The Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C (SR15) was published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on 8 October 2018. The report, approved in Incheon, South Korea, includes over 6,000 scientific references, and was prepared by 91 authors from 40 countries. In December 2015, the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference called for the report. The report was delivered at the United Nations' 48th session of the IPCC to "deliver the authoritative, scientific guide for governments" to deal with climate change.Its key finding is that meeting a 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) target is possible but would require "deep emissions reductions" and "rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society." Furthermore, the report finds that "limiting global warming to 1.5 °C compared with 2 °C would reduce challenging impacts on ecosystems, human health and well-being" and that a 2 °C temperature increase would exacerbate extreme weather, rising sea levels and diminishing Arctic sea ice, coral bleaching, and loss of ecosystems, among other impacts. SR15 also has modelling that shows that, for global warming to be limited to 1.5 °C, "Global net human-caused emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) would need to fall by about 45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching 'net zero' around 2050." The reduction of emissions by 2030 and its associated changes and challenges, including rapid decarbonisation, was a key focus on much of the reporting which was repeated through the world.


Species

In biology , a species ( abbreviated sp. , with the plural form species abbreviated spp . ) is the basic unit of biological classification and a taxonomic rank . A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which two individuals can produce fertile offspring , typically by sexual reproduction . While this definition is often adequate , looked at more closely it is problematic . For example , with hybridisation , in a species complex of hundreds of similar microspecies , or in a ring species , the boundaries between closely related species become unclear . Other ways of defining species include similarity of DNA , morphology , or ecological niche .   All species are given a two-part name , a `` binomial '' . The first part of a binomial is the genus to which the species belongs . The second part is called the specific name or the specific epithet ( in botany , also sometimes in zoology ) . For example , Boa constrictor is one of four species of the Boa genus .   Species were seen from the time of Aristotle until the 18th century as fixed kinds that could be arranged in a hierarchy , the great chain of being . In the 19th century , biologists grasped that species could evolve given sufficient time . Charles Darwin 's 1859 book The Origin of Species explained how species could arise by natural selection . Genes can sometimes be exchanged between species by horizontal gene transfer ; and species may become extinct for a variety of reasons .


Speleothem

Speleothems ( -LSB- pronˈspiːliːəθɛm -RSB- Ancient Greek : `` cave deposit '' ) -- commonly known as a cave formations -- are secondary mineral deposits formed in a cave . Speleothems typically form in limestone or dolostone solutional caves . The term `` speleothem '' as first introduced by Moore ( 1952 ) , is derived from the Greek words spēlaion `` cave '' + théma `` deposit '' . The definition of `` speleothem '' in most publications , specifically excludes secondary mineral deposits in mines , tunnels and on man-made structures . Hill and Forti more concisely defined `` secondary minerals '' which create speleothems in caves as ;  A `` secondary '' mineral is one which is derived by a physicochemical reaction from a primary mineral in bedrock or detritus and/or deposited because of a unique set of conditions in a cave ; i.e. , the cave environment has influenced the mineral 's deposition .


Sperm whale

The sperm whale ( Physeter macrocephalus ) , or cachalot , is the largest of the toothed whales and the largest toothed predator . It is the only living member of genus Physeter , and one of three extant species in the sperm whale family , along with the pygmy sperm whale and dwarf sperm whale of the genus Kogia .   The sperm whale is a pelagic mammal with a worldwide range , and will migrate seasonally for feeding and breeding . Females and young males live together in groups while mature males live solitary lives outside of the mating season . The females cooperate to protect and nurse their young . Females give birth every four to twenty years , and care for the calves for more than a decade . A mature sperm whale has few natural predators , although calves and weakened adults are sometimes killed by pods of orcas .   Mature males average 16 m in length but some may reach 20.5 m , with the head representing up to one-third of the animal 's length . Plunging to 2250 m , it is the second deepest diving mammal , following only the Cuvier 's beaked whale .   The sperm whale is a prominent user of echolocation and communication , with vocalization as loud as 230 decibels ( re 1 µPa at 1 m ) underwater . It has the largest brain of any animal on Earth , more than five times heavier than a human 's . Sperm whales can live for more than 60 years .   The spermaceti oil from which the whale derives its name was a prime target of the whaling industry , and was dominant for use in oil lamps , lubricants , and candles . Ambergris is a solid waxy waste product from its digestive system . It is still highly valued as a fixative in perfumes and other uses . It remains as flotsam from deceased whales , and is sought by beachcombers . The species is now protected by a whaling moratorium , and is currently listed as vulnerable by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ( IUCN ) .


Spirit (rover)

Spirit , also known as MER-A ( Mars Exploration Rover -- A ) or MER-2 , is a robotic rover on Mars , active from 2004 to 2010 . It was one of two rovers of NASA 's ongoing Mars Exploration Rover Mission . It landed successfully on Mars at 04:35 Ground UTC on January 4 , 2004 , three weeks before its twin , Opportunity ( MER-B ) , landed on the other side of the planet . Its name was chosen through a NASA-sponsored student essay competition . The rover became stuck in late 2009 , and its last communication with Earth was sent on March 22 , 2010 .   The rover completed its planned 90-sol mission . Aided by cleaning events that resulted in more energy from its solar panels , Spirit went on to function effectively over twenty times longer than NASA planners expected . Spirit also logged 7.73 km of driving instead of the planned 600 m , allowing more extensive geological analysis of Martian rocks and planetary surface features . Initial scientific results from the first phase of the mission ( the 90-sol prime mission ) were published in a special issue of the journal Science .   On May 1 , 2009 ( 5 years , 3 months , 27 Earth days after landing ; 21.6 times the planned mission duration ) , Spirit became stuck in soft soil . This was not the first of the mission 's `` embedding events '' and for the following eight months NASA carefully analyzed the situation , running Earth-based theoretical and practical simulations , and finally programming the rover to make extrication drives in an attempt to free itself . These efforts continued until January 26 , 2010 when NASA officials announced that the rover was likely irrecoverably obstructed by its location in soft soil ,  though it continued to perform scientific research from its current location .   The rover continued in a stationary science platform role until communication with Spirit stopped on sol 2210 ( March 22 , 2010 ) . JPL continued to attempt to regain contact until May 24 , 2011 , when NASA announced that efforts to communicate with the unresponsive rover had ended , calling the mission complete . A formal farewell took place at NASA headquarters after the 2011 Memorial Day holiday and was televised on NASA TV .   The Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) , a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena , manages the  Mars Exploration Rover project for NASA 's Office of Space Science , Washington .


Sport utility vehicle

A sport utility vehicle or suburban utility vehicle ( SUV ) is a vehicle classified as a light truck , but operated as a family vehicle . SUV 's are similar to a large station wagon or estate car , though typically featuring tall interior packaging , high H-point seating , high center of gravity , high ground-clearance and especially four - or all-wheel-drive capability for on - or off-road ability . Some SUVs include the towing capacity of a pickup truck with the passenger-carrying space of a minivan or large sedan .   Popular in the late-1990s and early -- mid-2000s , SUVs sales temporarily declined due to high oil prices and a declining economy . The traditional truck-based SUV is gradually being supplanted by the crossover SUV , which uses an automobile platform for lighter weight and better fuel efficiency . By 2010 , SUV sales around the world were growing , in spite of high gas prices .


St. Louis

St. Louis '' ' ( -LSB- seɪnt_ˈluːɪs -RSB- ) is an independent city and major U.S. port in the state of Missouri , built along the western bank of the Mississippi River , on the border with Illinois . The city had an estimated 2016 population of 311,404 , and is the cultural and economic center of the Greater St. Louis area ( home to 2,916,447 people ) , making it the largest metropolitan area in Missouri and the 19th-largest in the United States .   Prior to European settlement , the area was a major regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River . In the 1870 Census , St. Louis was ranked as the 4th-largest city in the United States . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries . In 1904 , it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Summer Olympics .   The economy of metro St. Louis relies on service , manufacturing , trade , transportation of goods , and tourism . Its metro area is home to major corporations , including Anheuser-Busch , Express Scripts , Centene , Boeing Defense , Emerson , Energizer , Panera , Enterprise , Peabody Energy , Ameren , Ralcorp , Monsanto , Scottrade , Edward Jones , Go Jet , Purina and Sigma-Aldrich . This city has also become known for its growing medical , pharmaceutical and research presence . St. Louis has 2 professional sports teams : the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball and the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League . The city is commonly identified with the 630 ft tall Gateway Arch in Downtown St. Louis .


Star

A star is a luminous sphere of plasma held together by its own gravity . The nearest star to Earth is the Sun . Many other stars are visible to the naked eye from Earth during the night , appearing as a multitude of fixed luminous points in the sky due to their immense distance from Earth . Historically , the most prominent stars were grouped into constellations and asterisms , the brightest of which gained proper names . Astronomers have assembled star catalogues that identify the known stars and provide standardized stellar designations . However , most of the stars in the Universe , including all stars outside our galaxy , the Milky Way , are invisible to the naked eye from Earth . Indeed , most are invisible from Earth even through the most powerful telescopes .   For at least a portion of its life , a star shines due to thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium in its core , releasing energy that traverses the star 's interior and then radiates into outer space . Almost all naturally occurring elements heavier than helium are created by stellar nucleosynthesis during the star 's lifetime , and for some stars by supernova nucleosynthesis when it explodes . Near the end of its life , a star can also contain degenerate matter . Astronomers can determine the mass , age , metallicity ( chemical composition ) , and many other properties of a star by observing its motion through space , its luminosity , and spectrum respectively . The total mass of a star is the main factor that determines its evolution and eventual fate . Other characteristics of a star , including diameter and temperature , change over its life , while the star 's environment affects its rotation and movement . A plot of the temperature of many stars against their luminosities produces a plot known as a Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram ( H -- R diagram ) . Plotting a particular star on that diagram allows the age and evolutionary state of that star to be determined .   A star 's life begins with the gravitational collapse of a gaseous nebula of material composed primarily of hydrogen , along with helium and trace amounts of heavier elements . When the stellar core is sufficiently dense , hydrogen becomes steadily converted into helium through nuclear fusion , releasing energy in the process . The remainder of the star 's interior carries energy away from the core through a combination of radiative and convective heat transfer processes . The star 's internal pressure prevents it from collapsing further under its own gravity . A star with mass greater than 0.4 times the Sun 's will expand to become a red giant when the hydrogen fuel in its core is exhausted . In some cases , it will fuse heavier elements at the core or in shells around the core . As the star expands it throws a part of its mass , enriched with those heavier elements , into the interstellar environment , to be recycled later as new stars . Meanwhile , the core becomes a stellar remnant : a white dwarf , a neutron star , or if it is sufficiently massive a black hole .   Binary and multi-star systems consist of two or more stars that are gravitationally bound and generally move around each other in stable orbits . When two such stars have a relatively close orbit , their gravitational interaction can have a significant impact on their evolution . Stars can form part of a much larger gravitationally bound structure , such as a star cluster or a galaxy .


Statistical hypothesis testing

A statistical hypothesis , sometimes called confirmatory data analysis , is a hypothesis that is testable on the basis of observing a process that is modeled via a set of random variables . A statistical hypothesis test is a method of statistical inference . Commonly , two statistical data sets are compared , or a data set obtained by sampling is compared against a synthetic data set from an idealized model . A hypothesis is proposed for the statistical relationship between the two data sets , and this is compared as an alternative to an idealized null hypothesis that proposes no relationship between two data sets . The comparison is deemed statistically significant if the relationship between the data sets would be an unlikely realization of the null hypothesis according to a threshold probability -- the significance level . Hypothesis tests are used in determining what outcomes of a study would lead to a rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified level of significance . The process of distinguishing between the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis is aided by identifying two conceptual types of errors ( type 1 & type 2 ) , and by specifying parametric limits on e.g. how much type 1 error will be permitted .   An alternative framework for statistical hypothesis testing is to specify a set of statistical models , one for each candidate hypothesis , and then use model selection techniques to choose the most appropriate model . The most common selection techniques are based on either Akaike information criterion or Bayes factor .   Confirmatory data analysis can be contrasted with exploratory data analysis , which may not have pre-specified hypotheses .


Steele dossier

The Steele dossier, also known as the Trump–Russia dossier, is a political opposition research report written from June to December 2016 containing allegations of misconduct, conspiracy, and co-operation between Donald Trump's presidential campaign and the government of Russia during the 2016 election. The Guardian has described the controversial opposition research as "one of the most explosive documents in modern political history". The dossier, leaked without permission, is an unfinished 35-page compilation of raw intelligence based on information from witting and unwitting anonymous sources known to the author, counterintelligence specialist Christopher Steele, a former head of the Russia Desk for British intelligence (MI6), written for the private investigative firm Fusion GPS. The dossier's 17 unredacted reports allege that Trump campaign members and Russian operatives had conspired to co-operate in Russia's election interference to benefit Trump. It also alleges that Russia sought to damage Hillary Clinton's candidacy, including sharing negative information about Clinton with the Trump campaign. The draft dossier was published in full by BuzzFeed News on January 10, 2017, noting that it was unverified. This was done without permission from Orbis Business Intelligence or Steele. Several mainstream media outlets criticized BuzzFeed's decision to publish the reports without verifying their allegations, while others defended its decision.


Stephen Harper

Stephen Joseph Harper ( born April 30 , 1959 ) is a Canadian entrepreneur and retired politician who served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Canada , from February 6 , 2006 to November 4 , 2015 . He was the first prime minister to come from the modern Conservative Party of Canada , which was formed by a merger of the Progressive Conservative Party and the Canadian Alliance .   Harper was member of parliament for the riding of Calgary Heritage in Alberta from 2002 to 2016 ( previously known as Calgary Southwest from 2002 to 2015 ) . Earlier , from 1993 to 1997 , he was the MP for Calgary West , representing the Reform Party of Canada . He was one of the founding members of the Reform Party , but did not seek re-election in the 1997 federal election . Harper instead joined and later led the National Citizens Coalition , a conservative lobbyist group . In 2002 , he succeeded Stockwell Day as leader of the Canadian Alliance , the successor to the Reform Party and returned to parliament as Leader of the Opposition . In 2003 , he reached an agreement with Progressive Conservative leader Peter MacKay for the merger of their two parties to form the Conservative Party of Canada . He was elected as the party 's first leader , in March 2004 . Harper stepped down as MP on August 26 , 2016 .   The 2006 federal election resulted in a minority government led by the Conservative Party with Harper becoming the 22nd Prime Minister of Canada . By proportion of seats , this was Canada 's smallest minority government since Confederation . Despite this , it was the longest-serving minority government overall . In the 2008 federal election , the Conservative Party won a stronger minority , showing a small increase in the percentage of the popular vote and increased representation in the Canadian House of Commons , with 143 of 308 seats . The 40th Canadian Parliament was dissolved in March , 2011 , after a no-confidence vote that deemed the Cabinet to be in contempt of parliament . In the federal election that followed , the Conservatives won a majority government , the first since the 2000 federal election ; the party won 166 seats , an increase of 23 seats from the October 2008 election .   Though Harper won his seat of Calgary-Heritage in the October 19 , 2015 , federal election , the Conservative Party was defeated by the Liberal Party of Canada , led by Justin Trudeau , who was sworn-in as Harper 's successor on November 4 , 2015 . Harper resigned as party leader on October 19 , 2015 , and the Conservative Party caucus chose an interim leader , Rona Ambrose , on November 5 , 2015 , to serve until a leadership election . Harper moved back to Calgary , Alberta , and commuted to Ottawa as an opposition backbench member of parliament .


Stern Review

The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change is a 700-page report released for the Government of the United Kingdom on 30 October 2006 by economist Nicholas Stern , chair of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at the London School of Economics ( LSE ) and also chair of the Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy ( CCCEP ) at Leeds University and LSE . The report discusses the effect of global warming on the world economy . Although not the first economic report on climate change , it is significant as the largest and most widely known and discussed report of its kind .   The Review states that climate change is the greatest and widest-ranging market failure ever seen , presenting a unique challenge for economics . The Review provides prescriptions including environmental taxes to minimise the economic and social disruptions . The Stern Review 's main conclusion is that the benefits of strong , early action on climate change far outweigh the costs of not acting . The Review points to the potential impacts of climate change on water resources , food production , health , and the environment . According to the Review , without action , the overall costs of climate change will be equivalent to losing at least 5 % of global gross domestic product ( GDP ) each year , now and forever . Including a wider range of risks and impacts could increase this to 20 % of GDP or more , also indefinitely . Stern believes that 5 -- 6 degrees of temperature increase is `` a real possibility . ''   The Review proposes that one percent of global GDP per annum is required to be invested to avoid the worst effects of climate change . In June 2008 , Stern increased the estimate for the annual cost of achieving stabilisation between 500 and 550 ppm CO2e to 2 % of GDP to account for faster than expected climate change .   There has been a mixed reaction to the Stern Review from economists . Several economists have been critical of the Review , for example , a paper by Byatt et al. ( 2006 ) describes the Review as `` deeply flawed '' . Some economists ( such as Brad DeLong and John Quiggin ) have supported the Review . Others have criticised aspects of Review 's analysis , but argued that some of its conclusions might still be justified based on other grounds , e.g. , see papers by Martin Weitzman ( 2007 ) and Dieter Helm ( 2008 ) .


Steve McIntyre

Steven McIntyre ( born c. 1947 ) is a Canadian mining exploration company director , a former minerals prospector and semi-retired mining consultant whose work has included statistical analysis . He is best known as the founder and editor of Climate Audit , a blog devoted to the analysis and discussion of climate data . He is most prominent as a critic of the temperature record of the past 1000 years and the data quality of NASA 's Goddard Institute for Space Studies . He is known in particular for his statistical critique , with economist Ross McKitrick , of the hockey stick graph which appears to show that the increase in late 20th century global temperatures is unprecedented in the past 1,000 years .


Stoma

In botany , a stoma ( plural `` stomata '' ) , also called a stomate ( plural `` stomates '' ) ( from Greek στόμα , `` mouth '' ) , is a pore , found in the epidermis of leaves , stems , and other organs , that facilitates gas exchange . The pore is bordered by a pair of specialized parenchyma cells known as guard cells that are responsible for regulating the size of the stomatal opening .   The term is usually used collectively to refer to the entire stomatal complex , consisting of the paired guard cells and the pore itself , which is referred to as the stomatal aperture . Air enters the plant through these openings by gaseous diffusion , and contains carbon dioxide and oxygen , which are used in photosynthesis and respiration , respectively . Oxygen produced as a by-product of photosynthesis diffuses out to the atmosphere through these same openings . Also , water vapor diffuses through the stomata into the atmosphere in a process called transpiration .   Stomata are present in the sporophyte generation of all land plant groups except liverworts . In vascular plants the number , size and distribution of stomata varies widely . Dicotyledons usually have more stomata on the lower surface of the leaves than the upper surface . Monocotyledons such as onion , oat and maize may have about the same number of stomata on both leaf surfaces . In plants with floating leaves , stomata may be found only on the upper epidermis and submerged leaves may lack stomata entirely . Most tree species have stomata only on the lower leaf surface . Leaves with stomata on both the upper and lower leaf are called amphistomatous leaves ; leaves with stomata only on the lower surface are hypostomatous , and leaves with stomata only on the upper surface are epistomatous or hyperstomatous . Size varies across species , with end-to-end lengths ranging from 10 to 80 µm and width ranging from a few to 50 µm .


Storm

A storm is any disturbed state of an environment or astronomical body 's atmosphere especially affecting its surface , and strongly implying severe weather . It may be marked by significant disruptions to normal conditions such as strong wind , hail , thunder and lightning ( a thunderstorm ) , heavy precipitation ( snowstorm , rainstorm ) , heavy freezing rain ( ice storm ) , strong winds ( tropical cyclone , windstorm ) , or wind transporting some substance through the atmosphere as in a dust storm , blizzard , sandstorm , etc. .   Storms have the potential to harm lives and property via storm surge , heavy rain or snow causing flooding or road impassibility , lightning , wildfires , and vertical wind shear ; however , systems with significant rainfall and duration help alleviate drought in places they move through . Heavy snowfall can allow special recreational activities to take place which would not be possible otherwise , such as skiing and snowmobiling .   The English word comes from Proto-Germanic * sturmaz meaning `` noise , tumult '' .


Storm surge

A storm surge is a coastal flood or tsunami-like phenomenon of rising water commonly associated with low pressure weather systems ( such as tropical cyclones and strong extratropical cyclones ) , the severity of which is affected by the shallowness and orientation of the water body relative to storm path , and the timing of tides . Most casualties during tropical cyclones occur as the result of storm surges .   The two main meteorological factors contributing to a storm surge are a long fetch of winds spiraling inward toward the storm , and a low-pressure-induced dome of water drawn up under and trailing the storm 's center .


Stratosphere

The stratosphere ( -LSB- ˈstrætəˌsfɪər , _ - toʊ - -RSB- ) is the second major layer of Earth 's atmosphere , just above the troposphere , and below the mesosphere . About 20 % of the atmosphere 's mass is contained in the stratosphere . The stratosphere is stratified in temperature , with warmer layers higher and cooler layers closer to the Earth . The increase of temperature with altitude is a result of the absorption of the Sun 's ultraviolet radiation by the ozone . This is in contrast to the troposphere , near the Earth 's surface , where temperatures decreases with altitude . The border between the troposphere and stratosphere , the tropopause , marks where this temperature inversion begins . Near the equator , the stratosphere starts at 18 km ; at mid latitudes , it starts at 10 - and ends at 50 km ; at the poles , it starts at about 8 km . Temperatures vary within the stratosphere with the seasons , in particular with the polar night ( winter ) . The greatest variation of temperature takes place over the poles in the lower stratosphere ; those variations are largely steady at lower latitudes and higher altitudes .


Subantarctic

The Subantarctic is a region in the southern hemisphere , located immediately north of the Antarctic region . This translates roughly to a latitude of between 46 ° -- 60 ° south of the Equator . The subantarctic region includes many islands in the southern parts of the Indian Ocean , Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean , especially those situated north of the Antarctic Convergence . Subantarctic glaciers are , by definition , located on islands within the subantarctic region . All glaciers located on the continent of Antarctica are by definition considered to be Antarctic glaciers .


Sulfur dioxide

Sulfur dioxide ( also sulphur dioxide ) is the chemical compound with the formula . At standard atmosphere , it is a toxic gas with a pungent , irritating smell . The triple point is 197.69 K and 1.67 kPa . It is released naturally by volcanic activity .   Sulfur dioxide was used by the Romans in winemaking when they discovered that burning sulfur candles inside empty wine vessels kept them fresh and free from vinegar smell .


Summit Series

The Summit Series , or Super Series ( in Russian Суперсерия СССР -- Канада ; Superseriya SSSR -- Canada ) , known at the time simply as the Canada -- USSR Series , was an eight-game series of ice hockey between the Soviet Union and Canada , held in September 1972 . It was the first competition between the Soviet national team and a Canadian team represented by professional players of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , known as Team Canada . It was the first international ice hockey competition for Canada after Canada had withdrawn from international ice hockey competitions in a dispute with the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) . The series was organized with the intention to create a true best-on-best competition in the sport of ice hockey . The Soviets had become the dominant team in international competitions , which disallowed the professional players of Canada . Canada had had a long history of dominance of the sport prior to the Soviets ' rise .   The first four games of the series were held in Canada and the final four in Moscow . The Soviet Union surprised the Canadian team and most of the hockey media with an opening game victory , 7 -- 3 . Many sportswriters had predicted an overwhelming victory for Canada in the series . Canada won the next game 4 -- 1 ; the third game was a tie and the Soviets won game four to take a two games to one lead after the Canadian segment . The series resumed two weeks later in Moscow . The Soviets won game five to take a three games to one series lead . The Canadians won the final three games in Moscow to win the series four games to three , with one tie . The final game was won in dramatic fashion , with the Canadians overcoming a two-goal Soviet lead after two periods . The Canadians scored three in the third , the final one scored with 34 seconds left , by Paul Henderson .   The series was played during the Cold War , and intense feelings of nationalism were aroused in both Canada and the Soviet Union , as well as on the ice . The games introduced several talented Soviet players to North America , such as Alexander Yakushev , Valeri Kharlamov and goaltender Vladislav Tretiak ; the latter two are Hockey Hall of Fame inductees . Team Canada , the first NHL and professional all-star team formed for international play , was led by Phil Esposito , who led the series in scoring , as well as contributing in other roles . The Canadian line of Bobby Clarke , Ron Ellis and Henderson , which was not expected to start for the team , as none were yet stars , played a surprisingly large role in the Canadian win . The series was filled with controversy , starting with the exclusion of top Canadian player Bobby Hull and including disputes over officiating , dirty play on the part of both teams and the deliberate injury of Kharlamov by Clarke in game six .


Sun

The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System . It is a nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma , with internal convective motion that generates a magnetic field via a dynamo process . It is by far the most important source of energy for life on Earth . Its diameter is about 109 times that of Earth , and its mass is about 330,000 times that of Earth , accounting for about 99.86 % of the total mass of the Solar System .  About three quarters of the Sun 's mass consists of hydrogen ( ~ 73 % ) ; the rest is mostly helium ( ~ 25 % ) , with much smaller quantities of heavier elements , including oxygen , carbon , neon , and iron .   The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star ( G2V ) based on its spectral class . As such , it is informally referred to as a yellow dwarf . It formed approximately 4.6 billionAll numbers in this article are short scale . One billion is 109 , or 1,000,000,000 . years ago from the gravitational collapse of matter within a region of a large molecular cloud . Most of this matter gathered in the center , whereas the rest flattened into an orbiting disk that became the Solar System . The central mass became so hot and dense that it eventually initiated nuclear fusion in its core . It is thought that almost all stars form by this process .   The Sun is roughly middle-aged ; it has not changed dramatically for more than four billion years , and will remain fairly stable for more than another five billion years . After hydrogen fusion in its core has diminished to the point at which it is no longer in hydrostatic equilibrium , the core of the Sun will experience a marked increase in density and temperature while its outer layers expand to eventually become a red giant . It is calculated that the Sun will become sufficiently large to engulf the current orbits of Mercury and Venus , and render Earth uninhabitable .   The enormous effect of the Sun on Earth has been recognized since prehistoric times , and the Sun has been regarded by some cultures as a deity . The synodic rotation of Earth and its orbit around the Sun are the basis of the solar calendar , which is the predominant calendar in use today .


Sunlight

Sunlight is a portion of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun , in particular infrared , visible , and ultraviolet light . On Earth , sunlight is filtered through Earth 's atmosphere , and is obvious as daylight when the Sun is above the horizon . When the direct solar radiation is not blocked by clouds , it is experienced as sunshine , a combination of bright light and radiant heat . When it is blocked by clouds or reflects off other objects , it is experienced as diffused light . The World Meteorological Organization uses the term `` sunshine duration '' to mean the cumulative time during which an area receives direct irradiance from the Sun of at least 120 watts per square meter . Other sources indicate an `` Average over the entire earth '' of `` 164 Watts per square meter over a 24 hour day '' .   The ultraviolet radiation in sunlight has both positive and negative health effects , as it is both a principal source of vitamin D3 and a mutagen .   Sunlight takes about 8.3 minutes to reach Earth from the surface of the Sun . A photon starting at the center of the Sun and changing direction every time it encounters a charged particle would take between 10,000 and 170,000 years to get to the surface .   Sunlight is a key factor in photosynthesis , the process used by plants and other autotrophic organisms to convert light energy , normally from the Sun , into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organisms ' activities .


Sunspot

Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the photosphere of the Sun that appear as dark spots compared with surrounding regions . They are areas of reduced surface temperature caused by concentrations of magnetic field flux that inhibit convection . Sunspots usually appear in pairs of opposite magnetic polarity . Their number varies according to the approximately 11-year solar cycle .   Individual sunspots may endure anywhere from a few days to a few months , but eventually decay . Sunspots expand and contract as they move across the surface of the Sun with sizes ranging from 16 km to 160000 km in diameter . The larger variety are visible from Earth without the aid of a telescope . They may travel at relative speeds , or proper motions of a few hundred meters per second when they first emerge .   Indicating intense magnetic activity , sunspots accompany secondary phenomena such as coronal loops ( prominences ) and reconnection events . Most solar flares and coronal mass ejections originate in magnetically active regions around visible sunspot groupings . Similar phenomena indirectly observed on stars other than the sun are commonly called starspots and both light and dark spots have been measured .


Supercell

A supercell is a thunderstorm characterized by the presence of a mesocyclone : a deep , persistently rotating updraft . For this reason , these storms are sometimes referred to as rotating thunderstorms . Of the four classifications of thunderstorms ( supercell , squall line , multi-cell , and single-cell ) , supercells are the overall least common and have the potential to be the most severe . Supercells are often isolated from other thunderstorms , and can dominate the local weather up to 32 km away .   Supercells are often put into three classification types : Classic , Low-precipitation ( LP ) , and High-precipitation ( HP ) . LP supercells are usually found in climates that are more arid , such as the high plains of the United States , and HP supercells are most often found in moist climates . Supercells can occur anywhere in the world under the right pre-existing weather conditions , but they are most common in the Great Plains of the United States in an area known as Tornado Alley and in the Tornado Corridor of Argentina , Uruguay and southern Brazil .


Supercontinent

In geology , a supercontinent is the assembly of most or all of Earth 's continental blocks or cratons to form a single large landmass . However , the definition of a supercontinent can be ambiguous . Many earth scientists use the term `` supercontinent '' to mean `` a clustering of nearly all continents '' . This definition leaves room for interpretation when labeling a continental body and is easier to apply to Precambrian times . Using the first definition provided here , Gondwana is not considered a supercontinent , because the landmasses of Baltica , Laurentia and Siberia also existed at the same time but physically separate from each other . The landmass of Pangaea is the collective name describing all of these continental masses when they were most recently in proximity to one another . This would classify Pangaea as a supercontinent . According to the modern definitions , a supercontinent does not exist today . Supercontinents have assembled and dispersed multiple times in the geologic past ( see table ) . The positions of continents have been accurately determined back to the early Jurassic . However , beyond , continental positions are much less certain .


Surveying

Surveying or land surveying is the technique , profession , and science of determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional position of points and the distances and angles between them . A land surveying professional is called a land surveyor . These points are usually on the surface of the Earth , and they are often used to establish land maps and boundaries for ownership , locations like building corners or the surface location of subsurface features , or other purposes required by government or civil law , such as property sales .   Surveyors work with elements of geometry , trigonometry , regression analysis , physics , engineering , metrology , programming languages and the law . They use equipment like total stations , robotic total stations , GPS receivers , retroreflectors , 3D scanners , radios , handheld tablets , digital levels , subsurface locators , drones , GIS and surveying software .   Surveying has been an element in the development of the human environment since the beginning of recorded history . The planning and execution of most forms of construction require it . It is also used in transport , communications , mapping , and the definition of legal boundaries for land ownership . It is an important tool for research in many other scientific disciplines .


Survivalism

Survivalism is a primarily American movement of individuals or groups ( called survivalists or preppers ) who are actively preparing for emergencies , including possible disruptions in social or political order , on scales from local to international . Survivalists often acquire emergency medical and self-defense training , stockpile food and water , prepare to become self-sufficient , and build structures ( e.g. , a survival retreat or an underground shelter ) that may help them survive a catastrophe .   Use of the term survivalist dates from 1976 . The terms prepper and prep #Verb are derived from the word prepare #Verb , and have grown in popularity since the 1990s , partly as a reaction to terrorists like Ted Kaczynski and Timothy McVeigh and stereotypes connected with them .


Sustainability

In ecology , sustainability ( from sustain and ability ) is the property of biological systems to remain diverse and productive indefinite #Adjective . Long-lived and healthy wetlands and forests are examples of sustainable biological systems . In more general terms , sustainability is the endurance of systems and processes . The organizing principle for sustainability is sustainable development , which includes the four interconnected domains : ecology , economics , politics and culture . Sustainability science is the study of sustainable development and environmental science .   Sustainability can also be defined as a socio-ecological process characterized by the pursuit of a common ideal .  An ideal is by definition unattainable in a given time and space . However , by persistently and dynamically approaching it , the process results in a sustainable system .   Healthy ecosystems and environments are necessary to the survival of humans and other organisms . Ways of reducing negative human impact are environmentally-friendly chemical engineering , environmental resources management and environmental protection . Information is gained from green chemistry , earth science , environmental science and conservation biology . Ecological economics studies the fields of academic research that aim to address human economies and natural ecosystems .   Moving towards sustainability is also a social challenge that entails international and national law , urban planning and transport , local and individual lifestyles and ethical consumerism . Ways of living more sustainably can take many forms from reorganizing living conditions ( e.g. , ecovillages , eco-municipalities and sustainable cities ) , reappraising economic sectors ( permaculture , green building , sustainable agriculture ) , or work practices ( sustainable architecture ) , using science to develop new technologies ( green technologies , renewable energy and sustainable fission and fusion power ) , or designing systems in a flexible and reversible manner , and adjusting individual lifestyles that conserve natural resources .   `` The term ` sustainability ' should be viewed as humanity 's target goal of human-ecosystem equilibrium ( homeostasis ) , while ` sustainable development ' refers to the holistic approach and temporal processes that lead us to the end point of sustainability . '' ( 305 ) Despite the increased popularity of the use of the term `` sustainability '' , the possibility that human societies will achieve environmental sustainability has been , and continues to be , questioned -- in light of environmental degradation , climate change , overconsumption , population growth and societies ' pursuit of unlimited economic growth in a closed system .


Sustainable Development Goals

The Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs ) , officially known as Transforming our world : the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is a set of 17 `` Global Goals '' with 169 targets between them . Spearheaded by the United Nations through a deliberative process involving its 193 Member States , as well as global civil society , the goals are contained in paragraph 54 United Nations Resolution A/RES/70 / 1 of 25 September 2015 . The Resolution is a broader intergovernmental agreement that acts as the Post 2015 Development Agenda ( successor to the Millennium Development Goals ) . The SDGs build on the Principles agreed upon under Resolution A/RES/66 / 288 , popularly known as The Future We Want .   The SDGs were in large measure informed by the often quoted assertion by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon that `` we do n't have plan B because there is no planet B '' .   On 19 July 2014 , the UN General Assembly 's Open Working Group ( OWG ) on Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs ) forwarded a proposal for the SDGs to the Assembly . The proposal contained 17 goals with 169 targets covering a broad range of sustainable development issues . These included ending poverty and hunger , improving health and education , making cities more sustainable , combating climate change , and protecting oceans and forests . On 5 December 2014 , the UN General Assembly accepted the Secretary-General 's Synthesis Report which stated that the agenda for the post-2015 SDG process would be based on the OWG proposals .   The Intergovernmental Negotiations on the Post 2015 Development Agenda ( IGN ) began in January 2015 and ended in August 2015 . Following the negotiations , a final document was adopted at the UN Sustainable Development Summit September 25 -- 27 , 2015 in New York , USA . The title of the agenda is Transforming our world : the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development .


Sustainable development

Sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting human development goals while at the same time sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services upon which the economy and society depends . The desirable end result is a state of society where living conditions and resource use continue to meet human needs without undermining the integrity and stability of the natural systems .   While the modern concept of sustainable development is derived mostly from the 1987 Brundtland Report , it is also rooted in earlier ideas about sustainable forest management and twentieth century environmental concerns . As the concept developed , it has shifted to focus more on economic development , social development and environmental protection for future generations . It has been suggested that `` the term ` sustainability ' should be viewed as humanity 's target goal of human-ecosystem equilibrium ( homeostasis ) , while ` sustainable development ' refers to the holistic approach and temporal processes that lead us to the end point of sustainability '' .   The concept of sustainable development has been -- and still is -- subject to criticism . What , exactly , is to be sustained in sustainable development ? It has been argued that there is no such thing as a sustainable use of a non-renewable resource , since any positive rate of exploitation will eventually lead to the exhaustion of Earth 's finite stock ; this perspective renders the Industrial Revolution as a whole unsustainable . It has also been argued that the meaning of the concept has opportunistically been stretched from ` conservation management ' to ` economic development ' , and that the Brundtland Report promoted nothing but a business as usual strategy for world development , with an ambiguous and insubstantial concept attached as a public relations slogan ( see below ) .


Sustainable energy

Sustainable energy is energy that is consumed at insignificant rates compared to its supply and with manageable collateral effects , especially environmental effects . Another common definition of sustainable energy is an energy system that serves the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs . The organizing principle for sustainability is sustainable development , which includes the four interconnected domains : ecology , economics , politics and culture . Sustainability science is the study of sustainable development and environmental science .   Technologies promote sustainable energy including renewable energy sources , such as hydroelectricity , solar energy , wind energy , wave power , geothermal energy , bioenergy , tidal power and also technologies designed to improve energy efficiency . Costs have fallen dramatically in recent years , and continue to fall . Most of these technologies are either economically competitive or close to being so . Increasingly , effective government policies support investor confidence and these markets are expanding . Considerable progress is being made in the energy transition from fossil fuels to ecologically sustainable systems , to the point where many studies support 100 % renewable energy .


Svante Arrhenius

Svante August Arrhenius ( 19 February 1859 -- 2 October 1927 ) was a Nobel-Prize winning Swedish scientist , originally a physicist , but often referred to as a chemist , and one of the founders of the science of physical chemistry . He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1903 , becoming the first Swedish Nobel laureate , and in 1905 became director of the Nobel Institute where he remained until his death . His lasting contributions to science are exemplified and memorialized by the Arrhenius equation , Arrhenius definition of an acid , lunar crater Arrhenius , the mountain of Arrheniusfjellet and the Arrhenius Labs at Stockholm University , all named after him . He was the first to use basic principles of physical chemistry to calculate estimates of the extent to which increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide increase Earth 's surface temperature through the Arrhenius effect , leading Keeling to conclude that human-caused carbon dioxide emissions are large enough to cause global warming .


Sweden

Sweden ( Konungariket Sverige ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund . At 450295 km2 , Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area , with a total population of 10.0 million . Sweden consequently has a low population density of 22 PD/km2 , with the highest concentration in the southern half of the country . Approximately 85 % of the population lives in urban areas .   Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times , emerging into history as the Geats/G ötar and Swedes/Svear and constituting the sea peoples known as the Norsemen . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence , that in spite of this still retains warm continental summers . Today , Sweden is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , with a monarch as head of state . The capital city is Stockholm , which is also the most populous city in the country . Legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag . Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister . Sweden is a unitary state , currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities .   Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages . In the 17th century , it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire , which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century . Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries , ending with the annexation of present-day Finland by Russia in 1809 . The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814 , when Norway was militarily forced into personal union . Since then , Sweden has been at peace , maintaining an official policy of neutrality in foreign affairs . The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905 , leading to Sweden 's current borders . Though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars , Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts , such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe .   After the end of the Cold War , Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 , but declined NATO membership , as well as Eurozone membership following a referendum . It is also a member of the United Nations , the Nordic Council , Council of Europe , the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) . Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens . It has the world 's eighth-highest per capita income and ranks highly in numerous metrics of national performance , including quality of life , health , education , protection of civil liberties , economic competitiveness , equality , prosperity and human development .


Sydney

Sydney is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds the world 's largest natural harbour , and sprawls towards the Blue Mountains to the west . Residents of Sydney are known as `` Sydneysiders '' . Sydney is the location of the secondary official residences of the Governor-General of Australia and the Prime Minister of Australia , Admiralty House and Kirribilli House respectively .   The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years . The first British settlers , led by Captain Arthur Phillip , arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Since convict transportation ended in the mid-19th century , the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . As at June 2016 Sydney 's estimated population was 5,005,358 . In the , 34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas , representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world . There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home .   Despite being one of the most expensive cities in the world , the 2014 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranks Sydney tenth in the world in terms of quality of living , making it one of the most livable cities . It is classified as an Alpha + World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network , indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world . Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity , Sydney has an advanced market economy with strengths in finance , manufacturing and tourism . Its gross regional product was $ 337 billion in 2013 , the largest in Australia . There is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacific 's leading financial hubs .   In addition to hosting events such as the 2000 Summer Olympics , Sydney is amongst the top fifteen most-visited cities in the world , with millions of tourists coming each year to see the city 's landmarks . Its natural features include Sydney Harbour , the Royal National Park , and the Royal Botanic Garden . Man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House , Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors .


Syracuse, New York

Syracuse ( -LSB- localˈsɛrəkjuːs -RSB- ) is a city in , and the county seat of , Onondaga County , New York , in the United States . It is the largest U.S. city with the name `` Syracuse '' , and is the fifth most populous city in the state of New York following New York City , Buffalo , Rochester , and Yonkers . At the 2010 census , the city population was 145,170 , and its metropolitan area had a population of 662,577 . It is the economic and educational hub of Central New York , a region with over a million inhabitants . Syracuse is also well-provided with convention sites , with a downtown convention complex . Syracuse was named after the original Greek city Syracuse ( Siracusa in Italian ) , a city on the eastern coast of the Italian island of Sicily .   The city has functioned as a major crossroads over the last two centuries , first between the Erie Canal and its branch canals , then of the railway network . Today , Syracuse is located at the intersection of Interstates 81 and 90 , and its airport is the largest in the region . Syracuse is home to Syracuse University , a major research university , as well as Le Moyne College , a nationally recognized liberal arts college . In 2010 , Forbes rated Syracuse 4th in the top 10 places in the U.S. to raise a family .


Taiga

Taiga ( -LSB- ˈtaɪɡə -RSB- -LSB- тайга́ , p = tɐjˈɡa -RSB- from Turkic ) also known as boreal forest or snow forest , is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines , spruces and larches .   The taiga is the world 's largest biome apart from the oceans . In North America it covers most of inland Canada and Alaska as well as parts of the extreme northern continental United States ( northern Minnesota through the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to Upstate New York and northern New England ) , where it is known as the Northwoods or `` North woods '' . In Eurasia , it covers most of Sweden , Finland , much of Norway , some of the Scottish Highlands , some lowland/coastal areas of Iceland , much of Russia from Karelia in the west to the Pacific Ocean ( including much of Siberia ) , and areas of northern Kazakhstan , northern Mongolia , and northern Japan ( on the island of Hokkaidō ) . However , the main tree species , the length of the growing season and summer temperatures vary . For example , the taiga of North America mostly consists of spruces ; Scandinavian and Finnish taiga consists of a mix of spruce , pines and birch ; Russian taiga has spruces , pines and larches depending on the region , while the Eastern Siberian taiga is a vast larch forest .   A different use of the term taiga is often encountered in the English language , with `` boreal forest '' used in the United States and Canada to refer to only the more southerly part of the biome , while `` taiga '' is used to describe the more barren areas of the northernmost part of the biome approaching the tree line and the tundra biome . Hoffman ( 1958 ) discusses the origin of this differential use in North America and why it is an inappropriate differentiation of the Russian term . Although at high elevations taiga grades into alpine tundra through Krummholz , it is not exclusively an alpine biome ; and unlike subalpine forest , much of taiga is lowlands .


Tax

A tax ( from the Latin en : taxo #Latin ) is a financial charge or other levy imposed upon a taxpayer ( an individual or legal entity ) by a state or the functional equivalent of a state to fund various public expenditures . A failure to pay , or evasion of or resistance to taxation , is usually punishable by law . Taxes consist of direct or indirect taxes and may be paid in money or as its labour equivalent . Most countries have a tax system in place to pay for public/common/agreed national needs and government functions : some levy a flat percentage rate of taxation on personal annual income , some on a scale based on annual income amounts , and some countries impose almost no taxation at all , or a very low tax rate for a certain area of taxation . Some countries charge a tax both on corporate income and dividends ; this is often referred to as double taxation as the individual shareholder ( s ) receiving this payment from the company will also be levied some tax on that personal income .


Technological and industrial history of China

The technological and industrial history of China is extremely varied , and extensive . China 's industrial sector has shown great progress using most of its technology from the 1950s .


Ted Cruz

Rafael Edward `` Ted '' Cruz -LSB- ˈkruːz -RSB- ( born December 22 , 1970 ) is an American politician and attorney , who has served as the junior United States Senator from Texas since 2013 . He was a candidate for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in the 2016 election .   Cruz graduated from Princeton University , New Jersey , in 1992 , and from Harvard Law School , Massachusetts , in 1995 . From 1999 to 2003 , he served in various political appointee positions : the Director of the Office of Policy Planning at the Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) , an Associate Deputy Attorney General at the United States Department of Justice , and a Domestic Policy Advisor to George W. Bush on the 2000 George W. Bush Presidential campaign .   Cruz served as Solicitor General of Texas , from 2003 to 2008 , appointed by Texas Attorney General , Greg Abbott . He was the first Hispanic , and the longest-serving , Solicitor General in Texas history . From 2004 to 2009 , Cruz was an Adjunct Professor at the University of Texas School of Law in Austin , Texas , where he taught U.S. Supreme Court litigation .   Cruz ran for the Senate seat vacated by fellow Republican Kay Bailey Hutchison and , in July 2012 , defeated Lieutenant Governor David Dewhurst during the Republican primary runoff , 57 -- 43 % . He defeated former State Representative Paul Sadler in the November 2012 general election , winning 56 -- 41 % . He is the first Hispanic American to serve as a U.S. Senator representing Texas , and is one of three senators of Cuban descent . He chairs the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Oversight , Federal Rights and Agency Activities , and is the Chairman of the Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Space , Science and Competitiveness . In November 2012 , he was appointed Vice-Chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee .   Cruz began campaigning for the Republican presidential nomination in March 2015 . During the primary campaign , his base of support was strongest with `` women , white evangelical Protestants , people over the age of 50 , and those who identified themselves as conservatives '' , though he had crossover appeal to other factions within his party , including libertarian conservatives and millennials .   Cruz 's victory in the February 2016 Iowa caucuses marked the first time a Hispanic person won a U.S. presidential caucus or primary . He eventually emerged as the main challenger to frontrunner Donald Trump . He suspended his campaign for president on May 3 , 2016 , after losing the Republican primary in Indiana to Trump .


Temperate climate

In geography , temperate or tepid latitudes of Earth lie between the tropics and the polar regions . The temperatures in these regions are generally relatively moderate , rather than extremely hot or cold , and the changes between summer and winter are also usually moderate .


Temperature

A temperature is an objective comparative measurement of hot or cold . It is measured by a thermometer . Several scales and units exist for measuring temperature , the most common being Celsius ( denoted ° C ; formerly called centigrade ) , Fahrenheit ( denoted ° F ) , and , especially in science , Kelvin ( denoted K ) .   The coldest theoretical temperature is absolute zero , at which the thermal motion of atoms and molecules reaches its minimum -- classically , this would be a state of motionlessness , but quantum uncertainty dictates that the particles still possess a finite zero-point energy . Absolute zero is denoted as 0 K on the Kelvin scale , − 273.15 ° C on the Celsius scale , and − 459.67 ° F on the Fahrenheit scale .   The kinetic theory offers a valuable but limited account of the behavior of the materials of macroscopic bodies , especially of fluids . It indicates the absolute temperature as proportional to the average kinetic energy of the random microscopic motions of those of their constituent microscopic particles , such as electrons , atoms , and molecules , that move freely within the material .   Temperature is important in all fields of natural science including physics , geology , chemistry , atmospheric sciences , medicine and biology as well as most aspects of daily life .


Temperature record of the past 1000 years

For information on the description of the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age in various IPCC reports see MWP and LIA in IPCC reportsThe temperature record of the past 1,000 years is reconstructed using data from climate proxy records in conjunction with the modern instrumental temperature record which only covers the last 150 years at a global scale . Large-scale reconstructions covering part or all of the 1st millennium and 2nd millennium have shown that recent temperatures are exceptional : the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report of 2007 concluded that `` Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely '' the highest in at least the past 1,300 years . '' The curve shown in graphs of these reconstructions is widely known as the hockey stick graph because of the sharp increase in temperatures during the last century . As of 2010 this broad pattern was supported by more than two dozen reconstructions , using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records , with variations in how flat the pre-20th-century `` shaft '' appears . Sparseness of proxy records results in considerable uncertainty for earlier periods .   Individual proxy records , such as tree ring widths and densities used in dendroclimatology , are calibrated against the instrumental record for the period of overlap . Networks of such records are used to reconstruct past temperatures for regions : tree ring proxies have been used to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere extratropical temperatures ( within the tropics trees do not form rings ) but are confined to land areas and are scarce in the Southern Hemisphere which is largely ocean . Wider coverage is provided by multiproxy reconstructions , incorporating proxies such as lake sediments , ice cores and corals which are found in different regions , and using statistical methods to relate these sparser proxies to the greater numbers of tree ring records . The `` Composite Plus Scaling '' ( CPS ) method is widely used for large-scale multiproxy reconstructions of hemispheric or global average temperatures ; this is complemented by Climate Field Reconstruction ( CFR ) methods which show how climate patterns have developed over large spatial areas , making the reconstruction useful for investigating natural variability and long-term oscillations as well as for comparisons with patterns produced by climate models .   During the 1,900 years before the 20th century , it is likely that the next warmest period was from 950 to 1100 , with peaks at different times in different regions . This has been called the Medieval Warm Period , and some evidence suggests widespread cooler conditions during a period around the 17th century known as the Little Ice Age . In the hockey stick controversy , contrarians have asserted that the Medieval Warm Period was warmer than at present , and have disputed the data and methods of climate reconstructions .


Temperatures Rising

Temperatures Rising is an American television sitcom that aired on the ABC network from September 12 , 1972 to August 29 , 1974 . During its 46-episode run , it was presented in three different formats and cast line-ups . The series was developed for the network by William Asher and Harry Ackerman for Ashmont Productions and Screen Gems . Set in a fictional Washington , D.C. hospital , the series featured James Whitmore as a no-nonsense chief of staff , forced to deal with the outlandish antics of a young intern ( Cleavon Little ) and three nurses ( Joan Van Ark , Reva Rose , and Nancy Fox ) .   For the first season , 26 episodes were produced and broadcast . In the second season , Whitmore was replaced in the lead role by comedian Paul Lynde , and Asher was replaced as producer by Duke Vincent and Bruce Johnson . The series was re-titled The New Temperatures Rising Show , and featured a new supporting cast : Sudie Bond , Barbara Cason , Jennifer Darling , Jeff Morrow , and John Dehner . Cleavon Little was the only returning member of the original cast . In this season , Lynde was presented as the penny-pinching chief of staff , with Bond as his nagging mother and owner of the hospital .   The New Temperatures Rising Show ran for 13 episodes before being placed on hiatus in January 1974 due to poor ratings . It returned in July in yet another incarnation . Asher returned as producer and restored the series to its original format -- albeit with Lynde continuing in the lead . Reverting to the original title of Temperatures Rising , Little remained in the show 's cast , accompanied by a new line-up of supporting players : Alice Ghostley , Barbara Rucker and , returning from the first season 's cast , Nancy Fox . Offered as a summer replacement on Thursday nights , the third version of the sitcom ran for seven episodes , after which it was cancelled permanently .


Tendency of the rate of profit to fall

The tendency of the rate of profit to fall ( TRPF ) is a hypothesis in economics and political economy , most famously expounded by Karl Marx in chapter 13 of Capital , Volume III . Although not accepted in 20th century mainstream economics , the existence of such a tendency was widely accepted in the 19th century . Economists as diverse as Adam Smith , John Stuart Mill , David Ricardo and Stanley Jevons referred explicitly to the TRPF as an empirical phenomenon . They differed in their explanation about why the TRPF might occur .   In his 1857 Grundrisse manuscript , Karl Marx called the tendency of the rate of profit to fall `` the most important law of political economy '' and sought to give a causal explanation for it , in terms of his theory of capital accumulation . The tendency is already foreshadowed in chapter 25 of Capital , Volume I ( on the `` general law of capital accumulation '' ) , but in Part 3 of the draft manuscript of Marx 's Capital , Volume III , edited posthumously for publication by Friedrich Engels , an extensive analysis is provided of the tendency . Marx regarded the TRPF as proof that capitalist production could not be an everlasting form of production , since , in the end , the profit principle itself would suffer a breakdown . However , because Marx never published any finished manuscript on the TRPF himself , because the tendency is hard to prove or disprove theoretically , and because it is hard to test and measure the rate of profit , Marx 's TRPF theory has been a topic of controversy for more than a century .


Terra Nova Expedition

The Terra Nova Expedition , officially the British Antarctic Expedition , was an expedition to Antarctica which took place between 1910 and 1913 . It was led by Robert Falcon Scott and had various scientific and geographical objectives . Scott wished to continue the scientific work that he had begun when leading the Discovery Expedition to the Antarctic in 1901 -- 04 . He also wanted to be the first to reach the geographic South Pole . He and four companions attained the pole on 17 January 1912 , where they found that the Norwegian team led by Roald Amundsen had preceded them by 34 days . Scott 's entire party died on the return journey from the pole ; some of their bodies , journals , and photographs were found by a search party eight months later .   The expedition , named after its supply ship , was a private venture , financed by public contributions augmented by a government grant . It had further backing from the Admiralty , which released experienced seamen to the expedition , and from the Royal Geographical Society . The expedition 's team of scientists carried out a comprehensive scientific programme , while other parties explored Victoria Land and the Western Mountains . An attempted landing and exploration of King Edward VII Land was unsuccessful . A journey to Cape Crozier in June and July 1911 was the first extended sledging journey in the depths of the Antarctic winter .   For many years after his death , Scott 's status as tragic hero was unchallenged , and few questions were asked about the causes of the disaster which overcame his polar party . In the final quarter of the 20th century the expedition came under closer scrutiny , and more critical views were expressed about its organization and management . The degree of Scott 's personal culpability , and more recently , the culpability of certain expedition members , remain controversial .


Terraforming of Mars

Terraforming of Mars is a process by which the surface and climate of Mars would be deliberately changed to make large areas of the environment hospitable to humans , thus making the colonization of Mars safer and sustainable ( see Planetary engineering ) .   There are a few proposed terraforming concepts , some of which present prohibitive economic and natural resource costs , and others that may be achievable with foreseeable technology .


Terraforming of Venus

The terraforming of Venus is the hypothetical process of engineering the global environment of the planet Venus in such a way as to make it suitable for human habitation . Terraforming Venus was first seriously proposed by the astronomer Carl Sagan in 1961 , although fictional treatments , such as The Big Rain by Poul Anderson , preceded it . Adjustments to the existing environment of Venus to support human life would require at least three major changes to the planet . These three changes are closely interrelated , because Venus 's extreme temperature is due to the greenhouse effect caused by its dense carbon-dioxide atmosphere :  Reducing Venus 's surface temperature of 462 C.  Eliminating most of the planet 's dense 9.2 MPa carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide atmosphere , via removal or conversion to some other form .  Addition of breathable oxygen to the atmosphere .


Terrestrial television

Terrestrial television or broadcast television is a type of television broadcasting in which the television signal is transmitted by radio waves from the terrestrial ( Earth based ) transmitter of a television station to a TV receiver having an antenna . The term is more common in Europe , while in North America it is referred to as broadcast television or sometimes over-the-air television ( OTA ) . The term `` terrestrial '' is used to distinguish this type from the newer technologies of satellite television ( direct broadcast satellite or DBS television ) , in which the television signal is transmitted to the receiver from an overhead satellite , and cable television , in which the signal is carried to the receiver through a cable .   Terrestrial television was the first technology used for television broadcasting , with the first long-distance public television broadcast from Washington , D.C. , on 7 April 1927 . The BBC began broadcasting in 1929 and had a regular schedule of television programmes in 1930 . However , these early experimental systems had insufficient picture quality to attract the public , due to their mechanical scan technology , and television did n't become widespread until after World War II with the advent of electronic scan technology . The television broadcasting business followed the model of radio networks , with local television stations in cities and towns affiliated with television networks , either commercial ( in USA ) or government-controlled ( in Europe ) , which provided content . Television broadcasts were in black and white until the 1960s , when color television broadcasting began .   There was no other method of television delivery until the 1950s with the beginnings of cable television and community antenna television ( CATV ) . CATV was , initially , only a re-broadcast of over-the-air signals . With the widespread adoption of cable across the United States in the 1970s and 1980s , viewing of terrestrial television broadcasts has been in decline ; in 2013 , it was estimated that about 7 % of US households used an antenna . A slight increase in use began after the 2009 final conversion to digital terrestrial television broadcasts , which offer HDTV image quality as an alternative to CATV for cord cutters .


Texaco

Texaco , Inc. ( `` The Texas Company '' ) is an American oil subsidiary of Chevron Corporation . Its flagship product is its fuel `` Texaco with Techron '' . It also owns the Havoline motor oil brand . Texaco was an independent company until its refining operations merged into Chevron Corporation in 2001 , at which time most of its station franchises were divested to the Shell Oil Company . It began as the Texas Fuel Company , founded in 1901 in Beaumont , Texas , by Joseph S. Cullinan , Thomas J. Donoghue , Walter Benona Sharp , and Arnold Schlaet upon the discovery of oil at Spindletop .   For many years , Texaco was the only company selling gasoline under the same brand name in all 50 US states , as well as Canada , making it the most truly national brand among its competitors . It was also one of the Seven Sisters which dominated the global petroleum industry from the mid-1940s to the 1970s . Its current logo features a white star in a red circle ( a reference to the lone star of Texas ) , leading to the long-running advertising jingles `` You can trust your car to the man who wears the star '' and `` Star of the American Road . '' The company was headquartered in Harrison , New York , near White Plains , prior to the merger with Chevron .   Texaco gasoline comes with Techron , an additive developed by Chevron , as of 2005 , replacing the previous CleanSystem3 . The Texaco brand is strong in the U.S. , Latin America and West Africa . It has a presence in Europe as well ; for example , it is a well-known retail brand in the UK , with around 1,100 Texaco-branded service stations .


Texas

Texas ( -LSB- ˈtɛksəs -RSB- , -LSB- localˈtɛksᵻz -RSB- Texas or Tejas -LSB- ˈtexas -RSB- ) is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population . Geographically located in the South Central region of the country , Texas shares borders with the U.S. states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , while the Gulf of Mexico is to the southeast .   Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas -- Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed `` The Lone Star State '' to signify its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The `` Lone Star '' can be found on the Texan state flag and on the Texan state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word `` Tejas , '' which means `` friends '' in the Caddo language .   Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes that resemble both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10 % of Texas ' land area is desert . Most of the population centers are located in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend .   The term `` six flags over Texas `` For example , as used by the large Grand Prairie -- based national and international amusement park operator Six Flags refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory . Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas . France held a short-lived colony . Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence , becoming an independent Republic . In 1845 , Texas joined the union as the 28th state . The state 's annexation set off a chain of events that led to the Mexican -- American War in 1846 . A slave state before the American Civil War , Texas declared its secession from the U.S. in early 1861 , and officially joined the Confederate States of America on March 2 of the same year . After the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government , Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation .   One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle . Due to its long history as a center of the industry , Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy . The state 's economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century , when oil discoveries initiated an economic boom in the state . With strong investments in universities , Texas developed a diversified economy and high tech industry in the mid-20th century . As of 2015 , it is second on the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with 54 . With a growing base of industry , the state leads in many industries , including agriculture , petrochemicals , energy , computers and electronics , aerospace , and biomedical sciences . Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product .


That Hideous Strength

That Hideous Strength ( subtitled A Modern Fairy-Tale for Grown-Ups ) is a 1945 novel by C. S. Lewis , the final book in Lewis 's theological science fiction Space Trilogy . The events of this novel follow those of Out of the Silent Planet and Perelandra ( also titled Voyage to Venus ) and once again feature the philologist Elwin Ransom . Yet unlike the principal events of those two novels , the story takes place on Earth rather than in space or on other planets in the solar system . The story involves an ostensibly scientific institute , the N.I.C.E. , which is a front for sinister supernatural forces .   The novel was heavily influenced by the writing of Lewis 's friend and fellow Inkling Charles Williams , and is markedly dystopian in style . In the book 's preface Lewis acknowledges science-fiction writer Olaf Stapledon and his work : `` Mr. Stapledon is so rich in invention that he can well afford to lend , and I admire his invention ( though not his philosophy ) so much that I should feel no shame to borrow . ''   In the foreword , Lewis states that the novel 's point is the same as that in his non-fiction work The Abolition of Man , which argues that there are natural laws and objective values , which education should teach children to recognise .   The novel 's title is taken from a poem written by David Lyndsay in 1555 , Ane Dialog betuix Experience and ane Courteour , also known as The Monarche . The couplet in question , `` The shadow of that hyddeous strength , sax myle and more it is of length '' , refers to the Tower of Babel .


Thaumasia quadrangle

The Thaumasia quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) Astrogeology Research Program . The Thaumasia quadrangle is also referred to as MC-25 ( Mars Chart-25 ) .  The name comes from Thaumas , the god of the clouds and celestial apparitions .   The Thaumasia quadrangle covers the area from 60 ° to 120 ° west longitude and 30 ° to 65 ° south latitude on Mars . The Thaumasia quadrangle contains many different regions or parts of many regions : Solis Planum , Icaria Planum , , Aonia Planum , Bosporus Planum , and Thaumasia Planum . One of the first major networks of stream channels , called Warrego Valles , were discovered here by early orbiters . Another sign of water is the presence of gullies carved into steep slopes .


The Carpenters

The Carpenters were an American vocal and instrumental duo consisting of siblings Karen and Richard Carpenter . Producing a distinctively soft musical style , they became one of the best-selling music artists of all time . During their 14-year career , the Carpenters recorded 11 albums , 31 singles , five television specials , and a short-lived television series . Their career ended in 1983 by Karen 's death from heart failure brought on by complications of anorexia . Extensive news coverage surrounding the circumstances of her death increased public awareness of eating disorders .   The duo 's brand of melodic pop produced a record-breaking run of hit recordings on the American Top 40 and Adult Contemporary charts , and they became leading sellers in the soft rock , easy listening and adult contemporary genres . The Carpenters had three No. 1 singles and five No. 2 singles on the Billboard Hot 100 and fifteen No. 1 hits on the Adult Contemporary chart . In addition , they had twelve top 10 singles . To date , the Carpenters ' album and single sales total more than 100 million units .


The Daily Caller

The Daily Caller is an American news and opinion website based in Washington , D.C. . It was founded by Tucker Carlson , a libertarian conservative political pundit , and Neil Patel , former adviser to former Vice President Dick Cheney . The site 's coverage includes politics , business , world news , entertainment , sports , education , technology , outdoors , and energy .   The Daily Caller launched on January 11 , 2010 as a more politically conservative news and commentary outlet and alternative to the liberal The Huffington Post , similarly featuring sections in broad range of subjects beyond politics . By late 2012 , The New York Times reported that the site had quadrupled its page view and total audience and had become profitable without ever buying an advertisement for itself .   Vince Coglianese has served as the publication 's editor-in-chief since Carlson left to focus on his television program Tucker Carlson Tonight .


The Great Global Warming Swindle

The Great Global Warming Swindle is a polemical documentary film that suggests that the scientific opinion on climate change is influenced by funding and political factors , and questions whether scientific consensus on global warming exists . The program was formally criticised by Ofcom , the UK broadcasting regulatory agency , which upheld complaints of misrepresentation made by David King .   The film , made by British television producer Martin Durkin , presents scientists , economists , politicians , writers , and others who dispute the scientific consensus regarding anthropogenic global warming . The programme 's publicity materials assert that man-made global warming is `` a lie '' and `` the biggest scam of modern times . '' Its original working title was `` Apocalypse my arse '' , but the title The Great Global Warming Swindle was later adopted as an allusion to the 1980 mockumentary The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle about British punk band the Sex Pistols .   The UK 's Channel 4 premiered the documentary on 8 March 2007 . The channel described the film as `` a polemic that drew together the well-documented views of a number of respected scientists to reach the same conclusions . This is a controversial film but we feel that it is important that all sides of the debate are aired . '' According to Hamish Mykura , Channel 4 's head of documentaries , the film was commissioned `` to present the viewpoint of the small minority of scientists who do not believe global warming is caused by anthropogenic production of carbon dioxide . ''   Although the documentary was welcomed by global warming sceptics , it was criticised by scientific organisations and individual scientists ( including one of the scientists interviewed in the film and one whose research was used to support the film 's claims ) . The film 's critics argued that it had misused and fabricated data , relied on out-of-date research , employed misleading arguments , and misrepresented the position of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Later broadcasts corrected three errors in the original film .


The New York Times

The New York Times ( sometimes abbreviated NYT and The Times ) is an American daily newspaper , founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18 , 1851 , by The New York Times Company . The New York Times has won 122 Pulitzer Prizes , more than any other newspaper .   The paper 's print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation , behind The Wall Street Journal , and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the United States . The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation . Following industry trends , its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million .   Nicknamed `` The Gray Lady '' , The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a national `` newspaper of record '' . It has been owned by the Ochs-Sulzberger family since 1896 ; Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. , the publisher of the Times and the chairman of the New York Times Company , is the fourth generation of the family to helm the paper . The New York Times international version , formerly the International Herald Tribune , is now called the New York Times International Edition .   The paper 's motto , `` All the News That 's Fit to Print '' , appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page . Since the mid-1970s , The New York Times has greatly expanded its layout and organization , adding special weekly sections on various topics supplementing the regular news , editorials , sports , and features . Since 2008 , The New York Times has been organized into the following sections : News , Editorials/Opinions-Columns/Op-Ed , New York ( metropolitan ) , Business , Sports of The Times , Arts , Science , Styles , Home , Travel , and other features .   On Sunday , The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review ( formerly the Week in Review ) , The New York Times Book Review , The New York Times Magazine and T : The New York Times Style Magazine ( T is published 13 times a year ) . The New York Times stayed with the broadsheet full page set-up ( as some others have changed into a tabloid lay-out ) and an eight-column format for several years , after most papers switched to six , and was one of the last newspapers to adopt color photography , especially on the front page .


The Rolling Stones

The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962 . The original line-up consisted of Brian Jones ( rhythm guitar , harmonica ) , Mick Jagger ( lead vocals ) , Keith Richards ( lead guitar , backing vocals ) , Bill Wyman ( bass ) , Charlie Watts ( drums ) , and Ian Stewart ( piano ) . Stewart was removed from the official line-up in 1963 but continued as a touring member until his death in 1985 . Jones left the band less than a month prior to his death in 1969 , having already been replaced by Mick Taylor , who remained until 1974 . After Taylor left the band , Ronnie Wood took his place in 1975 and has been on guitar in tandem with Richards ever since . Following Wyman 's departure in 1993 , Darryl Jones joined as their touring bassist . Other touring keyboardists for the band have been Nicky Hopkins ( 1967 -- 82 ) , Billy Preston ( through the mid-1970s ) and Chuck Leavell ( 1982-present ) . The band was first led by Jones , but after teaming as the band 's songwriters , Jagger and Richards assumed leadership while Jones dealt with legal and personal troubles .   The Rolling Stones were at the forefront of the British Invasion of bands that became popular in the US in 1964 , and identified with the youthful and rebellious counterculture of the 1960s . Rooted in blues and early rock and roll , the group began a short period of musical experimentation in the mid-1960s that peaked with the psychedelic album Their Satanic Majesties Request ( 1967 ) . Subsequently , the group returned to its `` bluesy '' roots with Beggars Banquet ( 1968 ) which along with its follow-ups Let It Bleed ( 1969 ) , Sticky Fingers ( 1971 ) and Exile on Main St. ( 1972 ) is generally considered to be the band 's best work and is seen as their `` Golden Age '' . During this period , they were first introduced on stage as `` The World 's Greatest Rock and Roll Band '' . Musicologist Robert Palmer attributed the `` remarkable endurance '' of the Rolling Stones to being `` rooted in traditional verities , in rhythm-and-blues and soul music '' , while `` more ephemeral pop fashions have come and gone '' .   The band continued to release commercially successful records in the 1970s and sold many albums , including Some Girls ( 1978 ) and Tattoo You ( 1981 ) , which were their most popular albums worldwide . From 1983 to 1987 , tensions between Jagger and Richards almost caused the band to split . However , they managed to patch up their friendship in 1987 . They separated temporarily to work on solo projects and experienced a comeback with Steel Wheels ( 1989 ) , which was followed by a large stadium and arena tour . Since the 1990s , new recorded material from the group has been less well-received and less frequent . Despite this , the Rolling Stones have continued to be a huge attraction on the live circuit , with stadium tours in the 1990s and 2000s . By 2007 , the band had four of the top five highest-grossing concert tours of all time : Voodoo Lounge Tour ( 1994 -- 95 ) , Bridges to Babylon Tour ( 1997 -- 98 ) , Licks Tour ( 2002 -- 03 ) and A Bigger Bang Tour ( 2005 -- 07 ) .   The Rolling Stones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2004 . Rolling Stone magazine ranked them fourth on the `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' list and their estimated album sales are above 250 million . They have released 30 studio albums , 18 live albums and numerous compilations . Let It Bleed ( 1969 ) was their first of five consecutive No. 1 studio and live albums in the UK . Sticky Fingers ( 1971 ) was the first of eight consecutive No. 1 studio albums in the US . In 2008 , the band ranked 10th on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists chart . In 2012 , the band celebrated its 50th anniversary .


The Simpsons

The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The series is a satirical depiction of working-class life epitomized by the Simpson family , which consists of Homer , Marge , Bart , Lisa , and Maggie . The show is set in the fictional town of Springfield and parodies American culture , society , television , and the human condition .   The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks . Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after members of his own family , substituting Bart for his own name . The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19 , 1987 . After a three-season run , the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became an early hit for Fox , becoming the network 's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season ( 1989 -- 90 ) .   Since its debut on December 17 , 1989 , episodes of The Simpsons have been broadcast . Its 28th season began on September 25 , 2016 . It is the longest-running American sitcom and the longest-running American animated program , and , in 2009 , it surpassed Gunsmoke as the longest-running American scripted primetime television series . The Simpsons Movie , a feature-length film , was released in theaters worldwide on July 27 , 2007 , and grossed over $ 527 million . On November 4 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a twenty-ninth and thirtieth season of 22 episodes each , extending the show to 2019 .   The Simpsons received widespread critical acclaim throughout its first nine seasons , which are generally considered its `` Golden Age '' . Time named it the 20th century 's best television series , and Erik Adams of The A.V. Club named it `` television 's crowning achievement regardless of format '' . On January 14 , 2000 , the Simpson family was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . It has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series , including 31 Primetime Emmy Awards , 30 Annie Awards , and a Peabody Award . Homer 's exclamatory catchphrase `` D'oh ! '' has been adopted into the English language , while The Simpsons has influenced many adult-oriented animated sitcoms . Despite this , the show has also been criticized for what many perceive as a decline in quality over the years .


The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History

The Sixth Extinction : An Unnatural History is a 2014 non-fiction book written by Elizabeth Kolbert and published by Henry Holt & Company . The book demonstrates that the Earth is in the midst of a modern , man-made , sixth extinction . In the book , Kolbert chronicles previous mass extinction events , and compares them to the accelerated , widespread extinctions during our present time . She also describes specific species extinguished by humans , as well as the ecologies surrounding prehistoric and near-present extinction events . The author received the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction for the book in 2015 .   The target audience is the general reader , and scientific descriptions are rendered in understandable prose . The clear writing blends explanations of her treks to remote areas with interviews of scientists , researchers , and guides , without advocating a position , and maintaining objectivity . Hence , the sixth mass extinction theme is applied to flora and fauna existing in diverse habitats , such as the Panamanian rainforest , the Great Barrier Reef , the Andes , Bikini Atoll , city zoos , and the author 's own backyard . The book also applies this theme to a number of other habitats and organisms throughout the world . After researching the current mainstream view of the relevant peer reviewed science , Kolbert estimates flora and fauna loss by the end of the 21st century to be between 20 % to 50 % `` of all living species on earth '' .   __ TOC __