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9176784	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendembu%2C%20Sierra%20Leone	Pendembu, Sierra Leone	Pendembu is a town in Kailahun District in the Eastern Province of Sierra Leone. The town population was 7,243 at the 2004 census but increased to 20,502 according to a more recent estimate. Pendembu lies approximately 36 miles from Kenema and about 235 east of Freetown. Pendembu is a trade center and is one of the main towns in Eastern Sierra Leone. The vast majority of Pendembu's population are from the Mende ethnic group. As with most parts of Sierra Leone, the Krio language of the Sierra Leone Creole people is by far the most widely spoken language in Pendembu and is the primary means of communication in the city. The most widely spoken languages are Mende and Krio. The town is the birthplace of former President of Sierra Leone Ahmad Tejan Kabbah. A health clinic south of Pendembu is operated by the Handmaids of the Holy Child Jesus religious order. Pendembu was a center or hob for the buying and transporting of cacao, coffee beans and palm nuts. There still stand old structures of huge stores and large areas owned by the government of the country. The SLPMB, James international, and other private owned companies in their dilapidated states. The presence of those companies established inter marriages between the Krios and the indigenous people, so was the Libanis. There are still those children in the chiefdom that have held key positions and are members of the tradition of the indigenous people. There is one Krio that has served as Councillor of the entire chiefdom from 2018 to 2023. Namesakes There are a number of other towns with similar names.	2.140625
9176880	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council%20of%20State%20%28Kingdom%20of%20Poland%29	Council of State (Kingdom of Poland)	Council of State ( of Congress Kingdom of Poland) was an important state institution of Poland that existed in the 19th century. It was also known as the Council of State of Kingdom of Poland (Rada Stanu Królestwa Polskiego). There were three different Councils of State throughout that period in the Kingdom of Poland. The first was created by the Constitution of Kingdom of Poland. The constitution divided the Council of State into General Assembly of Council of State (Ogólne Zgromadzenie Rady Stanu) and Administrative Council (Rada Administracyjna). In time the General Assembly became habitually referred to as 'Council of State'. The Council of State was composed of 5 ministers, 9 ordinary councilors and changing numbers of extraordinary councilors (created by the monarch) as well as referendaries of state. The Council could prepare projects of legislation for Sejm and monarch's decrees, put governmental officials on trial for administrative misconduct and act as a court in competency and administration cases. This first Council was dissolved during the November Uprising. The second Council of State was created by the Organic Statue of the Kingdom of Poland. The third Council of State was created after the January Uprising. The final abolition of the Council of State in 1867 was the ultimate end of the administrative judicial system based on the French system.	2.703125
9176910	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Hassall%20%28illustrator%29	John Hassall (illustrator)	John Hassall (21 May 18688 March 1948) was an English illustrator known for his advertisements and poster designs. Biography John Hassall was born in Walmer, Kent on 21 May 1868, the eldest son of Lieutenant Christopher Clark Hassall R. N., of a Cheshire family of wine-merchants, and his wife, Louisa, daughter of the Rev. Joseph Butterworth Owen, incumbent of St. Jude's, Chelsea. Owen's early life was marked by tragedy. Hassall's father, who had served in the fleet at the siege of Sevastapol, was paralysed as the result of an accident on board ship. He died at the age of thirty-eight. His mother later remarried an officer in the Royal Marines at Chatham, who later became General Sir William Purvis Wright, K.C.B. Hassall was educated in Worthing, at Newton Abbot College, and at Neuenheim College, Heidelberg. After twice failing entry to The Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, he emigrated to Manitoba in Canada in 1888 to begin farming with his brother Owen. He returned to London two years later when he had drawings accepted by The Graphic. At the suggestion of Dudley Hardy (along with Cecil Aldin, a lifelong friend), Hassall studied art in Antwerp under Charles Van Havermaet and Paris. During this time he was influenced by the famous poster artist Alphonse Mucha. In 1895 Hassall began work as an advertising artist for David Allen & Sons, a career which lasted fifty years and included such well-known projects as the poster "Skegness Is so Bracing" (1908). Between 1896 and 1899 alone, he produced over 600 theatre poster designs for this firm while, at the same time, providing illustrations to several illustrated newspapers. Making use of flat colours enclosed by thick black lines, his poster style was very suitable for children's books, and he produced many volumes of nursery rhymes and fairy stories, such as Mother Goose's Nursery Rhymes (1909).	2.421875
9177050	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyembo	Kanyembo	Kanyembo is the principal centre of the population on the Mofwe Lagoon, the largest of several lagoons in the Luapula River swamps south of Lake Mweru, in the Luapula Province of Zambia. It takes its name from its traditional ruler, Chief Kanyembo, one of the senior chiefs of the Kazembe-Lunda under Mwata Kazembe. In the past the incumbent Chief has been promoted to Mwata, and Kanyembo was the site of Mwata Kazembe's capital when it was visited by David Livingstone in 1867. Kanyembo lies on the main artery of Luapula Province, the tarred road known as the Zambia Way, linking it to Nchelenge-Kashikishi in the north and Mwansabombwe and Mansa in the south. The villages lining the edge of the Luapula swamps and the south-eastern shore of Lake Mweru merge into each other in an almost unbroken sequence, as happens with Kanyembo and Shanyemba to its north, so the visitor can scarcely distinguish where one ends and the other begins. The principal activity is fishing, and the hinterland supports farming. Extensive cassava gardens lie on the eastern side. As well as the large mango trees typical of traditional villages in northern Zambia, a notable feature of the Kanyembo area is mature oil palms, which are not native and do not occur naturally elsewhere in Zambia. Although there is no traditional story of their introduction, they were native to the Lunda Kingdom 300 km west from where the Lunda-Kazembe migrated.	2.609375
9177073	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haimhausen	Haimhausen	Haimhausen is a municipality located on the Amper River in the district of Dachau in Bavaria, Germany, about 20 kilometres north of Munich. Geography Haimhausen borders directly on a marshy area called the Dachauer Moos. The landscape around Haimhausen has springs, oxbow lakes, mossy fields, forests, bogs, swamps, and wild grass meadows. Some of the natural areas are still ecologically valuable and are home to rare plants and animals. The following villages belong to the Haimhausen community: Amperpettenbach, Hörgenbach, Inhausen, Inhausermoos, Maisteig, Oberndorf, Ottershausen and Westerndorf. History According to local legend, Haimhausen was founded by three brothers: Heimo, Petto and Indo, (which form the placenames Haimhausen, Amperpettenbach and Inhausen), these three villages are near each other. Nevertheless, the area around Haimhausen may have been inhabited as far back as the Bronze Age. Haimhausen first appeared on a document in AD 772 as 'Heiminhusir'. It one time had a court square (Schranne) in AD 829. Haimhausen had always been a noble estate since the Middle Ages. The complicated ownership of land showed transfers of estates from various noble houses. A simple castle or manor house (Schloss) was first mentioned in the late 13th century. The first record of a Catholic church (St. Nikolaus) was in 1485. Haimhausen was in the middle of hereditary feuds by various Bavarian ducal houses in the late Middle Ages, especially the House of Wittelsbach. On August 5, 1504, during the War of the Succession of Landshut (Landshuter Erbfolgekrieg) Haimhausen was burnt to the ground. During the Thirty Years War, Haimhausen was severely damage by the invading Swedes in 1632 during their march to Munich, followed by a plague in 1633/1634. Then later in the war, the town was attacked again by Swedes and French in 1648, and again decimated by plague in 1649. The manor house/castle was rebuilt in 1660.	2.171875
9177073	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haimhausen	Haimhausen	By the mid-18th century, the castle came under the ownership of Count Sigmund von Haimhausen. He would later be the founding president of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, and the Nymphenburg Porcelain Factory. Haimhausen had a 400 year-old beer brewery until it closed in 2019 and converted into a Wirtshaus/Restaurant, (Schlossbrauerei Haimhausen). The modern community of Haimhausen, as a municipality, was created during the Bavarian Administrative Reforms of 1818. By the late 19th century, Haimhausen and the surrounding villages became a magnate for artists to sketch and paint portraits of the various landscapes. In 1895, the artist Bernhard Buttersack began an artists colony, similar to one in Dachau. He founded an art studio in Ottershausen to teach his students. By the 1920s, the artist Max Bergmann moved to Haimhausen and taught students for 30 years. His students included Arthur Niso, Helene Harth, Alice Krüger and Hermann Koenemann. With the death of Paul Erbe in 1972, the small art colony vanished. Near the end of the Second World War, units of the U.S. Army passed through Haimhausen and the surrounding areas in late April 1945, shortly before the liberation of Dachau and Munich. In 1998, Haimhausen Castle became the location of the Bavarian International School. The school is designed to cater to children/teens of English-speaking expatriates and professionals from all over the world for short-term work in the Munich area. In 2018, St. Nikolaus Church was renovated at a cost of about 4 million euros.	2.5
9177103	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenops	Greenops	Greenops is a mid-sized Devonian trilobite of the order Phacopida, subfamily Asteropyginae. They are mainly reported from the mid-Devonian Hamilton Group of upstate New York and southwestern Ontario. A similar-looking trilobite from Morocco is often mis-labelled Greenops. Greenops had schizocroidal eyes (resembling compound eyes in insects), large genal spines and short, sharp spines at the tip of each segment of the pygidium ("tail"). Greenops lived in warm, fairly deep water. In the Hamilton Group of New York, they are found with Eldredgeops, Dipleura and Bellacartwrightia, a trilobite that resembles Greenops but has much larger pygidial spines. In Ontario, they are found in the Widder Formation, which outcrops at Arkona, where they are, by far, the dominant trilobite. Greenops''' average size is about . They were fairly common trilobites, and are easily identified. While it is rare to find a complete disarticulated body, segments and tails are fairly common. They are fairly common finds in Late Devonian limestones, especially storm deposits. They are identified by their tails, which sport several spines. They were medium to small sized trilobites, which were most likely preyed upon by ammonoids, straight cephalopods, sharks, and small placoderms, hence the defensive spines. All of these animals have been found in close association with this trilobite. Greenops can also be found in deep marine deposits, but there it is fairly rare. Greenops was a small, yet charmingly beautiful trilobite, like its close companion Eldredgeops.	2.53125
9177180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o%20MacDowell	João MacDowell	João MacDowell (born 1965) is a Brazilian composer known for fusing contemporary and popular styles with classical music. His work includes opera, symphonic, chamber music, and early albums of Brazilian pop. On the occasion of the concert premiere of his fifth opera The Seventh Seal, Swedish journalist Johanna Paulsson of noted the composer as "a new thinker in the genre". Life and career Early works MacDowell was born in Brasília, and started his professional career as leader and vocalist of the Brazilian cult band Tonton Macoute. The composer was in a couple of bands such as Antiperipleia and , with Brazilian artist Marcio Faraco on guitars, Cascão, from the band Detrito Federal, on drums, Pedro Hiena on bass, and the late Ric Novaes (DJ Mr. Spacely) on vocals. The band Tonton Macoute left a mark on a generation of artists in the capital of Brazil and further. They had a track record of independent radio hits. The songs "Electric Light" and "" became instant radio hits, starting at Fluminense FM, and then at Rádio Cidade and Transamerica FM. This radio exposure led to a consistent following on their performances. They also made hits on radio stations across the country, many of these stations, such as Rádio Cidade and Transamérica, would normally refuse to play independent bands, which made their achievement quite a unique feat for the time.	2.078125
9177274	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance%20in%20higher%20education	Governance in higher education	Governance in higher education is the means by which institutions for higher education (tertiary or post-secondary education) are formally organized and managed (though often there is a distinction between definitions of management and governance). Simply, university governance is the way in which universities are operated. Governing structures for higher education are highly differentiated throughout the world, but the different models nonetheless share a common heritage. Internationally, tertiary education includes private not-for-profit, private for-profit, and public institutions governed by differentiated structures of management. Governance and management of post-secondary institutions becomes even more diverse with the differences in defining the relationships between higher and tertiary education (university education), postsecondary education, technical and vocational education, and community college models of education. The issues are complicated by current debates over collegial and shared forms of governance contrasted to corporate and business forms of institutional governance. Governance	1.96875
9177274	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance%20in%20higher%20education	Governance in higher education	The concept of governance in postsecondary education predominantly refers to the internal structure, organization and management of autonomous institutions. The internal governance organization typically consists of a governing board (board of regents, board of directors), the university president (executive head, CEO) with a team of administrative chancellors and staff, faculty senates, academic deans, department chairs, and usually some form of organization for student representation. In the United States, state institution governing boards often emphasize the concept of citizen governance in recognizing that board members serve a civic role for the institution. Management structures themselves have become increasingly complex due to the increasing complexity of intraorganizational, interorganizational and governmental relationships. Whether college and university education, adult education, technical or vocational education, educational administration presents complex challenges at all levels of private and public education. "Governance" is defined by Kezar and Eckel as the macro-level of policy decision making. Kezar and Eckel suggest governance is a multi-level concept including several different bodies and processes with different decision-making functions. In this way, governance is sometimes defined at difference to the internal management of institutions. Throughout the world, many national, state and local governments have begun to establish coordinating and governing boards as both buffer and bridge to coordinate governance and institutional management.Governance in higher education is a set of structures, relationships, and processes through which higher education policies are formulated, implemented, and revised at transnational, national, and organizational levels.[Abbas alavishad,2024].	2.25
9177274	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance%20in%20higher%20education	Governance in higher education	Due to the influences of public sector reforms, several authors (Kezar and Eckel 2004; Lapworth 2004; Middlehurst 2004) point out that next to the concept of shared and participative governance a new form of governance has emerged. According to Lapworth, the rise of the notion of corporate governance and the decline of the shared or consensual governance can be seen to be a result of the decline in academic participation, a growing tendency towards managerialism and the new environment where the universities are operating. University governance varies between countries. McMaster notes the different cultures in universities and the traditional relationships between faculty and administration, characterizing historical transitions and suggesting that universities today are undergoing transitions in culture. Kezar and Eckel point out the substance of governance has changed during the last decades with more emphasis put on high stake issues and more incremental decisions made in a less collegial mode – the reasons for this stem from trends that have devalued the notion of participation and also from the external pressures for more accountability and demands for quicker decision-making (that sometimes is achieved through bureaucracy). McMaster discusses the same changes in university management resulting from the "huge amount of additional administrative work at all levels within the university, and the requirement for a wide range of specialist skills in areas such as marketing, HR management, management accounting, web development and instructional design" and the difficulties with the tensions that have resulted between collegial and corporate models of management.	1.914063
9177274	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance%20in%20higher%20education	Governance in higher education	Accordingly, six principles affirm standards of academic freedom, faculty participation in standards and curriculum, and faculty decisions on academic personnel as the AAUP first established principles of governance. The statement maintains that participation in shared governance should be extended, acknowledging that the way in which participation is expanded will vary from institution to institution; "but each group whose work contributes to the academic enterprise should be involved in a manner appropriate to institutional functions and responsibility". The policy addresses unions and faculty senates, believing that they contribute to the maintenance of shared governance in institutions as well as the role of accrediting agencies to support management standards. In conclusion, the AFT emphasizes affirmation of the goals, objectives and purpose for shared governance in higher education. Association of Governing Boards With recent debates and trends in the governance of institutions of higher education in the United States, the Association of Governing Boards of Universities and Colleges (AGB) issued a statement on governance, most recently updated in 2010. The original statement was published with a correlating statement, "Governing in the Public Trust: External Influences on Colleges and Universities." In the first statement on governance, the advisiory organization for institutional governance discusses facts and perceptions concerning governance, including specific facts related to institutional trends and perceptions that "internal governance arrangements have become so cumbersome that timely decisions are difficult to make". The AGB statement then defines general principles upon which governing boards are to operate and the responsibilities of a governing board to the institution; the updated principles as of 2010 are below.	2.03125
9177274	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance%20in%20higher%20education	Governance in higher education	The recommendations address practices by which internal governing structures operate and how they can improve institutional governance for the Commonwealth of Australia. External relations, the role of faculty and students in governance are not approached except inasmuch as institutional board members should be appointed with their selection based on contributions "to the effective working of the governing body by having needed skills, knowledge and experience, an appreciation of the values of a university and its core activities of teaching and research, its independence and academic freedom and the capacity to appreciate the university's external community needs from that university". The committee defines the responsibilities of university governance, including legal obligations and legislative requirements for the internal governing boards of Australian institutions. Accordingly, governing bodies "should make available a programme of induction and professional development . . . to ensure that all members are aware of the nature of their duties and responsibilities". The report concludes with protocol for annual reports, including report of risk management and additional steps to ensure good governance. Africa The Pan-African Institute of University Governance is a project set up by the Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie and by the Association of Commonwealth universities, in support of the Ministry of the higher education of Cameroon. It was launched during the World Conference on the Higher education of the UNESCO which was held in Paris from 5 to 8 July 2009, by the Rector of the AUF, Mr Bernard Cerquiglini, and the General Secretary of the ACU Mr John Tarrant.	1.984375
9177274	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance%20in%20higher%20education	Governance in higher education	The philosophy of this Institute expands dialogue and shared experience between African university leaders on issues related to university governance. Methods will step out from the classical models of cooperation in which the "expertise" of the North are transmitted to "addressee" and "consignee" of the South, leading to the principals and attitudes of copy-write. African Universities can only develop if they succeed in inventing their own policies and procedures, all by taking into consideration international standards. To assist universities in the accomplishment of their missions in an efficient and modern way, the Pan-African Institute of University Governance shall make use of the relationship it has with partners such as the Agence universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF) and the Association of Commonwealth Universities (ACU). The AUF-ACU partnership consists of two joined visions. Rounding on common objectives and shared missions, Anglophones, Francophones, Lusophones and Arabic-speakers will better enrich discussions on how to develop higher educational system. This illustrates the importance taken by cultural diversity in the World today, being an essential basis for development inside more harmonized globalization which takes into account each person's identity and values. Therefore, our approach is that of the exchange of experience and good practices likely to be widespread within the framework of our institutions that most frequently lack real communication.	1.953125
9177380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin%20Cochin%20%28historian%29	Augustin Cochin (historian)	Augustin Cochin (22 December 1876 – 8 July 1916) was a French historian of the French Revolution. Much of his work was posthumously published in an incomplete state after he was killed in action in World War I. Career overview Born in Paris, Cochin was the son of Denys Cochin, a Parisian deputy in the National Assembly with ties to the Vatican, and the grandson of Augustin Cochin, a French politician and writer. His Catholic upbringing helped him to remain detached from the French Revolution and study it historically in a new light. Cochin studied the Revolution from a sociological perspective, cultivated from his interest in the work of Émile Durkheim, and he sought to look at the revolution from a social perspective. François Furet believed that Cochin's work worked towards an analysis of two objectives: “a sociology of the production and role of democratic ideology, and a sociology of political manipulation and machines.” Cochin was drafted into service in World War I in 1914, and he was wounded four times in service before being killed on 8 July 1916 at Maricourt, Somme. His sometime collaborator, Charles Charpentier, worked with Cochin's family towards posthumous publication of his works.	2.046875
9177437	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaochangliang	Xiaochangliang	Xiaochangliang () is the site of some of the earliest paleolithic remains in East Asia, located in the Nihewan (泥河灣) Basin in Yangyuan County, Hebei, China, most famous for the stone tools discovered there. Stone tools The tool forms discovered include side and end scrapers, notches, burins, and disc cores. Although it is generally more difficult to date Asian sites than African sites because Asian sites typically lack volcanic materials that can be dated isotropically, the age of the tools has been magnetostratigraphically dated as 1.36 million years. This method hinges upon dated reversals in the Earth's magnetic field. Research The site was first discovered by the Scottish geologist George Barbour in 1923. He was amazed when he saw the ancient sediments from the lake. Although he guessed wrong about how old they were and found basically nothing, Barbour invited Pere Licent and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, two of the most brilliant prehistoric archaeologists of that time, for a visit. Licent and Chardin not only pushed the sediment's age to over a million years but also found, among many things, a flint tool. It was the oldest stone tool found at the time - so old, in fact, that even Chardin himself had suspicions about its authenticity. Barbour invited French archaeologists Pierre Teilhard de Chardin and Émile Licent. In 1935 Teilhard found a stone (flint) tool and determined the age of the site to be over a million years – it was the oldest artefact then known. Many scientists, including Teilhard, debated whether this tool might not be naturally formed. The discovery by Pei Wenzhong of Peking Man hundreds of kilometers to the south (followed by wars and revolution) distracted the attention of the world's scientific community. However, from 1972 to 1978 more than 2000 pieces of stone tools were discovered, together with some bone tools, which confirmed Xiaochangliang (or Nihewan) as a paleolithic site. In the basin, Archaeologists have identified 40 "million year old sites".	2.671875
9177486	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firstborn%20%28Thompson%20and%20Carter%20novel%29	Firstborn (Thompson and Carter novel)	Firstborn is a fantasy novel by Paul B. Thompson and Tonya R. Carter which is set in the world of the Dragonlance campaign setting and is the first volume in the Elven Nations series. Synopsis Firstborn is a novel which takes place in the ancient elf city Silvanost, where Sithel rules all elves as Speaker of the Stars, and becomes a father to twin sons. A prophecy is made on that same night that "They both shall wear crowns" even though the Silvanesti can only have one ruler. The elder son Sithas is raised expecting to be heir to the throne, while the younger son Kith-Kanan is given the freedom of a second son. Sithas holds strong beliefs in favor of the purity of elven people and thus makes allies of the court aristocrats in Silvanost, while Kith-Kanan feels Silvanesti will require trade with outsiders to forge its future, such as the humans who live in Ergoth. When their father is killed during a hunt, Sithas takes over his position as Speaker of the Stars, while Kith-Kanan is required to swear fealty to him, while he questions the opposition Sithas has toward the humans. Plot summary The leadership of the elves passes to Sithel, the son of the great and wise Silvanos, after the death of Silvanos. Sithel is a wise ruler, but his sons follow different paths; the elder twin, Sithas, follows the elven court while Kith-Kanan allies himself more with his Wildrunners and the humans of Ergoth. Reception	1.921875
9177644	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disappearance%20of%20Ben%20Needham	Disappearance of Ben Needham	Age progression images In September 1992, South Yorkshire police used electronic facial identification technique (E-FIT) software to produce an image of how Ben might appear at age 3. The picture was reproduced on posters which were displayed at airports around the Greek islands. It was thought to be the first time that E-FIT had been used to age a person's appearance. Age progression images were created and distributed again in March 2000, June 2003, October 2007 and September 2016. Police forensic excavations October 2012 In October 2012, police from the United Kingdom travelled to Greece to search an area that they believed might contain Ben Needham's remains. On 19 October, Greek police, assisted by a team of specialist search advisors from South Yorkshire Police, began an operation to examine the grounds of the property from which Ben disappeared. The operation, involving geophysical survey equipment, forensic archaeologists and human remains detection (HRD) dogs, was triggered by a police line of inquiry into whether Ben had been accidentally buried as a result of an excavator driver dumping building rubble nearby. The operation did not detect any trace of the child.	2.734375
9177693	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley-Davidson%20FL	Harley-Davidson FL	Hydra-Glide In 1949, a year after receiving the "Panhead" engine, the FL was given a new front suspension featuring hydraulically damped telescopic forks, replacing the leading link spring suspension of the time. These forks were standard on all big twin models for 1949, including the E, EL, F, and FL. Harley-Davidson offered the spring suspension units on these models and recommended their use on sidecar combinations, because the standard hydraulic forks do not have suitable trail. During these front suspensions' debut model year of 1949, Harley-Davidson referred to them as "hydraulic front ends". Harley-Davidson's marketing department promoted the new suspension systems by renaming the big twin models "Hydra Glide" for the 1950 model year. This was Harley-Davidson's first departure from its policy of using simple letters to identify its models. This name was changed twice in the history of the basic large-framed E and F series models, each time signaling an improvement in the bike's technology. In addition, the Glide ending was added to the names of other models based on the FL and FX formats. In 1952, the Hydra-Glide's transmission's standard hand-shift/foot-clutch arrangement was supplemented by an optional foot-shift/hand-clutch setup. The original layout remained an option until 1978. 1952 was also the last year of the EL, making the FL the last remaining large-frame model. Although the 1903 founding is now the basis for "Anniversary Models", Harley-Davidson's 50th Golden Anniversary was celebrated in 1954 with special paints and badges on the front fender. The first year of production was 1904. A more highly tuned engine with high-compression heads, higher-lift cams, and polished ports, was offered with the FLH version of 1955. The FLH designation has continued up to the present. Duo-Glide	2.1875
9177806	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Malm	Peter Malm	Peter Malm (22 September 1800 – 7 August 1868) was a major ship owner and merchant in Grand Duchy of Finland in the 19th century, and the father of the shipping magnate Otto A. Malm. Life Born in Jakobstad, Malm moved to Turku, Finland for his studies. He worked as a merchant in Liverpool between 1818 and 1824, and opened his own business in Jakobstad in 1823. As of 1840, Malm had the largest shipping fleet in Finland, consisting of 13 sailing ships. Peter Malm was the first Finnish ship owner to send his ships on transoceanic voyages. In 1845–1847, the barque Hercules was the first Finnish ship to circumnavigate the Earth. The Crimean War was a major setback to the business, as the British and French naval operations in the Baltic Sea made it virtually impossible to conduct trade. Finland was at the time an autonomous part of the Russian empire, and thus also a target of the British-French fleet during the war. Peter Malm founded a steam powered saw mill on the small island of Stockholmen outside Jakobstad in 1854, which was only the second such installation in Finland.	2.078125
9177833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mofwe%20Lagoon	Mofwe Lagoon	The Mofwe Lagoon is the largest of several lagoons in the Luapula River swamps south of Lake Mweru, in the Luapula Province of Zambia. Geography Its size and shape depends on the season and amount of water flowing into the swamps, especially from the Mbereshi River to the southeast, its main supplier. Generally its north–south axis is about 14 km and its east–west axis is about 6 km. Floating islands of sedge are usually found in an east–west line across its middle, which may effectively cut it in two, and at times vegetation has covered much of the southern half. The importance of the Mofwe lies in its fishery, which attracted Mwata Kazembe to settle in the town of Kanyembo on its eastern edge in the 19th century. The Mofwe does not have a definite shore and is not easily accessed, being lined by a dense band of very tall reeds, and having floating rafts and islands of sedge which change its margins and shape frequently. Local fishermen paddle dugout canoes along narrow channels through the reeds to reach open water. The lagoon and surrounding swamps support populations of hippopotamus and crocodiles. The lagoon is separated from the main channel of the Luapula by 6 km of swamps. Although the Luapula swamps are generally 30 to 40 km wide for most of their 100 km length, at the nearest point to Mofwe, the Luapula's western bank is formed by an island in the DR Congo only 12 km from Kanyembo. This facilates trade and smuggling by canoe through the channels and lagoons of the swamps.	2.984375
9177890	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ%20the%20King%20Seminary%20%28Pakistan%29	Christ the King Seminary (Pakistan)	In addition to dwindling vocations, the seminary has had to deal with a shortage of drinking water over the last 10 years, exacerbated by local authorities appropriation, without compensation, of its old well in November 2005 for the Lyari Expressway project. The expressway project is part of Karachi's "Cleaning the City" drive, which the Asian Human Rights Commission says has rendered thousands homeless. It adds that 11,000 houses and 3,100 commercial buildings outside the path of the expressway have been evacuated and demolished. Since 2008 the seminary has been hosting the Cardinal Cordeiro Cricket tournament to promote religious vocations and remember Pakistan's first cardinal. In 2010 there are 43 students from all six dioceses and the Apostolic Prefecture of Quetta. In 2010, a grant from Aid to the Church in Need was made to the Seminary where it will be used for library books and new air conditioning units. In 2011 there were 24 seminarians in the institution. By 2014 this had risen to 40. On 4 May 2012 Cardinal Fernando Filoni, Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, appointed Fr. Benjamin Shahzad as Rector of the Seminary. In June 2019 the number of seminarians had risen to 72. Rectors The following individuals have served as rectors of the seminary: Notable alumni Rufin Anthony Joseph Arshad Joseph Coutts Patrick D'Rozario Andrew Francis Arnold Heredia George Ibrahim John Joseph Anthony Theodore Lobo Joseph Paul Evarist Pinto Joseph Indrias Rehmat Lawrence Saldanha Sebastian Francis Shah Augustine Soares Benny Travas Patras Yusaf	2.15625
9177928	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribsy	Ribsy	Ribsy is a children's book by Beverly Cleary. It is the sixth and final book in the Henry Huggins series. Henry plays a minor role in the story, however, inasmuch as the narrative focuses primarily on his dog, Ribsy. Plot Like most of the Henry Huggins books, the incidents in this one follow an ongoing plot line. In it, the Hugginses have a new car, and go out shopping; Ribsy, denied a ride, chases it at up to 25 miles per hour, and is finally allowed in. At the mall, he is left in it, and lowers the electric window with the button. He eventually wants to return to await Henry, and gets into the first new-smelling car he finds. But a different family with several young daughters and a toddler son gets in it and takes him home with them. He endures a bubble bath and escapes, wandering in search of Henry. Ribsy finds an old lady named Mrs. Frawley who tells him to go away when he raises his paw in greeting and invites him in. After she feeds him dinner, he sleeps while she goes out to shop for her new pet. He chafes at a coat and colorful leash, then escapes. Soon after, he finds himself becoming the unofficial mascot for a class of elementary school students until he is kicked out over an incident with a squirrel. Later, Ribsy sneaks into a high school football game, wanders onto the field, and makes the game-winning tackle. He is caught by a boy who, pleased at the attention he gets for people thinking it was his dog who won the game, takes him in. The story of the game gains the attention of the Hugginses, who attempt to retrieve him. However, he escapes again after hearing Henry's voice on the phone and runs off in search of him.	1.921875
9178003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Ekelund	Robert Ekelund	Robert Burton Ekelund Jr. (September 20, 1940 – August 17, 2023) was an American economist. Early life and education Born on Galveston Island, Texas, Ekelund attended St. Mary's University in San Antonio, Texas, earning his BBA in economics in 1962 and his MA in economics and history the next year. He was a member of the Order of the Barons and first worked as an instructor in economics while completing his master's degree. Ekelund then moved to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, to teach and continue his graduate work at Louisiana State University. He finished his PhD in economics and political theory there in 1967. His doctoral dissertation was on Jules Dupuit, a French civil engineer and economist. Ekelund would maintain this interest in Dupuit, making him the topic of a dozen journal articles and a 1999 book, Secret Origins of Modern Microeconomics: Dupuit and the Engineers. Career In 1967, after the completion of his PhD, Ekelund was hired by Texas A&M University economics department, where he was Director of Graduate Students. He was made Professor of Economics in 1974. His students at Texas A&M included future Texas politicians Chet Edwards and Rick Perry. In 1979, Ekelund moved to Auburn, Alabama to become a professor at Auburn University, where he was the first Director of Graduate Students in economics, for Auburn's new PhD program. Over the course of his academic career, he directed over 50 doctoral dissertations and dozens of master's theses. His students included Donald J. Boudreaux. Ekelund was a visiting scholar at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, and in 2003 he served as the Vernon Taylor Distinguished Visiting Professor at Trinity University in San Antonio, Texas. Ekelund was also a policy advisor to the Heartland Institute, an Independent Institute research fellow, and an adjunct faculty member of the Mises Institute. Ekelund retired from Auburn University in 2003, becoming the Catherine and Edward Lowder Eminent Scholar Emeritus.	2.0625
9178003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Ekelund	Robert Ekelund	Over the course of his career, Ekelund authored over two dozen books, and over 200 academic papers. Significance in economics Economic topics notably discussed by Ekelund include cultural economics, the history of economic thought, the economics of regulation, the economics of religion, public choice theory, mercantilism, and the economics of the American Civil War blockades. Textbooks by Ekelund have sold successfully with his and Robert Tollison's basic book, "Economics" now in its seventh edition. The history of economic theory and its relevance to contemporary economic theory and policy was one of Ekelund's primary interests. His book with Robert Hebert, "A History of Economic Theory and Method" has entered its sixth edition and has been in continuous publication for five decades. The book illustrates how models can facilitate the analysis of economic theory as well as its interaction with both ancient and contemporary psychology, sociology, anthropology, and culture. This book, with various editions translated into five languages, remains a primary source in the development of modern economic theory.	2.09375
9178003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Ekelund	Robert Ekelund	His interests in the economics of regulation were combined with Sir Edwin Chadwick's historical study in 2012. Chadwick's sophisticated 19th-century conceptions of moral hazard, common pool problems, asymmetric information, and theory of "competition for the field" of service (franchising) were pioneering concepts in contemporary theory but were only rediscovered in the second half of the 20th century. Ekelund along with E. O. Price chronicled these stark innovations in a recent book entitled The Economics of Edwin Chadwick: Incentives Matter. According to Professor Sam Peltzman of the University of Chicago, "Economists owe a great debt to Ekelund and Price for making us aware of Edwin Chadwick's seminal contributions. Chadwick lived in the middle of the 19th century, but he anticipated many of the theoretical and practical advances that culminated in the law and economics revolution of the late 20th century. These include Coase's analysis of social cost and Demsetz's proposal for franchise bidding in natural monopolies. Read the summary of Chadwick's ideas about railroads and consider that Britain adopted many of them but only more than a century later. The book is full of similar examples where Chadwick's prescience is extraordinary. Economists, legal scholars and practitioners, especially those working at the intersection of law and economics, will want to read this book." Ekelund's 1981 book with Tollison, Mercantilism as a Rent-Seeking Society, is cited as an exemplar of the school of thought that argues that mercantilism, rather than being the result of miscalculation, was a system designed by rent-seekers to enforce public policy favorable towards themselves.	2.265625
9178003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Ekelund	Robert Ekelund	Chiswick concludes that schisms are beneficial and that "[t]hese ideas seem to be particularly relevant in the current period where religious fundamentalism and liberalism/individualism are clashing to various degrees in all the world's religions. The application of microeconomic theory that is so successfully applied here to one major development in Christianity can, in principle, be applied to these other religions as well." Building upon previous research Ekelund and Robert Tollison's "prequel" entitled Economic Origins of Roman Christianity draws upon the economics of networking, entrepreneurship, and industrial organization to explain Christianity's rapid ascent in the presence of Jewish and pagan competitors. The book introduces St. Paul as an entrepreneur, Constantine as a political strategist and the Merovingian and Carolingian monarchs as players with the Roman papacy to enhance the church's power and dominance over much of Western Europe—culminating in a virtual monopoly during the high Middle Ages. According to Professor Rachel M. McCleary of the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, Economic Origins is "An engrossing and insightful account of the branding of early Christianity through entrepreneurship, networking, manipulation of civil governments, and the control of entry into the Roman religion market. This is a major contribution to the study of religion, giving us a fresh, analytical approach to early Christianity and how it became the powerful medieval church."	1.96875
9178003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Ekelund	Robert Ekelund	Cultural economics The interface between culture and economics, including the study of specific markets and institutions relating to art and museums, caught the interest of economists, including Ekelund, decades ago. Economist David Throsby established "cultural economics" in the hierarchy of the American Economic Association's index of topics considered "economics" in 1994. Ekelund has been associated with such studies for several decades, conducting studies with colleagues in the late 20th and early 21st centuries using a small auction sample of Latin American art. Later, with colleagues and an acute interest in American art, he analyzed a database of 14,000 observations on 80 American artists born in the 19th and 20th centuries. A series of contributions was followed by a book, The Economics of American Art: Issues, Artists and Market Institutions, published in 2017. The book studies a number of critical issues including (a) how the market for American art developed historically from colonial times to the present; (b) how the age of an American artist is related to her productivity; (c) how returns to art investment in the pre-1950 and contemporary periods compare to other types of investments; (d) the economic underpinnings of art crime, such as theft and the creation of fakes; and (e) how the "bubble" observed in art markets is facilitated by the institutions through which art is marketed. David Throsby of Macquarie University comments that Kathryn Graddy of Brandeis University and editor of the Journal of Cultural Economics, argues that the authors' approach is Ekelund, in addition to his studies of art and economics, has also analyzed some of the economic factors affecting museums, including contemporary art bubbles and attendance related to the business cycle, and studied the effect of the hypothetical elimination of the National Endowment for the Arts on museums and the arts generally.	2.328125
9178003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Ekelund	Robert Ekelund	Fine arts In addition to his work in economics, Ekelund was an artist, whose work was shown regularly in juried and other shows during the latter two decades of his life, with solo and joint exhibitions in Alabama. Ekelund also designed book covers for the University of Chicago Press and Edward Elgar Publishing in London. He was an avid art collector and curator whose collection has been exhibited in several museums. He was a founding member of the advisory board for the Jule Collins Smith Museum of Fine Art in Auburn, Alabama and was the museum's acting co-director from 2006 to 2007 and chairman of the Advisory Board from 2010 to 2012. Ekelund was also an accomplished pianist, having been classically trained since childhood, and recorded five albums: Solace (also called For the Piano); Reverie; Bach, Beethoven, Brahms; Musical Idioms; and Reflections on Childhood, which featured his performances of works by Bach, Chopin, Mozart, Beethoven, Brahms, Schumann, Debussy, Ravel, Grieg, Griffes, Scott Joplin, Turina, Granados, Gershwin, and others. He was a contestant in the 2008, 2009, 2012, and 2014 Van Cliburn Amateur Competition, and he created an homage to Chopin's 200th birthday. Many piano works, including his Van Cliburn entries, appear on his YouTube channel. Personal life and death Ekelund was a keen cook and gastronome, and was a partner in the award-winning Greenhouse Restaurant in Opelika, which operated from 1979 to 1993. He also enjoyed gardening, and was selected for the Auburn tour of beautiful yards. Robert Ekelund died on August 17, 2023, at the age of 82, after a years-long battle with Parkinson's disease, and later cancer. He was survived by his husband, Mark Thornton.	2.0625
9178024	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kfar%20Hamam	Kfar Hamam	Kfar Hamam (also Kafarhamam, Kafrhamam, Kfarhamam, Kafar Hamam, ) is a municipality located in the Arqoob region in the Hasbaya District in Southern Lebanon, which lies on the eastern side of the Nabatieh Governorate. Kfar Hamam is bounded by Al-Mari village from the south, Al-Hebbariyah village from the north, Kfar Shouba from the east, and Rashaya al-Foukhar from the west. It is away from Beirut, and around above sea level. According to the latest electoral lists, the population of the village today is about 3,500, of which only a very small minority reside in the village. The village has a strategic location in the Hermon mountains of Lebanon, as it overlooks the Upper Galilee of Israel and is very close by to the Golan Heights and the Shebaa farms. Its importance also lies in the fact that its very close to an intersection of the borders of three countries; those being Lebanon, Israel, and Syria. History Kfar Hamam is originally a Syriac word. Kfar means house and hamam means peace, hence Kfarhamam means "the house of peace". The village is about 500 years old and has been destroyed and rebuilt many times since the 1970s. Many people had escaped the village due to the security problems of the region, until in the late 1970s the village was fully evacuated for a certain period of time. Fifty percent of these evacuees had to immigrate to Brazil and Canada to earn their living; most of which still have not returned until this day. Even today, the villagers of Kfarhamam usually live in foreign countries/cities due to the many effects of the former Israeli occupation and the ongoing Lebanese Governments' negligence towards the Arqoob region in which the village lies. In 1838, during the Ottoman era, Eli Smith noted the population of Kfarhamam as being Sunni Muslim.	2.265625
9178024	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kfar%20Hamam	Kfar Hamam	Since the year 2000 After the occupation ended in 2000, the community in Kfarhamam underwent a short-lived period of return, growth, and reconstruction. The village was affected by the 2006 Lebanon war. The following period of Hezbollah hegemony over Lebanon and the Syrian Civil War next door has meant continued economic hardship for communities in Kfarhamam and beyond. Most community members currently live in the diaspora, mainly in Kuwait, UAE, Saudi Arabia, France, Canada, Netherlands, and USA. Geography Kfar Hamam is known for its many different kinds of trees including pine, olives, figs, and grapes. The village's production of these fruits is much higher than its demand. There are small Roman ruins in Kfar Hamam that are part of Temples of Mount Hermon. The village also has three pre-historic caves and tunnels. The security threats associated with the proximity of the region to the borders of Israel and Syria have prevented further excavation in those locations. There are centennial olive trees in the village. Demographics In 2014 Muslims made up 99.66% of registered voters in Kfar Hamam, and in particular 94.80% of the voters were Sunni Muslims.	2.421875
9178042	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20of%20Utah	Government of Utah	Utah is a state in the United States of America. Its government consists of a state executive, legislative, and judicial branch, laid forth by the Constitution and law of the State of Utah. Executive Branch The executive powers of government are vested in the Governor. The current governor is Spencer Cox, a Republican. Gary Herbert, the previous governor, assumed the governorship on August 11, 2009, following the resignation of Governor Jon Huntsman, Jr., who was appointed United States Ambassador to China by President Barack Obama. Herbert was elected for a further four-year term in 2012 and 2016. In 2019, Herbert announced he would not seek a third full term in 2020, and endorsed then-Lieutenant Governor Cox for governor. In the 2020 Utah gubernatorial election, Cox was elected governor, after first defeating former Governor Jon Huntsman, Jr., former Utah GOP chair Thomas Wright, and former Utah House Speaker Greg Hughes in the Republican primary, then defeating Democratic nominee Chris Peterson in the general election. Officers The Governor's Cabinet consists of the following appointees, who are the heads of the agencies listed:	2.296875
9178062	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNoMS%20Gyller%20%281938%29	HNoMS Gyller (1938)	HNoMS Gyller was a commissioned into the Royal Norwegian Navy in 1938. Along with the other Sleipner-class vessels in commission at that time, she took part in protecting Norwegian neutrality during the Second World War. After initially serving in the far north during the Finno-Soviet Winter War, she was redeployed to Southern Norway, escorting ships through Norwegian territorial waters. When the Germans invaded Norway on 9 April 1940, she was docked at Kristiansand. After taking part in the defence of the port city, she was captured intact by the invading Germans. Renamed Löwe, she sailed with Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for the duration of the war. During her time in German service, she escorted the evacuation ship when the latter was torpedoed and sunk by a Soviet submarine with heavy loss of life. Returned to Norway in 1945, she was converted to a frigate in 1948 and sold for scrap in 1959. Construction Gyller was built at Karljohansvern naval shipyard and had yard number 125. She was launched on 7 July 1938 Gyller had four torpedo tubes, instead of the two which were standard in the rest of her class. Early Norwegian service Neutrality protection Gyller spent the early part of the Second World War in the far north of Norway, protecting Norway's neutrality during the Winter War between Finland and the Soviet Union. During her deployment in North Norway she patrolled Norwegian territorial waters and repeatedly had to sink Soviet naval mines that had broken their moorings and drifted into Norwegian waters. During the Winter War all three of the Sleipner-class destroyers commissioned at the time (, Gyller and ) were deployed to different ports in Finnmark, with Gyller based in Kirkenes. One occasion when Gyller had to dispose of a mine was on 22 March 1940 when a Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service M.F.11 seaplane operating from an improvised base at Vadsø spotted a mine drifting in the Varangerfjord and directed the destroyer to the scene.	2.21875
9178194	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essen%20Abbey	Essen Abbey	Essen Abbey () was a community of secular canonesses for women of high nobility that formed the nucleus of modern-day Essen, Germany. A chapter of male priests were also attached to the abbey, under a dean. In the medieval period, the abbess exercised the functions of a bishop, except for the sacramental ones, and those of a ruler, over the very extensive estates of the abbey, and had no clerical superior except the pope. History It was founded about 845 by the Saxon Altfrid (died 874), later Bishop of Hildesheim and saint, near a royal estate called Astnidhi, which later gave its name to the religious house and the town. The first abbess was Altfrid's kinswoman, Gerswit. Altfrid also built a church for the canonesses, the , later known as the and from 1958 as Essen Cathedral. Only women from the highest circles of German nobility were accepted. Because of its advancement by the Liudolfings (the family of the Ottonian Emperors), the abbey became (an Imperial abbey) sometime between 874 and 947. Apart from the abbess, the canonesses did not take vows of perpetual celibacy; they lived in some comfort in their houses, with their own staff, and wore secular clothing except when performing clerical roles such as singing the Divine Office. They could travel, and leave the abbey at any time to marry. Its best years began in 973 under the Abbess Mathilde, granddaughter of Otto I and thus herself a Liudolfing, who governed the abbey until 1011. In her time the most important of the art treasures of what is now the Essen Cathedral treasury came to Essen. She acquired from Koblenz the relics of (Florinus of Remüs) for the abbey, and donated the processional Cross of Otto and Mathilde.	2.8125
9178245	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex%20conjugate%20root%20theorem	Complex conjugate root theorem	In mathematics, the complex conjugate root theorem states that if P is a polynomial in one variable with real coefficients, and a + bi is a root of P with a and b real numbers, then its complex conjugate a − bi is also a root of P. It follows from this (and the fundamental theorem of algebra) that, if the degree of a real polynomial is odd, it must have at least one real root. That fact can also be proved by using the intermediate value theorem. Examples and consequences The polynomial x2 + 1 = 0 has roots ±&hairsp;i. Any real square matrix of odd degree has at least one real eigenvalue. For example, if the matrix is orthogonal, then 1 or −1 is an eigenvalue. The polynomial has roots and thus can be factored as In computing the product of the last two factors, the imaginary parts cancel, and we get The non-real factors come in pairs which when multiplied give quadratic polynomials with real coefficients. Since every polynomial with complex coefficients can be factored into 1st-degree factors (that is one way of stating the fundamental theorem of algebra), it follows that every polynomial with real coefficients can be factored into factors of degree no higher than 2: just 1st-degree and quadratic factors. If the roots are and , they form a quadratic . If the third root is , this becomes . Corollary on odd-degree polynomials It follows from the present theorem and the fundamental theorem of algebra that if the degree of a real polynomial is odd, it must have at least one real root.	2.78125
9178310	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Measure%20of%20a%20Man%3A%20A%20Spiritual%20Autobiography	The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography	The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography is an autobiographical work by Sidney Poitier, first published in 2000. On January 26, 2007, Oprah Winfrey chose it for her book club. Summary In this memoir, Poitier, looks back on his celebrated life and career. He explores elements of character and personal values to take his own measure as a man, as a husband and a father, and as an actor. Poitier credits his parents and his childhood on tiny Cat Island in the Bahamas for equipping him with the unflinching sense of right and wrong and of self-worth that he has never surrendered and that have dramatically shaped his world. "In the kind of place where I grew up," recalls Poitier, "what's coming at you is the sound of the sea and the smell of the wind and momma's voice and the voice of your dad and the craziness of your brothers and sisters...and that's it." Without television, radio, and material distractions to obscure what matters most, he could enjoy the simple things, endure the long commitments, and find true meaning in his life. Uncompromising as he pursued a personal and public life, Poitier aimed to honor his upbringing and the invaluable legacy of his parents. Just a few years after his introduction to indoor plumbing and the automobile, Poitier broke racial barrier after racial barrier to launch a pioneering acting career. Committed to the notion that what one does for a living shows who one is, Poitier chose to play forceful and affecting characters who said something positive, useful, and lasting about the human condition. "The true measure of a man is in how he provided for his children" this was one lesson Sidney learnt from his father and held dear to his heart all his life. The translation in Chinese () of this autobiography was done by Fongfong Olivia Wei, and published by Triumph Publishing Company in Taipei, Taiwan, in the year 2002. Quotes	2.09375
9178322	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20Hook%2C%20North%20Dakota	Van Hook, North Dakota	Van Hook is a thriving resort community built on the shores of Lake Sakakawea. The town was disbanded in the 1950s with the flooding of Lake Sakakawea and for a very short period of time was classified as a ghost town in the north central United States, located in Van Hook Township in Mountrail County, North Dakota. The original town site was mostly left not flooded when Lake Sakakawea was formed in the 1950s behind Garrison Dam. The US Government forced all Van Hook residents in the 1950s to give up their homes and move to New Town. The townsite for a short period of time was abandoned. However, since most of the old townsite was never actually flooded by Lake Sakakawea, the townsite and land nearby more recently has been turned into a thriving unincorporated resort community still called Van Hook and with both a summer-only and a year-around permanent population. Lake Sakakawea's Van Hook Arm gets its name from the town. History Van Hook was founded in 1914 as a station on the Soo Line Railroad. It is named after Fred van Hook, who was one of the first to survey the area in 1911. It was incorporated in 1915, and reported a population of 372 in 1930. In fact, the town grew so fast that it earned the nickname "The City of Speed." When the Garrison Dam was built in the early 1950s, forming Lake Sakakawea, the town's original residents were relocated to New Town, which the government had built to house those displaced by the dam. Residents from Sanish, located in a place which is now usually completely underwater, also moved here. Another new unincorporated village called New Sanish has since reformed on higher dry land to the south of the original flooded Sanish townsite but still near Lake Sakakawea. The original incorporated Van Hook town's last reported US Census population in 1950 was 380, prior to when, everyone was forced to move out by the federal government.	1.953125
9178322	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20Hook%2C%20North%20Dakota	Van Hook, North Dakota	The Van Hook arm of Lake Sakakawea has always been very popular for recreational fishing, boating, and camping. The rebuilt resort town began a building process in the 1970s when it became obvious that most of the main townsite did not flood and would never be flooded by the waters of Lake Sakakawea, and some of the original townsite area was initially opened for camping trailers and other similar temporary summer living quarters. This begins a sequence of events in which year-round homes were eventually not only permitted but encouraged—leading eventually to the present town and the year-round Van Hook community. The present town continues to add residential areas to the north of the original townsite, and a secondary community of permanent homes a short distance to the north and west of the main townsite has also developed. The precise current population of the unincorporated resort area/town or "new" Van Hook is not known, but in the summer with temporary residents might easily exceed the 1950 census number of 380. There are plans to get a population count of the current town(s) called Van Hook in the 2020 US Census. Education There was previously a school in Van Hook, of the New Town School District.	2.125
9178343	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know%20Your%20Ally%3A%20Britain	Know Your Ally: Britain	Various differences in British and American culture are addressed, sometimes humorously, other more soberly, such as the position of the monarchy and the peers in British society. "Britain is like your Grandma's house; she's been around a long time and keeps a lot of old things she doesn't wish to part with." However, the British and Americans also have many things in common, more important things, such as a free representative government (where Americans call it Congress, the British call it Parliament), freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of religion. The film also mentions how, centuries ago, the British fought for the Magna Carta, and how the Americans adopted these principles and made it their own in the U.S. Constitution. In conclusion, America and Britain are more similar than the Nazis want to believe. Next, the film delves into the British Empire, a trickier subject. First, it argues that the Nazis insisted that Britain only declared war on Germany to save the British Empire. The Nazis expected the British time and again to negotiate a peace offer with them. But the British had no intention of doing so; they intended to, in Winston Churchill's words, teach the Nazis "a lesson which they – and the world – will never forget." The narrator then delves into the Empire itself: first, the home-rule of Canada, South Africa, and the other white dominions, and then giving a rosy picture of how much self-government India has, and how, because of its strategic significance – "an effective block by the democratic world to keep the Nazis and Japs from uniting" and "the bases for United Nations bombers to get at the Japs in Burma" – it cannot be independent just yet, but the British would allow it to be so after the war was over, provided they could work out a constitution of their own. In the Mediterranean and North Africa, meanwhile, the British Empire made the American landings in North Africa possible.	2.546875
9178394	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20van%20den%20Haag	Ernest van den Haag	Life and career Ernest van den Haag was born in 1914 in the Hague to Moses "Max" Melamerson and Flora Haag Melamerson. He changed his surname in the early 1940s. While van den Haag was still young, his family moved to Italy. Van den Haag grew up in Italy, and following his education began a life in politics. In the late 1930s, he was a left-wing activist and communist. During this time, Italy was ruled by Benito Mussolini's fascist regime. In 1937, van den Haag was nearly murdered by a political assassin who shot him five times. After being shot, he spent nearly three years in prison. Nearly eighteen months of those three years were spent in solitary confinement. After release, fearing re-imprisonment, van den Haag drifted between European countries in an attempt to evade Italy and Mussolini. In 1940, he made his way to Portugal and fled to the United States, arriving at Ellis Island, not knowing any English. Living in New York, van den Haag worked as a bus boy and sold vegetables; eventually he was able to secure admission to the University at Iowa, where a group of faculty members recognized his intellectual gifts and agreed to pay for his tuition. In 1942, van den Haag graduated with an M.A in economics. The same year, van den Haag met the political philosopher Sidney Hook. His friendship with Hook forever changed van den Haag, converting him from being a left-wing activist and communist, to the opposite end of the spectrum; van den Haag was now a conservative. Over the years, van den Haag took particular interest in the field of capital punishment and the death penalty. His book Punishing Criminals: Concerning a Very Old and Painful Question (1975) developed his reputation on being one of the foremost thinkers and proponents on the death penalty. Van den Haag was considered by his colleagues to be an expert on the issue of capital punishment. Van den Haag died in Mendham, New Jersey.	2.390625
9178394	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20van%20den%20Haag	Ernest van den Haag	On racial segregation in public schools He was an early opponent of the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education which found segregation in schools unconstitutional, and testified in favor of segregation. He also argued that continued school segregation was desirable because of the "genetic intellectual inferiority" of black students. In a National Review cover-page article, van den Haag dismissed recent research undermining the notion of innate ethnic differences in intelligence, stating that he believed such differences existed and accounted for "much" of the poorer academic performance of black students, thus necessitating separate schooling. This article caused controversy among readers of the National Review, several of whom wrote angry letters against the decision to print such "bigotry". In 1966, he testified before the International Court of Justice in support of apartheid in South Africa. On race-neutrality in U.S. immigration policy In another article, from 1965, he opposed the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, which replaced an immigration system largely excluding Asians and discriminating against southern and eastern Europeans with a race-neutral program based on skills and family connections to U.S. citizens and permanent residents, which enabled an increase in immigration from Asia. Van den Haag instead advocated greater rather than less immigration restriction. He also expressly defended the practice of fashioning immigration policies in favor of European ethnicity, arguing that "The wish to preserve... the identity of one's nation requires no justification." He likened such a practice to a harmless expression of sentiment, similar to preferring to associate with one's own family rather than strangers. "The wish not to see one's country overrun by groups one regards as alien need not be based on feelings of superiority or 'racism.'"	2.390625
9178394	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20van%20den%20Haag	Ernest van den Haag	On the death penalty Van den Haag's particular field of interest, the field he contributed the most to in terms of publications, was the death penalty, particularly in the context of the capital punishment debate in the United States before and after the Furman v. Georgia ruling in 1972, which (temporarily) abolished capital punishment nationwide. Van den Haag was a respected debater, and when he was not contributing to the National Review or other publications, he was active in debating the issue of the death penalty. His main argument in its defence stemmed from key themes such as deterrence, and retributive punishment for severe criminals. On Firing Line, he joined a programme dedicated to the death penalty debate on December 13, 1976, after the Gregg v. Georgia ruling (but weeks before the resumption of executions with Gary Gilmore, who was a subject of the deterrence argument) and was cited in a previous programme with Truman Capote in 1968, regarding an off-cam argument with regard to the efficiency of the punishment, which Capote challenged. In his book Punishing Criminals, van den Haag defines the primary role of government as "securing rights and duties by specifying them through laws and enforcing the laws." Van den Haag believed the paramount duty of government is to "provide legal order in which citizens can be secure in their lives, their liberties, and their pursuit of happiness." The law exists to provide legal order. Van den Haag disputed claims that capital punishment is just a form of legal retribution by claiming that if laws are knowingly broken, legal order can only be maintained by enforcement. Justice, van den Haag claimed, is blindfolded, while retribution carries the weight of passion behind it; justice being delivered to someone who violates social order knowingly is equal, thus the term legal retribution is void.	2.421875
9178394	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20van%20den%20Haag	Ernest van den Haag	Van den Haag also argued that people commit crimes because they believe, one way or another, they will benefit from committing the crime. Thus it is society's duty to make all crimes as disadvantageous as possible. Van den Haag uses economic examples to further prove his point. In economics, there is a concept named opportunity cost. Opportunity cost forces an individual to weigh the benefits versus the sacrifices of making a decision. Van den Haag believes people look at committing the crime the same way they would view an opportunity; they would weigh the profits versus the punishment. Temptation to commit a crime will be significantly decreased if the punishment for committing the crime is more severe. The death penalty offers the greatest weighted punishment for committing an offense. Van den Haag also related Marxist theory behind his justification of the death penalty. Marxists, Van den Haag argued, believe that "Legal justice never can do less, though it can do more." Legal justice should distribute punishment equally among violators and more frequently in order to deter crime. Van den Haag also related to the Marxist belief in class warfare. Van den Haag states, "Obviously, the poor and powerless are more tempted to take what is not theirs, or to rebel, than the powerful and wealthy, who need not take what they already have." The threat of severe punishment diminishes temptation, which van den Haag argued is to be the greatest use of the death penalty, deterrence.	2.46875
9178394	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20van%20den%20Haag	Ernest van den Haag	Van den Haag also believed that law breakers have more of an inclination to repeat their bad actions. He said that breaking the law leads to a form of moral decay, in which offenders can no longer distinguish right from wrong, and thus repeat offending is common. To lower the crime rate, and the tendency of individuals toward committing more violent crimes over time, van den Haag said, "The only permanent, and irrevocable incapacitation is execution." Van den Haag believed that any temporary or permanent incapacitation only reduces the crime rate if there are no more compensating increases in crime by other people. He argued that, without the strong deterrent effect of a death penalty, an increase in crime and criminals remains a factor. Van den Haag believed homicide to be the most deplorable crime a human being can commit. In his book The Death Penalty : A Debate, he argues that "the state must teach that killing anyone deliberately, for whatever reason, is needless and wrong." Van den Haag believed that capital punishment has a direct correlation with a decrease in murders. Rehabilitation as a response to criminals who murder is not an option because, as van den Haag states, "no effective method to achieve it [rehabilitation] has been found." He said that, even if a proper method of rehabilitation can be found, it would not reduce the crime rate, because rehabilitation only works after the crime has been committed, i.e. in the case of murder, once an innocent life had been lost. He argued that deterrence is the only thing that can have any effect on the actual crime rate. Overall, van den Haag directed his argument toward the fact that the death penalty ought only to exist to protect innocent lives. To sum up his entire argument against his opposition in one quote, van den Haag contends, "I'd rather execute a man convicted of having murdered others than put the lives of innocents at risk. I find it hard to understand the opposite choice."	2.34375
9178419	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu%20da%20Costa	Mathieu da Costa	Mathieu da Costa (sometimes d'Acosta) (fl. 1589–1619) was an Afro-French member of the exploring party of Pierre Dugua, the Sieur de Monts, and Samuel de Champlain that travelled from France to the New World in the early 17th century. He was the first recorded free black person to arrive on the territory of today's Canada. History There is little documentation about Mathieu da Costa. Of at least partial African ancestry, he is known to have been a freeman favoured by explorers for his multilingual talents. Numerous mixed-race African-Portuguese persons were part of the Atlantic Creole generation, often working as sailors or interpreters. His portfolio of languages is thought to have included Dutch, English, French, Portuguese, Mi'kmaq, and pidgin Basque, the dialect many Aboriginals used for trading purposes. With the Portuguese He was originally engaged by the Portuguese as a translator, having learned their language quickly. It was thought that his skills would be valuable in future cartography expeditions to the New World. The tradition of Europeans depending on such translators was more than a century old by the time da Costa started working with them. An interpreter, translator, and general go-between such as da Costa was known as um grumete in the Portuguese-speaking world. Da Costa would later be sought by both the English and the Dutch to help in their contacts with Aboriginal peoples in North America, but the French secured his services. In Holland Mathieu da Costa was in Amsterdam, Holland, in February 1607. Apparently, the Dutch had seized Pierre Du Gua de Monts's ships near Tadoussac at the St. Lawrence River in a trade dispute, and took Pierre as well. His abduction strongly suggests that his talents helped bridge the gap between the Europeans and the First Nations of Canada. It is thought that he was kidnapped.	3.21875
9178419	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu%20da%20Costa	Mathieu da Costa	Working for Du Gua French documents record da Costa working for the leaders of Port Royal in 1608. In 1608 he was hired for three years by Pierre Du Gua de Monts. It may be assumed that Da Costa accompanied Du Gua de Mons and Samuel de Champlain on one or more of their voyages to Acadia and the St Lawrence area. However, in 1609, his presence is recorded in Rouen, France, and in a jail in Le Havre, France, in December. Whether he visited Canada that year is open to question. Du Gua's activities in Canada did not end until 1617. A court case related to expenses incurred by Nicolas de Bauquemare of Rouen to support da Costa dragged on until 1619, although there is no positive indication that Mathieu da Costa was personally present. There is controversy as to how da Costa had learned to communicate with Aboriginal peoples. One theory suggested that the North American cultural context of trading centers, with multi-lingual populations, was very similar to the African trading ports. Legacy Da Costa's translation and communication skills helped reduce the cultural gap between early French explorers and the First Nations. His work in Canada is honoured at the Port-Royal National Historic Site in Nova Scotia, Canada. He was also the subject of a French graphic novel, called Mathieu de Costa, which was written by Diane Groulx and illustrated by Jocelyne Jatte. Commemorations A domestic rate postage stamp honoring da Costa was issued by Canada Post on February 1, 2017, in conjunction with Black History Month. A plaque at the Port Royal Habitation National Historic Site commemorates da Costa's contribution. It is part of the Mathieu da Costa African Heritage Trail, a series of monuments marking African Nova Scotian history in the Annapolis Valley. It was unveiled in July 2005	3.0625
9178446	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temvik%2C%20North%20Dakota	Temvik, North Dakota	Temvik is a ghost town in Emmons County, North Dakota, United States. It is situated between Linton and Hazelton. The town had a school and several grain elevators early in the twentieth century; all that remains today is a farm. Temvik Cemetery is located west of the town along U.S. Route 83. History Temvik was founded in 1904 as the town of Godkin. It was alternatively known as Brophy after local store owner L.W. Brophy. The town was renamed Larvik in 1908, and after a short-lived dispute with the nearby townsite Templeton (named after the Tempel brothers), was renamed Temvik in 1911 after the two towns merged. Residents originally wanted to name the combined town Union City, but that application was denied by the Postal Service. Temvik operated a post office with the zip code 58574 from 1911 until 1968, when the post office was closed. Mail service is handled through Linton to the south, and Temvik shares Linton's zip code. Geographic location Temvik is located in the central part of Emmons County along U.S. Route 83. It is part of the U.S. Census designated West Emmons Unorganized Territory, but was once part of the now defunct McCulley Township, which dissolved in 1998. Demographics Temvik had a population of around 200 during the early 20th century. In 1960, it was estimated at around 45 people. The surrounding McCulley Township recorded a population of 160 during the 1960 Census, which declined to 79 as of the 1990 Census. As an unincorporated community, the U.S. Census Bureau does not specifically track its population. According to the 2000 Census, Temvik is located in census tract 9664, block group 1, and assigned blocks 1448 through 1452. The population of each of these census blocks was zero in 2000, with the exception of block 1449, which showed a population of just 4 individuals. Many of the settlers in the area are of German or German-from-Russia descent.	2.265625
9178458	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Order%20of%20Mugunghwa	Grand Order of Mugunghwa	The Grand Order of Mugunghwa () is the highest national order awarded by South Korea. It is awarded to the President of South Korea, and it may be awarded to their spouse, heads or former heads of state of South Korean allies, and their spouses. The order is presented for, "Outstanding meritorious services in the interest of promoting the development and security of the Republic of Korea." The Grand Order of Mugunghwa takes its name from South Korea's national flower, the hibiscus. The hibiscus is a cultivar native to the Korean peninsula and has great cultural significance in Korean history. Appearance The Grand Order of Mugunghwa consists of "an insignia worn around the neck, a badge affixed to sash worn over the shoulder and a star, with a ribbon and a lapel badge as necessary", according to law. The Grand Order of Mugunghwa may be made of gold, silver, ruby and amethyst. As of 2013, the cost to produce it was approximately 20 million won, or $19,000 USD. Controversies The Grand Order of Mugunghwa is traditionally awarded to the incoming President of South Korea shortly after their inauguration. However, Former President Roh Moo-hyun opted to accept the award upon his departure from office in 2008. After their conviction for treason in 1996, former presidents Chun Doo-hwan and Roh Tae-woo were ordered to return the Grand Order of Mugunghwa along with other state decorations. While Chun agreed to return the awards, he and Roh never did. By statute, the Grand Order of Mugunghwa is the highest decoration in Korea; however, in the eyes of the public, it is not well regarded. Many Koreans feel that the order has far less significance. This is because it is self-awarded and is based on winning an election, not on any positive achievements for the country. It is also given to foreign heads of state, not necessarily because of what they have done for Korea, but for what they may do for Korea in the future. Recipients	2.359375
9178478	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Side%2C%20Providence%2C%20Rhode%20Island	East Side, Providence, Rhode Island	The East Side is a collection of neighborhoods in the eastern part of the city of Providence, Rhode Island. It officially comprises the neighborhoods of Blackstone, Hope (commonly known as Summit), Mount Hope, College Hill, Wayland, and Fox Point. The area is separated from East Providence, Rhode Island, to the east by the Seekonk River. To the west it is separated from the rest of Providence by the Providence River and Interstate 95. To the north, it borders Pawtucket, Rhode Island. To the south, it abuts Narragansett Bay, which is formed by the confluence of the Seekonk and Providence Rivers. Roger Williams founded Providence along College Hill. This area thus includes some of the oldest sections of the city. The spot where Williams landed after crossing the Seekonk River is marked by a small park in Fox Point. Universities and schools The East Side contains most of Brown University's academic and athletic facilities. These include the Main Green, the Rockefeller Library, the Erickson Athletic Complex, the Pembroke Campus, and the Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs. Many of the Rhode Island School of Design's buildings are along the slope of College Hill. The RISD Museum is located on Benefit Street. Private schools include the Moses Brown School, the Wheeler School, Lincoln School, School One, Providence Hebrew Day School, and the French-American School. Hope High School is located at the corner of Hope and Olney Streets. It is one of Providence's public high schools. Restaurants and shopping Numerous cafes, restaurants, and shops are located along Thayer Street, adjoining Brown University at Veteran's Gate, and along Wickenden Street, South Water Street. Both streets are home to numerous small and independent shops, though Thayer Street has a few chain stores. Brown University's bookstore is located on Thayer. A notable Thayer Street landmark is the Avon Cinema which dates back to the early twentieth century.	2.265625
9178478	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Side%2C%20Providence%2C%20Rhode%20Island	East Side, Providence, Rhode Island	Three of the fifteen Providence City Council wards are located on the East Side. Ward One includes all of Fox Point and parts of College Hill and Wayland south of Angell St. Ward Two encompasses the remainder of College Hill and Wayland, most of Blackstone, and parts of Mount Hope. Ward Three includes Hope (Summit) and most of Mount Hope. Major public buildings include the Rhode Island Supreme Court on Benefit Street and the RI Office of the Attorney General on South Main Street. Hospitals Miriam Hospital, a private, non-profit hospital, is located along Summit Avenue in the Hope (Summit) area. Local Jewish organizations founded the hospital in 1926. Butler Hospital, located off Blackstone Boulevard, is Rhode Island's only private mental health hospital. Founded in 1844, the hospital offers psychiatric and substance-abuse treatment programs. Landmarks The East Side contains the oldest section of the city. The Providence Preservation Society and the Rhode Island Historical Society have preserved numerous historic buildings, especially in the College Hill area. Historic landmarks include: The Providence Athenaeum: The fourth oldest library in America, located on Benefit Street. The Central Congregational Church, An 1893 Carrère and Hastings-designed church on Angell Street. The First Baptist Church in America: The oldest Baptist church in the United States, founded by Roger Williams in 1638. It is located on North Main Street. The First Christian Science Church: A domed church on Meeting Street. The John Brown House: The home of John Brown (1736–1803), a china trader, slave trader, and Federalist, his family financed the establishment of Brown University. His house is located at the corner of Benefit and Power Street. The Marine Armory: An armory in service during the American Civil War, it was the first headquarters of the Rhode Island State Police. The Old State House: The former statehouse of Rhode Island. H.P. Lovecraft Memorial Square	2.328125
9178488	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omemee%2C%20North%20Dakota	Omemee, North Dakota	Omemee is a ghost town in Bottineau County in the U.S. state of North Dakota. It was a railroad hub in the early 1910s, located at the junction of two major railroads, the Soo Line Railroad and the Great Northern Railway. Incorporated as a city in 1902, Omemee has been abandoned since 2003. History Omemee was founded in 1887 in Willow Vale Township. It is named after Omemee, Ontario, in Canada, which was the hometown of Omemee's first post master. Omemee itself is an alternate spelling of the Ojibwe word , meaning "dove." The post office opened in 1890 and closed in 1967, with mail service transferring to nearby Willow City. The town was incorporated in 1902 and was moved slightly in 1903 to the junction of the Great Northern Railway and the Soo Line Railway in 1903. Omemee disincorporated as a city prior to the 1990 Census. It currently has no population. A 1906 review by the North Dakota Department of Agriculture and Labor indicated Omemee was the fourth largest town in Bottineau County. However, by the time it was founded, the cities of Bottineau and Willow City had grown to dominate trade in the region. Omemee, located between both towns was at a disadvantage, since many farmers had grown accustomed to doing business in those towns. Many predicted its status as a hub between two railroads would lead to substantial growth, making Omemee the railroad center of Bottineau County. In 1906, the town already boasted numerous businesses, including general stores, banks, hotels, a restaurant, school, opera house, and a newspaper, the Omemee Herald. Omemee Brick Company operated a plant three miles north of town. The town also claimed it had "one of the best brass bands in the state" at 22 members, and the only musical organization in the state with "a quartette of saxophones [sic.]". However, the lack of a townsite company to promote the town, the predicted population boom never came and the town declined in later years.	2.15625
9178488	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omemee%2C%20North%20Dakota	Omemee, North Dakota	In 1998, the Canadian Museum of Rail Travel in Cranbrook, British Columbia, British Columbia, bought and restored a 1906 sleeper car. Originally built by Barney and Smith Car Company, the railcar was previously owned by a former Soo Line Railroad employee, and was named Omemee in honor of the old rail station. The car is now on permanent display at the museum. Today, nothing remains of the town except for an abandoned electric line and two crumbling buildings. The town bell of Omemee now hangs on display in front of the Bottineau County Historical Museum in Bottineau, N.D. Land sale controversy In the early 2000s, real estate developers began selling lots in Omemee to buyers in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Germany. Advertisements described a typical lot as "a great retirement home site and a superb investment." However, county officials contradicted those claims saying the lots were "unfit for development". Many buyers purchased the lots site-unseen through eBay or other online providers. Some buyers treated the purchases as investments, with no intent to ever build or move to North Dakota, while others felt they were misled once they saw the nature of the property they had purchased. Some property owners complained to the North Dakota Attorney General's office, which found no misrepresentations to prosecute. Geography Omemee is located in the eastern part of Bottineau County. It lies in the Souris River basin, which is part of the ancient lake bed of Lake Souris, a large glacial lake in the area responsible for much of the surrounding geology. East of the town, undulations of the prairie rise often ten feet above the adjoining hollows. These swells form the moraines which were not entirely leveled down by the waves of the lake. The high and rugged hills of the same moraines beyond the lake shore show how much the action of the waves leveled the hills which were deposited in the waters of the lake. Demographics	2.625
9178605	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20Bremen%20%281896%29	SS Bremen (1896)	SS Bremen, later renamed Constantinople and then King Alexander, was a German that entered service in 1897 with Norddeutscher Lloyd. History The Bremen was built by F. Schichau of Danzig for the Norddeutscher-Lloyd line (NDL). She started her maiden voyage on 5 June 1897, traveling from Bremen to New York with a stopover at Southampton. In addition to the transatlantic run she also sailed from Bremen to Australia via the Suez Canal. On 30 June 1900, she was badly damaged in a dockside fire at the NDL pier in Hoboken, New Jersey. The fire started in a bale of cotton. The Lloyd ships , and were also damaged in the fire, with the Saale sinking, whilst the Bremen ran aground. After the fire, Bremen was rebuilt by AG Vulcan Stettin, lengthened to , and her tonnage was increased to . She reentered service in October 1901. On 20 April 1912, while sailing from Bremen to New York City, Bremen passed through the debris field left by the sinking of . A Bohemian passenger named Stephen Rehorek photographed an iceberg that matched eyewitness descriptions and sketches that had been given about the iceberg that Titanic struck. In addition, passengers and crew reported seeing hundreds of bodies floating in the water as well as many deck chairs and pieces of wood. Since there was already a ship specially chartered by White Star line to retrieve any bodies, the Bremen did not stop to recover any. Bremen was laid up during World War I. After the war she was given to the British P&O line as part of the war reparations. Two years later she was sold to the Byron S.S. Co. and renamed Constantinople, and operated on the Piraeus-New York City route. By 1924, she was renamed King Alexander. She was scrapped in 1929.	2.296875
9178719	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphism	Graphism	It has been hypothesized that graphism first appeared in the form of tight curves or series of lines engraved in bone or stone. However, there has been no substantial proof to support this hypothesis, with the only comparison being the Australian tjurunga, stone or wood tablets engraved with abstract designs (spirals, straight lines, and clusters of dots) that represented objects of religious significance. The first forms of graphism that allow one to hazardly identify an animal, did not appear until around 30,000 B.C. Prehistoric art records are very numerous, and statistical processing has allowed us to unravel the general meaning of what they represented. The earliest known paintings do not represent a hunt or a family scene, but are graphic building blocks without any associated description. All these early forms therefore suggests that figurative art was directly linked with language and was, in the broadest sense, much closer to writing than to what we understand by a work of art. It was symbolic transposition, not copying of reality, that is to say that graphism did not begin by reproducing reality in a slavishly photographic manner, but with abstraction. The discovery of prehistoric art in the late 19th century raised the issue of a "naive" state, an art by which humans supposedly represented what they saw as a result of an aesthetic triggering effect. It was soon realized near the beginning of the 20th century that this view was mistaken, and that magical-religious concerns were responsible for the figurative art of the Cenozoic Era, as indeed for almost all art except in a few rare "hunting tallies" etched on bone during the Paleolithic period.	2.921875
9178866	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20paper	Thermal paper	In the 1970s and early 1980s, Japanese producers including Ricoh, Jujo, and Kanzaki, using similar dye-based chemistry, formed partnerships with barcode printer manufacturers including TEC and Sato and entered the emerging global bar code industry, primarily for supermarket receipt printers. U.S. producers including Appleton (NCR's license), Nashua Corporation, and Graphic Controls fought for market share. Users of pressure-sensitive label such as those made by Avery Dennison became major consumers of direct thermal label stock. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, thermal transfer (distinct from direct thermal, and stable), laser printing, electrophotography, and, to a lesser extent, inkjet printing began to take away industrial and warehouse barcode applications due to better stability and durability of prints. Direct thermal made a strong comeback with point-of-sale receipt printing. During 1998, Nintendo used thermal paper technology for their Game Boy Printer. Mechanism of action The printer essentially consists of a transport mechanism which drags the paper across a thermal dot matrix print head. The (very small) dots of the head heat up very quickly to imprint a dot, then cool equally quickly. Chemistry Four different types of imaging chemicals are used in thermally sensitive papers: leuco dyes, developers, sensitizers and stabilizers.	2.125
9178866	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20paper	Thermal paper	This was followed in 2007 by Polaroid's development of the Zink ("zero-ink") system. Both of these methods rely on multi-layer coatings with three separate colorizing layers, with different methods used for independent activation of each layer. The paper is used in compact photo printers. It has several layers: a backing layer with optional pressure sensitive adhesive, heat-sensitive layers with cyan, magenta and yellow pigments in colorless form, and overcoat. Zink technology allows the printing of full-color images in a single pass without requiring ink cartridges. The color addressing is achieved by controlling the heat pulse length and intensity. The color-forming layers contain colorless crystals of amorphochromic dyes. These dyes form microcrystals of their colorless tautomers, which convert to the colored form by melting and retain color after resolidification. The yellow layer is the topmost one, sensitive to short heat pulses of high temperature. The magenta layer is in the middle, sensitive to longer pulses of moderate temperature. The cyan layer is at the bottom, sensitive to long pulses of low temperature. The layers are separated by thin interlayers, acting as heat insulation, moderating the heat throughput. Health and environmental concerns Some thermal papers are coated with BPA, a chemical considered to be an endocrine disruptor. This material can contaminate recycled paper. BPA can transfer readily to the skin in small amounts: The chemical bisphenol A (BPA) is used for thermal paper coatings because of its stability and heat-resistance. This allows inkless printing for receipts from cash registers. People who often are in contact with BPA coated receipts do have a higher level of BPA in their bodies than people with average contact. Therefore, the New York Suffolk County signed a resolution to ban BPA in thermal receipt papers. Violation of this new law, the "Safer Sales Slip Act", involves a US$500 penalty. The law became effective beginning January 3, 2014.	2.265625
9179124	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masistes	Masistes	Masistes (Old Persian 𐎶𐎰𐎡𐏁𐎫, Maθišta; Greek Μασίστης, Masístēs; Old Iranian *Masišta; died 478 BC) was a Persian prince of the Achaemenid Dynasty, son of king Darius I (reign: 520-486 BC) and of his wife Atossa, and full brother of king Xerxes I (reign: 486-465 BC). He was satrap (governor) of Bactria during his brother's reign, where he attempted to start a revolt in 478 BC. Chief marshal Masistes was one of the six chief marshals of the Greek campaigns of Xerxes (480-479 BC). Along with general Mardonius, he commanded the army column that crossed Thrace along the coast; however, he was almost completely absent during the course of the war, including the battles of Salamis and Plataea. He reappeared close to the end of the war, when he fought in the Battle of Mycale (479 BC). According to Herodotus, the battle was just about to take place at sea, but the Persians decided to come ashore in Ionia, Asia Minor, and fight on land. The Greek and the Persian armies finally fought in Mycale, and the Persians were completely defeated. Commanders Tigranes and Mardontes died during the battle, but Artayntes and Itamithres, as well as Masistes, managed to escape. According to Herodotus, on their way to Sardis, where the king stayed, Masistes accused Artayntes of cowardice and blamed him of being "worse than a woman". In response, Artayntes unsheathed his sword and tried to kill Masistes, but was stopped by a Carian named Xenagoras of Halicarnassus. Masistes' family stayed near the battle, in Sardis, Lydia, which was a common practice of the nobility of the Persian Empire. In Herodotus' Histories, he comments that while Masistes was fighting, his brother, king Xerxes, seduced Masistes' wife (see below). Love affairs and Masistes' revolt	2.453125
9179124	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masistes	Masistes	The tale Masistes is one of the main characters in a bloody episode in Herodotus' Histories (IX 108–110). Herodotus relates that, after his defeat in Greece, Xerxes fell in love with the wife of Masistes, but failed in all attempts to win her favour. In order to be closer to his sister-in-law, Xerxes married his son Darius to his niece Artaynte, a daughter of Masistes. The wedding was celebrated in Sardis, but when the court returned to Susa, Xerxes decided that he desired the daughter rather than the mother, and Artaynte became his lover. One day, Xerxes visited Artaynte wearing a robe that had been woven by queen Amestris. He offered Artaynte to grant her whatever wish she desired. She chose the robe, and when she wore it in public, the affair was discovered. When Amestris heard the news she sought revenge, not from Artaynte, strangely enough, but from her mother, the wife of Masistes. It was customary in Persia that on the king's birthday he had to grant all the wishes he was asked, so Amestris waited until that date to ask Xerxes to have Masistes' wife killed. Under Amestris' orders, Masistes' wife was tortured and mutilated: her breasts, nose, ears, lips and tongue were cut out. In the meantime, Xerxes offered Masistes the hand of one of his daughters. Masistes refused, and when he saw his mutilated wife he fled to Bactria to start a revolt; however, he was intercepted on his way by troops sent by the king, and put to death along with his followers and his three sons. Historical background The tale refers to an ill-fated attempt of Masistes to lead a revolt against his brother Xerxes. Although the exact date is unknown, it could not have happened too long after the battle of Mycale (479 BC), perhaps in 478 BC.	2.4375
9179124	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masistes	Masistes	It was originally considered that Xerxes, affected by his defeats in Greece, became involved in harem intrigues that would cause turmoil in the court and eventually result in the decadence and ruin of the Empire. This view is widely criticised by more modern authors. Many of the episode's themes appear in many legendary tales of Persian origin - the plot is the same, only the names of the characters are changed. Thus, although the tale is based on Persian oral accounts of Masistes' revolt, it is impossible to consider it as a historical fact and to derive literal conclusions from it. Relating to this, it has been argued that the royal robe (which Amestris wove for Xerxes in the story) was not just a piece of clothing but a symbol of the Persian monarchy. According to this reasoning, and within the symbolic context of Persian culture of this period, when Artaynte asked Xerxes for his robe she was actually asking for the throne, although not for her, as she was married to the heir, prince Darius, but perhaps for her father Masistes. This could explain why Amestris punished Masistes' wife instead of her daughter Artaynte. It has also been noted that the punishment that Masistes' wife received was usually reserved for rebels. Other legendary Persian episodes share the theme of the royal robe, amongst these: Cyrus the Great receives the royal Mede robe when he marries the daughter of Mede king Astyages (Xenophon, Cyropaedia VIII 5 18). Cyrus the Younger is just about to kill his brother, king Artaxerxes II, but stops when he sees him dressing himself with the royal robe (Plutarch, Artoxerxes III 1–4). During a hunting expedition, nobleman Tiribazus wears the royal robe of king Artaxerxes II, causing disgust amongst his courtiers, as it is forbidden (Plutarch, Artoxerxes V 2).	2.546875
9179124	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masistes	Masistes	Masistes and mathishta It has been noted that the name Masistes (which the Greek sources give) is related to the Old Persian title mathishta (maθišta, "the greatest", "the highest", "the longest"; "chief [of the troop]"; as a title, "the greatest after the king", "the second after the king") given to the royal heir designated by the king. The problem lies in that the heir designated by Darius I is Xerxes, not Masistes, although the succession was not free of conflict. According to Herodotus, the eldest son by Darius was Artabazanes, but he had been born prior to Darius' ascent to the throne. Xerxes was the first-born son of Darius after he was crowned king, and he was also son of Atossa, the daughter of Cyrus the Great, founder of the empire. After many disputes in the court, Darius finally chose Xerxes. This is corroborated by Xerxes himself, who in his "Harem Inscription" of Persepolis states that his father designated him mathishta despite having other sons. Pompeius Trogus, a later author, relates the same story, but refers to Artabazanes as Ariamenes. On the other hand, Plutarch states that Xerxes, when he is chosen as heir, offers Ariamenes the position of "second after the king". The Ariamenes who appears in Plutarch, although he plays the role of the Artabazanes referred to by Herodotus and the Ariamenes referred to by Trogus, has similarities with Masistes. First, Ariamenes governs over Bactria in Plutarch's version, just as Masistes does in Herodotus. Also, the phrase "second after the king" coincides with the meaning of the title mathishta, which seems to be related to the name of Masistes. However, in Plutarch, the "second after the king" refers to the most powerful person after the king himself, but not to the heir, as occurs with the title mathishta.	2.625
9179158	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf%20Michaelis	Adolf Michaelis	Adolf Michaelis (22 June 1835 – 12 August 1910) was a German classical scholar, a professor of art history at the University of Strasbourg from 1872, who helped establish the connoisseurship of Ancient Greek sculpture and Roman sculpture on their modern footing. Just at the cusp of the introduction of photography as a tool of art history, Michaelis pioneered supplementing his descriptions with sketches. Biography Adolf Michaelis was born in Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, the son of the gynecologist Gustav Adolf Michaelis (1798–1848) and the nephew of Otto Jahn, who introduced scientific philological method into classical archaeology; Jahn first guided his nephew's interest in the classics. After Jahn's death, Michaelis produced in 1880 a second edition of Jahn's scholarly presentation of an excerpt of Pausanias' description of Greece, Arx Athenarum a Pausania Descripta, offering the Greek text with Latin introduction and notes. The title was a modest understatement: Jahn collected all the classical references to the Acropolis of Athens and all the surviving inscriptions, nd incorporated them into a history woven from classical sources. In the 1880 edition, Michaelis added forty plates of site plans, drawings and scholarly restorations of buildings and monuments, as well as engravings of sculpture, terracottas and coins illustrating the cult practices and deities honored on Arx Athenarum, "Athena's hill". Michaelis read classical philology and archaeology at the University of Leipzig, where he attended the classes of Johannes Overbeck (1826–1895), an expert on Pompeii whose emphasis on written sources for documenting Greek art was influential in formulating Michaelis' approach to antiquities and whose corpus of mythological representations in Greek art, Griechische Kunstmythologie, begun in 1871, helped spark Michaelis' own compilation of antiquities in English collections.	2.484375
9179158	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf%20Michaelis	Adolf Michaelis	Michaelis pursued further studies in Berlin, then returned to Kiel to work on Horace. A trip to Rome in 1857 introduced him to the circle of scholars at the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut (The German Archaeological Institute), on whose fellowship he travelled to Greece with Alexander Conze in 1859-60, On his return to Germany he taught briefly at Greifswald and Tübingen, 1862-67. In 1872, following the publication of his monograph on the Parthenon he accepted the chair for Classical Archaeology at the recently established University of Strasbourg, where he settled down for life and created a great department of archaeology supported by a great archaeological library and a vast cast collection. During recesses he scoured the collections of classical sculpture conserved in English country houses, the result of a century and a half of British collecting; in 1882 he published the repertory for which he has remained famous, a work still referred to, Ancient Marbles in Great Britain; this, in addition to his scholarly work on classical sculpture, is the cornerstone of the history of English collecting in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. From 1894 until 1899, he was also administrator of the Egyptian collection at the University of Strasbourg. Michaelis summed up his knowledge in 1906 with his Die archäologischen Entdeckungen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts, one of the first historiographies of the development in classical archaeology that had taken place during the nineteenth century; it follows in detail the archaeological expeditions, many of them undertaken by German institutions, with illustrations and site plans, ending with an overview of the older archaeology and the conditions of new views. Michaelis died at Strasbourg. His volume on classical art, Das Altertum, written for Anton Springer's extensive survey, Handbuch der Kunstgeschichte, appeared posthumously in 1911.	2.328125
9179175	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatherland%20%28novel%29	Fatherland (novel)	Plot The novel opens in Nazi Germany in April 1964 during the week leading up to the 75th birthday of Adolf Hitler, Detective Xavier March is an investigator working for the Kriminalpolizei (Kripo), as he investigates the suspicious death of a high-ranking Nazi, Josef Bühler, in the Havel on the outskirts of Berlin. As March uncovers more details, he realises that he is caught up in a political scandal involving senior Nazi Party officials, who are apparently being systematically murdered under staged circumstances. As soon as the body is identified, the Gestapo claims jurisdiction and orders the Kripo to close its investigation, but March continues to investigate. When the SS and Gestapo try to force him to shut down his investigation, March is only saved by the personal intervention of Kripo Chief Arthur Nebe, who instructs him to continue investigating with only his limited protection. Nebe, a veteran of the pre-Nazi period, suggests that he is engaged in a power struggle against Reinhard Heydrich, the head of the SS, a potential successor to the elderly Hitler.	1.914063
9179175	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatherland%20%28novel%29	Fatherland (novel)	Hermann Jost: A 19-year-old cadet in an SS academy, Jost was out running when he discovered the corpse that triggered March's investigation. March is certain that Jost witnessed more than he is willing to disclose and at first believes him to be covering up a homosexual relationship with a fellow cadet, which (in Germany) is punishable by internment in a concentration camp. March, however, persuades Jost to admit the truth: Jost witnessed the dumping of the body and recognised SS General Odilo Globocnik at the scene. To deny March his key witness, Globocnik arranges Jost's transfer 'east' for 'special training'. Paul "Pili" March: The ten-year-old son of March, Pili lives with his mother and her partner in the suburbs of Berlin. Pili is a fully-indoctrinated member of the Jungvolk, the junior section of the Hitler Youth for boys between 10 and 14. Later in the novel, Pili denounces his father to the Gestapo, all the while unaware of what it will really do to him. Max Jaeger: March's friend and Kripo partner, Jaeger is 50; lives with his wife, Hannelore, and four daughters in Berlin; and is disinclined to question 'the system'. At the end of the novel, he drives the getaway car that rescues March, but it is revealed that he had been informing against March since before the novel began and that March's "rescue" was arranged by the Gestapo as a ruse to find Maguire. Walther Fiebes: A detective working in VB3, the Kripo's sexual crimes division, along the corridor from March's office, Fiebes is a man with a deeply prurient nature and relishes his work investigating sexual crimes, including rape, adultery and interracial relationships between "Aryan" people and their Slavic servants. Rudolf "Rudi" Halder: March's friend and a crewman on his U-boat, Rudi is now a historian working at the immense Reich Central Archives and helping to compile an official history of the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS on the Eastern Front.	1.945313
9179175	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatherland%20%28novel%29	Fatherland (novel)	Based on historical figures Harris, in the Author's notes of the novel, explains that many characters are based on the real people with the same names and that the biographical details are accurate until 1942. Afterward, the narrative is fictional. The following descriptions follow what is in the novel. Odilo Globocnik: An aging Obergruppenführer in the Gestapo and right-hand man of Reichsführer-SS Reinhard Heydrich, nicknamed "Globus". He is a principal antagonist of the book who is personally responsible for the assassinations of the Wannsee officials. After March's apprehension by the Gestapo, Globus takes over March's interrogation and administers several brutal beatings. Arthur Nebe: The chief of the Kripo and Oberstgruppenführer, Nebe is an old man in 1964 and has a sumptuous office in Berlin. Initially appearing to support March's investigation for political reasons, despite the Gestapo's involvement, Nebe ultimately weaves a ruse to March to make him reveal the whereabouts of the evidence after meeting with Heydrich several times. Josef Bühler: A former secretary and deputy governor to the Nazi-controlled General Government in Kraków, retired in 1951 after losing his leg in a partisan attack. The discovery of his dead body is the starting point of the novel. Wilhelm Stuckart: A Nazi Party lawyer, official and retired state secretary in the German Interior Ministry. At the beginning of the novel he has already died the day before Bühler. Martin Luther: An advisor to Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop until retirement, and last surviving participant of the Wannsee Conference. Reinhard Heydrich: The current head of the SS and considered a likely successor to Hitler, Heydrich is a principal antagonist of the book although he never appears in person. He oversees the assassinations of the Wannsee officials to eradicate all first-hand evidence of the Final Solution. It is suggested that he likely does this on direct orders from Hitler himself.	2.421875
9179175	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatherland%20%28novel%29	Fatherland (novel)	Throughout the novel, Harris gradually explains, in a fictional backstory, the developments that allowed Germany to prevail in World War II. The author explains in the Author's notes that except for the backstories of the fictitious characters, the narrative describes reality up to 1942, after which it is fictional. A significant early point of divergence is that Heydrich survived the assassination attempt by Czechoslovak fighters in May 1942 (he was killed in reality) and later became head of the SS. The Nazi offensives on the Eastern Front ultimately pushed back the Soviet forces, with the Case Blue operation succeeding in capturing the Caucasus and cutting the Red Army off from its petroleum reserves by summer of 1942, eventually defeating the Soviet Union in the spring of 1943. The Nazis also found that the Enigma machine code had been broken, recalling the entire U-boat fleet for a time to discontinue its use. A subsequent massive U-boat campaign against Britain then succeeded in starving the British into surrender by 1944. In the novel Princess Elizabeth and the Prime Minister Winston Churchill fled into exile in Canada. Elizabeth now claims the throne from her uncle Edward VIII, who regained the British throne soon afterwards, with Wallis Simpson as his queen. The US defeated Japan and used nuclear weapons, as in real life. Germany in return fired a non-nuclear "V-3" missile to explode in the skies over New York City to demonstrate its ability to attack the Continental United States with long-range missiles. Thus, after a peace treaty in 1946, the war ends. There is a reference to a brutal regime having taken power in China, though its ideology and leader are never stated.	2.359375
9179175	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatherland%20%28novel%29	Fatherland (novel)	Alternative postwar history The fictional backstory describes how, after victory is achieved, Germany reorganises Europe east of Poland into Reichskommissariats. After the Treaty of Rome is signed, both Western Europe and Northern Europe are corralled into a trade bloc, the European Community (EC). By 1964, the United States and the Greater German Reich are involved in a Cold War. The action of the novel takes place from 14 to 20 April 1964, as Germany prepares for Hitler's 75th birthday celebrations, which are to take place on the latter date. A visit by US President Joseph P. Kennedy is planned as part of a gradual détente between the United States and Germany. The Holocaust has been officially explained away as merely the relocation of the Jews 'east', where infrastructure and communications remain far more primitive than in central Europe. Many in 1960s Germany suspect the government to have eliminated the Jews, but are generally too unconcerned about the event or too afraid of the authorities to say or to do anything. The outside world is aware of the Holocaust, but some doubt has been sown thanks to educated German diplomats offering various explanations for any proof or witnesses that have escaped German territory. Kennedy, however, remains neutral to avoid further damaging relations and refers only to vague "human rights violations" that he wishes to investigate when he visits Berlin. Greater German Reich and international politics The first few pages of the novel feature two maps: one of the city centre of Berlin and another of the extent of the massively expanded Greater German Reich, which stretches from Alsace-Lorraine ("Westmark") in the west to the Ural Mountains and lower Caucasus in the east, with specific locations mentioned in the novel marked.	2.546875
9179175	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatherland%20%28novel%29	Fatherland (novel)	The Reich has retained Austria (now called "Ostmark"), Slovenia, the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and Luxembourg (now called "Moselland"). In the east, most of Poland is still ruled as a colony as the General Government, and the former Soviet territories west of the Urals have been divided into four Reichkommissariats: Ostland (Belarus and the Baltic states) Ukraine, including Odessa, the Generalkommissariat Taurida (Southern Ukraine) and the Crimea, now called Gotenland Muscovy (from Moscow to the Urals) Caucasus. Also mentioned is a German naval base in Trondheim, Norway, where the Reich's nuclear submarines are based. Berlin is a city with a population of ten million inhabitants. It is the largest city in the German Reich and the capital of Germany and has been extensively redeveloped by Albert Speer. A greatly reduced Soviet rump state— presumably composed of Siberia, the Russian Far East and Central Asia—still exists, with its capital in Omsk. The US covertly supplies it with weapons and funds, which allow the Soviets to tie down German forces in the Urals. Although German propaganda plays down the war on the Eastern Front, the war there is taking its toll. The countries of western and northern Europe have formed the European Community (EC), a pro-German economic bloc with its parliament located in Berlin. It is made up of Portugal, Spain, France, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland. The EC countries, despite being nominally free nations under their own governments and leaders, are politically subordinate to Germany in all but name. This is symbolised by the German flag flown over the Berlin headquarters being twice as large as those of the other member states. The Balkan states remain independent outside of the EC, but are still subject to German diktats. These include Croatia, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria and Serbia.	2.046875
9179175	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatherland%20%28novel%29	Fatherland (novel)	The Reich had initially planned to annex Switzerland, but because of Cold War tensions, Switzerland became a convenient neutral spot for diplomacy and for American and German intelligence agents to spy on each other. It is one of the last states in Europe with a foreign policy that is independent of Berlin. The United States is locked in a Cold War with Germany. Since the end of WWII, both superpowers have developed nuclear and space technologies. The United States is said not to have participated in the Olympic Games since 1936, but is expected to return in 1964. The stalemate between Germany and the United States seems to overshadow international relations. New German buildings are constructed with mandatory bomb shelters, and the claims to have been built to withstand a direct missile hit. Nazi society German foreign policy concentrates on ending the Cold War. Hitler has taken some steps to soften his image over the years and now usually wears civilian clothes, instead of the party uniform. Nonetheless, no substantive changes have taken place in the regime's basic character. The Reichstag Fire Decree and the Enabling Act of 1933, the legal basis for Hitler's dictatorship, remain in effect, and the press, radio and television are all tightly controlled. The bedrock of Nazi ideology is still the policy of blaming subversive and minority groups for Germany's economic and social problems. Christianity is still permitted in the German Reich, but the Gestapo keeps record of all who attend church services. Homosexuals are sent to labour camps, and Judaism is totally eradicated. Propaganda has previously depicted the United States to be corrupt, degenerate and poor. However, the imminent diplomatic meeting between Hitler and Kennedy forces German propaganda to shift to a more positive image of the United States and its people.	2.421875
9179175	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatherland%20%28novel%29	Fatherland (novel)	Nazi organisations such as Kraft durch Freude still exist and fulfill their original roles such as providing holidays to resort areas under German control. German citizens are still encouraged to contribute to the Winterhilfswerk. A sprawling transport network covers the entire Reich, including a vast autobahn and railway network in the manner of the real-life proposed Breitspurbahn system, which carries immense trains. Technology The level of technology in the novel's 1960s is much the same as in real life. The German military uses jet aircraft, nuclear submarines, and aircraft carriers; civilian technology has also advanced considerably. Jet airliners, televisions, coffee machines and photocopiers are used in Germany. The use of photocopiers is restricted to track their use in case they are utilised by dissidents. Both the United States and Germany appear to have sophisticated space technology. Germany's space program is based at the old rocket-testing facility at Peenemünde, on the Baltic coast. The extent of space exploration is not specified, but a conversation between March and Maguire suggests that Germany is justified in boasting about being ahead of the US in the Space Race. Critical evaluations The British scholar Nancy Browne noted the similarities between the ending of Fatherland and that of Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls: "Both novels end with the protagonist about to embark on a single-handed armed confrontation with a large number of Fascists or Nazis, of whose outcome there can be no doubt - but the reader does not witness the moment of his presumed death.... Like Hemingway's Robert Jordan, Xavier March is facing this last moment with an exhilaration born of having no further doubts and dilemmas, no more crucial decisions which need to be made, nothing but going through on his chosen course and dying in a just cause. And like Jordan, in sacrificing himself March is ensuring the safe escape of the woman he loves".	2.234375
9179205	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This%20Man%27s%20Navy	This Man's Navy	This Man's Navy (aka Airship Squadron No. 4. and Lighter Than Air) is a 1945 World War II film about U.S. Navy blimps directed by William A. Wellman and starring Wallace Beery, Tom Drake, Jan Clayton and James Gleason. The supporting cast features Selena Royle and Beery's brother Noah Beery Sr., and presents a rare opportunity to see both Beery brothers work together in their later years. The picture is also one of the very few films, other than training films, to depict U.S. Navy airship operations. Plot During World War II, Chief Aviation Pilot Ned Trumpet (Wallace Beery) is the commander of a U.S. Navy K class blimp at Lakehurst, New Jersey naval base. "Old Gas Bag", who has a reputation for telling tall tales, brags about his fictional son to his skeptical friend Jimmy Shannon (James Gleason) and, then realizes that he will need to find someone to impersonate his "son". By chance, Trumpet soon meets Jess Weaver (Tom Drake), a young disabled man, arranging for an operation to fix his legs, injured in a riding accident. Afterward, Weaver agrees to go along with the deception and soon earns his Navy wings and commission as an ensign. While piloting a blimp on a submarine patrol mission, Trumpet launches an unauthorized attack on a German submarine (ignoring orders sent to break off the attack), but Weaver's bomb misses and the submarine fires back, hitting the airship. Trumpet takes over the controls and sinks the submarine. Weaver faces a court-martial for disobeying orders, but Trumpet takes the blame for his actions. After Weaver is awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross, he gives the DFC ribbon to his "father." Leaving Lakehurst, Weaver gets pilot training at NAS Pensacola. Weaver transfers to Ferry Command. While on assignment in Burma, his airplane crashes in Japanese territory. Trumpet rushes to the rescue in a blimp. Fending off Japanese soldiers, the crew pick up three survivors, the fourth being killed. They are then attacked by three fighter aircraft.	1.9375
9179208	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpactognathus	Harpactognathus	Harpactognathus (meaning "seizing/grasping jaw") is a genus of pterosaur found in the Late Jurassic-age Morrison Formation of Albany County, Wyoming, United States. It is based on NAMAL 101, a partial skull consisting of the snout, recovered from near Bone Cabin Quarry in 1996. The specific name honors the discoverer, Joe Gentry, a volunteer for the Western Paleontological Laboratories, in Lehi, Utah. The holotype of Harpactognathus consists of a partial rostrum. Its describers found it to be most similar to Scaphognathus among pterosaurs, albeit substantially larger (estimated skull length of 280–300 mm (11–12 in), estimated wingspan of at least 2.5 m (8.2 ft). Because of the similarity, Harpactognathus was assigned to the subfamily Scaphognathinae of the family Rhamphorhynchidae. This genus is also notable for having a low bony crest running all the way to the tip of the beak (pterosaur bone crests usually do not reach the tip) and for being the oldest known Morrison Formation pterosaur, having been found in the Salt Wash Member (Kimmeridgian). The holotype resides in the Stewart Museum of Paleontology at Ogden's George S. Eccles Dinosaur Park in northern Utah. Paleobiology The authors hypothesized that Scaphognathines specialized as aerial predators in inland freshwater habitats. However, more recent publications have suggested scaphognathines lacked specializations for piscivory, and were likely terrestrial predators of small vertebrates or corvid-like generalists.	2.6875
9179266	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topaze%20%28play%29	Topaze (play)	Topaze is a 1928 play in four acts by the French writer Marcel Pagnol. It tells the story of a modest school teacher who is fired for being too honest and decides to become a dishonest businessman. The play premiered on 9 October 1928 at the Théâtre des Variétés. It was performed on Broadway in 1930 with Frank Morgan in the title role. Summary Act 1 Topaze is a teacher at a boarding school, deeply in love with his fellow teacher Ernestine. Ernestine, the daughter of the school principal Mr. Muche, takes advantage of him, making him do her paperwork and watch her students, but Topaze naively takes this to be a mark of affection and asks his friend Tamise, another teacher, to quietly see if Mr. Muche would let Ernestine marry. In the meantime, a young woman named Suzy Courtois arrives; she is the aunt of a private student of Topaze and intends to enroll the child at the school, but she changes her mind after visiting. Topaze is asked to change the report card of a wealthy student to improve the student's grades, as the student is the son of a baroness. Truthful Topaze refuses despite M. Muche's insistences, making the principal angry. Tamise unwittingly reveals Topaze's intent to marry Ernestine. This is the last straw for Mr. Muche and he fires Topaze.	2.609375
9179273	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20Silva	Jason Silva	Jason Luis Silva Mishkin (born February 6, 1982) is a Venezuelan-American television personality, short filmmaker, futurist, and public speaker. He is known for hosting the National Geographic documentaries Brain Games and Origins. He has stated that his goal is to use technology to excite people about philosophy and science. The Atlantic describes Silva as "A Timothy Leary of the Viral Video Age". Silva writes and produces short films, is a former presenter on Current TV, and lectures internationally on such topics as creativity, spirituality, technology, and humanity. He believes in transhumanism and that biology will eventually "become...an information technology". Early life and education Silva was born on February 6, 1982 in Caracas, Venezuela. His mother, Linda Mishkin, an artist, is Ashkenazi Jewish. His father, Luis Manuel Silva, converted to Judaism, but, according to Silva, they were secular and lived in a household "more akin to a Woody Allen film" with "a lot of humor, a love of art... and theater". He is also brother to Jordan Silva and Paulina Silva. As described by Silva in interview, he was inspired by Charles Baudelaire's Hashish House to host "salons" at his house as a teenager to discuss ideas, and it was there that his obsession with filmmaking and documentation began. As he describes it, video rather than pen became his preferred way to memorialize what, in that time, he saw as "ecstatic moments". In response to criticism that he has received "for being overly expository... the equivalent of a voice-over narrator", it's Silva's expressed view that "it's not enough to feel the experience; it needs to be narrated in real time".	2.078125
9179509	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoological%20Garden%2C%20Alipore	Zoological Garden, Alipore	The Zoological Garden, Alipore (also informally called the Alipore Zoo or Kolkata Zoo) is India's oldest formally stated zoological park (as opposed to royal and British menageries) and a big tourist attraction in Kolkata, West Bengal. It has been open as a zoo since 1876, and covers . It is probably best known as the home of the Aldabra giant tortoise Adwaita, who was reputed to have been over 250 years old when he died in 2006. It is also home to one of the few captive breeding projects involving the Manipur brow-antlered deer. One of the most popular tourist attractions in Kolkata, it draws huge crowds during the winter season, especially during December and January. The highest attendance till date was on January 1, 2018 with 110,000 visitors. History The zoo had its roots in a private menagerie established by Governor General of India, Richard Wellesley, established around 1800 in his summer home at Barrackpore near Kolkata, as part of the Indian Natural History Project. The first superintendent of the menagerie was the famous Scottish physician zoologist Francis Buchanan-Hamilton. Buchanan-Hamilton returned to England with Wellesley in 1805 following the Governor-General's recall by the Court of Directors in London. The collection from this era are documented by watercolours by Charles D'Oyly, and a visit by the famous French botanist Victor Jacquemont. Sir Stamford Raffles visited the menagerie in 1810, encountering his first tapir there, and doubtless used some aspects of the menagerie as an inspiration for the London Zoo. The menagerie was photographed by John Edward Saché in 1860s.	2.59375
9179509	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoological%20Garden%2C%20Alipore	Zoological Garden, Alipore	The foundation of zoos in major cities around the world caused a growing thought among the British community in Kolkata that the menagerie should be upgraded to a formal zoological garden. Credence to such arguments was lent by an article in the now-defunct Calcutta Journal of Natural History July 1841 issue. In 1873, the Lieutenant-Governor Sir Richard Temple formally proposed the formation of a zoo in Kolkata, and the Government finally allotted land for the zoo based on to the joint petition of the Asiatic Society and Agri-Horticultural Society. The zoo was formally opened in Alipore - a posh Kolkata suburb, and inaugurated on 1 January 1876 by Edward VII, then Prince of Wales. (Some reports place the inauguration on an alternate date of 27 December 1875). The initial stock consisted of the private menagerie of Carl Louis Schwendler (1838 – 1882), a German electrician who was posted in India for a feasibility study of electrically lighting Indian Railways stations. Gifts were also accepted from the general public. The initial collection consisted of the following animals: African buffalo, Zanzibar ram, domestic sheep, four-horned sheep, hybrid Kashmiri goat, Indian antelope, Indian gazelle, sambar deer, spotted deer and hog deer. It is not clear whether the Aldabra giant tortoise Adwaita was among the opening stock of animals. The animals at Barrackpore Park were added to the collection over the first few months of 1886, significantly increasing its size. The zoo was thrown open to the public on 6 May 1876. It grew based on gifts from British and Indian nobility - like Raja Suryakanta Acharya of Mymensingh in whose honour the open air tiger enclosure is named the Mymensingh Enclosure. Other contributors who donated part or all of their private menagerie to the Alipore Zoo included the Maharaja of Mysore Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV.	2.421875
9179509	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoological%20Garden%2C%20Alipore	Zoological Garden, Alipore	The park was initially run by an honorary managing committee which included Schwendler and the famous botanist George King. The first Indian superintendent of the zoo was Ram Brahma Sanyal, who did much to improve the standing of the Alipore Zoo and achieved good captive breeding success in an era when such initiatives were rarely heard of. One such success story of the zoo was a live birth of the rare Sumatran rhinoceros in 1889. The next pregnancy in captivity occurred at the Cincinnati Zoo in 1997, but ended with a miscarriage. Cincinnati Zoo finally recorded a live birth in 2001. Alipore Zoo was a pioneer among zoos in the 19th century and the early part of the 20th century under Sanyal, who published the first handbook on captive animal keeping. The zoo had an unusually high scientific standard for its time, and the record of the parasite genus Cladotaenia (Cohn, 1901) is based upon cestodes (flatworms) found in an Australian bird that died at the zoo. Kalākaua, the last king of Hawaii, visited the zoo on 28 May 1881 during his world tour. Controversy Pressed for space as Kolkata developed, and lacking adequate government funding, the zoo attracted a lot of controversy in the latter half of the 20th century due to cramped living conditions of the animals, lack of initiative at breeding rare species, and for cross-breeding experiments between species. The zoo has also, in the past, attracted a lot of criticism for keeping single and unpaired specimens of rare species like the banteng, great Indian one-horned rhinoceros, crowned crane and the lion-tailed macaque. Lack of breeding and exchange programs has led to the elimination of individuals and populations of environmentally vulnerable species like the southern cassowary, wild yak, giant eland, slow loris and echidna.	2.6875
9179509	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoological%20Garden%2C%20Alipore	Zoological Garden, Alipore	The previously cramped, unsuitable and unhygienic conditions inside the cages, and in the zoo in general had been criticized for long. The death of a great Indian one-horned rhinoceros sparked off speculation about the veterinary efficiency at the zoo. ZooCheck Canada found conditions in the zoo unsatisfactory in 2004. The zoo director Subir Choudhury has gone on record in 2006 saying: We are aware that the animals and birds are not well in the cages and moats. Efforts are on minimizing their agony. The zoo had also been criticized for the quality of its animal/visitor interaction. Teasing of animals was a common occurrence at the zoo, though corrective measures are now in place. On 1 January 1996 the tiger Shiva mauled two visitors as they tried to garland it, killing one, Shiva was later shot and killed by the Indian Army. Another mauling leading to a death occurred in 2000. The zoo has also been criticized for its animal/keeper relations. A chimpanzee attacked and severely injured its keeper in Alipore Zoo, and numerous other incidents have been reported including the case of an elephant trampling its mahout to death in 1963 which was subsequently put down. In 2001, it was revealed that zoo staff drugged the great Indian one-horned rhinoceros into relieving itself more often than normal, which enabled them to collect the urine and sell it on the black market as an anti-impotence medicine. Panthera hybrid program The zoo attracted flak from the scientific community in general, because of cross breeding experiments between lions and tigers to produce strains like tigons, and litigons (see Panthera hybrid).	2.234375
9179509	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoological%20Garden%2C%20Alipore	Zoological Garden, Alipore	Adoption scheme An "Adopt an Animal" scheme began at the Alipore Zoological Gardens in August 2013 as a way to obtain funding for the zoo. About 40 animals were adopted as of August 2013 The adopters receive tax benefits, are allowed to use photos of the animals in promotional materials, and get their name placed on a plaque at the animal's enclosure. Sanjay Budhia, chairman of Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) national committee on exports, adopted a one-horned rhino. Ambuja Group chairman Harsh Neotia and Narayana Murthy of Infosys have requested to adopt animals. Reforms The zoo is presently downsizing to meet animal comfort requirements laid down by the Central Zoo Authority of India (CZAI). It has also increased the number of open air enclosures. A move to a suburban location was also contemplated, but was not undertaken based on the recommendations of the CZAI, which claimed the Alipore site was of historical significance. The CZAI also cleared the zoo of malpractices in an evaluation performed in late 2005, even though the zoo has continued to attract bad press. Ecological significance of the zoo grounds The zoo is also home for wintering migratory birds such as ducks, and sports a sizable wetland inside the zoo grounds. Since the zoo is enveloped by urban settlements for miles, the zoo wetlands are the only resting spot for some of the birds and are a focus of conservationists in Kolkata. However, the number of migratory bird visiting the zoo dropped from documented highs by over 40% in the winter of 2004–2005. Experts attribute the causes of the decline to increased pollution, new construction of highrises in the area, increasing threats in the summer grounds of the birds and declining quality of the water bodies at the zoo.	2.8125
9179644	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-threshold%20CMOS	Multi-threshold CMOS	Multi-threshold CMOS (MTCMOS) is a variation of CMOS chip technology which has transistors with multiple threshold voltages (Vth) in order to optimize delay or power. The Vth of a MOSFET is the gate voltage where an inversion layer forms at the interface between the insulating layer (oxide) and the substrate (body) of the transistor. Low Vth devices switch faster, and are therefore useful on critical delay paths to minimize clock periods. The penalty is that low Vth devices have substantially higher static leakage power. High Vth devices are used on non-critical paths to reduce static leakage power without incurring a delay penalty. Typical high Vth devices reduce static leakage by 10 times compared with low Vth devices. One method of creating devices with multiple threshold voltages is to apply different bias voltages (Vb) to the base or bulk terminal of the transistors. Other methods involve adjusting the gate oxide thickness, gate oxide dielectric constant (material type), or dopant concentration in the channel region beneath the gate oxide. A common method of fabricating multi-threshold CMOS involves simply adding additional photolithography and ion implantation steps. For a given fabrication process, the Vth is adjusted by altering the concentration of dopant atoms in the channel region beneath the gate oxide. Typically, the concentration is adjusted by ion implantation method. For example, photolithography methods are applied to cover all devices except the p-MOSFETs with photoresist. Ion implantation is then completed, with ions of the chosen dopant type penetrating the gate oxide in areas where no photoresist is present. The photoresist is then stripped. Photolithography methods are again applied to cover all devices except the n-MOSFETs. Another implantation is then completed using a different dopant type, with ions penetrating the gate oxide. The photoresist is stripped. At some point during the subsequent fabrication process, implanted ions are activated by annealing at an elevated temperature.	2.203125
9179715	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hague%20University%20of%20Applied%20Sciences	The Hague University of Applied Sciences	The Hague University of Applied Sciences (abbreviated as: THUAS; ) is a university of applied sciences with its campuses located in The Hague, Delft and Zoetermeer. The main campus in The Hague is located behind The Hague Hollands Spoor railway station by the Laakhaven Canal. History The Hague University of Applied Sciences was formed on 12 January 1987 through the merger of six municipal and nine special institutions of higher professional education in The Hague. Of these institutions, the Hogere Technische School voor Bouw- en Waterbouwkunde (Higher Technical School for Architecture and Hydraulic Engineering) was the oldest, with origins tracing back to the Haagsche Teeken-Academie (later Royal Academy of Art) which was founded in 1682. The university officially welcomed its first students on 1 September 1987. In the years that followed, the university continued to expand. In 2003 with the Technische Hogeschool Rijswijk. It moved to the campus of Delft University of Technology and continued as The Hague University of Applied Sciences. This Delft campus opened in 2009. In 2003, the university also started the Academy for IT & Design in Zoetermeer, in cooperation with local businesses. The Academy is now the Faculty of IT & Design. One of its components, the HBO-ICT degree programme, is located at the Dutch Innovation Park in Zoetermeer. In September 2017, the Physical Education Teacher Training Programme (HALO), Sport Studies and International Sport Management degree programmes moved into Zuiderpark Sports Campus, built on the site where ADO Den Haag's Zuiderpark stadium stood until 2007. The complex that replaced the stadium contains various sports facilities as well as 12 lecture halls. Since 2009, The Hague University of Applied Sciences has been a UNESCO Associated School. Campuses The Hague University of Applied Sciences is divided into four campuses. The main campus is located in The Hague with satellite campuses in Delft, Zuiderpark Sports Campus and Zoetermeer.	2.234375
9179715	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hague%20University%20of%20Applied%20Sciences	The Hague University of Applied Sciences	The Zuiderpark Sports Campus was opened in 2016 at The Hague's Zuiderpark on the site of the old ADO Den Haag football stadium. The complex is a joint venture between The Hague University of Applied Sciences, the municipality of The Hague and Vestia housing association. The Hague University of Applied Sciences' Physical Education Teacher Training (HALO) and Sport Management bachelor's degrees are taught here as well as the senior secondary vocational level (MBO) Sport and Exercise course offered by the ROC Mondriaan Regional Training Centre. The complex includes a sports hall, gymnasia, a ballroom and beach volleyball facilities. Zoetermeer The Hague University of Applied Sciences established its Faculty of IT & Design in Zoetermeer, a city in the western Netherlands close to The Hague in 2003, tapping into the city's business community. In 2013 the faculty moved to the Dutch Innovation Factory, which is part of the Dutch Tech Campus. One bachelor's degree is taught here in Dutch: Computer Engineering. Organisation and administration An executive board and a supervisory board govern The Hague University of Applied Sciences. The executive board is supported by service departments and an executive office support. Study programmes are grouped within academies, which are led by directors. Faculties The Dutch higher education system allows students to obtain a bachelor's degree on successful completion of an undergraduate phase, and a master's degree after passing the graduate phase. Bachelor's degrees at The Hague University of Applied Sciences take three or four years of full-time study and require 240 European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) credits. One ECTS credit represents 28 hours of full-time study and the study/work load for one academic year accounts for 60 credits.	2.15625
9179715	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hague%20University%20of%20Applied%20Sciences	The Hague University of Applied Sciences	The Accreditation Organisation of the Netherlands and Flanders (NVAO) validates study programmes offered by Dutch universities. All international bachelors and masters programmes offered by The Hague University of Applied Sciences are recognised by NVAO. EU and non-EU students must pay tuition fees for bachelor's and master's degrees and finance their living arrangements. There are a number of loans, grants and scholarships available. The academic year at The Hague University of Applied Sciences starts in September and ends in mid-July. Each academic year is split into two semesters, which are divided into two half terms of six weeks, with a week's break in between. There is a six-week summer holiday and two-week Christmas break. Other breaks fall in February/March, May and October. The university is organised into 7 Faculties: Faculty of Business, Finance & Marketing Faculty Public Management, Law & Safety Faculty of Health, Nutrition & Sport Faculty of IT & Design Faculty of Management & Organisation Faculty of Social Work & Education Faculty of Technology, Innovation & Society Student body In 2012, 23,500 students studied at The Hague University of Applied Sciences. This number grew steadily in the following years to 25,995 in 2016. Up to 2020, the number fluctuated around 26,000, to reach the highest number ever in 2020 with 26,331 enrolled students. Overall, the student population grew by more than 12 per cent from 2012 to 2020. The Faculty of Business, Finance & Marketing is the largest, with over 4,500 students. The most popular degree programme is the International Business bachelor’s degree programme taught in English followed by the Law and European Studies degree programmes, also taught in English. Incoming students usually have a senior general secondary education (HAVO) pre-university education (VWO) or senior secondary vocational education diploma (MBO).	2.15625
9179715	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hague%20University%20of%20Applied%20Sciences	The Hague University of Applied Sciences	Just over 50 per cent of students at the university have a foreign background, with or without a Dutch passport. Non-westerners make up more than a third of the student population and almost 15 per cent have another background. The Faculty of Technology, Innovation and Society (TIS) has the fewest foreign students, followed by Health, Nutrition and Sport (HNS). All other faculties are more diverse. The Physical Education Teacher Training Programme (HALO) is a popular choice among native Dutch students. The International Business degree programme has the most non-Western students. Most Western students choose the English-language variant of Law. Over 23,000 students at The Hague University of Applied Sciences have the Dutch nationality. This includes the Dutch-Caribbean students. The remainder have a total of 123 different nationalities. Nine of our students are stateless, which means that no country considers the student to be its national under its laws. A total of 2,013 students from the EEC enrolled at the university, 1,059 students came from other countries. Most foreign students come from Germany, followed by Romania and Bulgaria. In 2020, Bolivia, Botswana, Guatemala, Honduras, Jordan, Libya, Namibia and Niger were represented by only one student. There was a first in 2020: the very first student from Panama enrolled. The students come mainly from the city (4,842) and The Hague region (5,701). The so-called South and North Flank are both represented by over 3,200 students. About 6,000 students are from the rest of the Netherlands. A total of 2.856 students are from abroad. Alumni By now, more than 85,000 alumni of The Hague University of Applied Sciences have fanned out across the globe. Together, these former students form a widespread and diverse network that we actively maintain.	2.53125
9179715	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hague%20University%20of%20Applied%20Sciences	The Hague University of Applied Sciences	Bachelor's degrees As of 2012, The Hague University of Applied Sciences offered 37 full-time bachelor's degree programmes taught in Dutch in the fields of economics, healthcare, behaviour and society, information technology, education and technology. The university also offers ten international bachelor's degrees taught in English: European Studies, Industrial Design Engineering, International and European Law, International Business, International Financial Management and Control, International Communication Management, International Public Management, Process and Food Technology, Safety and Security Management Studies and User Experience Design. Master's degrees The Hague University of Applied Sciences offers several master's degrees and professional courses. Since 2004, the university has offered masters courses run by The Hague Graduate School (THGS) to ensure higher professional education for career development. Since 2012, the THGS offers seven master's degrees, of which two are organised in collaboration with the Open University. MPC currently runs three international masters programmes taught in English: Master of Financial Management and Control, Masters in International Communication Management (MICM), Master of Business Administration (MBA). These programmes enrol students from the Netherlands and abroad. Lifelong Learning The Hague University of Applied Sciences offers a flexible learning platform tailored to specific learning needs. For working people Professionals with several years of work experience can follow a part-time or dual programme at bachelor level. The university also offers an extensive range of master's degree programmes and further postgraduate education through The Hague Graduate School. International exchanges The Hague University of Applied Sciences welcomes around 400 exchange students from 40 nationalities on international exchanges yearly. Exchanges with universities in EU member states fall under the Erasmus programme. International student exchange programs	2.140625
9179715	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hague%20University%20of%20Applied%20Sciences	The Hague University of Applied Sciences	The city is home to many important international organisations and global companies. The Hague is known as the International City of Peace, Justice and Security and is home to around 131 international institutes and 80 justice organisations. International institutions include the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the International Court of Justice, Europol and the International Criminal Court. Multinational companies and organisations, including Shell, Siemens and T-Mobile are also located in The Hague. Residential life The Hague University of Applied Sciences does not have student accommodation on campus. The university works with the student letting agency, DUWO, to supply rooms and apartments to students. DUWO supplies around 400 rooms and apartments to international students in The Hague. Groups and activities There are a number of student organisations run by The Hague University of Applied Sciences and concentrated in The Hague. The Hague Student Union supports students in The Hague in areas such as housing, education and international issues. They run several debates a year. The Foreign Student Service (FSS) is a national organisation for foreign students in the Netherlands or those planning to study there. It provides services such as study and residence information, publications including a monthly newsletter, help finding accommodation and social activities. Organisations improving contact between international students include Interaccess and Erasmus Student Network (ESN). Interaccess organises speakers, presentations, festivals and debates and weekend social activities. ESN is one of the biggest student bodies in Europe with 12,000 members in 36 countries.	2.1875
9179732	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Augustus%20Wetherall	Frederick Augustus Wetherall	General Sir Frederick Augustus Wetherall GCH (1754 – 18 December 1842) was a British Army officer, of Castle Bear House, Ealing. He entered the Army in 1775 as an ensign in the 17th Regiment of Foot and fought in North America at the Siege of Boston and the subsequent evacuation to Halifax in 1776. He was afterwards involved at the battles of Long Island, White Plains, Brandywine and others, before joining HMS Alfred as captain of Marines and fighting at the Battle of St Vincent. In 1781 he was in Guernsey but in 1783 transferred to the 11th Regiment of Foot and spent 6 years in Gibraltar. In 1790 he was back in the Americas as an aide to the Duke of Kent in Quebec and the West Indies, where he took part in the capture of Martinique. In 1795 he was captured at sea by the French and spent 9 months as a prisoner-of-war. Back in North America he raised a regiment in Nova Scotia of which he was made Colonel in 1803. In 1806 he was posted as a Brigadier to the Cape of Good Hope, from where he was next sent to India. He was again captured en route to Calcutta and spent two months in captivity before being exchanged. Safely in Calcutta as the second-in-command he took part in the conquest of Java in 1811, during which campaign he was assisted by his son George Wetherall. He returned to England in 1815 and in 1837 was promoted General and made Colonel of the 62nd Regiment of Foot. In 1840 he transferred as Colonel to the 17th (Leicestershire) Regiment. In 1817 he had married, at St. Margaret's, Westminster, Mrs Broad, widow of Major Broad and second daughter of William Mair Esq. of Kensington, Middlesex.	2.453125
9179754	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster%20River%20%28Connecticut%29	Oyster River (Connecticut)	The Oyster River is a stream located in the state of Connecticut in New Haven County. It flows south through Orange and forms the boundary of West Haven and Orange and flows through Yale University's West Campus. Further downstream, it forms the boundary of West Haven and Milford. It empties into Long Island Sound, just south of Route 162 at Oyster River Point. Swans, box turtles and many other animals call this area home. In colonial times, Oyster River Point was also known as Clarke's Point. Around 1840, Peter Aimes bought the land from the Clark family, and the area became known as Aimes Point. The Aimes’ family home, Martinstow, an impressive Gothic structure designed by James Renwick, overlooked the Oyster River and the Sound. After the family sold the property in 1949, the name “Aimes Point” slowly went out of common usage and the area became more commonly known as “Oyster River Point”. The river has dealt with issues of flooding and pollution in recent years. In 2007, a movement was put together by local residents to gain aid from the local government to help with these issues.	2.53125
9179760	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volusia%2C%20Florida	Volusia, Florida	Volusia (, ) is an unincorporated community in Volusia County, Florida, United States, on the eastern shore of the St. Johns River. It is about three miles south of Lake George and across the river from the town of Astor in Lake County. Established by Spanish missionaries, Volusia is one of the oldest European settlements in Florida. The main route through the town is State Road 40, which crosses the St. Johns on the Astor Bridge. Volusia County takes its name from the community of Volusia, which was named at least as early as 1815. The site of the community was an established indigenous settlement in 1558 when the Mayaca people were first encountered by Spanish explorers. Since then, it has been the site of forts established by the Spanish, British and Americans, in addition to related trading posts. These used the St. Johns River as the major transportation route. During the 1830s, it was the site of conflicts with the Seminole people as the United States government tried to force them to remove to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River, during Florida's tumultuous beginnings. History Pre-European The indigenous Mayaca people inhabited much of the area now known as Volusia County along the St. Johns River. A settlement just south of current-day Lake George was known as Maiaca (or Mayaca) and it was likely the largest of the Mayaca villages. Historical sources frequently refer to the native Timucua as having inhabited large areas of Florida, including areas along the St. Johns river. However, other sources posit that the Mayaca were a distinct group of people with their own language, customs and settlements. Alliances were formed among smaller native groups. The village of Mayaca (also spelled Mayarca) was identified as belonging to the Outina confederation at one point, and being allied with the Saltwater Timucua at another.	2.4375
9179760	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volusia%2C%20Florida	Volusia, Florida	By 1822, Volusia is described by William Hayne Simmons in his Notices of East Florida as "...a very fine tract, lying on both sides of the St John's (sic) - the greater portion being on the western side of the river." The author says that the settlement was made nearly three years ago by Horatio S. Dexter, its present proprietor. When the Florida legislature divided Orange County on December 29, 1854 to organize an independent Volusia County, the new jurisdiction was named after its largest community, Volusia. At the time, Volusia County had about 600 residents. Etymology The origin of the name Volusia remains uncertain as there exists no documentation establishing the etymology. There are several theories: The name came from a word meaning "Land of the Euchee," from the Euchee who migrated into the area after the Timucua Indian cultures faded away in the early 18th century. The Euchee (or Uchee) occupied the area between Spring Garden and the southern tip of Lake George. Records prior to 1815 referred to this area as Euchee territory. The name Volusia was spelled as Velutia by the French and Volucia by the Spanish, reflecting their phonetics. The name was taken from a British man named Voluz who owned a plantation in the late 18th century that was located on the St. Johns River. The name originated from the last name Veluche, belonging to the French or Belgian owner of the trading post in Volusia. According to some, this was during the British regime. Others say that it was around 1818, after the United States acquired the territory. Over time, the name Veluche became anglicized to Volusia. The town was established by and named for Jere Volusia. The Spanish named the settlement after the celebrated Roman jurist Lucius Volusius Maecianus, who wrote 30 books and tutored Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor and philosopher.	2.546875
9179862	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rieppeleon%20brevicaudatus	Rieppeleon brevicaudatus	Rieppeleon brevicaudatus, commonly known as the bearded leaf chameleon or bearded pygmy chameleon, is a chameleon originating from the eastern Usambara and Uluguru Mountains in northeastern Tanzania and Kenya. It is easily distinguished from others in the Rieppeleon genus by the presence of a "beard" below the mouth, consisting of a few raised scales. At a full grown length of only 3 in (8 cm), it is marked by somewhat drab coloring in comparison to other chameleons, usually assuming a brown or tan coloring. It is quite capable of changing its coloration, though, often taking on a shade to blend into the background and becoming darker when under stress. It is also capable of compressing its body laterally and producing a stripe down its side, mimicking a dead leaf. It often assumes this form when sleeping in the open. It can adopt a variety of colors, including yellow, green, orange, black, and brown. A common misconception is that these chameleons use their color-changing abilities as camouflage, but they actually use their color-changing skin to court and show stress or emotion. Males are distinguished by a longer tail, more prominent dorsal crest, slimmer body type, and persistent patterning. Like others in the family Chamaeleonidae, it is distinguished by independently rotating eye sockets and a tongue longer than its body.	2.578125
9179871	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrine%20Shinto	Shrine Shinto	Shrine Shinto is a form of the Shinto religion. It has two main varieties: State Shinto, a pre-World War II variant, and another centered on Shinto shrines after World War II, in which ritual rites are the center of belief, conducted by an organization of clergy. Today, the term Shinto usually refers to Shrine Shinto. Shrines throughout Japan serve as places of worship. Until 1945 all Shinto shrines were under the jurisdiction of the Institute of Divinities, an external department of the Home Ministry. The Shinto Directive issued by the GHQ in December 1945 abolished the Institute of Divinities, which was reorganized as one religious corporation, the Association of Shinto Shrines. Shinto shrines and Shinto rituals are performed in accordance with sacred texts such as Kojiki and Nihon Shoki. The Kannushi are in charge of the rituals, holding positions such as priests, priests-in-charge, and administer the rituals. The miko of Shinto shrines are not included in the priesthood. A Kagura dancer may participate in Shinto rituals, but may not preside over or perform Shinto rituals. Education Two universities and seven technical/vocational schools exclusively offer training programs for the priesthood. The length of study ranges from one to four years. These educational institutions accept students from standalone shrines and from shrines belonging to Sect Shinto. These two universities are Kokugakuin University, and Kogakkan University. Administration After World War II, the Jinja Honcho supervised the largest number of shrines. But since technically the religious corporation status is a condition for membership, small shrines that do not have a juridical character are not eligible and are not allowed to belong to the Honcho. Fewer than half of juridical shrines, such as in Higashiosaka City are not members of the Association.	2.78125
9179871	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrine%20Shinto	Shrine Shinto	Several Shinto shrines throughout Japan, such as Kamakura-gū, Yasukuni Shrine, Fushimi Inari-taisha, Keta Shrine, Nikko Toshogu, Tomioka Hachiman Shrine, and Hinokuma Jingu are not members of the Association of Shinto Shrines, but still considered as Shrine Shinto rather than Sect Shinto. 80,000 Shinto shrines were under the jurisdiction of Institute of Divinities, consisting of 7,800 managed by the Association of Shinto Shrines and others that became standalone shrines. Outside the Association, 91 shrines belong to Seishin Meiseikai, 78 to Jinja Honkyo, 72 to Jinja Sandonkyo, 60 to , 23 to Japan Jingu Honcho, and 15 to Japan Shrine Kyodan. History The term Shrine Shinto was created to distinguish it from denominational Shinto after the Meiji era. In 1868, the Restoration Government established the Department of Divinities to centralize administration. However, the State Shinto policy was unsuccessful, so the Ministry of Divinities was established and a campaign to proclaim the Great Doctrine began. On January 24, 1882, the Ministry of the Interior issued Ministerial Instruction No. B7, "Jikko-kamikami ha kyōdōshi ni kyōdōshi ni kyōsoku wo kyōsoku wo kyōdōshi no kanryūmono mono to sasaru mono" ("Shinto Priests are not a religion") and declared that Secular Shrine Theory. As a result "religions" such as denominational Shinto and Buddhism and Shrine Shinto separated, and declared that Shinto was a national, not religious, ritual. Although the Religion Bill of 1899 did not include Shinto or Christianity, denominational Shinto began to be referred to as national Shinto toward the end of the Meiji period. Shinto shrines were included in the Shinto religion, but did not have the same teachings and precepts as Buddhism. They were protected by the government until the end of World War II.	2.6875
9179901	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20Credit%20Secondary%20School	Port Credit Secondary School	Port Credit Secondary School (PCSS) is a high school located in the city of Mississauga, Ontario, and is a part of the Peel District School Board. It was the first secondary school in Peel, celebrating its 100th anniversary in May 2019. It is located just north of Port Credit, Ontario. It is home to two Peel Region programs, the one of a kind SciTech Program and the Strings Program. The current PCSS building is located about one block east of Hurontario Street at 70 Mineola Rd. East. The school is in the neighbourhood of Mineola, east of Hurontario Street, north of the CN Railroad and south of the Queen Elizabeth Way. The original location of the school was on Forest Avenue, on the site of what is now Mentor College. The school moved to its current location, May 13, 1963. The school's athletic teams are known as the Warriors. The Ultimate Frisbee team won the regional championship during the 2009-2010 season. In 2011, PCSS Warriors became the first Ultimate ROPSSAA Champions, winning the finals 14-13. The Warriors won their second ultimate frisbee title in 2014 and finished the season with an undefeated record of 11-0. In 2022 the men's Lacrosse team went 5-0 and won their first ROPSSA championship. PCSS was a shooting location for the 2006 film The Naked Mile. In October 20, 2007, the school was used as a filming location for the film True Confessions of a Hollywood Starlet. SciTech Program PCSS Regional SciTech program, started in 2006, provides students with a physical learning in experience in science and technology. PCSS also has a Specialist High School Major program that provides student with real world experience. PCSS has workshops containing CNC machines and a 3D printer. The school mascot is referred to as PCSS Bucktee by the students.	2.15625
9179922	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20Baumgardner	Jennifer Baumgardner	The authors are aiming their point towards all future feminists (particularly 3rd wave), who are often in conflict with the previous generation of feminists. The tension comes from the belief that 2nd Wave is exclusively white-middle class and over essentialist in the view of femininity. This conflict has led to an almost ideological split between the two factions, but Manifesta's prologue allows for the justification of the 2nd wave's actions. If 2nd Wave feminists not precipitated society to what it was for the 3rd Wave feminists, who knows how the power struggle might have unfolded. This is not taking away anything from the authors' identified group—the 3rd Wave feminists, it is just reminding all of the current feminists, not to criticize what they do not completely know or understand. The accomplishments of the previous generations can never be taken for granted, their success came from radical action which pushed the limits in every segment of society. They did what was deemed reasonably possible, and what the white-male patriarchal society would accept. From their success sprouts and blossoms another movement—the 3rd wave. Society was ready for this movement, people were ready to change the norms of white-male dominance, hence 3rd Wave can manifest in the success of the 2nd Wave, not treat it as its enemy. The two authors just want more harmony within the bigger picture. Throughout the book the authors traces feminism's evolution from the First Wave suffragette movement to the Third Wave feminism of today, all the while encouraging readers to continue the feminist fight of previous generations. Who are feminists and what is feminism?	2.203125
9179922	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20Baumgardner	Jennifer Baumgardner	Baumgardner and Richards ask the fundamental but often overlooked questions, "who are the feminists?" and "what is feminism?" They cut to the foundational questions framing contemporary and past feminist movements in order to expose the stereotypes, inaccuracies, or misconceptions that derail and devalue the movement. This goal not only contributes to an established canon of third-wave feminist literature, but also makes the movement more appealing to young women who are misled by negative or stereotypical media and popular culture representations of feminism. They start with foundational definitions of what feminism means to them, invoking politically and socially conscious women and men. They clarify that there is no one formal alliance composed of "the feminists," but instead, feminism is a fluid alliance among individual citizens. This definition displays the differences between how a movement may appear on the surface—cohesive and homogeneous—and how it actually is internally. This disparity may be positive, and lend weight to feminist struggles, but it may also be negative, when the movement as a whole is judged based on the actions of one or a few individual(s). The authors argue that the latter disparity demonstrates the oppressed status of women and feminist activists, as a whole group is easily reduced to one or a few individuals, particularly in media, which disseminates this incomplete illusion.	2.59375
9179922	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20Baumgardner	Jennifer Baumgardner	The authors use matter of fact language to address their next question: what exactly is feminism? Feminism is not only a movement for social, political, and economic equality among men and women, but also requires the freedom to access information and education. Race and ethnicity are key to the modern feminist movement. This natural partnership also invokes the fight for gay rights. Feminism involves men and women of diverse ethnicities and sexual orientations united with the goal to liberate all individuals. It is a movement with the very clear goals of social and political change. This change is epitomized by engagement with government and the law, in addition to broader societal norms and practices. Beyond this foundational definition of feminism, there exists ample elasticity for women to define feminism according to their personal experiences. Because the lived experiences of women are so diverse, feminism itself must accommodate for these differences. However, because of this fluidity, some modern women in prominent leadership positions have uneasy public relationships with feminism. The authors cite the example of G. E. executive Sam Allison, who sits on the board of The Women's Center in Milwaukee, and claims that she is not a feminist, she is just an "advocate to end violence against women." The modern-day example would be Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg proclaiming that her book, Lean In, "is not a feminist manifesto — okay, it is sort of a feminist manifesto" (Hoedel, 2013, para. 10). These are two examples of the authors' assertions that issues separated from their feminist roots become depoliticized, and the fundamental causes of a particular societal problem are obscured. For example, the problem for Sandberg is an absence of women "leaning in" to positions of workplace leadership. This and other issues of economic development need to unequivocally identified as feminist issues in order to be dealt with equitably and effectively.	3.0625
9179922	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20Baumgardner	Jennifer Baumgardner	Grassroots: A Field Guide for Feminist Activism (2004) After the critical and commercial success of Manifesta Baumgardner co-authored yet another book with Amy Richards entitled Grassroots: A Field Guide for Feminist Activism which was published in January, 2005. The purpose of the book was to provide a "handbook" for social activism and to help readers answer the social justice question: What can I do? Based on the authors' own experiences, and the stories of both the large number of activists they work with as well as the countless everyday people they have encountered over the years, Grassroots encourages people to move beyond the "generic three" (check writing, contacting congressional representatives, and volunteering) and make a difference with clear guidelines and models for activism. The authors draw heavily on individual stories as examples, inspiring readers to recognize the tools right in front of them—be it the office copier or the family living room—in order to make change. Activism is accessible to all, and Grassroots shows how anyone, no matter how much or little time they have to offer, can create a world that more clearly reflects their values. Look Both Ways: Bisexual Politics (2007) On February 20, 2007, Baumgardner published Look Both Ways: Bisexual Politics, the first book she had written without the co-authorship of Amy Richards. In Look Both Ways, Baumgardner takes a close look at the growing visibility of gay and bisexual characters, performers, and issues on the national cultural stage. Despite the prevalence of bisexuality among Generation X and Y women, she finds that it continues to be marginalized by both gay and straight cultures, and dismissed either as a phase or a cop-out. Woven in between her cultural commentary, Baumgardner discusses her own experience as a bisexual, and the struggle she's undergone to reconcile the privilege she's garnered as a woman who is perceived as straight and the empowerment and satisfaction she's derived from her relationships with women.	2.28125
9179975	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold%20Theodore%20Tate	Harold Theodore Tate	Harold Theodore Tate (December 28, 1875 - October 23, 1960) was the 26th Treasurer of the United States from May 31, 1928, until January 17, 1929, serving under President Calvin Coolidge. While holding that post, his duties included being the signatory on United States currency. He was born on December 28, 1875, the son of Allen S. Tate and Ariana Peck Tate of Grainger County, Tennessee. His father Allen was the assistant Attorney General in the Department of the Interior under President William McKinley. H.T. Tate had previously served as Deputy Treasurer of the United States, and one of his duties in that post included signing the President's paycheck. His signature was the first to be included on the modern sized United States paper money as Treasurer of the United States. Managing money seems to have run in this family. H. T. Tate's brother Ernest served as Treasurer of the Southern Railway, headquartered at 15th and K Street N.W. in Washington, D.C., just a few blocks away from the United States Department of the Treasury. H.T. Tate died on October 23, 1960, and is buried in Emma Jarnagin Cemetery in Morristown, Tennessee.	2.234375
9180007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipartite%20%28theology%29	Bipartite (theology)	In Christian theological anthropology, bipartite refers to the view that a human being is composed of two distinct components, material and immaterial, body and soul. The two parts were created interdependent and in harmony, though corrupted through sin. Alternative theological views of human composition include tripartite and unitary (or monistic) views. Explanations of bipartite anthropology Reformation theologian John Calvin is often quoted as being in support of a bipartite view. Calvin held that while the soul and the spirit are often used interchangeably in the Bible, there are also subtle differences when the two terms are used together. Some have held that the soul and the spirit are interchangeable and the inner life is expressed in a form of literary parallelism. Such parallelism can be found elsewhere in Scripture, such as the Psalms and the Proverbs. Others have used chemical analogies. R. C. Sproul holds that the body and the soul are two substances which are not in conflict. They are two natures or substances, divine and human, united in one person. In contrast with various Greek philosophical views, the material body (and the soul) is not seen as inherently evil, but inherently good. The Christian doctrine of salvation therefore does not imply a redemption from the body, but a redemption of the body and the soul.	2.84375

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