---
license: cc-by-4.0
task_categories:
- image-classification
pretty_name: Community Forensics
configs:
- config_name: default
  data_files:
    - split: Systematic
      path:
        - data/systematic/*.parquet
    - split: Manual
      path:
        - data/manual/*.parquet
    - split: PublicEval
      path:
        - data/publicEval/*.parquet
    - split: Commercial
      path:
        - data/commercial/*.parquet
tags:
- image
size_categories:
- 1M<n<10M
language:
- en
---

# *Community Forensics: Using Thousands of Generators to Train Fake Image Detectors (CVPR 2025)*
[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.04125) / [Project Page](https://jespark.net/projects/2024/community_forensics/) / [Code (GitHub)](https://github.com/JeongsooP/Community-Forensics)

- *Please also check our [Community Forensics-Small](https://huggingface.co/datasets/OwensLab/CommunityForensics-Small) dataset, which contains approximately 11% of the base dataset and is paired with real data with redistributable licenses.*
- *Please check [Community Forensics-Eval](https://huggingface.co/datasets/OwensLab/CommunityForensics-Eval) for the recommended 'comprehensive' evaluation set.*

*Changes:* \
*10/18/25: Released the 'comprehensive' evaluation set used in paper.* \
*10/06/25: Added 'real' data composition used for training, and released the links for LAION subsets we used.* \
*06/06/25: Community Forensics-Small released. Updated BibTeX to be CVPR instead of arXiv.* \
*04/09/25: Initial version released.*

## Dataset Summary
- The Community Forensics dataset is a dataset intended for developing and benchmarking forensics methods that detect or analyze AI-generated images. It contains 2.7M generated images collected from 4803 generator models.

## Supported Tasks
- Image Classification: identify whether the given image is AI-generated. We mainly study this task in our paper, but other tasks may be possible with our dataset.

# Dataset Structure
## Data Instances
Our dataset is formatted in a Parquet data frame of the following structure:
```
{
  "image_name": "00000162.png", 
  "format": "PNG",
  "resolution": "[512, 512]", 
  "mode": "RGB",
  "image_data": "b'\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n\x00\x00\x00\rIHDR\..." 
  "model_name": "stabilityai/stable-diffusion-2", 
  "nsfw_flag": False,
  "prompt": "montreal grand prix 2018 von icrdesigns",
  "real_source": "LAION",
  "subset": "Systematic",
  "split": "train",
  "label": "1"
}
```

## Data Fields
`image_name`: Filename of an image. \
`format`: PIL image format. \
`resolution`: Image resolution. \
`mode`: PIL image mode (e.g., RGB) \
`image_data`: Image data in byte format. Can be read using Python's BytesIO. \
`model_name`: Name of the model used to sample this image. Has format {author_name}/{model_name} for `Systematic` subset, and {model_name} for other subsets. \
`nsfw_flag`: NSFW flag determined using [Stable Diffusion Safety Checker](https://huggingface.co/CompVis/stable-diffusion-safety-checker). \
`prompt`: Input prompt (if exists). \
`real_source`: Paired real dataset(s) that was used to source the prompts or to train the generators. \
`subset`: Denotes which subset the image belongs to (Systematic: Hugging Face models, Manual: manually downloaded models, Commercial: commercial models). \
`split`: Train/test split. \
`label`: Fake/Real label. (1: Fake, 0: Real)

- Additional metadata such as model architecture, hyperparameters, and Hugging Face pipeline used can be found under [data/metadata](https://huggingface.co/datasets/OwensLab/CommunityForensics/tree/main/data/metadata).

## Data splits
`Systematic` (1,919,493 images): Systematically downloaded subset of the data (data downloaded from Hugging Face via automatic pipeline) \
`Manual` (774,023 images): Manually downloaded subset of the data \
`Commercial` (14,918 images): Commercial models subset \
`PublicEval` (51,836 images): Evaluation set where generated images are paired with COCO or FFHQ for license-compliant redistribution. Note that these are not the "source" datasets used to sample the generated images (now superseded by [CommunityForensics-Eval](https://huggingface.co/datasets/OwensLab/CommunityForensics-Eval) evaluation set, which are paired with accurate source datasets.)

## Usage examples

Default train/eval settings:
```python
import datasets as ds
import PIL.Image as Image
import io

# default training set
commfor_train = ds.load_dataset("OwensLab/CommunityForensics", split="Systematic+Manual", cache_dir="~/.cache/huggingface/datasets")
commfor_eval = ds.load_dataset("OwensLab/CommunityForensics-Eval", split="CompEval", cache_dir="~/.cache/huggingface/datasets")


# optionally shuffle the dataset
commfor_train = commfor_train.shuffle(seed=123, writer_batch_size=3000)

for i, data in enumerate(commfor_train):
  img, label = Image.open(io.BytesIO(data['image_data'])), data['label']
  ## Your operations here ##
  # e.g., img_torch = torchvision.transforms.functional.pil_to_tensor(img)
```

*Note:*
- Downloading and indexing the data can take some time, but only for the first time. **Downloading may use up to 2.2TB** (1.1TB data + 1.1TB re-indexed `arrow` files)
- It is possible to randomly access data by passing an index (e.g., `commfor_train[10]`, `commfor_train[247]`).
- It may be wise to set `cache_dir` to some other directory if your home directory is limited. By default, it will download data to `~/.cache/huggingface/datasets`.
- Not all images have a `prompt`. This can be because the generator does not require text prompts (e.g., unconditional, class-conditional) or due to an error. In cases where you need a specific portion of data, you can use the `.filter()` method (e.g., for data with prompts, `commfor_train.filter(lambda x: x['prompt'] != "", num_proc=8)`)

It is also possible to use streaming for some use cases (e.g., downloading only a certain subset or a small portion of data).
```python
import datasets as ds
import PIL.Image as Image
import io

# steaming only the systematic set. Note that when streaming, you can only load specific splits
commfor_sys_stream = ds.load_dataset("OwensLab/CommunityForensics", split='Systematic', streaming=True)

# streaming only the evaluation set
commfor_eval_stream = ds.load_dataset("OwensLab/CommunityForensics-Eval", split='CompEval', streaming=True)

# optionally shuffle the streaming dataset
commfor_sys_stream = commfor_sys_stream.shuffle(seed=123, buffer_size=3000)

# usage example
for i, data in enumerate(commfor_sys_stream):
  if i>=10000: # use only first 10000 samples
    break
  img, label = Image.open(io.BytesIO(data['image_data'])), data['label']
  ## Your operations here ##
  # e.g., img_torch = torchvision.transforms.functional.pil_to_tensor(img)
  
```
Please check [Hugging Face documentation](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/v3.5.0/loading#slice-splits) for more usage examples.

### Training fake image classifiers
For training a fake image classifier, it is necessary to pair the generated images with "real" images (here, "real" refers to images that are not generated by AI).
In our [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.04125), we used 11 different image datasets: [LAION](https://laion.ai/)([our training distribution](https://huggingface.co/datasets/OwensLab/CommunityForensics/blob/main/data/Real/laion_commfor_train_subset_2M.csv)), [ImageNet](https://www.image-net.org/), [COCO](https://cocodataset.org/), [FFHQ](https://github.com/NVlabs/ffhq-dataset), [CelebA](https://mmlab.ie.cuhk.edu.hk/projects/CelebA.html), [MetFaces](https://github.com/NVlabs/metfaces-dataset), [AFHQ-v2](https://github.com/clovaai/stargan-v2/), [Forchheim](https://faui1-files.cs.fau.de/public/mmsec/datasets/fodb/), [IMD2020](https://staff.utia.cas.cz/novozada/db/), [Landscapes HQ](https://github.com/universome/alis), and [VISION](https://lesc.dinfo.unifi.it/VISION/), for sampling the generators and training the [classifiers](https://huggingface.co/OwensLab/commfor-model-384).
To accurately reproduce our training settings, it is necessary to download all datasets and pair them with the generated images.
We understand that this may be inconvenient for simple prototyping, 
and thus we also release [Community Forensics-Small](https://huggingface.co/datasets/OwensLab/CommunityForensics-Small) dataset, which is paired with real datasets that have redistributable licenses and contains roughly 11% of the base dataset.

For evaluation, please check our [Community Forensics-Eval](https://huggingface.co/datasets/OwensLab/CommunityForensics-Eval) set.

### Real data composition for training
When training our [classifiers](https://huggingface.co/OwensLab/commfor-model-384), we used the following real data composition:
```
LAION          40.30 %
imagenet       40.30 %
CelebA          7.15 %
COCO            4.39 %
LandscapesHQ    3.34 %
FFHQ            2.34 %
IMD2020         1.17 %
AFHQv2          0.59 %
VISION          0.25 %
Forchheim       0.13 %
Metfaces        0.05 %
```
We clipped the `LAION` and `ImageNet` data to around 1.08M images to ensure that the ratio of real/fake is 1:1. We release the links to the LAION data subset we used for training [here](https://huggingface.co/datasets/OwensLab/CommunityForensics/blob/main/data/Real/laion_commfor_train_subset_2M.csv). Please note that the data may not be exactly reproducible due to link rot.

# Dataset Creation
## Curation Rationale
This dataset is created to address the limited model diversity of the existing datasets for generated image detection. While some existing datasets contain millions of images, they are typically sampled from handful of generator models. We instead sample 2.7M images from 4803 generator models, approximately 34 times more generators than the most extensive previous dataset that we are aware of.

## Collection Methodology
We collect generators in three different subgroups. (1) We systematically download and sample open source latent diffusion models from Hugging Face. (2) We manually sample open source generators with various architectures and training procedures. (3) We sample from both open and closed commercially available generators.

## Personal and Sensitive Information
The dataset does not contain any sensitive identifying information (i.e., does not contain data that reveals information such as racial or ethnic origin, sexual orientation, religious or political beliefs).

# Considerations of Using the Data
## Social Impact of Dataset
This dataset may be useful for researchers in developing and benchmarking forensics methods. Such methods may aid users in better understanding the given image. However, we believe the classifiers, at least the ones that we have trained or benchmarked, still show far too high error rates to be used directly in the wild, and can lead to unwanted consequences (e.g., falsely accusing an author of creating fake images or allowing generated content to be certified as real).

## Discussion of Biases
The dataset has been primarily sampled from LAION captions. This may introduce biases that could be present in web-scale data (e.g., favoring human photos instead of other categories of photos). In addition, a vast majority of the generators we collect are derivatives of Stable Diffusion, which may introduce bias towards detecting certain types of generators.

## Other Known Limitations
The generative models are sourced from the community and may contain inappropriate content. While in many contexts it is important to detect such images, these generated images may require further scrutiny before being used in other downstream applications.

# Additional Information
## Acknowledgement
We thank the creators of the many open source models that we used to collect the Community Forensics dataset. We thank Chenhao Zheng, Cameron Johnson, Matthias Kirchner, Daniel Geng, Ziyang Chen, Ayush Shrivastava, Yiming Dou, Chao Feng, Xuanchen Lu, Zihao Wei, Zixuan Pan, Inbum Park, Rohit Banerjee, and Ang Cao for the valuable discussions and feedback. This research was developed with funding from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) under Contract No. HR001120C0123.

## Licensing Information
We release the dataset with a `cc-by-4.0` license for research purposes only. In addition, we note that each image in this dataset has been generated by the models with their respective licenses. We therefore provide metadata of all models present in our dataset with their license information. A vast majority of the generators use the [CreativeML OpenRAIL-M license](https://github.com/CompVis/stable-diffusion/blob/main/LICENSE). Please refer to the [metadata](https://huggingface.co/datasets/OwensLab/CommunityForensics/tree/main/data/metadata) for detailed licensing information for your specific application.

## Citation Information
Please cite our work as below if you used our dataset for your project.
```
@InProceedings{Park_2025_CVPR,
    author    = {Park, Jeongsoo and Owens, Andrew},
    title     = {Community Forensics: Using Thousands of Generators to Train Fake Image Detectors},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference (CVPR)},
    month     = {June},
    year      = {2025},
    pages     = {8245-8257}
}
```