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Inmetadata, the termdata elementis an atomic unit of data that has precise meaning or precise semantics. A data element has:
Data elements usage can be discovered by inspection ofsoftware applicationsor applicationdata filesthrough a process of manual or automatedApplication Discovery and Understanding. Once data elem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_element |
In themathematicalfield ofFourier analysis, theconjugate Fourier seriesarises by realizing the Fourier series formally as the boundary values of thereal partof aholomorphic functionon theunit disc. Theimaginary partof that function then defines the conjugate series.Zygmund (1968)studied the delicate questions of conve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_Fourier_series |
Inmathematics, aquotient categoryis acategoryobtained from another category by identifying sets ofmorphisms. Formally, it is aquotient objectin thecategory of (locally small) categories, analogous to aquotient grouporquotient space, but in the categorical setting.
LetCbe a category. Acongruence relationRonCis given by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient_category |
"Talking past each other" is an English phrase describing the situation where two or more people talk about different subjects, while believing that they are talking about the same thing.[1]
David Horton writes that when characters in fiction talk past each other, the effect is to expose "an unbridgeable gulf between ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_past_each_other |
Game Description Language(GDL) is a specializedlogicprogramming languagedesigned byMichael Genesereth. The goal of GDL is to allow the development of AI agents capable ofgeneral game playing. It is part of the General Game Playing Project atStanford University.
GDL is a tool for expressing the intricacies of game rule... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Description_Language |
This is a list of topics aroundBoolean algebraandpropositional logic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Boolean_algebra_topics |
Inmathematical analysis, adomainorregionis anon-empty,connected, andopen setin atopological space. In particular, it is any non-empty connected opensubsetof thereal coordinate spaceRnor thecomplex coordinate spaceCn. A connected open subset ofcoordinate spaceis frequently used for thedomain of a function.[1]
The basic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_(mathematical_analysis) |
Online transaction processing(OLTP) is a type ofdatabasesystem used in transaction-oriented applications, such as many operational systems. "Online" refers to the fact that such systems are expected to respond to user requests and process them in real-time (process transactions). The term is contrasted withonline analy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_transaction_processing |
Thecute cat theory of digital activismis atheoryconcerningInternet activism,Web censorship, and "cute cats" (a term used for any low-value, but popular online activity) developed byEthan Zuckermanin 2008.[1][2]It posits that most people are not interested in activism; instead, they want to use thewebfor mundane activit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cute_cat_theory_of_digital_activism |
The followingoutlineis provided as an overview of and topical guide to cryptography:
Cryptography(orcryptology) – practice and study of hidinginformation. Modern cryptography intersects the disciplines ofmathematics,computer science, andengineering. Applications of cryptography includeATM cards,computer passwords, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topics_in_cryptography |
Media intelligenceusesdata mininganddata scienceto analyze public,socialand editorialmedia content. It refers to marketing systems that synthesize billions ofonline conversationsinto relevant information. This allow organizations to measure and manage content performance, understand trends, and drive communications and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_intelligence |
Apolymorphic engine(sometimes calledmutation engineormutating engine) is asoftware componentthat usespolymorphic codeto alter thepayloadwhile preserving the same functionality.
Polymorphicenginesare used almost exclusively inmalware, with the purpose of being harder forantivirus softwareto detect. They do so either by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphic_engine |
Incomputer science,instruction schedulingis acompiler optimizationused to improveinstruction-level parallelism, which improves performance on machines withinstruction pipelines. Put more simply, it tries to do the following without changing the meaning of the code:
The pipeline stalls can be caused by structural hazar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superblock_scheduling |
Pruningis adata compressiontechnique inmachine learningandsearch algorithmsthat reduces the size ofdecision treesby removing sections of the tree that are non-critical and redundant to classify instances. Pruning reduces the complexity of the finalclassifier, and hence improves predictive accuracy by the reduction ofov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruning_(algorithm) |
Acceptoften refers to:
Acceptcan also refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accept_(disambiguation) |
Defense in depthis a concept used ininformation securityin which multiple layers of security controls (defense) are placed throughout aninformation technology(IT) system. Its intent is to provideredundancyin the event asecurity controlfails or a vulnerability is exploited that can cover aspects ofpersonnel,procedural,t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_in_depth_(computing) |
Dynamic program analysisis the act ofanalyzing softwarethat involves executing aprogram– as opposed tostatic program analysis, which does not execute it.
Analysis can focus on different aspects of the software including but not limited to:behavior,test coverage,performanceandsecurity.
To be effective, the target prog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_program_analysis |
Acrash-only softwareis acomputer programthat handle failures by simply restarting, without attempting any sophisticated recovery.[1]Correctly written components of crash-only software canmicrorebootto a known-good state without the help of a user. Since failure-handling and normal startup use the same methods, this ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash-only_software |
TrackRwas a commercialkey finderthat assisted in the tracking of lost belongings and devices.[1]Trackr was produced by the company Phone Halo[2]and was inspired by the founders' losing their keys on a beach during a surfing trip.[3]
The founders ofPhone Halobegan working on TrackR in 2009. In 2010, they founded the co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrackR |
Incomputer programming,explicit parallelismis the representation of concurrent computations using primitives in the form of operators, function calls or special-purpose directives.[1]Most parallel primitives are related to process synchronization, communication and process partitioning.[2]As they seldom contribute to a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit_parallelism |
Journalology(also known aspublication science) is the scholarly study of all aspects of theacademic publishingprocess.[1][2]The field seeks to improve the quality of scholarly research by implementingevidence-based practicesin academic publishing.[3]The term "journalology" was coined byStephen Lock, the formereditor-in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalology |
Magnetic logicisdigital logicmade using the non-linear properties of woundferrite cores.[1]Magnetic logic represents 0 and 1 by magnetising cores clockwise or anticlockwise.[2]
Examples of magnetic logic includecore memory. Also, AND, OR, NOT and clocked shift logic gates can be constructed using appropriate windings,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_logic |
Rigetti Computing, Inc.is aBerkeley, California-based developer of Superconducting quantumintegrated circuitsused forquantum computers. Rigetti also develops a cloud platform called Forest that enables programmers to write quantum algorithms.[2]
Rigetti Computing was founded in 2013 byChad Rigetti, a physicist with a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigetti_Computing |
Incombinatorialmathematics, alarge setofpositive integers
is one such that theinfinite sumof the reciprocals
diverges. Asmall setis any subset of the positive integers that is not large; that is, one whose sum of reciprocals converges.
Large sets appear in theMüntz–Szász theoremand in theErdős conjecture on arithme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_set_(combinatorics) |
Mathematical puzzlesmake up an integral part ofrecreational mathematics. They have specific rules, but they do not usually involve competition between two or more players. Instead, to solve such apuzzle, the solver must find a solution that satisfies the given conditions. Mathematical puzzles require mathematics to sol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_puzzle |
Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churchesde jure:
Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches:
Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church:
Semi-Autonomous:
In theEastern Orthodox Church,Catholic Church,[1]and in the teachings of theChurch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_(religion) |
Inprogramming language theory,semanticsis the rigorous mathematical study of the meaning ofprogramming languages.[1]Semantics assignscomputationalmeaning to validstringsin aprogramming language syntax. It is closely related to, and often crosses over with, thesemantics of mathematical proofs.
Semanticsdescribes the pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_semantics_of_programming_languages |
Anillegal opcode, also called anunimplemented operation,[1]unintended opcode[2]orundocumented instruction, is aninstructionto aCPUthat is not mentioned in any official documentation released by the CPU's designer or manufacturer, which nevertheless has an effect. Illegal opcodes were common on older CPUs designed durin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unintended_instructions |
Indigital electronics, aNAND(NOT AND)gateis alogic gatewhich produces an output which is false only if all its inputs are true; thus its output iscomplementto that of anAND gate. A LOW (0) output results only if all the inputs to the gate are HIGH (1); if any input is LOW (0), a HIGH (1) output results. A NAND gate is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAND_gate |
Innatural language processing, asentence embeddingis a representation of a sentence as avectorof numbers which encodes meaningful semantic information.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
State of the art embeddings are based on the learned hidden layer representation of dedicated sentence transformer models.BERTpioneered an approac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_embedding |
This is a list ofnotableapplications(apps) that run on theAndroid platformwhich meet guidelines forfree softwareandopen-source software.
There are a number of third-party maintained lists of open-source Android applications, including: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications |
Advanced planning and scheduling(APS, also known asadvanced manufacturing) refers to amanufacturing management processby whichraw materialsand production capacity are optimally allocated to meet demand.[1]APS is especially well-suited to environments where simpler planning methods cannot adequately address complex trad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_planning_and_scheduling |
Many countries around the world maintainmarinesandnaval infantrymilitary units. Even if only a few nations have the capabilities to launch major amphibious assault operations, most marines and naval infantry forces are able to carry out limitedamphibious landings, riverine andcoastal warfaretasks. The list includes als... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_marines_and_similar_forces |
Derivative-free optimization(sometimes referred to asblackbox optimization) is a discipline inmathematical optimizationthat does not usederivativeinformation in the classical sense to find optimal solutions: Sometimes information about the derivative of the objective functionfis unavailable, unreliable or impractical t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative-free_optimization |
Dependency hellis acolloquial termfor the frustration of some software users who have installedsoftware packageswhich havedependencieson specificversionsof other software packages.[1]
The dependency issue arises when several packages have dependencies on the samesharedpackages or libraries, but they depend on differen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_hell |
Stratisis auser-spaceconfigurationdaemonthat configures and monitors existing components fromLinux's underlying storage components oflogical volume management(LVM) andXFSfilesystem viaD-Bus.
Stratis is not a user-levelfilesystemlike theFilesystem in Userspace(FUSE) system. Stratis configuration daemon was originally d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratis_(configuration_daemon) |
Simicsis afull-system simulatoror virtual platform used to run unchanged production binaries of the target hardware. Simics was originally developed by theSwedish Institute of Computer Science(SICS), and then spun off toVirtutechfor commercial development in 1998. Virtutech was acquired byIntelin 2010. Currently, Simic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simics |
FreeOTPis afree and open-sourceauthenticatorbyRedHat. It implementsmulti-factor authenticationusingHOTPandTOTP.Tokenscan be added by scanning aQR codeor by manually entering the token configuration. It is licensed under theApache 2.0 license, and supportsAndroidandiOS.[4][5][6]
This mobile software article is astub. Y... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeOTP |
In statistics,Grubbs's testor theGrubbs test(named afterFrank E. Grubbs, who published the test in 1950[1]), also known as themaximum normalizedresidualtestorextreme studentized deviate test, is atestused to detectoutliersin aunivariatedata setassumed to come from anormally distributedpopulation.
Grubbs's test is base... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grubbs%27s_test |
Asoftware design description(a.k.a.software design documentorSDD; justdesign document; alsoSoftware Design Specification) is a representation of a software design that is to be used for recording design information, addressing various design concerns, and communicating that information to the design’s stakeholders.[1]A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_document |
TheInternational Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling(ICAPS) is a leading internationalacademic conferenceinautomated planning and schedulingheld annually for researchers and practitioners in planning and scheduling.[2][3][4]ICAPS is supported by theNational Science Foundation, the journalArtificial Intellig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_on_Automated_Planning_and_Scheduling |
Least slack time(LST)schedulingis analgorithmfordynamic priority scheduling. It assigns priorities to processes based on theirslack time. Slack time is the amount of time left after a job if the job was started now. This algorithm is also known asleast laxity first. Its most common use is inembedded systems, especially... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_slack_time_scheduling |
Inintelligent networks(IN) and cellular networks,service layeris a conceptual layer within a network service provider architecture. It aims at providingmiddlewarethat serves third-partyvalue-added servicesand applications at a higherapplication layer. The service layer providescapability serversowned by a telecommunica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_layer |
Infinance, agrowth stockis astockof a company that generates substantial and sustainable positivecash flowand whoserevenuesandearningsare expected to increase at a faster rate than the average company within the same industry.[1]A growth company typically has some sort ofcompetitive advantage(a new product, a breakthro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_stock |
Theinode pointer structureis a structure adopted by theinodeof a file in theVersion 6 Unixfile system,Version 7 Unixfile system, andUnix File System(UFS) to list the addresses of a file'sdata blocks. It is also adopted by many related file systems, including theext3file system, popular with Linux users.
In the file sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode_pointer_structure |
NNI(Neural Network Intelligence) is afree and open-sourceAutoMLtoolkit developed byMicrosoft.[3][4]It is used to automatefeature engineering,model compression,neural architecture search, andhyper-parameter tuning.[5][6]
The source code is licensed underMIT Licenseand available onGitHub.[7]
Thisartificial intelligence... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_Network_Intelligence |
Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis(Weka) is a collection of machine learning and data analysisfree softwarelicensed under theGNU General Public License. It was developed at theUniversity of Waikato,New Zealandand is the companion software to the book "Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weka_(machine_learning) |
ISO11784andISO 11785areinternational standardsthat regulate theradio-frequency identification(RFID) of animals, which is usually accomplished by implanting, introducing or attaching a transponder containing a microchip to an animal.
RF identification of animals requires that the bits transmitted by atransponderare int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785 |
Incomputer science,bounds-checking eliminationis acompiler optimizationuseful inprogramming languagesorruntime systemsthat enforcebounds checking, the practice of checking every index into anarrayto verify that the index is within the defined valid range of indexes.[1]Its goal is to detect which of these indexing opera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounds-checking_elimination |
Compound-term processing,ininformation-retrieval, is search result matching on the basis ofcompound terms. Compound terms are built by combining two or more simple terms; for example, "triple" is a single word term, but "triple heart bypass" is a compound term.
Compound-term processing is a new approach to an old prob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound-term_processing |
Wabun code(和文モールス符号,wabun mōrusu fugō, Morse code for Japanese text)is a form ofMorse codeused to sendJapanese languageinkanacharacters.[1]UnlikeInternational Morse Code, which represents letters of theLatin script, in Wabun each symbol represents a Japanesekana.[2]For this reason,Wabun codeis also sometimes calledKana... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabun_code |
TheCity Repair Projectis a501(c)(3)non-profit organization based inPortland, Oregon. Its focus is education and activism for community building. The organizational motto is "The City Repair Project is group of citizen activists creating public gathering places and helping others to creatively transform the places where... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_repair_project |
Inoptics, theoptical sine theoremstates that the products of the index, height, andsineof the slope angle of a ray in object space and its corresponding ray inimage spaceare equal. That is:
Thisoptics-related article is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_sine_theorem |
Inpropositional logicandBoolean algebra, there is aduality betweenconjunctionanddisjunction,[1][2][3]also called theduality principle.[4][5][6]It is the most widely known example of duality in logic.[1]The duality consists in thesemetalogicaltheorems:
The connectives may be defined in terms of each other as follows:
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunction/disjunction_duality |
Manycore processorsare special kinds ofmulti-core processorsdesigned for a high degree ofparallel processing, containing numerous simpler, independentprocessor cores(from a few tens of cores to thousands or more). Manycore processors are used extensively inembedded computersandhigh-performance computing.
Manycore proc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manycore_processor |
Instatistics, thecorrelation ratiois a measure of the curvilinear relationship between thestatistical dispersionwithin individual categories and the dispersion across the whole population or sample. The measure is defined as theratioof twostandard deviationsrepresenting these types of variation. The context here is the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_ratio |
Aletter bankis a relative of theanagramwhere all the letters of one word (the "bank") can be used as many times as desired (minimum of once each) to make a new word or phrase. For example, IMPS is a bank of MISSISSIPPI and SPROUT is a bank ofSUPPORT OUR TROOPS. As a convention, the bank should have no repeat letters wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_bank |
Inlinear algebra, the order-rKrylov subspacegenerated by ann-by-nmatrixAand a vectorbof dimensionnis thelinear subspacespannedby theimagesofbunder the firstrpowers ofA(starting fromA0=I{\displaystyle A^{0}=I}), that is,[1][2]
The concept is named after Russian applied mathematician and naval engineerAlexei Krylov, who... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krylov_subspace |
Empiricalmethods
Prescriptiveand policy
Alimited dependent variableis a variable whose range of
possible values is "restricted in some important way."[1]Ineconometrics, the term is often used when
estimation of the relationship between thelimiteddependent variableof interest and other variables requires methods that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_dependent_variable |
Apersonal information manager(often referred to as aPIM toolor, more simply, aPIM) is a type of application software that functions as a personal organizer. The acronymPIMis now, more commonly, used in reference to personal information management as a field of study.[1]As an information management tool, a PIM tool's pu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_information_manager |
Indeep learning,pruningis the practice of removingparametersfrom an existingartificial neural network.[1]The goal of this process is to reduce the size (parameter count) of the neural network (and therefore thecomputational resourcesrequired to run it) whilst maintaining accuracy. This can be compared to the biological... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruning_(artificial_neural_network) |
LinOTPis Linux-based software to manage authentication devices fortwo-factor authenticationwithone time passwords.
It is implemented as a web service based on the python frameworkPylons. Thus it requires a web server to
run in.
LinOTP is mainly developed by the German company KeyIdentity GmbH. Its core components ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinOTP |
Inprobability theoryandstatistics, theZipf–Mandelbrot lawis adiscrete probability distribution. Also known as thePareto–Zipf law, it is apower-lawdistribution onranked data, named after thelinguistGeorge Kingsley Zipf, who suggested a simpler distribution calledZipf's law, and the mathematicianBenoit Mandelbrot, who su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipf%E2%80%93Mandelbrot_law |
Inmathematics,Sendov's conjecture, sometimes also calledIlieff's conjecture, concerns the relationship between the locations ofrootsandcritical pointsof apolynomial functionof acomplex variable. It is named afterBlagovest Sendov.
Theconjecturestates that for a polynomial
with all rootsr1, ...,rninside theclosed unit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendov%27s_conjecture |
Askunked termis a word or phrase that becomes difficult to use because it isevolvingfrom one meaning to another, perhaps inconsistent or evenopposite, usage,[1]or that becomes difficult to use due to other controversy surrounding the term.[2]Puristsmay insist on the old usage, whiledescriptivistsmay be more open to new... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skunked_term |
Inlinear algebra, aToeplitz matrixordiagonal-constant matrix, named afterOtto Toeplitz, is amatrixin which each descending diagonal from left to right is constant. For instance, the following matrix is a Toeplitz matrix:
Anyn×n{\displaystyle n\times n}matrixA{\displaystyle A}of the form
is aToeplitz matrix. If thei,j... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toeplitz_matrix |
Gray-box testing(International English spelling:grey-box testing) is a combination ofwhite-box testingandblack-box testing. The aim of this testing is to search for the defects, if any, due to improper structure or improper usage of applications.[1][2]
A black-box tester is unaware of the internal structure of the app... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray-box_testing |
A subsetS{\displaystyle S}of atopological spaceX{\displaystyle X}is called aregular open setif it is equal to theinteriorof itsclosure; expressed symbolically, ifInt(S¯)=S{\displaystyle \operatorname {Int} ({\overline {S}})=S}or, equivalently, if∂(S¯)=∂S,{\displaystyle \partial ({\overline {S}})=\partial S,}whereIntS... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_closed_set |
Loaded language[a]isrhetoricused to influence an audience by using words and phrases with strongconnotations. This type of language is very often made vague to more effectivelyinvoke an emotional responseand/or exploitstereotypes.[1][2][3]Loaded words and phrases have significant emotional implications and involve stro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loaded_language |
Audio visual speech recognition(AVSR) is a technique that usesimage processingcapabilities inlip readingto aidspeech recognitionsystems in recognizing undeterministicphonesor giving preponderance among near probability decisions.
Each system oflip readingandspeech recognitionworks separately, then their results are mi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio-visual_speech_recognition |
In the physics ofhydrodynamics, aglobal modeof a system is one in which the system executes coherentoscillationsin time. Suppose a quantityy(x,t){\displaystyle y(x,t)}which depends on spacex{\displaystyle x}and timet{\displaystyle t}is governed by somepartial differential equationwhich does not have an explicit depende... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_mode |
Instatistics, avarimax rotationis used to simplify the expression of a particular sub-space in terms of just a few major items each. The actual coordinate system is unchanged, it is theorthogonalbasis that is being rotated to align with those coordinates. The sub-space found withprincipal component analysisorfactor a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varimax_rotation |
The following is a list ofstatistical software. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statistical_software |
Avirtual assistant(typically abbreviated toVA, also called avirtual office assistant)[1]is generally self-employed and providesprofessionaladministrative, technical, or creative (social) assistance to clients remotely from ahome office.[2]Because virtual assistants are independent contractors rather than employees, cli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_assistant_(occupation) |
Virtual collective consciousness(VCC) is a term rebooted and promoted by two behavioral scientists, Yousri Marzouki and Olivier Oullier in their 2012Huffington Postarticle titled: "Revolutionizing Revolutions: Virtual Collective Consciousness and theArab Spring",[1]after its first appearance in 1999-2000.[2]VCC is now ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_collective_consciousness |
Master Passwordis a type ofalgorithmfirst implemented byMaarten Billemontfor creating uniquepasswordsin a reproducible manner. It differs from traditionalpassword managersin that the passwords are not stored on disk or in the cloud, but are regenerated every time from information entered by the user: Their name, amaste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Password_(algorithm) |
This is aglossary of graph theory.Graph theoryis the study ofgraphs, systems of nodes orverticesconnected in pairs by lines oredges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(graph_theory) |
Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference(2000;[1]updated 2009[2]) is a book byJudea Pearl.[3]It is an exposition and analysis ofcausality.[4][5]It is considered to have been instrumental in laying the foundations of the modern debate oncausal inferencein several fields includingstatistics,computer scienceandepidemio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality_(book) |
Varioussoftware package metricsare used inmodular programming. They have been mentioned byRobert Cecil Martinin his 2002 bookAgile software development: principles, patterns, and practices.
The termsoftware packagehere refers to a group of relatedclassesinobject-oriented programming. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_package_metrics |
Plackett–Burman designsareexperimental designspresented in 1946 byRobin L. PlackettandJ. P. Burmanwhile working in the BritishMinistry of Supply.[1]Their goal was to find experimental designs for investigating the dependence of some measured quantity on a number ofindependent variables(factors), each takingLlevels, in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plackett%E2%80%93Burman_design |
Distributional semantics[1]is a research area that develops and studies theories and methods for quantifying and categorizing semantic similarities between linguistic items based on their distributional properties in large samples of language data. The basic idea of distributional semantics can be summed up in the so-c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributional_semantics |
Text normalizationis the process of transformingtextinto a singlecanonical formthat it might not have had before. Normalizing text before storing or processing it allows forseparation of concerns, since input is guaranteed to be consistent before operations are performed on it. Text normalization requires being aware o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_normalization |
The study ofinterdependent networksis a subfield ofnetwork sciencedealing with phenomena caused by the interactions betweencomplex networks. Though there may be a wide variety of interactions between networks,dependencyfocuses on the scenario in which the nodes in one network require support from nodes in another netw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdependent_networks |
Instatisticsand, in particular, in the fitting oflinearorlogistic regressionmodels, theelastic netis aregularizedregression method thatlinearly combinestheL1andL2penalties of thelassoandridgemethods.
Nevertheless, elastic net regularization is typically more accurate than both methods with regard to reconstruction.[1]
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_net_regularization |
Justification(also calledepistemic justification) is a property ofbeliefsthat fulfill certain norms about what a person should believe.[1][2]Epistemologistsoften identify justification as a component of knowledge distinguishing it from mere true opinion.[3]They study the reasons why someone holds a belief.[4]Epistemolo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_justification |
Anapostolic nunciatureis a top-leveldiplomatic missionof theHoly Seethat is equivalent to anembassy. However, it neither issues visas nor hasconsulates.
The head of the apostolic nunciature is called anuncio, an ecclesiastical diplomatic title. A papal nuncio (officially known as an apostolic nuncio) is a permanent di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_nunciature |
Electronic serial numbers(ESNs) were created by the U.S.Federal Communications Commission(FCC) to uniquely identifymobile devices, from the days ofAMPSin the United States starting in the early 1980s. The administrative role was taken over by theTelecommunications Industry Associationin 1997 and is still maintained by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Serial_Number |
Inmathematics, aclassification theoremanswers theclassificationproblem: "What are the objects of a given type, up to someequivalence?". It gives a non-redundantenumeration: each object is equivalent to exactly one class.
A few issues related to classification are the following.
There exist manyclassification theorems... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_theorem |
In mostUnixandUnix-like operating systems, theps(process status) program displays the currently-runningprocesses. The related Unix utilitytopprovides a real-time view of the running processes.
KolibriOSincludes an implementation of thepscommand.[1]Thepscommand has also been ported to theIBM ioperating system.[2]InWin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ps_(Unix) |
Metacomputingis allcomputingand computing-oriented activity which involves computingknowledge(science and technology) utilized for theresearch, development and application of different types of computing. It may also deal with numerous types of computing applications, such as: industry, business, management and human... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacomputing |
Inpsychoacoustics, apure toneis a sound with asinusoidalwaveform; that is, asinewaveof constantfrequency,phase-shift, andamplitude.[1]By extension, insignal processinga single-frequency tone or pure tone is a purely sinusoidalsignal(e.g., a voltage).
A pure tone has the property – unique among real-valued wave shapes –... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_tone |
The following is alist of PowerPC processors.
32-bit and 64-bit PowerPC processors have been a favorite of embedded computer designers. To keep costs low on high-volume competitive products, the CPU core is usually bundled into a system-on-chip (SOC) integrated circuit. SOCs contain the processor core, cache and the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_PowerPC_processors |
L2 Syntactical Complexity Analyzer(L2SCA) developed byXiaofei Luat thePennsylvania State University, is acomputationaltool which producessyntactic complexityindices of written English language texts.[1]Along withCoh-Metrix, the L2SCA is one of the most extensively used computational tool to compute indices ofsecond lan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L2_Syntactic_Complexity_Analyzer |
TheKruskal count[1][2](also known asKruskal's principle,[3][4][5][6][7]Dynkin–Kruskal count,[8]Dynkin's counting trick,[9]Dynkin's card trick,[10][11][12][13]coupling card trick[14][15][16]orshift coupling[10][11][12][13]) is aprobabilisticconcept originally demonstrated by the Russian mathematicianEvgenii Borisovich D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruskal_count |
MoIPorMOIPcan mean: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoIP_(disambiguation) |
Distributed networkingis adistributed computingnetwork system where components of the program and data depend on multiple sources.
Distributed networking, used indistributed computing, is the network system over whichcomputer programming,software, and its data are spread out across more than one computer, but communic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_networking |
Anindependent test organizationis an organization, person, or company that tests products, materials, software, etc. according to agreed requirements. The test organization can be affiliated with the government or universities or can be anindependent testing laboratory. They are independent because they are not affil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_test_organization |
TheFinnish Defence Forcesswitched over to theNATO phonetic alphabetin 2005, but the Finnish one is used for Å, Ä, Ö and digits.[1]International operations use only the NATO alphabet.
On the Finnish rail network the Finnish Armed Forces spelling alphabet was used until May 31, 2020 and starting on July 1 the railways s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Armed_Forces_radio_alphabet |
Theampere-turn(symbolA⋅t) is theMKS(metre–kilogram–second) unit ofmagnetomotive force(MMF), represented by adirect currentof oneampereflowing in a single-turn loop.[1]Turnsrefers to thewinding numberof an electrical conductor composing anelectromagnetic coil.
For example, a current of2 Aflowing through a coil of 10 tu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere-turn |
Inmathematics, aresiduated Boolean algebrais aresiduated latticewhose lattice structure is that of aBoolean algebra. Examples include Boolean algebras with the monoid taken to be conjunction, the set of all formal languages over a given alphabet Σ under concatenation, the set of all binary relations on a given setXunde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residuated_Boolean_algebra |
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