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fdf7e1948a5932e4ae3e71b76fb21225 | X:osx:college-algebra-corequisite-support-2e:m49432 | openstax-college-algebra-corequisite-support-2e | passage | Given a rational expression where the factors of the denominator are distinct, irreducible quadratic factors, decompose it.
- Use variables such as A,B, or C for the constant numerators over linear factors, and linear expressions such as A1x+B1,A2x+B2, etc., for the numerators of each quadratic factor in the denominato... | 4922e46ebc04326979e19392ccc2384cb8b9076c | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-algebra-bundle/blob/4922e46ebc04326979e19392ccc2384cb8b9076c/modules/m49432/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@4922e46e | [
"Systems of Equations and Inequalities"
] | 185 | 4e34f68a875cca94e8bba9551c0d5f65bb57a7c1bd305a9a646908d77f2e663b | 0 | 0 | true |
2ee9e3697cf4b3887fca34f772f1a44e | X:osx:college-algebra-corequisite-support-2e:m49438 | openstax-college-algebra-corequisite-support-2e | passage | See b
Note that the vertices, co-vertices, and foci are related by the equation c2=a2−b2. When we are given the coordinates of the foci and vertices of an ellipse, we can use this relationship to find the equation of the ellipse in standard form. Given the vertices and foci of an ellipse centered at the origin, write i... | 4922e46ebc04326979e19392ccc2384cb8b9076c | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-algebra-bundle/blob/4922e46ebc04326979e19392ccc2384cb8b9076c/modules/m49438/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@4922e46e | [
"Analytic Geometry"
] | 227 | 37c3b7b18263f1c1436025914b1964b3c5a5399e8dcddae1b2cb7b2c80a0322e | 0 | 0 | true |
bbd3d284267ba8bec025d6977c39e1e8 | X:osx:college-algebra-corequisite-support-2e:m49440 | openstax-college-algebra-corequisite-support-2e | passage | The Parabola
Learning Objectives
- Graph vertical parabolas. (IA 11.2.1)
- Graph horizontal parabolas. (IA 11.2.2)
Objective 1: Graph vertical parabolas. (IA 11.2.1)
A parabola is all points in a plane that are the same distance from a fixed point and a fixed line. The fixed point is called the focus, and the fixed lin... | 4922e46ebc04326979e19392ccc2384cb8b9076c | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-algebra-bundle/blob/4922e46ebc04326979e19392ccc2384cb8b9076c/modules/m49440/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@4922e46e | [
"Analytic Geometry"
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f32b8db5a665562ef838979ead29e253 | X:osx:college-algebra-corequisite-support-2e:m49441 | openstax-college-algebra-corequisite-support-2e | passage | Given an equation for a conic in the x′y′ system, rewrite the equation without the x′y′ term in terms of x′ and y′, where the x′ and y′ axes are rotations of the standard axes by θ degrees.
- Find cot(2θ).
- Find sinθ and cosθ.
- Substitute sinθ and cosθ into x=x′cosθ−y′sinθ and y=x′sinθ+y′cosθ.
- Substitute the expres... | 4922e46ebc04326979e19392ccc2384cb8b9076c | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-algebra-bundle/blob/4922e46ebc04326979e19392ccc2384cb8b9076c/modules/m49441/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@4922e46e | [
"Analytic Geometry"
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8b43e28e61c351745abe04cef378b6e8 | X:osx:college-algebra-corequisite-support-2e:m49443 | openstax-college-algebra-corequisite-support-2e | passage | Introduction to Sequences, Probability and Counting Theory
A lottery winner has some big decisions to make regarding what to do with the winnings. Buy a new home? A luxury convertible? A cruise around the world? The likelihood of winning the lottery is slim, but we all love to fantasize about what we could buy with the... | 4922e46ebc04326979e19392ccc2384cb8b9076c | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-algebra-bundle/blob/4922e46ebc04326979e19392ccc2384cb8b9076c/modules/m49443/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@4922e46e | [
"Sequences, Probability, and Counting Theory"
] | 222 | 856a079b93054e6b4cd825a3ae79e407ba83748b869b8e8f41b2141bbcf8e94f | 0 | 0 | true |
e5038b41420e47fe98c22571fe0b7bfa | X:osx:entrepreneurship:m71115 | openstax-entrepreneurship | passage | Notice that in this second article, the author focuses on sales, operations, business development, and entrepreneurial experience as the most significant areas that need expertise for startups. Next, describe the areas that you would want help from a mentor for learning and developing your business idea. Then, list a f... | c1fa2c872ba07dc864c3aeb5a510b08b4f657288 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-entrepreneurship/blob/c1fa2c872ba07dc864c3aeb5a510b08b4f657288/modules/m71115/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@c1fa2c87 | [
"The Entrepreneurial Perspective"
] | 237 | be6150addd36e40e2ea1fb6fcfd87144c4094898ab6e688faf8830bca85c583e | 0 | 0 | true |
d8e78233820b5cd8a1a9edcd3824088d | X:osx:entrepreneurship:m71115 | openstax-entrepreneurship | passage | On the other hand, the goal should not be so easy that it can be accomplished quickly or with little effort.
- Relevant: The goal should be well suited for what you want to accomplish; this means that the goal should be relevant to the outcome needed.
- Timely: Each goal needs to have a defined deadline, the time when ... | c1fa2c872ba07dc864c3aeb5a510b08b4f657288 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-entrepreneurship/blob/c1fa2c872ba07dc864c3aeb5a510b08b4f657288/modules/m71115/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@c1fa2c87 | [
"The Entrepreneurial Perspective"
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09956e8f1ac14ef9ddcc89b8e2d5c67b | X:osx:entrepreneurship:m71115 | openstax-entrepreneurship | passage | Likewise, the opening of a new location requires more time-bound details, such as leasing or purchasing the location, and determining the business model for this location. Finally, hiring additional employees should have a time component as well, such as a timeline for recruiting, interviewing, selection, hiring, and t... | c1fa2c872ba07dc864c3aeb5a510b08b4f657288 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-entrepreneurship/blob/c1fa2c872ba07dc864c3aeb5a510b08b4f657288/modules/m71115/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@c1fa2c87 | [
"The Entrepreneurial Perspective"
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3817db69c20ba6161ea122e367de07d9 | X:osx:entrepreneurship:m71172 | openstax-entrepreneurship | passage | And of course there are the personal stressors of managing a healthy work/life balance and meeting the demands of the venture. In 2011, Jessica Thompson, owner of Johnson Security in New York City, felt the strains of growth. She had expanded from sixty to seventy employees and expected to hire ten to twenty more that ... | c1fa2c872ba07dc864c3aeb5a510b08b4f657288 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-entrepreneurship/blob/c1fa2c872ba07dc864c3aeb5a510b08b4f657288/modules/m71172/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@c1fa2c87 | [
"Launch for Growth to Success"
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89d89378b0a696d22fb82bfac03b65f9 | X:osx:entrepreneurship:m80316 | openstax-entrepreneurship | passage | In the healthcare field, recent hacks of patient health data, some of which are handled by small businesses such as a solo practice physician’s office, demonstrate the challenges of data protection. It is a significant challenge for companies with relatively small budgets to protect data. Technology security adds large... | c1fa2c872ba07dc864c3aeb5a510b08b4f657288 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-entrepreneurship/blob/c1fa2c872ba07dc864c3aeb5a510b08b4f657288/modules/m80316/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@c1fa2c87 | [
"Business Structure Options: Legal, Tax, and Risk Issues"
] | 206 | 9380d5a930ef2275a99346e683581d5def96a9eda5d825d9e24bdf741a1dad63 | 0 | 0 | true |
ea9c90f3969a52575557573401450897 | X:osx:entrepreneurship:m71190 | openstax-entrepreneurship | passage | Due to liability risks, business owners and investors are always looking for ways to limit their personal liability. Incorporation is a standard risk protection strategy for this potential problem, as are the use of other types of limited liability structures such as LLCs. This is one of the main advantages of properly... | c1fa2c872ba07dc864c3aeb5a510b08b4f657288 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-entrepreneurship/blob/c1fa2c872ba07dc864c3aeb5a510b08b4f657288/modules/m71190/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@c1fa2c87 | [
"Business Structure Options: Legal, Tax, and Risk Issues"
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756552ecf359994a7210da1a796a74bc | X:osx:entrepreneurship:m71190 | openstax-entrepreneurship | passage | LLCs and corporations do protect their owners, shareholders, and members from a number of different tort claims, such as personal injury lawsuits and claims made directly against the organization. Financial Risk and Protection
An entrepreneur needs money to launch a business, whether that comes in the form of loans fro... | c1fa2c872ba07dc864c3aeb5a510b08b4f657288 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-entrepreneurship/blob/c1fa2c872ba07dc864c3aeb5a510b08b4f657288/modules/m71190/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@c1fa2c87 | [
"Business Structure Options: Legal, Tax, and Risk Issues"
] | 230 | 34724e0aad6016c6f96b6e8adc85871a6aed6217a54610a959c069606721609f | 0 | 0 | true |
a2550ddc2289dbb6b3ceaa80053c252d | X:osx:entrepreneurship:m71192 | openstax-entrepreneurship | passage | Saving for major expenses like equipment can also help avoid paying fees and loans, but it may tie up the money in assets and will prevent you from covering payroll or other operational costs. Having cash reserves on hand can ensure that your basic business needs are met. The positive aspect of using your own savings i... | c1fa2c872ba07dc864c3aeb5a510b08b4f657288 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-entrepreneurship/blob/c1fa2c872ba07dc864c3aeb5a510b08b4f657288/modules/m71192/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@c1fa2c87 | [
"Fundamentals of Resource Planning"
] | 226 | 34ccb42e8ad634b3e05bb07f7771267f12845b312ee1515e3c6586846b754a5b | 0 | 0 | true |
34b06a2a77f91c1a14599ff1ac8749fb | X:osx:entrepreneurship:m71192 | openstax-entrepreneurship | passage | In 2012, Congress passed the JOBS Act to allow startups to raise money from people who were not professional investors. Crowdfunding was born from the ability to raise money without having to create an IPO. Visit the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority site explaining the details of crowdfunding and the JOBS Act to... | c1fa2c872ba07dc864c3aeb5a510b08b4f657288 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-entrepreneurship/blob/c1fa2c872ba07dc864c3aeb5a510b08b4f657288/modules/m71192/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@c1fa2c87 | [
"Fundamentals of Resource Planning"
] | 223 | ab3055c8c5a87559acfa72ebc3176ec5b451da94ec9cdedf4d33548ec152c28d | 0 | 0 | true |
c42c2f83e73d1073c60911aafa00493f | X:osx:entrepreneurship:m71200 | openstax-entrepreneurship | passage | The types of assistance that can be provided through networking include:
- advice or information
- access to other people’s networks
- access to financial resources
- business services such as legal, accounting, or administrative support
- physical resources such as land, buildings, or equipment. Other free sources of ... | c1fa2c872ba07dc864c3aeb5a510b08b4f657288 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-entrepreneurship/blob/c1fa2c872ba07dc864c3aeb5a510b08b4f657288/modules/m71200/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@c1fa2c87 | [
"Next Steps"
] | 235 | 1f8a5f85cc1fcfe36015e3146067ed2319201c2721b7518f72d9c4984ded68b3 | 0 | 0 | true |
89cd6bb0aa016c1557afe82af82a3d64 | X:osx:entrepreneurship:m71200 | openstax-entrepreneurship | passage | The process continues until there is agreement on a final filtered, or narrowed, list or set of options. At this point, the participants vote or rank the remaining set of options with the goal of accepting one option. Although these techniques and tools take time, the process of thinking through each decision and possi... | c1fa2c872ba07dc864c3aeb5a510b08b4f657288 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-entrepreneurship/blob/c1fa2c872ba07dc864c3aeb5a510b08b4f657288/modules/m71200/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@c1fa2c87 | [
"Next Steps"
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54c8022edb05ffa5154bbfdfaed71bd1 | X:osx:physics:m54342 | openstax-physics | passage | When scientists are looking for an approach to developing a new theory, they usually begin with the simplest and most symmetrical explanations. An example of such symmetry is the fact that electrons and protons have equal and opposite charges. You can see the symmetry in the four statements, given above, that describe ... | dfdfd7a5356ecdd42e504de3df50d9153e33ea49 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-physics/blob/dfdfd7a5356ecdd42e504de3df50d9153e33ea49/modules/m54342/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@dfdfd7a5 | [
"Light"
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80104bad97d87b36e04e96c0ea9d154f | X:osx:physics:m54437 | openstax-physics | passage | Most often you will see current on the order of milliamperes (mA). Teacher Support
Point out that the electric field is the same in both cases, and that the current is in the direction of the electric field. Make sure that students understand that current is defined as the direction in which positive charge would flow,... | dfdfd7a5356ecdd42e504de3df50d9153e33ea49 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-physics/blob/dfdfd7a5356ecdd42e504de3df50d9153e33ea49/modules/m54437/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@dfdfd7a5 | [
"Electrical Circuits"
] | 241 | d852a6745a158ec88cca2cf0c35aef3d408a2433f074c81a48c2c2e343101250 | 0 | 0 | true |
dc9db7909bc018b016c45a2a7f5aa072 | X:osx:physics:m54437 | openstax-physics | passage | History credits American politician and scientist Benjamin Franklin with describing current as the direction that positive charges flow through a wire. He named the type of charge associated with electrons negative long before they were known to carry current in so many situations. As electrons move through a metal wir... | dfdfd7a5356ecdd42e504de3df50d9153e33ea49 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-physics/blob/dfdfd7a5356ecdd42e504de3df50d9153e33ea49/modules/m54437/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@dfdfd7a5 | [
"Electrical Circuits"
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ec791f87134451eb9fe8a7b10d710b5f | X:osx:college-physics-ap-courses-2e:m42102 | openstax-college-physics-ap-courses-2e | passage | The acceleration due to gravity is so important that its magnitude is given its own symbol, g. It is constant at any given location on Earth and has the average value
Although g varies from 9.78m/s2 to 9.83m/s2, depending on latitude, altitude, underlying geological formations, and local topography, the average value o... | f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-physics-bundle/blob/f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed/modules/m42102/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f98d7a79 | [
"Kinematics"
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a0cb68b9b997685d842fcd6ecbc8b17e | X:osx:college-physics-ap-courses-2e:m42132 | openstax-college-physics-ap-courses-2e | passage | Always analyze the direction in which an object accelerates so that you can determine whether Fnet=ma or Fnet=0 .
- The normal force on an object is not always equal in magnitude to the weight of the object. If an object is accelerating, the normal force will be less than or greater than the weight of the object. Also,... | f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-physics-bundle/blob/f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed/modules/m42132/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f98d7a79 | [
"Dynamics: Force and Newton's Laws of Motion"
] | 157 | 4bb855841d7b4bb5a7537b92728ae3f92d29954ce5ab73784aeba8631b753770 | 0 | 0 | true |
827010320725b4de775ec2a5190e7fdd | X:osx:college-physics-ap-courses-2e:m55108 | openstax-college-physics-ap-courses-2e | passage | Connection for AP® courses
In this chapter, you will learn about the concept of momentum and the relationship between momentum and force (both vector quantities) applied over a time interval. Have you ever considered why a glass dropped on a tile floor will often break, but a glass dropped on carpet will often remain i... | f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-physics-bundle/blob/f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed/modules/m55108/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f98d7a79 | [
"Linear Momentum and Collisions"
] | 237 | 12bf6b84f05bcf09ec5e4d4c4552fc1b0a3d93a3ac80fef3dd4cb9d19e82cf0b | 0 | 0 | true |
d07167f231d24918244526f4ed479aa4 | X:osx:college-physics-ap-courses-2e:m42165 | openstax-college-physics-ap-courses-2e | passage | This assumption also implies that, to a good approximation, momentum is conserved for the two-ball system in billiards and pool. The problems below explore these and other characteristics of two-dimensional collisions. Connections to Nuclear and Particle Physics
Two-dimensional collision experiments have revealed much ... | f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-physics-bundle/blob/f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed/modules/m42165/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f98d7a79 | [
"Linear Momentum and Collisions"
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53a89ad63602e97eea39fd5f93a4c58e | X:osx:college-physics-ap-courses-2e:m42223 | openstax-college-physics-ap-courses-2e | passage | As noted in Temperature, Kinetic Theory, and the Gas Laws, heat is often confused with temperature. For example, we may say the heat was unbearable, when we actually mean that the temperature was high. Heat is a form of energy, whereas temperature is not. The misconception arises because we are sensitive to the flow of... | f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-physics-bundle/blob/f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed/modules/m42223/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f98d7a79 | [
"Heat and Heat Transfer Methods"
] | 241 | 29ec41812e8a853644563e1d2ac590765c40afffd34fb6cb6106ed01a03a967a | 0 | 0 | true |
9bb50c6b01b9fd164ca0bcd7bf3abe7c | X:osx:college-physics-ap-courses-2e:m42246 | openstax-college-physics-ap-courses-2e | passage | Solution b
Identify the known:
- The system involves elastic potential energy as the spring compresses and expands, friction that is related to the work done, and the kinetic energy as the body speeds up and slows down.
- Energy is not conserved as the mass oscillates because friction is a non-conservative force.
- The... | f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-physics-bundle/blob/f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed/modules/m42246/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f98d7a79 | [
"Oscillatory Motion and Waves"
] | 225 | cd6be72ac611f7130d0ca9d5aa3efd8ece9d25ae05f621a3d5972f277f45092b | 0 | 0 | true |
8ca3c1f0f38bd3b5f2633b0576ff2ddd | X:osx:college-physics-ap-courses-2e:m42255 | openstax-college-physics-ap-courses-2e | passage | A vibrating string produces a sound wave as illustrated in , , and . As the string oscillates back and forth, it transfers energy to the air, mostly as thermal energy created by turbulence. But a small part of the string’s energy goes into compressing and expanding the surrounding air, creating slightly higher and lowe... | f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-physics-bundle/blob/f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed/modules/m42255/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f98d7a79 | [
"Physics of Hearing"
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2c16edc622872ed57017f7fd37536255 | X:osx:college-physics-ap-courses-2e:m42444 | openstax-college-physics-ap-courses-2e | passage | Susan Solomon and her colleagues at MIT have uncovered the substantial impact of CFC “banks,” in certain regions, where outdated and deteriorating equipment (such as air conditioners) or materials can release enough CFCs to be detectable in the atmosphere and deplete the ozone layer. (See . Benefits of UV Light
Besides... | f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-physics-bundle/blob/f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed/modules/m42444/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f98d7a79 | [
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13c6a779d9362b222d03f6d845ff91d5 | X:osx:college-physics-ap-courses-2e:m42444 | openstax-college-physics-ap-courses-2e | passage | The Hubble Space Telescope (launched in 1990) gathers ultraviolet radiation as well as visible light. In the X-ray region, there is the Chandra X-ray Observatory (launched in 1999), and in the γ-ray region, there is the new Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (launched in 2008—taking the place of the Compton Gamma Ray Obse... | f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-physics-bundle/blob/f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed/modules/m42444/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f98d7a79 | [
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7bba77cfdabbcaf1ade4cd2714b98c31 | X:osx:college-physics-ap-courses-2e:m55362 | openstax-college-physics-ap-courses-2e | passage | Another aspect of light waves that you will learn about in this chapter is polarization, a phenomenon in which light waves all vibrate in a single plane. The explanation for this phenomenon is based on the fact that light is a traveling electromagnetic wave (Enduring Understanding 6.A) that propagates via transverse os... | f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-physics-bundle/blob/f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed/modules/m55362/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f98d7a79 | [
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07b12d04525684408db9323e6cb94db1 | X:osx:college-physics-ap-courses-2e:m42535 | openstax-college-physics-ap-courses-2e | passage | Length Contraction
To develop an equation relating distances measured by different observers, we note that the velocity relative to the Earth-bound observer in our muon example is given by
The time relative to the Earth-bound observer is Δt, since the object being timed is moving relative to this observer. The velocity... | f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-physics-bundle/blob/f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed/modules/m42535/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f98d7a79 | [
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d27795078323050fb9097dfed71d9876 | X:osx:college-physics-ap-courses-2e:m42627 | openstax-college-physics-ap-courses-2e | passage | Click to view content. Section Summary
- Radiation detectors are based directly or indirectly upon the ionization created by radiation, as are the effects of radiation on living and inert materials. Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises | f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-physics-bundle/blob/f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed/modules/m42627/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f98d7a79 | [
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099ecdd69fcdc760614ab1bce2374653 | X:osx:college-physics-ap-courses-2e:m42627 | openstax-college-physics-ap-courses-2e | definition | Geiger tube: a very common radiation detector that usually gives an audio output
photomultiplier: a device that converts light into electrical signals
radiation detector: a device that is used to detect and track the radiation from a radioactive reaction
scintillators: a radiation detection method that records light pr... | f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-physics-bundle/blob/f98d7a792138a6133fe7267d17e70aa04e9ccbed/modules/m42627/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f98d7a79 | [
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931c3a64c9917c85885a0349ac791abd | X:osx:life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness:m78838 | openstax-life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness | passage | Give students one to two minutes to look without talking, asking them to carefully observe and make note of all the details that strike them. If they struggle, show the detail from the fresco’s focal point of Washington with two women.
- Ask students to share what they see (e.g., angels, thirteen women, Washington in t... | acb6fbe2744dd112187b6aff5946cfe969410fca | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness/blob/acb6fbe2744dd112187b6aff5946cfe969410fca/modules/m78838/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@acb6fbe2 | [
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4b31f2b6fae70b551d80686c4ccc4130 | X:osx:life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness:m80579 | openstax-life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness | passage | Despite southerners’ insistence that state’s rights included the right to secede or withdraw from the Union, Lincoln and the majority of northerners saw secession as treason, an act of rebellion. Under the Constitution, the president had the authority to put down such a rebellion. Desperate attempts at compromise gave ... | acb6fbe2744dd112187b6aff5946cfe969410fca | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness/blob/acb6fbe2744dd112187b6aff5946cfe969410fca/modules/m80579/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@acb6fbe2 | [
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26a993c3a9c9ec10497eae32f6f4176a | X:osx:life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness:m80579 | openstax-life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness | passage | The Election of 1860 Reconsidered. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2013. Green, Michael S. Lincoln and the Election of 1860. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2011. Holt, Michael F. The Election of 1860: “A Campaign Fraught With Consequences. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2017. | acb6fbe2744dd112187b6aff5946cfe969410fca | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness/blob/acb6fbe2744dd112187b6aff5946cfe969410fca/modules/m80579/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@acb6fbe2 | [
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57f22510663561af1e63a361f6a4e4cd | X:osx:life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness:m80592 | openstax-life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness | passage | Having arrived in California not long after the start of the Gold Rush, Lecouvreur headed to the countryside and took up a career as a gold miner before he ultimately found success as a county surveyor in Los Angeles. All the while, he sent detailed letters to his parents, in which he reflected on his nearly year-long ... | acb6fbe2744dd112187b6aff5946cfe969410fca | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness/blob/acb6fbe2744dd112187b6aff5946cfe969410fca/modules/m80592/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@acb6fbe2 | [
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d9c3a6fbd04ef937b02abadb3b163639 | X:osx:life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness:m84519 | openstax-life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness | passage | It was “one hell of a gamble,” as Kennedy observed during the crisis that October. The Soviet Politburo appears to have justified its decision by reasoning that U.S. nuclear missiles in Turkey, which bordered the Soviet Union, were no different than Soviet missiles so close to the United States in Cuba. However, the U.... | acb6fbe2744dd112187b6aff5946cfe969410fca | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness/blob/acb6fbe2744dd112187b6aff5946cfe969410fca/modules/m84519/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@acb6fbe2 | [
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881a0ab6afefba5bb0ac40c33f0dfe43 | X:osx:life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness:m83598 | openstax-life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness | passage | Before Stonewall, LGBTQ people lacked political clout and had no recourse even if their bars were attacked, so the police often did not even need to justify their raids. By standing up to the police at the Stonewall Inn, LGBTQ people began an organized movement to fight discrimination. Consequently, the Stonewall Upris... | acb6fbe2744dd112187b6aff5946cfe969410fca | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness/blob/acb6fbe2744dd112187b6aff5946cfe969410fca/modules/m83598/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@acb6fbe2 | [
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6f9199a2d418564bba07dc9ce52b5424 | X:osx:life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness:m83598 | openstax-life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness | passage | LGBTQ people also opened bookstores, cafes, libraries, and other community centers throughout the United States. Yet despite these revolutionary changes, violence stalked the gay liberation movement during the 1970s. On June 24, 1973, members of the MCC gathered in the Upstairs Lounge, a bar they had converted into a c... | acb6fbe2744dd112187b6aff5946cfe969410fca | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness/blob/acb6fbe2744dd112187b6aff5946cfe969410fca/modules/m83598/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@acb6fbe2 | [
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cbeaba51e4a589883e7fd09fe2c96f5d | X:osx:life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness:m84580 | openstax-life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness | passage | President Clinton, whose focus was on domestic issues, wanted to make sure the country did not find itself in a similar position again. The job of formulating a new strategy for American interventions and participation in U.N. peacekeeping efforts went to Richard Clarke of the National Security Council. The result of C... | acb6fbe2744dd112187b6aff5946cfe969410fca | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness/blob/acb6fbe2744dd112187b6aff5946cfe969410fca/modules/m84580/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@acb6fbe2 | [
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4b5d9ad58acf66ee2ad2b426bca9447a | X:osx:life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness:m84586 | openstax-life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness | passage | Alexander, head of the NSA at the time, said surveillance programs since 9/11 had enabled the government to prevent more than 50 terrorist attacks, including one against the New York City subway system. In cases where law enforcement failed to thwart an attack, it became clear that the terrorists were known to authorit... | acb6fbe2744dd112187b6aff5946cfe969410fca | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness/blob/acb6fbe2744dd112187b6aff5946cfe969410fca/modules/m84586/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@acb6fbe2 | [
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7e1a5c81067293f3f3a22e9f09e4be1a | X:osx:life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness:m84586 | openstax-life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness | passage | Those wrongly accused provide a warning for this unjustified government invasion of privacy. In the wake of a terrorist bombing in Madrid, Spain, fingerprints obtained by Spanish investigators were shared with the FBI, which ran them through their database. American Brandon Mayfield’s was one of the 20 possible matches... | acb6fbe2744dd112187b6aff5946cfe969410fca | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness/blob/acb6fbe2744dd112187b6aff5946cfe969410fca/modules/m84586/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@acb6fbe2 | [
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cf1072628ae79f504e3bae77dfdf19de | X:osx:life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness:m84586 | openstax-life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness | passage | “The Terrifying Surveillance Case of Brandon Mayfield. Al Jazeera America. February 8, 2014. http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/2/the-terrifying-surveillancecaseofbrandonmayfield.html
Osborn v. United States, 385 US 323 (1966). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/385/323/
“Public Law 107–56—OCT. 26, 200... | acb6fbe2744dd112187b6aff5946cfe969410fca | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-life-liberty-and-pursuit-happiness/blob/acb6fbe2744dd112187b6aff5946cfe969410fca/modules/m84586/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@acb6fbe2 | [
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8b3bab772813ae3d6db6da49c78e7d45 | X:osx:chemistry-atoms-first-2e:m68733 | openstax-chemistry-atoms-first-2e | passage | For example, if we improve our measurement of an electron’s position so that the uncertainty in the position (Δx) has a value of, say, 1 pm (10–12 m, about 1% of the diameter of a hydrogen atom), then our determination of its momentum must have an uncertainty with a value of at least
The value of ħ is not large, so the... | 32c719622fbb7a0ca729cd645c1df4cf4e7d5b3a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-chemistry-bundle/blob/32c719622fbb7a0ca729cd645c1df4cf4e7d5b3a/modules/m68733/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@32c71962 | [
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dca88d5bc47480188ad657555ee7c545 | X:osx:chemistry-atoms-first-2e:m68733 | openstax-chemistry-atoms-first-2e | passage | A transition to a lower energy level involves a release of energy, and the energy change is negative. This process is accompanied by emission of a photon by the atom. The following equation summarizes these relationships and is based on the hydrogen atom:
The values nf and ni are the final and initial energy states of ... | 32c719622fbb7a0ca729cd645c1df4cf4e7d5b3a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-chemistry-bundle/blob/32c719622fbb7a0ca729cd645c1df4cf4e7d5b3a/modules/m68733/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@32c71962 | [
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507ecd9aa5e31cff35bcb49bc2deb72d | X:osx:chemistry-atoms-first-2e:m68733 | openstax-chemistry-atoms-first-2e | passage | Check Your Learning If a shell contains a maximum of 32 electrons, what is the principal quantum number, n? Answer:
n = 4
Working with Quantum Numbers Complete the following table for atomic orbitals:
Solution The table can be completed using the following rules:
- The orbital designation is nl, where l = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4... | 32c719622fbb7a0ca729cd645c1df4cf4e7d5b3a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-chemistry-bundle/blob/32c719622fbb7a0ca729cd645c1df4cf4e7d5b3a/modules/m68733/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@32c71962 | [
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f2cc145a6781482b0ed7ae761dc6545a | X:osx:chemistry-atoms-first-2e:m68733 | openstax-chemistry-atoms-first-2e | definition | secondary (angular momentum) quantum number (l): quantum number distinguishing the different shapes of orbitals; it is also a measure of the orbital angular momentum
atomic orbital: mathematical function that describes the behavior of an electron in an atom (also called the wavefunction)
d orbital: region of space with... | 32c719622fbb7a0ca729cd645c1df4cf4e7d5b3a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-chemistry-bundle/blob/32c719622fbb7a0ca729cd645c1df4cf4e7d5b3a/modules/m68733/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@32c71962 | [
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] | 246 | 2029aaef5d930bb93050f61642e8f02633c33a7b7d901bbd2d80c3897e7d14c6 | 0 | 0 | true |
c8753eff7474fb485e220b531b9466f8 | X:osx:chemistry-atoms-first-2e:m71828 | openstax-chemistry-atoms-first-2e | passage | Answer:
d = 0.0847 g/L
When the identity of a gas is unknown, measurements of the mass, pressure, volume, and temperature of a sample can be used to calculate the molar mass of the gas (a useful property for identification purposes). Combining the ideal gas equation
and the definition of molar mass
yields the following... | 32c719622fbb7a0ca729cd645c1df4cf4e7d5b3a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-chemistry-bundle/blob/32c719622fbb7a0ca729cd645c1df4cf4e7d5b3a/modules/m71828/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@32c71962 | [
"Gases"
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5f19d5c2c807108d262e8eae52dc999d | X:osx:chemistry-atoms-first-2e:m71828 | openstax-chemistry-atoms-first-2e | passage | As a gas is collected over water, it becomes saturated with water vapor and the total pressure of the mixture equals the partial pressure of the gas plus the partial pressure of the water vapor. The pressure of the pure gas is therefore equal to the total pressure minus the pressure of the water vapor—this is referred ... | 32c719622fbb7a0ca729cd645c1df4cf4e7d5b3a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-chemistry-bundle/blob/32c719622fbb7a0ca729cd645c1df4cf4e7d5b3a/modules/m71828/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@32c71962 | [
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82b951ded06e2822b8c151d3116c99cb | X:osx:chemistry-atoms-first-2e:m71828 | openstax-chemistry-atoms-first-2e | passage | Solution According to Dalton’s law, the total pressure in the bottle (750 torr) is the sum of the partial pressure of argon and the partial pressure of gaseous water:
Rearranging this equation to solve for the pressure of argon gives:
The pressure of water vapor above a sample of liquid water at 26 °C is 25.2 torr (App... | 32c719622fbb7a0ca729cd645c1df4cf4e7d5b3a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-chemistry-bundle/blob/32c719622fbb7a0ca729cd645c1df4cf4e7d5b3a/modules/m71828/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@32c71962 | [
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9506838576a3815b807e2143bb06e65b | X:osx:chemistry-atoms-first-2e:m68807 | openstax-chemistry-atoms-first-2e | definition | diprotic acid: acid containing two ionizable hydrogen atoms per molecule
diprotic base: base capable of accepting two protons
monoprotic acid: acid containing one ionizable hydrogen atom per molecule
stepwise ionization: process in which a polyprotic acid is ionized by losing protons sequentially
triprotic acid: acid t... | 32c719622fbb7a0ca729cd645c1df4cf4e7d5b3a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-chemistry-bundle/blob/32c719622fbb7a0ca729cd645c1df4cf4e7d5b3a/modules/m68807/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@32c71962 | [
"Acid-Base Equilibria",
"diprotic acid",
"diprotic base",
"monoprotic acid",
"stepwise ionization",
"triprotic acid"
] | 72 | d04043fc33e243f8defca73514d9d929c0da26535a20b51a85386438c4562aab | 0 | 0 | true |
18493972b85aa92e7991b7a8ce3e9b4f | X:osx:chemistry-atoms-first-2e:m68787 | openstax-chemistry-atoms-first-2e | passage | Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
The rates at which reactants are consumed and products are formed during chemical reactions vary greatly. Five factors typically affecting the rates of chemical reactions will be explored in this section: the chemical nature of the reacting substances, the state of subdivision (one larg... | 32c719622fbb7a0ca729cd645c1df4cf4e7d5b3a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-chemistry-bundle/blob/32c719622fbb7a0ca729cd645c1df4cf4e7d5b3a/modules/m68787/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@32c71962 | [
"Kinetics"
] | 235 | 24767d1c87b47219b81ac78958678af242cec4fffa1273eae32d1b9460a20d05 | 0 | 0 | true |
9ce9d7ee2a094e1f4ecc28b7b8cf9c92 | X:osx:chemistry-atoms-first-2e:m68787 | openstax-chemistry-atoms-first-2e | passage | However, the lower temperature inside of a refrigerator slows that process so that the same food remains fresh for days. Gas burners, hot plates, and ovens are often used in the laboratory to increase the speed of reactions that proceed slowly at ordinary temperatures. For many chemical processes, reaction rates are ap... | 32c719622fbb7a0ca729cd645c1df4cf4e7d5b3a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-chemistry-bundle/blob/32c719622fbb7a0ca729cd645c1df4cf4e7d5b3a/modules/m68787/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@32c71962 | [
"Kinetics"
] | 235 | 5c5e61f7f74de60ca81dc179cb61f026efbf8659f31164e124b97b7e59292560 | 0 | 0 | true |
3a39c61ec41833dc7c671f4def1de69b | X:osx:chemistry-atoms-first-2e:m68787 | openstax-chemistry-atoms-first-2e | definition | catalyst: substance that increases the rate of a reaction without itself being consumed by the reaction | 32c719622fbb7a0ca729cd645c1df4cf4e7d5b3a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-chemistry-bundle/blob/32c719622fbb7a0ca729cd645c1df4cf4e7d5b3a/modules/m68787/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@32c71962 | [
"Kinetics",
"catalyst"
] | 22 | 513f9fe9ef5dfac385a1b059994daa52aafb8060a96b8d4a661281d72c4a860a | 0 | 0 | true |
d39b39f95b5c2d7d051b097d96a04f3b | X:osx:chemistry-atoms-first-2e:m68834 | openstax-chemistry-atoms-first-2e | passage | Baking powder contains baking soda and a solid acid such as potassium hydrogen tartrate (cream of tartar), KHC4H4O6. As long as the powder is dry, no reaction occurs; immediately after the addition of water, the acid reacts with the hydrogen carbonate ions to form carbon dioxide:
Dough will trap the carbon dioxide, cau... | 32c719622fbb7a0ca729cd645c1df4cf4e7d5b3a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-chemistry-bundle/blob/32c719622fbb7a0ca729cd645c1df4cf4e7d5b3a/modules/m68834/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@32c71962 | [
"Representative Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals"
] | 191 | 9cffa2b3dd9207e0c633c8517553433fcedbe18f369a3afde5a66d66598014b0 | 0 | 0 | true |
6a31d553961e3a31b55c8724b2b93b3f | X:osx:intermediate-algebra-2e:m81439 | openstax-intermediate-algebra-2e | passage | To find the LCD of the fractions, we factored 12 and 18 into primes, lining up any common primes in columns. Then we “brought down” one prime from each column. Finally, we multiplied the factors to find the LCD. When we add numerical fractions, once we found the LCD, we rewrote each fraction as an equivalent fraction w... | 77a933c672e9c48c746eb802d588a9a7ddfd6e0d | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-prealgebra-bundle/blob/77a933c672e9c48c746eb802d588a9a7ddfd6e0d/modules/m81439/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@77a933c6 | [
"Rational Expressions and Functions"
] | 223 | ba60f55d51ddfb73093a02458bfce41a82724597bc9a24039f6bf6ccef14cda3 | 0 | 0 | true |
3437e0539130b632f317c37397f33b9a | X:osx:intermediate-algebra-2e:m81409 | openstax-intermediate-algebra-2e | passage | The irrational number e is called the natural base. Natural Base e
The number e is defined as the value of (1+1n)n, as n increases without bound. We say, as n approaches infinity,
The exponential function whose base is e, f(x)=ex is called the natural exponential function. Natural Exponential Function
The natural expon... | 77a933c672e9c48c746eb802d588a9a7ddfd6e0d | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-prealgebra-bundle/blob/77a933c672e9c48c746eb802d588a9a7ddfd6e0d/modules/m81409/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@77a933c6 | [
"Exponential and Logarithmic Functions"
] | 215 | 4adc948baab4c0d0c7097ff521c1912fb0bf7f96946c93d5bf74fac1a1ba3ea9 | 0 | 0 | true |
88ea9dbd6a6ee12ea5cc0d1a2333e242 | X:osx:intermediate-algebra-2e:m81409 | openstax-intermediate-algebra-2e | definition | asymptote: A line which a graph of a function approaches closely but never touches.
exponential function: An exponential function, where a>0 and a≠1, is a function of the form f(x)=ax.
natural base: The number e is defined as the value of (1+1n)n, as n gets larger and larger. We say, as n increases without bound, e≈2.7... | 77a933c672e9c48c746eb802d588a9a7ddfd6e0d | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-prealgebra-bundle/blob/77a933c672e9c48c746eb802d588a9a7ddfd6e0d/modules/m81409/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@77a933c6 | [
"Exponential and Logarithmic Functions",
"asymptote",
"exponential function",
"natural base",
"natural exponential function"
] | 110 | d143190e6fc1cc12bf63c713b55356d692146c7237c0de4193d1e99ba2bff0c0 | 0 | 0 | true |
3e36acd9098c596a2563ed997a9d99f5 | X:osx:intermediate-algebra-2e:m81418 | openstax-intermediate-algebra-2e | passage | Find the Sum of the First n Terms of an Arithmetic Sequence
In the following exercises, find the sum of the first 30 terms of each arithmetic sequence. In the following exercises, find the sum of the first 50 terms of the arithmetic sequence whose general term is given. In the following exercises, find each sum. Writin... | 77a933c672e9c48c746eb802d588a9a7ddfd6e0d | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-prealgebra-bundle/blob/77a933c672e9c48c746eb802d588a9a7ddfd6e0d/modules/m81418/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@77a933c6 | [
"Sequences, Series and Binomial Theorem"
] | 126 | 74be26407e43913ea7c827053186cd6f3a8edafb6c9c0d05d4cef8fc28936294 | 0 | 0 | true |
acff108bcf32820aa531c1206676905a | X:osx:introductory-business-statistics-2e:m55672 | openstax-introductory-business-statistics-2e | passage | Random variable: p'A–p'B= difference between the two estimated proportions Distribution: normal distribution
Formula Review
Pooled Proportion: pc = xA+xBnA+nB
Test Statistic (z-score): Zc=(p′A−p′B)pc(1−pc)(1nA+1nB)
where
pA' and pB' are the sample proportions, pA and pBare the population proportions,
Pc is the pooled p... | 50ec91749080bb040b57bb40c34337cacc994cba | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-introductory-statistics-bundle/blob/50ec91749080bb040b57bb40c34337cacc994cba/modules/m55672/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@50ec9174 | [
"Hypothesis Testing with Two Samples"
] | 242 | f71555a90d6fe7cfb57643c7d2219ecc82b3ab71b79d2a4cf343293a4248c9e0 | 0 | 0 | true |
949678d4cadf735ab25401cb8b44f10d | X:osx:population-health:m00134 | openstax-population-health | passage | The incarcerated population also experienced a disproportionate burden of COVID-19 disease, with a case rate that was almost six times higher and a death rate that was three times higher than that of the non-incarcerated population (Andraska et al., 2021). These statistics are unsurprising given that incarcerated popul... | f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-nursing-external-bundle/blob/f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc/modules/m00134/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f0124920 | [
"Structural Racism and Systemic Inequities"
] | 179 | 9f3c3a676c198e401ab7b85575b16afb153b4d388133411dc27d55fb1d0f68ad | 0 | 0 | true |
ccf68052d61a54856d4db56c8d7fbca1 | X:osx:population-health:m00134 | openstax-population-health | passage | Advocacy can take many forms, such as advocating for:
- professional development across health professions education on the role of structural racism and implicit bias in health care disparities;
- elimination of predatory advertising of alcohol, cigarettes, and vaping products among lower-income communities;
- accessi... | f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-nursing-external-bundle/blob/f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc/modules/m00134/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f0124920 | [
"Structural Racism and Systemic Inequities"
] | 225 | d852ccea96a77b1fa0615f3ae6628cdc154cf6f0b228e6ab58a749924e5053bb | 0 | 0 | true |
fccccc2d772d7a40d25316791ab914b4 | X:osx:population-health:m00206 | openstax-population-health | passage | To meet the needs of this multicultural population, nurses must recognize and appreciate the differences in health care values, beliefs, and customs in a diverse society. The Difference Between Race, Ethnicity, Culture, and Nationality
Race, ethnicity, culture, and nationality are distinct but interconnected concepts t... | f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-nursing-external-bundle/blob/f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc/modules/m00206/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f0124920 | [
"Cultural Influences on Health Beliefs and Practices"
] | 244 | be476fad7d933c50cdfc2f80325584e56a2f65c80f61c5f185f1c8ea961dd10d | 0 | 0 | true |
4a818455fcaab627d90514fc1c55cc7b | X:osx:population-health:m00206 | openstax-population-health | passage | However, as a pluralistic rather than truly multicultural society, the United States has a dominant culture and allows minority groups to maintain their unique identities in the larger society. This coexistence of a dominant culture and diverse minority groups can result in positive aspects, such as cultural enrichment... | f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-nursing-external-bundle/blob/f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc/modules/m00206/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f0124920 | [
"Cultural Influences on Health Beliefs and Practices"
] | 244 | 5645ddd4d3910d0e5aacf825588ec8074d1e7cdfca3842e912e1e19b8260dc71 | 0 | 0 | true |
5ab7e8e10fa9684687a59785f621a5f2 | X:osx:population-health:m00325 | openstax-population-health | passage | Yoga, mindfulness, meditation sessions, and a fitness application for smartphone use are also offered. Daily tips on the SilverSneakers blog provide information on nutrition, diseases and conditions, and physical activity tips. Caregivers who assist older adults are essential members of public health care. While some c... | f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-nursing-external-bundle/blob/f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc/modules/m00325/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f0124920 | [
"Health Promotion and Maintenance Across the Lifespan"
] | 233 | f9d8bc8e0b67603be05a3698ed7b431634741025b94b10ac3f34ddda89823d52 | 0 | 0 | true |
2fc75309fbfe43ab30aeec04922c6909 | X:osx:population-health:m00325 | openstax-population-health | passage | According to the CDC (2019b), 22.3 percent of adults reported providing care or assistance to a friend or family member in the past 30 days. Among adults aged 45 to 64 years, 24.4 percent were caregivers, compared to 18.8 percent of adults aged 65 years and over. One in four (25.4 percent) women were caregivers, compar... | f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-nursing-external-bundle/blob/f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc/modules/m00325/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f0124920 | [
"Health Promotion and Maintenance Across the Lifespan"
] | 235 | 30c4a14d73283f075567751bd39cea6c38ef7cec4c1ac68ab101095d431b8733 | 0 | 0 | true |
39e2d81b4e44ec332ce612bbbf46f63a | X:osx:population-health:m00325 | openstax-population-health | passage | The following are Medicare-covered preventive service guidelines for older adults (Highmark, 2023b):
- Weight, height, and BMI monitoring annually
- Blood pressure screening annually
- Lipid panel every 5 years or as clinically indicated
- Fasting plasma glucose in those who are overweight or obese annually
- Mammograp... | f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-nursing-external-bundle/blob/f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc/modules/m00325/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f0124920 | [
"Health Promotion and Maintenance Across the Lifespan"
] | 234 | d04f70edd9cfae81d7e64ce8621f6826258a0159fe60a701ae52a1255e4dd97f | 0 | 0 | true |
08887026fb23f41d08cdbda1d337103a | X:osx:population-health:m00325 | openstax-population-health | passage | Prevalence of multiple chronic conditions among U.S. adults, 2018. Preventing Chronic Disease, 17, 2000130. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd17.200130
Bowman, R. M. (2022). Myelomeningocele (spina bifida): Management and outcome. UpToDate. Retrieved April 15, 2023, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/myelomeningocele-spin... | f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-nursing-external-bundle/blob/f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc/modules/m00325/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f0124920 | [
"Health Promotion and Maintenance Across the Lifespan"
] | 233 | da26252758e9e7353de6e5694c2fe5f3d451c77459dc554d2b02f04d079b87ac | 0 | 0 | true |
0ffa0db6400c1d10f0dbe4cf09b96f38 | X:osx:population-health:m00358 | openstax-population-health | definition | triage tag: standardized method used to sort victims quickly, indicate the level of treatment needed using tag colors that are universally recognized and correspond to a predetermined set of physical assessment findings | f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-nursing-external-bundle/blob/f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc/modules/m00358/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f0124920 | [
"Principles of Disaster Management",
"triage tag"
] | 44 | 540d41ea0fb2c350a6cb63bc130a0568a5db535ff9b132a851565267c3707463 | 0 | 0 | true |
13fa611d606ab9e58cf94578ad6a84e1 | X:osx:population-health:m00361 | openstax-population-health | passage | The defining attributes of nurse advocacy include safeguarding, apprising, valuing mediating, and championing social justice in health care (Abbasinia et al., 2020). To advocate for persons and populations, nurses safeguard their clients by preventing medical errors and calling out incompetency or misconduct by any hea... | f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-nursing-external-bundle/blob/f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc/modules/m00361/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f0124920 | [
"Advocating for Population Health"
] | 246 | 93afb3c029ce723f1ec81e1e6f69f20ec97179e435fae3936dcf8c7056315811 | 0 | 0 | true |
4033aced850cac4b7a1a4e57d2a25351 | X:osx:population-health:m00361 | openstax-population-health | passage | Transgender and nonbinary youths are two to three times more likely to experience poor mental health outcomes such as depression, anxiety, and risk for suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and self-harm than cisgender youth (Reisner et al., 2015). A report in 2021 revealed that when nurses provided educational workshop... | f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-nursing-external-bundle/blob/f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc/modules/m00361/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f0124920 | [
"Advocating for Population Health"
] | 245 | 20e829c428113d29cc695d12d2c4c1dd9301179ae5b0ce4891391436506a7aae | 0 | 0 | true |
86c67bf2a772ba7b8a3683e70c4a0fd3 | X:osx:population-health:m00361 | openstax-population-health | passage | Why LGBTQIA+ Cultural Competence Matters
In this video, Sarah Rosso, the executive director of the Hugh Lane Wellness Foundation and mental health advocate and ally, explains how LGBTQIA+ cultural competence supports clients’ mental health. Watch the video, and then respond to the following questions.
- Why does Sarah ... | f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-nursing-external-bundle/blob/f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc/modules/m00361/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f0124920 | [
"Advocating for Population Health"
] | 198 | 091fa2b1566bd95a63868d6bc06de38f2e5d030f9f5cf0e0f1473637ebfeb7d3 | 0 | 0 | true |
5c2864a410974691c32d1a3a5b8b8de1 | X:osx:population-health:m00362 | openstax-population-health | passage | Finally, Tracy’s roommate convinced her to go to university health services where she met with Tonja, a registered nurse. Tracy told Tonja that she was afraid to walk alone on campus. She was also afraid her boyfriend would be expelled or blame her for ruining his life if she told the police what had happened.
- What c... | f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-nursing-external-bundle/blob/f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc/modules/m00362/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f0124920 | [
"Advocating for Population Health"
] | 187 | 6945b856dfa65cffc132470fba9fdab7814300e0612360a82740445ed2523ee4 | 0 | 0 | true |
6399b6769932da6d992b06049e7ef8c0 | X:osx:population-health:m00362 | openstax-population-health | passage | State-level nursing organizations provide ongoing updates about health concerns throughout the state and offer regular professional development conferences, updates on health care issues, and legislation that affects nursing care to clients and their families. For example, while a four-client-to-one-nurse ratio has bee... | f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-nursing-external-bundle/blob/f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc/modules/m00362/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f0124920 | [
"Advocating for Population Health"
] | 252 | fd493427d2876b1395c048e2c49bcdb0aa1f749ddd705ba5c82478bcbd7f04d0 | 0 | 0 | true |
9e2c6d4c60267c4c6a3ecb91808894b2 | X:osx:population-health:m00368 | openstax-population-health | passage | There are many models that describe the steps of policy development, but one of the most commonly used in creating public health policy is the stage-sequential model, illustrated in . This model breaks the policy development process into five general stages (CDC, 2020a):
- Agenda setting
- Policy formulation
- Policy a... | f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-nursing-external-bundle/blob/f0124920c65609137effe2333dea327d1c77accc/modules/m00368/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@f0124920 | [
"Engagement in the Policy Development Process"
] | 234 | b8ce0ebbae0211cffeb4b72c83d1793d3ca78159253826c2e98e54aa3a93478b | 0 | 0 | true |
1affeb0de96d6b426e40ec84507c151f | X:osx:american-government-4e:m90468 | openstax-american-government-4e | passage | In addition, when state party control is divided between the legislative and executive branches, the governor may find that legislators are more likely to muster the numbers to overturn at least some of their vetoes. In contrast, when the governor’s own party controls the legislature—a situation known as unified govern... | 5c90dd7907dbf25f42266417e63ca3bb0012f031 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-american-government/blob/5c90dd7907dbf25f42266417e63ca3bb0012f031/modules/m90468/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@5c90dd79 | [
"State and Local Government"
] | 204 | c5128d89796a32cd22eee7dab497c9e8dcd88bd24b20cfdcee7873744e59eaa7 | 0 | 0 | true |
cfd885e5639ea66ab71c86a7b8f268a5 | X:osx:american-government-4e:m90468 | openstax-american-government-4e | definition | amendatory veto: a veto that allows a governor to send a bill back to the legislature with a message requesting a specific amendment
delegate legislator: a legislator who represents the will of those who elected the legislator to office and acts in their expressed interest, even when it goes against a personal belief a... | 5c90dd7907dbf25f42266417e63ca3bb0012f031 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-american-government/blob/5c90dd7907dbf25f42266417e63ca3bb0012f031/modules/m90468/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@5c90dd79 | [
"State and Local Government",
"amendatory veto",
"delegate legislator",
"formal powers",
"line-item veto",
"pardon",
"reduction veto",
"trustee"
] | 226 | 0a53e70b8645551d5eb03a885031bb2667fd85e9ccd641bd972e27995eababd9 | 0 | 0 | true |
6e1a0dcdb8ede96652a0fbd7fa6508c4 | X:osx:american-government-4e:m90480 | openstax-american-government-4e | passage | Acid rain is a widely recognized problem that did not make it on to the governmental policy agenda until Congress passed the Air Quality Act of 1967, long after environmental groups started asking for laws to regulate pollution. In the second policy phase, enactment, the elected branches of government typically conside... | 5c90dd7907dbf25f42266417e63ca3bb0012f031 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-american-government/blob/5c90dd7907dbf25f42266417e63ca3bb0012f031/modules/m90480/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@5c90dd79 | [
"Domestic Policy"
] | 252 | e30efe7e329fa7deb340a5c10207f9153c86a4dda9d22c0f0719dfd5734c0ba9 | 0 | 0 | true |
fda31ec57c5acb0782a57f0acaf24e9c | X:osx:introduction-philosophy:m00066 | openstax-introduction-philosophy | passage | The devastation caused by World War I (1914–1918), after which Europe struggled to rebuild and cope with food shortages and unemployment, created conditions that were ripe for the emergence of charismatic strongmen who promised to bring prosperity back to their nations. It was during this same period that German citize... | d7bd4f0f520529b3ad83272448a9c2be25c9040a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-introduction-philosophy/blob/d7bd4f0f520529b3ad83272448a9c2be25c9040a/modules/m00066/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@d7bd4f0f | [
"Political Philosophy"
] | 245 | ae1d0a0e5468c19af33182900d2fd33a15d88854c70b408708fb338476fc6d82 | 0 | 0 | true |
6344e7d0ec136ca31231bcc0540a5c68 | X:osx:prealgebra-2e:m81278 | openstax-prealgebra-2e | passage | So we found that
Notice that for multiplication of two signed numbers, when the signs are the same, the product is positive, and when the signs are different, the product is negative. Multiplication of Signed Numbers
The sign of the product of two numbers depends on their signs. When we multiply a number by 1, the resu... | 77a933c672e9c48c746eb802d588a9a7ddfd6e0d | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-prealgebra-bundle/blob/77a933c672e9c48c746eb802d588a9a7ddfd6e0d/modules/m81278/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@77a933c6 | [
"Integers"
] | 234 | 06afd4f7b4fb102443c4720948831f8d3d0d847aad1f6165e20e7cc1ee846f45 | 0 | 0 | true |
a4c57ffb3adc24f8762f280861eb1688 | X:osx:prealgebra-2e:m81340 | openstax-prealgebra-2e | passage | Here is an example of a linear equation in two variables, x and y:
Is y=−5x+1 a linear equation? It does not appear to be in the form Ax+By=C. But we could rewrite it in this form. By rewriting y=−5x+1 as 5x+y=1, we can see that it is a linear equation in two variables because it can be written in the form Ax+By=C. Lin... | 77a933c672e9c48c746eb802d588a9a7ddfd6e0d | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-prealgebra-bundle/blob/77a933c672e9c48c746eb802d588a9a7ddfd6e0d/modules/m81340/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@77a933c6 | [
"Graphs"
] | 244 | b91cc5f3ddabdb3161fbb8bedccb059aae4e064e5a1f6675892f4da5411e824f | 0 | 0 | true |
4f3315a781d4ed34e2fbe0bb1e2f7569 | X:osx:principles-management:m70724 | openstax-principles-management | passage | Principle 3. Management and the workforce should work together to ensure that work is performed according to the principles of management. Taylor’s observation went against the long-established principles of both management and the worker who believed that each was the other’s enemy. Rather than enmity, Taylor stressed... | a995241fbc161854a1fab15bdd3bec3f98dfd64b | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-principles-of-management-bundle/blob/a995241fbc161854a1fab15bdd3bec3f98dfd64b/modules/m70724/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@a995241f | [
"The History of Management"
] | 246 | b617599d52f22e050aa0998559bd7e663029a302cfe16be2385e92d4b877dd7d | 0 | 0 | true |
a5ab66127f8f9f5133703345a5b069ca | X:osx:college-success-concise:m00044 | openstax-college-success-concise | passage | Preface
Welcome to College Success Concise, an OpenStax resource. This textbook was written to increase student access to high-quality learning materials, maintaining highest standards of academic rigor at little to no cost. About OpenStax
OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit charitable c... | 4c04b87eb2753872c2d442fe9736859ddb27bb72 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-success-bundle/blob/4c04b87eb2753872c2d442fe9736859ddb27bb72/modules/m00044/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@4c04b87e | [] | 233 | 19667d9e7407416291f501ff6a7b9bdfcf62552facfe4b2be78a96da8bff99dc | 0 | 0 | true |
c1f61adaba54a7f8a12a3fc78fe51cb5 | X:osx:college-success-concise:m00044 | openstax-college-success-concise | passage | These students grapple with the same concepts, from improving study skills to embracing diversity, and through their experiences and successes we share important stories.
- Get Connected: Apps, websites and tech opportunities that our experts recommend to help students better face the challenges of college and life bey... | 4c04b87eb2753872c2d442fe9736859ddb27bb72 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-college-success-bundle/blob/4c04b87eb2753872c2d442fe9736859ddb27bb72/modules/m00044/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@4c04b87e | [] | 244 | 5f204a340aa2d919e7d7b133b452931a994b77ca0b506571a9c29c118ee07b42 | 0 | 0 | true |
44f3955f9c1f691b2bf78dd0a548882f | X:osx:introduction-intellectual-property:m89850 | openstax-introduction-intellectual-property | passage | Perhaps this was also partly in response to Apple joining with BlackBerry maker Research In Motion (RIM), Microsoft, Ericsson, Sony, and EMC to buy 6,000 patents owned by Nortel for $4.5 billion in July 2011, largely to keep them from falling into the hands of competitors like Google and Samsung. http://gadgets.ndtv.co... | 6dad5479f5a7974df9a2dcb01f4ce9a970658029 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-introduction-intellectual-property/blob/6dad5479f5a7974df9a2dcb01f4ce9a970658029/modules/m89850/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@6dad5479 | [
"Patent Enforcement"
] | 142 | 77537e93b6afdd590cf9976e0a48f1b162114a65cc9d0a4dd2c126317dea6bd6 | 0 | 0 | true |
08050780fcd963411cf3cb42e9381902 | X:osx:microbiology:m58792 | openstax-microbiology | passage | Unique Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
- Explain the distinguishing characteristics of prokaryotic cells
- Describe common cell morphologies and cellular arrangements typical of prokaryotic cells and explain how cells maintain their morphology
- ... | ecf34dad129d686703780e87ab5aa2e59c577a6a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-microbiology/blob/ecf34dad129d686703780e87ab5aa2e59c577a6a/modules/m58792/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@ecf34dad | [
"The Cell"
] | 239 | fc1b5b7eeeb7217ef71518011c390671d7cc768595c374120ba21d4cdc022502 | 0 | 0 | true |
f311e4bc3418b543919b5e8b2a358828 | X:osx:microbiology:m58792 | openstax-microbiology | passage | These structures are considered proto-organelles because they compartmentalize important compounds or chemical reactions, much like many eukaryotic organelles. Endospores
Bacterial cells are generally observed as vegetative cells, but some genera of bacteria have the ability to form endospores, structures that essentia... | ecf34dad129d686703780e87ab5aa2e59c577a6a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-microbiology/blob/ecf34dad129d686703780e87ab5aa2e59c577a6a/modules/m58792/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@ecf34dad | [
"The Cell"
] | 245 | d80a025dcacd84985a06a7181c303f621fac55cd840f1466214926aed201fcfc | 0 | 0 | true |
d65aa75540256b9a794f503e5952317d | X:osx:microbiology:m58792 | openstax-microbiology | passage | These include B. anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, which produces endospores capable of surviving for many decadesR. Sinclair et al. “Persistence of Category A Select Agents in the Environment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74 no. 3 (2008):555–563.; C. tetani (causes tetanus); C. perfringens (causes g... | ecf34dad129d686703780e87ab5aa2e59c577a6a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-microbiology/blob/ecf34dad129d686703780e87ab5aa2e59c577a6a/modules/m58792/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@ecf34dad | [
"The Cell"
] | 217 | ec46042f3010ea1460c4337182606e74aca680480dbcf2446909bda14ee42774 | 0 | 0 | true |
414e6675f37486a62240996b3b89078c | X:osx:microbiology:m58792 | openstax-microbiology | passage | All of these properties are advantageous to the microbes living in a biofilm, but they present challenges in a clinical setting, where the goal is often to eliminate microbes. The ability to produce a capsule can contribute to a microbe’s pathogenicity (ability to cause disease) because the capsule can make it more dif... | ecf34dad129d686703780e87ab5aa2e59c577a6a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-microbiology/blob/ecf34dad129d686703780e87ab5aa2e59c577a6a/modules/m58792/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@ecf34dad | [
"The Cell"
] | 194 | ed2bf976d9026a6a68b171dfc6c80e2fb15776a85f4a06b17bca9b4befafc1a5 | 0 | 0 | true |
bde68554c7344f8211f1bc802d6c4d0d | X:osx:microbiology:m58797 | openstax-microbiology | passage | It stores bacteriochlorophyll in chlorosomes, similar to Chlorobium, and performs anoxygenic photosynthesis, using organic sulfites (low concentrations) or molecular hydrogen as electron donors, so it can survive in the dark if oxygen is available. Chloroflexus does not have flagella but can glide, like Cytophaga. It g... | ecf34dad129d686703780e87ab5aa2e59c577a6a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-microbiology/blob/ecf34dad129d686703780e87ab5aa2e59c577a6a/modules/m58797/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@ecf34dad | [
"Prokaryotic Diversity"
] | 230 | ac53ad6796f50ef0e872d86c3729bc62ad14dcca0c2145bafccb67d97fba2f60 | 0 | 0 | true |
0683d82c41d9d124307078f2b94c2354 | X:osx:microbiology:m58841 | openstax-microbiology | passage | Because this sequence allows the start of DNA synthesis, it is appropriately called the primer. The primer is five to 10 nucleotides long and complementary to the parental or template DNA. It is synthesized by RNA primase, which is an RNA polymerase. Unlike DNA polymerases, RNA polymerases do not need a free 3’-OH grou... | ecf34dad129d686703780e87ab5aa2e59c577a6a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-microbiology/blob/ecf34dad129d686703780e87ab5aa2e59c577a6a/modules/m58841/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@ecf34dad | [
"Mechanisms of Microbial Genetics"
] | 226 | 0990bea2d110839c52361a8f8e33f4695bdab79839a3f7365a63358708a43154 | 0 | 0 | true |
803c584991e300b22d8ae30658b8dfa7 | X:osx:microbiology:m58884 | openstax-microbiology | passage | Bacterial antigens may also be associated with extracellular toxins and enzymes that they secrete. Viruses possess a variety of antigens associated with their capsids, envelopes, and the spike structures they use for attachment to cells. Antigens may belong to any number of molecular classes, including carbohydrates, l... | ecf34dad129d686703780e87ab5aa2e59c577a6a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-microbiology/blob/ecf34dad129d686703780e87ab5aa2e59c577a6a/modules/m58884/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@ecf34dad | [
"Adaptive Specific Host Defenses"
] | 244 | 0e8f6f46f0cec7a663f19fdd120f52b3c6e2c2929409972b0ff528647a17ee91 | 0 | 0 | true |
b2c7378a7c44f54fb71e33513d53b966 | X:osx:microbiology:m58915 | openstax-microbiology | passage | Indeed, until 2012, this organism was considered a “select agent” of bioterrorism and classified as a BSL-3 microbe. Serological tests for antibody production are more often used for diagnosis. Although mild cases generally do not require intervention, disseminated infections can be treated with intravenous antifungal ... | ecf34dad129d686703780e87ab5aa2e59c577a6a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-microbiology/blob/ecf34dad129d686703780e87ab5aa2e59c577a6a/modules/m58915/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@ecf34dad | [
"Respiratory System Infections"
] | 222 | 7d156c1244e2816700c7497aafe33855d7abb7fb567ac3a6d0c9957ae6647974 | 0 | 0 | true |
6ea568576a453fa9608f9789d3101c3d | X:osx:microbiology:m58925 | openstax-microbiology | passage | Armitage, and David A. Relman. “Methanogenic Archaea and Human Periodontal Disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 (2003): 16, pp. 6176–6181. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0308766101. Gingivitis is diagnosed by visual inspection, including measuring pockets in the gums, and X-ra... | ecf34dad129d686703780e87ab5aa2e59c577a6a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-microbiology/blob/ecf34dad129d686703780e87ab5aa2e59c577a6a/modules/m58925/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@ecf34dad | [
"Digestive System Infections"
] | 248 | 3c890fad9ddfeed14694193d19b43c9e9658f6ee0f462c535b003154c5614712 | 0 | 0 | true |
90355743d2f08c4cf6027a273e5503ee | X:osx:microbiology:m58937 | openstax-microbiology | passage | Erroneously, the disease quickly became stigmatized as one associated with what became identified as at-risk behaviors such as sexual promiscuity, homosexuality, and IV drug use, even though mounting evidence indicated the disease was also contracted through transfusion of blood and blood products or by fetuses of infe... | ecf34dad129d686703780e87ab5aa2e59c577a6a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-microbiology/blob/ecf34dad129d686703780e87ab5aa2e59c577a6a/modules/m58937/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@ecf34dad | [
"Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections"
] | 225 | 36a35d898277594d54f1970fb287981d308c50176098ae778e372884c95efe44 | 0 | 0 | true |
38db0ae57d965c6c1e7f9011b59f6cf8 | X:osx:microbiology:m58940 | openstax-microbiology | passage | Intercellular entry involves the use of microbial virulence factors, toxins, or inflammation-mediated processes to pass between the cells of the blood-brain barrier. In transcellular entry, the pathogen passes through the cells of the blood-brain barrier using virulence factors that allow it to adhere to and trigger up... | ecf34dad129d686703780e87ab5aa2e59c577a6a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-microbiology/blob/ecf34dad129d686703780e87ab5aa2e59c577a6a/modules/m58940/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@ecf34dad | [
"Nervous System Infections"
] | 249 | eeef421272242820d36345e49277068cf27fca6d84dc473982255c6ac3adf9b2 | 0 | 0 | true |
b17adb33de83c179475f6930f22f1115 | X:osx:microbiology:m58940 | openstax-microbiology | passage | The soma also produces an elongated extension, called the axon, which is responsible for the transmission of electrochemical signals through elaborate ion transport processes. Axons of some types of neurons can extend up to one meter in length in the human body. To facilitate electrochemical signal transmission, some n... | ecf34dad129d686703780e87ab5aa2e59c577a6a | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-microbiology/blob/ecf34dad129d686703780e87ab5aa2e59c577a6a/modules/m58940/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@ecf34dad | [
"Nervous System Infections"
] | 204 | 679a779eb42f7fd1d3681aebd4fb7d482b3bfdc00387f4bbf37a5543159248a5 | 0 | 0 | true |
696ffcf3f5ce9b3343c0fb6734c4f4ed | X:osx:statistics:m79603 | openstax-statistics | passage | Unless the median, first quartile, and third quartile are the same value, the median will lie inside the box or between the first and third quartiles. The box plot gives a good, quick picture of the data. NOTE
You may encounter box-and-whisker plots that have dots marking outlier values. In those cases, the whiskers ar... | 7dea80ae2800386d470b11f6528962f9c4992d15 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-statistics/blob/7dea80ae2800386d470b11f6528962f9c4992d15/modules/m79603/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@7dea80ae | [
"Descriptive Statistics"
] | 244 | 2919315814f604d64d9902bded2438a84d9c0323a3739ca7cc1bab614550ed40 | 0 | 0 | true |
436d56abcb0f6003b481671f162cd469 | X:osx:statistics:m79668 | openstax-statistics | passage | Independent groups
The average amount of time boys and girls aged 7 to 11 spend playing sports each day is believed to be the same. A study is done and data are collected, resulting in the data in . Each populations has a normal distribution. Try It
NOTE
When the sum of the sample sizes is larger than 30 (n1 + n2 > 30)... | 7dea80ae2800386d470b11f6528962f9c4992d15 | https://github.com/openstax/osbooks-statistics/blob/7dea80ae2800386d470b11f6528962f9c4992d15/modules/m79668/index.cnxml | 2026-08-02 | null | CC-BY-4.0 | per-record-metadata:LICENSE@7dea80ae | [
"Hypothesis Testing with Two Samples"
] | 226 | 16205a973badc905b1370a3a14f6ba6233225f90d11b04d7b4fa21a13cd2e6c7 | 0 | 0 | true |
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