primary school with other students being transported to Algonquin Public School or Maynard Public School, or to the surrounding high schools depending on age. Despite public outcry from residents of North Augusta, the school was permanently closed 1981 as enrolment was low and it was too expensive to maintain. The building was demolished shortly after it closed due to deterioration.
Currently, there is no school located within North Augusta. Students from the community may attend the nearby Maynard Public School in Maynard for elementary school, the only remaining school within the township or may commute to Brockville. For secondary school, students may attend in Prescott at South Grenville District High School or in Brockville at one of their many secondary schools.
Recreation
The village has a soccer field as well as 2 baseball diamonds, with soccer and baseball leagues running throughout the summer. A new Horseshoe Club, (North Augusta Horseshoe Federation) also runs on Tuesday evenings throughout the summer. A new children's playground was installed in 2011 replacing the old wooden one. An important attraction is the village's annual Labour Day Festival, which offers festivities over a five-day period. Photo Contests, parade, baseball tournaments, car show, and a horseshoe tournament, bingo, euchre tournament, kid's movie, kid's games and midway are only some of the activities spread over the festival.
| 2.359375
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9173479
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popovo%20Lake
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Popovo Lake
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Popovo Lake () is a glacial lake situated in the northern section of the Pirin mountain range, south-western Bulgaria. It is one of the eleven Popovi Lakes. The lake and its surroundings are among the most popular places for summer tourism in Pirin National Park. It is situated at the bottom of the Popovski cirque and is surrounded by the peaks Sivria (2,591 m), Dzhano (2,668 m), Kralev Dvor (2,680 m), Momin Dvor (2,723 m) and Dzhengal (2,730 m).
The lake is situated at an altitude of 2,234 m. Popovo Lake is Pirin's largest by area and volume, and also the deepest one in the massif. It has the shape of irregular pentagon and features a small islet. The maximum length is 480 m; the width is 336 m. Its surface area is 123,600 m2, which places it fourth among Bulgaria's glacial lakes by total area, after Smradlivo Lake, the Upper Fish Lake and Bliznaka, all of them in the Rila mountain range. It is 29.5 m deep is second in the country after Okoto Lake in Rila, which reaches depth of 37.7 m. Its volume is around 1,270,000 m3. In summer the water temperature reaches 14–16 °C at the surface and decreases to 5–6 °C in the deeper layers.
Popovo Lake takes water from rainfall, snowfall and two tiny springs which pour into the southern end of the lake. The biggest amount of water can be observed in late spring during the snow melting from surrounding peaks. The water that pours out of the lake forms the river Retizhe, a right tributary of the Mesta. The Retizhe flows to the seven Fish Popovski Lakes and drains the whole Popovski cirque. The area around the lake is dotted with meadows and mountain pine (Pinus mugo), whose age is above 100 years at places.
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9173554
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold%20Kielholz
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Leopold Kielholz
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An episode that is noted in association with the Swiss Cup, was the second-round replay away against FC Lugano on 22 November 1931. The mood amongst the 3,000 spectators was heated even before the kick-off. This because after the 3–3 draw in the first game; the local press had circulated the most incredible rumours. Then, Basel's Alfred Schlecht scored the winning goal early, not even two minutes after the game had started. However, shortly before the end of the match referee Hans Wüthrich did not blow his whistle and award a penalty after an alleged handball by a Basel player. The referee ended the game shortly afterwards with a Basel victory and the ill tempers were worsened. After the game there were tumults and riots among the spectators who were not satisfied with the referee's performance. Stones were thrown at referee and players and the windows of the changing rooms were smashed. It was some eight hours later, before things were settled enough, for the police to able to bring both the referee and the entire Basel team to safety, by ship over Lake Lugano. According to the reports in the club chronicles, quite a few players were injured. Josef Remay had a bleeding head, Hermann Enderlin had a hole above his eye, goalkeeper Paul Blumer and Kielholz himself were also hurt. Lugano was sanctioned and had to play their next home games at least 100 kilometers from their home ground.
Between the years 1930 and 1932 Kielholz played a total of 51 games for Basel scoring a total of 39 goals. 34 of these games were in the Swiss Seirie A, five in the Swiss Cup and 12 were friendly games. He scored 23 goals in the domestic league, four in the cup and the other 12 were scored during the test games.
In 1932 Kielholz transferred to Servette. The clubs that he played for while participating in these two World Cup tournaments were FC Servette and Young Fellows Juventus. He also played for Stade de Reims between 1936 and 1937.
| 2.125
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9173607
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy%20Spencer
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Peggy Spencer
|
Margaret Ann Spencer MBE (née Hull; 24 September 1920 – 25 May 2016) was a British professional ballroom dancer, choreographer, competition adjudicator, and organiser.
Peggy married Jack Spencer in 1940, and had two children, Helena and Michael. The marriage ended in divorce in 1947. Peggy formed a close relationship with her brother-in-law Frank, whom she eventually married in the late 1960s.
For many years, she and Frank (a musician and a dancer before the Second World War) ran the Royston Ballroom in Penge, South London. Peggy was a regular TV dance commentator. She was a leading coach for competitive Latin dancers, and was influential in both Ballroom and Latin American branches of the ISTD. Her ballroom formation team was twice invited to dance for the Queen at Buckingham Palace. For 40 years, her teams appeared in the Come Dancing TV programme.
Peggy choreographed a dance sequence for a Beatles video ("Your Mother Should Know"), and the tango for Rudolph Nureyev in the film Valentino (1977). She was a choreographer for the Burn the Floor dance show, which combined ballroom dances with modern ideas. More than most things she enjoyed appearing on the BBC's children's show Blue Peter, where she brought young dancers from her classes to demonstrate. She was the subject of the TV show This Is Your Life in 1993.
In 2004, Spencer became President of the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing. She received multiple awards for her work in teaching and adjudicating in ballroom dancing, including eight Carl Alan Awards. Both she and Frank were appointed MBE in 1977.
| 2.265625
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9173667
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osgod%20Clapa
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Osgod Clapa
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Osgod Clapa (died 1054), also Osgot, was a nobleman in Anglo-Saxon England during the reigns of Kings Cnut the Great, Harold Harefoot, Harthacnut, and Edward the Confessor. His name comes from the Old Danish Asgot, the byname Clapa perhaps meaning coarse, or rough, in Old Norse. He was a major landowner in East Anglia during a period in which no Ealdorman was appointed to the region. He held the post of staller, that is constable or master of the royal stables. In 1046 he was banished, and in 1054 he died.
Osgod is found as a witness to charters from 1026 onwards, but he first appears in narrative accounts on the occasion of the marriage of his daughter Gytha to his fellow-staller Tovi the Proud. It appears to be at these celebrations, on, or shortly before 8 June 1042, that King Harthacnut died suddenly.
Edward the Confessor kept Osgod in his position of trust, and the reasons for his eventual outlawing in late 1046 are far from clear. It may be that it was related to the earlier exile of Cnut's niece Gunnhild in 1044. Gunnhild was first married to Håkon Eiriksson, son of Cnut's trusted ally Eiríkr Hákonarson, and later to Earl Harald, son of Thorkell the Tall, a trusted servant of King Harthacnut, which placed her in a prominent position among opponents of Edward the Confessor's kingship. Osgod appears to have gone to Flanders, where Count Baldwin V gave him refuge.
| 2.203125
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9173689
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooley%20Peninsula
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Cooley Peninsula
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The Cooley Peninsula (, older Cúalṅge) is a hilly peninsula in the north of County Louth on the east coast of Ireland; the peninsula includes the small town of Carlingford, the port of Greenore and the village of Omeath.
Geography
The peninsula contains the Cooley Mountains, the highest of which, Slieve Foy, is also the highest peak in County Louth at . To the north is Carlingford Lough and the border with Northern Ireland; to the south is Dundalk Bay. The peninsula is ringed by the R173 regional road.
The peninsula is geologically diverse, with 440-million-year-old Silurian greywacke sandstones in the northwest and southwest, 340-million-year-old limestones in the east, and 60-million-year-old volcanic rocks forming the Cooley Mountains.
Antiquity
In Irish mythology, Cooley (Old Irish Cúalnge) was the home of the bull Donn Cuailnge, and the site of the Táin Bó Cúailnge, "Cattle Raid of Cooley". Ancient monuments in Cooley include the Proleek Dolmen, whose capstone weighs an estimated 35 tons (31.75 tonnes), and a Bronze Age gallery grave, both near Ballymascanlan.
Business
The peninsula is primarily agricultural territory, but is also home to a number of hotels and bed-and-breakfasts, the first new distillery in Ireland in decades, the Cooley Distillery opened by John Teeling on the site of a former potato alcohol factory, several warehouse and logistics facilities, a garden centre, two cafes and other businesses.
There is a ferry service to County Down in Northern Ireland at Greenore.
Sport
The local Gaelic football and ladies' Gaelic football club is Cooley Kickhams, based south of Carlingford.
People
The Cooley Peninsula is the home of former Leinster and Irish rugby players, Rob Kearney and David Kearney. U.S. President Joe Biden has ancestors from the area. He shares a great-grandfather with the Kearney brothers. RTE sports commentator Jimmy Magee (1935–2017) was raised on the Cooley Peninsula.
| 2.078125
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9173701
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goatchurch%20Cavern
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Goatchurch Cavern
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Goatchurch Cavern is a cave on the edge of Burrington Combe in the limestone of the Mendip Hills, in Somerset, England.
Description
Due to early attempts to turn it into a show cave, there are remains of iron handrails inside the cave and a large amount of decoration throughout the cave. Many of the surfaces within are highly polished and slippery, as a result of numbers visiting over many decades, which have also damaged the decoration.
The cave is especially popular for training people who are new to caving. This is due to its easy access and wide range of experiences that do not necessitate the use of special equipment such as ropes or ladders.
The two entrances to the cave enable cavers to do a through trip.
History
The earliest written record of this cave was in 1736 when John Strachey of Sutton Court at nearby Stowey made reference to "guy Hole" or "Goechurch". In 1829 John Rutter wrote about the large cave and in 1864 William Boyd Dawkins referred to it as "The Goatchurch" although he also used the name "Goat's Hole" in 1874. It is possible that the local dialect corrupted "Guy" into "Goat" to provide the current name.
It is thought that Goatchurch Cavern was explored by lead miners in the 19th century.
Around 1900 the owner unsuccessfully tried to turn it into a show cave. In 1924 UBSS dug open the second entrance.
| 2.09375
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9173736
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer%27s%20Lease
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Summer's Lease
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The search for the reason behind the disappearing water and the corpse, and discovering who S. Kettering is, becomes an obsession which leads Molly across the "Mountains of the Moon" to encounter more than just the small painting.
Piero della Francesca Trail
The Piero della Francesca Trail is an excursion which traces the works created by Piero della Francesca in Arezzo, Monterchi, San Sepolcro (his birthplace) and Urbino. To his contemporaries, Piero was admired as a mathematician and geometer as well as a painter, and today his paintings are celebrated for their serene humanism and use of geometric forms.
Summer's Lease has made famous the Piero della Francesca Trail, which sees Molly set out from the Chianti District near Siena and travel to view the following paintings of Piero della Francesca:
The Legend of the True Cross, Basilica di San Francesco d'Assisi, Arezzo
The Pregnant Madonna, Museo della Madonna del Parto, Monterchi
The Resurrection, Museo Civico, San Sepolcro
The Flagellation, Galleria Nazionale delle Marche, Palazzo Ducale, Urbino
Molly and her elusive landlord Buck Kettering share a love of the art work of Piero della Francesca. The Piero della Francesca Trail ultimately leads Molly to Buck, who for reasons of his own does not want to be found.
TV adaptation
In 1989 the novel was adapted for television in four parts by the BBC in association with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, WGBH-Boston and Television New Zealand. It was directed by Martyn Friend and produced by Colin Rogers. The screenplay was by the author, John Mortimer. It featured an Emmy Award-winning performance from John Gielgud, and its soundtrack, composed by Nigel Hess was awarded the Television and Radio Industries Club award for best television theme. It was filmed on location in London and Tuscany and first aired in the UK in 1989 on BBC2.
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9173767
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%20FA%20Cup%20final
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1968 FA Cup final
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The 1968 FA Cup final was the 87th final of the FA Cup. It took place on 18 May 1968 at Wembley Stadium and was contested between West Bromwich Albion and Everton.
West Brom won 1–0 after extra time. Jeff Astle scored the winning goal, thus achieving the feat of scoring in every round of that season's competition. It was the fifth time that West Brom had won the FA Cup; they have not reached the final since.
This was the first FA Cup Final to be televised live on BBC2 in colour. Both teams wore their away strips, West Brom wearing white shirts and shorts with red socks, and Everton wearing gold shirts and blue shorts. This was also the first FA Cup Final in which a substitute was used, when West Brom's Dennis Clarke came on for an injured John Kaye.
The referee was Leo Callaghan from Merthyr Tydfil in South Wales.
Background
Both clubs were members of the First Division, Everton having finished fifth during the 1967–68 league season and West Bromwich Albion eighth. Everton were victorious in both league matches between the two sides, winning 2–1 at Goodison Park and 6–2 at The Hawthorns.
The teams had met on four previous occasions in the FA Cup. Everton had won three of those ties, including the 1906–07 semi-final, while Albion's sole victory was in the semi-final of 1930–31. Both teams were renowned for their attacking styles at the time so an exciting match was expected. Instead a tense rather drab affair ensued before Astle struck in extra time. Despite taking part in what was then a record 10th final Albion have failed since to win the competition or indeed reach the final.
| 1.929688
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9173782
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20P33%20%281941%29
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HMS P33 (1941)
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HMS P33 was a Royal Navy U-class submarine built by Vickers-Armstrong at Barrow-in-Furness.
Commanded throughout her entire career by Lieutenant R.D. Whiteway-Wilkinson, the submarine was attached to the 10th Submarine Flotilla based at Malta. On 15 July 1941, the submarine sunk the 5,300 ton motor-vessel Barbarigo south of Punta Sciaccazza, Pantelleria, part of a small Italian convoy.
The submarine departed on her final patrol on 6 August 1941 from Malta to patrol off Sicily to intercept an Italian convoy heading towards Libya. Her sister boat P32, which was attacking the same convoy along with HMS Unique, reported hearing a prolonged depth charge attack on 18 August and subsequently attempted unsuccessfully to contact P33. P32 was herself sunk later that day. P33 became overdue on 20 August and was almost certainly have been sunk in this attack. It is, however, possible that she was sunk by the near Pantelleria on 23 August. Lost aboard P33 was Lieutenant Richard Cunningham, the son of Vice Admiral John Cunningham, who would later become First Sea Lord.
| 1.9375
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9173793
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6lba%C5%9F%C4%B1%2C%20Ankara
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Gölbaşı, Ankara
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Gölbaşı is a municipality and district of Ankara Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,364 km2, and its population is 150,047 (2022). It is south of the city of Ankara. Its elevation is . The district includes the Mogan and Eymir lakes.
Although the lakes are polluted and infested with mosquitoes, the picnic areas and lakeside restaurants of Gölbaşı serve as a popular retreat from the city for the people of Ankara. A number of government departments have accommodations here, and the town is slowly but surely joining up with the city as the green space between the two disappears. Türk Telekom have their satellite ground control in the area.
History
Archaeological research in the area has revealed since 3000 BC a succession of civilısations including Hittites, Phrygians, Greeks ,Romans, and Byzantines. Excavated sites include Selametli, Tuluntaş, Tuluntaş-Ortaçayır, Kızılcaşar-Gökçepınar, Karagedik, Bacılar, Bezirhane Kültepe, Bezirhane-Kepenekçi and İncek-Harmantepe.
The area has long been occupied by Turks, and it was here that Timur hid his elephants in the woods before the Battle of Ankara.
Places of interest
Tulumtaş caves - from Ankara, of limestone cave with stalagmites and stalactites
Gölbaşı Ground Station, satellite telecommunication center of Türksat,
Turkish Satellite Assembly, Integration and Test Center () operated by the Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI),
Gölbaşı International Billiards Complex with the seay of the Turkish Billiards Federation.
Demographics
The population of Gölbaşı city is growing very fast. The main reasons are: a high natural growth rate, migration from rural areas (rural exodus) and immigration from the city of Ankara.
Composition
There are 54 neighbourhoods in Gölbaşı District:
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9173847
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%20FA%20Cup%20final
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1974 FA Cup final
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The final, televised live, was watched by a crowd of 100,000 and Liverpool won a one-sided match 3–0 with goals by Kevin Keegan (2) and Steve Heighway. After the third goal, BBC TV's match commentator David Coleman said that Newcastle's defence had been "stripped naked" by Liverpool. When the score was 0–0, Liverpool left back Alec Lindsay had a goal disallowed for Keegan being offside, but replays later showed that the final rebound pass to Lindsay came from a Newcastle defender and therefore the goal should have stood. Liverpool won the FA Cup for the second time.
The team managers Bill Shankly (Liverpool) and Joe Harvey (Newcastle) sat next to each other all through the match. It was Shankly's last game in charge of Liverpool as he retired in July and was succeeded by coach Bob Paisley – though Shankly led the team out for the Charity Shield match in August. Harvey retired at the end of the 1974–75 season. Two Newcastle players, Terry McDermott and Alan Kennedy, became Liverpool players in later years and both scored goals for Liverpool in European Cup finals. Kevin Keegan joined Newcastle as a player in 1982 and was their manager in the 1990s.
Background
The FA Cup, known officially as The Football Association Challenge Cup, is an annual knockout association football competition in men's domestic English football. Organised by and named after The Football Association (The FA), the tournament was first played during the 1871–72 season and is the world's oldest association football competition. The 1974 match at Wembley was the 93rd FA Cup Final.
The match was Liverpool's fifth appearance in the final. They had won the competition once, defeating Leeds United 2–1 after extra time in the 1965 final. Liverpool had been runners-up in 1914, when they lost 1–0 to Burnley; in 1950, beaten 2–0 by Arsenal; and in 1971, beaten 2–1 after extra time by Arsenal.
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9173867
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haynes%20Automobile%20Company
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Haynes Automobile Company
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The Haynes Automobile Company also known by its badge as “Americas First Car” was an early American automobile manufacturing company that produced automobiles in Kokomo, Indiana, from 1905 to 1924. The company was formerly known as the Haynes-Apperson company, and produced automobiles under that name from 1894 to 1905. Co-founder Elwood Haynes changed the name of the company to the Haynes Automobile Co after fellow co-founders Elmer and Edgar Apperson left to form the Apperson Brothers Automobile Company in 1901. The Haynes company was declared bankrupt in 1924 and went out of business in 1925.
History
The company's history started with a running prototype in July 4th 1894 with the original Haynes-Apperson company. Local rival John Lambert of Indiana had designed and built a three wheeled surrey-topped gasoline powered runabout in 1891 - but then failed to sell a single one. Sensing an opportunity, Elwood Haynes approached John Lambert and secured a written agreement from Lambert to not contest Haynes’ claim to having the FIRST American automobile ever made.
Haynes’ slogan and badge thus proclaimed “America’s First Car”
Then he had cunningly used the date of his ideas and designs - mid 1893 - to be the start date of his Haynes Apperson car rather than its actual maiden run date of July 4, 1894 - and by doing so conveniently predated the other challenge to the claim of “first car” as the other contender - the Duryea actually ran on September 20, 1893.
Duryea and Haynes argued and debated this for years afterwards.
Production in the early years was only about one car month but increased when they moved to the Riverside Machine Works to about 250 cars per year.
The new Haynes company used oval-track racing and road racing as an advertising tool. Their Model V “Vanderbilt” Racer was a lightened version of their Model R Touring car.
The Haynes qualified for the Vanderbilt Cup race in Suffolk County in 1905 but did not start. In 1906 it raced again but finished poorly against superior European cars.
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9173906
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bench%20jeweler
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Bench jeweler
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When a production piece is contemplated, it may go through a design process that can range from one person with an idea to a full-scale planning stage involving teams of artists and marketing professionals. Eventually, that design will need to be made into a real piece of metal jewelry, which is generally called a model, and the worker who makes it is generally the model maker. This is often considered the highest form of craftsmanship, as the piece must be made true to the design and also to most exacting standards. A good model maker is, along with a fine watchmaker, among the most technically skilled workers in any trade. After the model is made and found to be what is desired, it is molded or perhaps entered into a machining process to make copies. Assuming it is molded, multiples of the piece are cast from the mold. See lost-wax casting, which article has a sculptural inclination, though the principles are the same for jewelry casting. The cast pieces will likely need a variety of work done to them, including filing to remove the skin left from casting and prepare for polishing, straightening parts, rounding and sizing rings, and assembling many various parts together using solder. Although the method used is called soldering, it is actually a form of brazing, using "solders" of the metal being worked, i.e. gold solders for gold pieces, silver solder for silver pieces, etc. All of this is the work of bench jewelers, who at this level are sometimes known as production workers in some arenas. In this context, the bench jeweler (often known simply as a goldsmith) is responsible for all of the main work involved in turning a raw casting into a piece of jewelry - filing it, straightening it, assembling parts or adding settings for stones, repairing any problems that might have occurred, and preparing it for stone setting and polishing.
| 2.59375
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9173906
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bench%20jeweler
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Bench jeweler
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It will be obvious that any manufacturer of any product will design a workshop to one's own liking and it may defy convention. There are, however, some typical categories that most shops in the jewelry trade will employ. If it is a manufacturing workshop, likely it will begin with the casting room, then to the bench jewelers or goldsmiths, perhaps to the polishing department and maybe to stonesetting. Generally, there will be at least one model maker, who may also do special orders, or there may be a dedicated special order department and sometimes even repair, depending on the size of the shop. Usually, there is also at least one foreman and also a front office handling management. In addition, there might be engravers, enlistments, perhaps a machine shop and others, depending on the product being made. A good shop behaves as a team, each department doing its part and the work passing back and forth between them as needed. In this situation, each one is a specialist at one's job, and though they all may have a broader background that becomes useful at times, they generally will not enter into another department's expertise. Each department also recognizes the worker's abilities, so that there may be ten workers called "goldsmiths", but one will have simple skills, and another may have greatly higher ability, and so the more or less challenging jobs are assigned accordingly.
A bench jeweler
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9173906
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bench%20jeweler
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Bench jeweler
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Although the term bench jeweler is a contemporary term with vague meaning, it often is used to describe a jeweler who has a larger set of skills than that of a production worker who merely files and solders rings. Thus they may have a fair knowledge of stone setting, a bit of engraving, and perhaps other skills that widen their abilities. For a long time throughout history the model was as described above under "Anatomy of a Jewelry Shop", with a fairly strict delineation of responsibilities. In the modern day, there are a great many jewelers who do it all, from design to stone setting to finishing with fair ability. Whether it is used in one context or another, there is no doubt that the bench jeweler is the jewelry worker who does the major metal work and the brazing, and its meaning can also be taken more widely to mean one who is more versatile in the trade than merely an assembler of parts. The term can and has been used to describe any of the work described above - model making, special order, repair, assembly, and more, though it is probably becoming a term to describe an all-around jeweler more and more in recent years.
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9173940
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Jenkins%20%28composer%29
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David Jenkins (composer)
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David Jenkins (30 December 1848 – 10 December 1915) was a Welsh composer, best known for his choral works and hymn tunes.
Born at Trecastle near Brecon, Jenkins was apprenticed to a tailor at a young age, due to the death of his father. He did not take an interest in music until he was nine years old. At the time, Jenkins was a member of a choir which was to compete in a local Eisteddfod.
At age sixteen, his musical interest deepened and Jenkins began serious study of the Tonic-Solfa system. Two years later, he received an advanced certificate from the Tonic-Solfa college and began conducting his own choir. At age 20, Jenkins and his choir won a competition at Llanddeusant. He next turned his attention to the study of composition, harmony and counterpoint and was awarded a prize for the best anthem from the Tonic-Solfa college.
In 1874, he began studying music at Aberystwyth. By his second term, he had been awarded a three-year scholarship and became an assistant to Joseph Parry. Jenkins continued participating in various Eisteddfodau at home and abroad. He had won a prize at the Utica, New York Eistoddfod in 1873 and won a national prize at Pwllheli in 1875. Jenkins also continued composing and studying music. He was awarded the top prize in composing for his cantata Arch y Cyfamod at Carnarvon in 1876; the next year, Jenkins received a Bachelor of Music degree from Cambridge University.
Jenkins spent four months touring the United States in 1885; during that time he served as a conductor and as a judge at the various singing festivals. In 1893 he returned to Aberystwyth as a lecturer. Jenkins continued composing while at the university; composing an oratorio, Dewi Sant (Saint David), for the 1894 Eisteddfod at Carnarvon, and a cantata, The Psalm of Life for the 1895 Cardiff Triennial Festival. This work was performed by 2,000 voices at the Crystal Palace, London in the same year.
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9174028
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Carolina%20Provincial%20Congress
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North Carolina Provincial Congress
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The North Carolina Provincial Congress was an extralegal representative assembly patterned after the colonial lower house that existed in North Carolina from 1774 to 1776. It led the transition from British provincial to U.S. state government in North Carolina. It established a revolutionary government, issued bills of credit to finance the provincial government, provided for the common defense, and adopted the state's first constitution.
There were five congresses. They met in the towns of New Bern (first and second), Hillsborough (third), and Halifax (fourth and fifth). The fourth congress approved the Halifax Resolves, the first resolution of one of United Colonies to call for American independence. Five months later it would authorize the state's delegates to the Continental Congress to vote for independence. The fifth congress approved a state constitution and elected Richard Caswell governor. In 1777, the newly established General Assembly convened at New Bern.
Congresses
Five extra-legal unicameral bodies called the North Carolina Provincial Congresses met beginning in the summer of 1774. They were modeled after the colonial lower house (House of Commons). These congresses created a government structure, issued bills of credit to pay for the movement, organized an army for defense, wrote a constitution and bill of rights that established the state of North Carolina, and elected their first acting governor in the fifth congress that met in 1776. These congresses paved the way for the first meeting of the North Carolina state Legislature on April 7, 1777, in New Bern, North Carolina.
First Provincial Congress
The first such congress met at the Tryon Palace in New Bern, from August 25 to 27, 1774. It was the first such gathering anywhere in the Thirteen Colonies held in defiance of British orders.
Its moderator (president) was John Harvey, who was concurrently the last speaker of the Province of North Carolina General Assembly of 1775 House of Burgesses.
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9174028
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Carolina%20Provincial%20Congress
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North Carolina Provincial Congress
|
This first provincial congress, with 69 delegates from 30 of the then-36 counties, approved the calling of a Continental Congress and elected William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, and Richard Caswell as the colony's delegates thereto. The congress also approved a trade boycott to protest British actions against New England.
Second Provincial Congress
The second congress also met at New Bern, from April 3 to 7, 1775. John Harvey once again served as moderator. The congress met at the same place and almost the same time as the colonial assembly, and had almost exactly the same membership. This infuriated the royal governor, Josiah Martin, who dissolved the colonial legislature on April 8 and never called another. This congress approved the Continental Association, an economic boycott of Great Britain authorized by the First Continental Congress. Just after this congress met, news reached North Carolina about the Battle of Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts. Following this news, Governor Josiah Martin fled and this ended the royal government in the Province. The first military action occurred on July 18 when patriots burned Fort Johnston, where Governor Martin had transferred his headquarters.
Third Provincial Congress
The third congress met in Hillsborough, from August 20 to September 10, 1775. Its president was Samuel Johnston (Harvey had recently died). This congress, which included representatives of every county and town, officially established itself as the highest governmental body in the province (British Governor Martin had fled, ending royal government).
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9174028
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Carolina%20Provincial%20Congress
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North Carolina Provincial Congress
|
To govern North Carolina when the congress was not in session, a 13-member Provincial Council, or Council of Safety, was elected, constituting the first executive body in North Carolina free of British rule. Cornelius Harnett was elected as the first president of the council. The congress divided the state into six military districts for purposes of organizing militia and for determining representation on the Council. These districts included Edenton, Halifax, Hillsborough, New Bern, Salisbury, and Wilmington. Later, an additional district, Morgan, was added for the western part of the state, including counties that eventually became part of Tennessee (Davidson, Greene, and Washington).
Fourth Provincial Congress
In the present day, the fourth North Carolina Provincial Congress is sometimes referred to as the "Halifax Assembly." The fourth congress, also presided over by Samuel Johnston, met in Halifax, from April 4 to May 14, 1776. Allen Jones served as vice-president.
This congress passed what became known as the Halifax Resolves, the first "official" endorsement of independence from Great Britain by one of the Thirteen Colonies. Joseph Hewes presented the Halifax Resolves to the Continental Congress on May 27, the same day that Virginia delegates presented similar resolves.
Fifth Provincial Congress
The Fifth and last Provincial Congress met at Halifax from November 12 to December 23, 1776. Richard Caswell served as president, with Cornelius Harnett as vice-president.
This congress approved the first Constitution of North Carolina, along with a "Declaration of Rights." It elected Caswell to serve as acting governor until the province's first General Assembly could meet to elect a governor.
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9174036
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor%20Reshetnikov%20%28writer%29
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Fyodor Reshetnikov (writer)
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Fyodor Mikhaylovich Reshetnikov (; – ) was a Russian author. In his short 29 ½ years, he published to critical acclaim a number of novels dealing with the plight of the lower classes.
Early life
Reshetnikov was born in Yekaterinburg. His father was a post office clerk, his mother died one year after his birth. After his mother's death, Reshetnikov was brought up in Perm by his uncle, also a postal employee.
At age fourteen he was prosecuted for stealing mail. After a lengthy trial, he was convicted and sentenced to a three-month term at a monastery. After eventually graduating, Reshetnikov served as a clerk in Yekaterinburg and Perm.
Literary career
Reshetnikov began experimenting with writing in 1860 at age 19. Around that time he started his lifelong research into the condition of the lower classes. Of particular interest to Reshetnikov were the lowly burlaki, who became the subjects of the author's first major work, the "ethnographic essay" Podlipovtsy, a withering indictment of their deplorable condition.
In 1863 Reshetnikov moved to Saint Petersburg and earned a meager existence by publishing essays in a newspaper, then becoming a clerk in the Ministry of Finance. Shortly after arriving he was introduced to Nikolay Nekrasov, who agreed to publish Podlipovtsy in his authoritative literary journal Sovremennik (1864).
During the balance of the 1860s, Reshetnikov undertook investigative trips to the Ural Mountains region of his birth, and wrote numerous essays and novels exposing and critiquing the plight of the laborer and peasant classes.
Personal life
Reshetnikov married S. S. Kargopolova in 1865; they had two children. Closer to the end of his life Reshetnikov became depressed due to the difficulty of raising a family on a writer's income. He also battled with alcoholism. Reshetnikov died in Saint Petersburg in 1871 and was buried in that city's Volkovo Cemetery. The cause of death was pneumonia.
English Translations
The Podlipnayans, (Novel), University of South Carolina Press, 1973.
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9174040
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabates
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Megabates
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Megabates (Old Persian: ; Ancient Greek: ; dates unknown) was a Persian military leader in the late 6th and early 5th centuries BC. According to Herodotus he was a cousin of Darius the Great and his brother Artaphernes, satrap of Lydia.
Based on the writings of Herodotus, Megabates is most notable for his joint participation in the failed 499 BC siege of Naxos. With Aristagoras and 200 ships, he was sent by Darius the Great to annex the small Aegean island to the Persian Empire.
Herodotus is of the view that this venture failed after a siege of four months because of the mutual dislike between Aristagoras and Megabates. As a result, Herodotus states that it was Megabates who forewarned the Naxians of the ensuing Persian siege, as he and Aristagoras argued after Megabates punished a captain for not setting up a watch. As a result, the people of Naxos gathered supplies and fortified their city to withstand a four-month-long siege.
Megabates followed in his older brother's footsteps and was appointed satrap of Phrygia, with his residence at Dascylium.
One of his sons was Megabazus.
Sources
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9174079
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaber%20F.%20Gubrium
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Jaber F. Gubrium
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Jaber Fandy "Jay" Gubrium is an American sociologist and social psychologist. His research perspective is the narrative ethnography of caregiving, especially care constructed in organizational context. He is a professor emeritus in the University of Missouri Department of Sociology.
Career
Gubrium received his PhD in sociology specializing in social psychology from Wayne State University in 1970, with a dissertation titled Environmental Age-Concentration and Personal Resources: a Study of Their Impact on the Morale of the Aged. He then worked in the sociology department of Marquette University from 1970 until 1987, and after that as a professor of sociology at the University of Florida from 1987 until 2002. He chaired the University of Missouri Department of Sociology from 2002 to 2016, when he retired and was granted emeritus status.
Gubrium founded the Journal of Aging Studies for Elsevier in 1987, remaining its editor for 32 years. College of the Holy Cross professor Renee L. Beard took over the editor position from Gubrium in 2019.
Research
Gubrium's areas of research are aging, health, care, everyday life, family discourse, human services ethnography, identity construction, social interaction, qualitative methods, and narrative analysis. He developed a constructionist approach to the life course and other social forms. He and collaborator James Holstein formulated an analytic vocabulary for studying identity as an institutional formation and family as a category of experience. The approach is methodically elaborated in relation to the complex practices of power in social interaction.
Gubrium contributed to the development of qualitative methods by conceptualizing their theoretical bearings. He has examined the everyday practices of narrativity, locating stories and storytelling within the circumstances of their production. The aim is to locate and describe social forms (identity, family, aging, health, policy, service and care) as practices of narrativity.
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9174079
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaber%20F.%20Gubrium
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Jaber F. Gubrium
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Gubrium is concerned with the everyday contours of meaning-making in diverse circumstances, from ordinary encounters to going concerns such as residential treatment for problem children and aging in nursing homes. He works at the border of ethnography and narrative analysis, combining these to deal with the perennial problems of linking observational data with stories, speech and other narrative material. The methodology has come to be called "narrative ethnography."
He executed a program of research on the social organization of care and treatment in human service institutions. His research on the everyday practice of caregiving in nursing homes, originally described in his monograph "Living and Dying at Murray Manor," presents the details of care from the perspectives of the residents, the staff and family members. He paid special attention to caregiving and the cognitively impaired, in particular how the Alzheimer's disease movement transformed the meaning of senility, as reported in his book Oldtimers and Alzheimer's: The Descriptive Organization of Senility. The program extended to institutional practices across the life course.
Ethnographies of institutional settings set the basis for comparison. Earlier research on interpretive practices in a residential treatment center for emotionally disturbed children was followed by ethnographic and narrative studies of accounting practices in physical rehabilitation, a psychiatric hospital, family counseling and self-help groups for home caregivers. The program centers on narrative events and strategic storytelling in everyday life, especially in an institutional context, with attention to implications for social policy.
| 2.25
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9174079
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaber%20F.%20Gubrium
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Jaber F. Gubrium
|
Along with research colleagues David Buckholdt, James Holstein, and Amir Marvasti, Gubrium is credited with introducing the concept of "the active interview" to the social science community, as well as sensitizing concepts for researching storytelling and other accounts in everyday life, such as "analytic bracketing," "interpretive practice," "narrative ethnography," "narrative environments," "scenic presence," "assemblages of meaning, "narrative eventfulness," "biographical work," "deprivatization," "institutional identity," "local enactment," “site-specificity,” and "organizational embeddedness". Put together, the concepts provide a working configuration of ideas and categories—an analytics—for making visible and documenting the everyday organization of experience.
Personal life
He is married to Suzanne Kish Gubrium, who is a retired medical software developer. They have two daughters, Aline Gubrium and Erika Gubrium, and five grandchildren. Aline Gubrium is professor of public health at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and Erika Gubrium is professor of social work and social policy at Oslo Metropolitan University in Norway.
Awards and honors
Gubrium was a Fulbright Scholar at Tampere University in Finland (1996), Alfreda Kartha Distinguished Lecturer at the University of Toronto, Queen's University, and the University of Ottawa (1996), and Leiv Erikson Fellow at Oslo Metropolitan University in Norway (2012-13).
Gubrium received a Distinguished Scholar award from the American Sociological Association's Section on Aging and the Life Course in 1996.
He received a PhD honoris causa at Lund University, Sweden, on June 2, 2017.
Gubrium is a fellow of the Gerontological Society of America.
Bibliography
Books
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9174081
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veerse%20Meer
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Veerse Meer
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The Veerse Meer (Lake Veere) is a lagoon in the southwest Netherlands in the province of Zeeland.
Description
The Veerse Meer was created as a flood control measure to regulate water levels in the surrounding polders, acting as a drainage basin for the surrounding polders until its excess waters can be discharged into the Eastern Scheldt. Its level are lowered in the winter to help drain the polders and maintained at a higher level in the summer for recreation.
History
Originally an outlet of the Scheldt called the Veerse Gat to the west which met with the Zandkreek to the east, it was first closed off from the Scheldt by the Zandkreekdam in 1960, and from the North Sea in 1961 by Veerse Gatdam, some of the first constructions of the Delta Works water management system. In 2004, the Katse Heule sluice was constructed in the Zanderkreekdam to allow saltwater to flow in from the Eastern Scheldt to improve water quality and return this former river mouth to its original brackish state.
Length and location
It is 22 km long, and 1,500 m wide in places. Lying between the old islands of Noord-Beveland, Zuid-Beveland and Walcheren, it is linked to the river Scheldt by the Zandkreekdam sluice, which allows this lagoon to have brackish water, slightly less salty than sea water. There are 13 small uninhabited islands in the lake. Some of its banks, underwater at high tide, have been made into nature reserves, while others are popular for water sports, such as sailing.
Gallery
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9174084
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliamphora%20exappendiculata
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Heliamphora exappendiculata
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Heliamphora exappendiculata (Latin: ex = without, appendicula = small appendage) is a species of marsh pitcher plant native to the Chimantá and Aprada Massifs of Bolívar state, Venezuela. It was for a long time considered a variety of H. heterodoxa, but has recently been raised to species rank. Pitchers collect insects on flattened pitcher mouths which function as 'landing platforms' upon which prey falls from surrounding vegetation. Also, the pitcher shape effectively collects leaf litter and organic debris which may serve as additional source of nutrition for plants, similarly to H. ionasi. H. exappendiculata hybridizes naturally with H. pulchella and H. huberi in areas within which they grow together. This species occurs in shaded conditions, apparently preferring them over other habitats. In addition, plants upon Chimanta and Amuri Tepui grow directly upon the walls of gorges and ravines where surfaces are permanently wet. In contrast to those populations, on all other tepuis and massif regions the species grows on summit savannahs and stunted or shrubby forests, though these individuals represent a minority in habitat choice.
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9174120
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale%20Noyd
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Dale Noyd
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Dale Edwin Noyd (May 1, 1933 – January 11, 2007) was a decorated captain and fighter pilot in the U.S. Air Force who gained worldwide attention when he became a conscientious objector to protest the Vietnam War.
Military service
Noyd was born in Wenatchee, Washington. He attended Washington State University and was the only member of the 1955 Reserve Officers Training Corps at WSU to be offered a regular commission, as opposed to a reserve commission.
Noyd's superior R.O.T.C. record granted him the right to select his first base assignment. Noyd opted for the U.S. Air Force base at Woodbridge, England.
While serving in England, Noyd received a medal for landing a badly damaged F-100 Super Sabre fighter that was armed with a nuclear weapon.
Noyd later became an instructor at the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
Dissension over Vietnam
Noyd began to regard the U.S. role in the Vietnam War as immoral and illegal. In 1966 he wrote an eight-page, single-spaced letter to Air Force supervisors asking to be allowed to resign or to be classed as a conscientious objector.
Noyd refused an order to train a pilot who would likely be sent to Vietnam, although he had been willing to teach at the Air Force Academy and train future military officers and pilots. He was court-martialed for disobeying the order.
| 2.078125
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9174120
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale%20Noyd
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Dale Noyd
|
Noyd's position at trial was that he was a "Humanist" and his religious beliefs prevented him from participating in a war he felt unjust and immoral. Noyd denied that he was opposed to all wars and agreed he would participate in wars he felt were morally justified. He introduced evidence at trial, through the testimony of a Roman Catholic Priest and Law Professor at Georgetown University, that his Humanist beliefs amounted to religious beliefs and should be recognized as a basis for conscious objector status. There was no evidence introduced that Humanism was recognized as a formal religion with accepted doctrines and beliefs relating to conscientious objection. However, the prosecution did not deny the sincerity of Noyd's beliefs.
The issues at trial involved not whether Noyd was sincere in his beliefs, but whether the law allowed someone to be a conscious objector when only opposed to some wars, but not all wars. The military judge and the appellate courts found that to be a conscientious objector under the law one must be opposed to all wars, not just those wars the individual deemed improper. Because Noyd's beliefs did not legally qualify him for conscientious objector status, he was bound to follow the orders to fly the training mission and his failure to do so constituted a refusal to obey an order.
On March 9, 1968, the court found Noyd guilty. The prosecution recommended a sentence of one year in prison and the Court sentenced him to one year in confinement, rather than the maximum five years, and stripped him of his pension and military benefits. During his appeal Noyd was confined to quarters with his wife and family and drew full military pay. He did not spend any time in any prison, for by the time the appeals had been ruled upon, his one year in confinement had passed.
| 2.015625
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9174158
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste%20Barri%C3%A8re
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Jean-Baptiste Barrière
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Jean-Baptiste Barrière (2 May 1707 – 6 June 1747) was a French cellist and composer. He was born in Bordeaux and died in Paris, at 40 years of age.
Musical career
Barrière first studied the viol, and published a set of viol sonatas. In due course however he became a skilled cellist during a period when the cello was gaining popularity over the viol in France, and later came to completely replace it, as indeed had already happened in Italy some 40 years prior. He became one of the best known virtuoso cellists of his time.
In 1731 he went to Paris, and entered the Académie Royale de Musique (also known as the Opera), with an annual salary of 445 livres. He was accorded special privileges by King Louis XV at Fontainebleau, on 22 October 1733 for six years, to compose and publish several sonatas and other instrumental works. One of his most famous pupils was the Count of Guergorlay, Seigneur of Trousily. After his first book Livre I - Sonates pour violoncelle et basse continue was a success, in November 1733, he published a second edition of it in 1740. His second book, Livre II, was published around 1735.
He went to Italy in 1736 to study with the well-known Italian cellist Francesco Alborea, known as Franciscello, who during that time seems to have also been employed in Vienna from 1726 until 1739. He undertook a further long tour in Italy in April 1737 and returned to Paris in summer of 1738, to appear at the renowned Concert Spirituel on 15 August and 8 September where he impressed his audience with "grand precision", according to the local press. In 1739, a new 12-year privilege was granted to him at Versailles, and registered on 5 January 1740. In that year he published his Livre III, and other works followed suit the following year. He died at a relatively young age of 40 years, at the pinnacle of his creativity.
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9174214
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banderishki%20Lakes
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Banderishki Lakes
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The Banderishki Lakes are a large group of lakes in the Pirin mountains in southwestern Bulgaria. They are situated in the Banderitsa valley and mark the beginning of the Banderitsa river. There are 17 lakes in all but only 5 have names. They are glacial lakes formed on granite basis with a total area of 126,7 decares. The temperature of the water in July is 10 to 12° С.
The Frog lake () is the highest in the group, nestling on the southern slope of the Malka Todorka peak at an altitude of 2,322 m. Its surface is only 5,6 decares and is 2 m deep. The lake is elongated (138x63 m), the water is warm.
The Long lake (Bulgarian: Дългото езеро) is situated at 2,310 m and is called the Upper Banderishko lake. It is 450 m long and 150 m wide and has a surface area of 45,5 decares. The maximum depth is 10 m and the volume of water is 177,000 m³.
The Fish Banderishko lake (Bulgarian: Рибно Бъндеришко езеро) is located at 2,190 m. Fish are abundant in the lake, and this is where its name is derived from. With its surface of 65 decares (384x230 m) the lake is the largest in the valley. Its depth is 12,2 m. South of the lake the river drops down a steep slope which separates it from the Long lake, and to the north there is a small peninsular with pine-scrub.
The Muratovo lake (Bulgarian: Муратово езеро), also known as the Juniper lake is situated below the Moratov peak in a small cirque. There are three tiny lakes around it. Its altitude is 2,230 m and has an area of 12,3 decares. The lake is only 3,2 m deep and the amount of water is 22,700 m³. In front of the lake is the Todorka peak.
The Eye lake (Bulgarian: Окото) is a small lake located above the Vihren refuge, the lowest in the group (2,062 m). Its name is due to its rounded shape and shining surface. It is so small that it can only be seen on the track at a distance of 100 m. Its area is 2,6 decares, the depth is 5,4 m and the amount of water- 6,600 m³.
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9174337
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuilen
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Zuilen
|
Zuilen is a district in the Northwest section of the Dutch city of Utrecht.
Zuilen is bordered by the train line and the river Vecht, the Amsterdam-Rhine Canal, the street Marnixlaan, and the city borders at the north. The neighborhood Elinkwijk, located in Zuilen, contains the protected city view Beschermd Stadsgezicht Zuilen-Elinkwijk. Buildings within this area are not automatically protected monuments, but the city government will monitor and adjust zoning and planning in the area to protect the look of the area.
History
Zuilen used to be a municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It existed until 1954, when it split in two parts. The southern part merged with Utrecht to form the district that is now known as Zuilen. Oud-Zuilen merged with Maarssen, which merged with other municipalities to form Stichtse Vecht on Januari 1st 2011.
In 1510 the Zuylen Castle was established, where Isabelle de Charrière (1740–1805) was born and lived in summer and in winter in the city of Utrecht, till she married in 1771.
Zuylen castle has been open to the public since 1952.
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9174427
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20James%20Briggs
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Charles James Briggs
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Lieutenant General Sir Charles James Briggs, (22 October 1865 – 27 November 1941) was a British Army officer who held high command in World War I.
Military career
Born the son of Colonel Charles James Briggs, JP, DL, Brigg's education took place largely abroad, including periods in France and Germany. He was commissioned into the 1st King's Dragoon Guards on 30 January 1886 and served as aide-de-camp to the general officer commanding (GOC) Egypt from 1892 to 1893. Promoted to captain on 1 March 1893, he became adjutant of the 1st Dragoon Guards in November 1894 and brigade adjutant of the 4th Cavalry Brigade in April 1897.
He served in the Second Boer War as brigade major of the 3rd Cavalry Brigade and was wounded at the Battle of Magersfontein in December 1899. He received a brevet rank as major on 29 November 1900, and was promoted to the substantive rank of major on 14 June 1902.
Following the end of the war in June 1902, he left Cape Town on the SS Sicilia and returned to Southampton in late July. For his services during the war, he received a brevet promotion to lieutenant colonel in the South African Honours list published on 26 June 1902. Reported to be medically unfit for foreign service after his return from the war, he was on 1 November 1902 appointed in command of a provisional regiment of Lancers, stationed at Ballincollig. He went on to command the 1st Imperial Light Horse and then a Mobile Column, before transferring to the 6th Dragoons in July 1904.
He was appointed commander of the Transvaal Volunteers in 1905 and took part in suppressing the Bambatha Rebellion in 1906. He was appointed commander of the South Eastern Mounted Brigade in 1910 and commanded the Blue cavalry in the Army Manoeuvres of 1912. In May 1913 he relinquished command of his brigade, was promoted to temporary brigadier general, and took over the 1st Cavalry Brigade in succession to Charles Kavanagh.
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9174445
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20O%27Donnell%20%28politician%29
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James O'Donnell (politician)
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James O’Donnell (March 25, 1840 – March 17, 1915) was a politician from the U.S. State of Michigan.
Biography
O’Donnell was born in Norwalk, Connecticut, and moved to Jackson, Michigan, with his parents in 1848. He pursued preparatory studies and learned the printing trade. During the Civil War, he enlisted as a private in the First Regiment, Michigan Volunteer Infantry, and served two years. He served as recorder of the city of Jackson from 1863 to 1866 and established the Jackson Daily Citizen in 1865. He was a Presidential elector in 1872 and served as mayor of Jackson in 1876 and 1877. He was appointed in 1878 aide-de-camp on the staff of Governor Charles Croswell, with the rank of colonel.
O’Donnell was elected as a Republican from Michigan's 3rd congressional district to the 49th United States Congress and to the three succeeding Congresses, serving from March 4, 1885, to March 3, 1893. He served as chairman of the Committee on Education during the 51st Congress. In 1892, he ran in Michigan's 2nd congressional district, losing to Democrat James S. Gorman.
O’Donnell returned to Jackson and devoted his time to the publication of the Jackson Daily Citizen, and retired in 1910. He was considered the father of the beet-sugar industry of Michigan. He died in Jackson at age 74 and was interred there in Mount Evergreen Cemetery.
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9174473
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremenski%20Lakes
|
Kremenski Lakes
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Kremenski Lakes () are a glacial lake group in the Pirin mountain range, southwestern Bulgaria. They are located in the Pirin National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The group consists of nine lakes, seven permanent and two drying, in the narrow salient Kremenski cirque. Kremenski Lakes are surrounded by the summits of Sivria (2,591 m) to the northwest and Dzhano (2,668 m) to the southeast, as well as the Kremenski ridge which ends with Kremenski peak (2,503 m). They drain into the river Retizhe, a right tributary of the Mesta.
Lakes
Kremenski Lakes is the largest lake group in Pirin, with a total area of 196,000 m2 and a combined volume of 1,560,000 m3. Two of the lakes are the second and the fourth largest by area, as well as third and fifth by depth in the mountain range.
The Icy Lake is the uppermost at an altitude of 2,359 m. It is small round-shaped with length of 120 m, width of 110 m and area of 10,000 m2. The next two lakes are the largest.
The Upper Kremen Lake is located 700 m south-southwest of the summit of Sivria at an altitude of 2,357 m. The lake has length of 335 m, width of 270 m, with an area varying between 66,100 m2 and 70,000 m2. It is 13.9 m deep and a considerable volume of water estimated at 478,000 m3.
The Lower Kremen Lake is located 725 m east of Sivria at an altitude of 2,306 m and is the largest in the group and the second largest in Pirin, after the Popovo Lake. The lake has elongated shape with length of 500 m and width of 275 m. The area is between 98,000 m2 and 100,000 m2. Reaching depth of 27 m, it is the third deepest in the mountain range, following Popovo Lake and the Tevno Vasilashko Lake. Its water volume is 1,000,000 m3.
Further downhill there are six more small lakes, some of them larger than the Icy Lake, that are poorly researched. Two of them dry out in summer.
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9174488
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krymsky%20Bridge
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Krymsky Bridge
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Krymsky Bridge () is a steel suspension bridge in Moscow. The bridge spans the Moskva River 1,800 metres south-west from the Kremlin and carries the Garden Ring across the river. The bridge links the Zubovsky Boulevard to the north-west with Krymsky Val street to the south-east. The nearby Moscow Metro stations are Park Kultury and Oktyabrskaya.
The existing bridge was completed on May 1, 1938, as part of Joseph Stalin's ambitious reconstruction of downtown Moscow. Designed by engineer V. P. Konstantinov and architect A. V. Vlasov, it is the fourth bridge on this site and the only suspension bridge in all of Moscow.
History
The first pontoon Krymsky Bridge was built in wood in 1786. Subsequently, it was rebuilt as a fixed wooden causeway with a 15-metre central span for barges. Both wooden bridges were frequently damaged by ice and floods, and had to be repaired on numerous occasions.
The first steel bridge, built in 1873 by Amand Struve to a design by V. K. Speyer, featured two 64-meter truss boxes, supported by the central pillar. Traffic moved inside the truss, which was congested and unsafe. Tram companies issued a rule that only one tram can be on a bridge at a time, to prevent traffic deadlocks.
During Stalin's reconstruction of Moscow, every bridge in the downtown was either rebuilt or scheduled for demolition. The Krymsky Bridge was slated to be replaced in 1935. The old bridge had to operate until the substitute was completed, because the Soviet capital could not afford interruption of service along the Garden Ring. Between 21 May and 26 May 1936, the old bridge was moved fifty meters from its site on temporary pillars. For the first time in Soviet history a 4000-ton, 128-meter structure was relocated successfully. The old bridge was in operation until the new bridge was completed on May 1, 1938.
Modern bridge
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9174504
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuphocarpus
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Cuphocarpus
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Cuphocarpus is an obsolete genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. Mabberley (2008) treated it as a synonym of Polyscias, but other authors still recognized it at that time. In 2010, in a phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences, it was shown that Cuphocarpus was biphyletic and embedded in the large genus Polyscias. In an accompanying paper, Polyscias was divided into 11 subgenera, with seven species left incertae sedis.
Since Cuphocarpus is no longer an accepted genus, its species will be referred to herein by their names in Polyscias. Polyscias aculeata is the type species for Cuphocarpus. It is now the sole species in Polyscias subgenus Cuphocarpus. Four other species, formerly in Cuphocarpus, are now in Polyscias subgenus Maralia. All species that have ever been placed in Cuphocarpus are endemic to Madagascar.
Polyscias inermis has been recognized by some authors, but others have regarded it as conspecific with Polyscias aculeata. Polyscias aculeata (sensu lato) is indigenous to the coastal forest of eastern Madagascar. Polyscias briquetiana, Polyscias humbertiana, Polyscias leandriana, and Polyscias compacta (= Cuphocarpus commersonii) are montane species of the Madagascan interior. They were transferred from Cuphocarpus to Polyscias subgenus Maralia in 2010.
Recognizing six species, Frodin and Govaerts (2003) described Cuphocarpus as "shrubs or trees, closely related to Polyscias, but fruits 1-seeded; these latter are moreover surmounted by the persistent calyptroid corolla". René Viguier thought that they were sometimes parthenocarpous.
History
The genus Cuphocarpus was erected by Decaisne and Planchon in 1854. Quattrocchi writes that the name is "from the Greek kyphos "bent, curved, humped" and carpos "fruit"".
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9174504
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuphocarpus
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Cuphocarpus
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Decaisne and Planchon named only one species, Cuphocarpus aculeatus (now Polyscias aculeata). Cuphocarpus inermis (now Polyscias inermis) was added by John Gilbert Baker in 1884. Hermann Harms put both of these in Polyscias in 1898, but his treatment was not followed by others.
In 1966, Luciano Bernardi described four new species in Cuphocarpus. When these were transferred to Polyscias in 2010, Cuphocarpus commersonii was renamed as Polyscias compacta, because the name Polyscias commersonii already existed. The latter is a synonym for Polyscias paniculata, a Madagascan endemic in Polyscias subgenus Grotefendia. The four species described by Bernardi are now in Polyscias subgenus Maralia.
In 2003, Frodin and Govaerts stated that Cuphocarpus "is seen as biphyletic". It was confirmed to be so in 2010 in a molecular phylogenetic study of nuclear and chloroplast DNA. Polyscias aculeata (including Polyscias inermis) was resolved as sister to Polyscias subgenus Sciadopanax, which consists of 13 species from Africa, Madagascar, and nearby islands. Polyscias aculeata was placed in its own subgenus, Polyscias subgenus Cuphocarpus. The four species described by Bernardi are now in Polyscias subgenus Maralia. This is the largest subgenus of Polyscias and will contain about 115 species, when all of the undescribed species are published. Nearly all of them are restricted to Madagascar.
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9174535
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture%20of%20tilapia
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Aquaculture of tilapia
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Tilapia has become the third most important fish in aquaculture after carp and salmon; worldwide production exceeded in 2002 and increases annually. Because of their high protein content, large size, rapid growth (6 to 7 months to grow to harvest size), and palatability, a number of coptodonine and oreochromine cichlids—specifically, various species of Coptodon, Oreochromis, and Sarotherodon—are the focus of major aquaculture efforts.
Tilapia fisheries originated in Africa and the Levant. The accidental and deliberate introductions of tilapia into South and Southeast Asian freshwater lakes have inspired outdoor aquaculture projects in various countries with tropical climates, including Honduras, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, and Indonesia. Tilapia farm projects in these countries have the highest potential to be "green" or environmentally friendly. In temperate zone localities, tilapia farmers typically need a costly energy source to maintain a tropical temperature range in their tanks. One relatively sustainable solution involves warming the tank water using waste heat from factories and power stations.
Tilapiines are among the easiest and most profitable fish to farm due to their omnivorous diet, mode of reproduction (the fry do not pass through a planktonic phase), tolerance of high stocking density, and rapid growth. In some regions the fish can be raised in rice fields at planting time and grow to edible size () when the rice is ready for harvest. Unlike salmon, which rely on high-protein feeds based on fish or meat, commercially important tilapiine species eat a vegetable or cereal-based diet.
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9174535
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture%20of%20tilapia
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Aquaculture of tilapia
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Tilapia raised in inland tanks or channels are considered safe for the environment, since their waste and disease is contained and not spread to the wild. However, tilapiines have acquired notoriety as being among the most serious invasive species in many subtropical and tropical parts of the world. For example, blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) (itself commonly confused with another species often used in aquaculture, the Nile tilapia, O. niloticus), Mozambique tilapia (O. mossambicus), blackchin tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron), spotted tilapia (Pelmatolapia mariae), and redbelly tilapia (Coptodon zillii) have all become established in the southern United States, particularly in Florida and Texas.
Commercially grown tilapia are almost exclusively male. Being prolific breeders, female tilapia in the ponds or tanks will result in large populations of small fish. Whole tilapia can be processed into skinless, boneless (PBO) fillets: the yield is from 30% to 37%, depending on fillet size and final trim.
Commercial breeding of Nile tilapia
Although farming of Tilapia has been going on for thousands of years, the breeding of Tilapia did not start until recently. The first breeding program started in 1988 in a collaboration between the international center for living aquatic resources (ICLARM or WorldFish) and Akvaforsk. The name of the project was GIFT, meaning genetically improved farmed tilapia. Four wild strains from Africa were crossed with four farmed strains from the Philippines. This strain is currently farmed in more than 87 countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
| 3.109375
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9174535
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture%20of%20tilapia
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Aquaculture of tilapia
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The GIFT strain is used in two selection programs, one of them being GenoMar, a subsidiary EW Group. In the past the absolute and only important trait when breeding tilapia was growth, being the only criteria for selection. Today more traits have been added into the selection criteria, like growth, fillet yield, robustness and specific disease resistance. Robustness is one of those traits that is becoming more important since it is the biggest problem with mortality on farms today. GenoMar has successfully had a growth increase of 7% per generation while fillet yield only improves with 0,3% per generation. The explanation for this is its low heritability together with the fact that the trait cannot be measured on live animals and therefore information of fillet yield is given from relatives instead.
Breeding of Tilapia is done with the help of a pyramid scheme with multiplying generations. The goal with this is that a few high merit individuals can be passed down into billions of production fish at the farms. The generation interval today is down to only 6-9 months meaning that there can be more than one generation per year. Mass selection and pedigree-based selection are the most used methods today for genetic improvements of tilapias. The breeding program GenoMar has used marker-assisted selection since 2004 using microsatellites when doing parentage assignment has been done on Tilapia. Since 2019 genomic selection using single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) has been used more widely.
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